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= Valkyria Chronicles III = Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Unrecorded Chronicles ( Japanese : 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 ) , commonly referred to as Valkyria Chronicles III outside Japan , is a tactical role @-@ playing video game developed by Sega and Media.Vision for the PlayStation Portable . Released in January 2011 in Japan , it is the third game in the Valkyria series . Employing the same fusion of tactical and real @-@ time gameplay as its predecessors , the story runs parallel to the first game and follows the " Nameless " , a penal military unit serving the nation of Gallia during the Second Europan War who perform secret black operations and are pitted against the Imperial unit " Calamaty Raven " . The game began development in 2010 , carrying over a large portion of the work done on Valkyria Chronicles II . While it retained the standard features of the series , it also underwent multiple adjustments , such as making the game more forgiving for series newcomers . Character designer Raita Honjou and composer Hitoshi Sakimoto both returned from previous entries , along with Valkyria Chronicles II director Takeshi Ozawa . A large team of writers handled the script . The game 's opening theme was sung by May 'n . It met with positive sales in Japan , and was praised by both Japanese and western critics . After release , it received downloadable content , along with an expanded edition in November of that year . It was also adapted into manga and an original video animation series . Due to low sales of Valkyria Chronicles II , Valkyria Chronicles III was not localized , but a fan translation compatible with the game 's expanded edition was released in 2014 . Media.Vision would return to the franchise with the development of Valkyria : Azure Revolution for the PlayStation 4 . = = Gameplay = = As with previous Valkyira Chronicles games , Valkyria Chronicles III is a tactical role @-@ playing game where players take control of a military unit and take part in missions against enemy forces . Stories are told through comic book @-@ like panels with animated character portraits , with characters speaking partially through voiced speech bubbles and partially through unvoiced text . The player progresses through a series of linear missions , gradually unlocked as maps that can be freely scanned through and replayed as they are unlocked . The route to each story location on the map varies depending on an individual player 's approach : when one option is selected , the other is sealed off to the player . Outside missions , the player characters rest in a camp , where units can be customized and character growth occurs . Alongside the main story missions are character @-@ specific sub missions relating to different squad members . After the game 's completion , additional episodes are unlocked , some of them having a higher difficulty than those found in the rest of the game . There are also love simulation elements related to the game 's two main heroines , although they take a very minor role . The game 's battle system , the BliTZ system , is carried over directly from Valkyira Chronicles . During missions , players select each unit using a top @-@ down perspective of the battlefield map : once a character is selected , the player moves the character around the battlefield in third @-@ person . A character can only act once per @-@ turn , but characters can be granted multiple turns at the expense of other characters ' turns . Each character has a field and distance of movement limited by their Action Gauge . Up to nine characters can be assigned to a single mission . During gameplay , characters will call out if something happens to them , such as their health points ( HP ) getting low or being knocked out by enemy attacks . Each character has specific " Potentials " , skills unique to each character . They are divided into " Personal Potential " , which are innate skills that remain unaltered unless otherwise dictated by the story and can either help or impede a character , and " Battle Potentials " , which are grown throughout the game and always grant boons to a character . To learn Battle Potentials , each character has a unique " Masters Table " , a grid @-@ based skill table that can be used to acquire and link different skills . Characters also have Special Abilities that grant them temporary boosts on the battlefield : Kurt can activate " Direct Command " and move around the battlefield without depleting his Action Point gauge , the character Reila can shift into her " Valkyria Form " and become invincible , while Imca can target multiple enemy units with her heavy weapon . Troops are divided into five classes : Scouts , Shocktroopers , Engineers , Lancers and Armored Soldier . Troopers can switch classes by changing their assigned weapon . Changing class does not greatly affect the stats gained while in a previous class . With victory in battle , experience points are awarded to the squad , which are distributed into five different	[ "Ġ=", "ĠV", "alky", "ria", "ĠChronicles", "ĠIII", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSen", "j", "Åį", "Ġno", "ĠV", "alky", "ria", "Ġ3", "Ġ:", "ĠUn", "recorded", "ĠChronicles", "Ġ(", "ĠJapanese", "Ġ:", "Ġæ", "Ī", "¦", "å", "ł", "´", "ãģ®", "ãĥ´ãĤ¡", "ãĥ«", "ãĤŃ", "ãĥ¥", "ãĥª", "ãĤ¢", "3", "Ġ,", "Ġlit", "Ġ.", "ĠV", "alky", "ria", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠBattlefield", "Ġ3", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġcommonly", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "ĠV", "alky", "ria", "ĠChronicles", "ĠIII", "Ġoutside", "ĠJapan", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtactical", "Ġrole", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġplaying", "Ġvideo", "Ġgame", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġby", "ĠSega", "Ġand", "ĠMedia", ".", "Vision", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠPlayStation", "ĠPortable", "Ġ.", "ĠReleased", "Ġin", "ĠJanuary", "Ġ2011", "Ġin", "ĠJapan", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġthird", "Ġgame", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠV", "alky", "ria", "Ġseries", "Ġ.", "ĠEmploy", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġfusion", "Ġof", 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attributes shared by the entire squad , a feature differing from early games ' method of distributing to different unit types . = = Plot = = The game takes place during the Second Europan War . Gallian Army Squad 422 , also known as " The Nameless " , are a penal military unit composed of criminals , foreign deserters , and military offenders whose real names are erased from the records and thereon officially referred to by numbers . Ordered by the Gallian military to perform the most dangerous missions that the Regular Army and Militia will not do , they are nevertheless up to the task , exemplified by their motto , Altaha Abilia , meaning " Always Ready . " The three main characters are No.7 Kurt Irving , an army officer falsely accused of treason who wishes to redeem himself ; Ace No.1 Imca , a female Darcsen heavy weapons specialist who seeks revenge against the Valkyria who destroyed her home ; and No.13 Riela Marcellis , a seemingly jinxed young woman who is unknowingly a descendant of the Valkyria . Together with their fellow squad members , these three are tasked to fight against a mysterious Imperial unit known as Calamity Raven , consisting of mostly Darcsen soldiers . As the Nameless officially do not exist , the upper echelons of the Gallian Army exploit the concept of plausible deniability in order to send them on missions that would otherwise make Gallia lose face in the war . While at times this works to their advantage , such as a successful incursion into Imperial territory , other orders cause certain members of the 422nd great distress . One such member , Gusurg , becomes so enraged that he abandons his post and defects into the ranks of Calamity Raven , attached to the ideal of Darcsen independence proposed by their leader , Dahau . At the same time , elements within Gallian Army Command move to erase the Nameless in order to protect their own interests . Hounded by both allies and enemies , and combined with the presence of a traitor within their ranks , the 422nd desperately move to keep themselves alive while at the same time fight to help the Gallian war effort . This continues until the Nameless 's commanding officer , Ramsey Crowe , who had been kept under house arrest , is escorted to the capital city of Randgriz in order to present evidence exonerating the weary soldiers and expose the real traitor , the Gallian General that had accused Kurt of Treason . Partly due to these events , and partly due to the major losses in manpower Gallia suffers towards the end of the war with the Empire , the Nameless are offered a formal position as a squad in the Gallian Army rather than serve as an anonymous shadow force . This is short @-@ lived , however , as following Maximilian 's defeat , Dahau and Calamity Raven move to activate an ancient Valkyrian super weapon within the Empire , kept secret by their benefactor . Without the support of Maximilian or the chance to prove themselves in the war with Gallia , it is Dahau 's last trump card in creating a new Darcsen nation . As an armed Gallian force invading the Empire just following the two nations ' cease @-@ fire would certainly wreck their newfound peace , Kurt decides to once again make his squad the Nameless , asking Crowe to list himself and all under his command as killed @-@ in @-@ action . Now owing allegiance to none other than themselves , the 422nd confronts Dahau and destroys the Valkyrian weapon . Each member then goes their separate ways in order to begin their lives anew . = = Development = = Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by Media.Vision. The original scenario was written Kazuki Yamanobe , while the script was written by Hiroy	[ "Ġattributes", "Ġshared", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġsquad", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfeature", "Ġdiffering", "Ġfrom", "Ġearly", "Ġgames", "Ġ'", "Ġmethod", "Ġof", "Ġdistributing", "Ġto", "Ġdifferent", "Ġunit", "Ġtypes", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPlot", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġgame", "Ġtakes", "Ġplace", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "ĠSecond", "ĠEuro", "pan", "ĠWar", "Ġ.", "ĠGall", "ian", "ĠArmy", "ĠSquad", "Ġ422", "Ġ,", "Ġalso", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "ĠNam", "eless", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġa", "Ġpenal", "Ġmilitary", "Ġunit", "Ġcomposed", "Ġof", "Ġcriminals", "Ġ,", "Ġforeign", "Ġdes", "er", "ters", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġmilitary", "Ġoffenders", "Ġwhose", "Ġreal", "Ġnames", "Ġare", "Ġerased", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġrecords", "Ġand", "Ġthere", "on", "Ġofficially", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġby", "Ġnumbers", "Ġ.", "ĠOrd", "ered", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠGall", "ian", "Ġmilitary", "Ġto", "Ġperform", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", 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uki Fujii , Koichi Majima , Kishiko Miyagi , Seiki Nagakawa and Takayuki Shouji . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor . The majority of material created for previous games , such as the BLiTZ system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique polygon models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Raita Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the CANVAS graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G. = = = Music = = = The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He redid the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to reassess the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before redoing segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of atonality . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by Mitsuhiro Ohta , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( もしも君が願うのなら , Moshimo Kimi ga Negauno Nara ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by Seiko Fujibayashi , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles . = = = Release = = = In September 2010 , a teaser website was revealed by Sega , hinting at a new Valkyria Chronicles game . In its September issue , Famitsu listed that Senjō no Valkyria 3 would be arriving on the PlayStation Portable . Its first public appearance was at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show ( TGS ) , where a demo was made available for journalists and attendees . During the publicity , story details were kept scant so as not to spoil too much for potential players , along with some of its content still being in flux at the time of its reveal . To promote the game and detail the story leading into the game 's events , an episodic Flash visual novel written by Fujii began release in January 2011 . The game was released January 27 , 2011 . During an interview , the development team said that the game had the capacity for downloadable content ( DLC ) , but that no plans were finalized . Multiple DLC maps , featuring additional missions and recruitable characters , were released between February and April 2011 . An expanded edition of the game , Valkyria Chronicles III Extra Edition , released on November 23 , 2011 . Packaged and sold at a lower price than the original , Extra Edition game with seven additional episodes : three new , three chosen by staff from the game 's DLC , and one made available as a pre @-@ order bonus . People who also owned the original game could transfer their save data between versions . Unlike its two predecessors , Valkyria Chronicles III was not released in the west . According to Sega , this was due to poor sales of Valkyria Chronicles II and the general unpopularity of the PSP in the west . 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unofficial fan translation patch began development in February 2012 : players with a copy of Valkyria Chronicles III could download and apply the patch , which translated the game 's text into English . Compatible with the Extra Edition , the patch was released in January 2014 . = = Reception = = On its day of release in Japan , Valkyria Chronicles III topped both platform @-@ exclusive and multi @-@ platform sales charts . By early February , the game sold 102 @,@ 779 units , coming in second overall to The Last Story for the Wii . By the end of the year , the game had sold just over 152 @,@ 500 units . Famitsu enjoyed the story , and were particularly pleased with the improvements to gameplay . Japanese gaming site Game Watch Impress , despite negatively noting its pacing and elements recycled from previous games , was generally positive about its story and characters , and found its gameplay entertaining despite off @-@ putting difficulty spikes . 4Gamer.net writer Naohiko Misuosame , in a " Play Test " article based on the game 's PSN demo , felt that Valkyria Chronicles III provided a " profound feeling of closure " for the Valkyria Chronicles series . He praised its gameplay despite annoying limitations to aspects such as special abilities , and positively noted its shift in story to a tone similar to the first game . PlayStation Official Magazine - UK praised the story 's blurring of Gallia 's moral standing , art style , and most points about its gameplay , positively noting the latter for both its continued quality and the tweaks to balance and content . Its one major criticism were multiple difficulty spikes , something that had affected the previous games . Heath Hindman of gaming website PlayStation Lifestyle praised the addition of non @-@ linear elements and improvements or removal of mechanics from Valkyria Chronicles II in addition to praising the returning gameplay style of previous games . He also positively noted the story 's serious tone . Points criticized in the review were recycled elements , awkward cutscenes that seemed to include all characters in a scene for no good reason , pacing issues , and occasional problems with the game 's AI . In a preview of the TGS demo , Ryan Geddes of IGN was left excited as to where the game would go after completing the demo , along with enjoying the improved visuals over Valkyria Chronicles II . Kotaku 's Richard Eisenbeis was highly positive about the game , citing is story as a return to form after Valkyria Chronicles II and its gameplay being the best in the series . His main criticisms were its length and gameplay repetition , along with expressing regret that it would not be localized . = = Legacy = = Kurt and Riela were featured in the Nintendo 3DS crossover Project X Zone , representing the Valkyria series . Media.Vision would return to the series to develop Valkyria : Azure Revolution , with Ozawa returning as director . Azure Revolution is a role @-@ playing video game for the PlayStation 4 that forms the beginning of a new series within the Valkyria franchise . = = = Adaptations = = = Valkyria Chronicles 3 was adapted into a two @-@ episode original video animation series in the same year of its release . Titled Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Taga Tame no Jūsō ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア３誰がための銃瘡 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Wound Taken for Someone 's Sake ) , it was originally released through PlayStation Network and Qriocity between April and May 2011 . The initially @-@ planned release and availability period needed to be extended due to a stoppage to PSN during the early summer of that year . It later released for DVD on June 29 and August 31 , 2011 , with separate " Black " and " Blue " editions being available for purchase . The anime is set during the latter half of Valkyria Chronicles III , detailing a mission by the Nameless against their Imperial rivals Calamity Raven . The anime was first announced in November 2010 . It was developed by A @-@ 1 Pictures , produced by Shinji Motoyama , directed by Nobuhiro Kondō , and written by Hiroshi Ōnogi . Sakimoto 's music for the game was used in the anime . The anime 's title was inspired by the principle purpose of the Nameless : to suffer in battle for the goals of others . A subtitle attached to the project during development was " The Road to Kubinka " , which referenced the Kubinka Tank Museum in Moscow . The game 's main theme was how the characters regained their sense of self when stripped of their names and identities , along with general themes focused on war and its consequences . 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"Ġconsequence", "Ġthat" ]	3
the team did extensive research into aspects such as what happened when vehicles like tanks were overturned or damaged . Due to it being along the same timeline as the original game and its television anime adaptation , the cast of Valkyria Chronicles could make appearances , which pleased the team . The opening theme , " Akari ( Light ) -Tomoshibi- " ( 灯 @-@ TOMOSHIBI- ) , was sung by Japanese singer Faylan . The ending theme , " Someday the Flowers of Light Will Bloom " ( いつか咲く光の花 , Itsuka Saku Hikari no Hana ) , was sung by Minami Kuribayashi . Both songs ' lyrics were written by their respective artists . Two manga adaptations were produced , following each of the game 's main female protagonists Imca and Riela . They were Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Namo naki Chikai no Hana ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 名もなき誓いの花 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Flower of the Nameless Oath ) , illustrated by Naoyuki Fujisawa and eventually released in two volumes after being serialized in Dengeki Maoh between 2011 and 2012 ; and Senjō no Valkyria 3 : -Akaki Unmei no Ikusa Otome- ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 -赤き運命の戦乙女- , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 -The Valkyrie of the Crimson Fate ) , illustrated by Mizuki Tsuge and eventually released in a single volume by Kadokawa Shoten in 2012 . = Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal = The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal , also known as U.S. Arsenal Building , is a building located in MacArthur Park in downtown Little Rock , Arkansas . Built in 1840 , it was part of Little Rock 's first military installation . Since its decommissioning , The Tower Building has housed two museums . It was home to the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities from 1942 to 1997 and the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History since 2001 . It has also been the headquarters of the Little Rock Æsthetic Club since 1894 . The building receives its name from its distinct octagonal tower . Besides being the last remaining structure of the original Little Rock Arsenal and one of the oldest buildings in central Arkansas , it was also the birthplace of General Douglas MacArthur , who became the supreme commander of US forces in the South Pacific during World War II . It was also the starting place of the Camden Expedition . In 2011 it was named as one of the top 10 attractions in the state of Arkansas by Arkansas.com. = = Construction = = The arsenal was constructed at the request of Governor James Sevier Conway in response to the perceived dangers of frontier life and fears of the many Native Americans who were passing through the state on their way to the newly established Oklahoma Territory . Thirty @-@ six acres were appropriated on the outskirts of Little Rock by Major Robert B. Lee of the U.S. Army . The land had been previously used as a racetrack by the local jockey club . John Wormley Walker , a builder for the Federal Government , supervised the construction . Originally $ 14 @,@ 000 was allocated for the construction of the arsenal , but proved inadequate . The budget was later increased to $ 30 @,@ 000 . Work began on the Tower Building in 1840 , and it was the first permanent structure of the arsenal to be built . Being originally constructed to store ammunition , the building was designed with 3 @-@ foot @-@ thick ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) exterior walls . The original plans called for it to be built of stone , however , masonry was used instead . The Arkansas Gazette referred to the structure as " A splendid specimen of masonry " . = = Civil War = = For several years the arsenal , which was owned by the federal government , served as a simple arms depot and was staffed with only a handful of soldiers . But in November 1860 , with the American Civil War on the horizon , a company of the Second United States Artillery , consisting of sixty @-@ five men , was transferred to Little Rock under the command of Captain James Totten . On January 15 , 1861 , the state legislature decided to hold a referendum to determine if a state convention should be held to consider the issue of secession and to elect delegates to such a convention . It was planned for February 18 ; however , events at the arsenal , would not wait . On January 28 , then Governor Henry Massey Rector informed Captain Totten that he and his soldiers would be " permitted to remain in the possession of the Federal officers until the State , by authority of the people , shall have determined to sever their connection with	[ "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġdid", "Ġextensive", "Ġresearch", "Ġinto", "Ġaspects", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġwhat", "Ġhappened", "Ġwhen", "Ġvehicles", "Ġlike", "Ġtanks", "Ġwere", "Ġoverturned", "Ġor", "Ġdamaged", "Ġ.", "ĠDue", "Ġto", "Ġit", "Ġbeing", "Ġalong", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġtimeline", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġoriginal", "Ġgame", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġtelevision", "Ġanime", "Ġadaptation", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcast", "Ġof", "ĠV", "alky", "ria", "ĠChronicles", "Ġcould", "Ġmake", "Ġappearances", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġpleased", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġopening", "Ġtheme", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠAk", "ari", "Ġ(", "ĠLight", "Ġ)", "Ġ-", "Tom", "os", "hib", "i", "-", "Ġ\"", "Ġ(", "Ġç", "ģ", "¯", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠTOM", "OS", "HI", "BI", "-", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", 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the General Government , " Totten responded to this by telling the Governor that his orders came from the United States Government and began a desperate but ultimately futile dispatch of letters and telegrams asking for reinforcements , although rumors were widely spread that they were already coming . The first telegraph wire to span between Little Rock and Memphis had recently been completed . Local attorney John M Harrel was asked to compose the first telegraph dispatched from Arkansas 's capital . In his message , Harrel reported unconfirmed rumors that more federal troops had been sent to reinforce the Little Rock Arsenal . The United States troops at the outposts of the western frontier of the state and in the Indian nation have all been recalled from winter quarters to reinforce the garrison at Fort Smith . The garrison at Fort Smith had been previously transferred to the United States Arsenal in this city ( Little Rock ) . The arsenal is one of the richest depositories of military stores in the United States and is supposed to be the ultimate destination of the tropps [ sic ] ordered from the frontier . -John M Harrel Telegram , January 31 , 1861 The item was intended simply as a piece of news , but telegraph lines quickly spread the news throughout the state , fueling procession sentiment . The rumor was interpreted by some Arkansans as a call from the governor to assemble to help expel the federal troops from the arsenal . By February 5 , six militia units , consisting of 1 @,@ 000 men , with a guarantee that the numbers could be increased to 5 @,@ 000 if the situations deemed it necessary , had assembled in Little Rock . Governor Rector vehemently denied ordering the troops to assemble or giving any order at all in connection with the troops . Faced with the fact that the military had assembled believing they were following his orders and the consensus of the citizens of Little Rock against any armed conflict between the civilian army and federal troops , Governor Rector was forced to take control of the situation . On February 6 , he sent a formal demand for surrender of the arsenal to Captain Totten , This movement is prompted by the feeling that pervades the citizens of this State that in the present emergency the arms and munitions of war in the Arsenal should be under the control of the State authorities , in order to their security . This movement , although not authorized by me , has assumed such an aspect that it becomes my duty , as the executive of this Sate , to interpose my official authority to prevent a collision between the people of the State and the Federal troops under your command . I therefore demand in the name of the State the delivery of the possession of the Arsenal and munitions of war under your charge to the State authorities , to be held subject to the action of the convention to be held on the 4th of March next . Perhaps because Abraham Lincoln had not yet been inaugurated as President , Captain Totten received no instructions from his superiors and was forced to withdraw his troops . He agreed to surrender the arsenal as long as the governor agreed to three provisions : The governor would take possession of the arsenal in the name of the United States . The soldiers would be allowed safe passage in any direction carrying any personal and public property besides munitions of war . The soldiers would be allowed to march away as men leaving under orders , not as conquered and surrendering soldiers . On the morning of February 8 , 1861 , Rector and Totten signed an agreement placing the arsenal in the hands of state officials . That afternoon , the citizen militia marched to the arsenal with Governor Rector at its head . All of the federal troops had left at this point , except Totten who had stayed behind to listen to the Governor 's speech and to hand the arsenal over in person . The Little Rock Arsenal was classified in 1860 as an " arsenal of deposit , " meaning that it was simply a warehouse for the storage of weapons intended for the use of the state militia in times of crisis . Thus there were no substantial operations for ordnance fabrication or repairs , nor for the manufacture of cartridges at the time the Arsenal fell into State hands . Most of these operations were started from scratch through the efforts of the Arkansas Military Board . Inside the Little Rock Arsenal after its seizure in February , 1861 , the Confederates inventoried some 10 @,@ 247 weapons , 250 @,@ 000 musket cartridges , and 520 @,@ 000 percussion caps , as well as the four bronze cannon of Totten 's battery . Long arms in the Arsenal 's inventory consisted of : M1822 .69 cal ( flintlock ) 5 @,@ 625 M1822 .69 cal ( percussion @-@ converted ) 53 M1842 .69 cal smoothbore ( percussion ) 357 M1855 .58 cal rifle @-@ muskets 900 M1817 common rifles 125 M1841 rifle ( " Mississippi Rifle " ) 54 M1847 musketoon 2 Hall 's carbines 267 Hall	[ "Ġthe", "ĠGeneral", "ĠGovernment", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠT", "otten", "Ġresponded", "Ġto", "Ġthis", "Ġby", "Ġtelling", "Ġthe", "ĠGovernor", "Ġthat", "Ġhis", "Ġorders", "Ġcame", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "ĠGovernment", "Ġand", "Ġbegan", "Ġa", "Ġdesperate", "Ġbut", "Ġultimately", "Ġfutile", "Ġdispatch", "Ġof", "Ġletters", "Ġand", "Ġte", "leg", "rams", "Ġasking", "Ġfor", "Ġreinforcements", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġrumors", "Ġwere", "Ġwidely", "Ġspread", "Ġthat", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġalready", "Ġcoming", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġte", "legraph", "Ġwire", "Ġto", "Ġspan", "Ġbetween", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġand", "ĠMemphis", "Ġhad", "Ġrecently", "Ġbeen", "Ġcompleted", 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"Ġthe", "ĠFederal", "Ġtroops", "Ġunder", "Ġyour", "Ġcommand", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġtherefore", "Ġdemand", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġname", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠState", "Ġthe", "Ġdelivery", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpossession", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠArsenal", "Ġand", "Ġmunitions", "Ġof", "Ġwar", "Ġunder", "Ġyour", "Ġcharge", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠState", "Ġauthorities", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġheld", "Ġsubject", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġaction", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġconvention", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġheld", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġ4", "th", "Ġof", "ĠMarch", "Ġnext", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPerhaps", "Ġbecause", "ĠAbraham", "ĠLincoln", "Ġhad", "Ġnot", "Ġyet", "Ġbeen", "Ġinaug", "urated", "Ġas", "ĠPresident", "Ġ,", "ĠCaptain", "ĠT", "otten", "Ġreceived", "Ġno", "Ġinstructions", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġsuperiors", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġforced", "Ġto", "Ġwithdraw", "Ġhis", "Ġtroops", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġagreed", "Ġto", "Ġsurrender", "Ġthe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġas", "Ġlong", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġgovernor", "Ġagreed", "Ġto", "Ġthree", "Ġprovisions", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġgovernor", "Ġwould", "Ġtake", "Ġpossession", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġname", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġsoldiers", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġallowed", "Ġsafe", "Ġpassage", "Ġin", "Ġany", "Ġdirection", "Ġcarrying", "Ġany", "Ġpersonal", "Ġand", "Ġpublic", "Ġproperty", "Ġbesides", "Ġmunitions", "Ġof", "Ġwar", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġsoldiers", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġallowed", "Ġto", "Ġmarch", "Ġaway", "Ġas", "Ġmen", "Ġleaving", "Ġunder", "Ġorders", "Ġ,", "Ġnot", "Ġas", "Ġconquered", "Ġand", "Ġsurrender", "ing", "Ġsoldiers", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġmorning", "Ġof", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ8", "Ġ,", "Ġ1861", "Ġ,", "ĠR", "ector", "Ġand", "ĠT", "otten", "Ġsigned", "Ġan", "Ġagreement", "Ġplacing", "Ġthe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġhands", "Ġof", "Ġstate", "Ġofficials", "Ġ.", "ĠThat", "Ġafternoon", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcitizen", "Ġmilitia", "Ġmarched", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġwith", "ĠGovernor", "ĠR", "ector", "Ġat", "Ġits", "Ġhead", "Ġ.", "ĠAll", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfederal", "Ġtroops", "Ġhad", "Ġleft", "Ġat", "Ġthis", "Ġpoint", "Ġ,", "Ġexcept", "ĠT", "otten", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġstayed", "Ġbehind", "Ġto", "Ġlisten", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠGovernor", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġspeech", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġhand", "Ġthe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġover", "Ġin", "Ġperson", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠArsenal", "Ġwas", "Ġclassified", "Ġin", "Ġ1860", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġ\"", "Ġarsenal", "Ġof", "Ġdeposit", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġmeaning", "Ġthat", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġsimply", "Ġa", "Ġwarehouse", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġstorage", "Ġof", "Ġweapons", "Ġintended", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġmilitia", "Ġin", "Ġtimes", "Ġof", "Ġcrisis", "Ġ.", "ĠThus", "Ġthere", "Ġwere", "Ġno", "Ġsubstantial", "Ġoperations", "Ġfor", "Ġord", "nance", "Ġfabrication", "Ġor", "Ġrepairs", "Ġ,", "Ġnor", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmanufacture", "Ġof", "Ġcartridges", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġthe", "ĠArsenal", "Ġfell", "Ġinto", "ĠState", "Ġhands", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġoperations", "Ġwere", "Ġstarted", "Ġfrom", "Ġscratch", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġefforts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠArkansas", "ĠMilitary", "ĠBoard", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠInside", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠArsenal", "Ġafter", "Ġits", "Ġseizure", "Ġin", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ,", "Ġ1861", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠConfeder", "ates", "Ġinventor", "ied", "Ġsome", "Ġ10", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ247", "Ġweapons", "Ġ,", "Ġ250", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġmus", "ket", "Ġcartridges", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ520", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġpercussion", "Ġcaps", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġfour", "Ġbronze", "Ġcannon", "Ġof", "ĠT", "otten", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbattery", "Ġ.", "ĠLong", "Ġarms", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠArsenal", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinventory", "Ġconsisted", "Ġof", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "22", "Ġ.", "69", "Ġcal", "Ġ(", "Ġfl", "int", "lock", "Ġ)", "Ġ5", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ625", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "22", "Ġ.", "69", "Ġcal", "Ġ(", "Ġpercussion", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġconverted", "Ġ)", "Ġ53", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "42", "Ġ.", "69", "Ġcal", "Ġsmooth", "b", "ore", "Ġ(", "Ġpercussion", "Ġ)", "Ġ357", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "55", "Ġ.", "58", "Ġcal", "Ġrifle", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġmus", "k", "ets", "Ġ900", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "17", "Ġcommon", "Ġrifles", "Ġ125", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "41", "Ġrifle", "Ġ(", "Ġ\"", "ĠMississippi", "ĠRifle", "Ġ\"", "Ġ)", "Ġ54", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠM", "18", "47", "Ġmus", "ket", "oon", "Ġ2", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHall", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcarb", "ines", "Ġ267", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHall" ]	5
's rifles ( flintlock ) 2 @,@ 864 Total 10 @,@ 247 Of this number , approximately 9600 weapons were serviceable , or ready @-@ for @-@ issue . Note there were only 1 @,@ 364 percussion weapons available . Disposition of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy , but from various records it can be surmised that the 5th , 6th , 7th , and 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiments , mustered in June , 1861 , were issued M1816 / M1822 .69 caliber flintlocks . The 9th and 10th Arkansas , four companies of Kelly 's 9th Arkansas Battalion , and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment were issued flintlock Hall 's Rifles . The units comprising the infantry force of Van Dorn 's Army of the West were the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles were also armed with M1822 flintlocks from the Little Rock Arsenal . By the time the 11th and 12th Arkansas Infantry Regiments mustered in at Little Rock , the supply of arms had been almost completely exhausted , and only old " junker " weapons were left . Most of the equipment , arms , and machinery at the Little Rock Arsenal was removed to east of the Mississippi River by order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn in April and May 1862 , and accountability for it is lost at that point . By all appearances , the equipment was sent down the river to Napoleon , Arkansas , and from there to Jackson Mississippi , where it was probably destroyed during the Vicksburg campaign in the early summer of 1863 . Major General Thomas C. Hindman , sent to command the district of Arkansas in May , 1862 , found the state nearly destitute of military material . Hindman established another armory at Arkadelphia , and revived the Little Rock Arsenal as a collection point and depot for armaments and ammunition manufacture for small arms . Hindman recorded : " Machinery was made for manufacturing percussion caps and small arms , and both were turned out in small quantity , but of excellent quality . Lead mines were opened and worked , and a chemical laboratory was established and successfully operated in aid of the Ordnance Department and in the manufacture of calomel , castor oil , spirits of nitre , the various tinctures of iron , and other valuable medicines . Most of these works were located at or near Arkadelphia on the Ouachita River , 75 miles south from Little Rock . The tools , machinery , and the material were gathered piecemeal or else made by hand labor . Nothing of this sort had been before attempted on Government account in Arkansas to my knowledge , except for the manufacture of small arms , the machinery for which was taken away by General Van Dorn and there was neither capital nor sufficient enterprise among the citizens to engage in such undertakings � A further supply , along with lead and caps , was procured from the citizens of Little Rock and vicinity by donation , purchases , and impressments . This ammunition , and that which I brought with me , was rapidly prepared for use at the Laboratory established at the Little Rock Arsenal for that purpose . As illustrating as the pitiful scarcity of material in the country , the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper . Gunsmiths were employed or conscripted , tools purchased or impressed , and the repair of the damaged guns I brought with me and about an equal number found at Little Rock commenced at once . But , after inspecting the work and observing the spirit of the men I decided that a garrison 500 strong could hold out against Fitch and that I would lead the remainder - about 1500 - to Gen 'l Rust as soon as shotguns and rifles could be obtained from Little Rock instead of pikes and lances , with which most of them were armed . Two days elapsed before the change could be effected . " The Confederate ordnance establishment at Little Rock was reactivated in August , 1862 . Looking around for a suitable person to head this activity , General Hindman turned to the Confederate Navy and borrowed Lieutenant John W. Dunnington . Lt. Dunnington was the commander of the gunboat C.S.S. Ponchartrain , which had been brought to Little Rock in hopes of converting it to an ironclad . Dunnington was selected to head the ordnance works at Little Rock , and although he continued to draw his pay from the Confederate Navy Department , he was placed in charge of all Confederate ordnance activities ( which included artillery functions ) there with the rank of lieutenant colonel . Lt. Col. Dunnington 's " Returns for the month of August , 1862 , at Little Rock Arsenal , C.S.A. , " are found in Vol . 149 , Chapter IV of the " Captured Rebel Ordnance Records , " and are most enlightening as to the scope of Confederate ordnance activities at Little Rock during this crucial time . According to Dunnington ,	[ "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrifles", "Ġ(", "Ġfl", "int", "lock", "Ġ)", "Ġ2", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ8", "64", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTotal", "Ġ10", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ247", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOf", "Ġthis", "Ġnumber", "Ġ,", "Ġapproximately", "Ġ9", "600", "Ġweapons", "Ġwere", "Ġservice", "able", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġready", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfor", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġissue", "Ġ.", "ĠNote", "Ġthere", "Ġwere", "Ġonly", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ364", "Ġpercussion", "Ġweapons", "Ġavailable", "Ġ.", "ĠDis", "position", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġweapons", "Ġfound", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠArsenal", "Ġis", "Ġsomewhat", "Ġsketch", "y", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġfrom", "Ġvarious", "Ġrecords", "Ġit", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġsur", "m", "ised", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġ5", "th", "Ġ,", "Ġ6", "th", "Ġ,", "Ġ7", "th", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ8", "th", "ĠArkansas", "ĠInfantry", "ĠReg", "iments", "Ġ,", "Ġmust", "ered", "Ġin", "ĠJune", "Ġ,", "Ġ1861", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġissued", "ĠM", "18", "16", "Ġ/", "ĠM", "18", "22", "Ġ.", "69", "Ġcaliber", "Ġfl", "int", "locks", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġ9", "th", "Ġand", "Ġ10", "th", "ĠArkansas", "Ġ,", "Ġfour", "Ġcompanies", "Ġof", "ĠKelly", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ9", "th", "ĠArkansas", "ĠBattalion", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġ3", "rd", "ĠArkansas", "ĠCaval", "ry", "ĠRegiment", "Ġwere", "Ġissued", "Ġfl", "int", "lock", "ĠHall", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠR", "ifles", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġunits", "Ġcomprising", "Ġthe", "Ġinfantry", "Ġforce", "Ġof", "ĠVan", "ĠD", "orn", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠArmy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠWest", "Ġwere", "Ġthe", "Ġ1", "st", "Ġand", "Ġ2", "nd", "ĠArkansas", "ĠMount", "ed", "ĠR", "ifles", "Ġwere", "Ġalso", "Ġarmed", "Ġwith", "ĠM", "18", "22", "Ġfl", "int", "locks", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠArsenal", "Ġ.", "ĠBy", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġthe", "Ġ11", "th", "Ġand", "Ġ12", "th", "ĠArkansas", "ĠInfantry", "ĠReg", "iments", "Ġmust", "ered", "Ġin", "Ġat", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsupply", "Ġof", "Ġarms", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġalmost", "Ġcompletely", "Ġexhausted", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġonly", "Ġold", "Ġ\"", "Ġjunk", "er", "Ġ\"", "Ġweapons", "Ġwere", "Ġleft", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMost", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġequipment", "Ġ,", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġmachinery", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠArsenal", "Ġwas", "Ġremoved", "Ġto", "Ġeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMississippi", "ĠRiver", "Ġby", "Ġorder", "Ġof", "ĠMaj", ".", "ĠGen", ".", "ĠEarl", "ĠVan", "ĠD", "orn", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġand", "ĠMay", "Ġ1862", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġaccountability", "Ġfor", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġlost", "Ġat", "Ġthat", "Ġpoint", "Ġ.", "ĠBy", "Ġall", "Ġappearances", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġequipment", "Ġwas", "Ġsent", "Ġdown", "Ġthe", "Ġriver", "Ġto", "ĠNapoleon", "Ġ,", "ĠArkansas", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfrom", "Ġthere", "Ġto", "ĠJackson", "ĠMississippi", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġprobably", "Ġdestroyed", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "ĠV", "icks", "burg", "Ġcampaign", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "Ġsummer", "Ġof", "Ġ1863", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMajor", "ĠGeneral", "ĠThomas", "ĠC", ".", "ĠHind", "man", "Ġ,", "Ġsent", "Ġto", "Ġcommand", "Ġthe", "Ġdistrict", "Ġof", "ĠArkansas", "Ġin", "ĠMay", "Ġ,", "Ġ1862", "Ġ,", "Ġfound", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġnearly", "Ġdest", "itute", "Ġof", "Ġmilitary", "Ġmaterial", "Ġ.", "ĠHind", "man", "Ġestablished", "Ġanother", "Ġarm", "ory", "Ġat", "ĠArk", "adelphia", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġrevived", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠArsenal", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcollection", "Ġpoint", "Ġand", "Ġdepot", "Ġfor", "Ġarm", "aments", "Ġand", "Ġammunition", "Ġmanufacture", "Ġfor", "Ġsmall", "Ġarms", "Ġ.", "ĠHind", "man", "Ġrecorded", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ\"", "ĠMach", "inery", "Ġwas", "Ġmade", "Ġfor", "Ġmanufacturing", "Ġpercussion", "Ġcaps", "Ġand", "Ġsmall", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġboth", "Ġwere", "Ġturned", "Ġout", "Ġin", "Ġsmall", "Ġquantity", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġof", "Ġexcellent", "Ġquality", "Ġ.", "ĠLead", "Ġmines", "Ġwere", "Ġopened", "Ġand", "Ġworked", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġchemical", "Ġlaboratory", "Ġwas", "Ġestablished", "Ġand", "Ġsuccessfully", "Ġoperated", "Ġin", "Ġaid", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠOrd", "nance", "ĠDepartment", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġmanufacture", "Ġof", "Ġcal", "om", "el", "Ġ,", "Ġcast", "or", "Ġoil", "Ġ,", "Ġspirits", "Ġof", "Ġnit", "re", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġvarious", "Ġt", "inct", "ures", "Ġof", "Ġiron", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġvaluable", "Ġmedicines", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġworks", "Ġwere", "Ġlocated", "Ġat", "Ġor", "Ġnear", "ĠArk", "adelphia", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠOu", "ach", "ita", "ĠRiver", "Ġ,", "Ġ75", "Ġmiles", "Ġsouth", "Ġfrom", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġtools", "Ġ,", "Ġmachinery", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġmaterial", "Ġwere", "Ġgathered", "Ġpiece", "meal", "Ġor", "Ġelse", "Ġmade", "Ġby", "Ġhand", "Ġlabor", "Ġ.", "ĠNothing", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġsort", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġbefore", "Ġattempted", "Ġon", "ĠGovernment", "Ġaccount", "Ġin", "ĠArkansas", "Ġto", "Ġmy", "Ġknowledge", "Ġ,", "Ġexcept", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmanufacture", "Ġof", "Ġsmall", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġmachinery", "Ġfor", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġtaken", "Ġaway", "Ġby", "ĠGeneral", "ĠVan", "ĠD", "orn", "Ġand", "Ġthere", "Ġwas", "Ġneither", "Ġcapital", "Ġnor", "Ġsufficient", "Ġenterprise", "Ġamong", "Ġthe", "Ġcitizens", "Ġto", "Ġengage", "Ġin", "Ġsuch", "Ġundert", "akings", "Ġï¿½", "ĠA", "Ġfurther", "Ġsupply", "Ġ,", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "Ġlead", "Ġand", "Ġcaps", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġproc", "ured", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġcitizens", "Ġof", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġand", "Ġvicinity", "Ġby", "Ġdonation", "Ġ,", "Ġpurchases", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġimpress", "ments", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThis", "Ġammunition", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġwhich", "ĠI", "Ġbrought", "Ġwith", "Ġme", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġrapidly", "Ġprepared", "Ġfor", "Ġuse", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠLaboratory", "Ġestablished", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠArsenal", "Ġfor", "Ġthat", "Ġpurpose", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġillustrating", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġpit", "iful", "Ġscarcity", "Ġof", "Ġmaterial", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfact", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġfound", "Ġnecessary", "Ġto", "Ġuse", "Ġpublic", "Ġdocuments", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠState", "ĠLibrary", "Ġfor", "Ġcartridge", "Ġpaper", "Ġ.", "ĠGun", "smith", "s", "Ġwere", "Ġemployed", "Ġor", "Ġcons", "cript", "ed", "Ġ,", "Ġtools", "Ġpurchased", "Ġor", "Ġimpressed", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġrepair", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdamaged", "Ġguns", "ĠI", "Ġbrought", "Ġwith", "Ġme", "Ġand", "Ġabout", "Ġan", "Ġequal", "Ġnumber", "Ġfound", "Ġat", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġcommenced", "Ġat", "Ġonce", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġinspecting", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġand", "Ġobserving", "Ġthe", "Ġspirit", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmen", "ĠI", "Ġdecided", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġgarrison", "Ġ500", "Ġstrong", "Ġcould", "Ġhold", "Ġout", "Ġagainst", "ĠF", "itch", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "ĠI", "Ġwould", "Ġlead", "Ġthe", "Ġremainder", "Ġ-", "Ġabout", "Ġ1500", "Ġ-", "Ġto", "ĠGen", "Ġ'", "l", "ĠRust", "Ġas", "Ġsoon", "Ġas", "Ġshotguns", "Ġand", "Ġrifles", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġobtained", "Ġfrom", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġinstead", "Ġof", "Ġp", "ikes", "Ġand", "Ġl", "ances", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġwhich", "Ġmost", "Ġof", "Ġthem", "Ġwere", "Ġarmed", "Ġ.", "ĠTwo", "Ġdays", "Ġelapsed", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġchange", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġeffected", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠConfederate", "Ġord", "nance", "Ġestablishment", "Ġat", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġwas", "Ġreact", "ivated", "Ġin", "ĠAugust", "Ġ,", "Ġ1862", "Ġ.", "ĠLooking", "Ġaround", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġsuitable", "Ġperson", "Ġto", "Ġhead", "Ġthis", "Ġactivity", "Ġ,", "ĠGeneral", "ĠHind", "man", "Ġturned", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠConfederate", "ĠNavy", "Ġand", "Ġborrowed", "ĠLieutenant", "ĠJohn", "ĠW", ".", "ĠDun", "nington", "Ġ.", "ĠLt", ".", "ĠDun", "nington", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġcommander", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgun", "boat", "ĠC", ".", "S", ".", "S", ".", "ĠPon", "chart", "rain", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġbrought", "Ġto", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġin", "Ġhopes", "Ġof", "Ġconverting", "Ġit", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġiron", "clad", "Ġ.", "ĠDun", "nington", "Ġwas", "Ġselected", "Ġto", "Ġhead", "Ġthe", "Ġord", "nance", "Ġworks", "Ġat", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġalthough", "Ġhe", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġdraw", 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" When I assumed command at this Post , all material had been removed to Arkadelphia . There were no persons employed . No shops were open for repair of arms or for fabricating ammunition . Material , tools , etc . , had to be procured as well as the employment of laborers . Work commenced the last part of the month . " The military force at Little Rock under Dunnington 's command consisted of four officers : himself , Major John B. Lockman , Captain C.C. Green , and 2nd Lt. W.W. Murphy . In addition to these , he had 20 enlisted men and a civilian force composed of a foreman , 2 clerks , 3 gunsmiths for repairing small arms , a laboratorian , 26 laborers in the ammunition laboratory , and a carpenter for making packing boxes . During the month of August , 1862 , the following work was performed : " Fabricated : one pair of musket bullet moulds ; 10 @,@ 000 buck & ball shot cartridges ; repaired : 750 muskets , shotguns , and rifles ; received and repaired : ordnance stores and ordnances ; performed : guard , office , and police duties ; inspected : Posts at Camden and Arkadelphia . " Lt. Col. Dunnington continued to build up his works at Little Rock until November 1862 , when Captain Sanford C. Faulkner ( composer of The Arkansas Traveler ) was placed in charge of the Arsenal . Dunnington presumably returned to his naval duties and the Ponchartrain . A " Summary of the Work Done for November , 1862 , Little Rock Arsenal " shows : Fabrication : 75 @,@ 000 buck & ball cartridges - percussion 14 @,@ 000 buck & ball cartridges - flint 275 paper fuzes 117 rounds , 6 @-@ pounder canister shot 130 rounds , 6 @-@ pounder ball shot 96 ammunition packing boxes Repaired : 2 @,@ 236 shotguns and rifles ( repaired mostly for troops in service ) 23 pistols ( repaired mostly for troops in service ) Received & Issued : 752 packages of ordnance and ordnance stores received and mostly issued to troops in service . Repaired and painted : 4 gun carriages Performed : Guard , office , and police duties . Perhaps the most illuminating points of the above " Summary of Work " and those for following months are that the standard ammunition made was . " buck & ball " , indicating that the .69 caliber smoothbores and shotguns remained the predominant caliber weapon in use , and of this , nearly one sixth or more of all small arms ammunition was still for flintlock weapons , indicating that no less than a sixth of the Confederate troops in this vicinity were still armed with obsolete flintlock weapons . The " Summaries of Work done at Little Rock Arsenal , C.S.A. " continue at about the same pace and scale from August 1862 until August 1863 . Appended to the " Summary " for August , 1863 is the ominous notation , " During the last week in the month , nearly all stores at the Arsenal have been packed and sent to Arkadelphia , in obedience to orders from Chief of Ordnance , District of Arkansas . " This then marks the beginning of the evacuation of ordnance activities from Little Rock , with the city being surrendered to the advancing Federal troops of Frederick Steele 's Arkansas Expedition on September 11 , 1863 . In 1864 , after Little Rock fell to the Union Army and the arsenal had been recaptured , General Fredrick Steele marched 8 @,@ 500 troops from the arsenal beginning the Camden Expedition . The arsenal was briefly seized once more by Joseph Brooks loyalists during the Brooks @-@ Baxter War of 1874 . = = Decommissioning = = In 1873 , the building was renamed Little Rock Barracks and used as a barracks for married officers and their families . The building was drastically altered the inside and outside . Prior to renovation , a rear basement door provided the only entrance to the building , while the tower served as a hoist to move munitions between floors . By 1868 , front and rear porches had been added to the building , as well as interior walls and stairs , some of which remain today , including the central staircase . In 1880 , Douglas MacArthur was born on the northwest upper floor of this building while his father , Captain Arthur MacArthur , was stationed there . In the 1880s , the federal government began closing many small arsenals around the country in favor of smaller ones built near railroads for quick deployment . The arsenal commander received word from Washington that the Little Rock site must be abandoned " not later than October 1 , 1890 . " On April 12 , 1893 the tower building and the surrounding buildings were traded to the city of Little Rock for 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 km ² ) in North Little Rock under the condition that	[ "Ġ\"", "ĠWhen", "ĠI", "Ġassumed", "Ġcommand", "Ġat", "Ġthis", "ĠPost", "Ġ,", "Ġall", "Ġmaterial", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġremoved", "Ġto", "ĠArk", "adelphia", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġwere", "Ġno", "Ġpersons", "Ġemployed", "Ġ.", "ĠNo", "Ġshops", "Ġwere", "Ġopen", "Ġfor", "Ġrepair", "Ġof", "Ġarms", "Ġor", "Ġfor", "Ġfabric", "ating", "Ġammunition", "Ġ.", "ĠMaterial", "Ġ,", "Ġtools", "Ġ,", "Ġetc", "Ġ.", "Ġ,", "Ġhad", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġproc", "ured", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġemployment", "Ġof", "Ġlaborers", "Ġ.", "ĠWork", "Ġcommenced", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmonth", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġmilitary", "Ġforce", "Ġat", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġunder", "ĠDun", "nington", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcommand", "Ġconsisted", "Ġof", "Ġfour", "Ġofficers", "Ġ:", "Ġhimself", "Ġ,", "ĠMajor", "ĠJohn", "ĠB", ".", 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"Ġwhile", "Ġhis", "Ġfather", "Ġ,", "ĠCaptain", "ĠArthur", "ĠMacArthur", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġstationed", "Ġthere", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġ1880", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfederal", "Ġgovernment", "Ġbegan", "Ġclosing", "Ġmany", "Ġsmall", "Ġarsen", "als", "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġin", "Ġfavor", "Ġof", "Ġsmaller", "Ġones", "Ġbuilt", "Ġnear", "Ġrail", "roads", "Ġfor", "Ġquick", "Ġdeployment", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġcommander", "Ġreceived", "Ġword", "Ġfrom", "ĠWashington", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġsite", "Ġmust", "Ġbe", "Ġabandoned", "Ġ\"", "Ġnot", "Ġlater", "Ġthan", "ĠOctober", "Ġ1", "Ġ,", "Ġ1890", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠOn", "ĠApril", "Ġ12", "Ġ,", "Ġ1893", "Ġthe", "Ġtower", "Ġbuilding", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġbuildings", "Ġwere", "Ġtraded", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġof", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġfor", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġacres", "Ġ(", "Ġ4", "Ġkm", "ĠÂ", "²", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "ĠNorth", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġcondition", "Ġthat" ]	7
the building and land be " forever exclusively devoted to the uses and purposes of a public park " for 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 km ² ) in Big Rock Mountain on the north side of the Arkansas River , present day North Little Rock . That site later became Fort Logan H. Roots . All of the original buildings surrounding the Tower Building were demolished . = = Æsthetic Club = = In 1894 the Little Rock Æsthetic Club , one of the oldest women 's societies west of the Mississippi River , moved into the Tower Building . This was prompted due to increased membership and a need for larger , more permanent quarters . The previous year , club members working with women 's organizations throughout the state , raised money to furnish the Arkansas Building of the Columbian Exposition at The Chicago World 's Fair . At the fair 's conclusion , artifacts from the exhibit were displayed in the Tower Building , with the Æsthetic Club invited to meet in the " Columbian Room . " Except for Æsthetic Club meetings , the Tower Building remained largely unoccupied for almost fifty years and suffered significant deterioration . The Æsthetic Club provided much @-@ needed financial support during the period and even paid the electric bill during the Great Depression . The Æsthetic Club is still headquartered in the Tower Building . = = Public use = = The building and the surrounding park were used for many public purposes throughout the early 20th century . The Tower Building served as headquarters for the United Confederate Veterans Reunion , May 15 – 18 , 1911 . Over 106 @,@ 000 Civil War veterans , the largest popular gathering in the history of the city up to that time , attended and were housed in the building or camped in the park , which had also become a popular camping area . Later the building served as an armory for the Arkansas National Guard . In 1912 , the second floor of the Tower Building became Little Rock 's first public library . In 1917 , Little Rock built a fire station in the park , that building is now gone . A band shell named for H. H. Foster also was built in the park during this time , but also no longer exists . In 1936 , Works Progress Administration built the Museum of Fine Arts , now called the Arkansas Arts Center , just south of the Tower Building . The arsenal was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 . Due to its association with the Camden Expedition of 1864 , the arsenal may be included in the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark designated in 1994 . In 1942 , the Tower Building was renovated due to the efforts of the Æsthetic Club , Little Rock philanthropist Frederick W. Allsop , and the Works Progress Administration . It became the new home of The Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities , which had been located in Little Rock City Hall . The museum remained in the tower building for approximately fifty @-@ five years . The area surrounding the Tower Building had been known as Arsenal Park when the first decommissioned and then later renamed City Park . Due to the efforts of Bernie Babcock , however , the city finally named it MacArthur Park in 1942 in honor of Douglas MacArthur . In 1997 , the Museum of Science and Natural History merged with the Little Rock Children 's Museum , which had been located in Union Station , to form the Arkansas Museum of Discovery . The new museum was relocated to a historic building in the Little Rock River Market District . The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History opened on May 19 , 2001 in the Tower Building . The new museum 's goal is to educate and inform visitors about the military history of Arkansas , preserve the Tower Building , honor servicemen and servicewomen of the United States and commemorate the birthplace of Douglas MacArthur . = Cicely Mary Barker = Cicely Mary Barker ( 28 June 1895 – 16 February 1973 ) was an English illustrator best known for a series of fantasy illustrations depicting fairies and flowers . Barker 's art education began in girlhood with correspondence courses and instruction at the Croydon School of Art . Her earliest professional work included greeting cards and juvenile magazine illustrations , and her first book , Flower Fairies of the Spring , was published in 1923 . Similar books were published in the following decades . Barker was a devout Anglican , and donated her artworks to Christian fundraisers and missionary organizations . She produced a few Christian @-@ themed books such as The Children ’ s Book of Hymns and , in collaboration with her sister Dorothy , He Leadeth Me . She designed a stained glass window for St. Edmund 's Church , Pitlake , and her painting of the Christ Child , The Darling of the World Has Come , was purchased by Queen Mary . Barker was equally proficient in watercolour , pen and ink , oils , and pastels . Kate Greenaway and the Pre @-@ Raphaelites were the principal influences on her work . She claimed to paint instinctively and rejected artistic theories	[ "Ġthe", "Ġbuilding", "Ġand", "Ġland", "Ġbe", "Ġ\"", "Ġforever", "Ġexclusively", "Ġdevoted", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġuses", "Ġand", "Ġpurposes", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġpublic", "Ġpark", "Ġ\"", "Ġfor", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġacres", "Ġ(", "Ġ4", "Ġkm", "ĠÂ", "²", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "ĠBig", "ĠRock", "ĠMountain", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġside", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠArkansas", "ĠRiver", "Ġ,", "Ġpresent", "Ġday", "ĠNorth", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġ.", "ĠThat", "Ġsite", "Ġlater", "Ġbecame", "ĠFort", "ĠLogan", "ĠH", ".", "ĠRoots", "Ġ.", "ĠAll", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġoriginal", "Ġbuildings", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġwere", "Ġdemolished", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠÃ", "Ĩ", "st", "hetic", "ĠClub", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ18", "94", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠÃ", "Ĩ", "st", "hetic", "ĠClub", "Ġ,", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġoldest", "Ġwomen", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsocieties", "Ġwest", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMississippi", "ĠRiver", 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"Ġremained", "Ġlargely", "Ġun", "occupied", "Ġfor", "Ġalmost", "Ġfifty", "Ġyears", "Ġand", "Ġsuffered", "Ġsignificant", "Ġdeterioration", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠÃ", "Ĩ", "st", "hetic", "ĠClub", "Ġprovided", "Ġmuch", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġneeded", "Ġfinancial", "Ġsupport", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġperiod", "Ġand", "Ġeven", "Ġpaid", "Ġthe", "Ġelectric", "Ġbill", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "ĠGreat", "ĠDepression", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠÃ", "Ĩ", "st", "hetic", "ĠClub", "Ġis", "Ġstill", "Ġheadquartered", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPublic", "Ġuse", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġbuilding", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġpark", "Ġwere", "Ġused", "Ġfor", "Ġmany", "Ġpublic", "Ġpurposes", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "Ġ20", "th", "Ġcentury", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġserved", "Ġas", "Ġheadquarters", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠConfederate", "ĠVeterans", "ĠRe", "union", "Ġ,", "ĠMay", "Ġ15", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ18", "Ġ,", "Ġ1911", "Ġ.", "ĠOver", "Ġ106", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "ĠCivil", "ĠWar", "Ġveterans", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġlargest", "Ġpopular", "Ġgathering", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġhistory", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġthat", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġattended", "Ġand", "Ġwere", "Ġhoused", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbuilding", "Ġor", "Ġcamp", "ed", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpark", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġalso", "Ġbecome", "Ġa", "Ġpopular", "Ġcamping", "Ġarea", "Ġ.", "ĠLater", "Ġthe", "Ġbuilding", "Ġserved", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġarm", "ory", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠArkansas", "ĠNational", "ĠGuard", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ1912", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġfloor", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġbecame", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġpublic", "Ġlibrary", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ1917", "Ġ,", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġbuilt", "Ġa", "Ġfire", "Ġstation", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpark", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġbuilding", "Ġis", "Ġnow", "Ġgone", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġband", "Ġshell", "Ġnamed", "Ġfor", "ĠH", ".", "ĠH", ".", "ĠFoster", "Ġalso", "Ġwas", "Ġbuilt", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpark", "Ġduring", "Ġthis", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġalso", "Ġno", "Ġlonger", "Ġexists", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ1936", "Ġ,", "ĠWorks", "ĠProgress", "ĠAdministration", "Ġbuilt", "Ġthe", "ĠMuseum", "Ġof", "ĠFine", "ĠArts", "Ġ,", "Ġnow", "Ġcalled", "Ġthe", "ĠArkansas", "ĠArts", "ĠCenter", "Ġ,", "Ġjust", "Ġsouth", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġwas", "Ġlisted", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNational", "ĠRegister", "Ġof", "ĠHistoric", "ĠPlaces", "Ġin", "Ġ1970", "Ġ.", "ĠDue", "Ġto", "Ġits", "Ġassociation", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠCamden", "ĠExpedition", "Ġof", "Ġ18", "64", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġarsenal", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġincluded", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠCamden", "ĠExpedition", "ĠSites", "ĠNational", "ĠHistoric", "ĠLand", "mark", "Ġdesignated", "Ġin", "Ġ1994", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ1942", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġwas", "Ġrenovated", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġefforts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠÃ", "Ĩ", "st", "hetic", "ĠClub", "Ġ,", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "Ġphilanthrop", "ist", "ĠFrederick", "ĠW", ".", "ĠAll", "s", "op", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠWorks", "ĠProgress", "ĠAdministration", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġnew", "Ġhome", "Ġof", "ĠThe", "ĠArkansas", "ĠMuseum", "Ġof", "ĠNatural", "ĠHistory", "Ġand", "ĠAntiqu", "ities", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġlocated", "Ġin", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠCity", "ĠHall", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmuseum", "Ġremained", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġtower", "Ġbuilding", "Ġfor", "Ġapproximately", "Ġfifty", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfive", "Ġyears", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġarea", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "ĠArsenal", "ĠPark", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġdecom", "mission", "ed", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġlater", "Ġrenamed", "ĠCity", "ĠPark", "Ġ.", "ĠDue", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġefforts", "Ġof", "ĠBernie", "ĠBab", "cock", "Ġ,", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġfinally", "Ġnamed", "Ġit", "ĠMacArthur", "ĠPark", "Ġin", "Ġ1942", "Ġin", "Ġhonor", "Ġof", "ĠDouglas", "ĠMacArthur", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ1997", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠMuseum", "Ġof", "ĠScience", "Ġand", "ĠNatural", "ĠHistory", "Ġmerged", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠChildren", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠMuseum", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġlocated", "Ġin", "ĠUnion", "ĠStation", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġform", "Ġthe", "ĠArkansas", "ĠMuseum", "Ġof", "ĠDiscovery", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnew", "Ġmuseum", "Ġwas", "Ġrelocated", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġhistoric", "Ġbuilding", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠLittle", "ĠRock", "ĠRiver", "ĠMarket", "ĠDistrict", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠMacArthur", "ĠMuseum", "Ġof", "ĠArkansas", "ĠMilitary", "ĠHistory", "Ġopened", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ19", "Ġ,", "Ġ2001", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnew", "Ġmuseum", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġgoal", "Ġis", "Ġto", "Ġeducate", "Ġand", "Ġinform", "Ġvisitors", "Ġabout", "Ġthe", "Ġmilitary", "Ġhistory", "Ġof", "ĠArkansas", "Ġ,", "Ġpreserve", "Ġthe", "ĠTower", "ĠBuilding", "Ġ,", "Ġhonor", "Ġservic", "emen", "Ġand", "Ġservic", "ew", "omen", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġand", "Ġcommemorate", "Ġthe", "Ġbirthplace", "Ġof", "ĠDouglas", "ĠMacArthur", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠC", "ice", "ly", "ĠMary", "ĠBarker", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠC", "ice", "ly", "ĠMary", "ĠBarker", "Ġ(", "Ġ28", "ĠJune", "Ġ1895", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ16", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ1973", "Ġ)", "Ġwas", "Ġan", "ĠEnglish", "Ġillust", "rator", "Ġbest", "Ġknown", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġseries", "Ġof", "Ġfantasy", "Ġillustrations", "Ġdepicting", "Ġfair", "ies", "Ġand", "Ġflowers", "Ġ.", "ĠBarker", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġart", "Ġeducation", "Ġbegan", "Ġin", "Ġgirl", "hood", "Ġwith", "Ġcorrespondence", "Ġcourses", "Ġand", "Ġinstruction", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "roy", "don", "ĠSchool", "Ġof", "ĠArt", "Ġ.", "ĠHer", "Ġearliest", "Ġprofessional", "Ġwork", "Ġincluded", "Ġgreeting", "Ġcards", "Ġand", "Ġjuvenile", "Ġmagazine", "Ġillustrations", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġfirst", "Ġbook", "Ġ,", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSpring", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġpublished", "Ġin", "Ġ1923", "Ġ.", "ĠSimilar", "Ġbooks", "Ġwere", "Ġpublished", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġdecades", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠBarker", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġdevout", "ĠAnglic", "an", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdonated", "Ġher", "Ġart", "works", "Ġto", "ĠChristian", "Ġfundra", "isers", "Ġand", "Ġmissionary", "Ġorganizations", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġproduced", "Ġa", "Ġfew", "ĠChristian", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġthemed", "Ġbooks", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠThe", "ĠChildren", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġs", "ĠBook", "Ġof", "ĠH", "ym", "ns", "Ġand", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġcollaboration", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġsister", "ĠDorothy", "Ġ,", "ĠHe", "ĠLead", "eth", "ĠMe", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġdesigned", "Ġa", "Ġstained", "Ġglass", "Ġwindow", "Ġfor", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠEdmund", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠChurch", "Ġ,", "ĠPit", "lake", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġpainting", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠChrist", "ĠChild", "Ġ,", "ĠThe", "ĠDarling", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠWorld", "ĠHas", "ĠCome", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġpurchased", "Ġby", "ĠQueen", "ĠMary", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠBarker", "Ġwas", "Ġequally", "Ġproficient", "Ġin", "Ġwater", "colour", "Ġ,", "Ġpen", "Ġand", "Ġink", "Ġ,", "Ġoils", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġpast", "els", "Ġ.", "ĠKate", "ĠGreen", "away", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠPre", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠRaphael", "ites", "Ġwere", "Ġthe", "Ġprincipal", "Ġinfluences", "Ġon", "Ġher", "Ġwork", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġclaimed", "Ġto", "Ġpaint", "Ġinstinctively", "Ġand", "Ġrejected", "Ġartistic", "Ġtheories" ]	8
. Barker died in 1973 . Though she published Flower Fairy books with spring , summer , and autumn themes , it wasn 't until 1985 that a winter collection was assembled from her remaining work and published posthumously . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Barker was born the second daughter and youngest child of Walter Barker , a partner in a seed supply company and an amateur artist , and his wife Mary Eleanor ( Oswald ) Barker on 28 June 1895 at home at 66 Waddon Road in Croydon , Surrey , England . Barker was an epileptic as a child , and cared for at home by her parents . Later , her sister and elder by two years , Dorothy Oswald Barker , continued the care . The family of four was moderately well off , and belonged to the lower end of the upper middle class . A nanny , a governess , and a cook to prepare special meals for Barker were hired . She spent much time in bed at home amusing herself with painting books and a nursery library that included the works of Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott – two artists who exerted strong influences on her later art . = = = Art education and first professional work = = = Barker took correspondence courses in art , probably until about 1919 . In 1908 at 13 years , she entered an evening class at the Croydon School of Art , and attended the school into the 1940s . In time , she received a teaching position . In 1911 , Raphael Tuck & Sons bought four of Barker 's " little drawings " for half a sovereign , and published them as postcards . In October 1911 , she won second prize in the Croydon Art Society 's poster competition , and shortly afterward was elected the youngest member of the Society . The art critic for the Croydon Advertiser remarked , " Her drawings show a remarkable freedom of spirit . She has distinct promise . " Following her father ’ s death in June 1912 , the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Barker submitted art and poetry to My Magazine , Child ’ s Own , Leading Strings , and Raphael Tuck annuals in an effort to support both her mother and sister . Her sister Dorothy taught kindergarten in two private schools before opening a kindergarten at home . She brought in some money for the family 's support while supervising the household . = = = Flower Fairies of the Spring , 1923 = = = Fairies became a popular theme in art and literature in the early 20th century following the releases of The Coming of the Fairies by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie , and the fairy @-@ themed work of Australian Ida Rentoul Outhwaite . Queen Mary made such themes even more popular by sending Outhwaite postcards to friends during the 1920s . In 1918 , Barker produced a postcard series depicting elves and fairies . In 1923 , Barker sent her flower fairy paintings to various publishers . Blackie paid £ 25 for 24 paintings with accompanying verses , but it wasn 't until publication of Flower Fairies of the Summer in 1925 that Barker received royalties for her work . Mary Violet Clayton Calthrop , wife of author Dion Clayton Calthrop , wrote in April 1925 about Barker and Flower Fairies of the Spring : " She has such exquisite taste , besides draughtsmanship . " = = = The Waldrons = = = In 1924 , the family moved into a four @-@ level , semi @-@ detached Victorian house at 23 The Waldrons . Barker had a studio built in the garden and her sister conducted a kindergarten in a room at the back of the house . The family lived frugally and attended both St. Edmund 's and St. Andrew 's in Croydon – " low " churches for the less privileged . Barker sometimes incorporated portraits of her fellow parishioners in her religious works . She was described by Canon Ingram Hill as " one of the pillars " of St. Andrew 's . The children in the kindergarten modelled for the Flower Fairies until the kindergarten closed in 1940 . In an interview in 1958 , Barker said , " My sister ran a kindergarten and I used to borrow her students for models . For many years I had an atmosphere of children about me – I never forgot it . " She also painted the children of relatives as well as Gladys Tidy , the Barkers ' young housekeeper , who posed for the Primrose Fairy in 1923 . The plants were painted from life , and if a specimen was not readily at hand , Kew Gardens staff would provide her the specimens needed . Barker designed and built the Flower Fairy costumes , and based each on the flowers and leaves of the particular plant to be illustrated . The costumes were kept in a trunk in her studio along with wings made of twigs and gauze . Each was broken down after an illustration was completed and the parts recycled for other costumes . She	[ "Ġ.", "ĠBarker", "Ġdied", "Ġin", "Ġ1973", "Ġ.", "ĠThough", "Ġshe", "Ġpublished", "ĠFlower", "ĠFairy", "Ġbooks", "Ġwith", "Ġspring", "Ġ,", "Ġsummer", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġautumn", "Ġthemes", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwasn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġuntil", "Ġ1985", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġwinter", "Ġcollection", "Ġwas", "Ġassembled", "Ġfrom", "Ġher", "Ġremaining", "Ġwork", "Ġand", "Ġpublished", "Ġpost", "hum", "ously", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBi", "ography", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠEarly", "Ġlife", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠBarker", "Ġwas", "Ġborn", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġdaughter", "Ġand", "Ġyoungest", "Ġchild", "Ġof", "ĠWalter", "ĠBarker", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġpartner", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġseed", "Ġsupply", "Ġcompany", "Ġand", "Ġan", "Ġamateur", "Ġartist", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "ĠMary", "ĠEleanor", "Ġ(", "ĠOswald", "Ġ)", "ĠBarker", "Ġon", "Ġ28", "ĠJune", "Ġ1895", "Ġat", "Ġhome", "Ġat", "Ġ66", "ĠW", "addon", "ĠRoad", "Ġin", "ĠC", "roy", "don", "Ġ,", "ĠSurrey", "Ġ,", "ĠEngland", "Ġ.", 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"Ġdra", "ugh", "ts", "manship", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠThe", "ĠWald", "rons", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ1924", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfamily", "Ġmoved", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlevel", "Ġ,", "Ġsemi", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdetached", "ĠVictorian", "Ġhouse", "Ġat", "Ġ23", "ĠThe", "ĠWald", "rons", "Ġ.", "ĠBarker", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġstudio", "Ġbuilt", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġgarden", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġsister", "Ġconducted", "Ġa", "Ġkindergarten", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġroom", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġhouse", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfamily", "Ġlived", "Ġf", "rug", "ally", "Ġand", "Ġattended", "Ġboth", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠEdmund", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġand", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠAndrew", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġin", "ĠC", "roy", "don", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ\"", "Ġlow", "Ġ\"", "Ġchurches", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġless", "Ġprivileged", "Ġ.", "ĠBarker", "Ġsometimes", "Ġincorporated", "Ġportraits", "Ġof", "Ġher", "Ġfellow", "Ġparish", "ion", "ers", "Ġin", "Ġher", "Ġreligious", "Ġworks", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġdescribed", "Ġby", "ĠCanon", "ĠIngram", "ĠHill", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpillars", "Ġ\"", "Ġof", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠAndrew", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġchildren", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġkindergarten", "Ġmod", "elled", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġuntil", "Ġthe", "Ġkindergarten", "Ġclosed", "Ġin", "Ġ1940", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġan", "Ġinterview", "Ġin", "Ġ1958", "Ġ,", "ĠBarker", "Ġsaid", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠMy", "Ġsister", "Ġran", "Ġa", "Ġkindergarten", "Ġand", "ĠI", "Ġused", "Ġto", "Ġborrow", "Ġher", "Ġstudents", "Ġfor", "Ġmodels", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġmany", "Ġyears", "ĠI", "Ġhad", "Ġan", "Ġatmosphere", "Ġof", "Ġchildren", "Ġabout", "Ġme", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠI", "Ġnever", "Ġforgot", "Ġit", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠShe", "Ġalso", "Ġpainted", "Ġthe", "Ġchildren", "Ġof", "Ġrelatives", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "ĠGlad", "ys", "ĠT", "idy", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠBark", "ers", "Ġ'", "Ġyoung", "Ġhouse", "keeper", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġposed", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠPrim", "rose", "ĠFairy", "Ġin", "Ġ1923", "Ġ.", 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often referred to Dion Clayton Calthrop 's English Costume . = = = Middle years = = = In the late 1920s , Barker began to doubt she was doing enough for the church and considered focusing solely on sacred works . Family and friends recommended she continue secular and sacred works , which she did . Barker continued to attend evening classes at the Croydon Art School between the 1920s and the 1940s , eventually receiving a teaching position . She took sketching trips to Amberley and Storrington in Sussex and to Cornwall and the southern coast with family and friends . She visited and stayed with artist Margaret Tarrant in Gomshall , Surrey and with family in Ugglebarnby , Near Whitby , North Yorkshire . In 1940 , the Barker 's live @-@ in maid retired , and Dorothy Barker closed her school at the back of the house in The Waldrons . She continued to supervise the household , and to give both her mother and sister the care they needed . Dorothy and her sister collaborated upon only two books : Our Darling 's First Book and the Christian @-@ themed , He Leadeth Me . In 1954 Dorothy Barker died of a heart attack . Barker was unable to pursue her art to any significant extent following her sister 's death , as all the care of her aged mother devolved upon her , but she did manage to begin planning a stained glass window design in her sister 's memory for St. Edmund 's , Pitlake . = = = Later life and death = = = Barker 's mother died in 1960 , and , in 1961 , Barker moved from 23 The Waldrons to 6 Duppas Avenue in Croydon . She restored a maisonette in Storrington , Sussex , England , bequeathed by her friend Edith Major , and named it St. Andrew 's . After taking up residence , her health began to deteriorate . She was in and out of nursing and convalescent homes , and tended by relatives and friends . Barker died at Worthing Hospital on 16 February 1973 , aged 77 years . Two funeral services were held – one in Storrington Church and one in Barker 's maisonette . Her ashes were scattered in Storrington churchyard . In 1989 , Frederick Warne , a division of Penguin Books since 1983 , acquired the Flower Fairies properties . = = Art = = Barker worked principally in watercolor with pen @-@ and @-@ ink , but she was equally competent in black @-@ and @-@ white , in oils , and in pastels . She carried a sketchbook with her for capturing interesting children . She once indicated , " I have always tried to paint instinctively in a way that comes naturally to me , without any real thought or attention to artistic theories . " Kate Greenaway was a childhood favorite and an influence on her art . Barker 's child subjects wear nostalgic clothing as Greenaway 's children do , though Barker 's children are less melancholy and less flat in appearance , due perhaps to advances in printing technology . Barker studied flowers with an analytical eye and was friend to children 's illustrator , Margaret Tarrant . Along with Greenaway , illustrator Alice B. Woodward also influenced Barker 's work . The Pre @-@ Raphaelites were a strong , lifelong influence on Barker . She once indicated , " I am to some extent influenced by them — not in any technical sense , but in the choice of subject matter and the feeling and atmosphere they could achieve . " She admitted a fondness for the early paintings of John Everett Millais and " the wonderful things " of Edward Burne @-@ Jones . = = = Depictions of children = = = Barker 's sketches , drawings , and paintings of children were given to friends or to the parents of the subjects , donated to charitable institutions and church sponsored events , or exhibited through various art organizations . She illustrated magazine covers , dust jackets , and produced series of postcards for Raphael Tuck and other publishers such as Picturesque Children of the Allies ( 1915 ) , Seaside Holidays ( 1918 ) , and Shakespeare 's Boy and Girl Characters ( 1917 , 1920 ) . Her own Old Rhymes for All Times ( 1928 ) and The Lord of the Rushie River ( 1938 ) , a tale about a girl who lives among swans on a riverbank , were critically well received . Set about 1800 , Groundsel and Necklaces ( 1943 ) tells of a girl named Jenny who rescues her family from poverty through the agency of the fairies . The story features an old Scrooge @-@ like man called Mr. Petercoo and tonally suggests a Dickensian social consciousness . Simon the Swan , intended as a sequel to Rushie River was outlined in 1943 with Groundsel , but only developed in 1953 . It was published posthumously in 1988 and is critically considered less successful than Groundsel .	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= = = Christian @-@ themed works = = = Barker was a devout Christian , and produced religious @-@ themed works throughout her life . She published eight postcards and five guardian angel birthday cards for the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1916 and in 1923 respectively . Christmas cards were designed for The Girls ' Friendly Society over a 20 @-@ year period , and the first three designs sold out a combined printing of 46 @,@ 500 in 1923 . An original design for the society called The Darling of the World Has Come was purchased by Queen Mary for ₤ 5 @.@ 5 @.@ 0 in 1926 . The Croydon Art Society hung Barker 's booklet cover design for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in its November 1919 exhibition . Religious @-@ themed books include The Children 's Book of Hymns ( 1929 ) and He Leadeth Me ( 1933 ) , the latter written in collaboration with her sister . Major religious works include the triptychs in oil , The Feeding of the Five Thousand ( 1929 ) , for the chapel in Llandaff House , a home for destitute women at Penarth , Wales , and The Parable of the Great Supper ( 1934 ) for St. George 's Chapel , Waddon . The Feeding has since disappeared , and only a black @-@ and @-@ white photograph dated 1929 reproduces the work . In 1941 , she completed oil panels on the subject of the seven sacraments for the baptismal font at St. Andrew 's , South Croydon . She designed baptismal rolls for the wall behind the font in 1948 and 1962 . In 1946 , she completed the 4 x 7 ft. oil painting , Out of Great Tribulation , for the Memorial Chapel of Norbury Methodist Church . Following the death of her sister in 1954 , Barker began designs for a stained glass memorial window depicting Christ preparing to wash the feet of his disciples . Her last religious @-@ themed work , it was installed in St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , in 1962 . = = Works = = = = = Cards = = = Picturesque Children of the Allies ; J. Salmon , 1916 National Mission ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1916 Shakespeare 's Boy Characters ; C. W. Faulkner , 1917 Shakespeare 's Girl Characters ; C. W. Faulkner , 1920 Seaside Holiday ; J. Salmon , 1918 , 1921 Elves and Fairies ; S. Harvey , 1918 Guardian Angel ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1923 Christmas cards ; Girls ' Friendly Society , 1920s , 1930s Christmas cards ( US ) ; Barton @-@ Colton , 1920s , 1930s Beautiful Bible Pictures ; Blackie , 1932 = = = Books = = = Flower Fairies of the Spring ; Blackie , 1923 Spring Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1923 Flower Fairies of the Summer ; Blackie , 1925 Child Thoughts in Picture and Verse ( by M. K. Westcott ) ; Blackie , 1925 Flower Fairies of the Autumn ; Blackie , 1926 Summer Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1926 The Book of the Flower Fairies ; Blackie , 1927 Autumn Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1927 Old Rhymes for All Times ; Blackie , 1928 The Children ’ s Book of Hymns ; Blackie , 1929 ; rep . 1933 Our Darling ’ s First Book ( written in collaboration with Dorothy Barker ) ; Blackie , 1929 The Little Picture Hymn Book ; Blackie , 1933 Rhymes New and Old ; Blackie , 1933 A Flower Fairy Alphabet ; Blackie , 1934 A Little Book of Old Rhymes ; Blackie , 1936 He Leadeth Me ( written in collaboration with Dorothy Barker ) ; Blackie , 1936 A Little Book of Rhymes New and Old ; Blackie , 1937 The Lord of the Rushie River ; Blackie , 1938 Flower Fairies of the Trees ; Blackie , 1940 When Spring Came In at the Window ; Blackie , 1942 A Child ’ s Garden of Verses ( Robert Louis Stevenson ) ; Blackie , 1944 Flower Fairies of the Garden ; Blackie , 1944 Groundsel and Necklaces ; Blackie , 1946 ; reprinted as Fairy Necklaces Flower Fairies of the Wayside ; Blackie , 1948 Flower Fairies of the Flowers and Trees ; Blackie , 1950 Lively Stories ; Macmillan , 1954 The Flower Fairy Picture Book ; Blackie , 1955 Lively Numbers ; Macmillan , 1957 Lively Words ; Macmillan , 1961 . 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"ĠBoy", "ĠCharacters", "Ġ;", "ĠC", ".", "ĠW", ".", "ĠFaul", "k", "ner", "Ġ,", "Ġ1917", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠShakespeare", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠGirl", "ĠCharacters", "Ġ;", "ĠC", ".", "ĠW", ".", "ĠFaul", "k", "ner", "Ġ,", "Ġ1920", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSeas", "ide", "ĠHoliday", "Ġ;", "ĠJ", ".", "ĠSalmon", "Ġ,", "Ġ1918", "Ġ,", "Ġ1921", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠElves", "Ġand", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġ;", "ĠS", ".", "ĠHarvey", "Ġ,", "Ġ1918", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGuardian", "ĠAngel", "Ġ;", "ĠSociety", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠPreservation", "Ġof", "ĠChristian", "ĠKnowledge", "Ġ,", "Ġ1923", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠChristmas", "Ġcards", "Ġ;", "ĠGirls", "Ġ'", "ĠFriendly", "ĠSociety", "Ġ,", "Ġ1920", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġ1930", "s", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠChristmas", "Ġcards", "Ġ(", "ĠUS", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "ĠBarton", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠCol", "ton", "Ġ,", "Ġ1920", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġ1930", "s", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠBeautiful", "ĠBible", "ĠPictures", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1932", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBooks", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSpring", "Ġ;", 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"Ġ1933", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOur", "ĠDarling", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġs", "ĠFirst", "ĠBook", "Ġ(", "Ġwritten", "Ġin", "Ġcollaboration", "Ġwith", "ĠDorothy", "ĠBarker", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1929", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠLittle", "ĠPicture", "ĠH", "ym", "n", "ĠBook", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1933", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠRh", "ymes", "ĠNew", "Ġand", "ĠOld", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1933", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠFlower", "ĠFairy", "ĠAlphabet", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1934", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠLittle", "ĠBook", "Ġof", "ĠOld", "ĠRh", "ymes", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1936", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHe", "ĠLead", "eth", "ĠMe", "Ġ(", "Ġwritten", "Ġin", "Ġcollaboration", "Ġwith", "ĠDorothy", "ĠBarker", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1936", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠLittle", "ĠBook", "Ġof", "ĠRh", "ymes", "ĠNew", "Ġand", "ĠOld", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1937", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠLord", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠRush", "ie", "ĠRiver", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1938", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTrees", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1940", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠWhen", "ĠSpring", "ĠCame", "ĠIn", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠWindow", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1942", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠChild", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġs", "ĠGarden", "Ġof", "ĠVers", "es", "Ġ(", "ĠRobert", "ĠLouis", "ĠStevenson", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1944", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGarden", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1944", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGround", "sel", "Ġand", "ĠNeck", "l", "aces", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1946", "Ġ;", "Ġreprinted", "Ġas", "ĠFairy", "ĠNeck", "l", "aces", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠWays", "ide", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1948", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠFlowers", "Ġand", "ĠTrees", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1950", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠL", "ively", "ĠStories", "Ġ;", "ĠMac", "mill", "an", "Ġ,", "Ġ1954", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠFlower", "ĠFairy", "ĠPicture", "ĠBook", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1955", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠL", "ively", "ĠNumbers", "Ġ;", "ĠMac", "mill", "an", "Ġ,", "Ġ1957", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠL", "ively", "ĠWords", "Ġ;", "ĠMac", "mill", "an", "Ġ,", "Ġ1961", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠSand", "Ġ,", "Ġthe" ]	11
