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---
license: apache-2.0
task_categories:
- image-classification
language:
- en
tags:
- Synthetic
- Explainability
- Flaws
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
---

# GenExplain

A dataset comprising 54,210 groups of synthetic images, flaws (14 categories) and corresponding explanations. The ratings of relevant phrases across 3 refinement iterations are also included.

**Paper:** [AAAI-26] <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.06201">Explainable Synthetic Image Detection through Diffusion Timestep Ensembling</a>

**Code:** <a href="https://github.com/Shadowlized/ESIDE">https://github.com/Shadowlized/ESIDE</a>


<p align="center">
  <img src="./figure.png" width="90%">
</p>


## Dataset Example

<p align="left">
  <img src="./stable_diffusion_v_1_5/imagenet_ai_0424_sdv5/1/006_sdv5_00195.png" width="25%">
</p>

```jsonl
    {
        "flaw_id": 1,
        "flaw_category": "Lighting",
        "img_path": "006_sdv5_00195.png",
        "original_explanation": "The image exhibits unnatural lighting primarily due to the sheen and highlights on the manta ray's surface, which suggest an intense light source coming from above and to the side, yet the surrounding environment lacks corresponding illumination. This inconsistency is particularly evident on the ray's dorsal side, where the specular highlights are overly pronounced and do not align with the dimmer, naturally filtered light expected near water's surface. The shadow cast beneath the ray appears too pronounced and sharply defined, further contributing to the unrealistic lighting scenario, as it implies a strong, yet singular light source that doesn't harmonize with the diffuse lighting that would occur in an aquatic setting.",
        "refined_explanation": "The image of the manta ray exhibits significant lighting inconsistencies that detract from its realism. The pronounced specular highlights on the manta ray's surface, especially on the ray's dorsal side, suggest an intense, localized light source coming from above, which conflicts with the diffuse lighting typically seen in aquatic habitats. Additionally, the overly bright highlights contrast sharply with the subdued illumination characteristic of underwater environments. The sharply defined shadow beneath the ray further indicates a singular light source, which is inconsistent with the natural, soft lighting encountered in such settings. Collectively, these factors contribute to an unrealistic portrayal of lighting in the image.",
        "iterations": [
            {
                "round": 0,
                "explanation": "The image exhibits unnatural lighting primarily due to the sheen and highlights on the manta ray's surface, which suggest an intense light source coming from above and to the side, yet the surrounding environment lacks corresponding illumination. This inconsistency is particularly evident on the ray's dorsal side, where the specular highlights are overly pronounced and do not align with the dimmer, naturally filtered light expected near water's surface. The shadow cast beneath the ray appears too pronounced and sharply defined, further contributing to the unrealistic lighting scenario, as it implies a strong, yet singular light source that doesn't harmonize with the diffuse lighting that would occur in an aquatic setting.",
                "top5_avg_similarity": 0.19729963541030884,
                "top10_avg_similarity": 0.170497827231884,
                "avg_similarity": 0.14448923468589783,
                "phrase_similarities": {
                    "manta ray's surface": 0.25014954805374146,
                    "ray's dorsal side": 0.23149345815181732,
                    "ray": 0.19355180859565735,
                    "water's surface": 0.1632419377565384,
                    "specular highlights": 0.14806142449378967,
                    "corresponding illumination": 0.1472717523574829,
                    "aquatic setting": 0.14674124121665955,
                    "singular light source": 0.145736426115036,
                    "dimmer": 0.13941733539104462,
                    "intense light source": 0.13931334018707275,
                    "sheen": 0.13395507633686066,
                    "diffuse lighting": 0.13346326351165771,
                    "surrounding environment": 0.13132449984550476,
                    "side": 0.12112920731306076,
                    "shadow": 0.11830369383096695,
                    "inconsistency": 0.11829584836959839,
                    "light": 0.11772136390209198,
                    "highlights": 0.11408158391714096,
                    "unnatural lighting": 0.09876946359872818,
                    "unrealistic lighting scenario": 0.09776242077350616
                }
            },
            {
                "round": 1,
                "explanation": "The image of the manta ray exhibits unnatural lighting due to the pronounced specular highlights on the manta ray's surface, suggesting an intense light source from above and to the side, while the surrounding aquatic setting lacks corresponding illumination. This inconsistency is particularly notable on the ray's dorsal side, where the highlights appear overly bright compared to the dimmer, naturally filtered light one would expect near the water's surface. Additionally, the shadow cast beneath the ray is too sharply defined, implying a singular light source that contrasts with the diffuse lighting typical in underwater environments, further contributing to the unrealistic appearance of the lighting in the image.",
                "top5_avg_similarity": 0.21939284205436707,
                "top10_avg_similarity": 0.1851703330874443,
                "avg_similarity": 0.15165258589245023,
                "phrase_similarities": {
                    "manta ray": 0.2563389539718628,
                    "manta ray's surface": 0.25014954805374146,
                    "ray's dorsal side": 0.23149345815181732,
                    "ray": 0.19355180859565735,