Sea and the Sun ; Gibson , 1970 = = = = Posthumously published = = = = Flower Fairies of the Winter ; Blackie , 1985 Simon the Swan ; Blackie , 1988 Flower Fairies of the Seasons ; Bedrick / Blackie , 1988 A Little Book of Prayers and Hymns ; Frederick Warne , 1994 A Flower Fairies Treasury ; Frederick Warne , 1997 Fairyopolis ; Frederick Warne , 2005 Wild Cherry Makes A Wish ; ( collaboration with Pippa Le Quesne ) Frederick Warne , 2006 How to find Flower Fairies ; Frederick Warne , 2007 Return to Fairyopolis ; Frederick Warne , 2008 = = = Book covers = = = A New Epiphany ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1919 43 Annuals ; Blackie , 1920s , 1930s = = = Religious works = = = St. Cecily 's Garden ; 1920 Cradle roll design ; St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1922 Banner design ; St. Mary 's , Sanderstead , 1923 The Feeding of the Five Thousand ; reredos triptych , chapel at Penarth , Wales ; 1929 The Parable of the Great Supper ; triptych , St. George 's chapel , Waddon The Seven Sacraments ; baptismal font panels , St. Andrew 's , Croydon St. John the Baptist ; central banner panel , Abesford church , 1943 Lettering , sword , and shield ; mount for a list of men and woman serving in the Forces , St. Andrews , Croydon , 1943 Baptismal rolls ; St. Andrews , Croydon , 1948 , 1962 The font in St Andrew 's Church , South Croydon Out of Great Tribulation ; memorial chapel , Norbury Medthodist church , 1948 I Am Among You As He That Serveth ; stained glass window design , St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1962 = Gambia women 's national football team = The Gambia women 's national football team represents the Gambia in international football competition . The team , however , has not competed in a match recognised by FIFA , the sport 's international governing body , despite that organised women 's football has been played in the country since 1998 . The Gambia has two youth teams , an under @-@ 17 side that has competed in FIFA U @-@ 17 Women 's World Cup qualifiers , and an under @-@ 19 side that withdrew from regional qualifiers for an under @-@ 19 World Cup . The development of a national team faces challenges similar to those across Africa , although the national football association has four staff members focusing on women 's football . = = The team = = In 1985 , few countries had women 's national football teams . While the sport gained popularity worldwide in later decades , the Gambia 's national team only played its first game in 2007 . That game was not FIFA @-@ recognised . As of March 2012 , the team was unranked by FIFA , and as of the following month the Gambia had not played in a FIFA @-@ sanctioned match . The team has not participated in major regional and international tournaments , including the Women 's World Cup , the 2010 African Women 's Championship or the 2011 All @-@ Africa Games . The country did not have a FIFA @-@ recognised youth national team until 2012 , when the Gambia under @-@ 17 women 's team competed in Confederation of African Football qualifiers for the FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup , to be held in Azerbaijan in September 2012 . The Gambia had fielded an under @-@ 17 team of 24 players , narrowed from an initial pool of 49 young women . Two girls from the SOS Children ’ s Village Bakoteh were chosen as a members of the team . The Gambia first played Sierra Leone in a pair of qualifying matches for the tournament . Gambia won the first match 3 @-@ 0 in Banjul , the Gambia 's capital . The return match was delayed in for 24 hours and played in Makeni . The Gambia beat Sierra Leone 4 @-@ 3 to qualify for the final round . The Gambia then beat Tunisia 1 @-@ 0 at home and won 2 @-@ 1 in Tunisia . Adama Tamba and Awa Demba scored the Gambia 's goals . Tunisia 's only goal was a Gambian own goal . The win qualified Gambia for the 2012 Azerbaijan World Cup . The Gambia also has an under @-@ 19 team that was to play in the African Women 's U @-@ 19 Championship in 2002 . The Gambia 's first match was against Morocco , but the team	[ "ĠSea", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠSun", "Ġ;", "ĠGibson", "Ġ,", "Ġ1970", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPost", "hum", "ously", "Ġpublished", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠWinter", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1985", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSimon", "Ġthe", "ĠSwan", "Ġ;", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1988", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSeasons", "Ġ;", "ĠBed", "rick", "Ġ/", "ĠBlack", "ie", "Ġ,", "Ġ1988", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠLittle", "ĠBook", "Ġof", "ĠPr", "ayers", "Ġand", "ĠH", "ym", "ns", "Ġ;", "ĠFrederick", "ĠWar", "ne", "Ġ,", "Ġ1994", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "ĠFlower", "ĠFair", "ies", "ĠTreasury", "Ġ;", "ĠFrederick", "ĠWar", "ne", "Ġ,", "Ġ1997", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFairy", "opolis", "Ġ;", "ĠFrederick", "ĠWar", "ne", "Ġ,", "Ġ2005", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠWild", "ĠCherry", "ĠMakes", "ĠA", "ĠWish", "Ġ;", "Ġ(", "Ġcollaboration", "Ġwith", "ĠP", "ipp", "a", "ĠLe", "ĠQ", "ues", "ne", "Ġ)", "ĠFrederick", 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withdrew from the competition . = = Background and development = = The development of women 's football in Africa faces several challenges , including limited access to education , poverty amongst women , inequalities and human rights abuses targeting women . Funding is another issue impacting the game in Africa , where most financial assistance comes from FIFA and not national football associations . Another challenge is the retention of football players . Many women footballers leave the continent to seek greater opportunity in Europe or the United States . Gambia 's national football association was founded in 1952 , and became affiliated with FIFA in 1968 . Football is the most popular women 's sport in the country , and was first played in an organized system in 1998 . A national competition was launched in 2007 , the same year FIFA started an education course on football for women . Competition was active on both the national and scholastic levels by 2009 . There are four staffers dedicated to women 's football in the Gambia Football Association , and representation of women on the board is required by the association 's charter . = Plain maskray = The plain maskray or brown stingray ( Neotrygon annotata ) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae . It is found in shallow , soft @-@ bottomed habitats off northern Australia . Reaching 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) in width , this species has a diamond @-@ shaped , grayish green pectoral fin disc . Its short , whip @-@ like tail has alternating black and white bands and fin folds above and below . There are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail , but otherwise the skin is smooth . While this species possesses the dark mask @-@ like pattern across its eyes common to its genus , it is not ornately patterned like other maskrays . Benthic in nature , the plain maskray feeds mainly on caridean shrimp and polychaete worms , and to a lesser extent on small bony fishes . It is viviparous , with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during gestation via histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) . This species lacks economic value but is caught incidentally in bottom trawls , which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build . As it also has a limited distribution and low fecundity , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it as Near Threatened . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The first scientific description of the plain maskray was authored by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) researcher Peter Last in a 1987 issue of Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria . The specific name annotatus comes from the Latin an ( " not " ) and notatus ( " marked " ) , and refers to the ray 's coloration . The holotype is a male 21 @.@ 2 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) across , caught off Western Australia ; several paratypes were also designated . Last tentatively placed the species in the genus Dasyatis , noting that it belonged to the " maskray " species group that also included the bluespotted stingray ( then Dasyatis kuhlii ) . In 2008 , Last and William White elevated the kuhlii group to the rank of full genus as Neotrygon , on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . In a 2012 phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA , the plain maskray and the Ningaloo maskray ( N. ningalooensis ) were found to be the most basal members of Neotrygon . The divergence of the N. annotata lineage was estimated to have occurred ~ 54 Ma . Furthermore , the individuals sequenced in the study sorted into two genetically distinct clades , suggesting that N. annotata is a cryptic species complex . The two putative species were estimated to have diverged ~ 4 @.@ 9 Ma ; the precipitating event was likely the splitting of the ancestral population by coastline changes . = = Description = = The pectoral fin disc of the plain maskray is thin and diamond @-@ shaped with narrowly rounded outer corners , measuring 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 times longer than wide . The leading margins of the disc are gently concave and converge at a broad angle to the pointed tip of the snout . The small eyes are placed close together , and behind them are the spiracles . The nostrils are elongated and have a skirt @-@ shaped flap of skin between them . The small mouth bears prominent furrows at the corners and contains two slender papillae on the floor . Small papillae are also found around the outside of the mouth . There are five pairs of gill slits . The pelvic fins are fairly large and pointed .	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The tail is short , barely exceeding the length of the disc when intact , and has a broad and flattened base leading to usually two stinging spines . After the stings , the tail becomes slender and bears a long ventral fin fold and a much shorter , lower dorsal fin fold . Most of the body lacks dermal denticles ; a midline row of 4 – 13 small , closely spaced thorns is present behind the spiracles , and another row of 0 – 4 thorns before the stings . The dorsal coloration is grayish green , becoming pinkish towards the disc margins ; there is a dark mask @-@ like shape around the eyes and a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles . The tail behind the stings has alternating black and white bands of variable width , ending with black at the tip . The underside is plain white and the ventral fin fold is light grayish in color . This species grows to 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) across and 45 cm ( 18 in ) long . = = Distribution and habitat = = The plain maskray inhabits the continental shelf of northern Australia from the Wellesley Islands in Queensland to the Bonaparte Archipelago in Western Australia , including the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Timor and Arafura Seas . There are unsubstantiated reports that its range extends to southern Papua New Guinea . It is the least common of the several maskray species native to the region . This species is a bottom @-@ dweller that prefers habitats with fine sediment . It has been recorded from between 12 and 62 m ( 39 and 203 ft ) deep , and tends to be found farther away from shore than other maskrays in its range . = = Biology and ecology = = The plain maskray generally hunts at the surface of the bottom substrate , rather than digging for prey . Its diet consists predominantly of caridean shrimp and polychaete worms . Small bony fishes are also eaten , along with the occasional penaeid prawn or amphipod . Larger rays consume a greater variety of prey and relatively more polychaete worms when compared to smaller rays . This species is parasitized by the tapeworm Acanthobothrium jonesi . Like other stingrays , the plain maskray is viviparous with the developing embryos sustained to term by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . Mature females have a single functional ovary and uterus , on the left . Litter size is one or two ; the newborns measure 12 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) across . Males and females reach sexual maturity at disc widths of 20 – 21 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 3 in ) and 18 – 19 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 5 in ) respectively . The maximum lifespan is estimated to be 9 years for males and 13 years for females . = = Human interactions = = The main conservation threat to the plain maskray is incidental capture by commercial bottom trawl fisheries . In the present day , this is mostly caused by Australia 's Northern Prawn Fishery , which operates throughout its range . Although this species is discarded when caught , it is more delicate @-@ bodied than other maskrays and is thus unlikely to survive encounters with trawling gear . Historically , this species may also have been negatively affected by Japanese , Chinese , and Taiwanese trawlers that fished intensively off northern Australia from 1959 to 1990 . These factors , coupled with the plain maskray 's limited distribution and low reproductive rate , have resulted in its being assessed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . = 2011 – 12 Columbus Blue Jackets season = The 2011 – 12 Columbus Blue Jackets season was the team 's 12th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Blue Jackets ' record of 29 – 46 – 7 [ note 1 ] was the worst record in the NHL for 2011 – 12 and the first time in franchise history they finished in last place . It also marked the third straight year that they missed the playoffs . Consequently , they had the best chance to receive the first overall selection in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft lottery , but lost out to the Edmonton Oilers and received the second pick instead . The Blue Jackets began the year with the worst start in franchise history and the worst by any team in an NHL season in 19 years . After an 11 – 25 – 5 start , Head Coach Scott Arniel was fired and replaced by Assistant Coach Todd Richards . The poor season prompted several personnel changes including the trade of All @-@ Star forward Jeff Carter , who was acquired with much fanfare during the off @-@ season . With the prospect of another rebuild looming the Blue Jackets ' captain and best player , Rick Nash , requested to be traded , though he would remain	[ "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtail", "Ġis", "Ġshort", "Ġ,", "Ġbarely", "Ġexceeding", "Ġthe", "Ġlength", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdisc", "Ġwhen", "Ġintact", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġbroad", "Ġand", "Ġflattened", "Ġbase", "Ġleading", "Ġto", "Ġusually", "Ġtwo", "Ġst", "inging", "Ġsp", "ines", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġthe", "Ġst", "ings", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġtail", "Ġbecomes", "Ġslender", "Ġand", "Ġbears", "Ġa", "Ġlong", "Ġvent", "ral", "Ġfin", "Ġfold", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġmuch", "Ġshorter", "Ġ,", "Ġlower", "Ġdorsal", "Ġfin", "Ġfold", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbody", "Ġlacks", "Ġder", "mal", "Ġdent", "icles", "Ġ;", "Ġa", "Ġmid", "line", "Ġrow", "Ġof", "Ġ4", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ13", "Ġsmall", "Ġ,", "Ġclosely", "Ġspaced", "Ġth", "orns", "Ġis", "Ġpresent", "Ġbehind", "Ġthe", "Ġspir", "acles", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġanother", "Ġrow", "Ġof", "Ġ0", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ4", "Ġth", "orns", 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"Ġfranchise", "Ġhistory", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġworst", "Ġby", "Ġany", "Ġteam", "Ġin", "Ġan", "ĠNHL", "Ġseason", "Ġin", "Ġ19", "Ġyears", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġan", "Ġ11", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ25", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ5", "Ġstart", "Ġ,", "ĠHead", "ĠCoach", "ĠScott", "ĠArn", "iel", "Ġwas", "Ġfired", "Ġand", "Ġreplaced", "Ġby", "ĠAssistant", "ĠCoach", "ĠTodd", "ĠRichards", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpoor", "Ġseason", "Ġprompted", "Ġseveral", "Ġpersonnel", "Ġchanges", "Ġincluding", "Ġthe", "Ġtrade", "Ġof", "ĠAll", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠStar", "Ġforward", "ĠJeff", "ĠCarter", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġacquired", "Ġwith", "Ġmuch", "Ġfan", "fare", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġoff", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "ĠWith", "Ġthe", "Ġprospect", "Ġof", "Ġanother", "Ġrebuild", "Ġlooming", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġ'", "Ġcaptain", "Ġand", "Ġbest", "Ġplayer", "Ġ,", "ĠRick", "ĠNash", "Ġ,", "Ġrequested", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġtraded", "Ġ,", "Ġthough", "Ġhe", "Ġwould", "Ġremain" ]	14
with the team for the entire season . The team was involved in a controversial loss to the Los Angeles Kings , when the Staples Center clock appeared to freeze at 1 @.@ 8 seconds allowing the Kings time to score the tying goal , before winning in overtime . During the season Columbus managed only two winning streaks of three or more games . One of which came towards the end of the year helping the Blue Jackets finish with 65 points , the third worst point total in franchise history . = = Off @-@ season = = In the off @-@ season the Blue Jackets ' approach to building their team changed , moving from a team of young developing players into one with established players . The first deal General Manager Scott Howson made was the acquisition of All @-@ Star forward Jeff Carter on June 23 , 2011 . The deal sent Jakub Voracek , Columbus ' first @-@ round draft choice , the eighth overall , and their third @-@ round pick in the 2011 Draft to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Carter . The trade received a positive response in Columbus from fans and management who felt they finally had a number one center to play alongside of their best player , Rick Nash . Next , they traded for the negotiating rights of soon to be free agent James Wisniewski . Wisniewski scored a career high 51 points during the 2010 – 11 season , splitting time between the New York Islanders and Montreal Canadiens . The point total was fifth @-@ highest in the league for defenseman scoring , tying Tobias Enstrom . The Blue Jackets came to terms with Wisniewski , just an hour prior to the start of free agency , signing him to a six @-@ year , $ 33 million deal . Columbus also traded former first round draft pick Nikita Filatov to the Ottawa Senators for a third @-@ round pick in the 2011 Draft . Filatov had failed to live up to expectations in Columbus , playing in only 44 games over three seasons scoring six goals . Prior to the start of the season , the Blue Jackets were questioned for not signing a veteran back @-@ up to starting goaltender Steve Mason , as the former Calder Memorial Trophy winner had struggled in consecutive seasons . The Blue Jackets signed Mark Dekanich as the back @-@ up who had only 50 minutes of NHL experience prior to the start of the season . Columbus did sign a veteran Curtis Sanford to be their third string goaltender and to start for their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Springfield Falcons . Sanford had not played in the NHL since 2009 . During training camp , Dekanich suffered a high ankle sprain that was expected to keep him out of the line @-@ up for a month . Additionally , Sanford suffered a groin injury , leaving Allen York as the back @-@ up . York had only played four professional games , all in the AHL , entering the season . = = Regular season = = = = = October – December = = = After the first five games , all losses , Jeff Carter suffered a broken foot that kept him out of the line @-@ up for 10 games . While Carter was injured , the Blue Jackets continued to lose games . In the eighth game of the year , they had a chance to end the losing streak against the Ottawa Senators . Columbus held a 3 – 2 lead with under a minute to play . Jason Spezza tied the game on a late power play , and with just 4 @.@ 7 seconds remaining , Milan Michalek notched the winning goal for the Senators . The loss helped set a franchise record for futility with a 0 – 7 – 1 record to start a season . [ note 1 ] The losing streak came to an end three days later with a win over the Detroit Red Wings . During the game , several milestones were reached . James Wisniewski made his Columbus debut , Ryan Johansen and John Moore scored their first career NHL goals and Grant Clitsome had a career @-@ high three assists . Columbus was unable to create any momentum from the win , however , and continued to struggle , culminating in a 2 – 12 – 1 record , which was the worst start to an NHL season for any team in 19 years . With the team struggling , management attempted to " shake things up " by making some roster moves . The first move was the acquisition of center Mark Letestu from the Pittsburgh Penguins . Next , they traded defenseman Kris Russell to the St. Louis Blues for Nikita Nikitin . As the clubs slow start continued , there were rumors that Head Coach Scott Arniel would be fired and replaced with Ken Hitchcock . Hitchcock had previously coached the Blue Jackets to their only playoff appearance in club history and was still under contract with the franchise through to the end of the season . Before any of these rumors came to fruition , the St. Louis Blues asked Columbus for permission to hire Hitchcock , which the Blue Jackets allowed . Hitchcock began his Blues coaching career with a 6 – 1 – 2 record in his first nine games , while Columbus amassed	[ "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġteam", "Ġwas", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġcontroversial", "Ġloss", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠLos", "ĠAngeles", "ĠKings", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "ĠStaples", "ĠCenter", "Ġclock", "Ġappeared", "Ġto", "Ġfreeze", "Ġat", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ8", "Ġseconds", "Ġallowing", "Ġthe", "ĠKings", "Ġtime", "Ġto", "Ġscore", "Ġthe", "Ġtying", "Ġgoal", "Ġ,", "Ġbefore", "Ġwinning", "Ġin", "Ġovertime", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "ĠColumbus", "Ġmanaged", "Ġonly", "Ġtwo", "Ġwinning", "Ġstreaks", "Ġof", "Ġthree", "Ġor", "Ġmore", "Ġgames", "Ġ.", "ĠOne", "Ġof", "Ġwhich", "Ġcame", "Ġtowards", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġhelping", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġfinish", "Ġwith", "Ġ65", "Ġpoints", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġthird", "Ġworst", "Ġpoint", "Ġtotal", "Ġin", "Ġfranchise", "Ġhistory", "Ġ.", "Ġ", 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"Ġreceived", "Ġa", "Ġpositive", "Ġresponse", "Ġin", "ĠColumbus", "Ġfrom", "Ġfans", "Ġand", "Ġmanagement", "Ġwho", "Ġfelt", "Ġthey", "Ġfinally", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġnumber", "Ġone", "Ġcenter", "Ġto", "Ġplay", "Ġalongside", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġbest", "Ġplayer", "Ġ,", "ĠRick", "ĠNash", "Ġ.", "ĠNext", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġtraded", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġnegotiating", "Ġrights", "Ġof", "Ġsoon", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġfree", "Ġagent", "ĠJames", "ĠWis", "n", "iew", "ski", "Ġ.", "ĠWis", "n", "iew", "ski", "Ġscored", "Ġa", "Ġcareer", "Ġhigh", "Ġ51", "Ġpoints", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġ2010", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ11", "Ġseason", "Ġ,", "Ġsplitting", "Ġtime", "Ġbetween", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠYork", "ĠIslanders", "Ġand", "ĠMontreal", "ĠCanadiens", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpoint", "Ġtotal", "Ġwas", "Ġfifth", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhighest", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġleague", "Ġfor", "Ġdefenseman", "Ġscoring", "Ġ,", "Ġtying", "ĠTobias", "ĠEn", "strom", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġterms", "Ġwith", "ĠWis", "n", "iew", "ski", "Ġ,", "Ġjust", "Ġan", "Ġhour", "Ġprior", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġstart", "Ġof", "Ġfree", "Ġagency", "Ġ,", "Ġsigning", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġsix", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġ$", "Ġ33", "Ġmillion", "Ġdeal", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠColumbus", "Ġalso", "Ġtraded", "Ġformer", "Ġfirst", "Ġround", "Ġdraft", "Ġpick", "ĠNik", "ita", "ĠFil", "at", "ov", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠOttawa", "ĠSenators", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġthird", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġround", "Ġpick", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ2011", "ĠDraft", "Ġ.", "ĠFil", "at", "ov", "Ġhad", "Ġfailed", "Ġto", "Ġlive", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġexpectations", "Ġin", "ĠColumbus", "Ġ,", "Ġplaying", "Ġin", "Ġonly", "Ġ44", "Ġgames", "Ġover", "Ġthree", "Ġseasons", "Ġscoring", "Ġsix", "Ġgoals", "Ġ.", "ĠPrior", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġstart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġwere", "Ġquestioned", "Ġfor", "Ġnot", "Ġsigning", "Ġa", "Ġveteran", "Ġback", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġstarting", "Ġgoaltender", "ĠSteve", "ĠMason", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġformer", "ĠCalder", "ĠMemorial", "ĠTrophy", "Ġwinner", "Ġhad", "Ġstruggled", "Ġin", "Ġconsecutive", "Ġseasons", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġsigned", "ĠMark", "ĠDek", "an", "ich", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġonly", "Ġ50", "Ġminutes", "Ġof", "ĠNHL", "Ġexperience", "Ġprior", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġstart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "ĠColumbus", "Ġdid", "Ġsign", "Ġa", "Ġveteran", "ĠCurtis", "ĠSanford", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġtheir", "Ġthird", "Ġstring", "Ġgoaltender", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġstart", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "ĠAmerican", "ĠHockey", "ĠLeague", "Ġ(", "ĠAHL", "Ġ)", "Ġaffiliate", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠSpringfield", "ĠFalcons", "Ġ.", "ĠSanford", "Ġhad", "Ġnot", "Ġplayed", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNHL", "Ġsince", "Ġ2009", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġtraining", "Ġcamp", "Ġ,", "ĠDek", "an", "ich", "Ġsuffered", "Ġa", "Ġhigh", "Ġankle", "Ġsp", "rain", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġexpected", "Ġto", "Ġkeep", "Ġhim", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġline", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġmonth", "Ġ.", "ĠAdditionally", "Ġ,", "ĠSanford", "Ġsuffered", "Ġa", "Ġgroin", "Ġinjury", "Ġ,", "Ġleaving", "ĠAllen", "ĠYork", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġ.", "ĠYork", "Ġhad", "Ġonly", "Ġplayed", "Ġfour", "Ġprofessional", "Ġgames", "Ġ,", "Ġall", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠAHL", "Ġ,", "Ġentering", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠRegular", "Ġseason", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOctober", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠDecember", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAfter", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġfive", "Ġgames", "Ġ,", "Ġall", "Ġlosses", "Ġ,", "ĠJeff", "ĠCarter", "Ġsuffered", "Ġa", "Ġbroken", "Ġfoot", "Ġthat", "Ġkept", "Ġhim", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġline", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġfor", "Ġ10", "Ġgames", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "ĠCarter", "Ġwas", "Ġinjured", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġlose", "Ġgames", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġeighth", "Ġgame", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġchance", "Ġto", "Ġend", "Ġthe", "Ġlosing", "Ġstreak", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "ĠOttawa", "ĠSenators", "Ġ.", "ĠColumbus", "Ġheld", "Ġa", "Ġ3", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2", "Ġlead", "Ġwith", "Ġunder", "Ġa", "Ġminute", "Ġto", "Ġplay", "Ġ.", "ĠJason", "ĠSpe", "zza", "Ġtied", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġlate", "Ġpower", "Ġplay", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwith", "Ġjust", "Ġ4", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ7", "Ġseconds", "Ġremaining", "Ġ,", "ĠMilan", "ĠMich", "al", "ek", "Ġnot", "ched", "Ġthe", "Ġwinning", "Ġgoal", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠSenators", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġloss", "Ġhelped", "Ġset", "Ġa", "Ġfranchise", "Ġrecord", "Ġfor", "Ġfut", "ility", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġ0", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ7", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1", "Ġrecord", "Ġto", "Ġstart", "Ġa", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "Ġ[", "Ġnote", "Ġ1", "Ġ]", "ĠThe", "Ġlosing", "Ġstreak", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġend", "Ġthree", "Ġdays", "Ġlater", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġwin", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "ĠDetroit", "ĠRed", "ĠWings", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġ,", "Ġseveral", "Ġmilestones", "Ġwere", "Ġreached", "Ġ.", "ĠJames", "ĠWis", "n", "iew", "ski", "Ġmade", "Ġhis", "ĠColumbus", "Ġdebut", "Ġ,", "ĠRyan", "ĠJoh", "ansen", "Ġand", "ĠJohn", "ĠMoore", "Ġscored", "Ġtheir", "Ġfirst", "Ġcareer", "ĠNHL", "Ġgoals", "Ġand", "ĠGrant", "ĠCl", "its", "ome", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġcareer", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhigh", "Ġthree", "Ġassists", "Ġ.", "ĠColumbus", "Ġwas", "Ġunable", "Ġto", "Ġcreate", "Ġany", "Ġmomentum", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġwin", "Ġ,", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġstruggle", "Ġ,", "Ġculminating", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġ2", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ12", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1", "Ġrecord", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġworst", "Ġstart", "Ġto", "Ġan", "ĠNHL", "Ġseason", "Ġfor", "Ġany", "Ġteam", "Ġin", "Ġ19", "Ġyears", "Ġ.", "ĠWith", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġstruggling", "Ġ,", "Ġmanagement", "Ġattempted", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "Ġshake", "Ġthings", "Ġup", "Ġ\"", "Ġby", "Ġmaking", "Ġsome", "Ġroster", "Ġmoves", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġmove", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġacquisition", "Ġof", "Ġcenter", "ĠMark", "ĠLet", "est", "u", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠPittsburgh", "ĠPenguins", "Ġ.", "ĠNext", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġtraded", "Ġdefenseman", "ĠKris", "ĠRussell", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠLouis", "ĠBlues", "Ġfor", "ĠNik", "ita", "ĠNik", "it", "in", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġthe", "Ġclubs", "Ġslow", "Ġstart", "Ġcontinued", "Ġ,", "Ġthere", "Ġwere", "Ġrumors", "Ġthat", "ĠHead", "ĠCoach", "ĠScott", "ĠArn", "iel", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġfired", "Ġand", "Ġreplaced", "Ġwith", "ĠKen", "ĠHitchcock", "Ġ.", "ĠHitchcock", "Ġhad", "Ġpreviously", "Ġcoached", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġonly", "Ġplayoff", "Ġappearance", "Ġin", "Ġclub", "Ġhistory", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġstill", "Ġunder", "Ġcontract", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġfranchise", "Ġthrough", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "ĠBefore", "Ġany", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġrumors", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġfruition", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠLouis", "ĠBlues", "Ġasked", "ĠColumbus", "Ġfor", "Ġpermission", "Ġto", "Ġhire", "ĠHitchcock", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġallowed", "Ġ.", "ĠHitchcock", "Ġbegan", "Ġhis", "ĠBlues", "Ġcoaching", "Ġcareer", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġ6", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2", "Ġrecord", "Ġin", "Ġhis", "Ġfirst", "Ġnine", "Ġgames", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "ĠColumbus", "Ġamassed" ]	15
a 6 – 13 – 3 record to start the season . During the same time frame as the Hitchcock rumors , goaltender Curtis Sanford returned from his groin injury on November 13 . He made his first start of the season against the Boston Bruins , losing 2 – 1 in a shootout . Sanford continued his strong play , posting a 3 – 1 – 2 record , 1 @.@ 38 goals against average and .947 save percentage over his next six games . Sanford started 12 consecutive games before Steve Mason made his next start . The number of starts might not have been as numerous , but prior to the November 23 game , Mason was hit in the head by a shot from Rick Nash during pre @-@ game warm @-@ ups and suffered a concussion . Mason returned from his concussion after two games , making a start against the Vancouver Canucks . Mason allowed only one goal in the game despite suffering from cramping in the third period , temporarily being replaced by Sanford for just over three minutes . Columbus won the game 2 – 1 in a shootout , breaking a nine @-@ game losing streak to the Canucks . After the game , Arniel stated that Sanford was still seen as the team 's number one goaltender . However , Mason started four of the next six games with the Blue Jackets going 0 – 5 – 1 during that stretch . = = = January – February = = = With the losing continuing , more rumors began to surface . Unlike before , the rumors were about player moves rather than coaching changes . The majority of rumors were that the Blue Jackets would trade Rick Nash . While Howson stated that he had never brought up trading Nash in discussions , other teams had inquired about his availability . Nash stated that if Columbus felt it would make the franchise better than he would be willing to waive his no @-@ trade clause . Howson publicly stated that he had no intention of trading Nash . More rumors came to light when reports attributed to Réseau des sports stated that Carter was unhappy in Columbus and demanded a trade . Howson , Carter and his agent all denied that a trade request was ever made , and they were unsure where the reports were coming from . With the trade deadline approaching , speculation picked up on the Blue Jackets trading Carter . Reports were that Columbus was trying to trade Carter and that he was " 100 percent available . " At the halfway point of the season , with the Blue Jackets barely into double digit wins with an 11 – 25 – 5 record , worst in the league , and sitting 20 points out of playoff position , Columbus fired Arniel . He was replaced by Assistant Coach Todd Richards on an interim basis . Richards had previously coached the Minnesota Wild . He recorded his first coaching victory for the Blue Jackets in his second game , a 4 – 3 win over the Phoenix Coyotes . The change in coaching did not change the fortunes of the team , as they reached the All @-@ Star break with a 13 – 30 – 6 record . At the break , Blue Jackets ' owner John P. McConnell sent out a letter to fans stating his understanding of their frustration . He added that action would be taken around the trade deadline , the Entry Draft and free agency to take the team in a new direction . When speaking of the season , McConnell stated " disappointing is not a strong enough word " and that he was committed to giving fans a team of which they can be proud of . He also thanked them for their dedication and passion , while reiterating that the team goal was to " win consistently and compete for the Stanley Cup . " Days later , a 250 @-@ person protest occurred outside of Nationwide Arena . Fans were upset with the Blue Jackets ' management and were calling for changes at the top . The same day the fans protested , it was announced that the franchise would host the 2013 All @-@ Star Game . Columbus was without a representative for the 2012 All @-@ star Game , but Ryan Johansen represented the club as a rookie participant in the Super Skills Competition . In the competition , Johansen participated in the Allstate Insurance NHL Breakaway Challenge , a shootout themed event judged by the fans . He received just 1 % of the vote and finished last . Following the break , the Blue Jackets were on the road playing the Los Angeles Kings , and with the score tied late in the game , Kings ' defenseman Drew Doughty scored with just 0 @.@ 4 seconds remaining to win the game . Upon review of the goal it , was determined that the clock at Staples Center froze at 1 @.@ 8 seconds for over a full second , which would have resulted in time expiring prior to the goal being scored . Kings ' General Manager Dean Lombardi stated that the clock was correct and no extra time had been added due to the way the clock self @-@ corrects at various times . Howson stated on the team 's blog that " It is an amazing coincidence that with the Kings on a power play at Staples Center and with a mad scramble around our net in the dying seconds of the third period of a 2 – 2 hockey game that the clock	[ "Ġa", "Ġ6", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ13", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ3", "Ġrecord", "Ġto", "Ġstart", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġtime", "Ġframe", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠHitchcock", "Ġrumors", "Ġ,", "Ġgoaltender", "ĠCurtis", "ĠSanford", "Ġreturned", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġgroin", "Ġinjury", "Ġon", "ĠNovember", "Ġ13", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġmade", "Ġhis", "Ġfirst", "Ġstart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "ĠBoston", "ĠBruins", "Ġ,", "Ġlosing", "Ġ2", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġshootout", "Ġ.", "ĠSanford", "Ġcontinued", "Ġhis", "Ġstrong", "Ġplay", "Ġ,", "Ġposting", "Ġa", "Ġ3", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2", "Ġrecord", "Ġ,", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ38", "Ġgoals", "Ġagainst", "Ġaverage", "Ġand", "Ġ.", "9", "47", "Ġsave", "Ġpercentage", "Ġover", 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stopped for at least one full second , " adding that , " Either there was a deliberate stopping of the clock or the clock malfunctioned . " NHL Senior Vice President of Hockey Operations Colin Campbell stated that the Blue Jackets were wronged , but that the outcome of the game could not be changed , and that the delay was not noticed by the off @-@ ice officials or the situation room in Toronto . To determine the true cause of the clock pause , the NHL launched an investigation , talking with the clock 's manufacturer and interviewing Staples Center staff . Two weeks prior to the NHL trade deadline , Columbus announced that unlike earlier in the season , they would listen to trade proposals involving Rick Nash , though they were not actively shopping him . Howson stated that the team was open to all options for improving the team , including trading Nash . Speculation was that in return for Nash the Blue Jackets would ask for a " combination of young , proven players , high @-@ end prospects and draft picks . " Leading up to the trade deadline , the Blue Jackets dealt Antoine Vermette to the Phoenix Coyotes for two draft picks and goaltender Curtis McElhinney . Despite being injured at the time , the acquisition of McElhinney was believed to give Columbus the flexibility to trade Curtis Sanford . The following day , on February 23 , Columbus traded Jeff Carter to the Kings . In the deal , Columbus acquired defenseman Jack Johnson and a first @-@ round draft pick ; the team was given the choice of taking the pick in either 2012 or 2013 . At the deadline , Columbus was unable to come to terms on a deal involving Nash , but they did make one more move ; they sent center Samuel Pahlsson to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for two fourth @-@ round draft picks and minor league defenseman Taylor Ellington . Following the trade deadline , Howson announced that the team had attempted to trade Nash at the player 's request . Nash stated that he had requested the trade after being informed that the franchise was going into another rebuilding phase . He further noted that he felt that he " could be a huge part of that towards bringing assets in , " and in his view " it was the best thing for the team , the organization , and personally for [ his ] career . " After the personnel changes , the Blue Jackets closed out the month with a three @-@ game losing streak . = = = March – April = = = Columbus started March with a 2 – 0 shutout against the Colorado Avalanche . They proceeded to win their next game against the Phoenix Coyotes 5 – 2 , which marked the first time that the Blue Jackets posted back @-@ to @-@ back regulation victories during the season . Columbus again defeated the Coyotes three days later to earn their first three @-@ game win streak of the season . They extended the streak to four with a win over the Los Angeles Kings before it came to an end with a 4 – 1 loss to the St. Louis Blues . It was the only four @-@ game win streak of the season for the Blue Jackets . They immediately matched their four @-@ game win streak with a four @-@ game losing streak and with ten games remaining , the Blue Jackets were the first team eliminated from playoff contention . Shortly after being eliminated , they were defeated by the Edmonton Oilers 6 – 3 ; the loss clinched last place in the NHL for Columbus . It was the first time in franchise history the Blue Jackets finished in 30th place . Three days later , on March 28 , goaltender Steve Mason was injured in the morning skate when a shot from Colton Gillies hit him in the mask . With Sanford again injured , York made an emergency start . Playing against the Detroit Red Wings , York made 29 saves , including 17 in the third period , helping Columbus to a 4 – 2 victory and giving York his first career NHL win . York remained the starter and led the Blue Jackets to a second three @-@ game winning streak . In his fourth start , Columbus was shutout by the Coyotes despite a franchise @-@ record 54 shots on goal , losing 2 – 0 . The 54 saves by Phoenix goaltender Mike Smith set an NHL record for a regulation shutout . Mason returned to the starter 's role for the final two games , winning both . The two victories gave Columbus 65 points for the year , their third @-@ lowest total in franchise history . The Blue Jackets struggled in shorthanded situations , allowing the most power @-@ play goals in the League , with 64 , and having the lowest penalty @-@ kill percentage , at 76 @.@ 64 % = = Post @-@ season = = Finishing with the worst record in the NHL , Columbus had the best chance of receiving the first overall pick in the 2012 draft . With the NHL 's weighted draft lottery the Blue Jackets had a 48 @.@ 2 % chance of drafting first overall . However , the lottery was won by the Edmonton Oilers , who proceeded to leapfrog Columbus and secure the number one	[ "Ġstopped", "Ġfor", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġone", "Ġfull", "Ġsecond", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġadding", "Ġthat", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠEither", "Ġthere", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġdeliberate", "Ġstopping", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġclock", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "Ġclock", "Ġmalfunction", "ed", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠNHL", "ĠSenior", "ĠVice", "ĠPresident", "Ġof", "ĠHockey", "ĠOperations", "ĠColin", "ĠCampbell", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġwere", "Ġwrong", "ed", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġoutcome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġcould", "Ġnot", "Ġbe", "Ġchanged", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġdelay", "Ġwas", "Ġnot", "Ġnoticed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġoff", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġice", "Ġofficials", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "Ġsituation", "Ġroom", "Ġin", "ĠToronto", "Ġ.", "ĠTo", "Ġdetermine", "Ġthe", "Ġtrue", "Ġcause", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġclock", "Ġpause", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠNHL", "Ġlaunched", "Ġan", "Ġinvestigation", "Ġ,", 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draft pick for a third consecutive year . It was the fifth time that the Blue Jackets were dropped one draft position in the franchise 's 12 lottery participations . A month later , on May 14 , the Blue Jackets announced that Richards would remain as head coach and signed him to a two @-@ year contract . During the press conference , Howson noted , " Our team continuously improved under Todd and he has earned the opportunity to build upon the work he started . " Columbus posted an 18 – 21 – 2 record under Richards , including winning seven of their final 11 games . = = Standings = = Since being founded as an expansion team , the Blue Jackets have played in the Central Division of the Western Conference . Division rivals Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues , all made the playoff during the 2011 – 12 season , which helped Columbus finish 36 points behind fourth place Chicago and 44 points out of first . Divisions : CE – Central , NW – Northwest , PA – Pacific bold - qualified for playoffs , y – Won division , p – Won Presidents ' Trophy ( best record in NHL ) = = Schedule and results = = = = = Pre @-@ season = = = = = = Regular season = = = Green background indicates win ( 2 points ) . Red background indicates regulation loss ( 0 points ) . Silver background indicates overtime / shootout loss ( 1 point ) . = = Player statistics = = In ice hockey , a combination of a player 's goals and assists are collectively called points . Penalty minutes are the total number of minutes assigned to a player for infractions assessed during the season.Plus @-@ minus is a statistic that tracks when a player was on the ice while goals were scored , both for and against their team , though some in game situations will not effect the statistic . Below is a listing of all player statistics for the Blue Jackets during the season . = = = Skaters = = = Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played in ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; PIM = Penalty minutes ; + / - = Plus / minus = = = Goaltenders = = = Note : GP = Games Played ; TOI = Time On Ice ( minutes ) ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; OT = Overtime Losses ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; SA = Shots Against ; SV = Saves ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts † Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Blue Jackets . Stats reflect time with the Blue Jackets only . ‡ Traded mid @-@ season = = Milestones = = When Mason was injured in warm @-@ ups late in the year , Columbus was without an active goaltender on their roster . To remedy the situation , the team signed former University of Michigan goaltender Shawn Hunwick to a one @-@ day , amateur tryout contract . After being eliminated from the NCAA Tournament just days prior , Hunwick skipped an astronomy class and drove his worn down 2003 Ford Ranger to Columbus to make the game . He served as the back @-@ up to Allen York during the game , and the following day , he signed a contract for the remainder of the year . With Mason returning from injury , Hunwick was third on the team 's depth chart when an injury to York allowed Hunwick to remain as the back @-@ up for the final two games of the year . In the final game of the season , the Blue Jackets were leading the Islanders 7 – 3 with 2 : 33 remaining when , at the behest of his teammates , Head Coach Todd Richards put Hunwick in to finish the game . He did not face a shot . Hunwick was the franchise record ninth player to make his NHL debut during the season . Conversely , Vaclav Prospal played in his 1,000th NHL game during the year . = = Transactions = = During the off @-@ season the Blue Jackets parted ways with defensemen Jan Hejda , Anton Stralman , Sami Lepisto and Mike Commodore . Hejda , who played four of his first five NHL seasons with the Blue Jackets , was offered a contract by Columbus , but felt that the organization undervalued him and left via free agency . Columbus had offered him a three @-@ year , $ 7 @.@ 5 million contract . He instead signed a four @-@ year , $ 13 million deal with the Colorado Avalanche . Stralman and Lepisto were not given qualifying offers which made them unrestricted free agents , and both signed with other teams . Commodore had originally signed a big contract with the Blue Jackets in 2008 , but fell	[ "Ġdraft", "Ġpick", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġthird", "Ġconsecutive", "Ġyear", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġfifth", "Ġtime", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġwere", "Ġdropped", "Ġone", "Ġdraft", "Ġposition", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfranchise", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ12", "Ġlottery", "Ġparticip", "ations", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġmonth", "Ġlater", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ14", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġannounced", "Ġthat", "ĠRichards", "Ġwould", "Ġremain", "Ġas", "Ġhead", "Ġcoach", "Ġand", "Ġsigned", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġtwo", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġyear", "Ġcontract", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġpress", "Ġconference", "Ġ,", "ĠHow", "son", "Ġnoted", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠOur", "Ġteam", "Ġcontinuously", "Ġimproved", "Ġunder", "ĠTodd", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġhas", "Ġearned", "Ġthe", "Ġopportunity", "Ġto", "Ġbuild", "Ġupon", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġhe", "Ġstarted", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠColumbus", "Ġposted", "Ġan", "Ġ18", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ21", 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"Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġday", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġsigned", "Ġa", "Ġcontract", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġremainder", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ.", "ĠWith", "ĠMason", "Ġreturning", "Ġfrom", "Ġinjury", "Ġ,", "ĠHun", "wick", "Ġwas", "Ġthird", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdepth", "Ġchart", "Ġwhen", "Ġan", "Ġinjury", "Ġto", "ĠYork", "Ġallowed", "ĠHun", "wick", "Ġto", "Ġremain", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfinal", "Ġtwo", "Ġgames", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġfinal", "Ġgame", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġwere", "Ġleading", "Ġthe", "ĠIslanders", "Ġ7", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ3", "Ġwith", "Ġ2", "Ġ:", "Ġ33", "Ġremaining", "Ġwhen", "Ġ,", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġbehest", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġteammates", "Ġ,", "ĠHead", "ĠCoach", "ĠTodd", "ĠRichards", "Ġput", "ĠHun", "wick", "Ġin", "Ġto", "Ġfinish", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġdid", "Ġnot", "Ġface", "Ġa", "Ġshot", "Ġ.", "ĠHun", "wick", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġfranchise", "Ġrecord", "Ġninth", "Ġplayer", "Ġto", "Ġmake", "Ġhis", "ĠNHL", "Ġdebut", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "ĠConversely", "Ġ,", "ĠVac", "lav", "ĠPro", "sp", "al", "Ġplayed", "Ġin", "Ġhis", "Ġ1", ",", "000", "th", "ĠNHL", "Ġgame", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠTransactions", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġoff", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġseason", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġparted", "Ġways", "Ġwith", "Ġdefense", "men", "ĠJan", "ĠHe", "j", "da", "Ġ,", "ĠAnton", "ĠSt", "ral", "man", "Ġ,", "ĠSam", "i", "ĠLep", "ist", "o", "Ġand", "ĠMike", "ĠCommodore", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "j", "da", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġplayed", "Ġfour", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġfirst", "Ġfive", "ĠNHL", "Ġseasons", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġoffered", "Ġa", "Ġcontract", "Ġby", "ĠColumbus", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġfelt", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġorganization", "Ġunder", "valued", "Ġhim", "Ġand", "Ġleft", "Ġvia", "Ġfree", "Ġagency", "Ġ.", "ĠColumbus", "Ġhad", "Ġoffered", "Ġhim", "Ġa", "Ġthree", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġ$", "Ġ7", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ5", "Ġmillion", "Ġcontract", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġinstead", "Ġsigned", "Ġa", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġ$", "Ġ13", "Ġmillion", "Ġdeal", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠColorado", "ĠAvalanche", "Ġ.", "ĠSt", "ral", "man", "Ġand", "ĠLep", "ist", "o", "Ġwere", "Ġnot", "Ġgiven", "Ġqualifying", "Ġoffers", "Ġwhich", "Ġmade", "Ġthem", "Ġunrestricted", "Ġfree", "Ġagents", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġboth", "Ġsigned", "Ġwith", "Ġother", "Ġteams", "Ġ.", "ĠCommodore", "Ġhad", "Ġoriginally", "Ġsigned", "Ġa", "Ġbig", "Ġcontract", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠJackets", "Ġin", "Ġ2008", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġfell" ]	18
out of favor . He was waived , sent to the minors and eventually had his contract bought out . In order to replace the departed players , Columbus not only acquired James Wisniewski , but also signed ten @-@ year NHL veteran Radek Martinek . Martinek played only seven games with the Blue Jackets before suffering a concussion and missing the remainder of the season . Brett Lebda was brought in to replace him . = Gregorian Tower = The Gregorian Tower ( Italian : Torre Gregoriana ) or Tower of the Winds ( Italian : Torre dei Venti ) is a round tower located above the Gallery of Maps , which connects the Villa Belvedere with the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City . The tower was built between 1578 and 1580 to a design by the Bolognese architect Ottaviano Mascherino ( who was credited with building the Apostolic Palace ) mainly to promote the study of astronomy for the Gregorian Calendar Reform which was commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII and promulgated in 1582 . It was then also known as the Tower of Winds . The tower is now called the " Specola Astronomica Vaticana " , the Vatican Observatory . Four stages of progressive development have occurred since it was first established . The tower was an edifice of great value for astronomical observations made using a sundial as they provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the Julian calendar . = = Early history = = The first stage of building of the tower , as recorded by Leo XIII in his motu proprio Ut mysticam of 1891 , is credited to Pope Gregory XIII , Pope from 1572 to 1585 . The directive was to build a tower at a suitable location in the Vatican and equip it with the " greatest and best instruments of the time " . The design was effected after a series of meetings of the experts who had been appointed to reform the Julian calendar , in use since 45 BC , to verify their proposed reforms . Fr . Christoph Clavius , a Jesuit mathematician from the Roman College , was the expert on the committee who suggested the new system for the observations . The 73 metres ( 240 ft ) tower was then built above the museum and library , flanked by the Belvedere and della Pigna courtyards . The instrumentation for the observation of the sun rays falling over it consisted of a meridian line designed by Ignazio Danti of Perugia . It was in the form of a circular marble plate in the centre , embellished with scientific designs . The tower still remains today , but has undergone improvements over the centuries . = = Second stage = = The second stage of construction in the 17th and 18th centuries , when the tower was under the charge of the Vatican librarian , involved Mgr . Filippo Luigi Gilii , a clergyman of St. Peter 's Basilica . Earlier in 1797 , Pius VI gave approval to placing a Latin inscription Specula Vaticana at the entrance to the upper part of the tower , which was implemented by Cardinal Zelada with plans to enhance the instrumentation system in the tower 's observatory . The original observatory was then set up above the second level of the tower with the agreement of Pope Pius VI . Its instrumentation , apart from many normal devices ( such as meteorological and magnetic equipment , with a seismograph and a small transit and pendulum clock , ) was noted for the Dolland Telescope . The instrumentation facilitated recording of occurrences of eclipse , appearance of comets , Satellites of Jupiter and Mercury ’ s transit . As an addition , under the patronage of Pope Pius X , four rotary observatory domes were also added at strategic locations on the 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) long fortification walls , more than a thousand years old . Mgr . Gilii , highly respected as a polyglot with a knowledge of physics , biology , archeology and the Hebrew language , was in charge of the observatory from 1800 to 1821 . He carried out continuous meteorological observations ( twice a day at 6 AM and 2 PM ) conforming to the programme of the Mannheim Meteorological Society . While the observation records for seven years were published , the balance data in a manuscript form was preserved in the Vatican Library . Subsequent to Gilii 's death in 1821 , the observatory on the tower was discontinued and the instruments were moved to the observatory at the Roman College . Established in 1787 , it was considered more suitable for making observations than the Vatican . = = Third stage = = The revival of the observatory on the Gregorian Tower was initiated by the Barnabite Francesco Denza with the approval of Pope Leo XIII . High quality instruments were procured , partly with generous donations from Hicks of London , and the automatic recording instruments were procured from Richard in Paris . 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@-@ inch transit instrument , and four pendulum clocks with two chronometers , were also procured from the observatory at Modena . In 1888 , the gift of a 16 inch long telescope to Pope Leo XIII , became a part of the observatory . Father Denza joined the observatory in 1889 after it was upgraded with more modern instruments . The same year , a second tower was built some 400 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) away from the main Gregorian Tower , overlooking the Vatican Gardens behind St. Peter 's Basilica on the south @-@ west border . It was built to a diameter of 17 metres ( 56 ft ) with a lower wall thickness of 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) , which could bear the load of a 13 inch photographic refractor , newly procured from Paris . Augustinian Father Rodriguez was the expert meteorologist who held the post of director from 1898 to 1905 . In 1891 , Pope Leo XIII , promulgating the motu proprio Ut mysticam , designated the second tower as the seat of the newly established Vatican Observatory , a decision which required altering the roof to provide a flat terrace for astronomical observations . = = Fourth stage = = The fourth stage involved remedying the problem of communicating between the two towers during the time of Pope Pius X. His plans were to make the Gregorian Tower into a historical tower and to record and carry out observations at the second tower by linking the two towers along the fortified wall with a 83 metres ( 272 ft ) iron bridge spanning the gap . At the west end of this bridge , a four @-@ inch equatorial was installed on semicircular bastion . The east end of the bridge , above the barracks of the gendarmes , had a heliograph , with a camera attached , used to photograph the Sun ( photoheliograph ) . A new 16 @-@ inch visual telescope , called Torre Pio X , was erected in the second tower . As a result of these modifications , the original library was moved to the Pontifical Academy Lincei , and the old meteorological and seismic instruments were shifted to the Valle di Pompei observatory . The new Astronomical Library was housed in two rooms of the building . The two new Repsold machines were used for recording on the astrographic plates . The recorded observations were published along with explanatory notes together with the last two series of the atlas of stars . Charts were printed on silver bromide paper . = = Features = = The tower had two floors and a mezzanine . On the first floor was the famous Sundial Room or Meridian Room , which was initially an open loggia . Pope Urban VIII had it enclosed and it was subsequently decorated with long sequences of frescoes painted between 1580 and 1582 by Simon Lagi and the two Flemish artists Paul and Matthijs Bril . Today the tower has paintings by Cristoforo Roncalli and Matteino da Siena . The Sundial Room , also called the Meridian Hall , was once the residence of Queen Christina of Sweden , then newly converted to Catholicism . The room was further modified by two additions which gave it its current name : a sundial , and a delicate but sophisticated anemoscope which was fixed to the ceiling of the Meridian Hall . These were created by Ignazio Danti , the papal cosmographer , in association with the Gregorian Calendar Reform . The sundial consisted of a straight line in white marble running across the floor in a north @-@ south direction , intended to measure the height of the Sun at noon according to the seasons of the year . The observations made with the sundial provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the Julian calendar . The anemoscope , in contrast , was a complex mechanism attached to the ceiling which was used to measure the strength and direction of the wind but soon stopped functioning . The instrument may have led to the other name of the tower , Tower of the Winds ; however , an ancient observatory at Athens was also called the Tower of the Winds and might have been the source for inspiration . The interior walls and ceiling of the hall were richly decorated , in some cases with gaudy frescoes of the hills and Roman countryside , the Pantheons , religious themes , the buildings surrounding the area , and naval shipwrecks with Jesus calming the storm and so forth . = There 's Got to Be a Way = " There 's Got to Be a Way " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her self @-@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) . Columbia released it as the fifth and final single from the album in the United Kingdom . It was one of four songs Carey wrote with Ric Wake during their first recording session together , but " There 's Got to Be a Way " was the only composition to make the final track listing . 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socio @-@ political conscious R & B @-@ pop song which addresses the existence of poverty , racism and war in the world which gradually becomes more aspirational and positive as it progresses . The track garnered a mixed reception upon the album 's release in 1990 . While Carey 's vocals were praised , it was seen as too political . An accompanying music video highlights social injustices . The song reached number 54 on the UK Singles Chart . = = Background and release = = " There 's Got to Be a Way " was written by Mariah Carey and Ric Wake for Carey 's self @-@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) . It was written during Carey and Wake 's first recording session together . They composed four songs , but only " There 's Got to Be a Way " was chosen for the final track listing . Co @-@ produced by Wake and Narada Michael Walden , it appears as the second of ten songs on the track listing . The track was recorded and engineered by Bob Cadway at Cove City Sound Studios and The Power Station , both located in New York City . He was assisted by Dana Jon Chappelle . It was mixed by David Frazer at Tarpan Studios in San Rafael . The keyboards , bass and rhythm engineering was carried out by Louis Biancaniello , while Joe Franco performed the percussion , Vernon " Ice " Black played the guitar , and Rich Tancredo also performing on the keyboards . Walter Afanasieff played the synth horns . Carey provided her own background vocals along with Billy T. Scott , Jamiliah Muhammed and The Billy T. Scott Ensemble . The song was released as the fifth and final single from the album in the United Kingdom . It is available to purchase as a CD single while the remixes are available on vinyl . = = Composition = = " There 's Got to Be a Way " is an R & B @-@ pop music song with elements of gospel . The theme of social activism can be heard in the lyrics " There ’ s got to be a way / to connect this world today . " The song begins with Carey publicly denouncing the existence of poverty and racism in the world , and she uses the bridge to shift the lyrics towards an uplifting and aspirational tone . Carey suggests we should be more tolerant of each other and not resort so readily to war in the lyrics " Couldn 't we accept each other / Can 't we make ourselves aware . " = = Critical reception = = Music critic Robert Christgau felt that Carey was being too political in her " brave , young , idealistic attack " on war and destitution . Ralph Novak , David Hiltbrand and David Grogan of People wrote that it is a " testimony to her talent that she does so much with so little . " They continued to write that Carey 's " tone and clarity " makes " There 's Got to Be a Way " a " mesmerizing " track . To mark twenty @-@ five years since the release of Mariah Carey in June 1990 , Billboard writer Trevor Anderson wrote a track @-@ by @-@ track review of the album in June 2015 . He noted that " There 's Got to Be a Way " follows the same melodic tone as the album 's opener " Vision of Love " but highlighted their stark lyrical differences , as the former is about social activism and the latter is about love . Although he praised Carey 's vocals , writing that she " deploys " one of her best whistle notes of her career , he felt that " the aim for broad appeal comes at the expense of memorable lyrics . " = = Music video = = The accompanying music video begins with a shot of an empty street , followed by clips of disadvantaged and poorer members of society going about their daily activities . Two men play dominoes on a wooden crate outside a building , a gang make fun of an elderly man hanging newspapers outside his store and an obese woman walks down the street . Clips of Carey leaning against a wall and sitting on some steps looking on at what is happening are shown . As the first chorus begins , everyone starts to dance joyfully in the street and help those in need . A gospel choir comes out of one of the buildings as the street becomes more crowded with people of all ages and backgrounds rejoicing and getting along with each other . One of the shops in the background has a neon light outside the entrance which says " Jesus Saves " . = = Track listings = = " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( Original album version ) – 4 : 52 " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( 7 " remix ) " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( 12 " remix ) " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( Alternative Vocal Dub Mix ) = = Charts = = = Nebraska Highway 88 =	[ "Ġsocio", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpolitical", "Ġconscious", "ĠR", "Ġ&", "ĠB", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpop", "Ġsong", "Ġwhich", "Ġaddresses", "Ġthe", "Ġexistence", "Ġof", "Ġpoverty", "Ġ,", "Ġracism", "Ġand", "Ġwar", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġwhich", "Ġgradually", "Ġbecomes", "Ġmore", "Ġaspir", "ational", "Ġand", "Ġpositive", "Ġas", "Ġit", "Ġprogresses", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġtrack", "Ġgarnered", "Ġa", "Ġmixed", "Ġreception", "Ġupon", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrelease", "Ġin", "Ġ1990", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "ĠCarey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġvocals", "Ġwere", "Ġpraised", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġtoo", "Ġpolitical", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", 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"ĠNebraska", "ĠHighway", "Ġ88", "Ġ=", "Ġ" ]	21
Nebraska Highway 88 ( N @-@ 88 ) is a highway in northwestern Nebraska . It has a western terminus at Wyoming Highway 151 ( WYO 151 ) at the Wyoming – Nebraska state line . The road travels eastward to N @-@ 71 , where it turns south . N @-@ 88 continues east to south of Bridgeport . The road turns north , ends at an intersection with U.S. Highway 385 ( US 385 ) and N @-@ 92 in Bridgeport . The route was designated in 1937 , before the official state highway system was created . It was extended to the state line in 1986 . = = Route description = = N @-@ 88 starts at the Nebraska – Wyoming state line in Banner County , where WYO 151 ends , and travels northeast . The road quickly bends east after less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , and continues in a straight line . For the next twenty miles ( 32 km ) , N @-@ 88 intersects minor streets , through rural farmland . The route turns south at N @-@ 71 , and becomes concurrent . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) later , N @-@ 88 turns east , ending the concurrency with N @-@ 71 . The route continues to travel through farmland for sixteen miles ( 26 km ) , where it enters Morrill County . The road crosses over Pumpkin Creek four times , and enters the unincorporated community of Redington . Two rock formations , Courthouse and Jail Rocks , become visible from the road . N @-@ 88 turns north toward Bridgeport soon after . The road crosses over Pumpkin Creek for the fifth time , and enters into Bridgeport five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) later . The road intersects a railroad owned by BNSF Railway . N @-@ 88 turns northeast soon after , and ends at the intersection of US 385 and N @-@ 92 . In 2012 , Nebraska Department of Roads ( NDOR ) calculated as many as 2 @,@ 410 vehicles traveling on the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency , and as few as 315 vehicles traveling east of the Banner – Morrill county line . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . Only the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency is part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . = = History = = N @-@ 88 was unofficially designated around 1937 , connecting from N @-@ 29 , to N @-@ 86 and N @-@ 19 in Bridgeport . The route remained relatively the same as the state highway system was officially designated . Before 1955 , Nebraska did not have an adequate legal instrument to define the state highway system . By 1960 , N @-@ 19 was renumbered to US 385 , and US 26 was rerouted north near Bridgeport . The old alignment became part of N @-@ 92 . Two years later , N @-@ 29 was renumbered to N @-@ 71 . Between 1981 @-@ 82 , a road appeared on the official state map , extending from WYO 151 to N @-@ 71 . That road became part of N @-@ 88 by 1986 . No significant changes have been made since . = = Major intersections = = = USS Atlanta ( 1861 ) = Atlanta was a casemate ironclad that served in the Confederate and Union Navies during the American Civil War . She was converted from a Scottish @-@ built blockade runner named Fingal by the Confederacy after she made one run to Savannah , Georgia . After several failed attempts to attack Union blockaders , the ship was captured by two Union monitors in 1863 when she ran aground . Atlanta was floated off , repaired , and rearmed , serving in the Union Navy for the rest of the war . She spent most of her time deployed on the James River supporting Union forces there . The ship was decommissioned in 1865 and placed in reserve . Several years after the end of the war , Atlanta was sold to Haiti , but was lost at sea in December 1869 on her delivery voyage . = = Description and career as Fingal = = Fingal was designed and built as a merchantman by J & G Thomson 's Clyde Bank Iron Shipyard at Govan in Glasgow , Scotland , and was completed early in 1861 . She was described by Midshipman Dabney Scales , who served on the Atlanta before her battle with the monitors , as being a two @-@ masted , iron @-@ hulled ship 189 feet ( 57 @.@ 6 m ) long with a beam of 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) . 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"Ġmonitors", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġbeing", "Ġa", "Ġtwo", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġm", "asted", "Ġ,", "Ġiron", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhull", "ed", "Ġship", "Ġ189", "Ġfeet", "Ġ(", "Ġ57", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ6", "Ġm", "Ġ)", "Ġlong", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġbeam", "Ġof", "Ġ25", "Ġfeet", "Ġ(", "Ġ7", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ6", "Ġm", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġdraft", "Ġof", "Ġ12", "Ġfeet", "Ġ(", "Ġ3" ]	22
@.@ 7 m ) and a depth of hold of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . He estimated her tonnage at around 700 tons bm . Fingal was equipped with two vertical single @-@ cylinder direct @-@ acting steam engines using steam generated by one flue @-@ tubular boiler . The engines drove the ship at a top speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) . They had a bore of 39 inches ( 991 mm ) and a stroke of 30 inches ( 762 mm ) . The ship briefly operated between Glasgow and other ports in Scotland for Hutcheson 's West Highland Service before she was purchased in September 1861 by James D. Bulloch , the primary foreign agent in Great Britain for the Confederacy , to deliver the military and naval ordnance and supplies that he had purchased . To disguise his control of Fingal , and the destination of her cargo , Bulloch hired an English crew and captain and put out his destination as Bermuda and Nassau in the Bahamas . The cargo was loaded in Greenock in early October , although Bullock and the other passengers would not attempt to board until they rendezvoused with the ship at Holyhead , Wales . On the night 14 / 15 October , as she was slowly rounding the breakwater at Holyhead , Fingal rammed and sank the Austrian brig Siccardi , slowly swinging at anchor without lights . Bulloch and the passengers embarked in the steamer while Bulloch dispatched a letter to his financial agents instructing them to settle damages with the brig 's owners because he could not afford to take the time to deal with the affair lest he and Fingal be detained . The ship reached Bermuda on 2 November and , after leaving port on 7 November , Bulloch informed the crew that the steamer 's real destination was Savannah , Georgia ; he offered to take anyone who objected to the plan to Nassau . However , all of the crew agreed to join in the effort to run the Union blockade . Fingal was able slip safely into the Savannah estuary in a heavy fog on the night of 12 November without sighting any blockaders . While Fingal was discharging her cargo , Bulloch went to Richmond to confer with Stephen Mallory , Secretary of the Navy . Mallory endorsed Bulloch 's plan to load Fingal with cotton to sell on the Navy Department 's account to be used to purchase more ships and equipment in Europe . He returned to Savannah on 23 November and it took him almost a month to purchase a cargo and acquire enough coal . He made one attempt to break through the blockade on 23 December , but it proved impossible to do as the Union controlled every channel from Savannah , aided by their occupation of Tybee Island at the mouth of the Savannah River . Bulloch reported to Mallory in late January 1862 that breaking out was hopeless so Mallory ordered him to turn the ship over to another officer and to return to Europe some other way . = = As Atlanta = = The brothers Asa and Nelson Tift received the contract to convert the blockade runner into an ironclad in early 1862 with the name of Atlanta , after the city in Georgia . This was largely financed by contributions from the women of Savannah . Fingal was cut down to her main deck and large wooden sponsons were built out from the sides of her hull to support her casemate . After the conversion , Atlanta was 204 feet ( 62 @.@ 2 m ) long overall and had a beam of 41 feet ( 12 m ) . Her depth of hold was now 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) and she now had a draft of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 8 m ) . Atlanta now displaced 1 @,@ 006 long tons ( 1 @,@ 022 t ) and her speed was estimated at 7 – 10 knots ( 13 – 19 km / h ; 8 @.@ 1 – 11 @.@ 5 mph ) . The armor of the casemate was angled at 30 ° from the horizontal and made from two layers of railroad rails , rolled into plates 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) wide . The outer layer ran vertically and the inner layer horizontally . Her armor was backed by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of oak , vertically oriented , and two layers of 7 @.@ 5 inches ( 191 mm ) of pine , alternating in direction . The bottom of the casemate was some 20 inches ( 508 mm ) from the waterline and its top was 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 59 m ) above the waterline . The pyramidal pilothouse was armored in the same way and had room for two men . The upper portion of Atlanta 's hull received two inches of armor . The rectangular casemate was pierced with eight narrow gun ports , one each at the bow and stern and three along each side . 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"Ġpassengers", "Ġwould", "Ġnot", "Ġattempt", "Ġto", "Ġboard", "Ġuntil", "Ġthey", "Ġrend", "ez", "v", "oused", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġship", "Ġat", "ĠHoly", "head", "Ġ,", "ĠWales", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġnight", "Ġ14", "Ġ/", "Ġ15", "ĠOctober", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġslowly", "Ġrounding", "Ġthe", "Ġbreak", "water", "Ġat", "ĠHoly", "head", "Ġ,", "ĠF", "ing", "al", "Ġr", "ammed", "Ġand", "Ġsank", "Ġthe", "ĠAustrian", "Ġbrig", "ĠSic", "card", "i", "Ġ,", "Ġslowly", "Ġswinging", "Ġat", "Ġanchor", "Ġwithout", "Ġlights", "Ġ.", "ĠBull", "och", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġpassengers", "Ġembarked", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġste", "amer", "Ġwhile", "ĠBull", "och", "Ġdispatched", "Ġa", "Ġletter", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġfinancial", "Ġagents", "Ġinstruct", "ing", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġsettle", "Ġdamages", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġbrig", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġowners", "Ġbecause", "Ġhe", "Ġcould", "Ġnot", "Ġafford", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġto", "Ġdeal", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġaffair", "Ġlest", "Ġhe", "Ġand", "ĠF", "ing", "al", "Ġbe", "Ġdetained", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġship", "Ġreached", "ĠBermuda", "Ġon", "Ġ2", "ĠNovember", "Ġand", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġleaving", "Ġport", "Ġon", "Ġ7", "ĠNovember", "Ġ,", "ĠBull", "och", "Ġinformed", "Ġthe", "Ġcrew", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġste", "amer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġreal", "Ġdestination", "Ġwas", "ĠSavannah", "Ġ,", "ĠGeorgia", "Ġ;", "Ġhe", "Ġoffered", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġanyone", "Ġwho", "Ġobjected", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġplan", "Ġto", "ĠNass", "au", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "Ġall", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcrew", "Ġagreed", "Ġto", "Ġjoin", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġeffort", "Ġto", "Ġrun", "Ġthe", "ĠUnion", "Ġblockade", "Ġ.", "ĠF", "ing", "al", "Ġwas", "Ġable", "Ġslip", "Ġsafely", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "ĠSavannah", "Ġest", "uary", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġheavy", "Ġfog", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġnight", "Ġof", "Ġ12", "ĠNovember", "Ġwithout", "Ġsighting", "Ġany", "Ġblock", "aders", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠWhile", "ĠF", "ing", "al", "Ġwas", "Ġdis", "charging", "Ġher", "Ġcargo", "Ġ,", "ĠBull", "och", "Ġwent", "Ġto", "ĠRichmond", "Ġto", "Ġconfer", "Ġwith", "ĠStephen", "ĠMall", "ory", "Ġ,", "ĠSecretary", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠNavy", "Ġ.", "ĠMall", "ory", "Ġendorsed", "ĠBull", "och", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġplan", "Ġto", "Ġload", "ĠF", "ing", "al", "Ġwith", "Ġcotton", "Ġto", "Ġsell", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠNavy", "ĠDepartment", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġaccount", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġused", "Ġto", "Ġpurchase", "Ġmore", "Ġships", "Ġand", "Ġequipment", "Ġin", "ĠEurope", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "ĠSavannah", "Ġon", "Ġ23", "ĠNovember", "Ġand", "Ġit", "Ġtook", "Ġhim", "Ġalmost", "Ġa", "Ġmonth", "Ġto", "Ġpurchase", "Ġa", "Ġcargo", "Ġand", "Ġacquire", "Ġenough", "Ġcoal", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġmade", "Ġone", "Ġattempt", "Ġto", "Ġbreak", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġblockade", "Ġon", "Ġ23", "ĠDecember", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġproved", "Ġimpossible", "Ġto", "Ġdo", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠUnion", "Ġcontrolled", "Ġevery", "Ġchannel", "Ġfrom", "ĠSavannah", "Ġ,", "Ġaided", "Ġby", "Ġtheir", "Ġoccupation", "Ġof", "ĠTy", "bee", "ĠIsland", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġmouth", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSavannah", 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two layers of iron riveted together and allowed the guns to elevate only to a maximum of + 5 to + 7 ° . Atlanta was armed with single @-@ banded , 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) Brooke rifles on pivot mounts at the bow and stern . The middle gun port on each side was occupied by a single @-@ banded , 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 163 mm ) Brooke rifle . The 17 @-@ caliber , seven @-@ inch guns weighed about 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) and fired 80 @-@ pound ( 36 kg ) armor @-@ piercing " bolts " and 110 @-@ pound ( 50 kg ) explosive shells . The equivalent statistics for the 18 @.@ 5 @-@ caliber , 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch gun were 9 @,@ 110 pounds ( 4 @,@ 130 kg ) with 80 @-@ pound bolts and 64 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) shells . Atlanta was also armed with a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) , solid iron , ram that was reinforced by a series of vertical steel bars . In front of the ram was a spar torpedo that carried 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of black powder on a wooden pole connected to an iron lever that could be raised or lowered by means of pulleys . On 31 July 1862 , under the command of Lieutenant Charles H. McBlair , Atlanta conducted her sea trials down the Savannah River toward Fort Pulaski . The ship proved to be difficult to steer , and the additional weight of her armor and guns significantly reduced her speed and increased her draft . This latter was a real problem in the shallow waters near Savannah . She also leaked significantly , and her design virtually eliminated air circulation . One report said that " it was almost intolerable on board the Atlanta , there being no method of ventilation , and the heat was intense . " Scales commented in his diary , " What a comfortless , infernal and God @-@ forsaken ship ! ! " Attempts were made to fix the problems and were at least partially successful in stopping many of the leaks . The ship was commissioned on 22 November and became the flagship of Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall , commander of the naval defenses of Georgia . Under pressure from Mallory to engage the blockading ships , Tattnall attempted to engage them before any ironclads arrived on 5 January 1863 , but army engineers could not clear the obstacles blocking the channel in a timely manner , despite early coordination being made by Tattnall to do so . It took another month to actually clear the obstacles and two monitors arrived before the end of January . Nonetheless Tattnall attempted to pass through the obstructions during high tide on 3 February , but high winds prevented the water from rising enough to allow the ship to do so . After Atlanta successfully passed through them on 19 March , Tattnall planned to attack the Union base at Port Royal , South Carolina while the monitors were attacking Charleston . Deserters revealed Tatnall 's plan while he was waiting at the head of Wassaw Sound and he was forced to retreat when three monitors augmented the defenses at Port Royal . Dissatisfied with Tattnall 's perceived lack of aggressiveness , Mallory replaced Tattnall as commander of the Savannah squadron later that month with Commander Richard L. Page . Page , in his turn was relieved in May by Commander William A. Webb ; Atlanta remained the squadron flagship throughout this time . Webb demonstrated his aggressiveness when he attempted to sortie on the first spring tide ( 30 May ) after taking command , but Atlanta 's forward engine broke down after he had passed the obstructions , and the ship ran aground . She was not damaged although it took over a day to pull her free . He planned to make another attempt on the next full tide , rejecting Mallory 's idea that he wait until the nearly complete ironclad Savannah was finished before his next sortie . In the meantime , Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont , commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron , had ordered the monitors Weehawken and Nahant into Wassaw Sound . Commander John Rodgers in Weehawken had overall command of the two ships . In the early evening of 15 June , Webb began his next attempt by passing over the lower obstructions in the Wilmington River and spent the rest of the night coaling . He moved forward the next evening to a concealed position within easy reach of the monitors for an attack early the following morning . Webb planned to sink one of the monitors with his spar torpedo and then deal with the other one with his guns . The gunboat Isondiga and the tugboat Resolute were to accompany him to tow one or both of the monitors back to Savannah . A lookout aboard Weehawken spotted Atlanta at 04 : 10 on the morning of 17 June . 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@.@ 4 km ) of the two Union ships , she fired one round from her bow gun that passed over Weehawken and landed near Nahant . Shortly afterward , Atlanta ran aground on a sandbar ; she was briefly able to free herself , but the pressure of the tide pushed her back onto the sandbar . This time Webb was unable to get off and the monitors closed the range . When Weehawken , the leading ship , closed to within 200 – 300 yards ( 180 – 270 m ) she opened fire with both of her guns . The 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) shell missed , but the 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) shell struck the ironclad above the port middle gun port , penetrated her armor and broke the wooden backing behind it , spraying splinters and fragments that disabled the entire gun crew and half the crew of the bow gun , even though it failed to cleanly penetrate through the backing . The next shot from the 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren gun struck the upper hull and started a small leak even though it failed to penetrate the two @-@ inch armor there . The next shell from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren glanced off the middle starboard gun shutter as it was being opened , wounding half the gun 's crew with fragments . The final shell was also from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren and it struck the top of the pilothouse , breaking the armor there and wounding both pilots in it . By this time , Atlanta had been able to fire only seven shots , none of which hit either Union ship , and was hard aground with high tide not due for another hour and a half . Weehawken and Nahant were able to freely maneuver into positions from which the Atlanta 's narrow gun ports would not allow her to reply and the damage already inflicted by the former ship made further resistance futile . Webb surrendered his ship within 15 minutes of opening fire , before Nahant even had a chance to fire . Of the ironclad 's 21 officers and 124 enlisted men , one man was killed and another sixteen were wounded badly enough to require hospitalization . = = In the Union Navy = = Atlanta was easily pulled free by the Union ships and she reached Port Royal under her own power . Not badly damaged , she was repaired and bought by the Union Navy . The prize money of $ 350 @,@ 000 was shared between the crews of Weehawken , Nahant and the gunboat Cimarron , the only ships within signaling distance . The ship retained her name and was commissioned again on 2 February 1864 , rearmed with a pair of 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifles in the bow and stern and 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch , 100 @-@ pound Parrott rifles amidships . The 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifle weighed 16 @,@ 500 pounds ( 7 @,@ 500 kg ) and was 17 calibers long . The 100 @-@ pounder weighed 9 @,@ 800 pounds ( 4 @,@ 400 kg ) and was 20 calibers long . It fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell a distance of 6 @,@ 900 yards ( 6 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of + 25 ° . All four of her Brooke rifles are currently located in Willard Park in the Washington Navy Yard . Atlanta was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and spent most of her time stationed up the James River where she could support operations against Richmond and defend against a sortie by the ironclads of the James River Squadron . On 21 May 1864 , she and the gunboat Dawn fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry that was attacking Fort Powhatan and she was deployed further upriver in February 1865 after the Battle of Trent 's Reach to better blockade the Confederate ironclads at Richmond . After the end of the war in April , Atlanta was decommissioned in Philadelphia on 21 June 1865 and placed in reserve at League Island . She was sold to Sam Ward on 4 May 1869 for the price of $ 25 @,@ 000 and subsequently delivered to representatives of Haiti on 8 December by Sydney Oaksmith , a lawyer who had received an advance of $ 50 @,@ 000 on her purchase price of $ 260 @,@ 000 . The ship was briefly seized by the Customs Service , possibly for violations of neutrality laws as she had just loaded four large guns and a number of recruits for the forces of Sylvain Salnave , President of Haiti , who was embroiled in a civil war . Atlanta was released and sailed for Port @-@ au @-@ Prince three days later . She broke down in Delaware Bay and had to put in at Chester , Pennsylvania for repairs . 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Delaware Capes . = Jacqueline Fernandez = Jacqueline Fernandez ( born 11 August 1985 ) is a Sri Lankan actress , former model , and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant . As Miss Universe Sri Lanka she represented her country at the 2006 world Miss Universe pageant . She graduated with a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney , and worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka . While on a modelling assignment in India in 2009 , Fernandez successfully auditioned for Sujoy Ghosh 's fantasy drama Aladin , which marked her acting debut . Fernandez ' breakthrough role was in Mohit Suri 's psychological thriller Murder 2 ( 2011 ) , her first commercial success . This was followed by glamorous roles in the ensemble @-@ comedy Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and its sequel Housefull 3 , and the action thriller Race 2 ( 2013 ) , all of which were box @-@ office successes . Her performance in the first of these garnered her an IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . In 2014 , Fernandez played the leading lady in Sajid Nadiadwala 's Kick , which is one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time . One of the most popular actresses in India , she was the recipient of the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female in 2010 . Alongside her screen acting career , Fernandez has participated in stage shows , and is active in humanitarian work . = = Early life and modeling career = = Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985 , in Manama , Bahrain , and was raised in a multi @-@ ethnic family . Her father , Elroy , is Sri Lankan , and her mother , Kim , is of Malaysian descent . Her grandfather , on her mother 's side of the family , is Canadian and her great grandparents were from Goa , India . Her father , who was a musician in Sri Lanka , moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the Tamils and Sinhalese and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess . She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers . She hosted television shows in Bahrain at the age of fourteen . After receiving her early education in Bahrain , she pursued a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney in Australia . After graduating she worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka . She also attended the Berlitz school of languages , where she learnt Spanish and improved her French and Arabic . According to Fernandez , she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and fantasized about becoming a Hollywood movie star . She received some training at the John School of Acting . Although , she was a television reporter , she accepted offers in the modeling industry , which came as a result of her pageant success . In 2006 , she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles . In a 2015 interview , Fernandez described the modeling industry as " a good training ground " and said : " It is a medium that is about shedding your inhibitions , knowing your body , confidence " . In 2006 , she appeared in a music video for the song " O Sathi " by music duo Bathiya and Santhush . = = Acting career = = = = = 2009 – 2013 = = = In 2009 , Fernandez traveled to India for a modeling assignment . She studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director Barry John , and successfully auditioned for Sujoy Ghosh 's fantasy film Aladin ( 2009 ) her acting debut . She played the love interest of Riteish Deshmukh 's character , a role based on the Princess Jasmine character . Fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance . Anupama Chopra of NDTV called her a " plastic debutant [ e ] " , and Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN felt that she was : " easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do " . Although the film was a critical and commercial failure , she won the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year - Female . In 2010 , Fernandez appeared opposite Deshmukh in the science fiction romantic comedy Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai . She was cast as a girl from Venus , who lands on Earth in search of love . The film , along with Fernandez 's performance , received poor reviews ; Rediff.com 's Sukanya Verma noted : " She gamely makes a fool of herself whilst aping the actions of movie stars , ranging from Sridevi 's Naagin dance , Mithun Chakravarthy 's Disco Dancer moves , to Big B 's violent headshake in Hum . Her Tara could be a keeper if only Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai wasn 't so intent on turning her into a love @-@ struck Barbie . 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"Ġindustry", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġcame", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġresult", "Ġof", "Ġher", "Ġpageant", "Ġsuccess", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġcrowned", "Ġthe", "Ġwinner", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMiss", "ĠUniverse", "ĠSri", "ĠLanka", "Ġpageant", "Ġand", "Ġrepresented", "ĠSri", "ĠLanka", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "ĠMiss", "ĠUniverse", "Ġ2006", "Ġpageant", "Ġheld", "Ġin", "ĠLos", "ĠAngeles", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġa", "Ġ2015", "Ġinterview", "Ġ,", "ĠFernandez", "Ġdescribed", "Ġthe", "Ġmodeling", "Ġindustry", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġa", "Ġgood", "Ġtraining", "Ġground", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġsaid", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġmedium", "Ġthat", "Ġis", "Ġabout", "Ġshedding", "Ġyour", "Ġinhib", "itions", "Ġ,", "Ġknowing", "Ġyour", "Ġbody", "Ġ,", "Ġconfidence", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġappeared", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġmusic", "Ġvideo", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠO", "ĠS", "athi", "Ġ\"", "Ġby", "Ġmusic", "Ġduo", "ĠBath", "iya", "Ġand", "ĠSan", "th", "ush", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠActing", "Ġcareer", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ2009", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2013", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2009", "Ġ,", "ĠFernandez", "Ġtraveled", "Ġto", "ĠIndia", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġmodeling", "Ġassignment", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġstudied", "Ġacting", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġment", "orship", "Ġof", "Ġtheatre", "Ġdirector", "ĠBarry", "ĠJohn", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġsuccessfully", "Ġaudition", "ed", "Ġfor", "ĠSu", "joy", "ĠGh", "osh", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfantasy", "Ġfilm", "ĠAl", "adin", "Ġ(", "Ġ2009", "Ġ)", "Ġher", "Ġacting", "Ġdebut", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġplayed", "Ġthe", "Ġlove", "Ġinterest", "Ġof", "ĠRite", "ish", "ĠDes", "hm", "uk", "h", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcharacter", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġrole", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠPrincess", "ĠJas", "mine", "Ġcharacter", "Ġ.", "ĠFernandez", "Ġgarnered", "Ġmixed", "Ġreviews", "Ġfor", "Ġher", "Ġperformance", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", "up", "ama", "ĠChop", "ra", "Ġof", "ĠND", "TV", "Ġcalled", "Ġher", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġplastic", "Ġdebut", "ant", "Ġ[", "Ġe", "Ġ]", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠRaj", "ee", "v", "ĠMas", "and", "Ġof", "ĠCNN", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠI", "BN", "Ġfelt", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "Ġeasy", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġeyes", "Ġand", "Ġappears", "Ġconfident", "Ġbut", "Ġhas", "Ġprecious", "Ġlittle", "Ġto", "Ġdo", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠAlthough", "Ġthe", "Ġfilm", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġcritical", "Ġand", "Ġcommercial", "Ġfailure", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġwon", "Ġthe", "ĠII", "FA", "ĠAward", "Ġfor", "ĠStar", "ĠDe", "but", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠYear", "Ġ-", "ĠFemale", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2010", "Ġ,", "ĠFernandez", "Ġappeared", "Ġopposite", "ĠDes", "hm", "uk", "h", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġscience", "Ġfiction", "Ġromantic", "Ġcomedy", "ĠJa", "ane", "ĠK", "ahan", "ĠSe", "ĠA", "ay", "i", "ĠHai", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġcast", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġgirl", "Ġfrom", "ĠVenus", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġlands", "Ġon", "ĠEarth", "Ġin", "Ġsearch", "Ġof", "Ġlove", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfilm", "Ġ,", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "ĠFernandez", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġperformance", "Ġ,", "Ġreceived", "Ġpoor", "Ġreviews", "Ġ;", "ĠRed", "iff", ".", "com", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠSuk", "anya", "ĠVer", "ma", "Ġnoted", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠShe", "Ġgame", "ly", "Ġmakes", "Ġa", "Ġfool", "Ġof", "Ġherself", "Ġwhilst", "Ġap", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġactions", "Ġof", "Ġmovie", "Ġstars", "Ġ,", "Ġranging", "Ġfrom", "ĠS", "ride", "vi", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠNa", "agin", "Ġdance", "Ġ,", "ĠMith", "un", "ĠChak", "rav", "arthy", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠDisco", "ĠD", "ancer", "Ġmoves", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "ĠBig", "ĠB", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġviolent", "Ġhead", "shake", "Ġin", "ĠHum", "Ġ.", "ĠHer", "ĠTara", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġa", "Ġkeeper", "Ġif", "Ġonly", "ĠJa", "ane", "ĠK", "ahan", "ĠSe", "ĠA", "ay", "i", "ĠHai", "Ġwasn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġso", "Ġintent", "Ġon", "Ġturning", "Ġher", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġlove", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstruck", "ĠBarbie", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠCrit", "ic", "ĠAn" ]	26
upama Chopra also criticized Fernandez , calling her " a pin @-@ prick on a balloon " . Later that year , she made a cameo appearance in Sajid Khan 's Housefull in the song " Dhanno " . Mahesh Bhatt 's thriller Murder 2 was Fernandez 's first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career . She took on the role of Priya , a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with Arjun Bhagwat ( played by Emraan Hashmi ) . Fernandez was praised for the her performance , and for the boldness and sex appeal she displayed in the film . Gaurav Malini of The Times of India stated that she was " tastefully tempting " but noted that her romance with Hashmi was " literally half @-@ baked " . The following year , Fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy Housefull 2 alongside Akshay Kumar , John Abraham , and Asin . It became one of the top grossing productions of India that year and earned ₹ 1 @.@ 86 billion ( US $ 28 million ) worldwide . Fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance . While Gaurav Malini praised her for her looks , NDTV called her a " blathering bimbo " who " find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] " . Despite the negative reviews , Fernandez received a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 14th IIFA Awards for her performance . Fernandez 's first release of 2013 was Race 2 , an ensemble action thriller ( alongside Saif Ali Khan , John Abraham , Deepika Padukone , Ameesha Patel , and Anil Kapoor ) ) , described as the " cinematic equivalent of a trashy novel " by critic Rajeev Masand . She played Omisha , a femme fatale , a role which required her learn fencing and some acrobatics . The film emerged as a commercial success , with the domestic gross of more than ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) . In a particularly scathing review , Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote that both Fernandez and Padukone " strut around like wound @-@ up automatons that are all decked @-@ up but have nowhere to go . " Fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled " Jaadu Ki Jhappi " for Prabhu Deva 's Ramaiya Vasta Vaiya . = = = 2014 – present = = = In 2014 , Fernandez appeared in Sajid Nadiadwala 's directorial debut — the action film Kick , a remake of a 2009 Telugu film of same name . She starred opposite Salman Khan , playing Shaina , a psychiatry student . She retained her real voice for the first time in Kick . While Sneha May Francis commented that she is : " incredibly dazzling , and moves like a magic " , Raja Sen of Rediff.com was more critical of her dialogue delivery , calling it " unfortunate . " The film received mixed reviews from critics , but with worldwide revenue of over ₹ 3 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 56 million ) , it became the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film . The film established Fernandez as one of the most popular Bollywood actresses . In 2015 , Fernandez featured in Vicky Singh 's Roy , a romantic thriller , which critic Sarita A. Tanwar described as a " boring , exhausting and pretentious " film . Fernandez played dual roles , Ayesha Aamir , a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by Arjun Rampal ) and Tia Desai , a girl in love with a thief ( played by Ranbir Kapoor ) . While India TV called it " her best act till date " , critic Rajeev Masand felt that she " appears miscast in a part that required greater range . " Roy failed to meet its box @-@ office expectations , and was a commercial failure . Later that year , she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @-@ satire Bangistan . Karan Malhotra 's action drama Brothers was Fernandez 's next release . Co @-@ starring alongside Akshay Kumar and Sidharth Malhotra , Fernandez played Jenny , a fearless mother struggling for her child , a role which she described as " challenging " , " intense " , and " difficult " . The role marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying . Film critics praised her performance , though their response to the film was mixed . Dhriti Sharma of Zee News called her character " soft , timid and promising " , and praised her for : " convincingly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter 's wife " . Film critic Subhash K. Jha noted that she : " ... in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot " , while critic Raja Sen remarked : "	[ "up", "ama", "ĠChop", "ra", "Ġalso", "Ġcriticized", "ĠFernandez", "Ġ,", "Ġcalling", "Ġher", "Ġ\"", "Ġa", "Ġpin", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġprick", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġballoon", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠLater", "Ġthat", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġmade", "Ġa", "Ġcameo", "Ġappearance", "Ġin", "ĠS", "aj", "id", "ĠKhan", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠHouse", "full", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠDh", "ann", "o", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMa", "hes", "h", "ĠB", "hatt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġthriller", "ĠMurder", "Ġ2", "Ġwas", "ĠFernandez", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġcommercial", "Ġsuccess", "Ġand", "Ġmarker", "Ġa", "Ġturning", "Ġpoint", "Ġin", "Ġher", "Ġcareer", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġtook", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġrole", "Ġof", "ĠPri", "ya", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġlonely", "Ġmodel", "Ġwho", "Ġis", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġconfused", "Ġrelationship", "Ġwith", "ĠAr", "jun", "ĠBh", "ag", "wat", "Ġ(", "Ġplayed", "Ġby", "ĠEm", "ra", "an", "ĠHash", "mi", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠFernandez", "Ġwas", "Ġpraised", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġher", "Ġperformance", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġbold", "ness", "Ġand", "Ġsex", "Ġappeal", "Ġshe", "Ġdisplayed", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfilm", "Ġ.", "ĠG", "aur", "av", "ĠMal", "ini", "Ġof", "ĠThe", "ĠTimes", "Ġof", "ĠIndia", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġ\"", "Ġtast", "efully", "Ġtempting", "Ġ\"", "Ġbut", "Ġnoted", "Ġthat", "Ġher", "Ġromance", "Ġwith", "ĠHash", "mi", "Ġwas", "Ġ\"", "Ġliterally", "Ġhalf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbaked", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "ĠFernandez", "Ġappeared", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġensemble", "Ġcomedy", "ĠHouse", "full", "Ġ2", "Ġalongside", "ĠA", "ksh", "ay", "ĠKumar", "Ġ,", "ĠJohn", "ĠAbraham", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠAs", "in", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġbecame", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtop", "Ġgross", "ing", "Ġproductions", "Ġof", "ĠIndia", "Ġthat", "Ġyear", "Ġand", "Ġearned", "Ġâ", "Ĥ", "¹", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ86", "Ġbillion", "Ġ(", "ĠUS", "Ġ$", "Ġ28", "Ġmillion", "Ġ)", "Ġworldwide", "Ġ.", 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[ she ] plays Kumar 's long @-@ sobbing wife who gets so deliriously happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a Kick sequel . " As of September 2015 , Fernandez has several projects in various stages of production . She has completed shooting for Chandran Rutnam 's English @-@ Sri Lankan crime @-@ thriller According to Mathew , and the horror thriller Definition of Fear , which marks her Hollywood debut . Fernandez has also signed on to appear in three other projects — Rohit Dhawan 's Dishoom opposite Varun Dhawan and John Abraham as a part of three @-@ film deal with Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment , Remo D 'Souza 's Flying Jat opposite Tiger Shroff , and in an Indo @-@ Chinese film starring opposite Abhay Deol , Amitabh Bachchan , and Jackie Chan titled Gold Struck . = = Personal life and other work = = Fernandez shares a close bond with her family , and admits to missing being around them . She says : " I miss them so much everyday . You don 't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [ ... ] At the same time , staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible . It has taught me so many things about myself , about priorities and time management . " In March 2012 , Fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @-@ day period to observe Lent , a period from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . In 2008 , Fernandez started dating Bahraini prince Hassan bin Rashid Al Khalifa , whom she met at a mutual friend 's party ; they separated in 2011 . While filming Housefull 2 in 2011 , Fernandez began a romantic relationship with director Sajid Khan . The relationship attracted media coverage in India and there was speculation of an impending wedding . However , the relationship ended in May 2013 . In addition to acting in films , Fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes . In 2011 , on the behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , she sent a letter to the Mumbai Municipal Commissioner asking for an end to horse @-@ drawn carriage rides in Mumbai . In early 2013 , she asked the consulate general of the Philippines , William John T Perera in Colombo , to hasten the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the Manila Zoo to a humane sanctuary . Later that year , she auctioned a breakfast in Mayfair , London , where she raised around £ 4000 for the Pratham NGO , which helps children 's primary education . In 2014 , Fernandez was named " Woman Of The Year " by PETA ( India ) for advocating the protection of animals . The following year , she auctioned her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause . Some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song " Party On My Mind " ( from Race 2 ) and " Hangover " ( from Kick ) . In March 2016 , she was part of " Jacqueline Builds " campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 South Indian floods . Fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies . In 2013 , she performed at the Temptations Reloaded in Auckland , Perth , and Sydney alongside Shah Rukh Khan , Rani Mukerji , and Madhuri Dixit . She also performed at the live talent show " Got Talent World Stage Live " with Khan , Priyanka Chopra and Varun Dhawan the following year . In July 2014 , Fernandez opened a restaurant in Colombo , Kaema Sutra , in collaboration with chef Dharshan Munidasa , which specialises in contemporary Sri Lankan cuisine . = = In the media = = In the early 2013 , Fernandez became the ambassador for HTC One , which she endorses in India . She was the face of Indian Bridal Fashion Week — IBFW of 2013 . Later that year , she became the spokesperson for Gareth Pugh 's designed Forevermark Diamonds in Mumbai , and was at the inaugural opening of the Forever 21 store in Mumbai . That year , she also launched Gillette Shaving System with Arbaaz Khan and Aditya Roy Kapur . While analysing Fernandez 's career , India TV noted : " Slowly and steadily Jacqueline Fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [ ... ] Jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work , which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results . " On the contrary , Charu Thakur of India Today criticized her acting skills , but remarked that : " [ she has ] managed to find her feet in Bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles " . In 2008 and 2011 , Fernandez featured in the UK magazine Eastern Eye 's " World 's Sexiest Asian Women " list , ranking twelfth . 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2014 , after being ranked eighth , seventh and fourteenth , respectively , in the preceding three years . In 2013 , Rediff.com placed her on their list of " Bollywood 's Best Dressed Actresses " . The following year , she held the sixty second position in the Indian edition of the Forbes ' Celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of India 's celebrities . She has been the cover model for many Indian editions of magazines , including : Vogue , FHM , Maxim , Cosmopolitan , Grazia , Elle , Verve , Harper 's Bazaar , Women 's Health , and L 'Officiel among others . = = Filmography = = = = TV Appearances = = = = Awards = = = John Cullen = Barry John Cullen ( born August 2 , 1964 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Pittsburgh Penguins , Hartford Whalers , Toronto Maple Leafs and Tampa Bay Lightning . He was a standout player for Boston University and is the school 's all @-@ time leading scorer . After the Buffalo Sabres selected him in the 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft but chose not to offer him a contract , Cullen signed with the Flint Spirits of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) for the 1987 – 88 season where he was named the IHL 's co @-@ Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player after leading the league in scoring . His career was halted in 1997 when he was diagnosed with Non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . He attempted a brief comeback in 1998 after an 18 @-@ month battle with the disease , for which the NHL awarded him the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy , before retiring to serve as an assistant coach for a year with the Lightning . Cullen played in two NHL All @-@ Star Games in his career . He joined his brother in the car dealership business after leaving the game , and briefly operated his own dealership until forced to close during the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 10 . = = Early life = = Cullen was born in Puslinch @-@ Ontario on August 2 , 1964 . He is one of six children of Barry and Loretta Cullen . His father and uncles Brian and Ray all played in the NHL , and while Cullen and his three brothers all played as well , their father never pressured them , preferring that they enjoy the game . He idolized his elder brother Terry , who was considered a top NHL prospect until Terry 's career was ended when he suffered a broken neck after being hit from behind into the boards during a college game . While his brother was highly sought by American universities , John received only two scholarship offers , choosing to play for Boston University ( BU ) in 1983 . At the same time , his mother Loretta was diagnosed with skin cancer . Following her death early in his freshman year , Cullen contemplated returning to his Ontario home , but was convinced by his father to continue with both school and hockey . He used the game to cope with the loss and dedicated every game he played to his mother 's memory . Cullen felt that the inspiration he drew from his mother 's battle allowed him to become a better player . = = Playing career = = Cullen was a standout with BU ; he was named the East Coast Athletic Conference Rookie of the Year in 1983 – 84 after leading his team in scoring with 56 points . The National Hockey League passed him over , however , as he went unclaimed in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft . He was named to the Hockey East All @-@ Star Teams in 1985 , 1986 and 1987 , and a National Collegiate Athletic Association East Second Team All @-@ American in 1986 . He graduated as BU 's all @-@ time scoring leader with 241 points , and was named to BU 's Hockey East 25th anniversary team in 2009 . Passed over in the Entry Draft , Cullen was finally selected by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft . When the Sabres failed to offer him a contract , Cullen signed with the Flint Spirits of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) for the 1987 – 88 season . He led the league with 157 points , scoring 48 goals , and won the James Gatschene Memorial Trophy as league most valuable player while sharing the Gary F. Longman Memorial Trophy with Ed Belfour as rookie of the year . Cullen 's outstanding season in Flint caught the attention of the Sabres and the Pittsburgh Penguins . He signed a contract with the Penguins for the league minimum , passing up a superior contract offer from Buffalo as he remained upset at how they released him the year before . = = = National Hockey League = = = Cullen made his NHL debut in 1988 – 89 , appearing in 79 games with the Penguins and scoring 49 points . He was given a greater role with the Penguins the following year after Mario Lemieux missed 21 games due to a back injury and responded by scoring 32 goals and	[ "Ġ2014", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġbeing", "Ġranked", "Ġeighth", "Ġ,", "Ġseventh", "Ġand", "Ġfour", "teenth", "Ġ,", "Ġrespectively", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpreceding", "Ġthree", "Ġyears", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2013", "Ġ,", "ĠRed", "iff", ".", "com", "Ġplaced", "Ġher", "Ġon", "Ġtheir", "Ġlist", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "ĠB", "ollywood", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠBest", "ĠD", "ressed", "ĠAct", "resses", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġheld", "Ġthe", "Ġsixty", "Ġsecond", "Ġposition", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠIndian", "Ġedition", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠForbes", "Ġ'", "ĠCelebrity", "Ġ100", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġlist", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġincome", "Ġand", "Ġpopularity", "Ġof", "ĠIndia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcelebrities", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġthe", "Ġcover", "Ġmodel", "Ġfor", "Ġmany", "ĠIndian", "Ġeditions", "Ġof", "Ġmagazines", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "Ġ:", 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"Ġand", "Ġresponded", "Ġby", "Ġscoring", "Ġ32", "Ġgoals", "Ġand" ]	29
92 points to finish third in team scoring . Additionally , he played for Team Canada at the 1990 World Championship , scoring four points in ten games . Cullen had his best season in 1990 – 91 . As one of the team 's top offensive centres , he scored 94 points in the Penguins ' first 65 games and played in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game . However , when Lemieux returned after missing an additional 50 @-@ games due to injury , Cullen 's playing time and production declined . The Penguins ' needs led them to complete a blockbuster trade on March 1 , 1991 . Cullen was sent to the Hartford Whalers , along with Zarley Zalapski and Jeff Parker in exchange for Hartford 's all @-@ time leading scorer , Ron Francis , along with Ulf Samuelsson and Grant Jennings . The Penguins almost turned down the deal as they were concerned about giving up Cullen 's playmaking and leadership abilities , while his former teammates credited Cullen as being the primary reason they were in a playoff position at the time the trade happened . After the Penguins won their first Stanley Cup that season , Phil Bourque later said it " broke his heart " that Cullen was not able to share in that championship . In Hartford , Cullen worked to overcome the team 's fans ' disappointment at losing Francis . The Hartford fans initially booed him to show their dissatisfaction with the trade . He scored 16 points in 13 regular season games to finish the season with 110 points combined between the Penguins and Whalers , and was the team 's best player in their first round loss to the Boston Bruins in the 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs . He initially accepted an invitation to join the Canadian team at the 1991 Canada Cup , but subsequently chose not to participate as his contract had expired , leading to greater insurance concerns . Still without a contract when the 1991 – 92 season began , Cullen missed the first four games before signing a four @-@ year deal with Hartford worth a total of $ 4 million . He returned to score 77 points in 77 games in his first full season with the Whalers and represented the team at the 1992 All @-@ Star Game . Midway through the 1992 – 93 NHL season , the Whalers sent Cullen to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Toronto 's second round selection at the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . Cullen was excited to play for his father 's old team , but injuries reduced his ability to perform . His most significant injury was a herniated disc in his neck that doctors initially feared would end his career . A bulky neck brace allowed Cullen to return and play out his contract in Toronto . When the Leafs chose not to re @-@ sign him following the 1993 – 94 season , he returned to the Penguins for one season before Tony Esposito convinced him to sign with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1995 . Cullen enjoyed immediate success with linemates Shawn Burr and Alexander Selivanov as the trio combined to score 130 points and helped lead the Lightning to the first playoff appearance in franchise history . They were eliminated by the Philadelphia Flyers in five games while Cullen led the team in playoff scoring with three goals and three assists . The Lightning looked to improve in 1996 – 97 ; Cullen was leading the team in scoring , but was suffering flu @-@ like symptoms that he could not shake . As Tampa was fighting for a playoff spot , he played through his condition for weeks . = = = Cancer and comeback = = = After two months of quietly dealing with his symptoms , Cullen 's wife finally called team trainers and asked them to check into his illness . The team took an x @-@ ray and found a large black shadow in his chest . He underwent a CAT scan which revealed Cullen had a baseball @-@ sized tumor ; he was diagnosed as having Non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . The diagnosis ended his season , and he immediately began chemotherapy treatments that quickly reduced his cancer . The tumor was gone by September 1997 , but a precautionary test prior to training camp revealed that Cullen still had cancer cells in his body . He missed the entire 1997 – 98 NHL season as he continued to battle the disease , while his teammates wore a uniform patch with his # 12 in support throughout the year . On one day during his treatments , as his wife was wheeling him down a hospital corridor , Cullen went into cardiac arrest , requiring doctors to use a defibrillator to revive him . He underwent a bone marrow transplant that briefly reduced his immune system to the point that he could have very little human contact . Another examination in April 1998 revealed that the cancer was finally gone , and Cullen immediately began training for a comeback . The Lightning signed Cullen to a one @-@ year , $ 500 @,@ 000 contract for the 1998 – 99 season . He played his first game in nearly 18 months on September 18 , 1998 , in an exhibition game between the Lightning and Sabres at Innsbruck , Austria . 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"Ġat", "ĠIn", "ns", "b", "ruck", "Ġ,", "ĠAustria", "Ġ.", "ĠCullen", "Ġscored", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwinning", "Ġgoal", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġ3", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1", "Ġvictory", "Ġ,", "Ġafter" ]	30
which he said he sat on the bench in disbelief over how he was given a second chance . He was named to the roster and was greeted with a loud standing ovation by the fans in Tampa Bay when he was introduced prior to their season opening game . Cullen appeared in four of the Lightning 's first eight games , but it was evident that he had lost much of his speed and strength . The Lightning assigned him to the IHL 's Cleveland Lumberjacks , but also gave him the option of retiring and taking up a position as an assistant coach . He chose to accept the demotion , giving himself one month to determine if he could continue playing . He appeared in six games for Cleveland , and in one game against the Chicago Wolves tied an IHL record when he scored seven points in a 7 – 3 victory . However , a bout of bronchitis led Cullen to fear that his cancer had returned . Tests came back negative , but after spending time with his family , he realized that neither he nor his family were interested in returning to Cleveland . Cullen announced his retirement on November 28 , 1998 , and accepted the Lightning offer to become an assistant coach . In recognition of his comeback attempt , the NHL named him the 1999 winner of the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for dedication and perseverance , while the IHL renamed its Comeback Player of the Year award the John Cullen Award . Former Lightning head coach Terry Crisp has stated publicly that Cullen was a player that stood out as something special saying “ John Cullen ... beat cancer and came back to play and helped us win . ” = = Off the ice = = Cullen and his wife Valerie have three daughters , Kennedy and twins Karlyn and Kortland . Unwilling to spend so much time away from his family , he left the Lightning in 1999 and settled in the Atlanta area , joining his brother 's car dealership in Jonesboro , Georgia . He had always expected to become a car dealer after his hockey career , as his father , uncles and brother all worked in the industry . After apprenticing under his brother for five years , he bought a Dodge dealership in Newnan , Georgia in 2007 . However , he owned the dealership for less than two years before Chrysler closed him down as part of its recovery plan in response to the Automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 2010 . He has since returned to his brother 's dealership , serving as its general manager . Cullen 's battle with cancer inspired Timm Harmon of the Moffitt Cancer Centre to partner with the Lightning to raise awareness and money for cancer research . The NHL itself joined the cause in the winter of 1998 , creating the Hockey Fights Cancer program to raise money for research . Cullen has spent time promoting the initiative . Prior to marrying his wife Valerie , John dated Carolyn Bessette the future wife of John F. Kennedy , Jr . The two met while attending University in Boston . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = Cullen is the namesake of the John Cullen Award , previously given to key IHL players . = SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max = For the ironclad present at the Battle of Lissa of the same name , see SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( 1865 ) . SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( German : " His Majesty 's ship Archduke Ferdinand Max " ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in 1902 . The second ship of the Erzherzog Karl class , she was launched on 3 October 1903 . She was assigned to the III Battleship Division . For most of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max remained in her home port of Pola , in present @-@ day Croatia , except for four engagements . In 1914 , she formed part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British @-@ held Mediterranean ; she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port . Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona . She also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1 – 3 February 1918 . She also attempted to break through the Otranto Barrage in June of that year , but had to retreat when the dreadnought SMS Szent István was sunk . After the war , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war prize in 1920 . = = Design = = Erzherzog Ferdinand Max displaced 10 @,@ 472 long tons ( 10 @,	[ "Ġwhich", "Ġhe", "Ġsaid", "Ġhe", "Ġsat", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġbench", "Ġin", "Ġdisbelief", "Ġover", "Ġhow", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġgiven", "Ġa", "Ġsecond", "Ġchance", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġnamed", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġroster", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġgreeted", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġloud", "Ġstanding", "Ġo", "vation", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġfans", "Ġin", "ĠTampa", "ĠBay", "Ġwhen", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġintroduced", "Ġprior", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġseason", "Ġopening", "Ġgame", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠCullen", "Ġappeared", "Ġin", "Ġfour", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠLightning", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġeight", "Ġgames", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġevident", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġhad", "Ġlost", "Ġmuch", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġspeed", "Ġand", "Ġstrength", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠLightning", "Ġassigned", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠI", "HL", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠCleveland", "ĠL", "umber", "j", 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@ 640 t ) . She was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 @.@ 2 m ) long , had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @.@ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) . She was manned by 700 men . She and her sisters were the last and largest pre @-@ dreadnought class built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , surpassing the Habsburg class by approximately 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 968 long tons ) . She was propelled by two two @-@ shaft , four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines . On trials , they developed 18 @,@ 000 ihp ( 13 @,@ 423 kW ) , which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Erzherzog Ferdinand Max carried a primary armament of four 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline . These guns were an Austro @-@ Hungarian replica of the British 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @.@ 4 " ) Krupp C / 94 , which was used on the Habsburgs . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 @-@ centimeter ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) / 42 caliber guns , also made by Škoda , mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the centerline. shell 20 @,@ 000 metres ( 22 @,@ 000 yd ) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . The gun weighed 12 @.@ 1 tons and could fire three rounds per minute.The ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) / 45 caliber gun , also manufactured by Škoda . Anti @-@ aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Vickers anti @-@ aircraft guns on the ship bought from Britain in 1910 and mounted onto Erzherzog Karl . Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was also fitted with two above water 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , although rarely used . = = Service history = = At the outbreak of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was in the III division of the Austrian @-@ Hungarian battle @-@ fleet . She was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships were attempting to break out of Messina , which was surrounded by British troops , and make their way to Turkey . The breakout succeeded . When the flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in south eastern Italy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were recalled . In company with other units of the Austro Hungarian navy , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max took a minor part in the bombardment of Ancona on 24 May 1915 . There she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor @-@ piercing shells at signal and semaphore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at Italian gun @-@ batteries and other port installations . A major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro , including Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI , began on 1 February 1918 . Two days later , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny . Following the restoration of order in the naval base , the armored cruisers Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI were decommissioned and Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters were stationed in Cattaro in their place . On the morning of 11 June , Admiral Miklos Horthy planned a major assault on the Otranto Barrage ; the three Erzherzog Karls and the four Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships were to provide support for the Novara @-@ class cruisers on an assault on the Allied defenses at the Strait of Otranto . The plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier . Horthy 's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by luring Allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships , which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships , including the guns of the Erzherzog Karl class . However , on the morning of 10 June , the dreadnought Szent István was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian torpedo boat . 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"ĠItaly", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "Ġships", "Ġwere", "Ġrecalled", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġcompany", "Ġwith", "Ġother", "Ġunits", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAust", "ro", "ĠHungarian", "Ġnavy", "Ġ,", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠFerdinand", "ĠMax", "Ġtook", "Ġa", "Ġminor", "Ġpart", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbombardment", "Ġof", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġon", "Ġ24", "ĠMay", "Ġ1915", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġshe", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġsisters", "Ġexpended", "Ġ24", "Ġrounds", "Ġof", "Ġ240", "Ġmm", "Ġarmor", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpiercing", "Ġshells", "Ġat", "Ġsignal", "Ġand", "Ġsem", "aph", "ore", "Ġstations", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġ74", "Ġrounds", "Ġof", "Ġ190", "Ġmm", "Ġshells", "Ġaimed", "Ġat", "ĠItalian", "Ġgun", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbatteries", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġport", "Ġinstallations", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġmajor", "Ġmut", "iny", "Ġamong", "Ġcrews", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġarmored", "Ġcru", "isers", "Ġstationed", "Ġin", "ĠC", "att", "aro", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "ĠS", "ank", "t", "ĠGeorg", "Ġand", "ĠKaiser", "ĠKarl", "ĠVI", "Ġ,", "Ġbegan", "Ġon", "Ġ1", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ1918", "Ġ.", "ĠTwo", "Ġdays", "Ġlater", "Ġ,", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠFerdinand", "ĠMax", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġsisters", "Ġarrived", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġport", "Ġand", "Ġassisted", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġsuppression", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmut", "iny", "Ġ.", "ĠFollowing", "Ġthe", "Ġrestoration", "Ġof", "Ġorder", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġnaval", "Ġbase", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġarmored", "Ġcru", "isers", "ĠS", "ank", "t", "ĠGeorg", "Ġand", "ĠKaiser", "ĠKarl", "ĠVI", "Ġwere", "Ġdecom", "mission", "ed", "Ġand", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠFerdinand", "ĠMax", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġsisters", "Ġwere", "Ġstationed", "Ġin", "ĠC", "att", "aro", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġplace", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġmorning", "Ġof", "Ġ11", "ĠJune", "Ġ,", "ĠAdmiral", "ĠMik", "los", "ĠH", "orthy", "Ġplanned", "Ġa", "Ġmajor", "Ġassault", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠO", "tr", "anto", "ĠBar", "rage", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġthree", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠKarl", "s", "Ġand", "Ġthe", 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"ĠSz", "ent", "ĠI", "st", "v", "Ã¡n", "Ġwas", "Ġtorpedo", "ed", "Ġand", "Ġsunk", "Ġby", "Ġan", "ĠItalian", "Ġtorpedo", "Ġboat", "Ġ.", "ĠH", "orthy", "Ġfelt", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġelement" ]	32
of surprise had been compromised , and therefore called off the operation . This was to be the last military action Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was to take part in , and she and her sisters spent the rest of their career in port . Near the end of World War I , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs but Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was later transferred to Great Britain as a war reparation . She was later broken up for scrap in 1921 . = Ancient Egyptian deities = Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt . The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory . Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order . After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out . The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and hierarchies , and combinations of separate gods into one . Deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features . In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @-@ giving power of the sun . Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the impersonal sun god Aten . Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives . People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites . Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to compel deities to act , and called upon them for advice . Humans ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society . = = Definition = = The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1 @,@ 400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian Leitz says there are " thousands upon thousands " of gods . The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , " god " , and its feminine form nṯrt , " goddess " . Scholars have tried to discern the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure . The hieroglyphs that were used as ideograms and determinatives in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity . The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole . Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history . Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity . The feminine form could also be written with an egg as determinative , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities . The Egyptians distinguished nṯrw , " gods " , from rmṯ , " people " , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly . The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life . Deceased humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call " demons " . Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form . These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors . Confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a " deity " . One widely accepted	[ "Ġof", "Ġsurprise", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġcompromised", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtherefore", "Ġcalled", "Ġoff", "Ġthe", "Ġoperation", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġwas", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġmilitary", "Ġaction", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠFerdinand", "ĠMax", "Ġwas", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġpart", "Ġin", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġshe", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġsisters", "Ġspent", "Ġthe", "Ġrest", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġcareer", "Ġin", "Ġport", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠNear", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "ĠWorld", "ĠWar", "ĠI", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠKarl", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġclass", "Ġbattles", "hips", "Ġwere", "Ġhanded", "Ġover", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġnewly", "Ġformed", "ĠState", "Ġof", "ĠSloven", "es", "Ġ,", "ĠCro", "ats", "Ġand", "ĠSer", "bs", "Ġbut", "ĠEr", "z", "her", "z", "og", "ĠFerdinand", "ĠMax", "Ġwas", "Ġlater", "Ġtransferred", "Ġto", "ĠGreat", "ĠBritain", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwar", "Ġrep", "aration", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġlater", "Ġbroken", "Ġup", "Ġfor", "Ġscrap", "Ġin", "Ġ1921", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠAncient", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġdeities", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAncient", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġdeities", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġgoddess", "es", "Ġworshipped", "Ġin", "Ġancient", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbeliefs", "Ġand", "Ġrituals", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġthese", "Ġgods", "Ġformed", "Ġthe", "Ġcore", "Ġof", "Ġancient", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġreligion", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġemerged", "Ġsometime", "Ġin", "Ġpre", "history", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "ities", "Ġrepresented", "Ġnatural", "Ġforces", "Ġand", "Ġphenomena", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġsupported", "Ġand", "Ġappe", "ased", "Ġthem", "Ġthrough", "Ġofferings", "Ġand", "Ġrituals", "Ġso", "Ġthat", "Ġthese", "Ġforces", "Ġwould", "Ġcontinue", "Ġto", "Ġfunction", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "Ġma", "at", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġdivine", "Ġorder", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġthe", "Ġfounding", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġstate", "Ġaround", "Ġ3", "100", "ĠBC", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġauthority", "Ġto", "Ġperform", "Ġthese", "Ġtasks", "Ġwas", "Ġcontrolled", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġph", "araoh", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġclaimed", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġrepresentative", "Ġand", "Ġmanaged", "Ġthe", "Ġtemples", "Ġwhere", "Ġthe", "Ġrituals", "Ġwere", "Ġcarried", "Ġout", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġcomplex", "Ġcharacteristics", "Ġwere", "Ġexpressed", "Ġin", "Ġmyths", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġintricate", "Ġrelationships", "Ġbetween", "Ġdeities", "Ġ:", "Ġfamily", "Ġties", "Ġ,", "Ġloose", "Ġgroups", "Ġand", "Ġhierarch", "ies", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġcombinations", "Ġof", "Ġseparate", "Ġgods", "Ġinto", "Ġone", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "ities", "Ġ'", "Ġdiverse", "Ġappearances", "Ġin", "Ġart", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġas", "Ġanimals", "Ġ,", "Ġhumans", "Ġ,", "Ġobjects", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġcombinations", "Ġof", "Ġdifferent", "Ġforms", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġalso", "Ġalluded", "Ġ,", "Ġthrough", "Ġsymbolism", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġessential", "Ġfeatures", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġdifferent", "Ġeras", "Ġ,", "Ġvarious", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġhold", "Ġthe", "Ġhighest", "Ġposition", "Ġin", "Ġdivine", "Ġsociety", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "Ġthe", "Ġsolar", "Ġdeity", "ĠRa", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġmysterious", "Ġgod", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġmother", "Ġgoddess", "ĠIsis", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġhighest", "Ġdeity", "Ġwas", "Ġusually", "Ġcredited", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġcreation", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġand", "Ġoften", "Ġconnected", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġlife", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgiving", "Ġpower", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsun", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġscholars", "Ġhave", "Ġargued", "Ġ,", "Ġbased", "Ġin", "Ġpart", "Ġon", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġwritings", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġrecognize", "Ġa", "Ġsingle", "Ġdivine", "Ġpower", "Ġthat", "Ġlay", "Ġbehind", "Ġall", "Ġthings", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġpresent", "Ġin", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "ĠYet", "Ġthey", "Ġnever", "Ġabandoned", "Ġtheir", "Ġoriginal", "Ġpoly", "the", "istic", "Ġview", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġ,", "Ġexcept", "Ġpossibly", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġera", "Ġof", "ĠA", "ten", "ism", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ14", "th", "Ġcentury", "ĠBC", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġofficial", "Ġreligion", "Ġfocused", "Ġexclusively", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġimperson", "al", "Ġsun", "Ġgod", "ĠA", "ten", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGods", "Ġwere", "Ġassumed", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġpresent", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġ,", "Ġcapable", "Ġof", "Ġinfluencing", "Ġnatural", "Ġevents", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġcourse", "Ġof", "Ġhuman", "Ġlives", "Ġ.", "ĠPeople", "Ġinteracted", "Ġwith", "Ġthem", "Ġin", "Ġtemples", "Ġand", "Ġunofficial", "Ġshr", "ines", "Ġ,", "Ġfor", "Ġpersonal", "Ġreasons", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġfor", "Ġlarger", "Ġgoals", "Ġof", "Ġstate", "Ġrites", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġprayed", "Ġfor", "Ġdivine", "Ġhelp", "Ġ,", "Ġused", "Ġrituals", "Ġto", "Ġcompel", "Ġdeities", "Ġto", "Ġact", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġcalled", "Ġupon", "Ġthem", "Ġfor", "Ġadvice", "Ġ.", "ĠHumans", "Ġ'", "Ġrelations", "Ġwith", "Ġtheir", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġa", "Ġfundamental", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġsociety", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠDefinition", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġbeings", "Ġin", "Ġancient", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġtradition", "Ġwho", "Ġmight", "Ġbe", "Ġlabeled", "Ġas", "Ġdeities", "Ġare", "Ġdifficult", "Ġto", "Ġcount", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġtexts", "Ġlist", "Ġthe", "Ġnames", "Ġof", "Ġmany", "Ġdeities", "Ġwhose", "Ġnature", "Ġis", "Ġunknown", "Ġand", "Ġmake", "Ġvague", "Ġ,", "Ġindirect", "Ġreferences", "Ġto", "Ġother", "Ġgods", "Ġwho", "Ġare", "Ġnot", "Ġeven", "Ġnamed", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠEgypt", "ologist", "ĠJames", "ĠP", ".", "ĠAllen", "Ġestimates", "Ġthat", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ400", "Ġdeities", "Ġare", "Ġnamed", "Ġin", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġtexts", "Ġ,", "Ġwhereas", "Ġhis", "Ġcolleague", "ĠChristian", "ĠLe", "itz", "Ġsays", "Ġthere", "Ġare", "Ġ\"", "Ġthousands", "Ġupon", "Ġthousands", "Ġ\"", "Ġof", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġlanguage", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġterms", "Ġfor", "Ġthese", "Ġbeings", "Ġwere", "Ġn", "á¹", "¯", "r", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġgod", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġfeminine", "Ġform", "Ġn", "á¹", "¯", "rt", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġgoddess", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠScholars", "Ġhave", "Ġtried", "Ġto", "Ġdiscern", "Ġthe", "Ġoriginal", "Ġnature", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġby", "Ġproposing", "Ġe", "ty", "m", "ologies", "Ġfor", "Ġthese", "Ġwords", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġnone", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġsuggestions", "Ġhas", "Ġgained", "Ġacceptance", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġterms", "Ġ'", "Ġorigin", "Ġremains", "Ġobscure", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġhier", "ogly", "ph", "s", "Ġthat", "Ġwere", "Ġused", "Ġas", "Ġide", "ograms", "Ġand", "Ġdetermin", "atives", "Ġin", "Ġwriting", "Ġthese", "Ġwords", "Ġshow", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtraits", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġconnected", "Ġwith", "Ġdiv", "inity", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġcommon", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġsigns", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġflag", "Ġflying", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġpole", "Ġ.", "ĠSimilar", "Ġobjects", "Ġwere", "Ġplaced", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġentrances", "Ġof", "Ġtemples", "Ġ,", "Ġrepresenting", "Ġthe", "Ġpresence", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġdeity", "Ġ,", "Ġthroughout", "Ġancient", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġhistory", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġsuch", "Ġhier", "ogly", "ph", "s", "Ġinclude", "Ġa", "Ġfal", "con", "Ġ,", "Ġreminiscent", "Ġof", "Ġseveral", "Ġearly", "Ġgods", "Ġwho", "Ġwere", "Ġdepicted", "Ġas", "Ġfal", "cons", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġseated", "Ġmale", "Ġor", "Ġfemale", "Ġdeity", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfeminine", "Ġform", "Ġcould", "Ġalso", "Ġbe", "Ġwritten", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġegg", "Ġas", "Ġdetermin", "ative", "Ġ,", "Ġconnecting", "Ġgoddess", "es", "Ġwith", "Ġcreation", "Ġand", "Ġbirth", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġcob", "ra", "Ġ,", "Ġreflecting", "Ġthe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcob", "ra", "Ġto", "Ġdepict", "Ġmany", "Ġfemale", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġdistinguished", "Ġn", "á¹", "¯", "rw", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġgods", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġrm", "á¹", "¯", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġpeople", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġmeanings", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠEnglish", "Ġterms", "Ġdo", "Ġnot", "Ġmatch", "Ġperfectly", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġterm", "Ġn", "á¹", "¯", "r", "Ġmay", "Ġhave", "Ġapplied", "Ġto", "Ġany", "Ġbeing", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġway", "Ġoutside", "Ġthe", "Ġsphere", "Ġof", "Ġeveryday", "Ġlife", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "ce", "ased", "Ġhumans", "Ġwere", "Ġcalled", "Ġn", "á¹", "¯", "r", "Ġbecause", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġconsidered", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġlike", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġwhereas", "Ġthe", "Ġterm", "Ġwas", "Ġrarely", "Ġapplied", "Ġto", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġlesser", "Ġsupernatural", "Ġbeings", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġmodern", "Ġscholars", "Ġoften", "Ġcall", "Ġ\"", "Ġdemons", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġreligious", "Ġart", "Ġalso", "Ġdepicts", "Ġplaces", "Ġ,", "Ġobjects", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġconcepts", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġform", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġperson", "ified", "Ġideas", "Ġrange", "Ġfrom", "Ġdeities", "Ġthat", "Ġwere", "Ġimportant", "Ġin", "Ġmyth", "Ġand", "Ġritual", "Ġto", "Ġobscure", "Ġbeings", "Ġ,", "Ġonly", "Ġmentioned", "Ġonce", "Ġor", "Ġtwice", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġlittle", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġmetaphors", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠConf", "ront", "ing", "Ġthese", "Ġblurred", "Ġdistinctions", "Ġbetween", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġbeings", "Ġ,", "Ġscholars", "Ġhave", "Ġproposed", "Ġvarious", "Ġdefinitions", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġdeity", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠOne", "Ġwidely", "Ġaccepted" ]	33
definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition . According to a different definition , by Dimitri Meeks , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual . From this perspective , " gods " included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies . Likewise , the preeminence of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt . = = Origins = = The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early Dynastic Period ( c . 3100 – 2686 BC ) . Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs . Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures . Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities . As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared . The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for Neith , and the enigmatic " Set animal " that represents Set . Many Egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times . Gustave Jéquier , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive fetishes , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried Morenz ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and personify their environment , are difficult to prove . Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages . Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities coalesced into larger states , spreading and intermingling the worship of the old local deities . But others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it . The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country . These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion . New gods continued to emerge after this transformation . Some important deities like Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c . 2686 – 2181 BC ) . Places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @-@ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses . Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths . Some non @-@ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly . This veneration was usually short @-@ lived , but the court architects Imhotep and Amenhotep son of Hapu were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials . Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities . Dedun , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , Anat , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c . 1550 – 1070 BC ) . In Greek and Roman times , from 332 BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship . = = Characteristics = = Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests . These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate . Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . Commoners ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth . But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition . The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature . = = = Roles = = =	[ "Ġdefinition", "Ġ,", "Ġsuggested", "Ġby", "ĠJan", "ĠAss", "mann", "Ġ,", "Ġsays", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġdeity", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġcult", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġaspect", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġuniverse", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġdescribed", "Ġin", "Ġmythology", "Ġor", "Ġother", "Ġforms", "Ġof", "Ġwritten", "Ġtradition", "Ġ.", "ĠAccording", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġdifferent", "Ġdefinition", "Ġ,", "Ġby", "ĠDim", "itri", "ĠM", "eeks", "Ġ,", "Ġn", "á¹", "¯", "r", "Ġapplied", "Ġto", "Ġany", "Ġbeing", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġfocus", "Ġof", "Ġritual", "Ġ.", "ĠFrom", "Ġthis", "Ġperspective", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġgods", "Ġ\"", "Ġincluded", "Ġthe", "Ġking", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġcalled", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġafter", "Ġhis", "Ġcoron", "ation", "Ġrites", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdeceased", "Ġsouls", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġentered", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġrealm", "Ġthrough", "Ġfuneral", "Ġceremonies", "Ġ.", "ĠLikewise", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġpre", "emin", "ence", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgreat", "Ġgods", "Ġwas", "Ġmaintained", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġritual", "Ġdevotion", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġperformed", "Ġfor", "Ġthem", "Ġacross", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOrigins", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġwritten", "Ġevidence", "Ġof", "Ġdeities", "Ġin", "ĠEgypt", "Ġcomes", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠEarly", "ĠDyn", "astic", "ĠPeriod", "Ġ(", "Ġc", "Ġ.", "Ġ3", "100", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ26", "86", "ĠBC", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "ities", "Ġmust", "Ġhave", "Ġemerged", "Ġsometime", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpreceding", "ĠPred", "yn", "astic", "ĠPeriod", "Ġ(", "Ġbefore", "Ġ3", "100", "ĠBC", "Ġ)", "Ġand", "Ġgrown", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġprehistoric", "Ġreligious", "Ġbeliefs", "Ġ.", "ĠPred", "yn", "astic", "Ġartwork", "Ġdepicts", "Ġa", "Ġvariety", "Ġof", "Ġanimal", "Ġand", "Ġhuman", "Ġfigures", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġimages", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġstars", "Ġand", "Ġcattle", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġreminiscent", "Ġof", "Ġimportant", "Ġfeatures", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġreligion", "Ġin", "Ġlater", "Ġtimes", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġin", "Ġmost", "Ġcases", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġenough", "Ġevidence", "Ġto", "Ġsay", "Ġwhether", "Ġthe", "Ġimages", "Ġare", "Ġconnected", "Ġwith", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġsociety", "Ġgrew", "Ġmore", "Ġsophisticated", "Ġ,", "Ġclearer", "Ġsigns", "Ġof", "Ġreligious", "Ġactivity", "Ġappeared", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġearliest", "Ġknown", "Ġtemples", "Ġappeared", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġcenturies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpred", "yn", "astic", "Ġera", "Ġ,", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "Ġimages", "Ġthat", "Ġresemble", "Ġthe", "Ġicon", "ographies", "Ġof", "Ġknown", "Ġdeities", "Ġ:", "Ġthe", "Ġfal", "con", "Ġthat", "Ġrepresents", "ĠHorus", "Ġand", "Ġseveral", "Ġother", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcrossed", "Ġarrows", "Ġthat", "Ġstand", "Ġfor", "ĠNe", "ith", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġenigmatic", "Ġ\"", "ĠSet", "Ġanimal", "Ġ\"", "Ġthat", "Ġrepresents", "ĠSet", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMany", "ĠEgypt", "ologists", "Ġand", "Ġanthrop", "ologists", "Ġhave", "Ġsuggested", "Ġtheories", "Ġabout", "Ġhow", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġin", "Ġthese", "Ġearly", "Ġtimes", "Ġ.", "ĠGust", "ave", "ĠJ", "Ã©", "qu", "ier", "Ġ,", "Ġfor", "Ġinstance", "Ġ,", "Ġthought", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġfirst", "Ġrevered", "Ġprimitive", "Ġfet", "ishes", "Ġ,", "Ġthen", "Ġdeities", "Ġin", "Ġanimal", "Ġform", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfinally", "Ġdeities", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġform", "Ġ,", "Ġwhereas", "ĠHenri", "ĠFrank", "fort", "Ġargued", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġmust", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġenvisioned", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġform", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġbeginning", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġtheories", "Ġare", "Ġnow", "Ġregarded", "Ġas", "Ġtoo", "Ġsimplistic", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġmore", "Ġcurrent", "Ġones", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠSieg", "fried", "ĠMore", "nz", "Ġ'", "Ġhypothesis", "Ġthat", "Ġdeities", "Ġemerged", "Ġas", "Ġhumans", "Ġbegan", "Ġto", "Ġdistinguish", "Ġthemselves", "Ġfrom", "Ġand", "Ġperson", "ify", "Ġtheir", "Ġenvironment", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġdifficult", "Ġto", "Ġprove", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPred", "yn", "astic", "ĠEgypt", "Ġoriginally", "Ġconsisted", "Ġof", "Ġsmall", "Ġ,", "Ġindependent", "Ġvillages", "Ġ.", "ĠBecause", "Ġmany", "Ġdeities", "Ġin", "Ġlater", "Ġtimes", "Ġwere", "Ġstrongly", "Ġtied", "Ġto", "Ġparticular", "Ġtowns", "Ġand", "Ġregions", "Ġ,", "Ġmany", "Ġscholars", "Ġhave", "Ġsuggested", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġpant", "heon", "Ġformed", "Ġas", "Ġdisparate", "Ġcommunities", "Ġcoales", "ced", "Ġinto", "Ġlarger", "Ġstates", "Ġ,", "Ġspreading", "Ġand", "Ġinter", "ming", "ling", "Ġthe", "Ġworship", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġold", "Ġlocal", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġothers", "Ġhave", "Ġargued", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġimportant", "Ġpred", "yn", "astic", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġ,", "Ġlike", "Ġother", "Ġelements", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġculture", "Ġ,", "Ġpresent", "Ġall", "Ġacross", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġdespite", "Ġthe", "Ġpolitical", "Ġdivisions", "Ġwithin", "Ġit", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfinal", "Ġstep", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġformation", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġreligion", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġunification", "Ġof", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġrulers", "Ġfrom", "ĠUpper", "ĠEgypt", "Ġmade", "Ġthemselves", "Ġph", "araoh", "s", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġcountry", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġsacred", "Ġkings", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġsubordinates", "Ġassumed", "Ġthe", "Ġexclusive", "Ġright", "Ġto", "Ġinteract", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġkings", "hip", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġun", "ifying", "Ġfocus", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġreligion", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠNew", "Ġgods", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġemerge", "Ġafter", "Ġthis", "Ġtransformation", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġimportant", "Ġdeities", "Ġlike", "ĠIsis", "Ġand", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġare", "Ġnot", "Ġknown", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġappeared", "Ġuntil", "Ġthe", "ĠOld", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ(", "Ġc", "Ġ.", "Ġ26", "86", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2", "181", "ĠBC", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠPlaces", "Ġand", "Ġconcepts", "Ġcould", "Ġsuddenly", "Ġinspire", "Ġthe", "Ġcreation", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġdeity", "Ġto", "Ġrepresent", "Ġthem", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdeities", "Ġwere", "Ġsometimes", "Ġcreated", "Ġto", "Ġserve", "Ġas", "Ġopposite", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġsex", "Ġcounterparts", "Ġto", "Ġestablished", "Ġgods", "Ġor", "Ġgoddess", "es", "Ġ.", "ĠKings", "Ġwere", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġdivine", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġonly", "Ġa", "Ġfew", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġworshipped", "Ġlong", "Ġafter", "Ġtheir", "Ġdeaths", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġnon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġroyal", "Ġhumans", "Ġwere", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġthe", "Ġfavor", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġwere", "Ġvener", "ated", "Ġaccordingly", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġvener", "ation", "Ġwas", "Ġusually", "Ġshort", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlived", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġcourt", "Ġarchitects", "ĠIm", "hot", "ep", "Ġand", "ĠAmen", "hot", "ep", "Ġson", "Ġof", "ĠH", "ap", "u", "Ġwere", "Ġregarded", "Ġas", "Ġgods", "Ġcenturies", "Ġafter", "Ġtheir", "Ġlif", "etimes", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwere", "Ġsome", "Ġother", "Ġofficials", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThrough", "Ġcontact", "Ġwith", "Ġneighboring", "Ġcivilizations", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġalso", "Ġadopted", "Ġforeign", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "ĠDed", "un", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġis", "Ġfirst", "Ġmentioned", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠOld", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġmay", "Ġhave", "Ġcome", "Ġfrom", "ĠN", "ub", "ia", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠBaal", "Ġ,", "ĠAnat", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠAst", "arte", "Ġ,", "Ġamong", "Ġothers", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġadopted", "Ġfrom", "ĠCanaan", "ite", "Ġreligion", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ(", "Ġc", "Ġ.", "Ġ15", "50", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1070", "ĠBC", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠGreek", "Ġand", "ĠRoman", "Ġtimes", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġ332", "ĠBC", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "Ġcenturies", "ĠAD", "Ġ,", "Ġdeities", "Ġfrom", "Ġacross", "Ġthe", "ĠMediterranean", "Ġworld", "Ġwere", "Ġrevered", "Ġin", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġnative", "Ġgods", "Ġremained", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthey", "Ġoften", "Ġabsorbed", "Ġthe", "Ġcult", "s", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġnewcomers", "Ġinto", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġworship", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCharacter", "istics", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠModern", "Ġknowledge", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġbeliefs", "Ġabout", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġis", "Ġmostly", "Ġdrawn", "Ġfrom", "Ġreligious", "Ġwritings", "Ġproduced", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġnation", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsc", "ribes", "Ġand", "Ġpriests", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġpeople", "Ġwere", "Ġthe", "Ġelite", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġsociety", "Ġand", "Ġwere", "Ġvery", "Ġdistinct", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġgeneral", "Ġpopulace", "Ġ,", "Ġmost", "Ġof", "Ġwhom", "Ġwere", "Ġilliter", "ate", "Ġ.", "ĠLittle", "Ġis", "Ġknown", "Ġabout", "Ġhow", "Ġwell", "Ġthis", "Ġbroader", "Ġpopulation", "Ġknew", "Ġor", "Ġunderstood", "Ġthe", "Ġsophisticated", "Ġideas", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġelite", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġ.", "ĠCommon", "ers", "Ġ'", "Ġperceptions", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġmay", "Ġhave", "Ġdiffered", "Ġfrom", "Ġthose", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpriests", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpopulace", "Ġmay", "Ġ,", "Ġfor", "Ġexample", "Ġ,", "Ġhave", "Ġmistaken", "Ġthe", "Ġreligion", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsymbolic", "Ġstatements", "Ġabout", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġactions", "Ġfor", "Ġliteral", "Ġtruth", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġoverall", "Ġ,", "Ġwhat", "Ġlittle", "Ġis", "Ġknown", "Ġabout", "Ġpopular", "Ġreligious", "Ġbelief", "Ġis", "Ġconsistent", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġelite", "Ġtradition", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġtwo", "Ġtraditions", "Ġform", "Ġa", "Ġlargely", "Ġcohesive", "Ġvision", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġnature", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠR", "oles", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ" ]	34
Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena . The gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena — to be present within nature . The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces . The god Shu was the deification of all the world 's air ; the goddess Meretseger oversaw a limited region of the earth , the Theban Necropolis ; and the god Sia personified the abstract notion of perception . Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena . For instance , Khnum was the god of Elephantine Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization . He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland . Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @-@ giving function , he was said to create all living things , fashioning their bodies on a potter 's wheel . Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , Khepri , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods . Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess . But some deities represented disruption to maat . Most prominently , Apep was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to annihilate the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it . Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities . Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun . Short @-@ lived phenomena , like rainbows or eclipses , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world . The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics . As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to categorize or define . But despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence . Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the cleverest of the gods , was not omniscient . Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and omnipresence and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not . The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called " minor divinities " or " demons " in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms . Among these lesser deities , Egyptologist Claude Traunecker draws a distinction between " genies " — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god Wadj @-@ Wer and the harvest goddess Renenutet — and demons , who have a more dangerous character . Many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans . Their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the Duat , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans . Egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers . Demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed . The protective deities Bes and Taweret originally had minor , demon @-@ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence . = = = Behavior = = = Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things . They did this work using a force the Egyptians called heka , a term usually translated as " magic " . Heka was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves . The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts . In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans . The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , reenacted Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris . Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand . They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many @-@ faceted approach to religious belief — what Henri Frankfort called a " multiplicity of approaches " to understanding the gods . In myth , the gods behave much like humans . They feel emotion ; they	[ "ĠMost", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġdeities", "Ġrepresent", "Ġnatural", "Ġor", "Ġsocial", "Ġphenomena", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġgenerally", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġim", "manent", "Ġin", "Ġthese", "Ġphenomena", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġpresent", "Ġwithin", "Ġnature", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġtypes", "Ġof", "Ġphenomena", "Ġthey", "Ġrepresented", "Ġinclude", "Ġphysical", "Ġplaces", "Ġand", "Ġobjects", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġabstract", "Ġconcepts", "Ġand", "Ġforces", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgod", "ĠShu", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġde", "ification", "Ġof", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġair", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġgoddess", "ĠM", "eret", "se", "ger", "Ġoversaw", "Ġa", "Ġlimited", "Ġregion", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġearth", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠThe", "ban", "ĠNec", "ropolis", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "ĠS", "ia", "Ġperson", "ified", "Ġthe", "Ġabstract", "Ġnotion", "Ġof", "Ġperception", "Ġ.", "ĠMajor", "Ġgods", "Ġoften", "Ġhad", "Ġmany", "Ġroles", "Ġand", "Ġwere", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġseveral", 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"Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġadvise", "Ġand", "Ġwatch", "Ġover", "Ġhumans", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġbelieved", "Ġthe", "Ġlandscape", "Ġwas", "Ġfull", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġunpredictable", "Ġdivine", "Ġpowers", "Ġ.", "ĠDemons", "Ġoften", "Ġact", "Ġas", "Ġservants", "Ġand", "Ġmess", "engers", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgreater", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġtheir", "Ġposition", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġhierarchy", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġfixed", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġprotective", "Ġdeities", "ĠBes", "Ġand", "ĠT", "aw", "eret", "Ġoriginally", "Ġhad", "Ġminor", "Ġ,", "Ġdemon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlike", "Ġroles", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġover", "Ġtime", "Ġthey", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġcredited", "Ġwith", "Ġgreat", "Ġinfluence", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBehavior", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDivine", "Ġbehavior", "Ġwas", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġgovern", "Ġall", "Ġof", "Ġnature", "Ġ.", "ĠExcept", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfew", "Ġdeities", "Ġwho", "Ġdisrupted", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġorder", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġactions", "Ġmaintained", 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"Ġapproaches", "Ġ\"", "Ġto", "Ġunderstanding", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġmyth", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġbehave", "Ġmuch", "Ġlike", "Ġhumans", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġfeel", "Ġemotion", "Ġ;", "Ġthey" ]	35
can eat , drink , fight , weep , sicken , and die . Some have unique character traits . Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @-@ winded speeches . Yet overall , the gods are more like archetypes than well drawn characters . Their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated . Most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling . The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths . They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities . The eight gods of the Ogdoad , who represent the chaos that precedes creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by envisioning and naming them ; Atum produces all things as emanations of himself ; and Amun , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods . These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory . Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos . The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths . The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place . A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder . They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation . Ra and Apep , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present . Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival . The clearest instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat . The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn . In the process he comes into contact with the rejuvenating water of primordial chaos . Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are enlivened along with him . Instead of being changelessly immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world . But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return . Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this calamity is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos . = = = Locations = = = Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe . In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat . Surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation . The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead . Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting . The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky . The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living . The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant . It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world . In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or invisibly present within the world . Temples were their main means of contact with humanity . Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world . There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals . This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth . As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region . Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over . Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time . They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract . Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin . The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity . When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c . 2055 – 1650	[ "Ġcan", "Ġeat", "Ġ,", "Ġdrink", "Ġ,", "Ġfight", "Ġ,", "Ġweep", "Ġ,", "Ġs", "icken", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdie", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġhave", "Ġunique", "Ġcharacter", "Ġtraits", "Ġ.", "ĠSet", "Ġis", "Ġaggressive", "Ġand", "Ġimp", "ulsive", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠTh", "oth", "Ġ,", "Ġpatron", "Ġof", "Ġwriting", "Ġand", "Ġknowledge", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġprone", "Ġto", "Ġlong", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwind", "ed", "Ġspeeches", "Ġ.", "ĠYet", "Ġoverall", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġare", "Ġmore", "Ġlike", "Ġarche", "types", "Ġthan", "Ġwell", "Ġdrawn", "Ġcharacters", "Ġ.", "ĠTheir", "Ġbehavior", "Ġis", "Ġinconsistent", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġthoughts", "Ġand", "Ġmotivations", "Ġare", "Ġrarely", "Ġstated", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġmyths", "Ġabout", "Ġthem", "Ġlack", "Ġhighly", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġcharacters", "Ġand", "Ġplots", "Ġ,", "Ġbecause", "Ġthe", "Ġsymbolic", "Ġmeaning", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmyths", "Ġwas", "Ġmore", "Ġimportant", 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"Ġbetween", "Ġthe", "Ġsky", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġearth", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġtemples", "Ġwere", "Ġthe", "Ġfocal", "Ġpoints", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġcities", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġcity", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmain", "Ġtemple", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġpatron", "Ġgod", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġregion", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "ities", "Ġ'", "Ġspheres", "Ġof", "Ġinfluence", "Ġon", "Ġearth", "Ġcentered", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġtowns", "Ġand", "Ġregions", "Ġthey", "Ġpresided", "Ġover", "Ġ.", "ĠMany", "Ġgods", "Ġhad", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġone", "Ġcult", "Ġcenter", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġlocal", "Ġties", "Ġchanged", "Ġover", "Ġtime", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġcould", "Ġestablish", "Ġthemselves", "Ġin", "Ġnew", "Ġcities", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġtheir", "Ġrange", "Ġof", "Ġinfluence", "Ġcould", "Ġcontract", "Ġ.", "ĠTherefore", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġgiven", "Ġdeity", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmain", "Ġcult", "Ġcenter", "Ġin", "Ġhistorical", "Ġtimes", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġnecessarily", "Ġhis", "Ġor", "Ġher", "Ġplace", "Ġof", "Ġorigin", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpolitical", "Ġinfluence", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġcity", "Ġcould", "Ġaffect", "Ġthe", "Ġimportance", "Ġof", "Ġits", "Ġpatron", "Ġdeity", "Ġ.", "ĠWhen", "Ġkings", "Ġfrom", "ĠThe", "bes", "Ġtook", "Ġcontrol", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġat", "Ġstart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMiddle", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ(", "Ġc", "Ġ.", "Ġ20", "55", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ16", "50" ]	36
BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods — first the war god Montu and then Amun — to national prominence . = = = Names and epithets = = = In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . The name of the predatory goddess Sekhmet means " powerful one " , the name of the mysterious god Amun means " hidden one " , and the name of the goddess Nekhbet , who was worshipped in the city of Nekheb , means " she of Nekheb " . But many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role . The names of the sky goddess Nut and the earth god Geb do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth . The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names . A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god Sokar as sk r , meaning " cleaning of the mouth " , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris , connecting Sokar with the most important funerary deity . The gods were believed to have many names . Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others . To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it . The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her . Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power . In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like " possessor of splendor " , " ruler of Abydos " , or " lord of the sky " , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship . Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets — with more important gods accumulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities . Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with Werethekau , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning " great enchantress " , which came to be treated as an independent goddess . The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' multifarious nature . = = = Relationships = = = Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships . A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings . Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed . Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods . Deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of procreation in Egyptian religious thought . Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession . Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type . The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , Sekhmet , and their child Nefertum at Memphis and Amun , Mut , and Khonsu at Thebes , were assembled into family triads . Genealogical connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief . Hathor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter . Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos . There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each nome ( province ) of Egypt . Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities . Paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity . Ra , who is dynamic and light @-@ producing , and Osiris , who is static and shrouded in darkness , merge into a single god each night . Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four connote completeness . Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah . These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , Heliopolis , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought . Sometimes Set , the patron god of the Nineteenth Dynasty kings and the embodiment of	[ "ĠBC", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġelevated", "ĠThe", "bes", "Ġ'", "Ġpatron", "Ġgods", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġfirst", "Ġthe", "Ġwar", "Ġgod", "ĠMont", "u", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "ĠAm", "un", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġto", "Ġnational", "Ġprominence", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠNames", "Ġand", "Ġepit", "he", "ts", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġbelief", "Ġ,", "Ġnames", "Ġexpress", "Ġthe", "Ġfundamental", "Ġnature", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġthings", "Ġto", "Ġwhich", "Ġthey", "Ġrefer", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġkeeping", "Ġwith", "Ġthis", "Ġbelief", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġnames", "Ġof", "Ġdeities", "Ġoften", "Ġrelate", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġroles", "Ġor", "Ġorigins", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġname", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpredatory", "Ġgoddess", "ĠSek", "h", "met", "Ġmeans", "Ġ\"", "Ġpowerful", "Ġone", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġname", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmysterious", "Ġgod", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġmeans", "Ġ\"", "Ġhidden", "Ġone", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġname", 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"Ġmerge", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġsingle", "Ġgod", "Ġeach", "Ġnight", "Ġ.", "ĠGroups", "Ġof", "Ġthree", "Ġare", "Ġlinked", "Ġwith", "Ġplurality", "Ġin", "Ġancient", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġthought", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġgroups", "Ġof", "Ġfour", "Ġcon", "note", "Ġcomple", "teness", "Ġ.", "ĠR", "ul", "ers", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġpromoted", "Ġa", "Ġparticularly", "Ġimportant", "Ġgroup", "Ġof", "Ġthree", "Ġgods", "Ġabove", "Ġall", "Ġothers", "Ġ:", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġ,", "ĠRa", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠPt", "ah", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġdeities", "Ġstood", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġplurality", "Ġof", "Ġall", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġcult", "Ġcenters", "Ġ(", "Ġthe", "Ġmajor", "Ġcities", "Ġof", "ĠThe", "bes", "Ġ,", "ĠHel", "iop", "olis", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠMemphis", "Ġ)", "Ġand", "Ġfor", "Ġmany", "Ġthree", "fold", "Ġsets", "Ġof", "Ġconcepts", "Ġin", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġreligious", "Ġthought", "Ġ.", "ĠSometimes", "ĠSet", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġpatron", "Ġgod", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠNin", "eteenth", "ĠDynasty", "Ġkings", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġembodiment", "Ġof" ]	37
disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon . Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups " enneads " , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members . The most prominent ennead was the Ennead of Heliopolis , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods . The term " ennead " was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities . This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy . Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society . At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position . Horus was the most important god in the Early Dynastic Period , Ra rose to preeminence in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess . Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity . = = = Manifestations and combinations = = = The gods were believed to manifest in many forms . The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra . A depiction of a deity was considered a ka , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit . The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way . Gods could be ascribed many bas and kas , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature . Everything in existence was said to be one of the kas of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power . Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses . Nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods . Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of Nekhen , Horus of Buhen , and Horus of Edfu . Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings . During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an oracle supposed to communicate messages from Amun of Pe @-@ Khenty . He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment . Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles . Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities . Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography . Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined . Ra was connected with the local deity Sobek to form Sobek @-@ Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun @-@ Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra @-@ Horakhty ; and with several solar deities as Horemakhet @-@ Khepri @-@ Ra @-@ Atum . On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris @-@ Neith and Mut @-@ Min . This linking of deities is called syncretism . Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones . Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles , and extended the sphere of influence for each of them . Syncretic combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities . But closely connected deities did sometimes merge . Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenty @-@ irty and Khenty @-@ khety , who became little more than local manifestations of	[ "Ġdisorder", "Ġwithin", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġadded", "Ġto", "Ġthis", "Ġgroup", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġemphasized", "Ġa", "Ġsingle", "Ġcoherent", "Ġvision", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpant", "heon", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠNine", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġproduct", "Ġof", "Ġthree", "Ġand", "Ġthree", "Ġ,", "Ġrepresents", "Ġa", "Ġmultitude", "Ġ,", "Ġso", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġcalled", "Ġseveral", "Ġlarge", "Ġgroups", "Ġ\"", "Ġen", "ne", "ads", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġsets", "Ġof", "Ġnine", "Ġ,", "Ġeven", "Ġif", "Ġthey", "Ġhad", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġnine", "Ġmembers", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġprominent", "Ġen", "ne", "ad", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "ĠEn", "ne", "ad", "Ġof", "ĠHel", "iop", "olis", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġextended", "Ġfamily", "Ġof", "Ġdeities", "Ġdescended", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġcreator", "Ġgod", "ĠAt", "um", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġincorporates", "Ġmany", 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"Ġof", "ĠPe", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠK", "hent", "y", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġconsulted", "Ġtwo", "Ġother", "Ġlocal", "Ġor", "acles", "Ġof", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġhoping", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġdifferent", "Ġjudgment", "Ġ.", "ĠGods", "Ġ'", "Ġmanifestations", "Ġalso", "Ġdiffered", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġroles", "Ġ.", "ĠHorus", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġa", "Ġpowerful", "Ġsky", "Ġgod", "Ġor", "Ġvulnerable", "Ġchild", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthese", "Ġforms", "Ġwere", "Ġsometimes", "Ġcounted", "Ġas", "Ġindependent", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGods", "Ġwere", "Ġcombined", "Ġwith", "Ġeach", "Ġother", "Ġas", "Ġeasily", "Ġas", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġdivided", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġgod", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġcalled", "Ġthe", "Ġba", "Ġof", "Ġanother", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġtwo", "Ġor", "Ġmore", "Ġdeities", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġjoined", "Ġinto", "Ġone", "Ġgod", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġcombined", "Ġname", "Ġand", "Ġicon", "ography", "Ġ.", "ĠLocal", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġlinked", "Ġwith", "Ġgreater", "Ġones", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdeities", "Ġwith", "Ġsimilar", 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him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , Khenti @-@ Amentiu , was supplanted by Osiris and Anubis . = = = The Aten and possible monotheism = = = In the reign of Akhenaten ( c . 1353 – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular . This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods . Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives . Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities . There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private . The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , like Shu . For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been monolatrous , worshipping a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others . In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs . = = = Unity of the divine in traditional religion = = = Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified . Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities . Another point of contention is the appearance of the word " god " in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities . In the early 20th century , for instance , E. A. Wallis Budge believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature . His contemporary James Henry Breasted thought Egyptian religion was instead pantheistic , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann Junker argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history . In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study rebutting these views . He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others . He also argues that the unspecified " god " in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to revere . Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or pantheistic way . Henotheism , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels . An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on . Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform nonexistence . Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows . Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun @-@ Ra as the all @-@ important sun god . In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend . It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods . Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that coexisted with traditional polytheism . The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one . According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods . James P. Allen says that coexisting notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the " multiplicity of approaches " in Egyptian thought , as well as with the henotheistic practice of ordinary worshippers . He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by " identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god ,	[ "Ġhim", "Ġ;", "ĠHath", "or", "Ġsubs", "umed", "Ġa", "Ġsimilar", "Ġcow", "Ġgoddess", "Ġ,", "ĠBat", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġan", "Ġearly", "Ġfuner", "ary", "Ġgod", "Ġ,", "ĠK", "hent", "i", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠA", "ment", "iu", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġsuppl", "anted", "Ġby", "ĠOsiris", "Ġand", "ĠAn", "ubis", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠThe", "ĠA", "ten", "Ġand", "Ġpossible", "Ġmon", "othe", "ism", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġreign", "Ġof", "ĠAk", "hen", "aten", "Ġ(", "Ġc", "Ġ.", "Ġ13", "53", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ13", "36", "ĠBC", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġmid", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġsingle", "Ġsolar", "Ġdeity", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠA", "ten", "Ġ,", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġsole", "Ġfocus", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġreligion", "Ġ.", "ĠAk", "hen", "aten", "Ġceased", "Ġto", "Ġfund", "Ġthe", "Ġtemples", "Ġof", "Ġother", "Ġdeities", 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depending on the particular situation . " = = Descriptions and depictions = = Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail . They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is lapis lazuli . They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals . Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color . Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes . Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as " mysterious " . The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal . They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the ideograms in hieroglyphic writing . For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or jackal , a creature whose scavenging habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection . His black coloring alludes to the color of mummified flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection . Most gods were depicted in several ways . Hathor could be a cow , cobra , lioness , or a woman with bovine horns or ears . By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature . The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so that deities can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies . These forms include men and women ( anthropomorphism ) , animals ( zoomorphism ) , and , more rarely , inanimate objects . Combinations of forms , such as gods with human bodies and animal heads , are common . New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history . Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor . Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow @-@ horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone . Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity . The head of a given divine image is particularly significant . In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , " a lion @-@ headed goddess is a lion @-@ goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , conversely , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . " Divine headdresses , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator . In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic . Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for " life " , to symbolize their life @-@ giving power . The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways . Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography , whereas a few , such as falcons , cobras , and cattle , can each represent many deities . Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images . For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c . 1650 – 1550 BC ) , never represented a god . Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in all periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a kilt , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight @-@ fitting dress for goddesses . The basic anthropomorphic form varies . Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their procreative powers are emphasized . Certain male deities are given heavy bellies and breasts , signifying either androgyny or prosperity and abundance . Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow — the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women — some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors . Thus the blue skin and paunchy figure of the god Hapi alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought . A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and Min , have a " mummiform " appearance , with their limbs tightly swathed in cloth . Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth @-@ wrapped style of mummification , and this form may instead hark back to the earliest , limbless depictions of deities . = = Interactions with humans = = = = = Relationship with the pharaoh = = = In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the	[ "Ġdepending", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġparticular", "Ġsituation", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠDes", "criptions", "Ġand", "Ġdepictions", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġwritings", "Ġdescribe", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġbodies", "Ġin", "Ġdetail", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġare", "Ġmade", "Ġof", "Ġprecious", "Ġmaterials", "Ġ;", "Ġtheir", "Ġflesh", "Ġis", "Ġgold", "Ġ,", "Ġtheir", "Ġbones", "Ġare", "Ġsilver", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġhair", "Ġis", "Ġlap", "is", "Ġlaz", "uli", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġgive", "Ġoff", "Ġa", "Ġscent", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġlikened", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġinc", "ense", "Ġused", "Ġin", 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"Ġwomen", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġsome", "Ġare", "Ġgiven", "Ġunusual", "Ġ,", "Ġsymbolic", "Ġskin", "Ġcolors", "Ġ.", "ĠThus", "Ġthe", "Ġblue", "Ġskin", "Ġand", "Ġp", "aunch", "y", "Ġfigure", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "ĠH", "api", "Ġall", "udes", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠNile", "Ġflood", "Ġhe", "Ġrepresents", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġnour", "ishing", "Ġfertility", "Ġit", "Ġbrought", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġfew", "Ġdeities", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠOsiris", "Ġ,", "ĠPt", "ah", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠMin", "Ġ,", "Ġhave", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġm", "umm", "iform", "Ġ\"", "Ġappearance", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġtheir", "Ġlimbs", "Ġtightly", "Ġsw", "athed", "Ġin", "Ġcloth", "Ġ.", "ĠAlthough", "Ġthese", "Ġgods", "Ġresemble", "Ġm", "ummies", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġearliest", "Ġexamples", "Ġpred", "ate", "Ġthe", "Ġcloth", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwrapped", "Ġstyle", "Ġof", "Ġm", "umm", "ification", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthis", "Ġform", "Ġmay", "Ġinstead", "Ġh", "ark", "Ġback", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġearliest", "Ġ,", "Ġlimb", "less", "Ġdepictions", "Ġof", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠInter", "actions", "Ġwith", "Ġhumans", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠRelationship", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġph", "araoh", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġofficial", "Ġwritings", "Ġ,", "Ġph", "araoh", "s", "Ġare", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġdivine", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthey", "Ġare", "Ġconstantly", "Ġdepicted", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcompany", "Ġof", "Ġthe" ]	40
deities of the pantheon . Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory . Living kings were equated with Horus and called the " son " of many deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods . Pharaohs had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths . But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non @-@ official texts portray kings in a human light . For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god . He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies . However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms . The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to nourish them . These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers . Yet , according to royal ideology , temple @-@ building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead . These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat . The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live . = = = Presence in the human world = = = Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances . In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication . The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god . By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form . To the Egyptians , a place or object that was ḏsr — " sacred " — was isolated and ritually pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit . Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the Apis bull , served as divine intermediaries in this way . Dreams and trances provided a very different venue for interaction . In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them . Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death . The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature . Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods . The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary . These statues were usually less than life @-@ size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies . Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad . The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented . The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon . But many deities — including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile — were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods . To insulate the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them . People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues . The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine . People did have less direct means of interaction . The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from doorways to freestanding chapels near the back of the temple building . Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes . Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods . = = = Intervention in human lives = = = Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature . This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order . But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were . Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to allot fixed lifespans to both humans and gods . Other gods were also said to govern the	[ "Ġdeities", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpant", "heon", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġph", "araoh", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġpredecessors", "Ġwere", "Ġconsidered", "Ġthe", "Ġsuccessors", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġruled", "ĠEgypt", "Ġin", "Ġmyth", "ic", "Ġpre", "history", "Ġ.", "ĠLiving", "Ġkings", "Ġwere", "Ġequ", "ated", "Ġwith", "ĠHorus", "Ġand", "Ġcalled", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġson", "Ġ\"", "Ġof", "Ġmany", "Ġdeities", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "ĠOsiris", "Ġand", "ĠRa", "Ġ;", "Ġdeceased", "Ġkings", "Ġwere", "Ġequ", "ated", "Ġwith", "Ġthese", "Ġelder", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "ĠPharaoh", "s", "Ġhad", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġmort", "uary", "Ġtemples", "Ġwhere", "Ġrituals", "Ġwere", "Ġperformed", "Ġfor", "Ġthem", "Ġduring", "Ġtheir", "Ġlives", "Ġand", "Ġafter", "Ġtheir", "Ġdeaths", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġfew", "Ġph", "araoh", "s", "Ġwere", "Ġworshipped", "Ġas", "Ġgods", "Ġlong", "Ġafter", "Ġtheir", "Ġlif", "etimes", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġnon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġofficial", "Ġtexts", "Ġportray", 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"Ġsanct", "u", "aries", "Ġand", "Ġgreatly", "Ġrestricted", "Ġaccess", "Ġto", "Ġthem", "Ġ.", "ĠPeople", "Ġother", "Ġthan", "Ġkings", "Ġand", "Ġhigh", "Ġpriests", "Ġwere", "Ġthus", "Ġdenied", "Ġcontact", "Ġwith", "Ġcult", "Ġstatues", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġonly", "Ġexception", "Ġwas", "Ġduring", "Ġfestival", "Ġprocess", "ions", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġstatue", "Ġwas", "Ġcarried", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtemple", "Ġbut", "Ġstill", "Ġenclosed", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġportable", "Ġshrine", "Ġ.", "ĠPeople", "Ġdid", "Ġhave", "Ġless", "Ġdirect", "Ġmeans", "Ġof", "Ġinteraction", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmore", "Ġpublic", "Ġparts", "Ġof", "Ġtemples", "Ġoften", "Ġincorporated", "Ġsmall", "Ġplaces", "Ġfor", "Ġprayer", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġdoor", "ways", "Ġto", "Ġfre", "est", "anding", "Ġchap", "els", "Ġnear", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtemple", "Ġbuilding", "Ġ.", "ĠCommunities", "Ġalso", "Ġbuilt", "Ġand", "Ġmanaged", "Ġsmall", "Ġchap", "els", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġuse", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġsome", "Ġfamilies", "Ġhad", "Ġshr", "ines", "Ġinside", "Ġtheir", "Ġhomes", "Ġ.", "ĠDespite", "Ġthe", "Ġgulf", "Ġthat", "Ġseparated", "Ġhumanity", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġwere", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġby", "Ġopportunities", "Ġto", "Ġapproach", "Ġtheir", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠIntervention", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġlives", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġlives", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġoverarching", "Ġorder", "Ġof", "Ġnature", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġdivine", "Ġinfluence", "Ġapplied", "Ġmainly", "Ġto", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġforeign", "Ġpeoples", "Ġwere", "Ġtraditionally", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġoutside", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġorder", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġother", "Ġnations", "Ġwere", "Ġunder", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġcontrol", "Ġ,", "Ġforeigners", "Ġwere", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġsun", "Ġgod", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbenign", "Ġrule", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġway", "Ġthat", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġwere", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTh", "oth", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġoverse", "er", "Ġof", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġallot", "Ġfixed", "Ġlif", "esp", "ans", "Ġto", "Ġboth", "Ġhumans", "Ġand", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġalso", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġgovern", "Ġthe" ]	41
length of human lives , including Meskhenet , who presided over birth , and Shai , the personification of fate . Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well . Several texts refer to gods influencing or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's " heart " — the seat of emotion and intellect in Egyptian belief . Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples . Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes . Morality in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well @-@ being of other people . Because deities were the upholders of maat , morality was connected with them . For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for admittance into the afterlife . But in general , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out . Humans had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves . A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that manifested the god 's power in the human world . Natural disasters and human ailments were seen as the work of angry divine bas . Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their lifespans . Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : Shed , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and Petbe , an apotropaic god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing . Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly . Misfortune was often seen as a product of isfet , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events . Some deities who were closely connected with isfet , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods . But some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give theodicies in the gods ' defense . Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth . Because of this human misbehavior , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist . New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom . They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events . People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives . As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life . Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will . = = = Worship = = = Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems . Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples . Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity . The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , anointed , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor . These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life @-@ giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful . Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @-@ shaped shrine . These processions served various purposes . In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could invoke a large and fruitful flood . Processions also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from Dendera Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of Edfu . Rituals for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology . Such rituals were meant to be repetitions of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events . In the Khoiak festival	[ "Ġlength", "Ġof", "Ġhuman", "Ġlives", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "ĠMes", "k", "hen", "et", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġpresided", "Ġover", "Ġbirth", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠSh", "ai", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġperson", "ification", "Ġof", "Ġfate", "Ġ.", "ĠThus", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġand", "Ġmanner", "Ġof", "Ġdeath", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġmeaning", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġconcept", "Ġof", "Ġfate", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġto", "Ġsome", "Ġextent", "Ġthese", "Ġdeities", "Ġgoverned", "Ġother", "Ġevents", "Ġin", "Ġlife", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġ.", "ĠSeveral", "Ġtexts", "Ġrefer", "Ġto", "Ġgods", "Ġinfluencing", "Ġor", "Ġinspiring", "Ġhuman", "Ġdecisions", "Ġ,", "Ġworking", "Ġthrough", "Ġa", "Ġperson", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ\"", "Ġheart", "Ġ\"", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġthe", "Ġseat", "Ġof", "Ġemotion", "Ġand", "Ġintellect", "Ġin", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġbelief", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "ities", "Ġwere", "Ġalso", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġgive", "Ġcommands", "Ġ,", "Ġinstruct", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġking", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġgovernance", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġrealm", "Ġand", "Ġregulating", "Ġthe", "Ġmanagement", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġtemples", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġtexts", "Ġrarely", "Ġmention", "Ġdirect", "Ġcommands", "Ġgiven", "Ġto", "Ġprivate", "Ġpersons", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthese", "Ġcommands", "Ġnever", "Ġevolved", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġset", "Ġof", "Ġdivine", "ly", "Ġenforced", "Ġmoral", "Ġcodes", "Ġ.", "ĠMor", "ality", "Ġin", "Ġancient", "ĠEgypt", "Ġwas", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġconcept", "Ġof", "Ġma", "at", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġapplied", "Ġto", "Ġhuman", "Ġsociety", "Ġ,", "Ġmeant", "Ġthat", "Ġeveryone", "Ġshould", "Ġlive", "Ġin", "Ġan", "Ġorderly", "Ġway", "Ġthat", "Ġdid", "Ġnot", "Ġinterfere", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġwell", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbeing", "Ġof", "Ġother", "Ġpeople", "Ġ.", "ĠBecause", "Ġdeities", "Ġwere", "Ġthe", "Ġup", "holders", "Ġof", "Ġma", "at", "Ġ,", "Ġmorality", "Ġwas", "Ġconnected", "Ġwith", "Ġthem", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġexample", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġjudged", "Ġhumans", "Ġ'", "Ġmoral", "Ġrighteousness", "Ġafter", "Ġdeath", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġverdict", "Ġof", "Ġinnocence", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġjudgment", "Ġwas", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġnecessary", "Ġfor", "Ġadm", "ittance", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġafterlife", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġin", "Ġgeneral", "Ġ,", "Ġmorality", "Ġwas", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġpractical", "Ġways", "Ġto", "Ġuphold", "Ġma", "at", "Ġin", "Ġdaily", "Ġlife", "Ġ,", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġon", "Ġstrict", "Ġrules", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġlaid", "Ġout", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHumans", "Ġhad", "Ġfree", "Ġwill", "Ġto", "Ġignore", "Ġdivine", "Ġguidance", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġbehavior", "Ġrequired", "Ġby", "Ġma", "at", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġby", "Ġdoing", "Ġso", "Ġthey", "Ġcould", "Ġbring", "Ġdivine", "Ġpunishment", "Ġupon", "Ġthemselves", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġdeity", "Ġcarried", "Ġout", "Ġthis", "Ġpunishment", "Ġusing", "Ġits", "Ġba", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġforce", "Ġthat", "Ġmanifested", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpower", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġhuman", "Ġworld", "Ġ.", "ĠNatural", "Ġdisasters", "Ġand", "Ġhuman", "Ġailments", "Ġwere", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġwork", "Ġof", "Ġangry", "Ġdivine", "Ġbas", "Ġ.", "ĠConversely", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġcould", "Ġcure", "Ġrighteous", "Ġpeople", "Ġof", "Ġillness", "Ġor", "Ġeven", "Ġextend", "Ġtheir", "Ġlif", "esp", "ans", "Ġ.", "ĠBoth", "Ġthese", "Ġtypes", "Ġof", "Ġintervention", "Ġwere", "Ġeventually", "Ġrepresented", "Ġby", "Ġdeities", "Ġ:", "ĠShed", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġemerged", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġto", "Ġrepresent", "Ġdivine", "Ġrescue", "Ġfrom", "Ġharm", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠPet", "be", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġap", "otrop", "aic", "Ġgod", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "Ġeras", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġhistory", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġa", "venge", "Ġwrongdoing", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġtexts", "Ġtake", "Ġdifferent", "Ġviews", "Ġon", "Ġwhether", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġare", "Ġresponsible", "Ġwhen", "Ġhumans", "Ġsuffer", "Ġunjust", "ly", "Ġ.", "ĠMis", "fortune", "Ġwas", "Ġoften", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġproduct", "Ġof", "Ġis", "fet", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcosmic", "Ġdisorder", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġopposite", "Ġof", "Ġma", "at", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtherefore", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġnot", "Ġguilty", "Ġof", "Ġcausing", "Ġevil", "Ġevents", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġdeities", "Ġwho", "Ġwere", "Ġclosely", "Ġconnected", "Ġwith", "Ġis", "fet", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠSet", "Ġ,", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġblamed", "Ġfor", "Ġdisorder", "Ġwithin", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġwithout", "Ġplacing", "Ġguilt", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġsome", "Ġwritings", "Ġdo", "Ġaccuse", "Ġthe", "Ġdeities", "Ġof", "Ġcausing", "Ġhuman", "Ġmisery", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġothers", "Ġgive", "Ġthe", "odic", "ies", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġdefense", "Ġ.", "ĠBeginning", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠMiddle", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġseveral", "Ġtexts", "Ġconnected", "Ġthe", "Ġissue", "Ġof", "Ġevil", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġmyth", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġthe", "Ġcreator", "Ġgod", "Ġfights", "Ġa", "Ġhuman", "Ġrebellion", "Ġagainst", "Ġhis", "Ġrule", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġwithdraw", "s", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġearth", "Ġ.", "ĠBecause", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġhuman", "Ġmis", "behavior", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcreator", "Ġis", "Ġdistant", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġcreation", "Ġ,", "Ġallowing", "Ġsuffering", "Ġto", "Ġexist", "Ġ.", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġwritings", "Ġdo", "Ġnot", "Ġquestion", "Ġthe", "Ġjust", "Ġnature", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġas", "Ġstrongly", "Ġas", "Ġthose", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMiddle", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġemphasize", "Ġhumans", "Ġ'", "Ġdirect", "Ġ,", "Ġpersonal", "Ġrelationships", "Ġwith", "Ġdeities", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġpower", "Ġto", "Ġintervene", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġevents", "Ġ.", "ĠPeople", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġera", "Ġput", "Ġfaith", "Ġin", "Ġspecific", "Ġgods", "Ġwho", "Ġthey", "Ġhoped", "Ġwould", "Ġhelp", "Ġand", "Ġprotect", "Ġthem", "Ġthrough", "Ġtheir", "Ġlives", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresult", "Ġ,", "Ġupholding", "Ġthe", "Ġideals", "Ġof", "Ġma", "at", "Ġgrew", "Ġless", "Ġimportant", "Ġthan", "Ġgaining", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġfavor", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġway", "Ġto", "Ġguarantee", "Ġa", "Ġgood", "Ġlife", "Ġ.", "ĠEven", "Ġthe", "Ġph", "araoh", "s", "Ġwere", "Ġregarded", "Ġas", "Ġdependent", "Ġon", "Ġdivine", "Ġaid", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġend", "Ġ,", "Ġgovernment", "Ġwas", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġinfluenced", "Ġby", "Ġor", "acles", "Ġcommunicating", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġwill", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠW", "orship", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOfficial", "Ġreligious", "Ġpractices", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġmaintained", "Ġma", "at", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġbenefit", "Ġof", "Ġall", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġrelated", "Ġto", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġdistinct", "Ġfrom", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġreligious", "Ġpractices", "Ġof", "Ġordinary", "Ġpeople", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġsought", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġhelp", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġpersonal", "Ġproblems", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOfficial", "Ġreligion", "Ġinvolved", "Ġa", "Ġvariety", "Ġof", "Ġrituals", "Ġ,", "Ġbased", "Ġin", "Ġtemples", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġrites", "Ġwere", "Ġperformed", "Ġevery", "Ġday", "Ġ,", "Ġwhereas", "Ġothers", "Ġwere", "Ġfestivals", "Ġ,", "Ġtaking", "Ġplace", "Ġat", "Ġlonger", "Ġintervals", "Ġand", "Ġoften", "Ġlimited", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġparticular", "Ġtemple", "Ġor", "Ġdeity", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "Ġreceived", "Ġtheir", "Ġofferings", "Ġin", "Ġdaily", "Ġceremonies", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġtheir", "Ġstatues", "Ġwere", "Ġclothed", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "ointed", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġpresented", "Ġwith", "Ġfood", "Ġas", "Ġhy", "m", "ns", "Ġwere", "Ġrec", "ited", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġhonor", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġofferings", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġaddition", "Ġto", "Ġmaintaining", "Ġma", "at", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġcelebrated", "Ġdeities", "Ġ'", "Ġlife", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgiving", "Ġgenerosity", "Ġand", "Ġencouraged", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġremain", "Ġbenevolent", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġv", "enge", "ful", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFest", "ivals", "Ġoften", "Ġinvolved", "Ġa", "Ġceremonial", "Ġprocession", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġa", "Ġcult", "Ġimage", "Ġwas", "Ġcarried", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtemple", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġbar", "que", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġshaped", "Ġshrine", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġprocess", "ions", "Ġserved", "Ġvarious", "Ġpurposes", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠRoman", "Ġtimes", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġlocal", "Ġdeities", "Ġof", "Ġall", "Ġkinds", "Ġwere", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġpower", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "ĠNile", "Ġinund", "ation", "Ġ,", "Ġprocess", "ions", "Ġin", "Ġmany", "Ġcommunities", "Ġcarried", "Ġtemple", "Ġimages", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġriver", "banks", "Ġso", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġcould", "Ġinvoke", "Ġa", "Ġlarge", "Ġand", "Ġfruitful", "Ġflood", "Ġ.", "ĠProcess", "ions", "Ġalso", "Ġtraveled", "Ġbetween", "Ġtemples", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġimage", "Ġof", "ĠHath", "or", "Ġfrom", "ĠD", "ender", "a", "ĠTemple", "Ġvisited", "Ġher", "Ġcons", "ort", "ĠHorus", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠTemple", "Ġof", "ĠEd", "fu", "Ġ.", "ĠRitual", "s", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġwere", "Ġoften", "Ġbased", "Ġin", "Ġthat", "Ġdeity", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmythology", "Ġ.", "ĠSuch", "Ġrituals", "Ġwere", "Ġmeant", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġrepet", "itions", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmyth", "ic", "Ġpast", "Ġ,", "Ġrenew", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġbeneficial", "Ġeffects", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġoriginal", "Ġevents", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "ĠKh", "oi", "ak", "Ġfestival" ]	42
in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were ritually reenacted at a time when crops were beginning to sprout . The returning greenery symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life . Personal interaction with the gods took many forms . People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions . Amulets and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @-@ being or to impart the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer . Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies . These practices used heka , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune . The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in accomplishing the goal . Such rituals coexisted with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help . Prayer and private offerings are generally called " personal piety " : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god . Evidence of personal piety is scant before the New Kingdom . Votive offerings and personal names , many of which are theophoric , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods . But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era . Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change — whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions . Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples . They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae . They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a statuette of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility . Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult . These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history . These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess Bastet . Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition . The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under pharaonic control . In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt . The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there waned after Egypt lost control of the region . In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia . After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of Kush . These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the kandake . Some deities reached farther . Taweret became a goddess in Minoan Crete , and Amun 's oracle at Siwa Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region . Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt . These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco @-@ Roman tradition of interpretatio graeca . But the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones . Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones . Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture . Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities — particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named Harpocrates , and the fused Greco @-@ Egyptian god Serapis — were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire . Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and Serapis to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt . In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek @-@ style mystery cult . Isis and Hermes Tr	[ "Ġin", "Ġhonor", "Ġof", "ĠOsiris", "Ġ,", "Ġhis", "Ġdeath", "Ġand", "Ġresurrection", "Ġwere", "Ġr", "it", "ually", "Ġre", "en", "acted", "Ġat", "Ġa", "Ġtime", "Ġwhen", "Ġcrops", "Ġwere", "Ġbeginning", "Ġto", "Ġspr", "out", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġreturning", "Ġgre", "enery", "Ġsymbol", "ized", "Ġthe", "Ġrenewal", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġown", "Ġlife", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPersonal", "Ġinteraction", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġtook", "Ġmany", "Ġforms", "Ġ.", "ĠPeople", "Ġwho", "Ġwanted", "Ġinformation", "Ġor", "Ġadvice", "Ġconsulted", "Ġor", "acles", "Ġ,", "Ġrun", "Ġby", "Ġtemples", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġwere", "Ġsupposed", "Ġto", "Ġconvey", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġanswers", "Ġto", "Ġquestions", "Ġ.", "ĠAm", "ule", "ts", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġimages", "Ġof", "Ġprotective", "Ġdeities", "Ġwere", "Ġused", "Ġto", "Ġward", "Ġoff", "Ġthe", "Ġdemons", "Ġthat", "Ġmight", "Ġthreaten", "Ġhuman", "Ġwell", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbeing", "Ġor", "Ġto", "Ġimpart", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpositive", "Ġcharacteristics", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġwearer", "Ġ.", "ĠPrivate", "Ġrituals", "Ġinvoked", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ'", "Ġpower", "Ġto", "Ġaccomplish", "Ġpersonal", "Ġgoals", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġhealing", "Ġsickness", "Ġto", "Ġcursing", "Ġenemies", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġpractices", "Ġused", "Ġhe", "ka", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġforce", "Ġof", "Ġmagic", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġused", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġthe", "Ġcreator", "Ġwas", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġgiven", "Ġto", "Ġhumans", "Ġso", "Ġthey", "Ġcould", "Ġfend", "Ġoff", "Ġmisfortune", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġperformer", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġprivate", "Ġrite", "Ġoften", "Ġtook", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġrole", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġmyth", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġeven", "Ġthreatened", "Ġa", "Ġdeity", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġinvolve", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġin", "Ġaccompl", "ishing", "Ġthe", "Ġgoal", "Ġ.", "ĠSuch", "Ġrituals", "Ġco", "ex", "isted", "Ġwith", "Ġprivate", "Ġofferings", "Ġand", "Ġprayers", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġall", "Ġthree", "Ġwere", "Ġaccepted", "Ġmeans", "Ġof", "Ġobtaining", "Ġdivine", "Ġhelp", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPrayer", "Ġand", "Ġprivate", "Ġofferings", "Ġare", "Ġgenerally", "Ġcalled", "Ġ\"", "Ġpersonal", "Ġpiety", "Ġ\"", "Ġ:", "Ġacts", "Ġthat", "Ġreflect", "Ġa", "Ġclose", "Ġrelationship", "Ġbetween", "Ġan", "Ġindividual", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġ.", "ĠEvidence", "Ġof", "Ġpersonal", "Ġpiety", "Ġis", "Ġscant", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ.", "ĠV", "otive", "Ġofferings", "Ġand", "Ġpersonal", "Ġnames", "Ġ,", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġwhich", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "oph", "oric", "Ġ,", "Ġsuggest", "Ġthat", "Ġcommon", "ers", "Ġfelt", "Ġsome", "Ġconnection", "Ġbetween", "Ġthemselves", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġfirm", "Ġevidence", "Ġof", "Ġdevotion", "Ġto", "Ġdeities", "Ġbecame", "Ġvisible", "Ġonly", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġreaching", "Ġa", "Ġpeak", "Ġlate", "Ġin", "Ġthat", "Ġera", "Ġ.", "ĠScholars", "Ġdisagree", "Ġabout", "Ġthe", "Ġmeaning", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġchange", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwhether", "Ġdirect", "Ġinteraction", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġdevelopment", "Ġor", "Ġan", "Ġout", "growth", "Ġof", "Ġolder", "Ġtraditions", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġnow", "Ġexpressed", "Ġtheir", "Ġdevotion", "Ġthrough", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġvariety", "Ġof", "Ġactivities", "Ġin", "Ġand", "Ġaround", "Ġtemples", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġrecorded", "Ġtheir", "Ġprayers", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġthanks", "Ġfor", "Ġdivine", "Ġhelp", "Ġon", "Ġst", "el", "ae", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġgave", "Ġofferings", "Ġof", "Ġfigur", "ines", "Ġthat", "Ġrepresented", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġpraying", "Ġto", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġthat", "Ġsymbol", "ized", "Ġthe", "Ġresult", "Ġthey", "Ġdesired", "Ġ;", "Ġthus", "Ġa", "Ġrelief", "Ġimage", "Ġof", "ĠHath", "or", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġstat", "u", "ette", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġwoman", "Ġcould", "Ġboth", "Ġrepresent", "Ġa", "Ġprayer", "Ġfor", "Ġfertility", "Ġ.", "ĠOccasionally", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġperson", "Ġtook", "Ġa", "Ġparticular", "Ġgod", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġpatron", "Ġ,", "Ġded", "icating", "Ġhis", "Ġor", "Ġher", "Ġproperty", "Ġor", "Ġlabor", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcult", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġpractices", "Ġcontinued", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġlatest", "Ġperiods", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġhistory", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġlater", "Ġeras", "Ġsaw", "Ġmore", "Ġreligious", "Ġinnovations", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "Ġthe", "Ġpractice", "Ġof", "Ġgiving", "Ġanimal", "Ġm", "ummies", "Ġas", "Ġofferings", "Ġto", "Ġdeities", "Ġdepicted", "Ġin", "Ġanimal", "Ġform", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġcat", "Ġm", "ummies", "Ġgiven", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġf", "eline", "Ġgoddess", "ĠBast", "et", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmajor", "Ġdeities", "Ġfrom", "Ġmyth", "Ġand", "Ġofficial", "Ġreligion", "Ġwere", "Ġrarely", "Ġinvoked", "Ġin", "Ġpopular", "Ġworship", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgreat", "Ġstate", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġimportant", "Ġin", "Ġpopular", "Ġtradition", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġworship", "Ġof", "Ġsome", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġgods", "Ġspread", "Ġto", "Ġneighboring", "Ġlands", "Ġ,", "Ġespecially", "Ġto", "ĠCanaan", "Ġand", "ĠN", "ub", "ia", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġthose", "Ġregions", "Ġwere", "Ġunder", "Ġph", "ara", "onic", "Ġcontrol", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠCanaan", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġexported", "Ġdeities", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "ĠHath", "or", "Ġ,", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠSet", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġoften", "Ġsync", "ret", "ized", "Ġwith", "Ġnative", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġin", "Ġturn", "Ġspread", "Ġto", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġdeities", "Ġmay", "Ġnot", "Ġhave", "Ġhad", "Ġpermanent", "Ġtemples", "Ġin", "ĠCanaan", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtheir", "Ġimportance", "Ġthere", "Ġw", "aned", "Ġafter", "ĠEgypt", "Ġlost", "Ġcontrol", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġregion", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġcontrast", "Ġ,", "Ġmany", "Ġtemples", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġmajor", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġde", "ified", "Ġph", "araoh", "s", "Ġwere", "Ġbuilt", "Ġin", "ĠN", "ub", "ia", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġrule", "Ġthere", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġimported", "Ġgods", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġand", "ĠIsis", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġsync", "ret", "ized", "Ġwith", "Ġlocal", "Ġdeities", "Ġand", "Ġremained", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġreligion", "Ġof", "ĠN", "ub", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġindependent", "ĠKingdom", "Ġof", "ĠKush", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġincorporated", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "ĠN", "ub", "ian", "Ġideology", "Ġof", "Ġkings", "hip", "Ġmuch", "Ġas", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġin", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ,", "Ġso", "Ġthat", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġwas", "Ġconsidered", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġfather", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġking", "Ġand", "ĠIsis", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġgoddess", "es", "Ġwere", "Ġlinked", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠN", "ub", "ian", "Ġqueen", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġk", "and", "ake", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġdeities", "Ġreached", "Ġfarther", "Ġ.", "ĠT", "aw", "eret", "Ġbecame", "Ġa", "Ġgoddess", "Ġin", "ĠMin", "oan", "ĠCre", "te", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠAm", "un", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġor", "acle", "Ġat", "ĠSi", "wa", "ĠO", "asis", "Ġwas", "Ġknown", "Ġto", "Ġand", "Ġconsulted", "Ġby", "Ġpeople", "Ġacross", "Ġthe", "ĠMediterranean", "Ġregion", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠUnder", "Ġthe", "ĠGreek", "ĠP", "to", "le", "ma", "ic", "ĠDynasty", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "ĠRoman", "Ġrule", "Ġ,", "ĠGreeks", "Ġand", "ĠRomans", "Ġintroduced", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġdeities", "Ġto", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġnewcomers", "Ġequ", "ated", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġgods", "Ġwith", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGre", "co", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠRoman", "Ġtradition", "Ġof", "Ġinterpret", "atio", "Ġgra", "eca", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġthe", "Ġworship", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnative", "Ġgods", "Ġwas", "Ġnot", "Ġswallowed", "Ġup", "Ġby", "Ġthat", "Ġof", "Ġforeign", "Ġones", "Ġ.", "ĠInstead", "Ġ,", "ĠGreek", "Ġand", "ĠRoman", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġadopted", "Ġas", "Ġmanifestations", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġones", "Ġ.", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġcult", "s", "Ġsometimes", "Ġincorporated", "ĠGreek", "Ġlanguage", "Ġ,", "Ġphilosophy", "Ġ,", "Ġicon", "ography", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġeven", "Ġtemple", "Ġarchitecture", "Ġ.", "ĠMeanwhile", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcult", "s", "Ġof", "Ġseveral", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġdeities", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġparticularly", "ĠIsis", "Ġ,", "ĠOsiris", "Ġ,", "ĠAn", "ubis", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġform", "Ġof", "ĠHorus", "Ġnamed", "ĠHar", "p", "ocrates", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġfused", "ĠGre", "co", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġgod", "ĠSer", "ap", "is", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwere", "Ġadopted", "Ġinto", "ĠRoman", "Ġreligion", "Ġand", "Ġspread", "Ġacross", "Ġthe", "ĠRoman", "ĠEmpire", "Ġ.", "ĠRoman", "Ġem", "perors", "Ġ,", "Ġlike", "ĠP", "to", "le", "ma", "ic", "Ġkings", "Ġbefore", "Ġthem", "Ġ,", "Ġinvoked", "ĠIsis", "Ġand", "ĠSer", "ap", "is", "Ġto", "Ġendorse", "Ġtheir", "Ġauthority", "Ġ,", "Ġinside", "Ġand", "Ġoutside", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġempire", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcomplex", "Ġmix", "Ġof", "Ġreligious", "Ġtraditions", "Ġ,", "ĠTh", "oth", "Ġwas", "Ġtransm", "uted", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġlegendary", "Ġesoteric", "Ġteacher", "ĠHermes", "ĠTr", "ism", "eg", "ist", "us", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠIsis", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġvener", "ated", "Ġfrom", "ĠBritain", "Ġto", "ĠMes", "opot", "amia", "Ġ,", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġfocus", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠGreek", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstyle", "Ġmystery", "Ġcult", "Ġ.", "ĠIsis", "Ġand", "ĠHermes", "ĠTr" ]	43
ismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world . Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities . The last formal cults , at Philae , died out in the fifth or sixth century . Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries . But many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the Coptic Church . Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern Coptic practices are descended from those of pharaonic religion . But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods . = South of Heaven = South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on July 5 , 1988 , the album was the band 's second collaboration with record producer Rick Rubin , whose production skills on Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood had helped the band 's sound evolve . South of Heaven was Slayer 's second album to enter the Billboard 200 , and its last to be released by Def Jam Recordings , although the album became an American Recordings album after Rick Rubin ended his partnership with Russell Simmons . It was one of only two Def Jam titles to be distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records because of original distributor Columbia Records ' refusal to release work by the band . The release peaked at number 57 and in 1992 was awarded a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . In order to offset the pace of the group 's previous album , Slayer deliberately slowed down the album 's tempo . In contrast to their previous albums , the band utilized undistorted guitars and toned @-@ down vocals . While some critics praised this musical change , others — more accustomed to the style of earlier releases — were disappointed . The songs " Mandatory Suicide " and the title track , however , have become permanent features of the band 's live setlist . = = Background = = South of Heaven was recorded in Los Angeles , California with Reign in Blood producer Rick Rubin . PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand observed that Rubin 's production " shoves [ Dave ] Lombardo 's drumming right up front in the mix . " Guitarist Jeff Hanneman has since said that South of Heaven was the only album the band members discussed before writing the music . Aware that they " couldn 't top Reign in Blood " , and that whatever they recorded would be " compared to that album " , he believed they " had to slow down " , something Slayer had never done on albums before , or since . Guitarist Kerry King cited the need to " keep people guessing " as another reason for the musical shift . " In order to contrast the aggressive assault put forth on Reign in Blood , Slayer consciously slowed down the tempo of the album as a whole " , according to Slayer 's official biography . " They also added elements like undistorted guitars and toned @-@ down vocal styles not heard on previous albums . " King has since been critical of his performance , which he describes as his " most lackluster . " King attributes this to the fact he had recently married , and moved to Phoenix , Arizona . Describing himself as " probably the odd man out at that point " , he admitted he " didn ’ t participate as much because of that . " Hanneman said : " We go through dry spells sometimes , but the good thing about having two guitar players that can write music is that you are never gonna go without . I guess at that time , Kerry was hitting a dry spell . " King has also been critical of the album in general , describing it as one of his least favorite Slayer albums . He feels vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style , and " added too much singing . " Drummer Dave Lombardo has since observed : " There was fire on all the records , but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture . And that 's me personally . Again , I was probably wanting something else . " Judas Priest 's " Dissident Aggressor " is the only cover version to appear on a Slayer studio album . The song was chosen due to its war @-@ themed lyrics . Hanneman described the track as " more just like one of those odd songs that a lot of people didn 't know , but it was a favorite of Kerry and I , so we just picked that one . " Meanwhile , " Cleanse the Soul " has been heavily criticized by King who said that he hates the track : " That 's one of the black marks in our history , in my book . I just fucking think it '	[ "ism", "eg", "ist", "us", "Ġwere", "Ġboth", "Ġprominent", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠWestern", "Ġesoteric", "Ġtradition", "Ġthat", "Ġgrew", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠRoman", "Ġreligious", "Ġworld", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTem", "ples", "Ġand", "Ġcult", "s", "Ġin", "ĠEgypt", "Ġitself", "Ġdeclined", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠRoman", "Ġeconomy", "Ġdeteriorated", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġthird", "Ġcentury", "ĠAD", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġbeginning", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfourth", "Ġcentury", "Ġ,", "ĠChristians", "Ġsuppressed", "Ġthe", "Ġvener", "ation", "Ġof", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġlast", "Ġformal", "Ġcult", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġat", "ĠPhil", "ae", "Ġ,", "Ġdied", "Ġout", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfifth", "Ġor", "Ġsixth", "Ġcentury", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġbeliefs", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġthemselves", "Ġdisappeared", "Ġwithin", "Ġa", "Ġfew", "Ġhundred", "Ġyears", "Ġ,", "Ġremaining", "Ġin", "Ġmagical", "Ġtexts", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġseventh", "Ġand", "Ġeighth", "Ġcenturies", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpractices", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġworship", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġprocess", "ions", "Ġand", "Ġor", "acles", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġadapted", "Ġto", "Ġfit", "ĠChristian", "Ġideology", "Ġand", "Ġpersisted", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠCop", "tic", "ĠChurch", "Ġ.", "ĠGiven", "Ġthe", "Ġgreat", "Ġchanges", "Ġand", "Ġdiverse", "Ġinfluences", "Ġin", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġculture", "Ġsince", "Ġthat", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġscholars", "Ġdisagree", "Ġabout", "Ġwhether", "Ġany", "Ġmodern", "ĠCop", "tic", "Ġpractices", "Ġare", "Ġdescended", "Ġfrom", "Ġthose", "Ġof", "Ġph", "ara", "onic", "Ġreligion", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġmany", "Ġfestivals", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġtraditions", "Ġof", "Ġmodern", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġ,", "Ġboth", "ĠChristian", "Ġand", "ĠMuslim", "Ġ,", "Ġresemble", "Ġthe", "Ġworship", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġancestors", "Ġ'", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġfourth", "Ġstudio", "Ġalbum", "Ġby", "ĠAmerican", "Ġthr", "ash", "Ġmetal", "Ġband", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ.", "ĠReleased", "Ġon", "ĠJuly", "Ġ5", "Ġ,", "Ġ1988", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsecond", "Ġcollaboration", "Ġwith", "Ġrecord", "Ġproducer", "ĠRick", "ĠRubin", "Ġ,", "Ġwhose", "Ġproduction", "Ġskills", "Ġon", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġprevious", "Ġalbum", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġhad", "Ġhelped", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsound", "Ġevolve", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġwas", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsecond", "Ġalbum", "Ġto", "Ġenter", "Ġthe", "ĠBillboard", "Ġ200", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġlast", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġreleased", "Ġby", "ĠDef", "ĠJam", "ĠRecord", "ings", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġbecame", "Ġan", "ĠAmerican", "ĠRecord", "ings", "Ġalbum", "Ġafter", "ĠRick", "ĠRubin", "Ġended", "Ġhis", "Ġpartnership", "Ġwith", "ĠRussell", "ĠSimmons", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġwas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġonly", "Ġtwo", "ĠDef", "ĠJam", "Ġtitles", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġdistributed", "Ġby", "ĠGe", "ffen", "ĠRecords", "Ġthrough", "ĠWarner", "ĠBros", ".", "ĠRecords", "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġoriginal", "Ġdistributor", "ĠColumbia", "ĠRecords", "Ġ'", "Ġrefusal", "Ġto", "Ġrelease", "Ġwork", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġrelease", "Ġpeaked", "Ġat", "Ġnumber", "Ġ57", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġ1992", "Ġwas", "Ġawarded", "Ġa", "Ġgold", "Ġcertification", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠRecording", "ĠIndustry", "ĠAssociation", "Ġof", "ĠAmerica", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġorder", "Ġto", "Ġoffset", "Ġthe", "Ġpace", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgroup", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġprevious", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "ĠSlayer", "Ġdeliberately", "Ġslowed", "Ġdown", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġtempo", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġcontrast", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġprevious", "Ġalbums", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġutilized", "Ġund", "ist", "orted", "Ġguitars", "Ġand", "Ġton", "ed", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdown", "Ġvocals", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "Ġsome", "Ġcritics", "Ġpraised", "Ġthis", "Ġmusical", "Ġchange", "Ġ,", "Ġothers", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġmore", "Ġaccustomed", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġstyle", "Ġof", "Ġearlier", "Ġreleases", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwere", "Ġdisappointed", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsongs", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġ,", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "Ġhave", "Ġbecome", "Ġpermanent", "Ġfeatures", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġlive", "Ġset", "list", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBackground", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġwas", "Ġrecorded", "Ġin", "ĠLos", "ĠAngeles", "Ġ,", "ĠCalifornia", "Ġwith", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġproducer", "ĠRick", "ĠRubin", "Ġ.", "ĠPop", "Mat", "ters", "Ġreviewer", "ĠAd", "rien", "ĠBe", "grand", "Ġobserved", "Ġthat", "ĠRubin", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġproduction", "Ġ\"", "Ġsh", "oves", "Ġ[", "ĠDave", "Ġ]", "ĠLomb", "ardo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdrum", "ming", "Ġright", "Ġup", "Ġfront", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġmix", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠGuitar", "ist", "ĠJeff", "ĠHann", "eman", "Ġhas", "Ġsince", "Ġsaid", "Ġthat", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġonly", "Ġalbum", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġmembers", "Ġdiscussed", "Ġbefore", "Ġwriting", "Ġthe", "Ġmusic", "Ġ.", "ĠAware", "Ġthat", "Ġthey", "Ġ\"", "Ġcouldn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġtop", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġwhatever", "Ġthey", "Ġrecorded", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġ\"", "Ġcompared", "Ġto", "Ġthat", "Ġalbum", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġbelieved", "Ġthey", "Ġ\"", "Ġhad", "Ġto", "Ġslow", "Ġdown", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġsomething", "ĠSlayer", "Ġhad", "Ġnever", "Ġdone", "Ġon", "Ġalbums", "Ġbefore", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġsince", "Ġ.", "ĠGuitar", "ist", "ĠKerry", "ĠKing", "Ġcited", "Ġthe", "Ġneed", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "Ġkeep", "Ġpeople", "Ġguessing", "Ġ\"", "Ġas", "Ġanother", "Ġreason", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmusical", "Ġshift", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠIn", "Ġorder", "Ġto", "Ġcontrast", "Ġthe", "Ġaggressive", "Ġassault", "Ġput", "Ġforth", "Ġon", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġ,", "ĠSlayer", "Ġconsciously", "Ġslowed", "Ġdown", "Ġthe", "Ġtempo", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwhole", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġofficial", "Ġbiography", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠThey", "Ġalso", "Ġadded", "Ġelements", "Ġlike", "Ġund", "ist", "orted", "Ġguitars", "Ġand", "Ġton", "ed", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdown", "Ġvocal", "Ġstyles", "Ġnot", "Ġheard", "Ġon", "Ġprevious", "Ġalbums", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠKing", "Ġhas", "Ġsince", "Ġbeen", "Ġcritical", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġperformance", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhe", "Ġdescribes", "Ġas", "Ġhis", "Ġ\"", "Ġmost", "Ġlackluster", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠKing", "Ġattributes", "Ġthis", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġfact", "Ġhe", "Ġhad", "Ġrecently", "Ġmarried", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġmoved", "Ġto", "ĠPhoenix", "Ġ,", "ĠArizona", "Ġ.", "ĠDesc", "ribing", "Ġhimself", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġprobably", "Ġthe", "Ġodd", "Ġman", "Ġout", "Ġat", "Ġthat", "Ġpoint", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġadmitted", "Ġhe", "Ġ\"", "Ġdidn", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġt", "Ġparticipate", "Ġas", "Ġmuch", "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġthat", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠHann", "eman", "Ġsaid", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠWe", "Ġgo", "Ġthrough", "Ġdry", "Ġspells", "Ġsometimes", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġgood", "Ġthing", "Ġabout", "Ġhaving", "Ġtwo", "Ġguitar", "Ġplayers", "Ġthat", "Ġcan", "Ġwrite", "Ġmusic", "Ġis", "Ġthat", "Ġyou", "Ġare", "Ġnever", "Ġgonna", "Ġgo", "Ġwithout", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġguess", "Ġat", "Ġthat", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "ĠKerry", "Ġwas", "Ġhitting", "Ġa", "Ġdry", "Ġspell", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠKing", "Ġhas", "Ġalso", "Ġbeen", "Ġcritical", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġin", "Ġgeneral", "Ġ,", "Ġdescribing", "Ġit", "Ġas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġleast", "Ġfavorite", "ĠSlayer", "Ġalbums", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġfeels", "Ġvocal", "ist", "ĠTom", "ĠAr", "aya", "Ġmoved", "Ġtoo", "Ġfar", "Ġaway", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġregular", "Ġvocal", "Ġstyle", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "Ġadded", "Ġtoo", "Ġmuch", "Ġsinging", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠDrum", "mer", "ĠDave", "ĠLomb", "ardo", "Ġhas", "Ġsince", "Ġobserved", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠThere", "Ġwas", "Ġfire", "Ġon", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġrecords", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġstarted", "Ġdim", "ming", "Ġwhen", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġcame", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġpicture", "Ġ.", "ĠAnd", "Ġthat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġme", "Ġpersonally", "Ġ.", "ĠAgain", "Ġ,", "ĠI", "Ġwas", "Ġprobably", "Ġwanting", "Ġsomething", "Ġelse", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠJud", "as", "ĠPriest", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ\"", "ĠDiss", "ident", "ĠAgg", "ressor", "Ġ\"", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġonly", "Ġcover", "Ġversion", "Ġto", "Ġappear", "Ġon", "Ġa", "ĠSlayer", "Ġstudio", "Ġalbum", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsong", "Ġwas", "Ġchosen", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġits", "Ġwar", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġthemed", "Ġlyrics", "Ġ.", "ĠHann", "eman", "Ġdescribed", "Ġthe", "Ġtrack", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġmore", "Ġjust", "Ġlike", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthose", "Ġodd", "Ġsongs", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġlot", "Ġof", "Ġpeople", "Ġdidn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġknow", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġfavorite", "Ġof", "ĠKerry", "Ġand", "ĠI", "Ġ,", "Ġso", "Ġwe", "Ġjust", "Ġpicked", "Ġthat", "Ġone", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠMeanwhile", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠClean", "se", "Ġthe", "ĠSoul", "Ġ\"", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġheavily", "Ġcriticized", "Ġby", "ĠKing", "Ġwho", "Ġsaid", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġhates", "Ġthe", "Ġtrack", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠThat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġblack", "Ġmarks", "Ġin", "Ġour", "Ġhistory", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġmy", "Ġbook", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġjust", "Ġfucking", "Ġthink", "Ġit", "Ġ'" ]	44
s horrible . [ Laughs ] I hate the opening riff . It 's what we call a ' happy riff . ' It 's just like ' la @-@ lala @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la . ' I can 't see myself playing it , but after that , where it gets heavier , I like that section . If we ever did a medley , I 'd put part of that in there . " The Slayer boxset Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featured , along with four songs of the album , an early version of the title track , recorded at Hanneman 's home . = = Photography and illustration = = Artist Larry Carroll and Illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , having designed the artwork for Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood . Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 's Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they " had matured a little bit " , while Friedman himself deemed it " a really cool back cover " and " one of the most classic shots of them [ Slayer ] ever . " = = Critical reception = = South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin 's newly founded Def American Recordings label . The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and on November 20 , 1992 , became Slayer 's second album to be certified gold in the United States . South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1993 , Slayer 's first record to do so in that country . Slayer 's official biography states that " some critics praised the album as demonstrating Slayer 's desire to grow musically and avoid repeating themselves . " Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as " disturbing and powerful , " while Joe Matera of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure ; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down , it " didn 't sacrifice any of the heaviness inherent in Slayer 's music . " Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described the album as " their most underrated , and on this set , its five selections show how highly the band thinks of the record . " KNAC.com 's Peter Atkinson was also positive , saying the album has a " grandiosity and imposing presence " which makes the record " so magnificent . " Grave 's Ola Lindgren and Bolt Thrower 's Karl Willetts both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of all time , while Max Kolesne of Brazilian death metal group Krisiun remembers hearing the song " Silent Scream " for the first time : " It just blew me away . It was like fast double @-@ bass , fast kicks during the whole song . That was very inspiring for me . " When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview , Evile frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood " was just speed " , South of Heaven proved that the group could write " slow material as well . " Metal Forces reviewer gives " the band credit for at least making an effort to try something new and not being afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career " , creating " one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while " . He remarks , however , that " if you ’ re expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part Two , you ’ ll be in for a major disappointment " . Kim Neely of Rolling Stone dismissed the album as " genuinely offensive satanic drivel . " Slayer 's official biography states : " The new sounds disappointed some of the band 's fans who were more accustomed to the style of earlier releases . " Michael Roberts of Westworld Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving " at the sludgier speed of Black Sabbath . " Araya commented that the " album was a late bloomer — it wasn 't really received well , but it kind of grew on everybody later . " = = Cover versions = = The title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " have received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You Dread , with the former cover being described as having " menacing chord shifts " by AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus . 1995 Slayer tribute album Slatanic Slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with the title track , " Mandatory Suicide " and " Spill the Blood " interpreted by Cemetary , Crown of Thorns and Grope respectively . Its 1998 follow up Slatanic Slaughter , Vol . 2 only	[ "s", "Ġhorrible", "Ġ.", "Ġ[", "ĠL", "aughs", "Ġ]", "ĠI", "Ġhate", "Ġthe", "Ġopening", "Ġriff", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġwhat", "Ġwe", "Ġcall", "Ġa", "Ġ'", "Ġhappy", "Ġriff", "Ġ.", "Ġ'", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġjust", "Ġlike", "Ġ'", "Ġla", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġl", "ala", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġla", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġla", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġla", "Ġ.", "Ġ'", "ĠI", "Ġcan", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġsee", "Ġmyself", "Ġplaying", "Ġit", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġafter", "Ġthat", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġit", "Ġgets", "Ġheavier", "Ġ,", "ĠI", "Ġlike", "Ġthat", "Ġsection", "Ġ.", "ĠIf", "Ġwe", "Ġever", "Ġdid", "Ġa", "Ġmed", "ley", "Ġ,", "ĠI", "Ġ'", "d", "Ġput", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthat", "Ġin", "Ġthere", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "ĠSlayer", "Ġbox", "set", "ĠSound", "track", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠApocalypse", "Ġfeatured", "Ġ,", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "Ġfour", "Ġsongs", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġearly", "Ġversion", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġ,", "Ġrecorded", "Ġat", "ĠHann", "eman", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġhome", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPhotography", "Ġand", "Ġillustration", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠArtist", "ĠLarry", "ĠCarroll", "Ġand", "ĠIllust", "rator", "ĠHoward", "ĠSchwartz", "berg", "Ġdesigned", "Ġthe", "Ġcover", "Ġartwork", "Ġfor", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ,", "Ġhaving", "Ġdesigned", "Ġthe", "Ġartwork", "Ġfor", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġprevious", "Ġalbum", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġ.", "ĠPhotographer", "ĠGlen", "ĠE", ".", "ĠFriedman", "Ġtook", "Ġthe", "Ġpromotional", "Ġshot", "Ġwhich", "Ġsurfaced", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġcover", "Ġof", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġof", "Ġ1986", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġ.", "ĠLomb", "ardo", "Ġfelt", "Ġit", "Ġmade", "ĠSlayer", "Ġseem", "Ġas", "Ġthough", "Ġthey", "Ġ\"", "Ġhad", "Ġmatured", "Ġa", "Ġlittle", "Ġbit", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "ĠFriedman", "Ġhimself", "Ġdeemed", "Ġit", "Ġ\"", "Ġa", "Ġreally", "Ġcool", "Ġback", "Ġcover", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġclassic", "Ġshots", "Ġof", "Ġthem", "Ġ[", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ]", "Ġever", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCritical", "Ġreception", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġon", "ĠJuly", "Ġ5", "Ġ,", "Ġ1988", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġfinal", "ĠSlayer", "Ġalbum", "Ġdistributed", "Ġvia", "ĠDef", "ĠJam", "ĠRecords", "Ġ.", "ĠWhen", "Ġlabel", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfounders", "ĠRussell", "ĠSimmons", "Ġand", "ĠRubin", "Ġparted", "Ġways", "Ġ,", "ĠSlayer", "Ġsigned", "Ġto", "ĠRubin", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnewly", "Ġfounded", "ĠDef", "ĠAmerican", "ĠRecord", "ings", "Ġlabel", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġalbum", "Ġpeaked", "Ġat", "Ġnumber", "Ġ57", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠBillboard", "Ġ200", "Ġalbum", "Ġchart", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġon", "ĠNovember", "Ġ20", "Ġ,", "Ġ1992", "Ġ,", "Ġbecame", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsecond", "Ġalbum", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġcertified", "Ġgold", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġ.", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġwas", "Ġawarded", "Ġsilver", "Ġcertification", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠKingdom", "Ġon", "ĠJanuary", "Ġ1", "Ġ,", "Ġ1993", "Ġ,", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġrecord", "Ġto", "Ġdo", "Ġso", "Ġin", "Ġthat", "Ġcountry", "Ġ.", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġofficial", "Ġbiography", "Ġstates", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", "Ġsome", "Ġcritics", "Ġpraised", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġas", "Ġdemonstrating", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdesire", "Ġto", "Ġgrow", "Ġmus", "ically", "Ġand", "Ġavoid", "Ġrepeating", "Ġthemselves", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠAlex", "ĠHenderson", "Ġof", "ĠAll", "Music", "Ġdescribed", "Ġthe", "Ġrecord", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġdisturbing", "Ġand", "Ġpowerful", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġwhile", "ĠJoe", "ĠM", "ater", "a", "Ġof", "ĠUltimate", "ĠGuitar", "Ġdeemed", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġa", "Ġslight", "Ġdeparture", "Ġ;", "Ġhe", "Ġwrote", "Ġthat", "Ġwhile", "Ġthe", "Ġpace", "Ġwas", "Ġslowed", "Ġdown", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġ\"", "Ġdidn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġsacrifice", "Ġany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġheav", "iness", "Ġinherent", "Ġin", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmusic", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠReview", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġ2003", "ĠSlayer", "Ġbox", "Ġset", "ĠSound", "track", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠApocalypse", "Ġ,", "ĠAd", "rien", "ĠBe", "grand", "Ġof", "ĠPop", "Mat", "ters", "Ġdescribed", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġtheir", "Ġmost", "Ġunderrated", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġon", "Ġthis", "Ġset", "Ġ,", "Ġits", "Ġfive", "Ġselections", "Ġshow", "Ġhow", "Ġhighly", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġthinks", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrecord", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠKN", "AC", ".", "com", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠPeter", "ĠAtkinson", "Ġwas", "Ġalso", "Ġpositive", "Ġ,", "Ġsaying", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġgrand", "iosity", "Ġand", "Ġimposing", "Ġpresence", "Ġ\"", "Ġwhich", "Ġmakes", "Ġthe", "Ġrecord", "Ġ\"", "Ġso", "Ġmagnificent", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠGrave", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠO", "la", "ĠLind", "gren", "Ġand", "ĠBolt", "ĠThrow", "er", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠKarl", "ĠWil", "let", "ts", "Ġboth", "Ġrate", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġas", "Ġamongst", "Ġthe", "Ġtop", "Ġfive", "Ġalbums", "Ġof", "Ġall", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "ĠMax", "ĠK", "oles", "ne", "Ġof", "ĠBrazilian", "Ġdeath", "Ġmetal", "Ġgroup", "ĠKris", "i", "un", "Ġremembers", "Ġhearing", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠSilent", "ĠScream", "Ġ\"", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġtime", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠIt", "Ġjust", "Ġblew", "Ġme", "Ġaway", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġwas", "Ġlike", "Ġfast", "Ġdouble", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbass", "Ġ,", "Ġfast", "Ġkicks", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġwhole", "Ġsong", "Ġ.", "ĠThat", "Ġwas", "Ġvery", "Ġinspiring", "Ġfor", "Ġme", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠWhen", "Ġdiscussing", "ĠSlayer", "Ġin", "Ġan", "ĠOctober", "Ġ2007", "Ġinterview", "Ġ,", "ĠEv", "ile", "Ġfrontman", "ĠMatt", "ĠDrake", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġwhile", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "Ġ\"", "Ġwas", "Ġjust", "Ġspeed", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġproved", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġgroup", "Ġcould", "Ġwrite", "Ġ\"", "Ġslow", "Ġmaterial", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠMetal", "ĠForces", "Ġreviewer", "Ġgives", "Ġ\"", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġcredit", "Ġfor", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġmaking", "Ġan", "Ġeffort", "Ġto", "Ġtry", "Ġsomething", "Ġnew", "Ġand", "Ġnot", "Ġbeing", "Ġafraid", "Ġto", "Ġexperiment", "Ġat", "Ġsuch", "Ġa", "Ġcrucial", "Ġstage", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġcareer", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġcreating", "Ġ\"", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmore", "Ġoriginal", "Ġsounding", "Ġthr", "ash", "Ġ/", "Ġspeed", "Ġmetal", "Ġalbums", "Ġhe", "Ġheard", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġlong", "Ġwhile", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġremarks", "Ġ,", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", "Ġif", "Ġyou", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġre", "Ġexpecting", "Ġto", "Ġhear", "ĠReign", "Ġin", "ĠBlood", "ĠPart", "ĠTwo", "Ġ,", "Ġyou", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġll", "Ġbe", "Ġin", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġmajor", "Ġdisappointment", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠKim", "ĠN", "eely", "Ġof", "ĠRolling", "ĠStone", "Ġdismissed", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġgenuinely", "Ġoffensive", "Ġsat", "anic", "Ġdri", "vel", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġofficial", "Ġbiography", "Ġstates", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "Ġnew", "Ġsounds", "Ġdisappointed", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfans", "Ġwho", "Ġwere", "Ġmore", "Ġaccustomed", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġstyle", "Ġof", "Ġearlier", "Ġreleases", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠMichael", "ĠRoberts", "Ġof", "ĠWest", "world", "ĠOnline", "Ġsaid", "Ġthis", "Ġwas", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnumbers", "Ġmoving", "Ġ\"", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġsl", "ud", "g", "ier", "Ġspeed", "Ġof", "ĠBlack", "ĠSabbath", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠAr", "aya", "Ġcommented", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġalbum", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġlate", "Ġbloom", "er", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġit", "Ġwasn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġreally", "Ġreceived", "Ġwell", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġkind", "Ġof", "Ġgrew", "Ġon", "Ġeverybody", "Ġlater", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCover", "Ġversions", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġhave", "Ġreceived", "Ġvarious", "Ġcover", "Ġinterpretations", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "Ġon", "ĠSlayer", "Ġtribute", "Ġalbums", "Ġ.", "ĠT", "oni", "ĠFerguson", "Ġrecorded", "Ġstring", "Ġquart", "et", "Ġadaptations", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "Ġtracks", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "ĠThe", "ĠString", "ĠQuart", "et", "ĠT", "ribute", "Ġto", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ:", "ĠThe", "ĠEvil", "ĠYou", "ĠDread", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġformer", "Ġcover", "Ġbeing", "Ġdescribed", "Ġas", "Ġhaving", "Ġ\"", "Ġmenacing", "Ġchord", "Ġshifts", "Ġ\"", "Ġby", "ĠAll", "Music", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠJohnny", "ĠLoft", "us", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ1995", "ĠSlayer", "Ġtribute", "Ġalbum", "ĠSl", "at", "anic", "ĠSlaughter", "Ġfeatured", "Ġthree", "Ġtracks", "Ġwhich", "Ġoriginally", "Ġappeared", "Ġon", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠSp", "ill", "Ġthe", "ĠBlood", "Ġ\"", "Ġinterpreted", "Ġby", "ĠC", "em", "etary", "Ġ,", "ĠCrown", "Ġof", "ĠTh", "orns", "Ġand", "ĠGro", "pe", "Ġrespectively", "Ġ.", "ĠIts", "Ġ1998", "Ġfollow", "Ġup", "ĠSl", "at", "anic", "ĠSlaughter", "Ġ,", "ĠVol", "Ġ.", "Ġ2", "Ġonly" ]	45
featured two tracks originally from the album ; namely " Silent Scream " arranged by Vader and " Read Between the Lies " interpreted by Anathema . 1999 's Straight to Hell : A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album , with versions of South of Heaven performed by Abaddon ( Venom ) and Electric Hellfire Club , " Mandatory Suicide " cut by Chapter 7 and " Behind the Crooked Cross " adapted by Gigantor . 2006 Argentine tribute album Al Sur Del Abismo ( Tributo Argentino A Slayer ) saw Nafak and Climatic Terra also respectively cover " South of Heaven " and " Mandatory Suicide " . Hatebreed covered the song " Ghosts of War " for their 2009 cover album For the Lions . They released a music video for it also . Korn has covered the title track at least twice live , once with Kid Rock on vocals and another using the intro to follow into one of their songs live . The title track itself has also been covered by Integrity 2000 , Modest Mouse and Califone , Pro @-@ Pain , and Universe Eye . Polish death metal band Decapitated covered the song " Mandatory Suicide " on their first full @-@ length album Winds of Creation . In 2003 , " Silent Scream " was covered by Children of Bodom for their album Hate Crew Deathroll in his UK version . Hardcore Punk band , The Mongoloids opened their set with the beginning of " South of Heaven " at Heartfest 7 on May 4 , 2013 = = Live performances = = Two songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) have become near constant fixtures in the band 's live setlist , notching up appearances on the following : the live DVDs Live Intrusion , War at the Warfield , Still Reigning , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse 's deluxe edition 's bonus live disc , and the live double album Decade of Aggression . Lombardo guested with Finnish cellist group Apocalyptica on a live medley of the two tracks at 1998 's Headbanger 's Heaven festival in the Netherlands . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described " South of Heaven " as " an unorthodox set opener in theory " , noting " the song went over like a megaton bomb detonating the place : dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum riser , the sinewy opening notes kicked in , followed by an overture of bass , cymbal crashes , and tom fills , leading up to the slowly building crescendo " in a concert review . Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of " South of Heaven " and thinking " ‘ Man ! There 's just so much groove in that song . ’ To my kids I was saying , ‘ Listen to that ! Listen to how groovy that is ! ’ And it 's heavy . " A rare live version of the track featured on the JÄGERMUSIC Rarities 2004 promotional CD , given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Jägermeister Music Tour . A live rendition of " South of Heaven " was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group 's 2007 re @-@ release of ninth studio album Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006 's Unholy Alliance tour . " Behind the Crooked Cross " is rarely played live as Hanneman hates the track , though King has always wanted to play it " because it 's got a cool intro " despite it not being his favorite song . King said " that 's fine " when speaking of the situation , noting " there are songs that he wants to play that I always shoot down . " " Ghosts of War " isn 't King 's favorite song either , which he attests " everybody always wants to hear " performed live . He confessed ; " I like the ending , you know , I like the big heavy part and I always say , ‘ Let 's put the heavy ending at the end of " Chemical Warfare " and just do the last half . ’ But I could never make that fly . " Slayer has toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990 's Seasons in the Abyss , though Hanneman said it 's something which hasn 't been " seriously considered . " Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in the footsteps of the Still Reigning tour , to which Araya replied , " It 's becoming a trendy thing now . I don 't know . We have some really cool albums , but I don 't think we 'll ever do that again . " King was equally unsure , commenting , " Probably not . And I just don 't like enough songs off South of Heaven . " = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = = = = Slayer = = = Tom Araya	[ "Ġfeatured", "Ġtwo", "Ġtracks", "Ġoriginally", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ;", "Ġnamely", "Ġ\"", "ĠSilent", "ĠScream", "Ġ\"", "Ġarranged", "Ġby", "ĠVader", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠRead", "ĠBetween", "Ġthe", "ĠLies", "Ġ\"", "Ġinterpreted", "Ġby", "ĠAn", "athe", "ma", "Ġ.", "Ġ1999", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠStraight", "Ġto", "ĠHell", "Ġ:", "ĠA", "ĠT", "ribute", "Ġto", "ĠSlayer", "Ġcollected", "Ġfour", "ĠSlayer", "Ġrend", "itions", "Ġwhich", "Ġoriginated", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġversions", "Ġof", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġperformed", "Ġby", "ĠAb", "addon", "Ġ(", "ĠVenom", "Ġ)", "Ġand", "ĠElectric", "ĠHell", "fire", "ĠClub", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġcut", "Ġby", "ĠChapter", "Ġ7", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠBehind", "Ġthe", "ĠCro", "oked", "ĠCross", "Ġ\"", "Ġadapted", "Ġby", "ĠGig", "ant", "or", "Ġ.", "Ġ2006", "ĠArgentine", "Ġtribute", "Ġalbum", "ĠAl", "ĠSur", "ĠDel", "ĠAb", "ismo", "Ġ(", "ĠT", "ribut", "o", "ĠArgent", "ino", "ĠA", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ)", "Ġsaw", "ĠN", "af", "ak", "Ġand", "ĠClim", "atic", "ĠTerra", "Ġalso", "Ġrespectively", "Ġcover", "Ġ\"", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHate", "bre", "ed", "Ġcovered", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠGhosts", "Ġof", "ĠWar", "Ġ\"", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġ2009", "Ġcover", "Ġalbum", "ĠFor", "Ġthe", "ĠLions", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġreleased", "Ġa", "Ġmusic", "Ġvideo", "Ġfor", "Ġit", "Ġalso", "Ġ.", "ĠK", "orn", "Ġhas", "Ġcovered", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġat", "Ġleast", "Ġtwice", "Ġlive", "Ġ,", "Ġonce", "Ġwith", "ĠKid", "ĠRock", "Ġon", "Ġvocals", "Ġand", "Ġanother", "Ġusing", "Ġthe", "Ġintro", "Ġto", "Ġfollow", "Ġinto", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġsongs", "Ġlive", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġitself", "Ġhas", "Ġalso", "Ġbeen", "Ġcovered", "Ġby", "ĠIntegrity", "Ġ2000", "Ġ,", "ĠModest", "ĠMouse", "Ġand", "ĠCalif", "one", "Ġ,", "ĠPro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠPain", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠUniverse", "ĠEye", "Ġ.", "ĠPolish", "Ġdeath", "Ġmetal", "Ġband", "ĠDec", "ap", "itated", "Ġcovered", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġon", "Ġtheir", "Ġfirst", "Ġfull", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlength", "Ġalbum", "ĠWinds", "Ġof", "ĠCreation", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2003", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠSilent", "ĠScream", "Ġ\"", "Ġwas", "Ġcovered", "Ġby", "ĠChildren", "Ġof", "ĠBod", "om", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġalbum", "ĠHate", "ĠCrew", "ĠDeath", "roll", "Ġin", "Ġhis", "ĠUK", "Ġversion", "Ġ.", "ĠHardcore", "ĠPunk", "Ġband", "Ġ,", "ĠThe", "ĠMongol", "oids", "Ġopened", "Ġtheir", "Ġset", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġbeginning", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ\"", "Ġat", "ĠHeart", "fest", "Ġ7", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ4", "Ġ,", "Ġ2013", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠLive", "Ġperformances", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTwo", "Ġsongs", "Ġtaken", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ(", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ\"", "Ġ)", "Ġhave", "Ġbecome", "Ġnear", "Ġconstant", "Ġfixtures", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġlive", "Ġset", "list", "Ġ,", "Ġnot", "ching", "Ġup", "Ġappearances", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġ:", "Ġthe", "Ġlive", "ĠDVDs", "ĠLive", "ĠInt", "r", "usion", "Ġ,", "ĠWar", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠWar", "field", "Ġ,", "ĠStill", "ĠReign", "ing", "Ġ,", "ĠSound", "track", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠApocalypse", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdel", "uxe", "Ġedition", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbonus", "Ġlive", "Ġdisc", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġlive", "Ġdouble", "Ġalbum", "ĠDec", "ade", "Ġof", "ĠAgg", "ression", "Ġ.", "ĠLomb", "ardo", "Ġgu", "ested", "Ġwith", "ĠFinnish", "Ġcell", "ist", "Ġgroup", "ĠAp", "ocaly", "pt", "ica", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġlive", "Ġmed", "ley", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "Ġtracks", "Ġat", "Ġ1998", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠHead", "b", "anger", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠHeaven", "Ġfestival", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNetherlands", "Ġ.", "ĠAd", "rien", "ĠBe", "grand", "Ġof", "ĠPop", "Mat", "ters", "Ġdescribed", "Ġ\"", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ\"", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġan", "Ġunorthodox", "Ġset", "Ġopener", 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"ĠLet", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġput", "Ġthe", "Ġheavy", "Ġending", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "ĠChemical", "ĠWarfare", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġjust", "Ġdo", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġhalf", "Ġ.", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "ĠBut", "ĠI", "Ġcould", "Ġnever", "Ġmake", "Ġthat", "Ġfly", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSlayer", "Ġhas", "Ġtoy", "ed", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġidea", "Ġof", "Ġcreating", "Ġa", "Ġlive", "Ġset", "Ġmixed", "Ġwith", "Ġselections", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġand", "Ġ1990", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠSeasons", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠAbyss", "Ġ,", "Ġthough", "ĠHann", "eman", "Ġsaid", "Ġit", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsomething", "Ġwhich", "Ġhasn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġbeen", "Ġ\"", "Ġseriously", "Ġconsidered", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠMetal", "ĠMan", "iac", "s", "Ġasked", "ĠSlayer", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġ2006", "Ġinterview", "Ġwhether", "Ġthey", "Ġwould", "Ġconsider", "Ġplaying", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfootsteps", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠStill", "ĠReign", "ing", "Ġtour", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġwhich", "ĠAr", "aya", "Ġreplied", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbecoming", "Ġa", "Ġtrendy", "Ġthing", "Ġnow", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġdon", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġknow", "Ġ.", "ĠWe", "Ġhave", "Ġsome", "Ġreally", "Ġcool", "Ġalbums", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "ĠI", "Ġdon", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġthink", "Ġwe", "Ġ'", "ll", "Ġever", "Ġdo", "Ġthat", "Ġagain", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠKing", "Ġwas", "Ġequally", "Ġunsure", "Ġ,", "Ġcommenting", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠProbably", "Ġnot", "Ġ.", "ĠAnd", "ĠI", "Ġjust", "Ġdon", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġlike", "Ġenough", "Ġsongs", "Ġoff", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠTrack", "Ġlisting", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPersonnel", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTom", "ĠAr", "aya" ]	46