                    "pronounced specular highlights": 0.1654304414987564,
                    "water's surface": 0.1632419377565384,
                    "surrounding aquatic setting": 0.1507856696844101,
                    "underwater environments": 0.14770333468914032,
                    "corresponding illumination": 0.1472717523574829,
                    "singular light source": 0.145736426115036,
                    "dimmer": 0.13941733539104462,
                    "intense light source": 0.13931334018707275,
                    "diffuse lighting": 0.13346326351165771,
                    "unrealistic appearance": 0.12789829075336456,
                    "side": 0.12112920731306076,
                    "shadow": 0.11830369383096695,
                    "inconsistency": 0.11829584836959839,
                    "lighting": 0.11727361381053925,
                    "highlights": 0.11408158391714096,
                    "light one": 0.10505533218383789,
                    "unnatural lighting": 0.09876946359872818
                }
            },
            {
                "round": 2,
                "explanation": "The image of the manta ray displays unnatural lighting, characterized by pronounced specular highlights on the manta ray's surface, particularly on the ray's dorsal side, indicating an intense light source that seems to originate from above and to the side. This creates an inconsistency with the surrounding aquatic setting, which exhibits a lack of corresponding illumination typical of underwater environments. The highlights on the ray's surface appear overly bright against the dim, filtered light expected near the water's surface. Furthermore, the shadow cast beneath the ray is too sharply defined, suggesting a singular light source that contradicts the diffuse lighting commonly found in aquatic habitats. This combination of factors results in an unrealistic portrayal of lighting in the image.",
                "top5_avg_similarity": 0.22959459125995635,
                "top10_avg_similarity": 0.19616158306598663,
                "avg_similarity": 0.15341017825099137,
                "phrase_similarities": {
                    "manta ray": 0.2563389241695404,
                    "manta ray's surface": 0.2501494884490967,
                    "ray's dorsal side": 0.23149347305297852,
                    "ray's surface": 0.21643926203250885,
                    "ray": 0.19355180859565735,
                    "aquatic habitats": 0.18648146092891693,
                    "pronounced specular highlights": 0.16543039679527283,
                    "water's surface": 0.16324195265769958,
                    "surrounding aquatic setting": 0.15078571438789368,
                    "underwater environments": 0.1477033495903015,
                    "corresponding illumination": 0.14727172255516052,
                    "singular light source": 0.1457364410161972,
                    "filtered light": 0.14065328240394592,
                    "intense light source": 0.13931332528591156,
                    "diffuse lighting": 0.1334632784128189,
                    "unrealistic portrayal": 0.1305413395166397,
                    "dim": 0.12880942225456238,
                    "combination": 0.1281755268573761,
                    "factors results": 0.12549352645874023,
                    "side": 0.12112917006015778,
                    "lack": 0.11973760277032852,
                    "shadow": 0.11830367892980576,
                    "inconsistency": 0.11829585582017899,
                    "lighting": 0.11727358400821686,
                    "highlights": 0.11408160626888275,
                    "unnatural lighting": 0.09876944124698639
                }
            },
            {
                "round": 3,
                "explanation": "The image of the manta ray exhibits significant lighting inconsistencies that detract from its realism. The pronounced specular highlights on the manta ray's surface, especially on the ray's dorsal side, suggest an intense, localized light source coming from above, which conflicts with the diffuse lighting typically seen in aquatic habitats. Additionally, the overly bright highlights contrast sharply with the subdued illumination characteristic of underwater environments. The sharply defined shadow beneath the ray further indicates a singular light source, which is inconsistent with the natural, soft lighting encountered in such settings. Collectively, these factors contribute to an unrealistic portrayal of lighting in the image.",
                "top5_avg_similarity": 0.22360304296016692,
                "top10_avg_similarity": 0.1889146789908409,
                "avg_similarity": 0.15589258968830108,
                "phrase_similarities": {
                    "manta ray": 0.2563389539718628,
                    "manta ray's surface": 0.25014954805374146,
                    "ray's dorsal side": 0.23149345815181732,
                    "ray": 0.19355180859565735,
                    "aquatic habitats": 0.18648144602775574,
                    "intense, localized light source": 0.1674014776945114,
                    "pronounced specular highlights": 0.1654304414987564,
                    "underwater environments": 0.14770333468914032,
                    "singular light source": 0.145736426115036,
                    "subdued illumination characteristic": 0.1448598951101303,
                    "sharply defined shadow": 0.14355909824371338,
                    "overly bright highlights": 0.1343904584646225,
                    "diffuse lighting": 0.13346326351165771,
                    "unrealistic portrayal": 0.1305413395166397,
                    "natural, soft lighting": 0.12618719041347504,
                    "factors": 0.12407214194536209,
                    "significant lighting inconsistencies": 0.12288865447044373,
                    "lighting": 0.11727361381053925,
                    "realism": 0.11481326818466187,
                    "settings": 0.08151597529649734
                }
            }
        ]
    },
```