– bass , lead vocals Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dave Lombardo – drums = = Charts and certifications = = = General aviation in the United Kingdom = General aviation in the United Kingdom has been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercial operations are often included within the scope of general aviation ( GA ) in the UK . The sector operates business jets , rotorcraft , piston and jet @-@ engined fixed @-@ wing aircraft , gliders of all descriptions , and lighter than air craft . Public transport operations include business ( or corporate ) aviation and air taxi services , and account for nearly half of the economic contribution made by the sector . Other commercial GA activities are aerial work , such as surveying and air ambulances , and flight training , which plays an important role in the supply of pilots to the commercial air transport ( CAT ) industry . Private flying is conducted for personal transport and recreation . It includes a strong vintage aircraft movement , and encompasses a range of air sports , such as racing , aerobatics , and parachuting , at which British teams and individuals have succeeded in international competition . Of the 21 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent are engaged in GA operations , and annually the GA fleet accounts for between 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 35 million hours flown . The single most common class of aircraft is the fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , but the main area of growth over the last 20 years has been in the use of more affordable aircraft , such as microlights , amateur built aeroplanes , and smaller helicopters . There are 28 @,@ 000 Private Pilot Licence holders , and 10 @,@ 000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19 @,@ 000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities . Although GA operates from more than 1 @,@ 800 aerodromes and landing sites , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips , over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes . The GA industry , which is around 7 per cent the size of its CAT cousin , employs 12 @,@ 000 people , and contributes £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy . GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and the objective is to promote high standards of safety . At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies , and gliding is in transition from a self @-@ regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA . Airspace regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of CAT operations has reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted . The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector , and smaller aerodromes are vulnerable to closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system has no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations , and generally does not favour the development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market . The planning process has become a mechanism for addressing local aerodrome @-@ related environmental issues which , particularly regarding noise , are the main subjects of public criticism levelled at GA . = = Definitions = = The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) defines general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It defines commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers , cargo or mail for remuneration or hire " , and aerial work as " an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture , construction , photography , surveying , observation and patrol , search and rescue , aerial advertisement , etc . " Organisations in the United Kingdom ( UK ) describe GA in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation . The British Business and General Aviation Association interprets it to be " all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services " . The General Aviation Awareness Council applies the description " all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non @-@ scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire " . For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK , the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) defined the scope of GA as " a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule " , and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition	[ "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġbass", "Ġ,", "Ġlead", "Ġvocals", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠJeff", "ĠHann", "eman", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġlead", "Ġand", "Ġrhythm", "Ġguitar", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠKerry", "ĠKing", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġlead", "Ġand", "Ġrhythm", "Ġguitar", "Ġ,", "Ġbacking", "Ġvocals", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDave", "ĠLomb", "ardo", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġdrums", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCh", "arts", "Ġand", "Ġcert", "ifications", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠGeneral", "Ġaviation", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGeneral", "Ġaviation", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠKingdom", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġdefined", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcivil", "Ġaircraft", "Ġoperation", "Ġother", "Ġthan", "Ġa", "Ġcommercial", "Ġair", "Ġtransport", "Ġflight", "Ġoperating", "Ġto", "Ġa", 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and include aerial work and minor CAT operations . = = History = = The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ Brabazon . In 1910 the Aero Club was granted the Royal prefix , took responsibility for controlling all private flying in the UK , and started issuing the first British pilot licences . The introduction of the de Havilland DH.60 Moth in 1925 revolutionised light aviation , and the Royal Aero Club , recognising the " vital necessity of promoting civil flying " , formed the Light Aeroplane Club scheme . Between 1925 and 1939 around 60 flying clubs were started , and more than 5 @,@ 000 pilots were trained . During World War II civil aerodromes were taken over for military use , existing military airfields were expanded , and new ones were built . This resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war . Pre @-@ war civil aerodromes , for example Sywell , were returned to civilian use . Surplus military airfields were closed , and in some cases , for example Beccles , subsequently re @-@ opened as civil aerodromes . The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created to regulate all civil aviation in the UK , and this task remained the responsibility of government departments until the establishment of the independent CAA in 1972 . With an expanded infrastructure in place , GA became established after the war when manufacturers such as Cessna and Piper introduced light aircraft designed for the private market . The Cessna 172 , developed from the late 1940s Cessna 170 , was introduced in 1956 , and became the world 's best selling single @-@ engine aeroplane . Single piston @-@ engine aircraft are still the most common class of aircraft in the UK GA fleet . The development of the Rogallo wing in the 1950s fostered the development of hang @-@ gliding during the 1960s and 1970s . The 1960s also saw experiments with motorised hang gliders , but it was not until the 1970s that this blend of technologies started to mature , resulting in the birth of the microlight movement . Another milestone in the development of GA was the 1964 introduction of the Learjet 23 . Although it was not the first business jet , it popularised corporate aviation , and established the personal jet as a " whole new class of aircraft " . = = Activities = = The GA sector operates a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , paragliders , microlights , gyrocopters , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . Flights can be broadly categorised as public transport , aerial work , and private flying , the first two of which are commercial activities . = = = Commercial operations = = = Commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . Some are , however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , the GA sector . Public transport operations are non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer , providing a more flexible service than airline travel . Air taxi operations offer charter services for third parties , and business or corporate aviation uses company @-@ owned aircraft to transport employees and clients . Aircraft used in these operations include business jets , helicopters , and twin piston @-@ engine aeroplanes carrying between six and ten people . An example of this type of operation is the transport by helicopter of spectators to the British Formula One grand prix at Silverstone . This involves so many flights that , according to Cranfield Aviation Services , on race day the heliport is temporarily the world 's busiest airport . Aerial work is a small but important component of the commercial GA sector , characterised in its simplest form as remunerated non @-@ transport activities , such as surveying , crop spraying , and emergency services work ( air ambulance and police ) . = = = Flying schools = = = Flying schools are commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flying lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to qualified pilots for recreational flights . School @-@ owned aircraft account for a significant amount of GA activity , both in terms of hours flown and aircraft movements . The pilot training element is regarded by the GA community as a key benefit that is critical to the supply of pilots for the airline industry . It is claimed by the General Aviation Awareness Council that 60 – 70 per cent of professional pilots have self @-@ financed their flight training at GA schools , and one UK airline operator has stated that the industry must	[ "Ġand", "Ġinclude", "Ġaerial", "Ġwork", "Ġand", "Ġminor", "ĠCAT", "Ġoperations", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠHistory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġaer", "od", "rome", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġwas", "Ġestablished", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠAero", "ĠClub", "Ġat", "ĠMus", "well", "ĠManor", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠIsle", "Ġof", "ĠShe", "pp", "ey", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġin", "ĠMay", "Ġ1909", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġvenue", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġflight", "Ġconducted", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġby", "Ġa", "ĠBritish", "Ġpilot", "Ġ,", "ĠJohn", "ĠMoore", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠBr", "ab", "azon", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ1910", "Ġthe", "ĠAero", "ĠClub", "Ġwas", "Ġgranted", "Ġthe", "ĠRoyal", "Ġprefix", "Ġ,", "Ġtook", "Ġresponsibility", "Ġfor", "Ġcontrolling", "Ġall", "Ġprivate", 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"Ġthe", "ĠBritish", "ĠFormula", "ĠOne", "Ġgrand", "Ġpri", "x", "Ġat", "ĠSilver", "stone", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġinvolves", "Ġso", "Ġmany", "Ġflights", "Ġthat", "Ġ,", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "ĠCran", "field", "ĠAviation", "ĠServices", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "Ġrace", "Ġday", "Ġthe", "Ġhel", "ip", "ort", "Ġis", "Ġtemporarily", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbusiest", "Ġairport", "Ġ.", "ĠAerial", "Ġwork", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġsmall", "Ġbut", "Ġimportant", "Ġcomponent", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcommercial", "ĠGA", "Ġsector", "Ġ,", "Ġcharacter", "ised", "Ġin", "Ġits", "Ġsimplest", "Ġform", "Ġas", "Ġrem", "uner", "ated", "Ġnon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġtransport", "Ġactivities", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġsurve", "ying", "Ġ,", "Ġcrop", "Ġspraying", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġemergency", "Ġservices", "Ġwork", "Ġ(", "Ġair", "Ġambulance", "Ġand", "Ġpolice", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠFlying", "Ġschools", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFlying", "Ġschools", "Ġare", "Ġcommercial", "Ġbusinesses", "Ġengaged", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġtraining", "Ġof", "Ġpilots", "Ġ,", "Ġboth", "Ġfor", "Ġrecreational", "Ġpurposes", "Ġand", "Ġfor", "Ġthose", "Ġintending", "Ġto", "Ġfly", "Ġprofessionally", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġmake", "Ġwidespread", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġfixed", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwing", "Ġlight", "Ġaircraft", "Ġassociated", "Ġwith", "Ġtraditional", "ĠGA", "Ġ,", "Ġnot", "Ġonly", "Ġfor", "Ġflying", "Ġlessons", "Ġbut", "Ġalso", "Ġas", "Ġclub", "Ġaircraft", "Ġrented", "Ġout", "Ġto", "Ġqualified", "Ġpilots", "Ġfor", "Ġrecreational", "Ġflights", "Ġ.", "ĠSchool", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġowned", "Ġaircraft", "Ġaccount", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġsignificant", "Ġamount", "Ġof", "ĠGA", "Ġactivity", "Ġ,", "Ġboth", "Ġin", "Ġterms", "Ġof", "Ġhours", "Ġflown", "Ġand", "Ġaircraft", "Ġmovements", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpilot", "Ġtraining", "Ġelement", "Ġis", "Ġregarded", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠGA", "Ġcommunity", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġkey", "Ġbenefit", "Ġthat", "Ġis", "Ġcritical", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsupply", "Ġof", "Ġpilots", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġairline", "Ġindustry", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġclaimed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠGeneral", "ĠAviation", "ĠAwareness", "ĠCouncil", "Ġthat", "Ġ60", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ70", "Ġper", "Ġcent", "Ġof", "Ġprofessional", "Ġpilots", "Ġhave", "Ġself", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfinanced", "Ġtheir", "Ġflight", "Ġtraining", "Ġat", "ĠGA", "Ġschools", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġone", "ĠUK", "Ġairline", "Ġoperator", "Ġhas", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġindustry", "Ġmust" ]	48
rely on 70 – 80 per cent of new pilots coming from the GA sector . The CAA estimates that between 1996 and 2006 the number of new professional pilots following the unsponsored training route rose from 48 per cent to 59 per cent . The counter argument to this claim is that pilots can be trained outside of the UK , and that the airline industry is not therefore dependent on a healthy GA sector in the UK for its supply of pilots . The CAA concludes that a severe reduction in GA would give " some merit to the argument that pilot recruitment would be threatened " , but that the data on flying hours " does not support such a gloomy outlook . " Of course , reliance on other countries for pilot training means that the UK foregoes the economic benefit of the training activity . = = = Private flying = = = Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft that are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights were local flights near the base aerodrome , visits to other aerodromes , and day trips away . Half of all flights landed at the same aerodrome they departed from , and only 9 per cent involved an overnight stay away from home . Private flying is most associated with the traditional form of factory @-@ produced two and four @-@ seater , single piston @-@ engine training and touring aircraft . Examples of these are the Cessna 152 , Cessna 172 , and Piper PA28 Cherokee , all with their origins in the 1950s , and the more modern designs of Cirrus . The average cost per hour to fly such aircraft has been estimated to be £ 133 , compared to an estimated £ 77 per hour for gliders , and a reported £ 35 per hour for microlights . Recent trends have seen an increase in the use of microlights , and also in recreational helicopter flying following the introduction of smaller and cheaper machines such as the Robinson R22 and R44 . Another growth area in private flying in recent years has been in the use of amateur built aircraft , such as the Van 's Aircraft RV @-@ 4 and the Europa . There is a strong vintage aircraft movement in the UK , with two @-@ thirds of the 500 registered historic aircraft active . These cover the whole spectrum of civil and military aviation , examples being the de Havilland Dragon Rapide airliner of the 1930s , and the World War II ( WWII ) Spitfire fighter . There are many post @-@ WWII aircraft which could also be considered historic under a looser definition , including for example 60 ex @-@ military jets such as the Hawker Hunter . Historic aircraft are regular exhibits at air displays , which are claimed to be the second most popular spectator activity after football in the UK . = = = Sports = = = Competitive gliding in the UK takes place between May and September . Regionals are local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent the entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . Success in the regionals allows pilots to progress to the nationals , where there are five classes of competition . These are based on glider performance , the lowest being club class , and then progressing through standard ( maximum 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wingspan , and flaps not permitted ) , 15 metres ( 49 ft ) ( as standard , but flaps are permitted ) , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) ( maximum 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wingspan ) , and finally open @-@ class ( no restrictions ) . Success at national level can lead to a place in the national team and competition at international level . In 2007 the British gliding team was ranked number one , and British pilots took two women 's world championships and the open class European championship . Handicapped air racing is open to any propeller @-@ driven aircraft capable of maintaining a minimum speed of 100 miles ( 160 km ) per hour in level flight . Races are a case of " fly low , fly fast , turn left " , consisting of 4 – 5 laps round a 20 – 25 mile ( 32 – 40 km ) circuit . Faster aircraft are handicapped by starting after slower aircraft , the intention being that the race concludes with all aircraft diving for the finish line together . There are up to 16 races per year , conducted at airfields in the UK , France and the Channel Islands , for prizes that include the Schneider Trophy and King 's Cup , and the season culminates with the British Air Racing and European Air Racing Championships . Aerobatic competitions take place for both powered aircraft and gliders , with up to 30 events each year in the UK and Ireland . Starting at the Beginner level , pilots can move up to Standard ( powered aircraft ) or Sports ( glider ) levels , and then on	[ "Ġrely", "Ġon", "Ġ70", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ80", "Ġper", "Ġcent", "Ġof", "Ġnew", "Ġpilots", "Ġcoming", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠGA", "Ġsector", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġestimates", "Ġthat", "Ġbetween", "Ġ1996", "Ġand", "Ġ2006", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġnew", "Ġprofessional", "Ġpilots", "Ġfollowing", "Ġthe", "Ġun", "sponsored", "Ġtraining", "Ġroute", "Ġrose", "Ġfrom", "Ġ48", "Ġper", "Ġcent", "Ġto", "Ġ59", "Ġper", "Ġcent", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcounter", "Ġargument", "Ġto", "Ġthis", "Ġclaim", "Ġis", "Ġthat", "Ġpilots", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġtrained", "Ġoutside", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġairline", "Ġindustry", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġtherefore", "Ġdependent", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġhealthy", "ĠGA", "Ġsector", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġfor", "Ġits", "Ġsupply", "Ġof", "Ġpilots", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġconcludes", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġsevere", "Ġreduction", "Ġin", "ĠGA", 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"Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġregion", "als", "Ġallows", "Ġpilots", "Ġto", "Ġprogress", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġnationals", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġthere", "Ġare", "Ġfive", "Ġclasses", "Ġof", "Ġcompetition", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġare", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġgl", "ider", "Ġperformance", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġlowest", "Ġbeing", "Ġclub", "Ġclass", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġprogressing", "Ġthrough", "Ġstandard", "Ġ(", "Ġmaximum", "Ġ15", "Ġmetres", "Ġ(", "Ġ49", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġwings", "pan", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfl", "aps", "Ġnot", "Ġpermitted", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġ15", "Ġmetres", "Ġ(", "Ġ49", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġ(", "Ġas", "Ġstandard", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġfl", "aps", "Ġare", "Ġpermitted", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġ18", "Ġmetres", "Ġ(", "Ġ59", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġ(", "Ġmaximum", "Ġ18", "Ġmetres", "Ġ(", "Ġ59", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġwings", "pan", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfinally", "Ġopen", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġclass", "Ġ(", "Ġno", "Ġrestrictions", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠSuccess", "Ġat", "Ġnational", "Ġlevel", "Ġcan", "Ġlead", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġplace", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġnational", "Ġteam", "Ġand", "Ġcompetition", "Ġat", "Ġinternational", "Ġlevel", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2007", "Ġthe", "ĠBritish", "Ġgl", "iding", "Ġteam", "Ġwas", "Ġranked", "Ġnumber", "Ġone", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠBritish", "Ġpilots", "Ġtook", "Ġtwo", "Ġwomen", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġworld", "Ġchampionships", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġopen", "Ġclass", "ĠEuropean", "Ġchampionship", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHand", "ic", "apped", "Ġair", "Ġracing", "Ġis", "Ġopen", "Ġto", "Ġany", "Ġprope", "ller", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdriven", "Ġaircraft", "Ġcapable", "Ġof", "Ġmaintaining", "Ġa", "Ġminimum", "Ġspeed", "Ġof", "Ġ100", "Ġmiles", "Ġ(", "Ġ160", "Ġkm", "Ġ)", "Ġper", "Ġhour", "Ġin", "Ġlevel", "Ġflight", "Ġ.", "ĠRaces", "Ġare", "Ġa", "Ġcase", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "Ġfly", "Ġlow", "Ġ,", "Ġfly", "Ġfast", "Ġ,", "Ġturn", "Ġleft", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġconsisting", "Ġof", "Ġ4", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ5", "Ġlaps", "Ġround", "Ġa", "Ġ20", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ25", "Ġmile", "Ġ(", "Ġ32", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ40", "Ġkm", "Ġ)", "Ġcircuit", "Ġ.", "ĠFaster", "Ġaircraft", "Ġare", "Ġhandic", "apped", "Ġby", "Ġstarting", "Ġafter", "Ġslower", "Ġaircraft", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġintention", "Ġbeing", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġrace", "Ġconcludes", "Ġwith", "Ġall", "Ġaircraft", "Ġdiving", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfinish", "Ġline", "Ġtogether", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġ16", "Ġraces", "Ġper", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġconducted", "Ġat", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġ,", "ĠFrance", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠChannel", "ĠIslands", "Ġ,", "Ġfor", "Ġprizes", "Ġthat", "Ġinclude", "Ġthe", "ĠSchneider", "ĠTrophy", "Ġand", "ĠKing", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠCup", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġculmin", "ates", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠBritish", "ĠAir", "ĠRacing", "Ġand", "ĠEuropean", "ĠAir", "ĠRacing", "ĠChampionships", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAer", "ob", "atic", "Ġcompetitions", "Ġtake", "Ġplace", "Ġfor", "Ġboth", "Ġpowered", "Ġaircraft", "Ġand", "Ġgl", "iders", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġ30", "Ġevents", "Ġeach", "Ġyear", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġand", "ĠIreland", "Ġ.", "ĠStarting", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠBegin", "ner", "Ġlevel", "Ġ,", "Ġpilots", "Ġcan", "Ġmove", "Ġup", "Ġto", "ĠStandard", "Ġ(", "Ġpowered", "Ġaircraft", "Ġ)", "Ġor", "ĠSports", "Ġ(", "Ġgl", "ider", "Ġ)", "Ġlevels", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġon" ]	49
to Intermediate , Advanced , and finally Unlimited classes . Each step up requires a wider repertoire of aerobatic figures and progressively more performance from the aircraft . National championships are awarded annually at Standard / Sports , Intermediate , Advanced ( powered aircraft only ) , and Unlimited levels , and pilots who have reached Advanced and Unlimited levels are eligible for selection to represent the UK in international competition . Parachute competitions are held at club , regional , national and international levels , and include the disciplines of accuracy landings , freefall gymnastics , formation skydiving , canopy formation , freestyle and freeflying , and skysurfing . British teams consistently win medals in canopy formation world championships , and a British team took the 2006 world championship in women 's 4 @-@ way formation skydiving . = = Aerodromes = = Aerodrome is a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to characterise its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA applies the term airport to locations which predominantly support large scale commercial operations , and airfield to locations which predominantly support GA operations . The General Aviation Small Aerodrome Research Study ( GASAR ) analysed 687 aerodromes in England which come under the scope of GA , classifying 374 into six types . These range in size from regional airports to the smallest farm strip , although 84 per cent of GA flights operate from 134 of the larger aerodromes in the first four categories . = = = GASAR aerodrome classification = = = The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . The six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. Andrewsfield ) ; basic GA airfields ( e.g. Rufforth ) ; developed airstrips ( e.g. Tilstock ) ; and basic airstrips ( e.g. Chilbolton in Hampshire ) . The actual criteria used to categorise aerodromes were complex , using 28 different parameters , backed up with a peer review by experienced GA pilots . Airports generally have long , fully lit , hard @-@ surfaced runways , full air traffic control , and navigation and landing aids . They are usually located on urban fringes , support commercial and business operations , and often exclude certain types of light aircraft . At the more rurally located airfields , the lighter end of aviation , such as microlight and gliding activities , becomes increasingly prevalent , and there are few or no commercial operations other than flying schools . At this level runways are generally shorter , and grass surfaces are increasingly common . Navigation aids are increasingly scarce , being more basic where they are available , and informal ground to air radio communication replaces air traffic control . The smallest airfields are too small to feature on general purpose Ordnance Survey ( OS ) maps , and lack basic facilities such as fuel and maintenance . The majority of airstrips are basically single short grass runways with no supporting facilities , although the presence of a hangar is not uncommon at the larger examples . They do not feature on OS maps , and are owned by private clubs or , more commonly , individuals . = = = Aerodrome licensing = = = Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To be granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA that : the physical conditions at the aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; the scale of equipment , and facilities provided , are adequate for the flying activities which are expected to take place ; an effective safety management system is in place ; and that staff are competent and , where necessary , suitably qualified . Aerodromes classified as developed GA airfields or larger by the GASAR study are , with few exceptions , licensed . Only two basic GA airfields , Silverstone and Duxford , are licensed , and all airstrips are unlicensed . The Light Aviation Airports Study Group , a joint CAA @-@ industry initiative , was established in 2005 to review the regulation of light aviation aerodromes . A particular focus of this group was a review of the restrictions placed on unlicensed aerodromes . The group concluded that the requirement for public transport operations to be conducted only from licensed aerodromes should be further reviewed in the context of corresponding international and European requirements . It also recommended that restrictions on flight training at unlicensed aerodromes should be lifted , and this was permitted from April 2010 = = Scale of the sector = = There are an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 the GA fleet	[ "Ġto", "ĠIntermediate", "Ġ,", "ĠAdvanced", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfinally", "ĠUnlimited", "Ġclasses", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġstep", "Ġup", "Ġrequires", "Ġa", "Ġwider", "Ġrepertoire", "Ġof", "Ġaer", "ob", "atic", "Ġfigures", "Ġand", "Ġprogressively", "Ġmore", "Ġperformance", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġaircraft", "Ġ.", "ĠNational", "Ġchampionships", "Ġare", "Ġawarded", "Ġannually", "Ġat", "ĠStandard", "Ġ/", "ĠSports", "Ġ,", "ĠIntermediate", "Ġ,", "ĠAdvanced", "Ġ(", "Ġpowered", "Ġaircraft", "Ġonly", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠUnlimited", "Ġlevels", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġpilots", "Ġwho", "Ġhave", "Ġreached", "ĠAdvanced", "Ġand", "ĠUnlimited", "Ġlevels", "Ġare", "Ġeligible", "Ġfor", "Ġselection", "Ġto", "Ġrepresent", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġin", "Ġinternational", "Ġcompetition", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPar", "ach", "ute", "Ġcompetitions", "Ġare", "Ġheld", "Ġat", "Ġclub", "Ġ,", "Ġregional", "Ġ,", "Ġnational", "Ġand", "Ġinternational", "Ġlevels", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġinclude", "Ġthe", "Ġdisciplines", "Ġof", "Ġaccuracy", "Ġland", "ings", "Ġ,", "Ġfree", "fall", "Ġgymn", "astics", "Ġ,", "Ġformation", "Ġsk", "yd", "iving", "Ġ,", "Ġcanopy", "Ġformation", "Ġ,", "Ġfre", "estyle", "Ġand", "Ġfree", "flying", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġsk", "ys", "ur", "fing", "Ġ.", "ĠBritish", "Ġteams", "Ġconsistently", "Ġwin", "Ġmedals", "Ġin", "Ġcanopy", "Ġformation", "Ġworld", "Ġchampionships", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "ĠBritish", "Ġteam", "Ġtook", "Ġthe", "Ġ2006", "Ġworld", "Ġchampionship", "Ġin", "Ġwomen", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ4", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġway", "Ġformation", "Ġsk", "yd", "iving", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠAer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAer", "od", "rome", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġcollective", "Ġterm", "Ġfor", "Ġany", "Ġlocation", "Ġfrom", "Ġwhich", "Ġflying", "Ġoperations", "Ġtake", "Ġplace", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġmore", "Ġspecific", "Ġterminology", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġused", "Ġto", "Ġcharacter", "ise", "Ġits", "Ġpurpose", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġstrategic", "Ġreview", "Ġof", "ĠGA", "Ġapplies", "Ġthe", "Ġterm", "Ġairport", "Ġto", "Ġlocations", "Ġwhich", "Ġpredominantly", "Ġsupport", "Ġlarge", "Ġscale", "Ġcommercial", "Ġoperations", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġair", "field", "Ġto", "Ġlocations", "Ġwhich", "Ġpredominantly", "Ġsupport", "ĠGA", "Ġoperations", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠGeneral", "ĠAviation", "ĠSmall", "ĠAer", "od", "rome", "ĠResearch", "ĠStudy", "Ġ(", "ĠG", "AS", "AR", "Ġ)", "Ġanalysed", "Ġ6", "87", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġin", "ĠEngland", "Ġwhich", "Ġcome", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġscope", "Ġof", "ĠGA", "Ġ,", "Ġclass", "ifying", "Ġ374", "Ġinto", "Ġsix", "Ġtypes", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġrange", "Ġin", "Ġsize", "Ġfrom", "Ġregional", "Ġairports", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsmallest", "Ġfarm", "Ġstrip", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġ84", "Ġper", "Ġcent", "Ġof", "ĠGA", "Ġflights", "Ġoperate", "Ġfrom", "Ġ134", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġlarger", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġfour", "Ġcategories", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠG", "AS", "AR", "Ġaer", "od", "rome", "Ġclassification", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfactors", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġdetermining", "Ġhow", "Ġan", "Ġindividual", "Ġaer", "od", "rome", "Ġis", "Ġcategor", "ised", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠG", "AS", "AR", "Ġstudy", "Ġare", "Ġbased", "Ġbroadly", "Ġon", "Ġsize", "Ġand", "Ġfacilities", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsix", "Ġtypes", "Ġof", "Ġaer", "od", "rome", "Ġare", "Ġdescribed", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġsize", "Ġorder", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġ:", "Ġregional", "Ġairports", "Ġ(", "Ġe", ".", "g", ".", "ĠEast", "ĠMidlands", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġmajor", "ĠGA", "Ġairports", "Ġ(", "Ġe", ".", "g", ".", "ĠOxford", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġdeveloped", "ĠGA", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġ(", "Ġe", ".", "g", ".", "ĠAndrews", "field", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġbasic", "ĠGA", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġ(", "Ġe", ".", "g", ".", "ĠRuff", "orth", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġairst", "ri", "ps", "Ġ(", "Ġe", ".", "g", ".", "ĠT", "ilst", "ock", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġbasic", "Ġairst", "ri", "ps", "Ġ(", "Ġe", ".", "g", ".", "ĠCh", "il", "bol", "ton", "Ġin", "ĠHampshire", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġactual", "Ġcriteria", "Ġused", "Ġto", "Ġcategor", "ise", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġwere", "Ġcomplex", "Ġ,", "Ġusing", "Ġ28", "Ġdifferent", "Ġparameters", "Ġ,", "Ġbacked", "Ġup", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġpeer", "Ġreview", "Ġby", "Ġexperienced", "ĠGA", "Ġpilots", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAir", "ports", "Ġgenerally", "Ġhave", "Ġlong", "Ġ,", "Ġfully", "Ġlit", "Ġ,", "Ġhard", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġsurfaced", "Ġrun", "ways", "Ġ,", "Ġfull", "Ġair", "Ġtraffic", "Ġcontrol", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġnavigation", "Ġand", "Ġlanding", "Ġaids", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġare", "Ġusually", "Ġlocated", "Ġon", "Ġurban", "Ġfr", "inges", "Ġ,", "Ġsupport", "Ġcommercial", "Ġand", "Ġbusiness", "Ġoperations", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġoften", "Ġexclude", "Ġcertain", "Ġtypes", "Ġof", "Ġlight", "Ġaircraft", "Ġ.", "ĠAt", "Ġthe", "Ġmore", "Ġr", "urally", "Ġlocated", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġlighter", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġaviation", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġmicro", "light", "Ġand", "Ġgl", "iding", "Ġactivities", "Ġ,", "Ġbecomes", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġprevalent", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthere", "Ġare", "Ġfew", "Ġor", "Ġno", "Ġcommercial", "Ġoperations", "Ġother", "Ġthan", "Ġflying", "Ġschools", "Ġ.", "ĠAt", "Ġthis", "Ġlevel", "Ġrun", "ways", "Ġare", "Ġgenerally", "Ġshorter", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġgrass", "Ġsurfaces", "Ġare", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġcommon", "Ġ.", "ĠNavigation", "Ġaids", "Ġare", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġscarce", "Ġ,", "Ġbeing", "Ġmore", "Ġbasic", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġare", "Ġavailable", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġinformal", "Ġground", "Ġto", "Ġair", "Ġradio", "Ġcommunication", "Ġreplaces", "Ġair", "Ġtraffic", "Ġcontrol", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsmallest", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġare", "Ġtoo", "Ġsmall", "Ġto", "Ġfeature", "Ġon", "Ġgeneral", "Ġpurpose", "ĠOrd", "nance", "ĠSurvey", "Ġ(", "ĠOS", "Ġ)", "Ġmaps", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġlack", "Ġbasic", "Ġfacilities", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġfuel", "Ġand", "Ġmaintenance", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmajority", "Ġof", "Ġairst", "ri", "ps", "Ġare", "Ġbasically", "Ġsingle", "Ġshort", "Ġgrass", "Ġrun", "ways", "Ġwith", "Ġno", "Ġsupporting", "Ġfacilities", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġthe", "Ġpresence", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġhangar", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġuncommon", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġlarger", "Ġexamples", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġdo", "Ġnot", "Ġfeature", "Ġon", "ĠOS", "Ġmaps", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġare", "Ġowned", "Ġby", "Ġprivate", "Ġclubs", "Ġor", "Ġ,", "Ġmore", "Ġcommonly", "Ġ,", "Ġindividuals", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠAer", "od", "rome", "Ġlicensing", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMost", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġused", "Ġfor", "Ġpublic", "Ġtransport", "Ġoperations", "Ġare", "Ġrequired", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġlicensed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġ.", "ĠTo", "Ġbe", "Ġgranted", "Ġa", "Ġlicence", "Ġan", "Ġaer", "od", "rome", "Ġoperator", "Ġmust", "Ġsatisfy", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġthat", "Ġ:", "Ġthe", "Ġphysical", "Ġconditions", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġaer", "od", "rome", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġenv", "ir", "ons", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġacceptable", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġscale", "Ġof", "Ġequipment", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfacilities", "Ġprovided", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġadequate", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġflying", "Ġactivities", "Ġwhich", "Ġare", "Ġexpected", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġplace", "Ġ;", "Ġan", "Ġeffective", "Ġsafety", "Ġmanagement", "Ġsystem", "Ġis", "Ġin", "Ġplace", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġstaff", "Ġare", "Ġcompetent", "Ġand", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġnecessary", "Ġ,", "Ġsuit", "ably", "Ġqualified", "Ġ.", "ĠAer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġclassified", "Ġas", "Ġdeveloped", "ĠGA", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġor", "Ġlarger", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠG", "AS", "AR", "Ġstudy", "Ġare", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġfew", "Ġexceptions", "Ġ,", "Ġlicensed", "Ġ.", "ĠOnly", "Ġtwo", "Ġbasic", "ĠGA", "Ġair", "fields", "Ġ,", "ĠSilver", "stone", "Ġand", "ĠD", "ux", "ford", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġlicensed", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġall", "Ġairst", "ri", "ps", "Ġare", "Ġun", "licensed", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠLight", "ĠAviation", "ĠAir", "ports", "ĠStudy", "ĠGroup", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġjoint", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġindustry", "Ġinitiative", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġestablished", "Ġin", "Ġ2005", "Ġto", "Ġreview", "Ġthe", "Ġregulation", "Ġof", "Ġlight", "Ġaviation", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġparticular", "Ġfocus", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġgroup", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġreview", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrestrictions", "Ġplaced", "Ġon", "Ġun", "licensed", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgroup", "Ġconcluded", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġrequirement", "Ġfor", "Ġpublic", "Ġtransport", "Ġoperations", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġconducted", "Ġonly", "Ġfrom", "Ġlicensed", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġfurther", "Ġreviewed", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcontext", "Ġof", "Ġcorresponding", "Ġinternational", "Ġand", "ĠEuropean", "Ġrequirements", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġalso", "Ġrecommended", "Ġthat", "Ġrestrictions", "Ġon", "Ġflight", "Ġtraining", "Ġat", "Ġun", "licensed", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġlifted", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthis", "Ġwas", "Ġpermitted", "Ġfrom", "ĠApril", "Ġ2010", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠScale", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsector", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġan", "Ġestimated", "Ġ27", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġcivil", "Ġaircraft", "Ġregistered", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġ,", "Ġ96", "Ġper", "Ġcent", "Ġof", "Ġwhich", "Ġare", "Ġengaged", "Ġin", "ĠGA", "Ġactivities", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2005", "Ġthe", "ĠGA", "Ġfleet" ]	50
comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders . Estimates put the number of foreign @-@ registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900 . The number of pilots licensed by the CAA to fly powered aircraft in 2005 was 47 @,@ 000 , of whom 28 @,@ 000 held a Private Pilot Licence . The remainder held professional pilot licences , either a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence , although not all of these would be engaged in GA activities . In addition , there are 10 @,@ 000 active glider pilots , and estimates put the membership of aviation @-@ related sport and recreational associations at 36 @,@ 000 . The number of aerodromes that support GA in the UK is difficult to establish with certainty . Pooleys 2008 United Kingdom Flight Guide lists 355 , and the Airplan Flight Equipment UK VFR Flight Guide 2008 lists nearly 500 . Lockyears Farm ' Strips ' and Private Airfields Flight Guide lists more than 300 landing sites . The GASAR study estimates 1 @,@ 100 formal flying sites in England alone , a figure which includes 400 sites known to planning authorities but not included in flight guides . It estimates another 759 informal sites known only to land owners , customs , and members of the enthusiast group Air @-@ Britain . The sector was estimated to employ nearly 12 @,@ 000 people and directly contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy in 2005 , making it roughly seven per cent of the size of the CAT industry . Nearly half of the economic contribution was generated by business aviation . = = Trends = = Most sectors of GA for which data are available have experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hours flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , have in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severely curtailed during the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak in 2001 , when access to farmland was denied . After strong growth in the late 1980s , traditional flying has shown a slight decline recently , reflecting a move amongst recreational flyers towards microlight aircraft , and increased numbers of foreign @-@ registered aircraft . Recreational helicopter usage has grown primarily due to the introduction of smaller and cheaper aircraft . Glider activity has remained relatively static , although there has been a gradual increase in the number of self @-@ launching motor gliders . Business aviation has shown strong growth , although the numbers of aircraft on the UK register have declined . This reflects a shift away from turboprop aircraft towards foreign @-@ registered business jets based in the UK , which are estimated to be growing in numbers . However , twin piston @-@ engined aircraft numbers have declined significantly , reflecting pressures on the light air @-@ taxi segment from increasingly flexible and cheaper scheduled services , and a more sophisticated corporate charter business . The amount of flight training conducted by UK schools has declined , largely at the hands of competition from foreign schools , which benefit from lower costs and better weather . Since 1990 the total number of hours flown annually by the GA sector has remained in the range 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 35 million , the dominant sector being traditional GA flying , which accounts for 0 @.@ 6 million per year . An overall increase in aircraft numbers combined with nil growth in hours flown has brought the annual average utilisation per aircraft down from 157 hours in 1984 to 103 hours in 2002 . The decline in asset utilisation has led to speculation that the economic health of the GA industry is weakening , though the lack of data on profitability makes this difficult to confirm . = = Regulation = = The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation " , and this is the main area of interaction between the CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , the rules for the movement of aircraft , and equipment to be carried . The CAA was established as the primary regulatory body for all aviation in the UK in 1972 . In 1991 it started working within the Joint Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) framework to implement agreed common standards , known as the Joint Aviation Requirements ( JAR ) , throughout the European Union ( EU ) . In 2003 this was taken a step further when the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) was established as the central EU regulator , taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities . The CAA acts as an agency of EASA on these issues , retaining its original regulatory powers in areas not yet transferred to EASA . Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU , taking over from individual member	[ "Ġcomprised", "Ġ9", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġfixed", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwing", "Ġaircraft", "Ġ,", "Ġ4", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ100", "Ġmicro", "lights", "Ġ,", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ300", "Ġhelicopters", "Ġ,", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ800", "Ġair", "ships", "Ġ/", "Ġballoons", "Ġ,", "Ġ2", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ500", "Ġgl", "iders", "Ġand", "Ġsome", "Ġ7", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġhang", "Ġgl", "iders", "Ġ.", "ĠEstimates", "Ġput", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġforeign", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġregistered", "ĠGA", "Ġaircraft", "Ġbased", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUK", "Ġat", "Ġ900", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġpilots", "Ġlicensed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġto", "Ġfly", "Ġpowered", "Ġaircraft", "Ġin", "Ġ2005", "Ġwas", "Ġ47", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġ,", "Ġof", "Ġwhom", "Ġ28", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġheld", "Ġa", "ĠPrivate", "ĠPilot", "ĠLic", "ence", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", 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"Ġregulatory", "Ġpowers", "Ġin", "Ġareas", "Ġnot", "Ġyet", "Ġtransferred", "Ġto", "ĠE", "AS", "A", "Ġ.", "ĠProp", "osed", "Ġdevelopments", "Ġseek", "Ġto", "Ġestablish", "ĠE", "AS", "A", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġsingle", "Ġauthority", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "ĠEU", "Ġ,", "Ġtaking", "Ġover", "Ġfrom", "Ġindividual", "Ġmember" ]	51
states the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA . = = = Devolved and self @-@ regulation = = = Within this framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA retains responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors that are not included in the scope of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . The majority of microlight aircraft are regulated by the British Microlight Aircraft Association ( BMAA ) , although a significant number are regulated by the Light Aircraft Association ( LAA ) , formerly known as the Popular Flying Association . The LAA is the primary regulator for amateur built aircraft , as well as vintage and classic aircraft . Parachuting is governed by the British Parachute Association , although the aircraft used in this activity are generally CAA @-@ regulated . Balloon and airship flying is overseen by the British Balloon and Airship Club . The UK @-@ specific National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) is administered by the National Pilots Licensing Group Ltd . , supported by the LAA , the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association UK , the British Gliding Association , and the British Microlight Aircraft Association . Separate from these devolved groups , gliding in the UK is self @-@ regulated . The British Gliding Association was until recently responsible for glider airworthiness , now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation , and still retains control of pilot certification . Hang gliding and paragliding activities ( i.e. foot @-@ launched gliders ) are governed by the British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association . = = = Airworthiness = = = Under CAA and EASA rules , all aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft that meet these standards are issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy the requirements for the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness , may be issued with a Permit to Fly . This allows them to fly in UK airspace subject to certain limitations , for example being restricted to day @-@ time flights under visual flight rules only . A number of organisations ( e.g. the British Microlight Aircraft Association and the Light Aircraft Association ) have obtained a standing over @-@ flight permission for Permit to Fly aircraft within their area of interest with some European countries , notably France . Permits are typically issued to vintage and historic aircraft , amateur built aircraft , and microlights . = = = Pilot licensing = = = The pilot qualification most relevant to GA is the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which permits the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to the European @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ FCL ) standard , the CAA also issues UK @-@ specific national licences . In the absence of European standards for gyroplane , balloon , and airship pilots , the CAA licenses these according to the original UK PPL standard . As a response to the perception that JAR pilot licensing standards are excessively bureaucratic and expensive for the purposes of recreational pilots , the National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) was introduced in 2002 . The NPPL is easier to obtain than the JAR @-@ FCL licence , has less stringent medical requirements , is more restrictive in the privileges it grants , and is valid only for flights in British @-@ registered aircraft flying in UK and French airspace . Although there are plans to bring glider pilot licensing within the regulatory framework of EASA , the gliding sector is currently self @-@ regulating in this respect . The British Gliding Association is responsible for defining the standards of initial training , and certifying , via a badge system , pilots who meet those standards . Pilots working in sectors of GA that are commercial operations , such as aerial work and business aviation , are required to hold a professional pilot licence which , at a minimum , is the Commercial Pilot Licence . = = Safety = = Between 1995 and 2004 there were 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 were fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis attributes the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; poor judgement or airmanship ; lack of training or experience ; and omission of , or inappropriate , action . There were 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007 , resulting in the loss of 48 lives . These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 lives the previous year , and although the 2007 statistics are higher than average , they are not exceptional . = = Issues = = The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT )	[ "Ġstates", "Ġthe", "Ġpower", "Ġto", "Ġregulate", "Ġall", "Ġaviation", "Ġother", "Ġthan", "Ġthat", "Ġspecifically", "Ġexcluded", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġscope", "Ġof", "ĠE", "AS", "A", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠDev", "olved", "Ġand", "Ġself", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġregulation", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠWithin", "Ġthis", "Ġframework", "Ġcertain", "Ġsectors", "Ġof", "ĠGA", "Ġare", "Ġgoverned", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġdev", "olved", "Ġbasis", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġall", "Ġcases", "Ġthe", "ĠC", "AA", "Ġ/", "ĠE", "AS", "A", "Ġretains", "Ġresponsibility", "Ġfor", "Ġsafety", "Ġregulation", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġrepresentative", "Ġbodies", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "Ġof", "Ġsectors", "Ġthat", "Ġare", "Ġnot", "Ġincluded", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġscope", "Ġof", "ĠE", "AS", "A", "Ġ,", "Ġare", 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has eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on the ground at larger airports . Difficulty with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in the number of aerodromes generally , and existing sites are often threatened with closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system is designed to focus on local issues , and consideration of the national impact of GA operations is not within its remit . This makes aerodrome development difficult , often subjecting those that successfully negotiate the process to restrictions in use . = = = Airspace access = = = Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspace , they operate mainly outside of it . Controlled airspace is essential for the provision of a known air traffic environment necessary for the safe operation of CAT . A CAA review found that " mixing [ commercial ] operations with other users is considered undesirable , even untenable " by commercial operators . However this position has resulted in extensive Class A controlled airspace with complex boundaries , including some running down to the ground , prohibiting VFR access to airspace , resulting in high numbers of GA flights operating close to the borders of controlled airspace who could not get formal receipt of an air traffic service . Coupled with pilot navigation errors , hundreds of airspace infringements have been recorded every year . Increases in the number of CAT operations , and in the number of airports they operate from , has resulted in a corresponding increase in Class A controlled airspace . Between 1997 and 2006 this area grew in size from 13 per cent of all airspace to 22 per cent nationally , and from 24 per cent to 43 per cent in airspace above England and Wales , leading to a perception within the GA community of being squeezed out . There are particular problems for GA around large airports , where Class A controlled airspace extends to ground level . The concentration of commercial operations and high demand for GA in the South East of England have also resulted in extensive areas of Class A controlled airspace there , which serve to channel uncontrolled GA operations through high @-@ collision @-@ risk hot spots . = = = Aerodrome access = = = Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , have experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations are commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect has been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are being subject to significant increases in charges , including the imposition of handling fees in some cases . Some airports restrict or deny GA parking , and others limit or refuse certain GA activity . As a result , light GA aircraft are now rarely or never seen at large , busy international airports such as Heathrow , Stansted , Gatwick and Manchester . In addition to this de facto loss of facilities , the number of aerodromes in the UK has been in decline over the last 50 years , as a result of increasing urbanisation and the closure of airfields built during WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes being threatened with closure , for example North Weald , or actually being closed , as happened to Ipswich Airport. and Bristol Filton Airport . Referring to the importance of a " functioning national network of GA airfields " , especially where GA performs an air transport role , the CAA states that " there could be cause for concern if a significant further loss of airfields were to continue , especially if crucial nodes on the transport network were to be lost . " = = = Planning system = = = The planning system is critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is regarded as an important national issue . However , there is no unified national planning policy specific to GA aerodromes , and planning decisions relating to these are based on local issues that are not required to consider the national impact . Because aircraft are excluded from noise control legislation , the only recourse for people affected by aircraft noise is through the planning process , and this issue is the principal factor on which the majority of planning decisions relating to GA land use are made . GA is a specialist subject often unfamiliar to Local Planning Authorities , and most planning decisions relating to GA either refuse permission , or grant it with restrictive conditions . Little Gransden is just one example of a GA airfield required to comply with planning restrictions on the number of movements permitted , thereby inhibiting further development . Such restrictions , if poorly conceived , can make GA operations unviable or even unsafe . = = Criticism = = Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and	[ "Ġhas", "Ġeroded", "Ġthe", "Ġoperational", "Ġfreedom", "Ġof", "ĠGA", "Ġ,", "Ġboth", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġair", "Ġand", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġground", "Ġat", "Ġlarger", "Ġairports", "Ġ.", "ĠDifficulty", "Ġwith", "Ġaccess", "Ġto", "Ġlarger", "Ġairports", "Ġis", "Ġcompounded", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġdecline", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġaer", "od", "rom", "es", "Ġgenerally", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġexisting", "Ġsites", "Ġare", "Ġoften", "Ġthreatened", "Ġwith", "Ġclosure", "Ġand", "Ġre", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdevelopment", "Ġfor", "Ġmore", "Ġprofitable", "Ġuses", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠUK", "Ġplanning", "Ġsystem", "Ġis", "Ġdesigned", "Ġto", "Ġfocus", "Ġon", "Ġlocal", "Ġissues", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġconsideration", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnational", "Ġimpact", "Ġof", "ĠGA", 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private flying has been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquiries made to the CAA that relate specifically to GA , noise is " by far " the most common subject . Half of the 2 @,@ 000 noise complaints made annually to the CAA concern GA operations , most of which relate to aerobatics , helicopters using private sites , air balloon incidents , parachute dropping , and alleged low flying . Planning guidance on aircraft noise advises that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing than similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of the tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repetitive circuit flying at low @-@ altitude near an aerodrome , during which aircraft are audible for long periods ; slow climbing aircraft engaged in parachute drop or glider tug activities concentrated around the drop zone or aerodrome , also audible for long periods ; erratic and repetitive engine noise from aircraft engaged in aerobatics ; and piston @-@ engines on full power in areas of low background noise , leading to the perception that such noise is more intrusive . In an attempt to alleviate these problems , the majority of aerodromes implement noise abatement procedures designed to route aircraft away from noise sensitive areas , and more than 50 are required by the government to provide consultative facilities in which local concerns can be raised with aerodrome operators . = SMS Zrínyi = SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty 's ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named for the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . During World War I , Zrínyi saw action in the Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's battleships and shelled Senigallia as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , during May 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant that the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was , for all intents and purposes , effectively bottled up in the Adriatic . Nonetheless , the presence of the Zrínyi and other battleships tied down a substantial force of Allied ships . With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , Zrínyi was prepared to be transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — just one day before the end of the war , navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola ( Pula ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Following the handover to the United States Navy , she was briefly designated USS Zrínyi . In the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , the transfer was not recognized ; instead , Zrínyi was given to Italy and broken up for scrap . = = Design and construction = = Zrínyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships were built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The teak used on Zrínyi 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . The ship was completed by 15 July 1911 , and on 22 November 1911 she was commissioned into the fleet . She was the last ship of the class to be completed and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men . Zrínyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 t ) with a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower . The ship had a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . 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"ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġship", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġclass", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġcompleted", "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġcrew", "Ġof", "Ġ8", "80", "Ġto", "Ġ8", "90", "Ġofficers", "Ġand", "Ġmen", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġwas", "Ġ138", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ8", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ455", "Ġft", "Ġ4", "Ġin", "Ġ)", "Ġlong", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġbeam", "Ġof", "Ġ24", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ6", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ80", "Ġft", "Ġ8", "Ġin", "Ġ)", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġdraft", "Ġof", "Ġ8", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ1", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ26", "Ġft", "Ġ9", "Ġin", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġdisplaced", "Ġ14", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ50", "8", "Ġlong", "Ġtons", "Ġ(", "Ġ14", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ7", "41", "Ġt", "Ġ)", "Ġnormally", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġ15", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ8", "45", "Ġlong", "Ġtons", "Ġ(", "Ġ16", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ0", "99", "Ġt", "Ġ)", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġfull", "Ġcombat", "Ġload", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġpowered", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġshaft", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcylinder", "Ġvertical", "Ġtriple", "Ġexpansion", "Ġengines", "Ġrated", "Ġat", "Ġ19", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ800", "Ġindicated", "Ġhorsepower", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġship", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġtop", "Ġspeed", "Ġof", "Ġ20", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ5", "Ġknots", "Ġ(", "Ġ38", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ0", "Ġkm", "Ġ/", "Ġh", "Ġ;", "Ġ23", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ6", "Ġmph", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġwas", "Ġthe" ]	54
first warship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to use fuel oil to supplement her 12 Yarrow @-@ type coal @-@ fired boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . The tertiary battery consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Furthermore , the ship 's boats were equipped with two 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns for operations shore . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes were also carried , one on each broadside and one in the stern . = = Service history = = The ship was assigned to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Fleet 's 1st Battle Squadron after her 1911 commissioning . In 1912 , Zrínyi and her two sister ships conducted two training cruises into the eastern Mediterranean Sea . On the second cruise into the Aegean Sea , conducted from November to December , Zrínyi and her sister ships were accompanied by the cruiser SMS Admiral Spaun and a pair of destroyers . After returning to Pola , the entire fleet mobilized for possible hostilities , as tensions flared in the Balkans . In 1913 , Zrínyi participated in an international naval demonstration in the Ionian Sea to protest the Balkan Wars . Ships from other navies included in the demonstration were the British pre @-@ dreadnought HMS King Edward VII , the Italian pre @-@ dreadnought Ammiraglio di Saint Bon , the French armored cruiser Edgar Quinet , and the German light cruiser SMS Breslau . The most important action of the combined flotilla , which was under the command of British Admiral Cecil Burney , was to blockade the Montenegrin coast . The goal of the blockade was to prevent Serbian reinforcements from supporting the siege at Scutari , where Montenegro had besieged a combined force of Albanians and Ottomans . Pressured by the international blockade , Serbia withdrew its army from Scutari , which was subsequently occupied by a joint Allied ground force . During that year , the first of four new dreadnoughts , SMS Viribus Unitis , that made up the Tegetthoff class — the only dreadnoughts built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy — came into active service . With the commissioning of these dreadnoughts , Zrínyi and her sisters were moved from the 1st Division to the 2nd Division of the 1st Battle Squadron . = = = World War I = = = At that time of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 , the battleships in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy consisted of the Radetzky class , the Tegetthoff class ( which still had one ship , SMS Szent István , under construction ) , the Erzherzog Karl class and finally , the older Habsburg class . Along with the remainder of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , Zrínyi was mobilized in late July 1914 to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships broke out of Messina , which was surrounded by the British navy and reached Turkey . The flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in southeastern Italy when news of the successful breakout reached Vienna . The Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were then recalled before seeing action . On 23 May 1915 , between two and four hours after news of the Italian declaration of war reached the main Austro @-@ Hungarian naval base at Pola , Zrínyi and the rest of the fleet departed to bombard the Italian and Montenegrin coast . Their focus was on the important naval base at Ancona , and later the coast of Montenegro . The bombardment of Montenegro was part of the larger Austro @-@ Hungarian campaign against the Kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia , who were members of the Entente , during the first half of 1915 . The attack on Ancona was an immense success , and the ships were unopposed during the operation . The bombardment of the province and the surrounding area resulted in the destruction of an Italian steamer in the port of Ancona itself , and an Italian destroyer , Turbine , was severely damaged further south . 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"Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġremainder", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "ĠNavy", "Ġ,", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġwas", "Ġmobilized", "Ġin", "Ġlate", "ĠJuly", "Ġ1914", "Ġto", "Ġsupport", "Ġthe", "Ġflight", "Ġof", "ĠSMS", "ĠGo", "eb", "en", "Ġand", "ĠSMS", "ĠB", "res", "l", "au", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġtwo", "ĠGerman", "Ġships", "Ġbroke", "Ġout", "Ġof", "ĠMess", "ina", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠBritish", "Ġnavy", "Ġand", "Ġreached", "ĠTurkey", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfl", "ot", "illa", "Ġhad", "Ġadvanced", "Ġas", "Ġfar", "Ġsouth", "Ġas", "ĠBr", "ind", "isi", "Ġin", "Ġsoutheastern", "ĠItaly", "Ġwhen", "Ġnews", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsuccessful", "Ġbreakout", "Ġreached", "ĠVienna", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "Ġships", "Ġwere", "Ġthen", "Ġrecalled", "Ġbefore", "Ġseeing", "Ġaction", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "Ġ23", "ĠMay", "Ġ1915", "Ġ,", "Ġbetween", "Ġtwo", "Ġand", "Ġfour", "Ġhours", "Ġafter", "Ġnews", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠItalian", "Ġdeclaration", "Ġof", "Ġwar", "Ġreached", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "Ġnaval", "Ġbase", "Ġat", "ĠPol", "a", "Ġ,", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġrest", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfleet", "Ġdeparted", "Ġto", "Ġbombard", "Ġthe", "ĠItalian", "Ġand", "ĠMonteneg", "rin", "Ġcoast", "Ġ.", "ĠTheir", "Ġfocus", "Ġwas", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġimportant", "Ġnaval", "Ġbase", "Ġat", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġthe", "Ġcoast", "Ġof", "ĠMonteneg", "ro", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbombardment", "Ġof", "ĠMonteneg", "ro", "Ġwas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġlarger", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "Ġcampaign", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "ĠKingdoms", "Ġof", "ĠMonteneg", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠSerbia", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwere", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEnt", "ente", "Ġ,", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġhalf", "Ġof", "Ġ1915", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġattack", "Ġon", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġwas", "Ġan", "Ġimmense", "Ġsuccess", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġships", "Ġwere", "Ġun", "opp", "osed", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġoperation", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbombardment", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġprovince", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġarea", "Ġresulted", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġdestruction", "Ġof", "Ġan", "ĠItalian", "Ġste", "amer", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġport", "Ġof", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġitself", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġan", "ĠItalian", "Ġdestroyer", "Ġ,", "ĠTur", "b", "ine", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġseverely", "Ġdamaged", "Ġfurther", "Ġsouth", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġshore", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġinfrastructure", "Ġof" ]	55
the port of Ancona , as well as the surrounding towns , were severely damaged . The railroad yard in Ancona , as well as the port facilities in the town , were damaged or destroyed . The local shore batteries were also suppressed . During the bombardment , Zrínyi also helped to destroy a train , a railway station , and a bridge at Senigallia . Additional targets that were damaged or destroyed included wharves , warehouses , oil tanks , radio stations , and the local barracks . Sixty @-@ three Italians , both civilians and military personnel , were killed in the bombardment . By the time Italian ships from Taranto and Brindisi arrived on the scene , the Austro @-@ Hungarians were safely back in Pola . The objective of the bombardment of Ancona was to delay the Italian Army from deploying its forces along the border with Austria @-@ Hungary by destroying critical transportation systems . The surprise attack on Ancona succeeded in delaying the Italian deployment to the Alps for two weeks . This delay gave Austria @-@ Hungary valuable time to strengthen its Italian border and re @-@ deploy some of its troops from the Eastern and Balkan fronts . Aside from the attack on Ancona , the Austro @-@ Hungarian battleships were largely confined to Pola for the duration of the war . Their operations were limited by Admiral Anton Haus , the commander of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , who believed that he would need to husband his ships to counter any Italian attempt to seize the Dalmatian coast . Since coal was diverted to the newer Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships , the remainder of the war saw Zrínyi and the rest of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy acting as a fleet in being . This resulted in the Allied blockade of the Otranto Strait . With his fleet blockaded in the Adriatic Sea , and with a shortage of coal , Haus followed a strategy based on mines and submarines designed to reduce the numerical superiority of the Allied navies . = = = Post @-@ war fate = = = After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire collapsed in 1918 , the Austrians wanted to turn the fleet over to the newly created State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( later to become a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in order to prevent the Italians from claiming the ships as spoils of war . However , the victorious Allies refused to acknowledge the conversations between the Austrians and the south Slavs and , in due course , reallocated the ships . The ship had been boarded by a scratch Yugoslav crew on 10 November 1918 , one day before the Armistice , and had left Pola with her sister ship , Radetzky . They were soon spotted by heavy Italian ships , so the two battleships hoisted American flags and sailed south along the Adriatic coast to Castelli Bay near Spalato ( also known as Split ) . They appealed for American naval forces to meet them and accept their surrender , which a squadron of United States Navy ( USN ) submarine chasers in the area did . She had apparently been turned over to the fledgling south Slav state , as it was a Croat naval officer , Korvettenkapitän Marijan Polić , who presented the ship as a prize of war to representatives of the United States Navy on the afternoon of 22 November 1919 at Spalato ( Split ) in Dalmatia . Simultaneously she was commissioned as USS Zrínyi and Lieutenant E.E. Hazlett , USN , assumed command . The initial American complement consisted of four officers and 174 enlisted men — the latter entirely composed of United States Navy Reserve Force personnel . The ship remained at anchor at Spalato for nearly a year while the negotiations that would determine her ultimate fate dragged on . Only once did she apparently turn her engines over , and that occurred during a severe gale that struck Spalato on 9 February 1920 . On the morning of 7 November 1920 , Zrínyi was decommissioned . USS Chattanooga took her in tow and , assisted by Brooks and Hovey , towed the battleship to Italy . Under the terms of the treaties of Versailles and St. Germain , Zrínyi was ultimately turned over to the Italian government at Venice . She was broken up for scrap later that year and into 1921 . = Geopyxis carbonaria = Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis , family Pyronemataceae . First described to science in 1805 , and given its current name in 1889 , the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf @-@ cup , dwarf acorn cup , stalked bonfire cup , or pixie cup . The small , goblet @-@ shaped fruitbodies of the fungus are reddish @-@ brown with a whitish	[ "Ġthe", "Ġport", "Ġof", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġtowns", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġseverely", "Ġdamaged", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġrailroad", "Ġyard", "Ġin", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġport", "Ġfacilities", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġtown", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġdamaged", "Ġor", "Ġdestroyed", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġlocal", "Ġshore", "Ġbatteries", "Ġwere", "Ġalso", "Ġsuppressed", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġbombardment", "Ġ,", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġalso", "Ġhelped", "Ġto", "Ġdestroy", "Ġa", "Ġtrain", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġrailway", "Ġstation", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġbridge", "Ġat", "ĠSen", "ig", "all", "ia", "Ġ.", "ĠAdditional", "Ġtargets", "Ġthat", "Ġwere", "Ġdamaged", "Ġor", "Ġdestroyed", "Ġincluded", "Ġwh", "ar", "ves", "Ġ,", "Ġwarehouses", "Ġ,", "Ġoil", "Ġtanks", "Ġ,", "Ġradio", "Ġstations", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġlocal", "Ġbarracks", "Ġ.", "ĠS", 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"is", "Ġcarbon", "aria", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġspecies", "Ġof", "Ġfungus", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġgenus", "ĠGe", "opy", "x", "is", "Ġ,", "Ġfamily", "ĠPy", "ron", "em", "at", "aceae", "Ġ.", "ĠFirst", "Ġdescribed", "Ġto", "Ġscience", "Ġin", "Ġ18", "05", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġgiven", "Ġits", "Ġcurrent", "Ġname", "Ġin", "Ġ1889", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġspecies", "Ġis", "Ġcommonly", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġcharcoal", "Ġloving", "Ġelf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcup", "Ġ,", "Ġdwarf", "Ġac", "orn", "Ġcup", "Ġ,", "Ġstalk", "ed", "Ġbon", "fire", "Ġcup", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġp", "ixie", "Ġcup", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsmall", "Ġ,", "Ġgo", "ble", "t", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġshaped", "Ġfruit", "b", "odies", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfungus", "Ġare", "Ġredd", "ish", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbrown", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġwhit", "ish" ]	56
fringe and measure up to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) across . They have a short , tapered stalk . Fruitbodies are commonly found on soil where brush has recently been burned , sometimes in great numbers . The fungus is distributed throughout many temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . It is found in Europe , Turkey , and North America . Although it is primarily a saprotrophic species , feeding on the decomposing organic matter remaining after a fire , it also forms biotrophic associations with the roots of Norway spruce . = = Taxonomy = = The fungus was first described scientifically in 1805 by Johannes Baptista von Albertini and Lewis David de Schweinitz as Peziza carbonaria . Mordecai Cubitt Cooke illustrated the fruitbodies , spores , and asci in his 1879 work Mycographia , seu Icones fungorum . Figures of fungi from all parts of the world . In 1889 , Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred the fungus to the genus Geopyxis , giving the species its current name . Pustularia carbonaria , published by Heinrich Rehm in 1884 , is a synonym of G. carbonaria . Louis @-@ Joseph Grélet proposed the variety Geopyxis carbonaria var. sessilis in 1937 , referring to forms producing fruitbodies without a stalk , but the taxon is not considered to have independent taxonomic significance . In 1860 Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis described the species Peziza lepida from collections made in Japan as part of the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition ( 1853 – 1856 ) . This taxon was synonymized with G. carbonaria by Mien Rifai in 1968 , a taxonomic opinion corroborated by Donald Pfister about a decade later . The specific epithet carbonaria derives from the Latin word for " charcoal " . Common names given to the fungus include " charcoal loving elf @-@ cup " , " dwarf acorn cup " , " pixie cup " , and the British Mycological Society approved " stalked bonfire cup " . = = Description = = The fruitbodies ( ascocarps ) of Geopyxis carbonaris are cup shaped , 1 – 2 cm wide , and have fringed whitish margins . The inner spore @-@ bearing surface of the cup , the hymenium , is brick red and smooth , while the exterior surface is a dull yellow , and may be either smooth or have blister @-@ like spots ( pustules ) . The stipe is small ( 1 – 1 @.@ 5 mm long and 1 – 2 mm wide ) , whitish in color , and expands abruptly into the cup . The brownish flesh of the fungus is thin and brittle . It does not have any distinctive taste , but has an unpleasant smell when crushed in water . The edibility of the fungus is not known , but the fruitbodies are insubstantial and unlikely to be harvested for eating . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = In mass , the spores are whitish . The spores are elliptical , smooth , hyaline , devoid of oil droplets ( eguttulate ) , and have dimensions of 13 – 18 by 7 – 9 µm . They are thin walled and germinate and grow rapidly in vitro in the absence of external stimuli . The asci are 190 – 225 by 9 – 10 µm . The paraphyses are slightly club @-@ shaped , unbranched , and have irregular orange @-@ brown granules , with tips up to 5 µm wide , and are not forked or lobed . The hypothecium , the layer of cells below the hymenium , is made of densely packed , small irregular cells . = = = Similar species = = = The closely related vulcan elf cup ( Geopyxis vulcanalis ) has a pale orange to yellowish fruitbody that is deeply cup shaped before flattening in maturity , and its crushed flesh often has an odor of sulfur . It may be distinguished microscopically by its paraphyses , which lack the orange @-@ brown granules characteristic of G. carbonaria . It also has larger spores , measuring 14 – 22 by 8 – 11 µm . Unlike G. carbonaria , it grows on substrates other than burned wood , including mosses , and needle duff . Tarzetta cupularis , which grows habitats similar to G. carbonaria , is distinguished microscopically by its spores that contain two oil droplets . Other genera with similar species with which G. carbonaria may be confused in the field include Aleuria , Caloscypha , Melastiza , and Sowerbyella . = = Habitat and distribution = = Geopyxis carbonaria is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the	[ "Ġfringe", "Ġand", "Ġmeasure", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġ2", "Ġcm", "Ġ(", "Ġ0", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ8", "Ġin", "Ġ)", "Ġacross", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġhave", "Ġa", "Ġshort", "Ġ,", "Ġtape", "red", "Ġstalk", "Ġ.", "ĠFruit", "b", "odies", "Ġare", "Ġcommonly", "Ġfound", "Ġon", "Ġsoil", "Ġwhere", "Ġbrush", "Ġhas", "Ġrecently", "Ġbeen", "Ġburned", "Ġ,", "Ġsometimes", "Ġin", "Ġgreat", "Ġnumbers", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfungus", "Ġis", "Ġdistributed", "Ġthroughout", "Ġmany", "Ġtemper", "ate", "Ġregions", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠNorthern", "ĠHemisphere", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġfound", "Ġin", "ĠEurope", "Ġ,", "ĠTurkey", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠNorth", "ĠAmerica", "Ġ.", "ĠAlthough", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġprimarily", "Ġa", "Ġsa", "prot", "rophic", "Ġspecies", "Ġ,", 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growing season . It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground . The charred litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil pH as well as the availability of minerals . Fruitbodies are produced from 16 to 139 weeks after a forest fire in areas with coniferous trees . Most fruitbodies are produced in the first year after a burn . The fungus prefers fruiting in microhabitats with thin postfire duff near standing burned tree trunks . Geopyxis carbonaria fruitbodies are often found in the same post @-@ fire stands as morels , although the former is usually more abundant . Because the pixie cup fruits earlier than morels , it may serve as an indicator of imminent morel fruiting . Other cup fungi often found fruiting in the same area as G. carbonaria include those from the genera Aleuria , Anthracobia , Peziza , and Tarzetta . The fungus is found in Europe ( from where it was originally described ) , and is widespread throughout North America . The North American distribution extends north to Alaska . In 2010 , it was reported for the first time from Turkey . = = Ecology = = Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post @-@ fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots , Geopyxis carbonaria has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) . It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic interaction with lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) . The hyphae of G. carbonaria were able to infect the cortex of the tree seedling , but did not penetrate the endodermis . These traits suggest that the fungus is a moderate pathogen , with limited ability to cause reductions in seed germination . Additionally , the fungus produces the enzyme polyphenol oxidase , and can break down the complex organic polymer lignin — features characteristic of saprotrophic fungi . The formation of a rudimentary Hartig net , a characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi , indicated that G. carbonaria might be capable of forming mutualistic relationships under the right conditions . Vrålstad and colleagues suggest that its below @-@ ground association with spruce roots protects it from physical damage in the event of a fire , and the extensive fruitbody production after a fire may reflect " a successful fungal escape from a dying host where the fungus no longer can maintain its biotrophic association " . Large fruitings of the fungus are often associated with damage to the host tree , such as that which occurs with burning . A field study conducted in Norway demonstrated that fruit bodies were more likely to be found in areas that were heavily burned , compared to locations with light to moderate burning where the trees remained viable , or in clearcut areas . Fruiting was much denser in spruce forests — with up to 700 – 1000 fruitbodies per square meter — than in pine forests , where fruitbodies were sporadic . Fruitbodies grew by the millions in the year following the Yellowstone fires of 1988 . = Gold dollar = The gold dollar or gold one @-@ dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889 . The coin had three types over its lifetime , all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre . The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United States coin ever minted . A gold dollar had been proposed several times in the 1830s and 1840s , but was not initially adopted . Congress was finally galvanized into action by the increased supply of bullion caused by the California gold rush , and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar . In its early years , silver coins were being hoarded or exported , and the gold dollar found a ready place in commerce . Silver again circulated after Congress in 1853 required that new coins of that metal be made lighter , and the gold dollar became a rarity in commerce even before federal coins vanished from circulation because of the economic disruption caused by the American Civil War . Gold did not again circulate in most of the nation until 1879 ; once it did , the gold dollar did not regain its place . In its final years , it was struck in small numbers , causing speculation by hoarders . It was also in demand to be mounted in jewelry . The regular issue gold dollar was last struck in 1889 ; the following year , Congress ended the series . = = Background = = In proposing his plan for a mint and a coinage system , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791 proposed that the one @-@ dollar denomination be struck both as a gold coin , and as one of silver , representative of the two metals which he proposed be made legal tender . Congress followed Hamilton 's recommendation only in part , authorizing a silver dollar , but no coin of that denomination in gold .	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In 1831 , the first gold dollar was minted , at the private mint of Christopher Bechtler in North Carolina . Much of the gold then being produced in the United States came from the mountains of North Carolina and Georgia , and the dollars and other small gold coins issued by Bechtler circulated through that region , and were now and then seen further away . Additional one @-@ dollar pieces were struck by August Bechtler , Christopher 's son . Soon after the Bechtlers began to strike their private issues , Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury became an advocate of having the Mint of the United States ( " Mint " , when described as an institution ) strike the one @-@ dollar denomination in gold . He was opposed by the Mint Director , Robert M. Patterson . Woodbury persuaded President Andrew Jackson to have pattern coins struck . In response , Patterson had Mint Second Engraver Christian Gobrecht break off work on the new design for the silver one @-@ dollar coin and work on a pattern for the gold dollar . Gobrecht 's design featured a Liberty cap surrounded by rays on one side , and a palm branch arranged in a circle with the denomination , date , and name of the country on the other . Consideration was given to including the gold dollar as an authorized denomination in the revisionary legislation that became the Mint Act of 1837 . The Philadelphia newspaper Public Ledger , in December 1836 , supported a gold dollar , stating that " the dollar is the smallest gold coin that would be convenient , and as it would be eminently so , neither silver nor paper should be allowed to take its place . " Nevertheless , after Mint Director Patterson appeared before a congressional committee , the provision authorizing the gold dollar was deleted from the bill . = = Inception = = In January 1844 , North Carolina Representative James Iver McKay , the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means , solicited the views of Director Patterson on the gold dollar . Patterson had more of Gobrecht 's pattern dollar struck to show to committee members , again advising against a coin that if issued would be only about a half inch ( 13 mm ) in diameter . He told Treasury Secretary John C. Spencer that the only gold coins of that size in commerce , the Spanish and Colombian half @-@ escudos , were unpopular and had not been struck for more than twenty years . This seemed to satisfy the committee as nothing more was done for the time , and when a gold dollar was proposed again in 1846 , McKay 's committee recommended against it . Even before 1848 , record amounts of gold were flowing to American mints to be struck into coin , but the California Gold Rush vastly increased these quantities . This renewed calls for a gold dollar , as well as for a higher denomination than the eagle ( $ 10 piece ) , then the largest gold coin . In January 1849 , McKay introduced a bill for a gold dollar , which was referred to his committee . There was much discussion in the press about the proposed coin ; one newspaper published a proposal for an annular gold dollar , that is , with a hole in the middle to increase its small diameter . McKay amended his legislation to provide for a double eagle ( $ 20 gold coin ) and wrote to Patterson , who replied stating that the annular gold dollar would not work , and neither would another proposal to have dollar piece consisting of a gold plug in a silver coin . Nevertheless , Gobrecht 's successor as chief engraver , James B. Longacre , prepared patterns , including some with a square hole in the middle . McKay got his fellow Democrat , New Hampshire Senator Charles Atherton , to introduce the bill to authorize the gold dollar and the double eagle in the Senate on February 1 , 1849 — Atherton was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . McKay introduced a version into the House on February 20 ; debate began the same day . The dollar was attacked by congressmen from the Whig Party , then in the minority , on the grounds that it would be too small , would be counterfeited and in bad light might be mistakenly spent as a half dime , the coins being similar in size . McKay did not respond substantively , but stated that if no one wanted these denominations , they would not be called for at the Mint , and would not be coined . Pennsylvania Representative Joseph Ingersoll , a Whig , spoke against the bill , noting that Patterson opposed the new denominations , and that the idea had been repeatedly turned down , whenever considered . Another Whig , Massachusetts 's Charles Hudson , related that Patterson had sent a real and a counterfeit gold dollar to his committee and the majority of members had been unable to tell the difference . McKay made no answer to these claims , but others did , including New York Congressman Henry Nicoll , who assured the House that the counterfeiting allegations were greatly exaggerated . The point was , he indicated , that the double eagle and gold dollar were wanted by the public , and , in the case of the gold dollar could help	[ "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ18", "31", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġgold", "Ġdollar", "Ġwas", "Ġmint", "ed", "Ġ,", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġprivate", "Ġmint", "Ġof", "ĠChristopher", "ĠBe", "cht", "ler", "Ġin", "ĠNorth", "ĠCarolina", "Ġ.", "ĠMuch", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgold", "Ġthen", "Ġbeing", "Ġproduced", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġcame", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġmountains", "Ġof", "ĠNorth", "ĠCarolina", "Ġand", "ĠGeorgia", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġdollars", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġsmall", "Ġgold", "Ġcoins", "Ġissued", "Ġby", "ĠBe", "cht", "ler", "Ġcirculated", "Ġthrough", "Ġthat", "Ġregion", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwere", "Ġnow", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġseen", "Ġfurther", "Ġaway", "Ġ.", "ĠAdditional", "Ġone", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdollar", "Ġpieces", "Ġwere", "Ġstruck", "Ġby", "ĠAugust", "ĠBe", "cht", "ler", "Ġ,", "ĠChristopher", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġson", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSoon", "Ġafter", 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money circulate in small communities where banknotes were not accepted . Connecticut Representative John A. Rockwell , a Whig , tried to table the bill , but his motion was defeated . The bill passed easily , and met only minimal opposition in the Senate , becoming law on March 3 , 1849 . = = Preparation = = The officers at the Philadelphia Mint , including Chief Coiner Franklin Peale , were mostly the friends and relations of Director Patterson . The outsider in their midst was Chief Engraver James B. Longacre , successor to Gobrecht ( who had died in 1844 ) . A former copper @-@ plate engraver , Longacre had been appointed through the political influence of South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun . When Longacre began work on the two new coins in early 1849 , he had no one to assist him . Longacre wrote the following year that he had been warned by a Mint employee that one of the officers ( undoubtedly Peale ) planned to undermine the chief engraver 's position by having the work of preparing designs and dies done outside Mint premises . Accordingly , when the gold coin bill became law , Longacre apprised Patterson that he was ready to begin work on the gold dollar . The Mint Director agreed , and after viewing a model of the head on the obverse , authorized Longacre to proceed with preparation of dies . According to Longacre , The engraving was unusually minute and required very close and incessant labor for several weeks . I made the original dies and hubs for making the working dies twice over , to secure their perfect adaptation to the coining machinery . I had a wish to execute this work single handed , that I might thus silently reply to those who had questioned my ability for the work . The result , I believe , was satisfactory . = = Original design = = The Type 1 gold dollar depicts a head of Liberty , facing left , with a coronet or tiara on her head bearing her name . Her hair is gathered in a bun ; she is surrounded by 13 stars representing the original states . The reverse features the date and denomination within a wreath , with the name of the nation near the rim . Contemporary reviews of the Type 1 design were generally favorable . The New York Weekly Tribune on May 19 , 1849 described the new dollar as " undoubtedly the neatest , tiniest , lightest , coin in this country ... it is too delicate and beautiful to pay out for potatoes , and sauerkraut , and salt pork . Oberon might have paid Puck with it for bringing the blossom which bewitched Titania . " Willis ' Bank Note List stated that " there is no probability of them ever getting into general circulation ; they are altogether too small . " The North Carolina Standard hoped that they would be struck at the Charlotte Mint and circulated locally to eliminate the problem of small @-@ denomination bank notes from out of state . Coin dealer and numismatic author Q. David Bowers notes that the head of Liberty on the Type 1 dollar is a scaled @-@ down version of that on the double eagle , and " a nicely preserved gold dollar is beautiful to behold " . = = Modifications = = Mint records indicate the first gold dollars were produced on May 7 , 1849 ; Longacre 's diary notes state instead that the first were struck on May 8 . A few coins in proof condition were struck on the first day , along with about 1 @,@ 000 for circulation . There are five major varieties of the 1849 gold dollar from Philadelphia , made as Longacre continued to fine @-@ tune the design . Mintmarked dies were sent by Longacre 's Engraving Department at the Philadelphia Mint to the branch mints at Charlotte , Dahlonega ( in Georgia ) , and New Orleans ; coins struck at the branches resemble some of the types issued from Philadelphia , depending on when the dies were produced . Of the coins struck at the branch mints in 1849 , only pieces struck at Charlotte ( 1849 @-@ C ) exist in multiple varieties ; most are of what is dubbed the " Closed Wreath " variety . Approximately five of the 1849 @-@ C Open Wreath are known ; one , believed the finest surviving specimen , sold at auction for $ 690 @,@ 000 in 2004 , remaining a record for the gold dollar series as of 2013 . One of the changes made during production was the inclusion of Longacre 's initial " L " on the truncation of Liberty 's neck , the first time a U.S. coin intended for full @-@ scale production had borne the initial of its designer . All issues beginning in 1850 bear the Closed Wreath . Beginning in 1854 , the gold dollar was also struck at the new San Francisco Mint . 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"Ġfirst", "Ġgold", "Ġdollars", "Ġwere", "Ġproduced", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ7", "Ġ,", "Ġ18", "49", "Ġ;", "ĠLong", "acre", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdiary", "Ġnotes", "Ġstate", "Ġinstead", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġwere", "Ġstruck", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ8", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġfew", "Ġcoins", "Ġin", "Ġproof", "Ġcondition", "Ġwere", "Ġstruck", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġday", "Ġ,", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "Ġabout", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġfor", "Ġcirculation", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġfive", "Ġmajor", "Ġvarieties", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġ18", "49", "Ġgold", "Ġdollar", "Ġfrom", "ĠPhiladelphia", "Ġ,", "Ġmade", "Ġas", "ĠLong", "acre", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġfine", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġtune", "Ġthe", "Ġdesign", "Ġ.", "ĠMint", "marked", "Ġdies", "Ġwere", "Ġsent", "Ġby", "ĠLong", "acre", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠEng", "ra", "ving", "ĠDepartment", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠPhiladelphia", "ĠMint", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġbranch", "Ġmint", "s", "Ġat", "ĠCharlotte", "Ġ,", "ĠDahl", "one", "ga", "Ġ(", "Ġin", "ĠGeorgia", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠNew", 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"Ġmelting", "Ġin" ]	60
1849 , a flow that accelerated over the next several years as the price of the metal continued to rise . By 1853 , a thousand dollars in silver coin contained $ 1 @,@ 042 worth of bullion . As silver coins vanished , the gold dollar became the only federal coin in circulation between the cent and the quarter eagle ( $ 2 @.@ 50 piece ) . As such , it was struck in large numbers and widely circulated . According to Bowers in his book on the denomination , " the years 1850 to 1853 were the high @-@ water mark of the gold dollar , the glory years of the denomination when the little gold coins took the place of half dollars and silver dollars in everyday transactions . " This time came to an end in 1853 when Congress passed an act reducing the weight of most silver coins , allowing new issues of them to circulate . As early as 1851 , New York Congressman William Duer alleged that that Patterson had made the gold dollar too small in diameter on purpose to provoke criticism . Patterson retired that year after 16 years in his position , and under his successor , George N. Eckert , annular gold dollar and half dollar patterns were struck . Public Ledger reported that although gold dollars would not be struck in annular form , gold half dollars would be , to help fill the need for change . With the new Pierce administration , Thomas M. Pettit took office as Mint Director on March 31 , 1853 . In April , Treasury Secretary James Guthrie wrote to Pettit that there were complaints that the gold dollar was too small , often lost or mistaken for a small silver coin , and enquiring about reports the Mint had experimented with annular dollars . Pettit replied , stating that none had been preserved , but enclosed a silver piece of equivalent size . He noted that while there would be technical difficulties in the production of the annular dollar , these could be overcome . In a letter dated May 10 , Pettit proposed an oval @-@ shaped holed piece , or an angular @-@ shaped coin , which would lessen the production problems . Pettit died suddenly on May 31 ; Guthrie did not let the issue fall , but queried Pettit 's replacement , James Ross Snowden , concerning the issue on June 7 . As U.S. coins were required to bear some device emblematic of liberty , the secretary hoped that artists could be found who could find some such design for an annular coin . The Act of February 21 , 1853 , that had lightened the silver coins also authorized a gold three @-@ dollar piece , which began to be produced in 1854 . To ensure that the three @-@ dollar piece was not mistaken for other gold coins , it had been made thinner and wider than it would normally be , and Longacre put a distinctive design with an Indian princess on it . Longacre adapted both the technique and the design for the gold dollar , which was made thinner , and thus wider . An adaptation of Longacre 's princess for the larger gold coin was placed on the dollar , and a similar agricultural wreath on the reverse . The idea of making the gold dollar larger in this way had been suggested in Congress as early as 1852 , and had been advocated by Pettit , but Guthrie 's desire for an annular coin stalled the matter . In May 1854 , Snowden sent Guthrie a letter stating that the difficulties with an annular coin , especially in getting the coins to eject properly from the press , were more than trivial . Nevertheless , the Type 2 gold dollar ( as it came to be known ) proved unsatisfactory as the mints had difficulty in striking the new coin so that all details were brought out . This was due to the high relief of the design — the three Southern branch mints especially had trouble with the piece . Many of the Type 2 pieces quickly became illegible , and were sent back to Philadelphia for melting and recoinage . On most surviving specimens , the " 85 " in the date is not fully detailed . The Type 2 gold dollar was struck only at Philadelphia in 1854 and 1855 , at the three Southern branch mints in the latter year , and at San Francisco in 1856 , after the design was designated for replacement . To correct the problems , Longacre enlarged the head of Liberty , making it a scaled @-@ down version of the three @-@ dollar piece , and moved the lettering on the obverse closer to the rim . This improved the metal flow and design sharpness so much that early numismatic scholars assumed the reverse was also altered , though in fact no change was made and the Type 2 and Type 3 reverses are identical . = = = Design of Type 2 and 3 dollars = = = The Type 2 and 3 gold dollars depict Liberty as a Native American princess , with a fanciful feathered headdress not resembling any worn by any Indian tribe . 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"Ġpiece", "Ġ," ]	61
and is one of a number of versions of Liberty Longacre created based on the Venus Accroupie or Crouching Venus , a sculpture then on display in a Philadelphia museum . For the reverse , Longacre adapted the " agricultural wreath " he had created for the reverse of the three @-@ dollar piece , composed of cotton , corn , tobacco , and wheat , blending the produce of North and South . This wreath would appear , later in the 1850s , on the Flying Eagle cent . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule deprecated the Indian princess design used by Longacre for the obverses of the Types 2 and 3 gold dollar , and for the three @-@ dollar piece , " the ' princess ' of the gold coins is a banknote engraver 's elegant version of folk art of the 1850s . The plumes or feathers are more like the crest of the Prince of Wales than anything that saw the Western frontiers , save perhaps on a music hall beauty . " = = War years = = The gold dollar continued to be produced in the late 1850s , though mintages declined from the figures of two million or more each year between 1850 and 1854 . Only about 51 @,@ 000 gold dollars were produced in 1860 , with over two @-@ thirds of that figure at Philadelphia , just under a third at San Francisco , and 1 @,@ 566 at Dahlonega . Roughly a hundred are known of the last , creating one of the great rarities from Dahlonega in the series . The other candidate for the rarest from that mint is the 1861 @-@ D , with an estimated mintage of 1 @,@ 000 and perhaps 45 to 60 known . Two pairs of dies were shipped from Philadelphia to Dahlonega on December 10 , 1860 ; they arrived on January 7 , 1861 , two weeks before Georgia voted to secede from the Union , as the American Civil War began . Under orders from Governor Joseph E. Brown , state militia secured the mint , and at some point , small quantities of dollars and half eagles were produced . Records of how many coins were struck and when have not survived . Since dies crack in time , and all the mints were supplied with them from Philadelphia , coining could not last , and in May 1861 , coins and supplies remaining at Dahlonega were turned over to the treasury of the Confederate States of America , which Georgia had by then joined . Gold coins with a face value of $ 6 were put aside for assay . Normally , they would have been sent to Philadelphia to await the following year 's meeting of the United States Assay Commission , when they would be available for testing . Instead , these were sent to the initial Confederate capital of Montgomery , Alabama , though what was done with them there , and their ultimate fate , are unknown . The rarity of the 1861 @-@ D dollar , and the association with the Confederacy , make it especially prized . Dahlonega , like the other two branch mints in the South , closed its doors after the 1861 strikings . It and the Charlotte facility never reopened ; the New Orleans Mint again struck coins from 1879 to 1909 , but did not strike gold dollars again . After 1861 , the only issuance of gold dollars outside Philadelphia was at San Francisco , in 1870 . The outbreak of the Civil War shook public confidence in the Union , and citizens began hoarding specie , gold and silver coins . In late December 1861 , banks and then the federal Treasury stopped paying out gold at face value . By mid @-@ 1862 , all federal coins , even the base metal cent , had vanished from commerce in much of the country . The exception was the Far West , where for the most part , only gold and silver were acceptable currencies , and paper money traded at a discount . In the rest of the nation , gold and silver coins could be purchased from banks , exchange agents , and from the Treasury for a premium in the new greenbacks the government began to issue to fill the gap in commerce and finance the war . = = Final years , abolition , and collecting = = Since gold did not circulate in the United States ( except on the West Coast ) in the postwar period , much of the production of coins of that metal in the United States was double eagles for export . Accordingly , although 1 @,@ 361 @,@ 355 gold dollars were struck in 1862 — the last time production would exceed a million — the mintage fell to 6 @,@ 200 in 1863 and remained low for the rest of the coin 's existence , excepting 1873 and 1874 . The Mint felt it improper to suspend coinage of a coin authorized by Congress , and issued proof coins ( generally a few dozen to the tiny numismatic community ) from specially @-@ polished dies , also producing enough circulation strikes so that the proof coins would not be unduly rare . 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were melted and recoined , generating large mintages of that denomination . This was done in anticipation of the resumption of specie payments , which did not occur until the end of 1878 . Once specie again circulated at face value , the gold dollar found no place in commerce amid large quantities of silver coinage , either released from hoarding or newly struck by the Mint . The government expected that the resumption of specie payments would cause the dollar and other small gold coins to circulate again , but the public , allowed to redeem paper currency , continued to use it as more convenient than coins . In the 1870s and 1880s , public interest grew in the low @-@ mintage gold dollar . Collecting coins was becoming more popular , and a number of numismatists put aside some gold dollars and hoped for increases in value . The Mint most likely channeled its production through some favored Philadelphia dealers , though proof coins could be purchased for $ 1 @.@ 25 at the cashier 's window at the Philadelphia facility . Banks charged a premium for circulation strikes . They were popular in the jewelry trade , mounted into various items . The coins were often exported to China or Japan , where such jewelry was made . The dollars were often damaged in the process ; the Mint refused to sell into this trade and did its best to hinder it . Nevertheless , Mint officials concluded that jewelers were successful at getting the majority of each issue . Proof mintages exceeded 1 @,@ 000 by 1884 , and remained above that mark for the remainder of the series , numbers likely inflated by agents of jewelers , willing to pay the Mint 's premium of $ .25 per coin . Another use for the gold dollar was as a holiday gift ; after its abolition the quarter eagle became a popular present . James Pollock , in his final report as Mint Director in 1873 , advocated limiting striking of gold dollars to depositors who specifically requested it . " The gold dollar is not a convenient coin , on account of its small size , and it suffers more proportionately from abrasion than larger coins . " His successors called for its abolition , with James P. Kimball , before he left office in 1889 , writing to Congress that except as jewelry , " little practical use has been found for this coin " . Later that year , the new director , Edward O. Leech , issued a report stating that the gold dollar " is too small for circulation , and ... [ is ] used almost exclusively for the purposes of ornament . The last year in which the gold dollar was struck was 1889 . Congress abolished the gold dollar , along with the three @-@ cent nickel and three @-@ dollar piece , by the Act of September 26 , 1890 . A total of 19 @,@ 499 @,@ 337 gold dollars were coined , of which 18 @,@ 223 @,@ 438 were struck at Philadelphia , 1 @,@ 004 @,@ 000 at New Orleans , 109 @,@ 138 at Charlotte , 90 @,@ 232 at San Francisco and 72 @,@ 529 at Dahlonega . According to an advertisement in the February 1899 issue of The Numismatist , gold dollars brought $ 1 @.@ 80 each , still in demand as a birthday present and for jewelry . That journal in 1905 carried news of a customer depositing 100 gold dollars into a bank ; the teller , aware of the value , credited the account with $ 1 @.@ 60 per coin . In 1908 , a dealer offered $ 2 each for any quantity . As coin collecting became a widespread pastime in the early 20th century , gold dollars became a popular specialty , a status they retain . The 2014 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins rates the least expensive gold dollar in very fine condition ( VF @-@ 20 ) at $ 300 , a value given for each of the Type 1 Philadelphia issues from 1849 to 1853 . Those seeking one of each type will find the most expensive to be a specimen of the Type 2 , with the 1854 and 1855 estimated at $ 350 in that condition ; the other two types have dates valued at $ 300 in that grade . = = Commemorative gold dollars = = The gold dollar had a brief resurrection during the period of Early United States commemorative coins . Between 1903 and 1922 nine different issues were produced , with a total mintage of 99 @,@ 799 . These were minted for various public events , did not circulate , and none used Longacre 's design . = Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction = The Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction ( sometimes referred to as the Corey – Chaykovsky reaction or CCR ) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of epoxides , aziridines , and cyclopropanes . It was discovered in 1961 by A. William Johnson and developed significantly by E. J. 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Michael Chaykovsky . The reaction involves addition of a sulfur ylide to a ketone , aldehyde , imine , or enone to produce the corresponding 3 @-@ membered ring . The reaction is diastereoselective favoring trans substitution in the product regardless of the initial stereochemistry . The synthesis of epoxides via this method serves as an important retrosynthetic alternative to the traditional epoxidation reactions of olefins . The reaction is most often employed for epoxidation via methylene transfer , and to this end has been used in several notable total syntheses ( See Synthesis of epoxides below ) . Additionally detailed below are the history , mechanism , scope , and enantioselective variants of the reaction . Several reviews have been published . = = History = = The original publication by Johnson concerned the reaction of 9 @-@ dimethylsulfonium fluorenylide with substituted benzaldehyde derivatives . The attempted Wittig @-@ like reaction failed and a benzalfluorene oxide was obtained instead , noting that " Reaction between the sulfur ylid and benzaldehydes did not afford benzalfluorenes as had the phosphorus and arsenic ylids . " The subsequent development of ( dimethyloxosulfaniumyl ) methanide , ( CH3 ) 2SOCH2 and ( dimethylsulfaniumyl ) methanide , ( CH3 ) 2SCH2 ( known as Corey – Chaykovsky reagents ) by Corey and Chaykovsky as efficient methylene @-@ transfer reagents established the reaction as a part of the organic canon . = = Mechanism = = The reaction mechanism for the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction consists of nucleophilic addition of the ylide to the carbonyl or imine group . A negative charge is transferred to the heteroatom and because the sulfonium cation is a good leaving group it gets expelled forming the ring . In the related Wittig reaction , the formation of the much stronger phosphorus @-@ oxygen double bond prevents oxirane formation and instead , olefination takes place through a 4 @-@ membered cyclic intermediate . The trans diastereoselectivity observed results from the reversibility of the initial addition , allowing equilibration to the favored anti betaine over the syn betaine . Initial addition of the ylide results in a betaine with adjacent charges ; density functional theory calculations have shown that the rate @-@ limiting step is rotation of the central bond into the conformer necessary for backside attack on the sulfonium . The degree of reversibility in the initial step ( and therefore the diastereoselectivity ) depends on four factors , with greater reversibility corresponding to higher selectivity : Stability of the substrate with higher stability leading to greater reversibility by favoring the starting material over the betaine . Stability of the ylide with higher stability similarly leading to greater reversibility . Steric hindrance in the betaine with greater hindrance leading to greater reversibility by disfavoring formation of the intermediate and slowing the rate @-@ limiting rotation of the central bond . Solvation of charges in the betaine by counterions such as lithium with greater solvation allowing more facile rotation in the betaine intermediate , lowering the amount of reversibility . = = Scope = = The application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction in organic synthesis is diverse . The reaction has come to encompass reactions of many types of sulfur ylides with electrophiles well beyond the original publications . It has seen use in a number of high @-@ profile total syntheses , as detailed below , and is generally recognized as a powerful transformative tool in the organic repertoire . = = = Types of ylides = = = Many types of ylides can be prepared with various functional groups both on the anionic carbon center and on the sulfur . The substitution pattern can influence the ease of preparation for the reagents ( typically from the sulfonium halide , e.g. trimethylsulfonium iodide ) and overall reaction rate in various ways . The general format for the reagent is shown on the right . Use of a sulfoxonium allows more facile preparation of the reagent using weaker bases as compared to sulfonium ylides . ( The difference being that a sulfoxonium contains a doubly bonded oxygen whereas the sulfonium does not . ) The former react slower due to their increased stability . In addition , the dialkylsulfoxide by @-@ products of sulfoxonium reagents are greatly preferred to the significantly more toxic , volatile , and odorous dialkylsulfide by @-@ products from sulfonium reagents . 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"Ġdifference", "Ġbeing", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġsulf", "ox", "on", "ium", "Ġcontains", "Ġa", "Ġdoub", "ly", "Ġbonded", "Ġoxygen", "Ġwhereas", "Ġthe", "Ġsulf", "on", "ium", "Ġdoes", "Ġnot", "Ġ.", "Ġ)", "ĠThe", "Ġformer", "Ġreact", "Ġslower", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġincreased", "Ġstability", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġaddition", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġdial", "ky", "ls", "ulf", "oxide", "Ġby", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġproducts", "Ġof", "Ġsulf", "ox", "on", "ium", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġare", "Ġgreatly", "Ġpreferred", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsignificantly", "Ġmore", "Ġtoxic", "Ġ,", "Ġvolatile", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġod", "orous", "Ġdial", "ky", "ls", "ulf", "ide", "Ġby", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġproducts", "Ġfrom", "Ġsulf", "on", "ium", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġvast", "Ġmajority", "Ġof" ]	64
reagents are monosubstituted at the ylide carbon ( either R1 or R2 as hydrogen ) . Disubstituted reagents are much rarer but have been described : If the ylide carbon is substituted with an electron @-@ withdrawing group ( EWG ) , the reagent is referred to as a stabilized ylide . These , similarly to sulfoxonium reagents , react much slower and are typically easier to prepare . These are limited in their usefulness as the reaction can become prohibitively sluggish : examples involving amides are widespread , with many fewer involving esters and virtually no examples involving other EWG 's . For these , the related Darzens reaction is typically more appropriate . If the ylide carbon is substituted with an aryl or allyl group , the reagent is referred to as a semi @-@ stabilized ylide . These have been developed extensively , second only to the classical methylene reagents ( R1 = R2 = H ) . The substitution pattern on aryl reagents can heavily influence the selectivity of the reaction as per the criteria above . If the ylide carbon is substituted with an alkyl group the reagent is referred to as an unstabilized ylide . The size of the alkyl groups are the major factors in selectivity with these reagents . The R @-@ groups on the sulfur , though typically methyls , have been used to synthesize reagents that can perform enantioselective variants of the reaction ( See Variations below ) . The size of the groups can also influence diastereoselectivity in alicyclic substrates . = = = Synthesis of epoxides = = = Reactions of sulfur ylides with ketones and aldehydes to form epoxides are by far the most common application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction . Examples involving complex substrates and ' exotic ' ylides have been reported , as shown below . The reaction has been used in a number of notable total syntheses including the Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis , which produces the chemotherapeutic drug taxol , and the Kuehne Strychnine total synthesis which produces the pesticide strychnine . = = = Synthesis of aziridines = = = The synthesis of aziridines from imines is another important application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction and provides an alternative to amine transfer from oxaziridines . Though less widely applied , the reaction has a similar substrate scope and functional group tolerance to the carbonyl equivalent . The examples shown below are representative ; in the latter , an aziridine forms in situ and is opened via nucleophilic attack to form the corresponding amine . = = = Synthesis of cyclopropanes = = = For addition of sulfur ylides to enones , higher 1 @,@ 4 @-@ selectivity is typically obtained with sulfoxonium reagents than with sulfonium reagents . Many electron @-@ withdrawing groups have been shown compatible with the reaction including ketones , esters , and amides ( the example below involves a Weinreb amide ) . With further conjugated systems 1 @,@ 6 @-@ addition tends to predominate over 1 @,@ 4 @-@ addition . = = = Other reactions = = = In addition to the reactions originally reported by Johnson , Corey , and Chaykovsky , sulfur ylides have been used for a number of related homologation reactions that tend to be grouped under the same name . With epoxides and aziridines the reaction serves as a ring @-@ expansion to produce the corresponding oxetane or azetidine . The long reaction times required for these reactions prevent them from occurring as significant side reactions when synthesizing epoxides and aziridines . Several cycloadditions wherein the ylide serves as a " nucleophilic carbenoid equivalent " have been reported . Living polymerizations using trialkylboranes as the catalyst and ( dimethyloxosulfaniumyl ) methanide as the monomer have been reported for the synthesis of various complex polymers . = = Enantioselective variations = = The development of an enantioselective ( i.e. yielding an enantiomeric excess , which is labelled as " ee " ) variant of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction remains an active area of academic research . The use of chiral sulfides in a stoichiometric fashion has proved more successful than the corresponding catalytic variants , but the substrate scope is still limited in all cases . The catalytic variants have been developed almost exclusively for	[ "Ġre", "agents", "Ġare", "Ġmon", "os", "ub", "st", "it", "uted", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġcarbon", "Ġ(", "Ġeither", "ĠR", "1", "Ġor", "ĠR", "2", "Ġas", "Ġhydrogen", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠDis", "ub", "st", "it", "uted", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġare", "Ġmuch", "Ġrare", "r", "Ġbut", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġdescribed", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIf", "Ġthe", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġcarbon", "Ġis", "Ġsubstituted", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġelectron", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwithdrawing", "Ġgroup", "Ġ(", "ĠEW", "G", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġre", "agent", "Ġis", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġstabilized", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġ,", "Ġsimilarly", "Ġto", "Ġsulf", "ox", "on", "ium", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġ,", "Ġreact", "Ġmuch", "Ġslower", "Ġand", "Ġare", "Ġtypically", "Ġeasier", "Ġto", "Ġprepare", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġare", "Ġlimited", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġusefulness", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġreaction", "Ġcan", "Ġbecome", "Ġprohib", "itive", "ly", "Ġsluggish", "Ġ:", "Ġexamples", "Ġinvolving", "Ġam", "ides", "Ġare", "Ġwidespread", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġmany", "Ġfewer", "Ġinvolving", "Ġes", "ters", "Ġand", "Ġvirtually", "Ġno", "Ġexamples", "Ġinvolving", "Ġother", "ĠEW", "G", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġthese", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġrelated", "ĠDar", "zens", "Ġreaction", "Ġis", "Ġtypically", "Ġmore", "Ġappropriate", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIf", "Ġthe", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġcarbon", "Ġis", "Ġsubstituted", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġa", "ry", "l", "Ġor", "Ġall", "yl", "Ġgroup", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġre", "agent", "Ġis", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġsemi", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstabilized", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġextensively", "Ġ,", "Ġsecond", "Ġonly", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġclassical", "Ġmethyl", "ene", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġ(", "ĠR", "1", "Ġ=", "ĠR", "2", "Ġ=", "ĠH", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsubstitution", "Ġpattern", "Ġon", "Ġa", "ry", "l", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġcan", "Ġheavily", "Ġinfluence", "Ġthe", "Ġselect", "ivity", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġreaction", "Ġas", "Ġper", "Ġthe", "Ġcriteria", "Ġabove", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIf", "Ġthe", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġcarbon", "Ġis", "Ġsubstituted", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġal", "ky", "l", "Ġgroup", "Ġthe", "Ġre", "agent", "Ġis", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġunst", "abil", "ized", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsize", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġal", "ky", "l", "Ġgroups", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "Ġmajor", "Ġfactors", "Ġin", "Ġselect", "ivity", "Ġwith", "Ġthese", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠR", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgroups", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġsulfur", "Ġ,", "Ġthough", "Ġtypically", "Ġmethyl", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġused", "Ġto", "Ġsynthes", "ize", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġthat", "Ġcan", "Ġperform", "Ġen", "anti", "ose", "lect", "ive", "Ġvariants", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġreaction", "Ġ(", "ĠSee", "ĠVari", "ations", "Ġbelow", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsize", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgroups", "Ġcan", "Ġalso", "Ġinfluence", "Ġdi", "ast", "ere", "ose", "lect", "ivity", "Ġin", "Ġal", "icy", "cl", "ic", "Ġsubstr", "ates", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSynt", "hesis", "Ġof", "Ġep", "ox", "ides", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠRe", "actions", "Ġof", "Ġsulfur", "Ġy", "l", "ides", "Ġwith", "Ġket", "ones", "Ġand", "Ġa", "lde", "hyd", "es", "Ġto", "Ġform", "Ġep", "ox", "ides", "Ġare", "Ġby", "Ġfar", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġcommon", "Ġapplication", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠJohnson", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠCorey", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠCh", "ay", "kov", "sky", "Ġreaction", "Ġ.", "ĠExamples", "Ġinvolving", "Ġcomplex", "Ġsubstr", "ates", "Ġand", "Ġ'", "Ġexotic", "Ġ'", "Ġy", "l", "ides", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġreported", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġshown", "Ġbelow", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġreaction", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġused", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġnotable", "Ġtotal", "Ġsynthes", "es", "Ġincluding", "Ġthe", "ĠDan", "is", "he", "fs", "ky", "ĠTax", "ol", "Ġtotal", "Ġsynthesis", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġproduces", "Ġthe", "Ġchem", "other", "ape", "utic", "Ġdrug", "Ġtax", "ol", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠK", "ue", "h", "ne", "ĠSt", "ry", "chn", "ine", "Ġtotal", "Ġsynthesis", "Ġwhich", "Ġproduces", "Ġthe", "Ġpesticide", "Ġst", "ry", "chn", "ine", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSynt", "hesis", "Ġof", "Ġaz", "ir", "id", "ines", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġsynthesis", "Ġof", "Ġaz", "ir", "id", "ines", "Ġfrom", "Ġim", "ines", "Ġis", "Ġanother", "Ġimportant", "Ġapplication", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠJohnson", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠCorey", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠCh", "ay", "kov", "sky", "Ġreaction", "Ġand", "Ġprovides", "Ġan", "Ġalternative", "Ġto", "Ġam", "ine", "Ġtransfer", "Ġfrom", "Ġox", "az", "ir", "id", "ines", "Ġ.", "ĠThough", "Ġless", "Ġwidely", "Ġapplied", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġreaction", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġsimilar", "Ġsubstrate", "Ġscope", "Ġand", "Ġfunctional", "Ġgroup", "Ġtolerance", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġcarb", "ony", "l", "Ġequivalent", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġexamples", "Ġshown", "Ġbelow", "Ġare", "Ġrepresentative", "Ġ;", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġlatter", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġaz", "ir", "idine", "Ġforms", "Ġin", "Ġsitu", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġopened", "Ġvia", "Ġnucle", "oph", "ilic", "Ġattack", "Ġto", "Ġform", "Ġthe", "Ġcorresponding", "Ġam", "ine", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSynt", "hesis", "Ġof", "Ġcycl", "op", "rop", "anes", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFor", "Ġaddition", "Ġof", "Ġsulfur", "Ġy", "l", "ides", "Ġto", "Ġen", "ones", "Ġ,", "Ġhigher", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ4", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġselect", "ivity", "Ġis", "Ġtypically", "Ġobtained", "Ġwith", "Ġsulf", "ox", "on", "ium", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġthan", "Ġwith", "Ġsulf", "on", "ium", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġ.", "ĠMany", "Ġelectron", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwithdrawing", "Ġgroups", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġshown", "Ġcompatible", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġreaction", "Ġincluding", "Ġket", "ones", "Ġ,", "Ġes", "ters", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġam", "ides", "Ġ(", "Ġthe", "Ġexample", "Ġbelow", "Ġinvolves", "Ġa", "ĠWein", "reb", "Ġam", "ide", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠWith", "Ġfurther", "Ġconj", "ug", "ated", "Ġsystems", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ6", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġaddition", "Ġtends", "Ġto", "Ġpred", "om", "inate", "Ġover", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ4", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġaddition", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOther", "Ġreactions", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġaddition", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġreactions", "Ġoriginally", "Ġreported", "Ġby", "ĠJohnson", "Ġ,", "ĠCorey", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠCh", "ay", "kov", "sky", "Ġ,", "Ġsulfur", "Ġy", "l", "ides", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġused", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġrelated", "Ġhom", "olog", "ation", "Ġreactions", "Ġthat", "Ġtend", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġgrouped", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġname", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠWith", "Ġep", "ox", "ides", "Ġand", "Ġaz", "ir", "id", "ines", "Ġthe", "Ġreaction", "Ġserves", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġring", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġexpansion", "Ġto", "Ġproduce", "Ġthe", "Ġcorresponding", "Ġox", "et", "ane", "Ġor", "Ġaz", "et", "idine", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġlong", "Ġreaction", "Ġtimes", "Ġrequired", "Ġfor", "Ġthese", "Ġreactions", "Ġprevent", "Ġthem", "Ġfrom", "Ġoccurring", "Ġas", "Ġsignificant", "Ġside", "Ġreactions", "Ġwhen", "Ġsynthes", "izing", "Ġep", "ox", "ides", "Ġand", "Ġaz", "ir", "id", "ines", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSeveral", "Ġcycl", "oad", "d", "itions", "Ġwherein", "Ġthe", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġserves", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġnucle", "oph", "ilic", "Ġcar", "ben", "oid", "Ġequivalent", "Ġ\"", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġreported", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠLiving", "Ġpolymer", "izations", "Ġusing", "Ġtri", "alk", "yl", "bor", "anes", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġcatalyst", "Ġand", "Ġ(", "Ġdim", "ethyl", "ox", "os", "ulf", "anium", "yl", "Ġ)", "Ġmet", "han", "ide", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġmon", "omer", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġreported", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġsynthesis", "Ġof", "Ġvarious", "Ġcomplex", "Ġpoly", "mers", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠEn", "anti", "ose", "lect", "ive", "Ġvariations", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġdevelopment", "Ġof", "Ġan", "Ġen", "anti", "ose", "lect", "ive", "Ġ(", "Ġi", ".", "e", ".", "Ġyielding", "Ġan", "Ġen", "anti", "omer", "ic", "Ġexcess", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġlabelled", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġe", "e", "Ġ\"", "Ġ)", "Ġvariant", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠJohnson", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠCorey", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠCh", "ay", "kov", "sky", "Ġreaction", "Ġremains", "Ġan", "Ġactive", "Ġarea", "Ġof", "Ġacademic", "Ġresearch", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġch", "iral", "Ġsulf", "ides", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġsto", "ichi", "ometric", "Ġfashion", "Ġhas", "Ġproved", "Ġmore", "Ġsuccessful", "Ġthan", "Ġthe", "Ġcorresponding", "Ġcataly", "tic", "Ġvariants", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġsubstrate", "Ġscope", "Ġis", "Ġstill", "Ġlimited", "Ġin", "Ġall", "Ġcases", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcataly", "tic", "Ġvariants", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġdeveloped", "Ġalmost", "Ġexclusively", "Ġfor" ]	65
enantioselective purposes ; typical organosulfide reagents are not prohibitively expensive and the racemic reactions can be carried out with equimolar amounts of ylide without raising costs significantly . Chiral sulfides , on the other hand , are more costly to prepare , spurring the advancement of catalytic enantioselective methods . = = = Stoichiometric reagents = = = The most successful reagents employed in a stoichiometric fashion are shown below . The first is a bicyclic oxathiane that has been employed in the synthesis of the β @-@ adrenergic compound dichloroisoproterenol ( DCI ) but is limited by the availability of only one enantiomer of the reagent . The synthesis of the axial diastereomer is rationalized via the 1 @,@ 3 @-@ anomeric effect which reduces the nucleophilicity of the equatorial lone pair . The conformation of the ylide is limited by transannular strain and approach of the aldehyde is limited to one face of the ylide by steric interactions with the methyl substituents . The other major reagent is a camphor @-@ derived reagent developed by Varinder Aggarwal of the University of Bristol . Both enantiomers are easily synthesized , although the yields are lower than for the oxathiane reagent . The ylide conformation is determined by interaction with the bridgehead hydrogens and approach of the aldehyde is blocked by the camphor moiety . The reaction employs a phosphazene base to promote formation of the ylide . = = = Catalytic reagents = = = Catalytic reagents have been less successful , with most variations suffering from poor yield , poor enantioselectivity , or both . There are also issues with substrate scope , most having limitations with methylene transfer and aliphatic aldehydes . The trouble stems from the need for a nucleophilic sulfide that efficiently generates the ylide which can also act as a good leaving group to form the epoxide . Since the factors underlying these desiderata are at odds , tuning of the catalyst properties has proven difficult . Shown below are several of the most successful catalysts along with the yields and enantiomeric excess for their use in synthesis of ( E ) -stilbene oxide . Aggarwal has developed an alternative method employing the same sulfide as above and a novel alkylation involving a rhodium carbenoid formed in situ . The method too has limited substrate scope , failing for any electrophiles possessing basic substituents due to competitive consumption of the carbenoid . = Treaty of Ciudad Juárez = The Treaty of Ciudad Juárez was a peace treaty signed between the then President of Mexico , Porfirio Díaz , and the revolutionary Francisco Madero on May 21 , 1911 . The treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution . The treaty stipulated that Díaz , as well as his vice president Ramón Corral , were to step down by the end of May , and that he was to be replaced by Francisco León de la Barra as interim president and hold presidential elections . Those who had suffered losses due to the revolution would be the indemnified , and there would be a general amnesty . Díaz resigned on May 25 , and interim president Francisco León de la Barra was the new incumbent . Díaz and his family , his vice president Corral , plus José Yves Limantour and Rosendo Pineda left Mexico for exile . Significantly , the treaty did not mention or institute any social reforms that Madero had vaguely promised on previous occasions . It also left the Porfirian state essentially intact . Additionally , Madero supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts , staffed by the old judges , a decision that led to outbreaks of sporadic violence , particularly in rural areas . On June 7 , 1911 , Madero entered Mexico City . In October 1911 he was elected president , under the banner of the Partido Constitucional Progresista , along with José María Pino Suárez , his new running mate as vice @-@ president . Madero pushed aside Francisco Vázquez Gómez , the vice presidential candidate for the Anti @-@ Reelectionist Party in 1910 , as being too moderate . = = Military developments leading up to the treaty = = The rebellion against the government of Porfirio Díaz broke out in late 1910 , after Díaz had his rival Francisco Madero imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a falsified election . Madero 's earlier vague promises of agr	[ "Ġen", "anti", "ose", "lect", "ive", "Ġpurposes", "Ġ;", "Ġtypical", "Ġorgan", "os", "ulf", "ide", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġare", "Ġnot", "Ġprohib", "itive", "ly", "Ġexpensive", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġrac", "emic", "Ġreactions", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġcarried", "Ġout", "Ġwith", "Ġequ", "im", "olar", "Ġamounts", "Ġof", "Ġy", "l", "ide", "Ġwithout", "Ġraising", "Ġcosts", "Ġsignificantly", "Ġ.", "ĠCh", "iral", "Ġsulf", "ides", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġhand", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġmore", "Ġcostly", "Ġto", "Ġprepare", "Ġ,", "Ġsp", "urring", "Ġthe", "Ġadvancement", "Ġof", "Ġcataly", "tic", "Ġen", "anti", "ose", "lect", "ive", "Ġmethods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSto", "ichi", "ometric", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġsuccessful", "Ġre", "agents", "Ġemployed", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġsto", "ichi", "ometric", "Ġfashion", "Ġare", "Ġshown", "Ġbelow", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġbicycl", "ic", "Ġox", "ath", "iane", "Ġthat", 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"ero", "Ġsupported", "Ġthe", "Ġunpopular", "Ġidea", "Ġthat", "Ġall", "Ġland", "Ġdisputes", "Ġwere", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġsettled", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġcourts", "Ġ,", "Ġstaffed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġold", "Ġjudges", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġdecision", "Ġthat", "Ġled", "Ġto", "Ġoutbreaks", "Ġof", "Ġsporadic", "Ġviolence", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "Ġin", "Ġrural", "Ġareas", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "ĠJune", "Ġ7", "Ġ,", "Ġ1911", "Ġ,", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġentered", "ĠMexico", "ĠCity", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠOctober", "Ġ1911", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġelected", "Ġpresident", "Ġ,", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġbanner", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠPart", "ido", "ĠConst", "it", "uc", "ional", "ĠPro", "gres", "ista", "Ġ,", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "ĠJosÃ©", "ĠMar", "ÃŃa", "ĠP", "ino", "ĠSu", "Ã¡", "rez", "Ġ,", "Ġhis", "Ġnew", "Ġrunning", "Ġmate", "Ġas", "Ġvice", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpresident", "Ġ.", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġpushed", "Ġaside", "ĠFrancisco", "ĠV", "Ã¡", "z", "quez", "ĠG", "Ã³", "me", "z", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġvice", "Ġpresidential", "Ġcandidate", "Ġfor", 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arian reforms had attracted many supporters . He himself escaped from prison and fled to Texas , from where he issued his famous Plan of San Luis Potosí . This manifesto called for an armed uprising against the Porfiriato and establishment of free and democratic elections . As a response to Madero 's proclamation , violent clashes began throughout Mexico in November 1910 . In the Guerrero district of Chihuahua , Pascual Orozco attacked Federal troops and sent dead soldiers ' clothing back to Díaz with the message , " Ahí te van las hojas , mándame más tamales " ( " Here are the wrappers , send me more tamales . " ) He then began operations which threatened Ciudad Juárez . Additionally , political support for Madero 's rebellion came from Abraham González , who accepted the Plan of San Luis Potosí . At roughly the same time , agrarian unrest in the state of Morelos turned into a full blown rebellion under the leadership of the Zapata brothers , Emiliano and Eufemio . = = = Orozco and Villa take Ciudad Juárez = = = Encouraged by the news of the uprisings , Madero crossed the border back into Mexico in February 1911 . He was joined by Pancho Villa and Orozco and in April the army began approaching Ciudad Juárez . Orozco and Villa led the way with 500 men each , while Madero followed up with 1 @,@ 500 riders . The city was besieged by the end of the month , after Madero 's army encountered some resistance in the Chihuahuan countryside . Madero asked the commander of the city 's garrison to surrender but the latter refused , hoping that the fortifications he had constructed would allow him to defend the city until reinforcements arrived . Concerned also with the possibility that a direct attack on the town would cause artillery shells to cross the border into the United States which could provoke an outside intervention , and faced with a series of peace proposals from Díaz , Madero hesitated in attacking the city . He in fact ordered his commanders to lift the siege . Orozco , however disregarded the order and , joined by Villa , attacked . After two days of fighting the city fell to the insurrectionists . Madero intervened personally to spare the life of the city 's commander , Gen. Navarro , whom both Orozco and Villa wanted executed for his previous killing of rebel POWs . This , coupled with the fact that both leaders were ignored by Madero in his political appointments , outraged and estranged them from him . = = = Zapata in south and central Mexico = = = At about the same time that Villa and Orozco were marching on Ciudad Juárez , the Zapatista revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of Puebla , Tlaxcala , Mexico , Michoacán and Guerrero . On April 14 , Madero had Emiliano Zapata officially designated as his representative in the region . However , Zapata was worried that if he did not fully control all the major towns in Morelos by the time that Madero concluded negotiations with Díaz , the demands of his agrarian movement and the issue of the autonomy of Morelos would be ignored or sidelined . Zapata 's first military action was to take the town of Chinameca where he obtained essential supplies . Subsequently Zapata , for political and strategic reasons , decided to attack the city of Cuautla . In order to mislead his opponents however , he initially attacked and captured the towns of Izúcar de Matamoros ( which was subsequently retaken by federal forces ) and Chietla . From there he made a wide circle around Cuautla and captured Yautepec and Jonacatepec where he gathered more supplies , munitions and soldiers . By May , out of all the major urban centers in the region , only Cuautla and the capital of Morelos , Cuernavaca , remained outside of his control . Zapata began the attack on Cuautla on May 13 with 4000 troops against 400 elite soldiers of the so @-@ called " Golden Fifth " ; the Fifth Cavalry Regiment of the Federal Army . The battle took almost a week and has been described as " six of the most terrible days of battle in the whole Revolution " . It consisted of house to house fighting , hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , and no quarter given by either side . General Victoriano Huerta arrived in nearby Cuernavaca with 600 reinforcements , but decided not to come to the relief of Cuautla as he was afraid that the capital would revolt in his absence . On May 19 , the remains of the " Golden Fifth " pulled out of the town which was then occupied by Zapata 's soldiers . The successful capture of Cuautla made Zapata a hero to ordinary people throughout Mexico	[ "arian", "Ġreforms", "Ġhad", "Ġattracted", "Ġmany", "Ġsupporters", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġhimself", "Ġescaped", "Ġfrom", "Ġprison", "Ġand", "Ġfled", "Ġto", "ĠTexas", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġissued", "Ġhis", "Ġfamous", "ĠPlan", "Ġof", "ĠSan", "ĠLuis", "ĠPot", "os", "ÃŃ", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġmanifesto", "Ġcalled", "Ġfor", "Ġan", "Ġarmed", "Ġuprising", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "ĠPor", "f", "ir", "iat", "o", "Ġand", "Ġestablishment", "Ġof", "Ġfree", "Ġand", "Ġdemocratic", "Ġelections", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresponse", "Ġto", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġproclamation", "Ġ,", "Ġviolent", "Ġclashes", "Ġbegan", "Ġthroughout", "ĠMexico", "Ġin", "ĠNovember", "Ġ1910", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "ĠGuerrero", "Ġdistrict", "Ġof", "ĠCh", "ihu", "ah", "ua", "Ġ,", "ĠP", "asc", "ual", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġattacked", "ĠFederal", "Ġtroops", "Ġand", "Ġsent", "Ġdead", "Ġsoldiers", "Ġ'", "Ġclothing", "Ġback", "Ġto", "ĠD", 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and new corridos were written about him . After Zapata 's taking of Cuautla , the federal government controlled only five states and some urban areas . Porfirio Díaz himself later stated that , while he felt that he could defend against Villa and Orozco in Chihuahua , the fall of Cuautla was the event which persuaded him to agree to peace with Madero . = = The compromise = = As early as March 1911 , Madero 's representatives met in New York with Díaz 's finance minister , José Yves Limantour , and the Mexican ambassador to the US in order to discuss the possibility of peace between the two sides . Limantour proposed an end to the hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries , the resignation of the then vice president Ramón Corral , the replacement of four Díaz cabinet ministers and ten state governors by ones chosen by Madero , and the establishment of the principle of " no @-@ reelection " which would prevent Díaz from seeking yet another term as president ( which would have been his ninth ) . Madero responded positively although he also stated that any kind of peace deal had to include an immediate resignation by Díaz . Faced with the siege of Ciudad Juárez and the outbreak of rebellion in Morelos , Díaz and members of his cabinet became more willing to negotiate and launched a " skillful peace offensive " aimed at Madero . This was largely a result of panic among the large landowners associated with the Díaz regime ( the hacendados ) and the financial elite , which represented a " moderate " wing within the government . Some among the Porfiristas in fact , expected that Zapata would soon march on Mexico City itself , unless peace was concluded with Madero . The moderate view within the Díaz government was represented by Jorge Vera Estañol who in a memo to the minister of foreign affairs wrote that there were two revolutions taking place in Mexico : a political revolution , based mostly in the north , whose aim was mostly to establish free elections and remove Díaz himself from power , and a social revolution whose aim was " anarchy " which was spreading throughout the Mexican countryside . Estañol recommended coming to terms with the first group of revolutionaries , by agreeing to the principle of no re @-@ election and a general amnesty , in order to prevent the second group from succeeding . In addition to his fear of " anarchy " , Estañol was also worried that the social revolution would lead to a military intervention by the United States . Estañol 's views represented those of the portion of the upper class which was willing to come to terms with at least a portion of the middle class in order to crush the peasant uprisings , as exemplified by those of Zapata , which were erupting throughout Mexico . Limantour , who broadly agreed with Estañol , had the support of the Mexican financiers , who feared the downgrading of Mexican international credit and a general economic crisis as a result of ongoing social unrest , as well as that of the large landowners who were willing to come to terms with Madero if it would put an end to the agrarian uprisings . These social group were in turn opposed by the more reactionary elements within Díaz 's government , mostly concentrated in the federal army , who though that the rebels should be dealt with through brute force . This faction was represented by General Victoriano Huerta , who would later carry out an attempted coup d 'état against Madero . Likewise , the general , and potential successor to Díaz , Bernardo Reyes stated in a letter to Limantour that " the repression ( against the insurrectionists ) should be carried out with the greates energy , punishing without any pity anyone participating in the armed struggle " . In the end however , Díaz dismissed the advice from his generals as " Custer @-@ like bluster " and chose to seek peace with the moderate wing of the revolution . Limantour had finally managed to persuade him to resign . At the same time there was also disagreement among the rebels . The " left wing " of the revolutionary movement , represented by Zapata and Orozco ( Villa for the time being tended to support Madero ) , warned against any possible compromises with Díaz . In the end their suspicions proved correct as the treaty that was eventually signed neglected issues of social and agrarian land reform that were central to their struggle . = = The treaty 's terms = = The most significant point of the treaty was that Porfirio Díaz , and his vice president , Ramón Corral , resign and that de la Barra , acting as interim president organize free elections as soon as possible . 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"ings", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThese", "Ġsocial", "Ġgroup", "Ġwere", "Ġin", "Ġturn", "Ġopposed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġmore", "Ġreactionary", "Ġelements", "Ġwithin", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġgovernment", "Ġ,", "Ġmostly", "Ġconcentrated", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfederal", "Ġarmy", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġthough", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġrebels", "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġdealt", "Ġwith", "Ġthrough", "Ġbrute", "Ġforce", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġfaction", "Ġwas", "Ġrepresented", "Ġby", "ĠGeneral", "ĠVictor", "iano", "ĠHu", "ert", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwould", "Ġlater", "Ġcarry", "Ġout", "Ġan", "Ġattempted", "Ġcoup", "Ġd", "Ġ'", "Ã©t", "at", "Ġagainst", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ.", "ĠLikewise", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgeneral", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġpotential", "Ġsuccessor", "Ġto", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġ,", "ĠBern", "ardo", "ĠReyes", "Ġstated", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġletter", "Ġto", "ĠLim", "ant", "our", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", "Ġthe", "Ġrepression", "Ġ(", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "Ġinsurrection", "ists", "Ġ)", "Ġshould", "Ġbe", "Ġcarried", "Ġout", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġgreat", "es", "Ġenergy", "Ġ,", "Ġpunishing", "Ġwithout", "Ġany", "Ġpity", "Ġanyone", "Ġparticipating", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġarmed", "Ġstruggle", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġdismissed", "Ġthe", "Ġadvice", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġgenerals", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "ĠC", "uster", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlike", "Ġbl", "uster", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġchose", "Ġto", "Ġseek", "Ġpeace", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġmoderate", "Ġwing", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrevolution", "Ġ.", "ĠLim", "ant", "our", "Ġhad", "Ġfinally", "Ġmanaged", "Ġto", "Ġpersuade", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġresign", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAt", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġtime", "Ġthere", "Ġwas", "Ġalso", "Ġdisagreement", "Ġamong", "Ġthe", "Ġrebels", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġ\"", "Ġleft", "Ġwing", "Ġ\"", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrevolutionary", "Ġmovement", "Ġ,", "Ġrepresented", "Ġby", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġand", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġ(", "ĠVilla", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġbeing", "Ġtended", "Ġto", "Ġsupport", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġwarned", "Ġagainst", "Ġany", "Ġpossible", "Ġcompromises", "Ġwith", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġtheir", "Ġsuspicions", "Ġproved", "Ġcorrect", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġeventually", "Ġsigned", "Ġneglected", "Ġissues", "Ġof", "Ġsocial", "Ġand", "Ġag", "r", "arian", "Ġland", "Ġreform", "Ġthat", "Ġwere", "Ġcentral", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġstruggle", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠThe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġterms", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġsignificant", "Ġpoint", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġwas", "Ġthat", "ĠPor", "f", "ir", "io", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġvice", "Ġpresident", "Ġ,", "ĠRam", "Ã³n", "ĠCor", "ral", "Ġ,", "Ġresign", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġde", "Ġla", "ĠBar", "ra", "Ġ,", "Ġacting", "Ġas", "Ġinterim", "Ġpresident", "Ġorganize", "Ġfree", "Ġelections", "Ġas", "Ġsoon", "Ġas", "Ġpossible", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAdditionally", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġstip", "ulated", "Ġthat", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAn", "Ġamnesty", "Ġfor", "Ġall", "Ġrevolutionaries", "Ġbe", "Ġdeclared", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġoption", "Ġfor", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġapply" ]	68
for membership in the rurales . The revolutionary forces were to be demobilized as soon as possible and the federal forces were to be the only army in Mexico . This was in order to appease the army , which had opposed a compromise with Madero . Madero and his supporters had the right to name fourteen provisional state governors , and to approve la Barra 's cabinet . Pensions were to be established for relatives of the soldiers who had died fighting the rebels . Policemen and judges , as well as state legislators , that had been appointed or " elected " under Díaz were to retain their offices . = = Implementation and results = = The treaty was signed on May 21 . Díaz resigned accordingly on May 25 . Francisco de la Barra became the interim president . Madero entered Mexico City on June 7 . Zapata however refused to recognize the interim government of de la Barra , and for the time being the fighting in Morelos continued . Madero met with Zapata on several occasions during June . While initially Zapata trusted Madero , with time he became increasingly concerned that the goals of " his revolution " were not being fulfilled . He was particularly angry that Madero did not plan on carrying out any kind of agrarian reform , or the breakup of large hacendias . Additionally , the press in Mexico City , controlled by the landowners began referring to Zapata as a bandit and federal generals , such as Huerta , continued attacking his troops under the pretext that Zapata failed to demobilize in violation of the treaty . Sporadic fighting in southern Mexico continued . In November 1911 , shortly after Madero 's inauguration , Zapata issued the famous Plan of Ayala , in which the Zapatistas denounced Madero and instead recognized Pascual Orozco as the rightful president and leader of the revolution . Madero also earned the great displeasure of other revolutionaries , including , Pascual Orozco . Madero 's first act after the treaty was signed was a gesture of reconciliation with the Díaz regime . As a result of the treaty he was given the right to appoint members of the la Barra cabinet . He chose mostly upper class Maderistas , including his wife for the post in the treasury . He also maintained the existing federal system , by keeping the sitting judges of the Supreme Court , the legislators in federal and state assemblies and the bureaucrats of the various federal agencies . Venustiano Carranza , who was going to become a major revolutionary in his own right and a future president of Mexico , stated that , after the treaty , Madero had " deliver ( ed ) to the reactionaries a dead revolution which will have to be fought over again " . Díaz , after leaving for exile in France , observed that " Madero has unleashed a tiger , let us see if he can control him " . Orozco , who saw himself as being instrumental in Madero 's victory over Díaz , was merely appointed as a commander of the rurales in Chihuahua , which increased his resentment . When he tried to run for governor of the state , Madero supported his opponent , Abraham González and eventually pressured Orozco to drop out of the race . When , in the aftermath of the Plan of Ayala , Madero ordered Orozco to lead federal troops to suppress Zapata , Orozco refused . In March 1912 , Orozco issued his Plan of Empacadora and formally declared himself in rebellion against Madero . = The Feast of the Goat = The Feast of the Goat ( Spanish : La fiesta del chivo , 2000 ) is a novel by the Peruvian Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa . The book is set in the Dominican Republic and portrays the assassination of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo , and its aftermath , from two distinct standpoints a generation apart : during and immediately after the assassination itself , in May 1961 ; and thirty five years later , in 1996 . Throughout , there is also extensive reflection on the heyday of the dictatorship , in the 1950s , and its significance for the island and its inhabitants . The novel follows three interwoven storylines . The first concerns a woman , Urania Cabral , who is back in the Dominican Republic , after a long absence , to visit her ailing father ; she ends up recalling incidents from her youth and recounting a long @-@ held secret to her aunt and cousins . The second story line focuses on the last day in Trujillo 's life from the moment he wakes up onwards , and shows us the regime 's inner circle , to which Urania 's father once belonged . The third strand depicts Trujillo 's assassins , many of whom had previously been government loyalists , as they wait for his car late that night ; after the assassination , this story line shows us the assassins ' persecution . Each aspect of the book 's plot	[ "Ġfor", "Ġmembership", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġrural", "es", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġrevolutionary", "Ġforces", "Ġwere", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġdem", "obil", "ized", "Ġas", "Ġsoon", "Ġas", "Ġpossible", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġfederal", "Ġforces", "Ġwere", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġthe", "Ġonly", "Ġarmy", "Ġin", "ĠMexico", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġwas", "Ġin", "Ġorder", "Ġto", "Ġappease", "Ġthe", "Ġarmy", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġopposed", "Ġa", "Ġcompromise", "Ġwith", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġsupporters", "Ġhad", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġto", "Ġname", "Ġfourteen", "Ġprovisional", "Ġstate", "Ġgovernors", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġapprove", "Ġla", "ĠBar", "ra", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcabinet", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠP", "ensions", "Ġwere", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġestablished", "Ġfor", "Ġrelatives", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsoldiers", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġdied", "Ġfighting", "Ġthe", "Ġrebels", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPolic", "emen", "Ġand", "Ġjudges", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġstate", "Ġlegislators", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġappointed", "Ġor", "Ġ\"", "Ġelected", "Ġ\"", "Ġunder", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġwere", "Ġto", "Ġretain", "Ġtheir", "Ġoffices", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠImplementation", "Ġand", "Ġresults", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġwas", "Ġsigned", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ21", "Ġ.", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġresigned", "Ġaccordingly", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ25", "Ġ.", "ĠFrancisco", "Ġde", "Ġla", "ĠBar", "ra", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġinterim", "Ġpresident", "Ġ.", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġentered", "ĠMexico", "ĠCity", "Ġon", "ĠJune", "Ġ7", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġhowever", "Ġrefused", "Ġto", "Ġrecognize", "Ġthe", "Ġinterim", "Ġgovernment", "Ġof", "Ġde", "Ġla", "ĠBar", "ra", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġbeing", "Ġthe", "Ġfighting", "Ġin", "ĠMore", "los", "Ġcontinued", "Ġ.", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġmet", "Ġwith", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġon", "Ġseveral", "Ġoccasions", "Ġduring", "ĠJune", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "Ġinitially", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġtrusted", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġtime", "Ġhe", "Ġbecame", "Ġincreasingly", "Ġconcerned", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġgoals", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "Ġhis", "Ġrevolution", "Ġ\"", "Ġwere", "Ġnot", "Ġbeing", "Ġfulfilled", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġparticularly", "Ġangry", "Ġthat", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġdid", "Ġnot", "Ġplan", "Ġon", "Ġcarrying", "Ġout", "Ġany", "Ġkind", "Ġof", "Ġag", "r", "arian", "Ġreform", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "Ġbreakup", "Ġof", "Ġlarge", "Ġh", "ac", "end", "ias", "Ġ.", "ĠAdditionally", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġpress", "Ġin", "ĠMexico", "ĠCity", "Ġ,", "Ġcontrolled", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġlandowners", "Ġbegan", "Ġreferring", "Ġto", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġband", "it", "Ġand", "Ġfederal", "Ġgenerals", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠHu", "ert", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġcontinued", "Ġattacking", "Ġhis", "Ġtroops", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġpretext", "Ġthat", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġfailed", "Ġto", "Ġdem", "obil", "ize", "Ġin", "Ġviolation", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġ.", "ĠSp", "or", "adic", "Ġfighting", "Ġin", "Ġsouthern", "ĠMexico", "Ġcontinued", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠNovember", "Ġ1911", "Ġ,", "Ġshortly", "Ġafter", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinauguration", "Ġ,", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġissued", "Ġthe", "Ġfamous", "ĠPlan", "Ġof", "ĠAy", "ala", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġthe", "ĠZap", "at", "istas", "Ġdenounced", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġand", "Ġinstead", "Ġrecognized", "ĠP", "asc", "ual", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġrightful", "Ġpresident", "Ġand", "Ġleader", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrevolution", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġalso", "Ġearned", "Ġthe", "Ġgreat", "Ġdispleasure", "Ġof", "Ġother", "Ġrevolutionaries", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "Ġ,", "ĠP", "asc", "ual", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġ.", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġact", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġwas", "Ġsigned", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġgesture", "Ġof", "Ġreconciliation", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠD", "ÃŃ", "az", "Ġregime", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġresult", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaty", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġgiven", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġto", "Ġappoint", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġla", "ĠBar", "ra", "Ġcabinet", "Ġ.", 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"Ġ,", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġordered", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġto", "Ġlead", "Ġfederal", "Ġtroops", "Ġto", "Ġsuppress", "ĠZap", "ata", "Ġ,", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġrefused", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠMarch", "Ġ1912", "Ġ,", "ĠOro", "z", "co", "Ġissued", "Ġhis", "ĠPlan", "Ġof", "ĠEm", "pac", "ad", "ora", "Ġand", "Ġformally", "Ġdeclared", "Ġhimself", "Ġin", "Ġrebellion", "Ġagainst", "ĠMad", "ero", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġ(", "ĠSpanish", "Ġ:", "ĠLa", "Ġf", "iesta", "Ġdel", "Ġch", "ivo", "Ġ,", "Ġ2000", "Ġ)", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġnovel", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠPer", "uvian", "ĠNobel", "ĠPrize", "Ġin", "ĠLiterature", "Ġlaureate", "ĠMario", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbook", "Ġis", "Ġset", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġand", "Ġportrays", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġof", "ĠDominican", "Ġdictator", "ĠRafael", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġaftermath", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġtwo", "Ġdistinct", "Ġstand", "points", "Ġa", "Ġgeneration", "Ġapart", "Ġ:", "Ġduring", "Ġand", "Ġimmediately", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġitself", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "ĠMay", "Ġ1961", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġthirty", "Ġfive", "Ġyears", "Ġlater", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġ1996", "Ġ.", "ĠThroughout", "Ġ,", "Ġthere", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġextensive", "Ġreflection", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġhey", "day", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdictatorship", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ1950", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġsignificance", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġisland", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġinhabitants", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġfollows", "Ġthree", "Ġinter", "w", "oven", "Ġstorylines", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġconcerns", "Ġa", "Ġwoman", "Ġ,", "ĠUran", "ia", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġis", "Ġback", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġa", "Ġlong", "Ġabsence", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġvisit", "Ġher", "Ġa", "iling", "Ġfather", "Ġ;", "Ġshe", "Ġends", "Ġup", "Ġrecalling", "Ġincidents", "Ġfrom", "Ġher", "Ġyouth", "Ġand", "Ġrecount", "ing", "Ġa", "Ġlong", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġheld", "Ġsecret", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġaunt", "Ġand", "Ġcousins", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsecond", "Ġstory", "Ġline", "Ġfocuses", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġday", "Ġin", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġlife", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġmoment", "Ġhe", "Ġwakes", "Ġup", "Ġonwards", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġshows", "Ġus", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinner", "Ġcircle", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġwhich", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfather", "Ġonce", "Ġbelonged", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġthird", "Ġstrand", "Ġdepicts", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġassassins", "Ġ,", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġwhom", "Ġhad", "Ġpreviously", "Ġbeen", "Ġgovernment", "Ġloyal", "ists", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġthey", "Ġwait", "Ġfor", "Ġhis", "Ġcar", "Ġlate", "Ġthat", "Ġnight", "Ġ;", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġ,", "Ġthis", "Ġstory", "Ġline", "Ġshows", "Ġus", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġ'", "Ġpersecution", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġaspect", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġplot" ]	69
reveals a different viewpoint on the Dominican Republic 's political and social environment , past and present . Readers are shown the regime 's downward spiral , Trujillo 's assassination , and its aftermath through the eyes of insiders , conspirators , and a middle @-@ aged woman looking back . The novel is therefore a kaleidoscopic portrait of dictatorial power , including its psychological effects , and its long @-@ term impact . The novel 's themes include the nature of power and corruption , and their relationship to machismo and sexual perversion in a rigidly hierarchical society with strongly gendered roles . Memory , and the process of remembering , is also an important theme , especially in Urania 's narrative as she recalls her youth in the Dominican Republic . Her story ( and the book as a whole ) ends when she recounts the terrible events that led to her leaving the country at the age of 14 . The book itself serves as a reminder of the atrocities of dictatorship , to ensure that the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . Vargas Llosa interlaces fictional elements and historical events : the book is not a documentary , and the Cabral family , for instance , is completely fictional . On the other hand , the characters of Trujillo and Trujillo 's assassins are drawn from the historical record ; Vargas Llosa weaves real historical incidents of brutality and oppression into these people 's stories , to further illuminate the nature of the regime and the responses it provoked . In Vargas Llosa 's words , " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . [ . . . ] I have respected the basic facts , but I have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive — and I have not exaggerated . " The Feast of the Goat received largely positive reviews , with several reviewers commenting on the book 's depiction of the relationship between sexuality and power , and on the graphic descriptions of violent events . A film version of the novel was released in 2005 , starring Isabella Rossellini , Paul Freeman , and Tomas Milian . Jorge Alí Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana wrote a theatrical adaptation in 2003 . = = Background = = The Feast of the Goat is only the second of Vargas Llosa 's novels to be set outside Peru ( the first being The War of the End of the World ) . It is also unusual because it is the first to have a female protagonist : as critic Lynn Walford writes of the leading character in The Feast of the Goat , and also Vargas Llosa 's subsequent book The Way to Paradise , " both are utterly unlike any of the other female characters in his previous novels " . The novel examines the dictatorial regime of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina in the Dominican Republic . Trujillo was , in historian Eric Roorda 's words , " a towering influence in Dominican and Caribbean history " who presided over " one of the most durable regimes of the twentieth century " during the thirty @-@ one years between his seizure of power in 1930 and his assassination in 1961 . Trujillo had trained with the United States Marine Corps during the United States occupation of the island , and graduated from the Haina Military Academy in 1921 . After the U.S. departed in 1924 , he became head of the Dominican National Police which , under his command , was transformed into the Dominican National Army and Trujillo 's personal " virtually autonomous power base " . Trujillo was officially dictator only from 1930 to 1938 , and from 1942 to 1952 , but remained in effective power throughout the entire period . Though his regime was broadly nationalist , Daniel Chirot comments that he had " no particular ideology " and that his economic and social policies were basically progressive . The novel 's title is taken from the popular Dominican merengue Mataron al chivo ( " They Killed the Goat " ) , which refers to Trujillo 's assassination on May 30 , 1961 . Merengue is a style of music created by Ñico Lora in the 1920s and actively promoted by Trujillo himself ; it is now considered the country 's national music . Cultural critics Julie Sellers and Stephen Ropp comment about this particular merengue that , by envisaging the dictator as an animal who could be turned into a stew ( as frequently happened with goats struck down on the Dominican Republic 's highways ) , the song " gave those performing , listening to and dancing to this merengue a sense of control over him and over themselves that they had not experienced for over three decades . " Vargas Llosa quotes the lyrics to Mataron al chivo at the beginning of the novel . = = Plot summary = = The novel 's narrative is divided into three distinct strands . One is centred on Urania Cabral , a fictional Dominican character ; another deals with the conspir	[ "Ġreveals", "Ġa", "Ġdifferent", "Ġviewpoint", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpolitical", "Ġand", "Ġsocial", "Ġenvironment", "Ġ,", "Ġpast", "Ġand", "Ġpresent", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠReaders", "Ġare", "Ġshown", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdownward", "Ġspiral", "Ġ,", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġassassination", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġaftermath", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġeyes", "Ġof", "Ġinsiders", "Ġ,", "Ġconspir", "ators", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġmiddle", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġaged", "Ġwoman", "Ġlooking", "Ġback", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġis", "Ġtherefore", "Ġa", "Ġkale", "id", "oscopic", "Ġportrait", "Ġof", "Ġdict", "atorial", "Ġpower", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "Ġits", "Ġpsychological", "Ġeffects", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġlong", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġterm", "Ġimpact", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġthemes", "Ġinclude", "Ġthe", "Ġnature", "Ġof", "Ġpower", "Ġand", 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"ĠStates", "Ġoccupation", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġisland", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġgraduated", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠH", "aina", "ĠMilitary", "ĠAcademy", "Ġin", "Ġ1921", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġthe", "ĠU", ".", "S", ".", "Ġdeparted", "Ġin", "Ġ1924", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġbecame", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠNational", "ĠPolice", "Ġwhich", "Ġ,", "Ġunder", "Ġhis", "Ġcommand", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġtransformed", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠNational", "ĠArmy", "Ġand", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpersonal", "Ġ\"", "Ġvirtually", "Ġautonomous", "Ġpower", "Ġbase", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġwas", "Ġofficially", "Ġdictator", "Ġonly", "Ġfrom", "Ġ1930", "Ġto", "Ġ1938", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfrom", "Ġ1942", "Ġto", "Ġ1952", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġremained", "Ġin", "Ġeffective", "Ġpower", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġperiod", "Ġ.", "ĠThough", "Ġhis", "Ġregime", "Ġwas", "Ġbroadly", "Ġnationalist", "Ġ,", "ĠDaniel", "ĠCh", "iro", "t", "Ġcomments", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġhad", "Ġ\"", "Ġno", "Ġparticular", "Ġideology", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġhis", "Ġeconomic", "Ġand", "Ġsocial", "Ġpolicies", "Ġwere", "Ġbasically", "Ġprogressive", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġtitle", "Ġis", "Ġtaken", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġpopular", "ĠDominican", "Ġmere", "ng", "ue", "ĠMat", "aron", "Ġal", "Ġch", "ivo", "Ġ(", "Ġ\"", "ĠThey", "ĠKilled", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġ\"", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġrefers", "Ġto", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġassassination", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ30", "Ġ,", "Ġ1961", "Ġ.", "ĠM", "ere", "ng", "ue", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġstyle", "Ġof", "Ġmusic", "Ġcreated", "Ġby", "ĠÃ", "ĳ", "ico", "ĠL", "ora", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ1920", "s", "Ġand", "Ġactively", "Ġpromoted", "Ġby", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġhimself", "Ġ;", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġnow", "Ġconsidered", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnational", "Ġmusic", "Ġ.", "ĠCultural", "Ġcritics", "ĠJulie", "ĠSell", "ers", "Ġand", "ĠStephen", "ĠRo", "pp", "Ġcomment", "Ġabout", "Ġthis", "Ġparticular", "Ġmere", "ng", "ue", "Ġthat", "Ġ,", "Ġby", "Ġenvis", "aging", "Ġthe", "Ġdictator", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġanimal", "Ġwho", "Ġcould", "Ġbe", "Ġturned", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġstew", "Ġ(", "Ġas", "Ġfrequently", "Ġhappened", "Ġwith", "Ġgoats", "Ġstruck", "Ġdown", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġhighways", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "Ġgave", "Ġthose", "Ġperforming", "Ġ,", "Ġlistening", "Ġto", "Ġand", "Ġdancing", "Ġto", "Ġthis", "Ġmere", "ng", "ue", "Ġa", "Ġsense", "Ġof", "Ġcontrol", "Ġover", "Ġhim", "Ġand", "Ġover", "Ġthemselves", "Ġthat", "Ġthey", "Ġhad", "Ġnot", "Ġexperienced", "Ġfor", "Ġover", "Ġthree", "Ġdecades", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġquotes", "Ġthe", "Ġlyrics", "Ġto", "ĠMat", "aron", "Ġal", "Ġch", "ivo", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġbeginning", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPlot", "Ġsummary", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnarrative", "Ġis", "Ġdivided", "Ġinto", "Ġthree", "Ġdistinct", "Ġstrands", "Ġ.", "ĠOne", "Ġis", "Ġcent", "red", "Ġon", "ĠUran", "ia", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfictional", "ĠDominican", "Ġcharacter", "Ġ;", "Ġanother", "Ġdeals", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġconspir" ]	70
ators involved in Trujillo 's assassination ; and the third focuses on Trujillo himself . The novel alternates between these storylines , and also jumps back and forth from 1961 to 1996 , with frequent flashbacks to periods earlier in Trujillo 's regime . The Feast of the Goat begins with the return of Urania to her hometown of Santo Domingo , a city which had been renamed Ciudad Trujillo during Trujillo 's time in power . This storyline is largely introspective and deals with Urania 's memories and her inner turmoil over the events preceding her departure from the Dominican Republic thirty @-@ five years earlier . Urania escaped the crumbling Trujillo regime in 1961 by claiming she planned to study under the tutelage of nuns in Michigan . In the following decades , she becomes a prominent and successful New York lawyer . She finally returns to the Dominican Republic in 1996 , on a whim , and finds herself compelled to confront her father and elements of her past she has long ignored . As Urania speaks to her ailing father , Agustin Cabral , she recalls more and more of the anger and disgust that led to her thirty @-@ five years of silence . Urania retells her father 's descent into political disgrace , and the betrayal that forms the crux of both Urania 's storyline and that of Trujillo himself . The second and third storylines are set in 1961 , in the weeks prior to and following Trujillo 's assassination on 30 May . Each assassin has his own background story , explaining his motivation for his involvement in the assassination plot . Each has been wronged by Trujillo and his regime , by torture and brutality , or through assaults on their pride , their religious faith , their morality , or their loved ones . Vargas Llosa weaves the tale of the men as memories recalled on the night of Trujillo 's death , as the conspirators lie in wait for " The Goat " . Interconnected with these stories are the actions of other famous Trujillistas of the time : Joaquín Balaguer , the puppet president ; Johnny Abbes García , the merciless head of the Military Intelligence Service ( SIM ) ; and various others — some real , some composites of historical figures , and some purely fictional . The third storyline is concerned with the thoughts and motives of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina himself . The chapters concerning The Goat recall the major events of his time , including the slaughter of thousands of Dominican Haitians in 1937 . They also deal with the Dominican Republic 's tense international relationships during the Cold War , especially with the United States under the presidency of John F. Kennedy , and Cuba under Castro . Vargas Llosa also speculates upon Trujillo 's innermost thoughts and paints a picture of a man whose physical body is failing him . Trujillo is tormented by incontinence and impotence ; and this storyline intersects with Urania 's narrative when it is revealed that Urania was sexually assaulted by Trujillo . He is unable to achieve an erection with Urania , and in frustration and anger he rapes her with his hands . This event is the core of Urania 's shame , and her hatred towards her father . In addition , it is the cause of Trujillo 's repeated anger over the " anemic little bitch " that witnessed his impotence and emotion , and the reason he is en route to sleep with another girl on the night of his assassination . In the novel 's final chapters , the three storylines intersect with increasing frequency . The tone of these chapters is especially dark as they deal primarily with the horrific torture and death of the assassins at the hands of the SIM , the failure of the coup , the rape of Urania , and the concessions made to Trujillo 's most vicious supporters allowing them to enact their horrific revenge on the conspirators and then escape the country . The book ends as Urania prepares to return home , determined this time to keep in touch with her family back on the island . = = Characters = = = = = Modern day = = = Urania Cabral and her father Agustín Cabral appear in both the modern day and historical portions of the novel . In the year 1996 , Urania returns to the Dominican Republic for the first time since her departure at the age of 14 . She is a successful New York lawyer who has spent most of the past 35 years trying to overcome the traumas of her childhood , a goal she pursues through an academic fascination with Trujillo and Dominican history . Urania is deeply troubled by the events of her past , and is compelled to confront her father Agustín about his role in those events . Urania visits her father , finding him weakened by age and a severe stroke , so much so that he is barely able to respond physically to her presence , let alone speak . Agustín listens helplessly as Urania	[ "ators", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġassassination", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġthird", "Ġfocuses", "Ġon", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġhimself", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġaltern", "ates", "Ġbetween", "Ġthese", "Ġstorylines", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġalso", "Ġjumps", "Ġback", "Ġand", "Ġforth", "Ġfrom", "Ġ1961", "Ġto", "Ġ1996", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġfrequent", "Ġflashbacks", "Ġto", "Ġperiods", "Ġearlier", "Ġin", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġregime", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġbegins", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġreturn", "Ġof", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġhometown", "Ġof", "ĠSant", "o", "ĠD", "oming", "o", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġcity", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġrenamed", "ĠCi", "ud", "ad", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġduring", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġtime", "Ġin", "Ġpower", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġstoryline", "Ġis", "Ġlargely", "Ġintro", "spective", "Ġand", "Ġdeals", "Ġwith", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmemories", "Ġand", 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"Ġshe", "Ġrecalls", "Ġmore", "Ġand", "Ġmore", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġanger", "Ġand", "Ġdisgust", "Ġthat", "Ġled", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġthirty", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfive", "Ġyears", "Ġof", "Ġsilence", "Ġ.", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġre", "tell", "s", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdescent", "Ġinto", "Ġpolitical", "Ġdisgrace", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġbetrayal", "Ġthat", "Ġforms", "Ġthe", "Ġcru", "x", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġstoryline", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġhimself", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġsecond", "Ġand", "Ġthird", "Ġstorylines", "Ġare", "Ġset", "Ġin", "Ġ1961", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġweeks", "Ġprior", "Ġto", "Ġand", "Ġfollowing", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġassassination", "Ġon", "Ġ30", "ĠMay", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġassassin", "Ġhas", "Ġhis", "Ġown", "Ġbackground", "Ġstory", "Ġ,", "Ġexplaining", "Ġhis", "Ġmotivation", "Ġfor", "Ġhis", "Ġinvolvement", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġplot", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġwrong", "ed", "Ġby", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġregime", "Ġ,", "Ġby", "Ġtorture", "Ġand", "Ġbrutality", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġthrough", "Ġassaults", "Ġon", "Ġtheir", "Ġpride", "Ġ,", "Ġtheir", "Ġreligious", "Ġfaith", "Ġ,", "Ġtheir", "Ġmorality", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġtheir", "Ġloved", "Ġones", "Ġ.", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġwe", "aves", "Ġthe", "Ġtale", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmen", "Ġas", "Ġmemories", "Ġrecalled", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġnight", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdeath", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġconspir", "ators", "Ġlie", "Ġin", "Ġwait", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "ĠGoat", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠInter", "connected", "Ġwith", "Ġthese", "Ġstories", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "Ġactions", "Ġof", "Ġother", "Ġfamous", "ĠTru", "j", "ill", "istas", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġ:", "ĠJo", "aqu", "ÃŃn", "ĠBal", "agu", "er", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġpuppet", "Ġpresident", "Ġ;", "ĠJohnny", "ĠAb", "bes", "ĠGarc", "ÃŃa", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġmerciless", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMilitary", "ĠIntelligence", "ĠService", "Ġ(", "ĠSIM", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġand", 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"Ġalso", "Ġspec", "ulates", "Ġupon", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinner", "most", "Ġthoughts", "Ġand", "Ġpaints", "Ġa", "Ġpicture", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġman", "Ġwhose", "Ġphysical", "Ġbody", "Ġis", "Ġfailing", "Ġhim", "Ġ.", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġis", "Ġtor", "mented", "Ġby", "Ġinc", "ont", "inence", "Ġand", "Ġimp", "ot", "ence", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġthis", "Ġstoryline", "Ġintersect", "s", "Ġwith", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnarrative", "Ġwhen", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġrevealed", "Ġthat", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġwas", "Ġsexually", "Ġassaulted", "Ġby", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġis", "Ġunable", "Ġto", "Ġachieve", "Ġan", "Ġerection", "Ġwith", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġfrustration", "Ġand", "Ġanger", "Ġhe", "Ġrapes", "Ġher", "Ġwith", "Ġhis", "Ġhands", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġevent", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġcore", "Ġof", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġshame", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġhatred", "Ġtowards", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġaddition", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġcause", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrepeated", "Ġanger", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġan", "emic", "Ġlittle", "Ġbitch", "Ġ\"", "Ġthat", "Ġwitnessed", "Ġhis", "Ġimp", "ot", "ence", "Ġand", "Ġemotion", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġreason", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġen", "Ġroute", "Ġto", "Ġsleep", "Ġwith", "Ġanother", "Ġgirl", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġnight", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġassassination", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfinal", "Ġchapters", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġthree", "Ġstorylines", "Ġintersect", "Ġwith", "Ġincreasing", "Ġfrequency", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġtone", "Ġof", "Ġthese", "Ġchapters", "Ġis", "Ġespecially", "Ġdark", "Ġas", "Ġthey", "Ġdeal", "Ġprimarily", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġhorrific", "Ġtorture", "Ġand", "Ġdeath", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġhands", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSIM", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfailure", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcoup", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġrape", "Ġof", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġconcessions", "Ġmade", "Ġto", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmost", "Ġvicious", "Ġsupporters", "Ġallowing", "Ġthem", "Ġto", "Ġenact", "Ġtheir", "Ġhorrific", "Ġrevenge", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġconspir", "ators", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġescape", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbook", "Ġends", "Ġas", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġprepares", "Ġto", "Ġreturn", "Ġhome", "Ġ,", "Ġdetermined", "Ġthis", "Ġtime", "Ġto", "Ġkeep", "Ġin", "Ġtouch", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġfamily", "Ġback", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġisland", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCharacters", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠModern", "Ġday", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠUran", "ia", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġappear", "Ġin", "Ġboth", "Ġthe", "Ġmodern", "Ġday", "Ġand", "Ġhistorical", "Ġportions", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ1996", "Ġ,", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġreturns", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġtime", "Ġsince", "Ġher", "Ġdeparture", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġage", "Ġof", "Ġ14", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġsuccessful", "ĠNew", "ĠYork", "Ġlawyer", "Ġwho", "Ġhas", "Ġspent", "Ġmost", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġ35", "Ġyears", "Ġtrying", "Ġto", "Ġovercome", "Ġthe", "Ġtra", "um", "as", "Ġof", "Ġher", "Ġchildhood", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġgoal", "Ġshe", "Ġpurs", "ues", "Ġthrough", "Ġan", "Ġacademic", "Ġfascination", "Ġwith", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġand", "ĠDominican", "Ġhistory", "Ġ.", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġis", "Ġdeeply", "Ġtroubled", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġof", "Ġher", "Ġpast", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġcompelled", "Ġto", "Ġconfront", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "Ġabout", "Ġhis", "Ġrole", "Ġin", "Ġthose", "Ġevents", "Ġ.", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġvisits", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġ,", "Ġfinding", "Ġhim", "Ġweakened", "Ġby", "Ġage", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġsevere", "Ġstroke", "Ġ,", "Ġso", "Ġmuch", "Ġso", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġbarely", "Ġable", "Ġto", "Ġrespond", "Ġphysically", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġpresence", "Ġ,", "Ġlet", "Ġalone", "Ġspeak", "Ġ.", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "Ġlistens", "Ġhelpless", "ly", "Ġas", "ĠUran", "ia" ]	71
recounts his past as " Egghead Cabral " , a high @-@ ranking member of Trujillo 's inner circle , and his drastic fall from grace . Urania details Agustín 's role in the events that led to her rape by the Dominican leader , and to her subsequent lifetime of celibacy and emotional trauma . Agustín 's character in the modern day portion of the novel serves primarily as a sounding board for Urania 's recollections of the Trujillo era and the events that surrounded both Agustín Cabral 's disgrace and Urania 's escape from the country . His responses are minimal and non @-@ vocal , despite the ardency of Urania 's accusations and the enormity of his own actions during Trujillo 's reign . = = = The Trujillo regime = = = Rafael Trujillo , known also as The Goat , The Chief , and The Benefactor , is a fictionalized character based on the real dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961 and the official President of the Republic from 1930 to 1938 and 1943 to 1952 . In The Feast of the Goat , Vargas Llosa imagines the innermost thoughts of the dictator , and retells The Goat 's last hours from his own perspective . Trujillo 's character struggles with aging and the physical problems of incontinence and impotence . Through fictional events and first person narrative , the reader is given insight into the man who , during his " thirty @-@ one years of horrendous political crimes " , modernized the country 's infrastructure and military , but whose regime 's attacks against its enemies overseas ( particularly the attempted assassination of Rómulo Betancourt , president of Venezuela ) led to the imposition of economic sanctions on the Dominican Republic by the Organization of American States in the 1950s . The resultant economic downturn , in conjunction with other factors , leads to the CIA supported assassination plot that ends Trujillo 's life on May 30 , 1961 . Trujillo 's regime is supported by Johnny Abbes García , the head of the Military Intelligence Service ( SIM ) , a brutal man to whom many " disappearances , ... executions , ... sudden falls into disgrace " are attributed . Abbes and his intelligence officers are notorious for their cruelty , particularly their habit of killing dissidents by throwing them into shark @-@ infested waters . Colonel Abbes " may be the devil , but he 's useful to the Chief ; everything bad is attributed to him and only the good to Trujillo " . Trujillo 's son , Ramfis Trujillo , is a loyal supporter of the Chief . After unsuccessful attempts at schooling in the United States , Ramfis returns to the Dominican Republic to serve in his father 's military . He is a well @-@ known womanizer . Upon Trujillo 's death , Ramfis seeks revenge , even going so far as to torture and kill his uncle by marriage , General Jose Roman , for his part in the assassination conspiracy . Joaquín Balaguer , Trujillo 's puppet president is also a supporter , and initially his seemingly innocuous character holds no real power . Following Trujillo 's death , the calm and serenity of Balaguer bring about real change in his character , and General Román comments that " this insignificant man whom everyone had always considered a mere clerk , a purely decorative figure in the regime , began to acquire surprising authority " . It is Balaguer who guides much of the action in the last sections of the book . = = = Conspirators = = = The storyline concerning the assassination primarily follows the four conspirators who directly participate in Trujillo 's death . Antonio Imbert Barrera is one of the few conspirators who survives the violent reprisals that follow Trujillo 's assassination . Imbert is a politician who becomes disillusioned with the deception and cruelty of the Trujillo regime . His first plan to kill Trujillo was foiled by the unsuccessful attempted overthrow of the regime by Cuban paramilitary forces . Now convinced of the difficulty of his task , Imbert joins the other conspirators in plotting Trujillo 's death . Among the others is Antonio de la Maza , one of Trujillo 's personal guards . Antonio 's brother is killed as part of a government cover @-@ up and Antonio swears revenge upon Trujillo . Salvador Estrella Sadhalá , known as " Turk " , is a devout Catholic who , in indignation at the regime 's many crimes against God , swears an oath against Trujillo . Turk eventually turns himself in for fear that the regime was torturing his family . Both Turk and his innocent brother are then tortured for months . His father remains loyal to Trujillo and disowns Turk to his face . Despite all of this , Turk refuses to commit suicide and does not lose faith in God . He is later	[ "Ġrecounts", "Ġhis", "Ġpast", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "ĠEgg", "head", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġhigh", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġranking", "Ġmember", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinner", "Ġcircle", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġdrastic", "Ġfall", "Ġfrom", "Ġgrace", "Ġ.", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġdetails", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrole", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġthat", "Ġled", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġrape", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "Ġleader", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġsubsequent", "Ġlifetime", "Ġof", "Ġcel", "ib", "acy", "Ġand", "Ġemotional", "Ġtrauma", "Ġ.", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcharacter", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġmodern", "Ġday", "Ġportion", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġserves", "Ġprimarily", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġsounding", "Ġboard", "Ġfor", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrecol", "lections", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġera", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġthat", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġboth", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdisgrace", "Ġand", "ĠUran", 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"Ġwhom", "Ġeveryone", "Ġhad", "Ġalways", "Ġconsidered", "Ġa", "Ġmere", "Ġclerk", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġpurely", "Ġdecorative", "Ġfigure", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġ,", "Ġbegan", "Ġto", "Ġacquire", "Ġsurprising", "Ġauthority", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "ĠBal", "agu", "er", "Ġwho", "Ġguides", "Ġmuch", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġaction", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġsections", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCons", "pir", "ators", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġstoryline", "Ġconcerning", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġprimarily", "Ġfollows", "Ġthe", "Ġfour", "Ġconspir", "ators", "Ġwho", "Ġdirectly", "Ġparticipate", "Ġin", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdeath", "Ġ.", "ĠAntonio", "ĠIm", "bert", "ĠBar", "rera", "Ġis", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfew", "Ġconspir", "ators", "Ġwho", "Ġsurvives", "Ġthe", "Ġviolent", "Ġrepr", "is", "als", "Ġthat", "Ġfollow", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġassassination", "Ġ.", "ĠIm", "bert", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġpolitician", "Ġwho", "Ġbecomes", "Ġdisillusion", "ed", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġdeception", "Ġand", "Ġcruelty", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġregime", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġfirst", "Ġplan", "Ġto", "Ġkill", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġwas", "Ġfo", "iled", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġunsuccessful", "Ġattempted", "Ġoverthrow", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġby", "ĠCuban", "Ġparamilitary", "Ġforces", "Ġ.", "ĠNow", "Ġconvinced", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdifficulty", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġtask", "Ġ,", "ĠIm", "bert", "Ġjoins", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġconspir", "ators", "Ġin", "Ġplotting", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdeath", "Ġ.", "ĠAmong", "Ġthe", "Ġothers", "Ġis", "ĠAntonio", "Ġde", "Ġla", "ĠM", "aza", "Ġ,", "Ġone", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpersonal", "Ġguards", "Ġ.", "ĠAntonio", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbrother", "Ġis", "Ġkilled", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġgovernment", "Ġcover", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġup", "Ġand", "ĠAntonio", "Ġsw", "ears", "Ġrevenge", "Ġupon", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ.", "ĠSalvador", "ĠEst", "rella", "ĠSad", "hal", "Ã¡", "Ġ,", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "ĠTurk", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġdevout", "ĠCatholic", "Ġwho", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġindignation", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmany", "Ġcrimes", "Ġagainst", "ĠGod", "Ġ,", "Ġsw", "ears", "Ġan", "Ġoath", "Ġagainst", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ.", "ĠTurk", "Ġeventually", "Ġturns", "Ġhimself", "Ġin", "Ġfor", "Ġfear", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġwas", "Ġtort", "uring", "Ġhis", "Ġfamily", "Ġ.", "ĠBoth", "ĠTurk", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġinnocent", "Ġbrother", "Ġare", "Ġthen", "Ġtortured", "Ġfor", "Ġmonths", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġfather", "Ġremains", "Ġloyal", "Ġto", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġand", "Ġdis", "own", "s", "ĠTurk", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġface", "Ġ.", "ĠDespite", "Ġall", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġ,", "ĠTurk", "Ġrefuses", "Ġto", "Ġcommit", "Ġsuicide", "Ġand", "Ġdoes", "Ġnot", "Ġlose", "Ġfaith", "Ġin", "ĠGod", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġis", "Ġlater" ]	72
executed by Ramfis and other high level government men . Turk 's close friend , Amado García Guerrero , known as Amadito , is a Lieutenant in the army who gave up his beloved as proof of his loyalty to Trujillo , and then later was forced to kill her brother to prove himself to Trujillo . Amadito 's disgust with himself and disillusionment with the regime lead to his decision to help to kill Trujillo . Following the assassination he hides out with de la Maza and dies fighting . In the aftermath of the assassination , Amadito and Antonio de la Maza choose to fight the members of SIM who come to arrest them , opting to die in battle rather than be captured and tortured . = = Major themes = = The Feast of the Goat 's major themes include political corruption , machismo , memory , and writing and power . Olga Lorenzo , reviewer for The Melbourne Age , suggests that overall Vargas Llosa 's aim is to reveal the irrational forces of Latin tradition that give rise to despotism . = = = Political corruption = = = The structure of Dominican society was hierarchical , with strongly gendered roles . Rafael Trujillo , the ruler , was a cruel dictator who haunts the people of Santo Domingo even 35 years after his death . He is a true caudillo , ruling with brutality and corruption . He creates a personality cult in his capitalist society and encourages decadence within his regime . Prior to promotion to a position of responsibility , an officer is required to pass a " test of loyalty " . His people are to remain loyal to him all cost , and are periodically tested by public humiliation and censure even though acts of disloyalty were rare . Trujillo violates women and children as an expression of political and sexual power , and in some cases takes the wife or child of his lieutenants , many of whom still remain blindly loyal . Even the church and military institutions are employed to give women to the tyrant for pleasure . Many of the assassins had belonged to the Trujillo regime or had at one point been its staunch supporters , only to find their support for him eroded by the state 's crimes against its people . Imbert , one of the assassins , sums up this realization in a comment prompted by the murder of the Mirabal sisters : " They kill our fathers , our brothers , our friends . And now they 're killing our women . And here we sit , resigned , waiting our turn . " In an interview , Vargas Llosa describes the corruption and brutality of Trujillo 's regime : " He had more or less all the common traits of a Latin American dictator , but pushed to the extreme . In cruelty , I think he went far far away from the rest — and in corruption , too . " = = = Machismo = = = According to literary scholar Peter Anthony Niessa , the two important components of machismo are aggressive behaviour and hyper @-@ sexuality . Aggressive behaviour is exhibited by displays of power and strength , while hyper @-@ sexuality is revealed through sexual activity with as many partners as possible . These two components shape the portrayal of Trujillo and his regime in The Feast of the Goat . As Lorenzo observes , Vargas Llosa " reveals traditions of machismo , of abusive fathers , and of child @-@ rearing practices that repeat the shaming of children , so that each generation bequeaths a withering of the soul to the subsequent one . " In a display of both aspects of machismo , Trujillo demanded of his aides and cabinet that they provide him with sexual access to their wives and daughters . Mario Vargas Llosa wrote of Trujillo 's machismo and treatment of women , " [ h ] e went to bed with his ministers ' wives , not only because he liked these ladies but because it was a way to test his ministers . He wanted to know if they were ready to accept this extreme humiliation . Mainly the ministers were prepared to play this grotesque role — and they remained loyal to Trujillo even after his death . " Trujillo 's sexual conquests and public humiliations of his enemies also serve to affirm his political power and machismo . In Niessa 's words , " The implication is that maximum virility equals political dominance . " Trujillo 's attempted sexual conquest of Urania is an example of both political manipulation of Agustín Cabral and sexual power over young women . However , as Trujillo 's penis remains flaccid throughout the encounter and he is humiliated in front of the young girl , the encounter fails to satisfy his requirements for machismo . = = = Memory = = = All of the novel 's storylines concern memory in some sense or another . The most apparent confrontation of memory is on the part of Urania Cabral , who has returned to the Dominican Republic for the first time in 30 years , and is forced	[ "Ġexecuted", "Ġby", "ĠRam", "f", "is", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġhigh", "Ġlevel", "Ġgovernment", "Ġmen", "Ġ.", "ĠTurk", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġclose", "Ġfriend", "Ġ,", "ĠAm", "ado", "ĠGarc", "ÃŃa", "ĠGuerrero", "Ġ,", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "ĠAm", "ad", "ito", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġa", "ĠLieutenant", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġarmy", "Ġwho", "Ġgave", "Ġup", "Ġhis", "Ġbeloved", "Ġas", "Ġproof", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġloyalty", "Ġto", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġlater", "Ġwas", "Ġforced", "Ġto", "Ġkill", "Ġher", "Ġbrother", "Ġto", "Ġprove", "Ġhimself", "Ġto", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ.", "ĠAm", "ad", "ito", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdisgust", "Ġwith", "Ġhimself", "Ġand", "Ġdisillusion", "ment", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġlead", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġdecision", "Ġto", "Ġhelp", "Ġto", "Ġkill", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ.", "ĠFollowing", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġhe", "Ġhides", "Ġout", "Ġwith", "Ġde", "Ġla", "ĠM", "aza", "Ġand", "Ġdies", "Ġfighting", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġaftermath", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġ,", "ĠAm", "ad", "ito", "Ġand", "ĠAntonio", "Ġde", "Ġla", "ĠM", "aza", "Ġchoose", "Ġto", "Ġfight", "Ġthe", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "ĠSIM", "Ġwho", "Ġcome", "Ġto", "Ġarrest", "Ġthem", "Ġ,", "Ġopting", "Ġto", "Ġdie", "Ġin", "Ġbattle", "Ġrather", "Ġthan", "Ġbe", "Ġcaptured", "Ġand", "Ġtortured", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMajor", "Ġthemes", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmajor", "Ġthemes", "Ġinclude", "Ġpolitical", "Ġcorruption", "Ġ,", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġ,", "Ġmemory", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwriting", "Ġand", "Ġpower", "Ġ.", "ĠOl", "ga", "ĠLorenzo", "Ġ,", "Ġreviewer", "Ġfor", "ĠThe", "ĠMelbourne", "ĠAge", "Ġ,", "Ġsuggests", "Ġthat", "Ġoverall", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġaim", "Ġis", "Ġto", "Ġreveal", "Ġthe", "Ġirrational", "Ġforces", "Ġof", "ĠLatin", "Ġtradition", "Ġthat", "Ġgive", "Ġrise", "Ġto", "Ġdesp", "ot", "ism", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPolitical", "Ġcorruption", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġstructure", "Ġof", "ĠDominican", "Ġsociety", "Ġwas", "Ġhierarchical", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġstrongly", "Ġg", "endered", "Ġroles", "Ġ.", "ĠRafael", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġruler", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġcruel", "Ġdictator", "Ġwho", "Ġhaun", "ts", "Ġthe", "Ġpeople", "Ġof", "ĠSant", "o", "ĠD", "oming", "o", "Ġeven", "Ġ35", "Ġyears", "Ġafter", "Ġhis", "Ġdeath", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtrue", "Ġca", "ud", "illo", "Ġ,", "Ġruling", "Ġwith", "Ġbrutality", "Ġand", "Ġcorruption", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġcreates", "Ġa", "Ġpersonality", "Ġcult", "Ġin", "Ġhis", "Ġcapitalist", "Ġsociety", "Ġand", "Ġencourages", "Ġdecad", "ence", "Ġwithin", "Ġhis", "Ġregime", "Ġ.", "ĠPrior", "Ġto", "Ġpromotion", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġposition", "Ġof", "Ġresponsibility", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġofficer", "Ġis", "Ġrequired", "Ġto", "Ġpass", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġtest", "Ġof", "Ġloyalty", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġpeople", "Ġare", "Ġto", "Ġremain", "Ġloyal", "Ġto", "Ġhim", "Ġall", "Ġcost", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġare", "Ġperiodically", "Ġtested", "Ġby", "Ġpublic", "Ġhumiliation", "Ġand", "Ġcens", "ure", "Ġeven", "Ġthough", "Ġacts", "Ġof", "Ġdisl", "oyal", "ty", "Ġwere", "Ġrare", "Ġ.", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġviolates", "Ġwomen", "Ġand", "Ġchildren", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġexpression", "Ġof", "Ġpolitical", "Ġand", "Ġsexual", "Ġpower", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġcases", "Ġtakes", "Ġthe", "Ġwife", "Ġor", "Ġchild", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġlie", "uten", "ants", "Ġ,", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġwhom", "Ġstill", "Ġremain", "Ġblindly", "Ġloyal", "Ġ.", "ĠEven", "Ġthe", "Ġchurch", "Ġand", "Ġmilitary", "Ġinstitutions", "Ġare", "Ġemployed", "Ġto", "Ġgive", "Ġwomen", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġtyrant", "Ġfor", "Ġpleasure", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġhad", "Ġbelonged", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġregime", "Ġor", "Ġhad", "Ġat", "Ġone", "Ġpoint", "Ġbeen", "Ġits", "Ġstaunch", "Ġsupporters", "Ġ,", "Ġonly", "Ġto", "Ġfind", "Ġtheir", "Ġsupport", "Ġfor", "Ġhim", "Ġeroded", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcrimes", "Ġagainst", "Ġits", "Ġpeople", "Ġ.", "ĠIm", "bert", "Ġ,", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġ,", "Ġsums", "Ġup", "Ġthis", "Ġrealization", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġcomment", "Ġprompted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġmurder", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMir", "abal", "Ġsisters", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠThey", "Ġkill", "Ġour", "Ġfathers", "Ġ,", "Ġour", "Ġbrothers", "Ġ,", "Ġour", "Ġfriends", "Ġ.", "ĠAnd", "Ġnow", "Ġthey", "Ġ'", "re", "Ġkilling", "Ġour", "Ġwomen", "Ġ.", "ĠAnd", "Ġhere", "Ġwe", "Ġsit", "Ġ,", "Ġresigned", "Ġ,", "Ġwaiting", "Ġour", "Ġturn", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠIn", "Ġan", "Ġinterview", "Ġ,", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġdescribes", "Ġthe", "Ġcorruption", "Ġand", "Ġbrutality", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġregime", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠHe", "Ġhad", "Ġmore", "Ġor", "Ġless", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġcommon", "Ġtraits", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠLatin", "ĠAmerican", "Ġdictator", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġpushed", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġextreme", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġcruelty", "Ġ,", "ĠI", "Ġthink", "Ġhe", "Ġwent", "Ġfar", "Ġfar", "Ġaway", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġrest", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġcorruption", "Ġ,", "Ġtoo", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMach", "ismo", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAccording", "Ġto", "Ġliterary", "Ġscholar", "ĠPeter", "ĠAnthony", "ĠNi", "essa", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "Ġimportant", "Ġcomponents", "Ġof", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġare", "Ġaggressive", "Ġbehaviour", "Ġand", "Ġhyper", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġsexuality", "Ġ.", "ĠAgg", "ressive", "Ġbehaviour", "Ġis", "Ġexhibited", "Ġby", "Ġdisplays", "Ġof", "Ġpower", "Ġand", "Ġstrength", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġhyper", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġsexuality", "Ġis", "Ġrevealed", "Ġthrough", "Ġsexual", "Ġactivity", "Ġwith", "Ġas", "Ġmany", "Ġpartners", "Ġas", "Ġpossible", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġtwo", "Ġcomponents", "Ġshape", "Ġthe", "Ġportrayal", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġregime", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "ĠLorenzo", "Ġobserves", "Ġ,", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ\"", "Ġreveals", "Ġtraditions", "Ġof", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġ,", "Ġof", "Ġabusive", "Ġfathers", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġof", "Ġchild", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġre", "aring", "Ġpractices", "Ġthat", "Ġrepeat", "Ġthe", "Ġshaming", "Ġof", "Ġchildren", "Ġ,", "Ġso", "Ġthat", "Ġeach", "Ġgeneration", "Ġbe", "que", "aths", "Ġa", "Ġw", "ithering", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsoul", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsubsequent", "Ġone", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġa", "Ġdisplay", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "Ġaspects", "Ġof", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġ,", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġdemanded", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġaides", "Ġand", "Ġcabinet", "Ġthat", "Ġthey", "Ġprovide", "Ġhim", "Ġwith", "Ġsexual", "Ġaccess", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġwives", "Ġand", "Ġdaughters", "Ġ.", "ĠMario", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġwrote", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġand", "Ġtreatment", "Ġof", "Ġwomen", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġ[", "Ġh", "Ġ]", "Ġe", "Ġwent", "Ġto", "Ġbed", "Ġwith", "Ġhis", "Ġministers", "Ġ'", "Ġwives", "Ġ,", "Ġnot", "Ġonly", "Ġbecause", "Ġhe", "Ġliked", "Ġthese", "Ġladies", "Ġbut", "Ġbecause", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġway", "Ġto", "Ġtest", "Ġhis", "Ġministers", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwanted", "Ġto", "Ġknow", "Ġif", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġready", "Ġto", "Ġaccept", "Ġthis", "Ġextreme", "Ġhumiliation", "Ġ.", "ĠMain", "ly", "Ġthe", "Ġministers", "Ġwere", "Ġprepared", "Ġto", "Ġplay", "Ġthis", "Ġgrotesque", "Ġrole", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġand", "Ġthey", "Ġremained", "Ġloyal", "Ġto", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġeven", "Ġafter", "Ġhis", "Ġdeath", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġsexual", "Ġconqu", "ests", "Ġand", "Ġpublic", "Ġhumili", "ations", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġenemies", "Ġalso", "Ġserve", "Ġto", "Ġaffirm", "Ġhis", "Ġpolitical", "Ġpower", "Ġand", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠNi", "essa", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġwords", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "Ġimplication", "Ġis", "Ġthat", "Ġmaximum", "Ġvir", "ility", "Ġequals", "Ġpolitical", "Ġdominance", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġattempted", "Ġsexual", "Ġconquest", "Ġof", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġexample", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "Ġpolitical", "Ġmanipulation", "Ġof", "ĠAg", "ust", "ÃŃn", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġand", "Ġsexual", "Ġpower", "Ġover", "Ġyoung", "Ġwomen", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpenis", "Ġremains", "Ġfl", "acc", "id", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġencounter", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġhumiliated", "Ġin", "Ġfront", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyoung", "Ġgirl", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġencounter", "Ġfails", "Ġto", "Ġsatisfy", "Ġhis", "Ġrequirements", "Ġfor", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMemory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAll", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġstorylines", "Ġconcern", "Ġmemory", "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġsense", "Ġor", "Ġanother", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġapparent", "Ġconfrontation", "Ġof", "Ġmemory", "Ġis", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "ĠUran", "ia", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġhas", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġtime", "Ġin", "Ġ30", "Ġyears", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġforced" ]	73
to confront her father and the traumas that led her to leave the country at 14 . She was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of the dictator himself , a sacrifice her father made to try to gain favor with the dictator again , a fact to which she alludes throughout the book , but which is only revealed at the very end : the book concludes with her recounting the memory of that night to her aunt and cousins , who never knew the true reason she left the country . When her aunt is surprised that she remembers all these details , she responds that while she forgets many things , " I remember everything about that night . " For Urania , forgetting the atrocities committed by the regime is unacceptable . Her father , on the other hand , is not capable of joining her in this process of remembering , since he has suffered a stroke and is not capable of speaking ; however , Urania is angry that he chose to forget these things while he was still capable of acknowledging them . Memory is also important in the sections of the novel that deal with the assassins . Each recalls the events that led him to take part in the assassination of Trujillo . These incidents included the 1956 Galindez kidnapping and murder , the 1960 murder of the Mirabal sisters , and the 1961 split with the Catholic Church . These historical events are used by Vargas Llosa to connect the assassins with specific moments that demonstrate the violence of Trujillo 's regime . Trujillo , too , is shown reflecting on the past , not least his own formation and training at the hands of the US Marines . But above all Mario Vargas Llosa uses the fictional Urania to facilitate the novel 's attempt at remembering the regime . The novel opens and closes with Urania 's story , effectively framing the narrative in the terms of remembering the past and understanding its legacy in the present . In addition , because of her academic study of the history of the Trujillo regime , Urania is also confronting the memory of the regime for the country as a whole . This is in keeping with one purpose of the book , which is to ensure that the atrocities of the dictatorship and the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . = = = Writing and power = = = In her treatment of the novel , María Regina Ruiz claims that power gives its wielder the ability to make prohibitions ; prohibitions that are reflected in history , the study of which reveals what is and what is not told . The government 's actions in The Feast of the Goat demonstrate the discourse of prohibition : foreign newspapers and magazines were prohibited from entering Trujillo 's country as they were seen as a threat to the government 's ideas . Mario Vargas Llosa takes part in this discourse by recounting what was prohibited . Ruiz notes that writing also has the power to transform reality . It brings the reader back to the past , allowing the reader to comprehend myths or distorted stories told by historians . Ruiz contends that knowing the past is crucial to one 's understanding of the present that takes us to postmodernism , and argues that The Feast of the Goat can thus be seen as a postmodern discourse that gives power to history recreation . The construction of fictions surrounding the events of Trujillo 's regime allow a degree of freedom from the horrors that took places . Author Julia Alvarez contends that these events can " only finally be understood by fiction , only finally be redeemed by the imagination " , while Richard Patterson claims that Vargas Llosa " reconfigures , and to a large degree demythologizes " Trujillo and his brutal reign through use of narrative structure . Vargas Llosa 's writing acts as a cathartic force for this period in history . = = Fact and fiction = = The novel is a combination of fact and fiction . Blending together these two elements is important in any historical novel , but especially in The Feast of the Goat because Vargas Llosa chose to narrate an actual event through the minds of both real and fictional characters . Some characters are fictional , and those that are non @-@ fictional still have fictionalized aspects in the book . The general details of the assassination are true , and the assassins are all real people . While they lie in wait for the Dictator to arrive , they recount actual crimes of the regime , such as the murder of the Mirabal sisters . However , other details are invented by Vargas Llosa , such as Amadito 's murder of the brother of the woman he loved . Those within the regime are also a mix of fictional characters and real people . President Balaguer is real , but the entire Cabral family is completely fictional . According to Wolff , Vargas Llosa " uses history as a starting point in constructing a fictionalized account of Trujillo 's " spiritual colonization " of the Dominican Republic as experienced by one Dominican family . The fictional Cabral family allows Vargas Llosa to show two sides of the	[ "Ġto", "Ġconfront", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġtra", "um", "as", "Ġthat", "Ġled", "Ġher", "Ġto", "Ġleave", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġat", "Ġ14", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġvictim", "Ġof", "Ġsexual", "Ġabuse", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġhands", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdictator", "Ġhimself", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġsacrifice", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġmade", "Ġto", "Ġtry", "Ġto", "Ġgain", "Ġfavor", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġdictator", "Ġagain", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfact", "Ġto", "Ġwhich", "Ġshe", "Ġall", "udes", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġonly", "Ġrevealed", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġvery", "Ġend", "Ġ:", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġconcludes", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġrecount", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġmemory", "Ġof", "Ġthat", "Ġnight", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġaunt", "Ġand", "Ġcousins", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġnever", "Ġknew", "Ġthe", "Ġtrue", "Ġreason", "Ġshe", "Ġleft", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġ.", "ĠWhen", "Ġher", "Ġaunt", "Ġis", "Ġsurprised", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġremembers", "Ġall", "Ġthese", "Ġdetails", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġresponds", "Ġthat", "Ġwhile", "Ġshe", "Ġforg", "ets", "Ġmany", "Ġthings", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "Ġremember", "Ġeverything", "Ġabout", "Ġthat", "Ġnight", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠFor", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ,", "Ġforgetting", "Ġthe", "Ġatrocities", "Ġcommitted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġis", "Ġunacceptable", "Ġ.", "ĠHer", "Ġfather", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġhand", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġcapable", "Ġof", "Ġjoining", "Ġher", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġprocess", "Ġof", "Ġremembering", "Ġ,", "Ġsince", "Ġhe", "Ġhas", "Ġsuffered", "Ġa", "Ġstroke", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġcapable", "Ġof", "Ġspeaking", "Ġ;", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġis", "Ġangry", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġchose", "Ġto", "Ġforget", "Ġthese", "Ġthings", "Ġwhile", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġstill", "Ġcapable", "Ġof", "Ġacknowledging", "Ġthem", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMemory", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġimportant", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsections", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġthat", "Ġdeal", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġrecalls", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġthat", "Ġled", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġpart", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġincidents", "Ġincluded", "Ġthe", "Ġ1956", "ĠGal", "ind", "ez", "Ġkidnapping", "Ġand", "Ġmurder", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġ1960", "Ġmurder", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMir", "abal", "Ġsisters", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġ1961", "Ġsplit", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠCatholic", "ĠChurch", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġhistorical", "Ġevents", "Ġare", "Ġused", "Ġby", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġto", "Ġconnect", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġwith", "Ġspecific", "Ġmoments", "Ġthat", "Ġdemonstrate", "Ġthe", "Ġviolence", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġregime", "Ġ.", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ,", "Ġtoo", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġshown", "Ġreflecting", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġ,", "Ġnot", "Ġleast", "Ġhis", "Ġown", "Ġformation", "Ġand", "Ġtraining", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġhands", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUS", "ĠMarines", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠBut", "Ġabove", "Ġall", "ĠMario", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġuses", "Ġthe", "Ġfictional", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġto", "Ġfacilitate", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġattempt", "Ġat", "Ġremembering", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġopens", "Ġand", "Ġcloses", "Ġwith", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġstory", "Ġ,", "Ġeffectively", "Ġframing", "Ġthe", "Ġnarrative", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġterms", "Ġof", "Ġremembering", "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġand", "Ġunderstanding", "Ġits", "Ġlegacy", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpresent", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġaddition", "Ġ,", "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġher", "Ġacademic", "Ġstudy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġhistory", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġregime", "Ġ,", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġconfronting", "Ġthe", "Ġmemory", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwhole", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġis", "Ġin", "Ġkeeping", "Ġwith", "Ġone", "Ġpurpose", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġto", "Ġensure", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġatrocities", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdictatorship", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġdangers", "Ġof", "Ġabsolute", "Ġpower", "Ġwill", "Ġbe", "Ġremembered", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġgeneration", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠWriting", "Ġand", "Ġpower", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġher", "Ġtreatment", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ,", "ĠMar", "ÃŃa", "ĠRegina", "ĠRu", "iz", "Ġclaims", "Ġthat", "Ġpower", "Ġgives", "Ġits", "Ġwield", "er", "Ġthe", "Ġability", "Ġto", "Ġmake", "Ġprohibitions", "Ġ;", "Ġprohibitions", "Ġthat", "Ġare", "Ġreflected", "Ġin", "Ġhistory", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġstudy", "Ġof", "Ġwhich", "Ġreveals", "Ġwhat", "Ġis", "Ġand", "Ġwhat", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġtold", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgovernment", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġactions", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġdemonstrate", "Ġthe", "Ġdiscourse", "Ġof", "Ġprohibition", "Ġ:", "Ġforeign", "Ġnewspapers", "Ġand", "Ġmagazines", "Ġwere", "Ġprohibited", "Ġfrom", "Ġentering", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcountry", "Ġas", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġthreat", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgovernment", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġideas", "Ġ.", "ĠMario", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġtakes", "Ġpart", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġdiscourse", "Ġby", "Ġrecount", "ing", "Ġwhat", "Ġwas", "Ġprohibited", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠRu", "iz", "Ġnotes", "Ġthat", "Ġwriting", "Ġalso", "Ġhas", "Ġthe", "Ġpower", "Ġto", "Ġtransform", "Ġreality", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġbrings", "Ġthe", "Ġreader", "Ġback", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġ,", "Ġallowing", "Ġthe", "Ġreader", "Ġto", "Ġcomprehend", "Ġmyths", "Ġor", "Ġdistorted", "Ġstories", "Ġtold", "Ġby", "Ġhistorians", "Ġ.", "ĠRu", "iz", "Ġcontends", "Ġthat", "Ġknowing", "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġis", "Ġcrucial", "Ġto", "Ġone", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġunderstanding", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpresent", "Ġthat", "Ġtakes", "Ġus", "Ġto", "Ġpost", "modern", "ism", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġargues", "Ġthat", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġcan", "Ġthus", "Ġbe", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġpost", "modern", "Ġdiscourse", "Ġthat", "Ġgives", "Ġpower", "Ġto", "Ġhistory", "Ġrecreation", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġconstruction", "Ġof", "Ġf", "ictions", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġregime", "Ġallow", "Ġa", "Ġdegree", "Ġof", "Ġfreedom", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġhorrors", "Ġthat", "Ġtook", "Ġplaces", "Ġ.", "ĠAuthor", "ĠJulia", "ĠAlvarez", "Ġcontends", "Ġthat", "Ġthese", "Ġevents", "Ġcan", "Ġ\"", "Ġonly", "Ġfinally", "Ġbe", "Ġunderstood", "Ġby", "Ġfiction", "Ġ,", "Ġonly", "Ġfinally", "Ġbe", "Ġredeemed", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġimagination", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "ĠRichard", "ĠPatterson", "Ġclaims", "Ġthat", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ\"", "Ġrecon", "fig", "ures", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġlarge", "Ġdegree", "Ġdem", "yth", "olog", "izes", "Ġ\"", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġbrutal", "Ġreign", "Ġthrough", "Ġuse", "Ġof", "Ġnarrative", "Ġstructure", "Ġ.", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġwriting", "Ġacts", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcath", "art", "ic", "Ġforce", "Ġfor", "Ġthis", "Ġperiod", "Ġin", "Ġhistory", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠFact", "Ġand", "Ġfiction", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġnovel", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġcombination", "Ġof", "Ġfact", "Ġand", "Ġfiction", "Ġ.", "ĠBl", "ending", "Ġtogether", "Ġthese", "Ġtwo", "Ġelements", "Ġis", "Ġimportant", "Ġin", "Ġany", "Ġhistorical", "Ġnovel", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġespecially", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠFeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġbecause", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġchose", "Ġto", "Ġnarr", "ate", "Ġan", "Ġactual", "Ġevent", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġminds", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "Ġreal", "Ġand", "Ġfictional", "Ġcharacters", "Ġ.", "ĠSome", "Ġcharacters", "Ġare", "Ġfictional", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthose", "Ġthat", "Ġare", "Ġnon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfictional", "Ġstill", "Ġhave", "Ġfictional", "ized", "Ġaspects", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgeneral", "Ġdetails", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġassassination", "Ġare", "Ġtrue", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġassassins", "Ġare", "Ġall", "Ġreal", "Ġpeople", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "Ġthey", "Ġlie", "Ġin", "Ġwait", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠD", "ict", "ator", "Ġto", "Ġarrive", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġrecount", "Ġactual", "Ġcrimes", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġmurder", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMir", "abal", "Ġsisters", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "Ġother", "Ġdetails", "Ġare", "Ġinvented", "Ġby", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠAm", "ad", "ito", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmurder", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbrother", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġwoman", "Ġhe", "Ġloved", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThose", "Ġwithin", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġare", "Ġalso", "Ġa", "Ġmix", "Ġof", "Ġfictional", "Ġcharacters", "Ġand", "Ġreal", "Ġpeople", "Ġ.", "ĠPresident", "ĠBal", "agu", "er", "Ġis", "Ġreal", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġfamily", "Ġis", "Ġcompletely", "Ġfictional", "Ġ.", "ĠAccording", "Ġto", "ĠWol", "ff", "Ġ,", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġ\"", "Ġuses", "Ġhistory", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġstarting", "Ġpoint", "Ġin", "Ġconstructing", "Ġa", "Ġfictional", "ized", "Ġaccount", "Ġof", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ\"", "Ġspiritual", "Ġcolonization", "Ġ\"", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġas", "Ġexperienced", "Ġby", "Ġone", "ĠDominican", "Ġfamily", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfictional", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġfamily", "Ġallows", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġto", "Ġshow", "Ġtwo", "Ġsides", "Ġof", "Ġthe" ]	74
Trujillo regime : through Agustin , the reader sees ultimate dedication and sacrifice to the leader of the nation ; through Urania , the violence of the regime and the legacy of pain it left behind . Vargas Llosa also fictionalized the internal thoughts of the characters who were non @-@ fictional , especially those of the Goat himself . According to literary scholar Richard Patterson , " Vargas Llosa 's expands all the way into the very " dark area " of Trujillo 's consciousness ( as the storyteller dares to conceive it ) . " Vargas Llosa also built an image of the regime with the troubled historical events . With regard to the historical accuracy of the book , Vargas Llosa has said " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . The only limitation I imposed on myself was that I was not going to invent anything that couldn 't have happened within the framework of life in the Dominican Republic . I have respected the basic facts , but I have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive — and I have not exaggerated . " = = Critical reception = = The realist style of The Feast of the Goat is recognized by some reviewers as being a break from a more allegorical approach to the dictator novel . The novel received largely positive reviews , most of which were willing to accept sacrifices of historical accuracy in favour of good storytelling . A common comment on the novel is the graphic nature of the many acts of torture and murder which are depicted in the novel . Vargas lets the reader see the realities of an oppressive regime with a degree of detail not often used by his compatriots in Latin American literature , as Michael Wood suggests in the London Review of Books : " Vargas Llosa ... tells us far more about the details of day @-@ to @-@ day intrigue , and the sordid , sadistic minutiae of torture and murder . " Walter Kirn of the New York Times suggests that the " grisly scenes of dungeon interrogations and torture sessions " cast other aspects of the novel in a pale light , draining them of their significance and impact . Similarly , Kirn implies that the " narrative machinery " mentioned by Wood as being somewhat unwieldy also produces a largely superfluous storyline . The plot line centered on Urania Cabral is described by Sturrock as being an emotional centre that focuses the novel , and Wood agrees that her confrontations with past demons hold the readers attention . In contrast , Kirn 's review states that Urania 's segments are " talky and atmospheric ... [ and ] seem to be on loan from another sort of book . " Most reviews of The Feast of the Goat make either indirect of direct reference to the relationship between sexuality and power . Salon reviewer Laura Miller , writer for The Observer Jonathan Heawood , Walter Kirn , and Michael Wood each detail the connection between Trujillo 's gradual loss of ultimate control , both over his body and his followers . The means by which Trujillo reinforces political power through sexual acts and begins to lose personal conviction as his body fails him are topics of frequent discussion among reviewers . In 2011 Bernard Diederich , author of the 1978 non @-@ fiction book Trujillo . The Death of the Goat , accused Vargas @-@ Llosa of plagiarism . = = Adaptations = = An English @-@ language film adaptation of the novel was made in 2005 , directed by Luis Llosa , Mario Vargas Llosa 's cousin . It stars Isabella Rossellini as Urania Cabral , Paul Freeman as her father Agustin , Stephanie Leonidas as Uranita and Tomas Milian as Rafael Leonidas Trujillo . It was filmed in both the Dominican Republic and in Spain . Reviewing the film for the trade paper Variety , critic Jonathan Holland called it " less a feast than a somewhat rushed , but thoroughly enjoyable , three @-@ course meal " , commenting that the main difference from the source novel was the sacrifice of psychological nuance . The novel has also been adapted for the stage , by Jorge Alí Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana , directed by Jorge Triana : the play was put on ( in Spanish , but with simultaneous translation to English ) at Repertorio Español ( www.repertorio.org / chivo ) in New York in 2003 ; and the production moved to Lima in 2007 . A feature of the novel 's stage version is that the same actor plays both Agustin Cabral and Rafael Trujillo . For reviewer Bruce Weber , this makes the point " that Trujillo 's control of the nation depended on gutless collaborators " . = Charles Eaton ( RAAF officer ) = Charles Eaton , OBE , AFC ( 21 December 1895 – 12 November 1979 ) was a senior officer and aviator in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF )	[ "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġregime", "Ġ:", "Ġthrough", "ĠAg", "ust", "in", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġreader", "Ġsees", "Ġultimate", "Ġdedication", "Ġand", "Ġsacrifice", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġleader", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnation", "Ġ;", "Ġthrough", "ĠUran", "ia", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġviolence", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġregime", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġlegacy", "Ġof", "Ġpain", "Ġit", "Ġleft", "Ġbehind", "Ġ.", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġalso", "Ġfictional", "ized", "Ġthe", "Ġinternal", "Ġthoughts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcharacters", "Ġwho", "Ġwere", "Ġnon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfictional", "Ġ,", "Ġespecially", "Ġthose", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGoat", "Ġhimself", "Ġ.", "ĠAccording", "Ġto", "Ġliterary", "Ġscholar", "ĠRichard", "ĠPatterson", 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, who later served as a diplomat . Born in London , he joined the British Army upon the outbreak of World War I and saw action on the Western Front before transferring to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917 . Posted as a bomber pilot to No. 206 Squadron , he was twice captured by German forces , and twice escaped . Eaton left the military in 1920 and worked in India until moving to Australia in 1923 . Two years later he joined the RAAF , serving initially as an instructor at No. 1 Flying Training School . Between 1929 and 1931 , he was chosen to lead three expeditions to search for lost aircraft in Central Australia , gaining national attention and earning the Air Force Cross for his " zeal and devotion to duty " . In 1939 , on the eve of World War II , Eaton became the inaugural commanding officer of No. 12 ( General Purpose ) Squadron at the newly established RAAF Station Darwin in Northern Australia . Promoted group captain the following year , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1942 . He took command of No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , Northern Territory , in 1943 , and was mentioned in despatches during operations in the South West Pacific . Retiring from the RAAF in December 1945 , Eaton took up diplomatic posts in the Dutch East Indies , heading a United Nations commission as Consul @-@ General during the Indonesian National Revolution . He returned to Australia in 1950 , and served in Canberra for a further two years . Popularly known as " Moth " Eaton , he was a farmer in later life , and died in 1979 at the age of 83 . He is commemorated by several memorials in the Northern Territory . = = Early life and World War I = = Charles Eaton was born on 21 December 1895 in Lambeth , London , the son of William Walpole Eaton , a butcher , and his wife Grace . Schooled in Wandsworth , Charles worked in Battersea Town Council from the age of fourteen , before joining the London Regiment upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . Attached to a bicycle company in the 24th Battalion of the 47th Division , he arrived at the Western Front in March 1915 . He took part in trench bombing missions and attacks on enemy lines of communication , seeing action in the Battles of Aubers Ridge , Festubert , Loos , and the Somme . On 14 May 1915 , Eaton transferred to the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , undergoing initial pilot training at Oxford . While he was landing his Maurice Farman Shorthorn at the end of his first solo flight , another student collided with him and was killed , but Eaton emerged uninjured . He was commissioned in August and was awarded his wings in October . Ranked lieutenant , he served with No. 110 Squadron , which operated Martinsyde G.100 " Elephant " fighters out of Sedgeford , defending London against Zeppelin airships . Transferred to the newly formed Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in April 1918 , he was posted the following month to France flying Airco DH.9 single @-@ engined bombers with No. 206 Squadron . On 29 June , he was shot down behind enemy lines and captured in the vicinity of Nieppe . Incarcerated in Holzminden prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp , Germany , Eaton escaped but was recaptured and court @-@ martialled , after which he was kept in solitary confinement . He later effected another escape and succeeded in rejoining his squadron in the final days of the war . = = Between the wars = = Eaton remained in the RAF following the cessation of hostilities . He married Beatrice Godfrey in St. Thomas 's church at Shepherd 's Bush , London , on 11 January 1919 . Posted to No. 1 Squadron , he was a pilot on the first regular passenger service between London and Paris , ferrying delegates to and from the Peace Conference at Versailles . Eaton was sent to India in December to undertake aerial survey work , including the first such survey of the Himalayas . He resigned from the RAF in July 1920 , remaining in India to take up employment with the Imperial Forest Service . After successfully applying for a position with the Queensland Forestry Service , he and his family migrated to Australia in 1923 . Moving to South Yarra , Victoria , he enlisted as a flying officer in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) at Laverton on 14 August 1925 . He was posted to No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Point Cook , as a flight instructor , where he became known as a strict disciplinarian who " trained his pilots well " . Here Eaton acquired his nickname of " Moth " , the Air Force 's basic trainer at this time being the De Havilland DH.60 Moth . 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"ĠAustralian", "ĠAir", "ĠForce", "Ġ(", "ĠR", "AAF", "Ġ)", "Ġat", "ĠLa", "ver", "ton", "Ġon", "Ġ14", "ĠAugust", "Ġ1925", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġposted", "Ġto", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ1", "ĠFlying", "ĠTraining", "ĠSchool", "Ġat", "ĠR", "AAF", "ĠPoint", "ĠCook", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġflight", "Ġinstructor", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġbecame", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġstrict", "Ġdiscipl", "in", "arian", "Ġwho", "Ġ\"", "Ġtrained", "Ġhis", "Ġpilots", "Ġwell", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHere", "ĠEaton", "Ġacquired", "Ġhis", "Ġnickname", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "ĠM", "oth", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠAir", "ĠForce", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbasic", "Ġtrainer", "Ġat", "Ġthis", "Ġtime", "Ġbeing", "Ġthe", "ĠDe", "ĠHav", "ill", "and", "ĠDH", ".", "60", "ĠM", "oth", "Ġ.", "ĠProm", "oted", "Ġflight", "Ġlieutenant", "Ġin", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ1928", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġflew", "Ġa", "ĠM", "oth", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ1929", "ĠEast", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠWest", "ĠAir", "ĠRace", "Ġfrom", "ĠSydney", "Ġto", "ĠPerth", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcelebrations", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠWestern", "ĠAustralia", "ĠCent", "enary", "Ġ;", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġsixth" ]	76
competitor across the line , after fellow RFC veteran Jerry Pentland . Regarded as one of the RAAF 's most skilful cross @-@ country pilots and navigators , Eaton came to public attention as leader of three military expeditions to find lost aircraft in Central Australia between 1929 and 1931 . In April 1929 , he coordinated the Air Force 's part in the search for aviators Keith Anderson and Bob Hitchcock , missing in their aircraft the Kookaburra while themselves looking for Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm , who had force landed the Southern Cross in north Western Australia during a flight from Sydney . Three of the RAAF 's five " ancient " DH.9 biplanes went down in the search — though all crews escaped injury — including Eaton 's , which experienced what he labelled " a good crash " on 21 April near Tennant Creek after the engine 's pistons melted . The same day , Captain Lester Brain , flying a Qantas aircraft , located the wreck of the Kookaburra in the Tanami Desert , approximately 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) east @-@ south @-@ east of Wave Hill . Setting out from Wave Hill on 23 April , Eaton led a ground party across rough terrain that reached the crash site four days later and buried the crew , who had perished of thirst and exposure . Not a particularly religious man , he recalled that after the burial he saw a perfect cross formed by cirrus cloud in an otherwise clear blue sky above the Kookaburra . The Air Board described the RAAF 's search as taking 240 hours flying time " under the most trying conditions ... where a forced landing meant certain crash " . In November 1930 , Eaton was selected to lead another expedition for a missing aircraft near Ayers Rock , but it was called off soon afterwards when the pilot showed up in Alice Springs . The next month , he was ordered to search for W.L. Pittendrigh and S.J. Hamre , who had disappeared in the biplane Golden Quest 2 while attempting to discover Lasseter 's Reef . Employing a total of four DH.60 Moths , the RAAF team located the missing men near Dashwood Creek on 7 January 1931 , and they were rescued four days later by a ground party accompanied by Eaton . Staying in nearby Alice Springs , he recommended a site for the town 's new airfield , which was approved and has remained in use since its construction . Eaton was awarded the Air Force Cross on 10 March 1931 " in recognition of his zeal and devotion to duty in conducting flights to Central Australia in search of missing aviators " . The media called him the " ' Knight Errant ' of the desert skies " . Aside from his crash landing in the desert while searching for the Kookaburra , Eaton had another narrow escape in 1929 when he was test flying the Wackett Warrigal I with Sergeant Eric Douglas . Having purposely put the biplane trainer into a spin and finding no response in the controls when he tried to recover , Eaton called on Douglas to bail out . When Douglas stood up to do so , the spin stopped , apparently due to his torso changing the airflow over the tail plane . Eaton then managed to land the aeroplane , he and his passenger both badly shaken by the experience . In December 1931 , he was posted to No. 1 Aircraft Depot at Laverton , where he continued to fly as well as performing administrative work . Promoted squadron leader in 1936 , he undertook a clandestine mission around the new year to scout for suitable landing grounds in the Dutch East Indies , primarily Timor and Ambon . Wearing civilian clothes , he and his companion were arrested and held for three days by local authorities in Koepang , Dutch Timor . Eaton was appointed commanding officer ( CO ) of No. 21 Squadron in May 1937 , one of his first tasks being to undertake another aerial search in Central Australia , this time for prospector Sir Herbert Gepp , who was subsequently discovered alive and well . Later that year , Eaton presided over the court of inquiry into the crash of a Hawker Demon biplane in Victoria , recommending a gallantry award for Aircraftman William McAloney , who had leapt into the Demon 's burning wreckage in an effort to rescue its pilot ; McAloney subsequently received the Albert Medal for his heroism . Following a 1937 decision to establish the first north Australian RAAF base , in April 1938 Eaton , now on the headquarters staff of RAAF Station Laverton , and Wing Commander George Jones , Director of Personnel Services at RAAF Headquarters , began developing plans for the new station , to be commanded by Jones , and a new squadron that would be based there , led by Eaton . The next month they flew an Avro Anson on an inspection tour of Darwin , Northern Territory , site of the proposed base . Delays meant that No. 12 ( General Purpose ) Squadron was not formed until 6 February 1939 at Laverton . Jones had by now moved on to another posting	[ "Ġcompetitor", "Ġacross", "Ġthe", "Ġline", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġfellow", "ĠRFC", "Ġveteran", "ĠJerry", "ĠPent", "land", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠReg", "arded", "Ġas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠR", "AAF", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmost", "Ġsk", "il", "ful", "Ġcross", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcountry", "Ġpilots", "Ġand", "Ġnavig", "ators", "Ġ,", "ĠEaton", "Ġcame", "Ġto", "Ġpublic", "Ġattention", "Ġas", "Ġleader", "Ġof", "Ġthree", "Ġmilitary", "Ġexped", "itions", "Ġto", "Ġfind", "Ġlost", "Ġaircraft", "Ġin", "ĠCentral", "ĠAustralia", "Ġbetween", "Ġ1929", "Ġand", "Ġ1931", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠApril", "Ġ1929", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġcoordinated", "Ġthe", "ĠAir", "ĠForce", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpart", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsearch", "Ġfor", "Ġav", "i", "ators", "ĠKeith", "ĠAnderson", "Ġand", "ĠBob", "ĠHitchcock", "Ġ,", "Ġmissing", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġaircraft", "Ġthe", "ĠK", "ook", "ab", "ur", "ra", "Ġwhile", "Ġthemselves", "Ġlooking", "Ġfor", "ĠCharles", "ĠKings", "ford", "ĠSmith", "Ġand", "ĠCharles", 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"Ġposted", "Ġto", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ1", "ĠAircraft", "ĠDepot", "Ġat", "ĠLa", "ver", "ton", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġcontinued", "Ġto", "Ġfly", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġperforming", "Ġadministrative", "Ġwork", "Ġ.", "ĠProm", "oted", "Ġsquadron", "Ġleader", "Ġin", "Ġ1936", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġundertook", "Ġa", "Ġclandestine", "Ġmission", "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "Ġnew", "Ġyear", "Ġto", "Ġscout", "Ġfor", "Ġsuitable", "Ġlanding", "Ġgrounds", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠDutch", "ĠEast", "ĠIndies", "Ġ,", "Ġprimarily", "ĠTim", "or", "Ġand", "ĠAm", "bon", "Ġ.", "ĠW", "earing", "Ġcivilian", "Ġclothes", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġcompanion", "Ġwere", "Ġarrested", "Ġand", "Ġheld", "Ġfor", "Ġthree", "Ġdays", "Ġby", "Ġlocal", "Ġauthorities", "Ġin", "ĠKo", "ep", "ang", "Ġ,", "ĠDutch", "ĠTim", "or", "Ġ.", "ĠEaton", "Ġwas", "Ġappointed", "Ġcommanding", "Ġofficer", "Ġ(", "ĠCO", "Ġ)", "Ġof", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ21", "ĠSquadron", "Ġin", "ĠMay", "Ġ1937", "Ġ,", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġfirst", "Ġtasks", "Ġbeing", "Ġto", "Ġundertake", "Ġanother", "Ġaerial", "Ġsearch", "Ġin", "ĠCentral", "ĠAustralia", "Ġ,", "Ġthis", "Ġtime", "Ġfor", "Ġprospect", "or", "ĠSir", "ĠHerbert", "ĠGe", "pp", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġsubsequently", "Ġdiscovered", "Ġalive", "Ġand", "Ġwell", "Ġ.", "ĠLater", "Ġthat", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "ĠEaton", "Ġpresided", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġcourt", "Ġof", "Ġinquiry", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġcrash", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠHaw", "ker", "ĠDemon", "Ġbi", "plane", "Ġin", "ĠVictoria", "Ġ,", "Ġrecommending", "Ġa", "Ġgall", "antry", "Ġaward", "Ġfor", "ĠAircraft", "man", "ĠWilliam", "ĠMc", "Al", "oney", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġleapt", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "ĠDemon", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġburning", "Ġwreckage", "Ġin", "Ġan", "Ġeffort", "Ġto", "Ġrescue", "Ġits", "Ġpilot", "Ġ;", "ĠMc", "Al", "oney", "Ġsubsequently", "Ġreceived", "Ġthe", "ĠAlbert", "ĠMedal", "Ġfor", "Ġhis", "Ġheroism", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFollowing", "Ġa", "Ġ1937", "Ġdecision", "Ġto", "Ġestablish", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġnorth", "ĠAustralian", "ĠR", "AAF", "Ġbase", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġ1938", "ĠEaton", "Ġ,", "Ġnow", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġheadquarters", "Ġstaff", "Ġof", "ĠR", "AAF", "ĠStation", "ĠLa", "ver", "ton", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠWing", "ĠCommander", "ĠGeorge", "ĠJones", "Ġ,", "ĠDirector", "Ġof", "ĠPersonnel", "ĠServices", "Ġat", "ĠR", "AAF", "ĠHeadquarters", "Ġ,", "Ġbegan", "Ġdeveloping", "Ġplans", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġnew", "Ġstation", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġcommanded", "Ġby", "ĠJones", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġsquadron", "Ġthat", "Ġwould", "Ġbe", "Ġbased", "Ġthere", "Ġ,", "Ġled", "Ġby", "ĠEaton", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnext", "Ġmonth", "Ġthey", "Ġflew", "Ġan", "ĠAv", "ro", "ĠAn", "son", "Ġon", "Ġan", "Ġinspection", "Ġtour", "Ġof", "ĠDarwin", "Ġ,", "ĠNorthern", "ĠTerritory", "Ġ,", "Ġsite", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġproposed", "Ġbase", "Ġ.", "ĠDel", "ays", "Ġmeant", "Ġthat", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ12", "Ġ(", "ĠGeneral", "ĠPurpose", "Ġ)", "ĠSquadron", "Ġwas", "Ġnot", "Ġformed", "Ġuntil", "Ġ6", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ1939", "Ġat", "ĠLa", "ver", "ton", "Ġ.", "ĠJones", "Ġhad", "Ġby", "Ġnow", "Ġmoved", "Ġon", "Ġto", "Ġanother", "Ġposting" ]	77
but Eaton took up the squadron 's command as planned . Promoted to wing commander on 1 March , he and his equipment officer , Flying Officer Hocking , were ordered to build up the unit as quickly as possible , and established an initial complement of fourteen officers and 120 airmen , plus four Ansons and four Demons , within a week . An advance party of thirty NCOs and airmen under Hocking began moving to Darwin on 1 July . Staff were initially accommodated in a former meatworks built during World War I , and life at the newly established air base had a " distinctly raw , pioneering feel about it " according to historian Chris Coulthard @-@ Clark . Morale , though , was high . On 31 August , No. 12 Squadron launched its first patrol over the Darwin area , flown by one of seven Ansons that had so far been delivered . These were augmented by a flight of four CAC Wirraways ( replacing the originally planned force of Demons ) that took off from Laverton on 2 September , the day before Australia declared war , and arrived in Darwin four days later . A fifth Wirraway in the flight crashed on landing at Darwin , killing both crewmen . = = World War II = = Once war was declared , Darwin began to receive more attention from military planners . In June 1940 , No. 12 Squadron was " cannibalised " to form two additional units , Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin and No. 13 Squadron . No. 12 Squadron retained its Wirraway flight , while its two flights of Ansons went to the new squadron ; these were replaced later that month by more capable Lockheed Hudsons . Eaton was appointed CO of the base , gaining promotion to temporary group captain in September . His squadrons were employed in escort , maritime reconnaissance , and coastal patrol duties , the overworked aircraft having to be sent to RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , after every 240 hours flying time — with a consequent three @-@ week loss from Darwin 's strength — as deep maintenance was not yet possible in the Northern Territory . Soon after the establishment of Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin , Minister for Air James Fairbairn visited the base . Piloting his own light plane , he was greeted by four Wirraways that proceeded to escort him into landing ; the Minister subsequently complimented Eaton on the " keen @-@ ness and efficiency of all ranks " , particularly considering the challenging environment . When Fairbairn died in the Canberra air disaster shortly afterwards , his pilot was Flight Lieutenant Robert Hitchcock , son of Bob Hitchcock of the Kookaburra and also a former member of Eaton 's No. 21 Squadron . As senior air commander in the region , Eaton sat on the Darwin Defence Co @-@ ordination Committee . He was occasionally at loggerheads with his naval counterpart , Captain E.P. Thomas , and also incurred the ire of trade unionists when he used RAAF staff to unload ships in Port Darwin during industrial action ; Eaton himself took part in the work , shovelling coal alongside his men . On 25 February 1941 , he made a flight north to reconnoitre Timor , Ambon , and Babo in Dutch New Guinea for potential use by the RAAF in any Pacific conflict . By April , the total strength based at RAAF Station Darwin had increased to almost 700 officers and airmen ; by the following month it had been augmented by satellite airfields at Bathurst Island , Groote Eylandt , Batchelor , and Katherine . Handing over command of Darwin to Group Captain Frederick Scherger in October , Eaton took charge of No. 2 Service Flying Training School near Wagga Wagga , New South Wales . His " marked success " , " untiring energy " , and " tact in handling men " while in the Northern Territory were recognised in the new year with his appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire . Eaton became CO of No. 1 Engineering School and its base , RAAF Station Ascot Vale , Victoria , in April 1942 . Twelve months later in Townsville , Queensland , he formed No. 72 Wing , which subsequently deployed to Merauke in Dutch New Guinea , comprising No. 84 Squadron ( flying CAC Boomerang fighters ) , No. 86 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawk fighters ) , and No. 12 Squadron ( A @-@ 31 Vengeance dive bombers ) . His relations with North @-@ Eastern Area Command in Townsville were strained ; " mountains were made out of molehills " in his opinion , and he was reassigned that July to lead No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School in Port Pirie , South Australia . On 30 November 1943 , Eaton returned to the Northern Territory to establish No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , comprising No. 1 and No. 2 Squadrons ( flying Bristol Beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , No. 31 Squadron ( Bristol Beaufighter long @-@ range fighters ) , and No. 18	[ "Ġbut", "ĠEaton", "Ġtook", "Ġup", "Ġthe", "Ġsquadron", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcommand", "Ġas", "Ġplanned", "Ġ.", "ĠProm", "oted", "Ġto", "Ġwing", "Ġcommander", "Ġon", "Ġ1", "ĠMarch", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġequipment", "Ġofficer", "Ġ,", "ĠFlying", "ĠOfficer", "ĠH", "ocking", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġordered", "Ġto", "Ġbuild", "Ġup", "Ġthe", "Ġunit", "Ġas", "Ġquickly", "Ġas", "Ġpossible", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġestablished", "Ġan", "Ġinitial", "Ġcomplement", "Ġof", "Ġfourteen", "Ġofficers", "Ġand", "Ġ120", "Ġair", "men", "Ġ,", "Ġplus", "Ġfour", "ĠAns", "ons", "Ġand", "Ġfour", "ĠDemons", "Ġ,", "Ġwithin", "Ġa", "Ġweek", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", "Ġadvance", "Ġparty", "Ġof", "Ġthirty", "ĠN", "CO", "s", "Ġand", "Ġair", "men", "Ġunder", "ĠH", 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( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron ( B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers ) . He developed a good relationship with his Dutch personnel , who called him " Oom Charles " ( Uncle Charles ) . Operating under the auspices of North @-@ Western Area Command ( NWA ) , Darwin , Eaton 's forces participated in the New Guinea and North @-@ Western Area Campaigns during 1944 , in which he regularly flew on missions himself . Through March – April , his Beaufighters attacked enemy shipping , while the Mitchells and Beauforts bombed Timor on a daily basis as a prelude to Operations Reckless and Persecution , the invasions of Hollandia and Aitape . On 19 April , he organised a large raid against Su , Dutch Timor , employing thirty @-@ five Mitchells , Beauforts and Beaufighters to destroy the town 's barracks and fuel dumps , the results earning him the personal congratulations of the Air Officer Commanding NWA , Air Vice Marshal " King " Cole , for his " splendid effort " . On the day of the Allied landings , 22 April , the Mitchells and Beaufighters made a daylight raid on Dili , Portuguese Timor . The ground assault met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment in the days leading up to it . In June – July , No. 79 Wing supported the Allied attack on Noemfoor . Eaton was recommended to be mentioned in despatches on 28 October 1944 for his " Gallant and distinguished service " in NWA ; this was promulgated in the London Gazette on 9 March 1945 . Completing his tour with No. 79 Wing , Eaton was appointed Air Officer Commanding Southern Area , Melbourne , in January 1945 . The German submarine U @-@ 862 operated off southern Australia during the first months of 1945 , and the few combat units in Eaton 's command were heavily engaged in anti @-@ submarine patrols which sought to locate this and any other U @-@ boats in the area . The Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command , Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock , considered the sporadic attacks to be partly " nuisance value " , designed to draw Allied resources away from the front line of the South West Pacific war . In April , Eaton complained to Bostock that intelligence from British Pacific Fleet concerning its ships ' movements eastwards out of Western Area was hours out of date by the time it was received at Southern Area Command , leading to RAAF aircraft missing their rendezvous and wasting valuable flying hours searching empty ocean . There had been no U @-@ boat strikes since February , and by June the naval authorities indicated that there was no pressing need for air cover except for the most important vessels . = = Post @-@ war career and legacy = = Eaton retired from the RAAF on 31 December 1945 . In recognition of his war service , he was appointed a Commander of the Order of Orange @-@ Nassau with Swords by the Dutch government on 17 January 1946 . The same month , he became Australian consul in Dili . He had seen an advertisement for the position and was the only applicant with experience of the area . While based there , he accompanied the provincial governor on visits to townships damaged in Allied raids during the war , taking care to be circumspect about the part played by his own forces from No. 79 Wing . In July 1947 , Dutch forces launched a " police action " against territory held by the fledgling Indonesian Republic , which had been declared shortly after the end of the war . Following a ceasefire , the United Nations set up a commission , chaired by Eaton as Consul @-@ General , to monitor progress . Eaton and his fellow commissioners believed that the ceasefire was serving the Dutch as a cover for further penetration of republican enclaves . His requests to the Australian government for military observers led to deployment of the first peacekeeping force to the region ; the Australians were soon followed by British and US observers , and enabled Eaton to display a more realistic impression of the situation to the outside world . The Dutch administration strongly opposed the presence of UN forces and accused Eaton of " impropriety " , but the Australian government refused to recall him . Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949 , he became Australia 's first secretary and chargé d 'affaires to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia . In 1950 , he returned to Australia to serve with the Department of External Affairs in Canberra . After retiring from public service in 1951 , he and his wife farmed at Metung , Victoria , and cultivated orchids . They later moved to Frankston , where Eaton was involved in promotional work . Charles Eaton died in Frankston on 12 November 1979 . Survived by his wife and two sons , he was cremated . In accordance with his wishes , his ashes were scattered near Tennant Creek , site of his 1929 forced landing during the search for the Kookaburra , from an RAAF Caribou on 15 April 1981 . 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"Ġthe", "Ġpart", "Ġplayed", "Ġby", "Ġhis", "Ġown", "Ġforces", "Ġfrom", "ĠNo", ".", "Ġ79", "ĠWing", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠJuly", "Ġ1947", "Ġ,", "ĠDutch", "Ġforces", "Ġlaunched", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġpolice", "Ġaction", "Ġ\"", "Ġagainst", "Ġterritory", "Ġheld", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġfledgling", "ĠIndonesian", "ĠRepublic", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġdeclared", "Ġshortly", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġwar", "Ġ.", "ĠFollowing", "Ġa", "Ġceasefire", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠNations", "Ġset", "Ġup", "Ġa", "Ġcommission", "Ġ,", "Ġchaired", "Ġby", "ĠEaton", "Ġas", "ĠCons", "ul", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠGeneral", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġmonitor", "Ġprogress", "Ġ.", "ĠEaton", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġfellow", "Ġcommissioners", "Ġbelieved", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġceasefire", "Ġwas", "Ġserving", "Ġthe", "ĠDutch", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcover", "Ġfor", "Ġfurther", "Ġpenetration", "Ġof", "Ġrepublican", "Ġencl", "aves", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġrequests", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠAustralian", "Ġgovernment", "Ġfor", "Ġmilitary", "Ġobservers", "Ġled", "Ġto", "Ġdeployment", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġpeace", "keeping", "Ġforce", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġregion", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "ĠAustralians", "Ġwere", "Ġsoon", "Ġfollowed", "Ġby", "ĠBritish", "Ġand", "ĠUS", "Ġobservers", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġenabled", "ĠEaton", "Ġto", "Ġdisplay", "Ġa", "Ġmore", "Ġrealistic", "Ġimpression", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsituation", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġoutside", "Ġworld", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠDutch", "Ġadministration", "Ġstrongly", "Ġopposed", "Ġthe", "Ġpresence", "Ġof", "ĠUN", "Ġforces", "Ġand", "Ġaccused", "ĠEaton", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "Ġimp", "ropri", "ety", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "ĠAustralian", "Ġgovernment", "Ġrefused", "Ġto", "Ġrecall", "Ġhim", "Ġ.", "ĠFollowing", "Ġthe", "Ġtransfer", "Ġof", "Ġsovereignty", "Ġin", "ĠDecember", "Ġ1949", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġbecame", "ĠAustralia", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġsecretary", "Ġand", "Ġcharg", "Ã©", "Ġd", "Ġ'", "aff", "aires", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠRepublic", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġof", "ĠIndonesia", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ1950", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "ĠAustralia", "Ġto", "Ġserve", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠDepartment", "Ġof", "ĠExternal", "ĠAffairs", "Ġin", "ĠCanberra", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġretiring", "Ġfrom", "Ġpublic", "Ġservice", "Ġin", "Ġ1951", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "Ġfar", "med", "Ġat", "ĠMet", "ung", "Ġ,", "ĠVictoria", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġcultivated", "Ġor", "ch", "ids", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġlater", "Ġmoved", "Ġto", "ĠFrank", "ston", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "ĠEaton", "Ġwas", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġpromotional", "Ġwork", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠCharles", "ĠEaton", "Ġdied", "Ġin", "ĠFrank", "ston", "Ġon", "Ġ12", "ĠNovember", "Ġ1979", "Ġ.", "ĠSurv", "ived", "Ġby", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġsons", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġcrem", "ated", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġaccordance", "Ġwith", "Ġhis", "Ġwishes", "Ġ,", "Ġhis", "Ġashes", "Ġwere", "Ġscattered", "Ġnear", "ĠTenn", "ant", "ĠCreek", "Ġ,", "Ġsite", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġ1929", "Ġforced", "Ġlanding", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġsearch", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠK", "ook", "ab", "ur", "ra", "Ġ,", "Ġfrom", "Ġan", "ĠR", "AAF", "ĠCarib", "ou", "Ġon", "Ġ15", "ĠApril", "Ġ1981", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġname", "Ġfigures", "Ġprominently", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNorthern", "ĠTerritory", "Ġ,", "Ġcommemor", "ated", "Ġby", "ĠLake", "ĠEaton", "Ġin", "ĠCentral" ]	79
Australia , Eaton Place in the Darwin suburb of Karama , Charles Eaton Drive on the approach to Darwin International Airport , and the Charles Moth Eaton Saloon Bar in the Tennant Creek Goldfields Hotel . He is also honoured with a display at the Northern Territory Parliament , and a National Trust memorial at Tennant Creek Airport . At the RAAF 's 2003 History Conference , Air Commodore Mark Lax , recalling Eaton 's search @-@ and @-@ rescue missions between the wars , commented : " Today , we might think of Eaton perhaps as the pioneer of our contribution to assistance to the civil community — a tradition that continues today . Perhaps I might jog your memory to a more recent series of rescues no less hazardous for all concerned — the amazing location of missing yachtsmen Thierry Dubois , Isabelle Autissier and Tony Bullimore by our P @-@ 3s that guided the Navy to their eventual rescue . My observation is that such activities remain vital for our relevance in that we must remain connected , supportive and responsive to the wants and needs of the Australian community . " = Tina Fey = Elizabeth Stamatina " Tina " Fey ( / feɪ / ; born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is best known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1998 @-@ 2006 ) , for her impression of former Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice @-@ Presidential candidate Sarah Palin , and for creating acclaimed series 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 – present ) . She is also well known for appearing in films such as Mean Girls ( 2004 ) , Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago @-@ based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co @-@ anchor in the Weekend Update segment . In 2004 , she co @-@ starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self @-@ help book Queen Bees and Wannabes . After leaving SNL in 2006 , she created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2008 , she starred in the comedy film Baby Mama , alongside former SNL co @-@ star Amy Poehler . Fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film Date Night and the animated film Megamind . In 2015 , she created and produced the television series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , originally for NBC and eventually for Netflix . Her recent films include Sisters and Whiskey Tango Foxtrot . Fey has received eight Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Writers Guild of America Awards and was nominated for a Grammy Award for her autobiographical book Bossypants , which topped The New York Times Best Seller list for five weeks . In 2008 , the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on SNL . In 2010 , Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor , becoming the youngest @-@ ever recipient of the award . On January 13 , 2013 , Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with her long @-@ time friend and fellow comedian , Amy Poehler , to critical acclaim . The duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim . = = Early life = = Fey was born on May 18 , 1970 , in Upper Darby , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Philadelphia . Her mother , Zenobia " Jeanne " ( née Xenakes ) , is a brokerage employee ; her father , Donald Henry Fey ( died 2015 , age 82 ) , was a university grant proposal writer . She has a brother , Peter , who is eight years older . Fey 's mother , who was born in Piraeus , Greece , is the daughter of Greek immigrants : Vasiliki Kourelakou , Fey 's maternal grandmother , left Petrina , Laconia , Greece on her own , arriving in the United States in February 1921 . Fey 's father had English , German , and Northern Irish ancestry ; one of Fey 's paternal great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ grandfathers was John Hewson ( 1744 – 1821 ) , a textile manufacturer who immigrated to America with the support of Benjamin Franklin , enabling Hewson to quickly open a quilting factory in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 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"ĠUpper", "ĠDar", "by", "Ġ,", "ĠPennsylvania", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġsuburb", "Ġof", "ĠPhiladelphia", "Ġ.", "ĠHer", "Ġmother", "Ġ,", "ĠZen", "obia", "Ġ\"", "ĠJeanne", "Ġ\"", "Ġ(", "Ġn", "Ã©e", "ĠXen", "akes", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġbrokerage", "Ġemployee", "Ġ;", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġ,", "ĠDonald", "ĠHenry", "ĠFey", "Ġ(", "Ġdied", "Ġ2015", "Ġ,", "Ġage", "Ġ82", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġuniversity", "Ġgrant", "Ġproposal", "Ġwriter", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġbrother", "Ġ,", "ĠPeter", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġis", "Ġeight", "Ġyears", "Ġolder", "Ġ.", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmother", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġborn", "Ġin", "ĠPir", "aeus", "Ġ,", "ĠGreece", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġdaughter", "Ġof", "ĠGreek", "Ġimmigrants", "Ġ:", "ĠVas", "il", "iki", "ĠKou", "rel", "ak", "ou", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmaternal", "Ġgrandmother", "Ġ,", "Ġleft", "ĠPet", "rina", "Ġ,", "ĠL", "acon", "ia", "Ġ,", "ĠGreece", "Ġon", "Ġher", "Ġown", "Ġ,", "Ġarriving", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġin", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ1921", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfather", "Ġhad", "ĠEnglish", "Ġ,", "ĠGerman", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠNorthern", "ĠIrish", "Ġancestry", "Ġ;", "Ġone", "Ġof", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpaternal", "Ġgreat", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgreat", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgreat", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgreat", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgreat", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgrandfather", "s", "Ġwas", "ĠJohn", "ĠHew", "son", "Ġ(", "Ġ17", "44", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ18", "21", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġtextile", "Ġmanufacturer", "Ġwho", "Ġimm", "igrated", "Ġto", "ĠAmerica", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġsupport", "Ġof", "ĠBenjamin", "ĠFranklin", "Ġ,", "Ġenabling", "ĠHew", "son", "Ġto", "Ġquickly", "Ġopen", "Ġa", "Ġqu", "il", "ting", "Ġfactory", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠKens", "ington", "Ġneighborhood", "Ġof", "ĠPhiladelphia", "Ġ,", "ĠPennsylvania", "Ġ.", "ĠAccording", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġgene", "alog", "ical", "ĠDNA", "Ġtest", "Ġarranged", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġtelevision" ]	80
series Finding Your Roots , Fey 's ancestry is 94 % European , 3 % Middle Eastern , and 3 % from the Caucasus . Fey was exposed to comedy early : At age 11 , Fey read Joe Franklin 's Seventy Years of Great Film Comedians for a school project about comedy . She grew up watching Second City Television , and has cited Catherine O 'Hara as a role model . Fey attended Cardington @-@ Stonehurst Elementary School and Beverly Hills Middle School in Upper Darby . By middle school , she knew she was interested in comedy . Fey attended Upper Darby High School , where she was an honors student , a member of the choir , drama club , and tennis team , and co @-@ editor of the school 's newspaper , The Acorn . She also anonymously wrote the newspaper 's satirical column , The Colonel . Following her graduation in 1988 , Fey enrolled at the University of Virginia , where she studied play @-@ writing and acting and was awarded the Pettway Prize . She graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama . After college , she worked as a receptionist during the day at the Evanston YMCA and took classes at Second City at night . = = Career = = = = = Saturday Night Live ( 1997 – 2006 ) = = = While performing shows with The Second City in 1997 , Fey submitted several scripts to NBC 's variety show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , at the request of its head writer Adam McKay , a former performer at Second City . She was hired as a writer for SNL following a meeting with SNL creator Lorne Michaels , and moved to New York from Chicago . Fey told The New Yorker , " I 'd had my eye on the show forever , the way other kids have their eye on Derek Jeter . " Originally , Fey " struggled " at SNL . Her first sketch to air starred Chris Farley in a Sally Jessy Raphael satire . Fey went on to write a series of parodies , including one of ABC 's morning talk show The View . She co @-@ wrote the " Sully and Denise " sketches with Rachel Dratch , who plays one of the teens . Fey was an extra in a 1998 episode , and after watching herself , decided to diet and lost 30 pounds . She told The New York Times , " I was a completely normal weight , but I was here in New York City , I had money and I couldn 't buy any clothes . After I lost weight , there was interest in putting me on camera . " In 1999 , McKay stepped down as head writer , which led Michaels to approach Fey for the position . She became SNL 's first female head writer that year . In 2000 , Fey began performing in sketches , and she and Jimmy Fallon became co @-@ anchors of SNL 's Weekend Update segment . Fey said she did not ask to audition , but that Michaels approached her . Michaels explained that there was chemistry between Fey and Fallon , though the decision was " kind of risky " at the time . Her role in Weekend Update was well received by critics . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote : " ... Fey delivers such blow darts – poison filled jokes written in long , precisely parsed sentences unprecedented in Update history – with such a bright , sunny countenance makes her all the more devilishly delightful . " Dennis Miller , a former cast member of SNL and anchor of Weekend Update , was pleased with Fey as one of the anchors for the segment : " ... Fey might be the best Weekend Update anchor who ever did it . She writes the funniest jokes " . Robert Bianco of USA Today , however , commented that he was " not enamored " of the pairing . In 2001 , Fey and the rest of the writing staff won a Writers Guild of America Award for SNL 's 25th anniversary special . The following year at the 2002 Emmy Awards ceremony , they won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . When Fallon left the show in May 2004 , he was replaced on Weekend Update by Amy Poehler . It was the first time that two women co @-@ anchored Weekend Update . Fey revealed that she " hired " Poehler as her co @-@ host for the segment . The reception was positive , with Rachel Sklar of the Chicago Tribune noting that the pairing " has been a hilarious , pitch @-@ perfect success as they play @-@ off each other with quick one @-@ liners and deadpan delivery " . The 2005 – 2006 season was her last ; she departed to develop 30 Rock for Broadway Video . At the time she left , the 117 episodes she co @-@ hosted made her SNL 's longest @-@ serving Weekend Update anchor , a mark that would later be passed by her replacement , Seth Meyers . In Rolling Stone Magazine 's February , 2015 appraisal of all 141 SNL cast members to date , Fey was	[ "Ġseries", "ĠFinding", "ĠYour", "ĠRoots", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġancestry", "Ġis", "Ġ94", "Ġ%", "ĠEuropean", "Ġ,", "Ġ3", "Ġ%", "ĠMiddle", "ĠEastern", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ3", "Ġ%", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠCaucasus", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFey", "Ġwas", "Ġexposed", "Ġto", "Ġcomedy", "Ġearly", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAt", "Ġage", "Ġ11", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġread", "ĠJoe", "ĠFranklin", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠSevent", "y", "ĠYears", "Ġof", "ĠGreat", "ĠFilm", "ĠComed", "ians", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġschool", "Ġproject", "Ġabout", "Ġcomedy", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġgrew", "Ġup", "Ġwatching", "ĠSecond", "ĠCity", "ĠTelevision", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhas", "Ġcited", "ĠCatherine", "ĠO", "Ġ'", "H", "ara", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġrole", "Ġmodel", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFey", "Ġattended", "ĠCard", "ington", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠStone", "hurst", "ĠElementary", "ĠSchool", "Ġand", "ĠBeverly", "ĠHills", "ĠMiddle", "ĠSchool", "Ġin", "ĠUpper", "ĠDar", "by", "Ġ.", "ĠBy", 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"@", "Ġlin", "ers", "Ġand", "Ġdead", "pan", "Ġdelivery", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġ2005", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2006", "Ġseason", "Ġwas", "Ġher", "Ġlast", "Ġ;", "Ġshe", "Ġdeparted", "Ġto", "Ġdevelop", "Ġ30", "ĠRock", "Ġfor", "ĠBroadway", "ĠVideo", "Ġ.", "ĠAt", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġshe", "Ġleft", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġ117", "Ġepisodes", "Ġshe", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhosted", "Ġmade", "Ġher", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġlongest", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġserving", "ĠWeekend", "ĠUpdate", "Ġanchor", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġmark", "Ġthat", "Ġwould", "Ġlater", "Ġbe", "Ġpassed", "Ġby", "Ġher", "Ġreplacement", "Ġ,", "ĠSeth", "ĠMe", "yers", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠRolling", "ĠStone", "ĠMagazine", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ,", "Ġ2015", "Ġappraisal", "Ġof", "Ġall", "Ġ141", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġcast", "Ġmembers", "Ġto", "Ġdate", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġwas" ]	81
ranked third in importance ( behind John Belushi and Eddie Murphy ) . They credited her with " salvaging ' Update ' from a decade @-@ long losing streak , " and " slapping SNL out of its late @-@ nineties coma . " = = = 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) = = = In 2002 , Fey suggested a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to NBC , which rejected it . The pilot was reworked to revolve around an SNL style series , and was accepted by NBC . She signed a contract with NBC in May 2003 , which allowed her to remain in her SNL head writer position at least through the 2004 – 2005 television season . As part of the contract , Fey was to develop a prime @-@ time project to be produced by Broadway Video and NBC Universal . The pilot , directed by Adam Bernstein , centered on Liz Lemon , the head writer of a variety show on NBC , and how she managed her relationships with the show 's volatile stars and the new head of the network . In October 2006 , the pilot aired on NBC as 30 Rock . Although the episode received generally favorable reviews , it finished third in its timeslot . The network renewed the series for a second season , which began in October 2007 . The show 's third season premiered on October 30 , 2008 . The premiere episode drew 8 @.@ 5 million viewers , the highest ratings of the series . In 2007 , Fey received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series . The show itself won the 2007 Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series ( and did so again for two subsequent years ) . In 2008 , she won the Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , and Emmy awards all in the category for Best Actress in a Comedy Series . The following year , Fey again won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same categories , and was nominated for an Emmy Award . In early 2010 , Fey received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress , and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Lead Actress . 30 Rock was renewed for the 2010 – 2011 season in March 2010 . The series returned for the 2011 – 2012 season , though due to Fey 's pregnancy with her second child , the season premiere was delayed until midseason . Fey 's performance on the show was inspired by Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , and later used Louis @-@ Dreyfus to play the stand @-@ in for the character of Liz Lemon in flashback scenes during the live episode of the fifth season . On May 11 , 2012 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for a seventh and final season , to premiere October 4 , 2012 , with 13 episodes . After receiving 13 Emmy Award nominations and two wins for this final season , 30 Rock ended its critically acclaimed run with 112 Emmy award nominations . It has been cited as one of the greatest TV series of all time and it is considered to have one of the greatest finales in television history . = = = Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt = = = In 2015 , Fey created and produced the television comedy Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt with fellow 30 Rock @-@ alumnus Robert Carlock . The series stars Ellie Kemper as the titular character who escapes from a doomsday cult and moves to New York . It also stars Fey 's former co @-@ star Jane Krakowski , as well as Tituss Burgess ( who had previously appeared in four 30 Rock episodes ) and Carol Kane . Although it was originally produced for NBC , it was eventually sold to Netflix and immediately renewed for a second season . The show premiered on March 6 , 2015 to critical acclaim . On July 16 , 2015 , the series was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series . Fey herself was nominated both as the creator / executive producer of the series and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest performance as Marcia , a bumbling prosecutor in reference to Marcia Clark . = = = Feature films = = = In 2002 , Fey appeared in the surreal comedy Martin & Orloff . She made her debut as writer and co @-@ star of the 2004 teen comedy Mean Girls . Characters and behaviors in the movie are based on Fey 's high school life at Upper Darby High School and on the non @-@ fiction book Queen Bees and Wannabes by Rosalind Wiseman . The cast includes other past cast members of SNL including Tim Meadows , Ana Gasteyer , and Amy Poehler . The film received favorable reviews , and was a box office success , grossing US $ 129 million worldwide . In a 2004 interview , Fey expressed that she would like to write and direct movies . In 2006 , Fey worked on a movie script for Paramount Pictures , which was to feature Sacha Baron Cohen , by the name of Curly Oxide and Vic Thrill , based loosely on the true story of a	[ "Ġranked", "Ġthird", "Ġin", "Ġimportance", "Ġ(", "Ġbehind", "ĠJohn", "ĠBel", "ushi", "Ġand", "ĠEddie", "ĠMurphy", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġcredited", "Ġher", "Ġwith", "Ġ\"", "Ġsalv", "aging", "Ġ'", "ĠUpdate", "Ġ'", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġdecade", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlong", "Ġlosing", "Ġstreak", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "Ġslapping", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġits", "Ġlate", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġnin", "eties", "Ġcoma", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ30", "ĠRock", "Ġ(", "Ġ2006", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2013", "Ġ)", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2002", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġsuggested", "Ġa", "Ġpilot", "Ġepisode", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġsituation", "Ġcomedy", "Ġabout", "Ġa", "Ġcable", "Ġnews", "Ġnetwork", "Ġto", "ĠNBC", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġrejected", "Ġit", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpilot", "Ġwas", "Ġre", "worked", "Ġto", "Ġrev", 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"Ġreturned", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġ2011", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2012", "Ġseason", "Ġ,", "Ġthough", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpregnancy", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġsecond", "Ġchild", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġpremiere", "Ġwas", "Ġdelayed", "Ġuntil", "Ġmid", "season", "Ġ.", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġperformance", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġshow", "Ġwas", "Ġinspired", "Ġby", "ĠJulia", "ĠLouis", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠD", "rey", "f", "us", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġused", "ĠLouis", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠD", "rey", "f", "us", "Ġto", "Ġplay", "Ġthe", "Ġstand", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġin", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġcharacter", "Ġof", "ĠLiz", "ĠLemon", "Ġin", "Ġflashback", "Ġscenes", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġlive", "Ġepisode", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfifth", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "ĠMay", "Ġ11", "Ġ,", "Ġ2012", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġannounced", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġshow", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġrenewed", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġseventh", "Ġand", "Ġfinal", "Ġseason", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġpremiere", "ĠOctober", "Ġ4", "Ġ,", "Ġ2012", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġ13", "Ġepisodes", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġreceiving", "Ġ13", "ĠEmmy", "ĠAward", "Ġnominations", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġwins", "Ġfor", "Ġthis", "Ġfinal", "Ġseason", "Ġ,", "Ġ30", "ĠRock", "Ġended", "Ġits", "Ġcritically", "Ġacclaimed", "Ġrun", "Ġwith", "Ġ112", "ĠEmmy", "Ġaward", "Ġnominations", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġcited", "Ġas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgreatest", "ĠTV", "Ġseries", "Ġof", "Ġall", "Ġtime", "Ġand", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġconsidered", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgreatest", "Ġfin", "ales", "Ġin", "Ġtelevision", "Ġhistory", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠUn", "break", "able", "ĠKim", "my", "ĠSchmidt", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2015", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġcreated", "Ġand", "Ġproduced", "Ġthe", "Ġtelevision", "Ġcomedy", "ĠUn", "break", "able", "ĠKim", "my", "ĠSchmidt", "Ġwith", "Ġfellow", "Ġ30", "ĠRock", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġal", "umn", "us", "ĠRobert", "ĠCar", "lock", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġseries", "Ġstars", "ĠEllie", "ĠKem", "per", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġtit", "ular", "Ġcharacter", "Ġwho", 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"ann", "ab", "es", "Ġby", "ĠRos", "al", "ind", "ĠWis", "eman", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcast", "Ġincludes", "Ġother", "Ġpast", "Ġcast", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġincluding", "ĠTim", "ĠMeadows", "Ġ,", "ĠAna", "ĠGast", "ey", "er", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠAmy", "ĠPoe", "hler", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfilm", "Ġreceived", "Ġfavorable", "Ġreviews", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġbox", "Ġoffice", "Ġsuccess", "Ġ,", "Ġgross", "ing", "ĠUS", "Ġ$", "Ġ129", "Ġmillion", "Ġworldwide", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġa", "Ġ2004", "Ġinterview", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġexpressed", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġwould", "Ġlike", "Ġto", "Ġwrite", "Ġand", "Ġdirect", "Ġmovies", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġworked", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġmovie", "Ġscript", "Ġfor", "ĠParamount", "ĠPictures", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġto", "Ġfeature", "ĠSach", "a", "ĠBaron", "ĠCohen", "Ġ,", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġname", "Ġof", "ĠCur", "ly", "ĠOx", "ide", "Ġand", "ĠVic", "ĠThr", "ill", "Ġ,", "Ġbased", "Ġloosely", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġtrue", "Ġstory", "Ġof", "Ġa" ]	82
Hasidic rock musician . In 2007 , she was cast in the animated comedy film Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters as the Aqua Teens ' mother , a giant burrito . She received her SAG card after appearing in Artie Lange 's Beer League released in 2006 , in which she was compelled to join for " ... a thousand dollars " . Fey and former SNL castmate Amy Poehler starred in the 2008 comedy Baby Mama . The movie was written and directed by Michael McCullers . The plot concerns Kate ( Fey ) , a business woman , who wants a child but , discovering she has only a million @-@ to @-@ one chance of getting pregnant , decides to find a surrogate : Angie ( Poehler ) , a white @-@ trash schemer . Baby Mama received mixed reviews , but critics enjoyed Fey 's performance . Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote : " Fey is a delight to watch throughout . Able to convey Kate 's intentions and feelings through the simple looks and inflections , she never melodramatizes her situation ; nor does her efficient , perfectionist side become overbearing . " The movie grossed over US $ 64 million at the box office . Fey 's projects after 2008 include a voice role in the English @-@ language version of the Japanese animated film Ponyo . In 2009 , she appeared in The Invention of Lying , alongside Ricky Gervais , Jennifer Garner , Rob Lowe , and Christopher Guest . Her next film role was in Shawn Levy 's 2010 comedy Date Night , a feature that focuses on a married couple , played by Fey and Steve Carell , who go on a date ; however , the night goes awry for the two . Also in the same year , she voiced Roxanne Ritchie , a television reporter , in the DreamWorks animated film Megamind ( 2010 ) . With a total worldwide gross of US $ 321 million , Megamind is Fey 's most commercially successful picture to date . It earned US $ 173 million outside the U.S. and US $ 148 million domestically . In 2013 , Fey starred alongside Paul Rudd in the romantic comedy @-@ drama film Admission , based on the Jean Hanff Korelitz novel by the same name . The film was directed by Paul Weitz . Fey later starred in the 2014 comedy @-@ drama This Is Where I Leave You , helmed by Date Night director Shawn Levy . As was the case with Baby Mama , although both of these films received generally mixed reviews , Fey 's performances were well received by film critics . In 2015 , it was announced Fey would be the narrator for the Disney Nature film Monkey Kingdom , which was released in theaters on April 17 , 2015 . She then re @-@ teamed with Poehler , starring in the 2015 comedy film Sisters as the title characters , and received positive reviews for her role . In 2016 , Fey starred in the biographical war comedy @-@ drama Whiskey Tango Foxtrot , based on the memoir The Taliban Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan , to positive reviews . = = = Subsequent SNL appearances = = = On February 23 , 2008 , Fey hosted the first episode of SNL after the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . For this appearance , she was nominated for an Emmy in the category of Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program . Fey hosted SNL for a second time on April 10 , 2010 , and for her appearance she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . From September to November 2008 , Fey made multiple guest appearances on SNL to perform a series of parodies of Republican vice @-@ presidential candidate Sarah Palin . On the 34th season premiere episode , aired September 13 , 2008 , Fey imitated Palin in a sketch , alongside Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton . Their repartee included Clinton needling Palin about her " Tina Fey glasses " . The sketch quickly became NBC 's most @-@ watched viral video ever , with 5 @.@ 7 million views by the following Wednesday . Fey reprised this role on the October 4 show , on the October 18 show where she was joined by the real Sarah Palin , and on the November 1 show , where she was joined by John McCain and his wife Cindy . The October 18 show had the best ratings of any SNL show since 1994 . The following year Fey won an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her impersonation of Palin . Fey returned to SNL in April 2010 , and reprised her impression of Palin in one sketch titled the " Sarah Palin Network " . Fey once again did her impression of Palin when she hosted Saturday Night Live on May 8 , 2011 . In December 2009 , Entertainment Weekly put her Palin impersonation on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade " best @-@ of " list , writing , " Fey 's freakishly spot @-	[ "ĠHas", "id", "ic", "Ġrock", "Ġmusician", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2007", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġcast", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġanimated", "Ġcomedy", "Ġfilm", "ĠAqua", "ĠTeen", "ĠHunger", "ĠForce", "ĠColon", "ĠMovie", "ĠFilm", "Ġfor", "ĠThe", "aters", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠAqua", "ĠTe", "ens", "Ġ'", "Ġmother", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġgiant", "Ġbur", "rito", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠShe", "Ġreceived", "Ġher", "ĠS", "AG", "Ġcard", "Ġafter", "Ġappearing", "Ġin", "ĠArt", "ie", "ĠLange", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠBeer", "ĠLeague", "Ġreleased", "Ġin", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġcompelled", "Ġto", "Ġjoin", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "Ġ...", "Ġa", "Ġthousand", "Ġdollars", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFey", "Ġand", "Ġformer", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġcast", "mate", "ĠAmy", "ĠPoe", "hler", "Ġstarred", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ2008", "Ġcomedy", "ĠBaby", "ĠMama", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmovie", "Ġwas", 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"od", "ram", "at", "izes", "Ġher", "Ġsituation", "Ġ;", "Ġnor", "Ġdoes", "Ġher", "Ġefficient", "Ġ,", "Ġperfection", "ist", "Ġside", "Ġbecome", "Ġover", "bearing", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "Ġmovie", "Ġgross", "ed", "Ġover", "ĠUS", "Ġ$", "Ġ64", "Ġmillion", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġbox", "Ġoffice", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġprojects", "Ġafter", "Ġ2008", "Ġinclude", "Ġa", "Ġvoice", "Ġrole", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠEnglish", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlanguage", "Ġversion", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠJapanese", "Ġanimated", "Ġfilm", "ĠPony", "o", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2009", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġappeared", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠInvention", "Ġof", "ĠL", "ying", "Ġ,", "Ġalongside", "ĠRicky", "ĠG", "erv", "ais", "Ġ,", "ĠJennifer", "ĠGarner", "Ġ,", "ĠRob", "ĠLowe", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠChristopher", "ĠGuest", "Ġ.", "ĠHer", "Ġnext", "Ġfilm", "Ġrole", "Ġwas", "Ġin", "ĠShawn", "ĠLevy", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ2010", "Ġcomedy", "ĠDate", "ĠNight", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfeature", "Ġthat", "Ġfocuses", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġmarried", "Ġcouple", "Ġ,", "Ġplayed", "Ġby", "ĠFey", 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"Ġwith", "ĠPoe", "hler", "Ġ,", "Ġstarring", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġ2015", "Ġcomedy", "Ġfilm", "ĠSisters", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġcharacters", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġreceived", "Ġpositive", "Ġreviews", "Ġfor", "Ġher", "Ġrole", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2016", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġstarred", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbi", "ographical", "Ġwar", "Ġcomedy", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdrama", "ĠWhis", "key", "ĠT", "ango", "ĠFo", "xt", "rot", "Ġ,", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġmemoir", "ĠThe", "ĠTaliban", "ĠSh", "uffle", "Ġ:", "ĠStrange", "ĠDays", "Ġin", "ĠAfghanistan", "Ġand", "ĠPakistan", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġpositive", "Ġreviews", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSub", "sequent", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġappearances", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ23", "Ġ,", "Ġ2008", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġhosted", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġepisode", "Ġof", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġ2007", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2008", "ĠWriters", "ĠGuild", "Ġof", "ĠAmerica", "Ġstrike", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġthis", "Ġappearance", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġnominated", "Ġfor", "Ġan", 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"ĠTheir", "Ġrep", "art", "ee", "Ġincluded", "ĠClinton", "Ġneed", "ling", "ĠPalin", "Ġabout", "Ġher", "Ġ\"", "ĠTina", "ĠFey", "Ġglasses", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsketch", "Ġquickly", "Ġbecame", "ĠNBC", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmost", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwatched", "Ġviral", "Ġvideo", "Ġever", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġ5", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ7", "Ġmillion", "Ġviews", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "ĠWednesday", "Ġ.", "ĠFey", "Ġrepr", "ised", "Ġthis", "Ġrole", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠOctober", "Ġ4", "Ġshow", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠOctober", "Ġ18", "Ġshow", "Ġwhere", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġjoined", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġreal", "ĠSarah", "ĠPalin", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠNovember", "Ġ1", "Ġshow", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġshe", "Ġwas", "Ġjoined", "Ġby", "ĠJohn", "ĠMcCain", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "ĠCindy", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠOctober", "Ġ18", "Ġshow", "Ġhad", "Ġthe", "Ġbest", "Ġratings", "Ġof", "Ġany", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġshow", "Ġsince", "Ġ1994", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġyear", "ĠFey", "Ġwon", "Ġan", "ĠEmmy", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcategory", "Ġof", "ĠOut", "standing", "ĠGuest", "ĠActress", "Ġin", "Ġa", "ĠComedy", "ĠSeries", "Ġfor", "Ġher", "Ġimperson", "ation", "Ġof", "ĠPalin", "Ġ.", "ĠFey", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġ2010", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġrepr", "ised", "Ġher", "Ġimpression", "Ġof", "ĠPalin", "Ġin", "Ġone", "Ġsketch", "Ġtitled", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "ĠSarah", "ĠPalin", "ĠNetwork", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠFey", "Ġonce", "Ġagain", "Ġdid", "Ġher", "Ġimpression", "Ġof", "ĠPalin", "Ġwhen", "Ġshe", "Ġhosted", "ĠSaturday", "ĠNight", "ĠLive", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ8", "Ġ,", "Ġ2011", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "ĠDecember", "Ġ2009", "Ġ,", "ĠEntertainment", "ĠWeekly", "Ġput", "Ġher", "ĠPalin", "Ġimperson", "ation", "Ġon", "Ġits", "Ġend", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġof", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġthe", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdecade", "Ġ\"", "Ġbest", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "Ġlist", "Ġ,", "Ġwriting", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠFey", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfreak", "ishly", "Ġspot", "Ġ@", "-" ]	83
@ on SNL impersonation of the wannabe VP ( and her ability to strike a balance between comedy and cruelty ) made for truly transcendent television . " Rolling Stone called her Palin impression " [ arguably ] the most brilliant move SNL ever made " . = = = Other work = = = In 1997 , Fey and other members of The Second City provided voices for the pinball game Medieval Madness . In 2000 , Fey partnered with fellow SNL cast member Rachel Dratch in the Off Broadway two @-@ woman show Dratch & Fey at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City . The production was well received by critics . Tim Townsend of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the fun part of watching Fey and Dratch perform was " seeing how comfortable they are with each other " . He concluded that the production " isn 't about two women being funny ... Dratch and Fey are just funny . Period . " One of the SNL sketches , " Sully and Denise " , originated at The Second City . On August 13 , 2007 , Fey made a guest appearance in the Sesame Street episode " The Bookaneers " . She appeared as a guest judge on the November 25 , 2007 episode of the Food Network program Iron Chef America . Fey has appeared as Tinker Bell in Disney 's campaign " Year of a Million Dreams " . She has also done commercials for American Express and Garnier Nutrisse . On April 5 , 2011 , Fey 's autobiography , Bossypants , was released to a positive review from The New York Times . In 2011 , Fey narrated The Secret Life of Girls , a two @-@ hour @-@ long radio documentary produced by The Kitchen Sisters . She introduced stories of women and girls from around the world , and also shared memories of her own girlhood and mother . In 2012 , Fey made her rapping debut on the Childish Gambino ( Donald Glover ) mixtape Royalty . Glover is a former writer on 30 Rock , on which he worked with Fey . Fey was also featured as herself in the iCarly episode " iShock America " . = = Comedic and acting style = = Fey is known for her deadpan humor and delivery ; her " sardonic wit " has become a trademark of hers , upon which several critics have commented in their reviews of Fey 's work . According to Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara , Fey " project [ s ] both oblivious security and hyper @-@ alert insecurity with the same expression " in her performances , while The Chronicle 's Dillon Fernando wrote that the actress specializes in " delectable , situational and ironic comedy " . On Fey 's comedic prowess , Saturday Night Live creator Lorne Michaels enthused that his former employee " has a very clear take on things ... It always comes from a place of intelligence and there is just an edge to it . " Michaels concluded , " It 's not fearful . It 's strong and confident and you recognise the voice and most of the time you agree with it . " Writing for The Guardian , Christopher Goodwin believes that Fey " fashioned her comic persona around her glasses " , which she has worn since 1995 ; Fey joked that " Glasses make anyone look smarter " . Seldom hesitating to use herself as the butt of her own jokes , Fey is also well known for practicing self @-@ deprecating humor , as demonstrated throughout her performance as Liz Lemon in 30 Rock . In an article ranking Fey 's six greatest jokes , David Renshaw of The Guardian wrote that the performer 's work continues to feature her " trademark mix of snark , self @-@ deprecation and pop @-@ culture smarts . " Fey 's self @-@ deprecating comedic style inspired Ashley Fetters of The Atlantic to recognize her as comedian Phyllis Diller 's successor because of their similar humor . Critics have been divided in their opinions and discussions of Fey 's use of self @-@ deprecating humor , and its effect on women as a female comic ; while blogger Kate Harding disapproved of Fey 's performance in 30 Rock because " I 'm torn between being sad that she apparently doesn 't see [ beauty ] in herself and being pissed off that she 's reinforcing the idea that having brown hair , glasses , and a figure that 's maybe a size 2 instead of a 0 actually equals ugly " , Jessica G. of Jezebel defended the actress , writing that Fey 's performance is " supposed to be parodying precisely the kinds of media that reinforce ideas that unconventional women are unworthy . " Writing that Harding misunderstood Fey 's intentions , the author concluded that her self @-@ deprecation " is precisely what makes her relatable " , elaborating that " [ women ] have many moments of self @-@ doubt , and seeing someone as successful as Tina Fey be self @-@ deprecating gives us all permission to be	[ "@", "Ġon", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġimperson", "ation", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġw", "ann", "abe", "ĠVP", "Ġ(", "Ġand", "Ġher", "Ġability", "Ġto", "Ġstrike", "Ġa", "Ġbalance", "Ġbetween", "Ġcomedy", "Ġand", "Ġcruelty", "Ġ)", "Ġmade", "Ġfor", "Ġtruly", "Ġtranscend", "ent", "Ġtelevision", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠRolling", "ĠStone", "Ġcalled", "Ġher", "ĠPalin", "Ġimpression", "Ġ\"", "Ġ[", "Ġarguably", "Ġ]", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġbrilliant", "Ġmove", "ĠSN", "L", "Ġever", "Ġmade", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOther", "Ġwork", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ1997", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "ĠThe", "ĠSecond", "ĠCity", "Ġprovided", "Ġvoices", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", 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imperfect . " Sophie Caldecott of Verily defended Fey 's modesty and tendency to downplay her own physical appearance : " She mocks her own appearance , sure , but she does so in a way that consistently shows up our culture for placing so much importance on how women look , as if that ’ s the most interesting thing about us ... Her comic persona on 30 Rock , Liz Lemon , can be laughed at for many things , but her career managerial style and ability is not one of them . " Caldecott concluded , " In reality , self @-@ deprecation is an art that comedians everywhere dabble in ... In fact , I defy you to find a good male comedian who isn ’ t a master of self @-@ deprecation . Comedians make fun of themselves for many reasons , mostly because it is the most readily accessible source of inspiration but also because it is the most generous one . " Observing that Fey 's material lacks " whining " , Gina Barreca of the Hartford Courant wrote that Fey 's comedy " is not simply an iteration of self @-@ deprecating femininity passing itself off as humor . In itself , this demarcates the current generation of female humorists from earlier generations of performers who were told , more or less , to use themselves not as a sounding board for ideas but as a punching bag for insults . " As an actress , Fey has developed a reputation for portraying " the hilarious , self @-@ deprecating unmarried career woman " in most of her films to @-@ date . The Boston Globe 's Janice Paige defended her limited filmography by writing that , unlike most film actors , Fey remains " realistic about her range as a leading lady and says she ’ s been deliberate about only taking on parts for which she actually seems suited . " Fey explained that she approaches each role asking herself , " Would I be plausible in this role , in this job ? " However , her role as Kate Ellis in 2015 's Sisters provided Fey with an opportunity to stray from playing the type @-@ A female characters for which she has become known . The New York Times film critic A. O. Scott wrote , " We ’ re used to seeing Ms. Fey ... as an anxious overthinker using her caustic sarcasm as a weapon against both her own insecurities and the flakes and train wrecks who surround her . This time , she gets to be the train wreck . " In 30 Rock , Fey 's comedic acting was heavily influenced by both physical and improvisational comedy while , as a writer , her " carefully written scripts " were often quirky and character @-@ driven . = = In the media = = In 2002 , Fey was ranked in the Hot 100 List at number 80 on Maxim magazine , which used photos taken earlier by Rolling Stone calling her " the thinking man 's sex symbol " . She was named one of People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2003 , and one of People magazine 's 100 Most Beautiful People in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . In 2007 , Fey placed seventh on the Hot 100 List on AfterEllen.com. She repeated the appearance the following year , being voted as number one on the list . In 2001 , Entertainment Weekly named Fey as one of their Entertainers of the Year for her work on Weekend Update . In 2007 , she was named one of the magazine 's Entertainers of the Year , and placed number two in 2008 . In 2009 , Fey was named as Entertainment Weekly 's fifth individual in their 15 Entertainers of the 2000s list . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly crowned Fey as " The Once and Future Queen " ( an allusion to The Once and Future King ) in their feature on " Women Who Run TV , " calling her " the funniest woman in the free world . " EW quoted Mindy Kaling as saying , " I always feel unoriginal bringing up Tina as my inspiration , but she 's everyone 's inspiration for a reason . " The column also quoted praise by Zooey Deschanel and Lena Dunham . The newspaper editors and broadcast producers of the Associated Press voted Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008 , citing her impression of Sarah Palin on SNL . She has appeared on Forbes ' annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 at No. 99 , No. 86 , No. 90 , No. 92 , and No. 79 respectively . In 2007 , the New York Post included Fey in New York 's 50 Most Powerful Women , ranking her at number 33 . Fey was among the Time 100 , a list of the 100 most influential people in the world , in 2007 and 2009 , as selected annually by Time magazine . Fey 's featured article for the 2009 list was written by 30 Rock co @-@ star , Alec Baldwin . 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was selected by Barbara Walters as one of America 's 10 Most Fascinating People of 2008 . In September 2011 , Fey was ranked at the top of Forbes magazine 's list of the highest @-@ paid TV actresses . In June 2010 , it was announced Fey would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011 . In 2014 , Fey was recognized by Elle Magazine during The Women in Hollywood Awards , honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film , spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry , including acting , directing , and producing . = = Charity work = = Fey 's charity work includes support of Autism Speaks , an organization that sponsors autism research . In April 2008 , she participated in Night of Too Many Stars , a comedy benefit show for autism education . Fey is also a supporter of Mercy Corps , a global relief and development organization , in their campaign to end world hunger . Fey narrated a video for Mercy Corps 's Action Center in New York City , describing hunger as a symptom of many wider world problems . She also supports the Love Our Children USA organization , which fights violence against children , who named her among their Mothers Who Make a Difference , in 2009 . She was the 2009 national spokesperson for the Light the Night Walk , which benefits the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . = = Personal life = = In 1994 , two years after Fey joined Chicago 's Second City improvisational theatre troupe , she began dating Jeff Richmond , a piano player who later became Second City 's musical director and then a composer on 30 Rock . They married in a Greek Orthodox ceremony on June 3 , 2001 . They have two daughters : Alice Zenobia Richmond ( born September 10 , 2005 ) and Penelope Athena Richmond ( born August 10 , 2011 ) . In April 2009 , Fey and Richmond purchased a US $ 3 @.@ 4 million apartment on the Upper West Side in New York City . Fey has a scar a few inches long on the left side of her chin and cheek , the cause of which remained unexplained to the public until a 2008 Vanity Fair profile by Maureen Dowd , and subsequently in her autobiographical book , where she revealed that " during the spring semester of kindergarten , I was slashed in the face by a stranger in the alley behind my house " . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Video games = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = WASP @-@ 44 = WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star in constellation Cetus that has the Jupiter @-@ size planet WASP @-@ 44b in orbit . The star is slightly less massive and slightly smaller than the Sun ; it is also slightly cooler , but is more metal @-@ rich . The star was observed by SuperWASP , an organization in search of planets , starting in 2009 ; manual follow @-@ up observations used WASP @-@ 44 's spectrum and measurements of its radial velocity led to the discovery of the transiting planet WASP @-@ 44b . The planet and its star were presented along with WASP @-@ 45b and WASP @-@ 46b on May 17 , 2011 by a team of scientists testing the idea that Hot Jupiters tend to have circular orbits , an assumption that is made when the orbital eccentricity of such planets are not well @-@ constrained . = = Observational history = = WASP @-@ 44 was observed between July and November 2009 by the WASP @-@ South , a station of the SuperWASP planet @-@ searching program based at the South African Astronomical Observatory . Observations of the star revealed a periodic decrease in its brightness . WASP @-@ South , along with the SuperWASP @-@ North station at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the Canary Islands , collected 15 @,@ 755 photometric observations , allowing scientists to produce a more accurate light curve . Another set of observations yielded a 6 @,@ 000 point photometric data set , but the light curve was prepared late and was not considered in the discovery paper . In 2010 , a European science team investigated the star using the CORALIE spectrograph and collected seventeen spectra of WASP @-@ 44 . From the spectra , radial velocity measurements were extrapolated . Analysis of collected CORALIE data ruled out the possibility that the detected radial velocity was caused by the blended spectrum of a spectroscopic binary star , supporting the possibility that the body orbiting WASP @-@ 44 was indeed a planet , designated WASP @-@ 44b . The Leonhard Euler Telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile was used to follow up on the discovery circling WASP @-@ 44 , searching for a point at which	[ "Ġwas", "Ġselected", "Ġby", "ĠBarbara", "ĠWalters", "Ġas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "ĠAmerica", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ10", "ĠMost", "ĠFasc", "inating", "ĠPeople", "Ġof", "Ġ2008", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "ĠSeptember", "Ġ2011", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġwas", "Ġranked", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġtop", "Ġof", "ĠForbes", "Ġmagazine", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġlist", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġhighest", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpaid", "ĠTV", "Ġactresses", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "ĠJune", "Ġ2010", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġannounced", "ĠFey", "Ġwould", "Ġreceive", "Ġa", "Ġstar", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠHollywood", "ĠWalk", "Ġof", "ĠFame", "Ġin", "Ġ2011", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2014", "Ġ,", "ĠFey", "Ġwas", "Ġrecognized", "Ġby", "ĠEl", "le", "ĠMagazine", "Ġduring", "ĠThe", "ĠWomen", "Ġin", "ĠHollywood", "ĠAwards", "Ġ,", "Ġhonoring", "Ġwomen", "Ġfor", "Ġtheir", "Ġoutstanding", "Ġachievements", "Ġin", "Ġfilm", "Ġ,", 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the planet transited , or crossed in front of , its host star . One transit was detected . WASP @-@ 44 , its recently discovered planet , the planets orbiting WASP @-@ 45 and WASP @-@ 46 , and a discussion exploring the validity of the common assumption amongst scientists that closely orbiting Hot Jupiter planets have highly circular orbits unless proven otherwise , were reported in a single discovery paper that was published on May 17 , 2011 by the Royal Astronomical Society . The paper was submitted to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on May 16 , 2011 . = = Characteristics = = WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star ( the same class of star as the Sun ) that is located in the Cetus constellation . WASP @-@ 44 has a mass that is 0 @.@ 951 times that of the Sun . In terms of size , WASP @-@ 44 has a radius that is 0 @.@ 927 times that of the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 has an effective temperature of 5410 K , cooler than the Sun . However , the star is metal @-@ rich with relation to the Sun . Its measured metallicity is [ Fe / H ] = 0 @.@ 06 , or 1 @.@ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 's chromosphere ( outermost layer ) is not active . The star also does not rotate at a high velocity . The star has an apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 . It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye . = = Planetary system = = There is one known planet in the orbit of WASP @-@ 44 : WASP @-@ 44b . The planet is a Hot Jupiter with a mass of 0 @.@ 889 Jupiters . Its radius is 1 @.@ 14 times that of Jupiter . WASP @-@ 44b orbits its host star every 2 @.@ 4238039 days at a distance 0 @.@ 03473 AU , approximately 3 @.@ 47 % the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . With an orbital inclination of 86.02º , WASP @-@ 44b has an orbit that exists almost edge @-@ on to its host star with respect to Earth . WASPA @-@ 44b 's orbital eccentricity is fit to 0 @.@ 036 , indicating a mostly circular orbit . = Elephanta Caves = Elephanta caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri ( literally " the city of caves " ) in Mumbai Harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra . The island , located on an arm of the Arabian Sea , consists of two groups of caves — the first is a large group of five Hindu caves , the second , a smaller group of two Buddhist caves . The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , representing the Shaiva Hindu sect , dedicated to the Lord Shiva . The rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All the caves were also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain . The main cave ( Cave 1 , or the Great Cave ) was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534 , after which the caves suffered severe damage . This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork . It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) . = = Geography = = Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri , is about 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) east of the Apollo Bunder ( Bunder in Marathi means a " pier for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods " ) on the Mumbai Harbour and 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Pir Pal in Trombay . The island covers about 10 km2 ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km2 ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . Gharapuri is small village on the south side of the island . The Elephanta Caves can be reached by a ferry from the Gateway of India , Mumbai , which has the nearest airport and train station . The cave is closed on Monday . The island is 2 @.@ 4 km ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) in length with two hills that rise to a height of about 150 m ( 490 ft ) . 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north to south . On the west , the hill rises gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rises gradually to the extreme east to a height of 173 m ( 568 ft ) . This hill is known as the Stupa hill . Forest growth with clusters of mango , tamarind , and karanj trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . Rice fields are seen in the valley . The fore shore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe . Landing quays sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north @-@ west , Mora Bunder in the northeast , and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the south . The two hills of the island , the western and the eastern , have five rock @-@ cut caves in the western part and a brick stupa on the eastern hill on its top composed of two caves with a few rock @-@ cut cisterns . One of the caves on the eastern hill is unfinished . It is a protected island with a buffer zone according to a Notification issued in 1985 , which also includes " a prohibited area " that stretches 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from the shoreline . = = History = = Since no inscriptions on any of the island have been discovered , the ancient history of the island is conjectural , at best . Pandavas , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , and Banasura , the demon devotee of Shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . Local tradition holds that the caves are not man @-@ made . The Elephanta caves are " of unknown date and attribution " . Art historians have dated the caves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century AD . Archaeological excavations have unearthed a few Kshatrapa coins dated to 4th century AD . The known history is traced only to the defeat of Mauryan rulers of Konkan by the Badami Chalukyas emperor Pulakesi II ( 609 – 642 ) in a naval battle , in 635 AD . Elephanta was then called Puri or Purika , and served as the capital of the Konkan Mauryas . Some historians attribute the caves to the Konkan Mauryas , dating them to the mid @-@ 6th century , though others refute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the Konkan Mauryas could not undertake " an almost superhuman excavation effort , " which was needed to carve the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the skilled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture . Some other historians attribute the construction to the Kalachuris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , who may have had a feudal relationship with the Konkan Mauryas . In an era where polytheism was prevalent , the Elephanta main cave dedicates the monotheism of the Pashupata Shaivism sect , a sect to which Kalachuris as well as Konkan Mauryas belonged . The Chalukyas , who defeated the Kalachuris as well as the Konkan Mauryas , are also believed by some to be creators of the main cave , in the mid @-@ 7th century . The Rashtrakutas are the last claimants to the creation of the main cave , approximated to the early 7th to late 8th century . The Elephanta Shiva cave resembles in some aspects the 8th @-@ century Rashtrakuta rock @-@ temple Kailash at Ellora . The Trimurti of Elephanta showing the three faces of Shiva is akin to the Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Mahesh ( Shiva ) , which was the royal insignia of the Rashtrakutas . The Nataraja and Ardhanarishvara sculptures are also attributed to the Rashtrakutas . Later , Elephanta was ruled by another Chalukyan dynasty , and then by Gujarat Sultanate , who surrendered it to the Portuguese in 1534 . By then , Elephanta was called Gharapuri , which denotes a hill settlement . The name is still used in the local Marathi language . The Portuguese named the island " Elephanta Island " in honour of a huge rock @-@ cut black stone statue of an elephant that was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of Gharapuri village . The elephant now sits in the Jijamata Udyaan zoo in Mumbai . Portuguese rule saw a decline in the Hindu population on the island and the abandonment of the Shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular Hindu place of worship , though worship on Mahashivratri , the festival of Shiva , continued and still does . The Portuguese did considerable damage to the sanctuaries . 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the main cave for target practice , sparing only the Trimurti sculpture . They also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . While some historians solely blame the Portuguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @-@ logging and dripping rainwater as additional damaging factors . The Portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal . This marriage shifted possession of the islands to the British Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles . Though the main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , are still badly damaged . The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared " . = = Overview = = The island has two groups of caves in the rock @-@ cut architectural style . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All caves were painted in the past , but only traces remain . The larger group of caves , which consists of five caves on the western hill of the island , is well known for its Hindu sculptures . The primary cave , numbered as Cave 1 , is about 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . It is a rock @-@ cut temple complex that covers an area of 5 @,@ 600 m2 ( 60 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and consists of a main chamber , two lateral chambers , courtyards , and subsidiary shrines . It is 39 metres ( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . The temple complex is the abode of Shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts . On the eastern part of the island , on the Stupa Hill , there is a small group of caves that house Buddhist monuments . This hill is named after the religious Stupa monument that they display . One of the two caves is incomplete , while the other contains a Stupa made in brick . = = Main cave = = The main cave , also called the Shiva cave , Cave 1 , or the Great Cave , is 27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan with a hall ( mandapa ) . At the entrance are four doors , with three open porticoes and an aisle at the back . Pillars , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . The roof of the hall has concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . The cave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a Shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . The northern entrance to the cave , which has 1 @,@ 000 steep steps , is flanked by two panels of Shiva dated to the Gupta period . The left panel depicts Yogishvara ( The Lord of Yoga ) and the right shows Nataraja ( Shiva as the Lord of Dance ) . The central Shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) is a free @-@ standing square cell with four entrances , located in the right section of the main hall . Smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves . The eastern sanctuary serves as a ceremonial entrance . Each wall has large carvings of Shiva , each more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . The central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on the south wall and is flanked by Ardhanarisvara ( a half @-@ man , half @-@ woman representation of Shiva ) on its left and Gangadhara to its right , which denotes the River Ganges ' descent from Shiva 's matted locks . Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubicles ; these include Kalyanasundaramurti , depicting Shiva 's marriage to the goddess Parvati , Andhakasuravadamurti or Andhakasuramardana , the slaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva , Shiva @-@ Parvati on Mount Kailash ( the abode of Shiva ) , and Ravananugraha , depicting the demon @-@ king Ravana shaking Kailash . The main cave blends Chalukyan architectural features such as massive figures of the divinities , guardians , and square pillars with custom capitals with Gupta artistic characteristics , like the depiction of mountains and clouds and female hairstyles . 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"Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġsection", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġhall", "Ġ.", "ĠSmall", "er", "Ġshr", "ines", "Ġare", "Ġlocated", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġeast", "Ġand", "Ġwest", "Ġends", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcaves", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġeastern", "Ġsanctuary", "Ġserves", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġceremonial", "Ġentrance", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠEach", "Ġwall", "Ġhas", "Ġlarge", "Ġcar", "v", "ings", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "Ġeach", "Ġmore", "Ġthan", "Ġ5", "Ġmetres", "Ġ(", "Ġ16", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "Ġheight", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcentral", "ĠShiva", "Ġrelief", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "Ġis", "Ġlocated", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġsouth", "Ġwall", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġflanked", "Ġby", "ĠArd", "han", "aris", "v", "ara", "Ġ(", "Ġa", "Ġhalf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġman", "Ġ,", "Ġhalf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwoman", "Ġrepresentation", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ)", "Ġon", "Ġits", "Ġleft", "Ġand", "ĠGang", "adh", "ara", "Ġto", "Ġits", "Ġright", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġdenotes", "Ġthe", "ĠRiver", "ĠG", "anges", "Ġ'", "Ġdescent", "Ġfrom", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġm", "atted", "Ġlocks", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġcar", "v", "ings", "Ġrelated", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġlegend", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġare", "Ġalso", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġhall", "Ġat", "Ġstrategic", "Ġlocations", "Ġin", "Ġexclusive", "Ġcub", "icles", "Ġ;", "Ġthese", "Ġinclude", "ĠK", "aly", "anas", "und", "aram", "urt", "i", "Ġ,", "Ġdepicting", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmarriage", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgoddess", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ,", "ĠAnd", "hak", "as", "ur", "av", "ad", "am", "urt", "i", "Ġor", "ĠAnd", "hak", "as", "ur", "am", "ard", "ana", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġslaying", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdemon", "ĠAnd", "h", "aka", "Ġby", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "ĠShiva", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġon", "ĠMount", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġ(", "Ġthe", "Ġab", "ode", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠR", "avan", "an", "ug", "ra", "ha", "Ġ,", "Ġdepicting", "Ġthe", "Ġdemon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġking", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġshaking", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġmain", "Ġcave", "Ġblends", "ĠChal", "u", "ky", "an", "Ġarchitectural", "Ġfeatures", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġmassive", "Ġfigures", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġ,", "Ġguardians", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġsquare", "Ġpillars", "Ġwith", "Ġcustom", "Ġcapitals", "Ġwith", "ĠGupta", "Ġartistic", "Ġcharacteristics", "Ġ,", "Ġlike", "Ġthe", "Ġdepiction", "Ġof", "Ġmountains", "Ġand", "Ġclouds", "Ġand", "Ġfemale", "Ġhairst", "yles", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠLayout", "Ġ:", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠShiva", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġon", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġand", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġlifting", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġcarving", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġsouth", "Ġwall", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġport", "ico", "Ġdepicts", "ĠShiva", "Ġand", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġseated", "Ġon", "Ġtheir", "Ġab", "ode", "ĠMount", "ĠK", "ail", "ash" ]	89
. The four @-@ armed Shiva is seen with a crown and a disc behind it ( all damaged ) , the sacred thread across his chest , and a dressing gown covering up to the knee . Parvati , dressed in her finery with her hair falling to the front , looks away . Behind her at the right is a woman attendant holding the child , identified with her son Kartikeya , the war @-@ god . Many male and female attendants are seen behind the main figures . Shiva 's attendant , the skeleton @-@ like Bhringi , is seated at his feet . Other figures , not distinct , depict , among others , a royal @-@ looking tall person , ascetics , a fat figure , a dwarf , a bull ( the mount of Shiva ) , features of a Garuda , and two monkeys . The scenic beauty of the mountain is sculpted with the sky background amidst heavenly beings showering flowers on Shiva @-@ Parvati . This scene is interpreted as a gambling scene , where Parvati is angry as Shiva cheats in a game of dice . The carved panel facing this one is a two @-@ level depiction of Ravana lifting Kailash . The upper scene is Mount Kailash , where Shiva and Parvati are seated . The eight @-@ armed , three @-@ eyed Shiva wears headgear with a crescent and disc behind it . Most of his arms are broken , two of them resting on attendants ' heads . The Parvati figure , seated facing Shiva , remains only as a trunk . The panel is flanked by door keepers . Attendants of Shiva are also seen in the relief but mostly in a damaged state . Bhringi is seated near Shiva 's feet and to his left is the elephant @-@ headed son of Shiva , Ganesha . In this ensemble , the ten @-@ headed demon @-@ king Ravana is seen , with only one head left unscathed , and out of his twenty arms , only a few are discernible . Around Ravana are several demons . Numerous figures are seen above Shiva : the god Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , to his left ; a skeleton @-@ figure ; and in a recess , Parvati 's mount , a tiger is depicted . A legend relates to both these panels . Once , Parvati was annoyed with Shiva . At this moment , Ravana , who was passing by Mount Kailash , found it as an obstruction to his movement . Upset , Ravana shook it vigorously and as a result , Parvati got scared and hugged Shiva . Enraged by Ravana 's arrogance , Shiva stamped down on Ravana , who sang praises of Shiva to free him of his misery and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva . Another version states that Shiva was pleased with Ravana for restoring Parvati 's composure and blessed him . = = = Trimurti , Gangadhara and Ardhanarishvara = = = Described as a " masterpiece of Gupta @-@ Chalukyan art " , the most important sculpture in the caves is the Trimurti , carved in relief at the back of the cave facing the entrance , on the north @-@ south axis . It is also known as Trimurti Sadashiva and Maheshmurti . The image , 6 m ( 20 ft ) in height , depicts a three @-@ headed Shiva , representing Panchamukha Shiva . The three heads are said to represent three essential aspects of Shiva : creation , protection , and destruction . The right half @-@ face ( west face ) shows him as a young person with sensuous lips , embodying life and its vitality . In his hand he holds an object resembling a rosebud , depicting the promise of life and creativity . This face is closest to that of Brahma , the creator or Uma or Vamadeva , the feminine side of Shiva and creator of joy and beauty . The left half @-@ face ( east face ) is that of a moustached young man , displaying anger . This is Shiva as the terrifying Aghora or Bhairava , the one whose anger can engulf the entire world in flames , leaving only ashes behind . This is also known as Rudra @-@ Shiva , the Destroyer . The central face , benign and meditative , resembles the preserver Vishnu . This is Tatpurusha , " master of positive and negative principles of existence and preserver of their harmony " or Shiva as the yogi Yogeshwar in deep meditation praying for the preservation of humanity . The aspects Sadyojata and Ishana ( not carved ) faces are considered to be at the back and top of the sculpture . The Trimurti sculpture , with the Gateway of India in the background , has been adopted as the logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Department ( MTDC ) . The Gangadhara image to the right of the Trimurti is an ensemble	[ "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġarmed", "ĠShiva", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġcrown", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġdisc", "Ġbehind", "Ġit", "Ġ(", "Ġall", "Ġdamaged", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsacred", "Ġthread", "Ġacross", "Ġhis", "Ġchest", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġdressing", "Ġgown", "Ġcovering", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġknee", "Ġ.", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ,", "Ġdressed", "Ġin", "Ġher", "Ġfin", "ery", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġhair", "Ġfalling", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġfront", "Ġ,", "Ġlooks", "Ġaway", "Ġ.", "ĠBehind", "Ġher", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġwoman", "Ġattendant", "Ġholding", "Ġthe", "Ġchild", "Ġ,", "Ġidentified", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġson", "ĠKart", "ike", "ya", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġwar", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgod", "Ġ.", "ĠMany", "Ġmale", "Ġand", "Ġfemale", "Ġattendants", "Ġare", "Ġseen", "Ġbehind", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġfigures", "Ġ.", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġattendant", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġskeleton", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlike", "ĠBh", "ring", "i", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġseated", "Ġat", "Ġhis", "Ġfeet", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġfigures", "Ġ,", "Ġnot", "Ġdistinct", "Ġ,", "Ġdepict", "Ġ,", "Ġamong", "Ġothers", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġroyal", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlooking", "Ġtall", "Ġperson", "Ġ,", "Ġasc", "etics", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfat", "Ġfigure", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġdwarf", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġbull", "Ġ(", "Ġthe", "Ġmount", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġfeatures", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠGar", "uda", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġmonkeys", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġscenic", "Ġbeauty", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmountain", "Ġis", "Ġsculpt", "ed", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġsky", "Ġbackground", "Ġamidst", "Ġheavenly", "Ġbeings", "Ġshower", "ing", "Ġflowers", "Ġon", "ĠShiva", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġscene", "Ġis", "Ġinterpreted", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġgambling", "Ġscene", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġis", "Ġangry", "Ġas", "ĠShiva", "Ġche", "ats", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġgame", "Ġof", "Ġdice", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġcarved", "Ġpanel", "Ġfacing", "Ġthis", "Ġone", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtwo", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlevel", "Ġdepiction", "Ġof", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġlifting", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġupper", "Ġscene", "Ġis", "ĠMount", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "ĠShiva", "Ġand", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġare", "Ġseated", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġeight", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġarmed", "Ġ,", "Ġthree", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġeyed", "ĠShiva", "Ġwears", "Ġhead", "gear", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġc", "rescent", "Ġand", "Ġdisc", "Ġbehind", "Ġit", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġarms", "Ġare", "Ġbroken", "Ġ,", "Ġtwo", "Ġof", "Ġthem", "Ġresting", "Ġon", "Ġattendants", "Ġ'", "Ġheads", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġfigure", "Ġ,", "Ġseated", "Ġfacing", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "Ġremains", "Ġonly", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġtrunk", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpanel", "Ġis", "Ġflanked", "Ġby", "Ġdoor", "Ġkeep", "ers", "Ġ.", "ĠAtt", "endants", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġare", "Ġalso", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġrelief", "Ġbut", "Ġmostly", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġdamaged", "Ġstate", "Ġ.", "ĠBh", "ring", "i", "Ġis", "Ġseated", "Ġnear", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfeet", "Ġand", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġleft", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġelephant", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġheaded", "Ġson", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "ĠG", "anes", "ha", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthis", "Ġensemble", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġten", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġheaded", "Ġdemon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġking", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġonly", "Ġone", "Ġhead", "Ġleft", "Ġunsc", "athed", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġtwenty", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġonly", "Ġa", "Ġfew", "Ġare", "Ġdiscern", "ible", "Ġ.", "ĠAround", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġare", "Ġseveral", "Ġdemons", "Ġ.", "ĠNumerous", "Ġfigures", "Ġare", "Ġseen", "Ġabove", "ĠShiva", "Ġ:", "Ġthe", "Ġgod", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġ,", "Ġriding", "Ġhis", "Ġmount", "ĠGar", "uda", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġleft", "Ġ;", "Ġa", "Ġskeleton", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfigure", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġrecess", "Ġ,", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmount", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġtiger", "Ġis", "Ġdepicted", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠA", "Ġlegend", "Ġrelates", "Ġto", "Ġboth", "Ġthese", "Ġpanels", "Ġ.", "ĠOnce", "Ġ,", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġwas", "Ġannoyed", "Ġwith", "ĠShiva", "Ġ.", "ĠAt", "Ġthis", "Ġmoment", "Ġ,", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġpassing", "Ġby", "ĠMount", "ĠK", "ail", "ash", "Ġ,", "Ġfound", "Ġit", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġobstruction", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġmovement", "Ġ.", "ĠUps", "et", "Ġ,", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġshook", "Ġit", "Ġvigorously", "Ġand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġresult", "Ġ,", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġgot", "Ġscared", "Ġand", "Ġhugged", "ĠShiva", "Ġ.", "ĠEn", "raged", "Ġby", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġarrogance", "Ġ,", "ĠShiva", "Ġstamped", "Ġdown", "Ġon", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġsang", "Ġpraises", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġto", "Ġfree", "Ġhim", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġmisery", "Ġand", "Ġturned", "Ġinto", "Ġan", "Ġardent", "Ġdevote", "e", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ.", "ĠAnother", "Ġversion", "Ġstates", "Ġthat", "ĠShiva", "Ġwas", "Ġpleased", "Ġwith", "ĠRav", "ana", "Ġfor", "Ġrestoring", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcomposure", "Ġand", "Ġblessed", "Ġhim", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "Ġ,", "ĠGang", "adh", "ara", "Ġand", "ĠArd", "han", "ar", "ish", "v", "ara", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDes", "cribed", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġmasterpiece", "Ġof", "ĠGupta", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠChal", "u", "ky", "an", "Ġart", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġimportant", "Ġsculpture", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcaves", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "Ġ,", "Ġcarved", "Ġin", "Ġrelief", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcave", "Ġfacing", "Ġthe", "Ġentrance", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġsouth", "Ġaxis", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "ĠSad", "ash", "iva", "Ġand", "ĠMa", "hes", "hm", "urt", "i", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġimage", "Ġ,", "Ġ6", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ20", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "Ġheight", "Ġ,", "Ġdepicts", "Ġa", "Ġthree", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġheaded", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "Ġrepresenting", "ĠP", "anch", "am", "uk", "ha", "ĠShiva", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġthree", "Ġheads", "Ġare", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġrepresent", "Ġthree", "Ġessential", "Ġaspects", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ:", "Ġcreation", "Ġ,", "Ġprotection", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdestruction", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġright", "Ġhalf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġface", "Ġ(", "Ġwest", "Ġface", "Ġ)", "Ġshows", "Ġhim", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġyoung", "Ġperson", "Ġwith", "Ġsens", "uous", "Ġlips", "Ġ,", "Ġembod", "ying", "Ġlife", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġvitality", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġhis", "Ġhand", "Ġhe", "Ġholds", "Ġan", "Ġobject", "Ġresembling", "Ġa", "Ġrose", "b", "ud", "Ġ,", "Ġdepicting", "Ġthe", "Ġpromise", "Ġof", "Ġlife", "Ġand", "Ġcreativity", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġface", "Ġis", "Ġclosest", "Ġto", "Ġthat", "Ġof", "ĠBra", "hma", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcreator", "Ġor", "ĠU", "ma", "Ġor", "ĠV", "am", "ade", "va", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfeminine", "Ġside", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġand", "Ġcreator", "Ġof", "Ġjoy", "Ġand", "Ġbeauty", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġleft", "Ġhalf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġface", "Ġ(", "Ġeast", "Ġface", "Ġ)", "Ġis", "Ġthat", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġm", "oust", "ached", "Ġyoung", "Ġman", "Ġ,", "Ġdisplaying", "Ġanger", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġis", "ĠShiva", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġterrifying", "ĠA", "gh", "ora", "Ġor", "ĠBh", "air", "ava", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġone", "Ġwhose", "Ġanger", "Ġcan", "Ġengulf", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġworld", "Ġin", "Ġflames", "Ġ,", "Ġleaving", "Ġonly", "Ġashes", "Ġbehind", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġknown", "Ġas", "ĠRud", "ra", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠDestroyer", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcentral", "Ġface", "Ġ,", "Ġbenign", "Ġand", "Ġmed", "itative", "Ġ,", "Ġresembles", "Ġthe", "Ġpres", "erver", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġis", "ĠTat", "pur", "usha", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġmaster", "Ġof", "Ġpositive", "Ġand", "Ġnegative", "Ġprinciples", "Ġof", "Ġexistence", "Ġand", "Ġpres", "erver", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġharmony", "Ġ\"", "Ġor", "ĠShiva", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġyog", "i", "ĠYog", "esh", "war", "Ġin", "Ġdeep", "Ġmeditation", "Ġpraying", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġpreservation", "Ġof", "Ġhumanity", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġaspects", "ĠS", "ady", "oj", "ata", "Ġand", "ĠIsh", "ana", "Ġ(", "Ġnot", "Ġcarved", "Ġ)", "Ġfaces", "Ġare", "Ġconsidered", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġand", "Ġtop", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsculpture", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "Ġsculpture", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠGateway", "Ġof", "ĠIndia", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbackground", "Ġ,", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġadopted", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġlogo", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMaharashtra", "ĠTourism", "ĠDepartment", "Ġ(", "ĠMT", "DC", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠGang", "adh", "ara", "Ġimage", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġensemble" ]	90
of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati , the former bearing the River Ganges as she descends from heaven . The carving is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 5 @.@ 207 m ( 17 @.@ 08 ft ) high . The image is highly damaged , particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati , who is shown with four arms , two of which are broken . From the crown , a cup with a triple @-@ headed female figure ( with broken arms ) , representing the three sacred rivers Ganges , Yamuna , and Sarasvati , is depicted . Shiva is sculpted and bedecked with ornaments . The arms hold a coiling serpent whose hood is seen above his left shoulder . Another hand ( partly broken ) gives the semblance of Shiva hugging Parvati , with a head of matted hair . There is a small snake on the right hand and a tortoise close to the neck , with a bundle tied to the back . An ornamented drapery covers his lower torso , below the waist . Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with a coiffured hair dress , fully bedecked with ornaments and jewellery , also fully draped , with her right hand touching the head of a female attendant who carries Parvati 's dress case . The gods Brahma and Indra , with their mystic regalia and mounts , are shown to the right of Shiva ; Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , is shown to the left of Parvati . Many other details are defaced but a kneeling figure in the front is inferred to be the king who ordered the image to be carved . There are many divinities and attendant females at the back . The whole setting is under the sky and cloud scenes , with men and women , all dressed , shown showering flowers on the deities . In the chamber to the east of the Trimurti is the four @-@ armed Ardhanarishvara carving . This image , which is 5 @.@ 11 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , has a headdress ( double @-@ folded ) with two pleats draped towards the female head ( Parvati ) and the right side ( Shiva ) depicting curled hair and a crescent . The female figure has all the ornamentation ( broad armlets and long bracelets , a large ring in the ear , jewelled rings on the fingers ) but the right male figure has drooping hair , armlets and wristlets . One of his hands rests on Nandi ’ s left horn , Shiva 's mount , which is fairly well preserved . The pair of hands at the back is also bejewelled ; the right hand of the male holds a serpent , while the left hand of the female holds a mirror . The front left hand is broken but conjectured as holding the robe of the goddess . The central figure is surrounded by divinities . = = = Shiva slaying Andhaka and Wedding of Shiva = = = The engraved panel in the north end of the aisle is considered to be a unique sculpture , and shows Bhairava , or Virabhadra , a frightful form of Shiva . In the carved panel Shiva 's consort is seen sitting next to him , looking terrified . A female attendant is next to her . The central figure , which is much ruined below the waist , is 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) high and posed as if running . His headgear has a ruff on the back , a skull and cobra over the forehead , and the crescent high on the right . His facial expression is of intense anger discerned from his furrowed brow , swollen eyes , and tusks . The legs and five of the eight arms are broken , attributed to Portuguese vandalism . The smaller broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava 's image . It is interpreted that Shiva is spearing him with the front right hand , as conjectured by the spear seen hanging without any hold . Also seen is the back hand lifted up and holding an elephant 's skin as a cover ; the elephant 's head , carved tusk , and trunk are seen hanging from the left hand . The second left hand depicts a snake coiled round it . The hand holds a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain Andhaka . Furthermore , pieces of a male and two female forms , figures of two ascetics , a small figure in front , a female figure , and two dwarfs are also seen in the carved panel . An unusual sculpture seen above the head of the main figure of Shiva is of a " very wide bottle with a curved groove in the middle of it " , which can interpreted variously as : the aum or the linga or a Shiva shrine . The niche image carved on the south wall is an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati shown getting married ( Kalyanasundara	[ "Ġof", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġassembled", "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "Ġcentral", "Ġfigures", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġand", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġformer", "Ġbearing", "Ġthe", "ĠRiver", "ĠG", "anges", "Ġas", "Ġshe", "Ġdesc", "ends", "Ġfrom", "Ġheaven", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcarving", "Ġis", "Ġ4", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ13", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġwide", "Ġand", "Ġ5", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ207", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ17", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ08", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġhigh", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġimage", "Ġis", "Ġhighly", "Ġdamaged", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "Ġthe", "Ġlower", "Ġhalf", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġseen", "Ġseated", "Ġwith", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġis", "Ġshown", "Ġwith", "Ġfour", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġtwo", "Ġof", "Ġwhich", "Ġare", "Ġbroken", "Ġ.", "ĠFrom", "Ġthe", "Ġcrown", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġcup", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġtriple", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġheaded", "Ġfemale", "Ġfigure", "Ġ(", "Ġwith", "Ġbroken", "Ġarms", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġrepresenting", "Ġthe", "Ġthree", "Ġsacred", "Ġrivers", "ĠG", "anges", "Ġ,", "ĠYam", "una", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠSaras", "vati", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġdepicted", "Ġ.", "ĠShiva", "Ġis", "Ġsculpt", "ed", "Ġand", "Ġbed", "e", "ck", "ed", "Ġwith", "Ġor", "nam", "ents", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġarms", "Ġhold", "Ġa", "Ġco", "iling", "Ġserpent", "Ġwhose", "Ġhood", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġabove", "Ġhis", "Ġleft", "Ġshoulder", "Ġ.", "ĠAnother", "Ġhand", "Ġ(", "Ġpartly", "Ġbroken", "Ġ)", "Ġgives", "Ġthe", "Ġsemblance", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġhugging", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġm", "atted", "Ġhair", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġsmall", "Ġsnake", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġtort", "oise", "Ġclose", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġneck", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġbundle", "Ġtied", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", "Ġornament", "ed", "Ġdra", "per", "y", "Ġcovers", "Ġhis", "Ġlower", "Ġtorso", "Ġ,", "Ġbelow", "Ġthe", "Ġwaist", "Ġ.", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġis", "Ġcarved", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġco", "iff", "ured", "Ġhair", "Ġdress", "Ġ,", "Ġfully", "Ġbed", "e", "ck", "ed", "Ġwith", "Ġor", "nam", "ents", "Ġand", "Ġjew", "ellery", "Ġ,", "Ġalso", "Ġfully", "Ġdraped", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġtouching", "Ġthe", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġfemale", "Ġattendant", "Ġwho", "Ġcarries", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdress", "Ġcase", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "ĠBra", "hma", "Ġand", "ĠIndra", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġtheir", "Ġmystic", "Ġreg", "alia", "Ġand", "Ġmounts", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġshown", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ;", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġ,", "Ġriding", "Ġhis", "Ġmount", "ĠGar", "uda", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġshown", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġof", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ.", "ĠMany", "Ġother", "Ġdetails", "Ġare", "Ġdef", "aced", "Ġbut", "Ġa", "Ġkneeling", "Ġfigure", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfront", "Ġis", "Ġinferred", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġthe", "Ġking", "Ġwho", "Ġordered", "Ġthe", "Ġimage", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġcarved", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġmany", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġand", "Ġattendant", "Ġfemales", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġwhole", "Ġsetting", "Ġis", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġsky", "Ġand", "Ġcloud", "Ġscenes", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġmen", "Ġand", "Ġwomen", "Ġ,", "Ġall", "Ġdressed", "Ġ,", "Ġshown", "Ġshower", "ing", "Ġflowers", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġdeities", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġchamber", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠTr", "im", "urt", "i", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġarmed", "ĠArd", "han", "ar", "ish", "v", "ara", "Ġcarving", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġimage", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġ5", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ11", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ16", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ8", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "Ġheight", "Ġ,", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġhead", "dress", "Ġ(", "Ġdouble", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfolded", "Ġ)", "Ġwith", "Ġtwo", "Ġple", "ats", "Ġdraped", "Ġtowards", "Ġthe", "Ġfemale", "Ġhead", "Ġ(", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ)", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġside", "Ġ(", "ĠShiva", "Ġ)", "Ġdepicting", "Ġcurled", "Ġhair", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġc", "rescent", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfemale", "Ġfigure", "Ġhas", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġornament", "ation", "Ġ(", "Ġbroad", "Ġarm", "lets", "Ġand", "Ġlong", "Ġbrace", "lets", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġlarge", "Ġring", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġear", "Ġ,", "Ġjew", "elled", "Ġrings", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġfingers", "Ġ)", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġmale", "Ġfigure", "Ġhas", "Ġdro", "oping", "Ġhair", "Ġ,", "Ġarm", "lets", "Ġand", "Ġwrist", "lets", "Ġ.", "ĠOne", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġhands", "Ġrests", "Ġon", "ĠN", "andi", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġs", "Ġleft", "Ġhorn", "Ġ,", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmount", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġfairly", "Ġwell", "Ġpreserved", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġpair", "Ġof", "Ġhands", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġbe", "jew", "elled", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmale", "Ġholds", "Ġa", "Ġserpent", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġhand", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfemale", "Ġholds", "Ġa", "Ġmirror", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfront", "Ġleft", "Ġhand", "Ġis", "Ġbroken", "Ġbut", "Ġconject", "ured", "Ġas", "Ġholding", "Ġthe", "Ġrobe", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgoddess", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcentral", "Ġfigure", "Ġis", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġby", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠShiva", "Ġslaying", "ĠAnd", "h", "aka", "Ġand", "ĠWedding", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġengraved", "Ġpanel", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġaisle", "Ġis", "Ġconsidered", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġa", "Ġunique", "Ġsculpture", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġshows", "ĠBh", "air", "ava", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "ĠVir", "ab", "had", "ra", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfright", "ful", "Ġform", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġcarved", "Ġpanel", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcons", "ort", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġsitting", "Ġnext", "Ġto", "Ġhim", "Ġ,", "Ġlooking", "Ġterrified", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġfemale", "Ġattendant", "Ġis", "Ġnext", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcentral", "Ġfigure", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġmuch", "Ġruined", "Ġbelow", "Ġthe", "Ġwaist", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġ3", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ5", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ11", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġhigh", "Ġand", "Ġposed", "Ġas", "Ġif", "Ġrunning", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġhead", "gear", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġr", "uff", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġskull", "Ġand", "Ġcob", "ra", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġforehead", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġc", "rescent", "Ġhigh", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġfacial", "Ġexpression", "Ġis", "Ġof", "Ġintense", "Ġanger", "Ġdiscern", "ed", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġfur", "row", "ed", "Ġbrow", "Ġ,", "Ġswollen", "Ġeyes", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġt", "us", "ks", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġlegs", "Ġand", "Ġfive", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġeight", "Ġarms", "Ġare", "Ġbroken", "Ġ,", "Ġattributed", "Ġto", "ĠPortuguese", "Ġvandalism", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsmaller", "Ġbroken", "Ġimage", "ĠAnd", "h", "aka", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġbelow", "ĠBh", "air", "ava", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġimage", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġinterpreted", "Ġthat", "ĠShiva", "Ġis", "Ġspe", "aring", "Ġhim", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġfront", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġconject", "ured", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġspear", "Ġseen", "Ġhanging", "Ġwithout", "Ġany", "Ġhold", "Ġ.", "ĠAlso", "Ġseen", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġhand", "Ġlifted", "Ġup", "Ġand", "Ġholding", "Ġan", "Ġelephant", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġskin", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcover", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġelephant", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġhead", "Ġ,", "Ġcarved", "Ġt", "usk", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtrunk", "Ġare", "Ġseen", "Ġhanging", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġhand", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsecond", "Ġleft", "Ġhand", "Ġdepicts", "Ġa", "Ġsnake", "Ġco", "iled", "Ġround", "Ġit", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġhand", "Ġholds", "Ġa", "Ġbowl", "Ġto", "Ġcollect", "Ġthe", "Ġblood", "Ġdripping", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġslain", "ĠAnd", "h", "aka", "Ġ.", "ĠFurthermore", "Ġ,", "Ġpieces", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġmale", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġfemale", "Ġforms", "Ġ,", "Ġfigures", "Ġof", "Ġtwo", "Ġasc", "etics", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġsmall", "Ġfigure", "Ġin", "Ġfront", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġfemale", "Ġfigure", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġdwar", "fs", "Ġare", "Ġalso", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcarved", "Ġpanel", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", "Ġunusual", "Ġsculpture", "Ġseen", "Ġabove", "Ġthe", "Ġhead", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġfigure", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġis", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġvery", "Ġwide", "Ġbottle", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġcurved", "Ġgroove", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġmiddle", "Ġof", "Ġit", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġcan", "Ġinterpreted", "Ġvarious", "ly", "Ġas", "Ġ:", "Ġthe", "Ġa", "um", "Ġor", "Ġthe", "Ġling", "a", "Ġor", "Ġa", "ĠShiva", "Ġshrine", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġniche", "Ġimage", "Ġcarved", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġsouth", "Ġwall", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġensemble", "Ġof", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġassembled", "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "Ġcentral", "Ġfigures", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġand", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġshown", "Ġgetting", "Ġmarried", "Ġ(", "ĠK", "aly", "anas", "und", "ara" ]	91
icon ) . Parvati is seen standing to Shiva 's right , the ordained place for a Hindu bride at the wedding . The carvings are substantially damaged ; only one of Shiva 's four hands is fully seen and the right leg is missing . Shiva has a headdress with a shining disc attached to it . His garments are well @-@ draped , and well @-@ tied at the waist . The sacred thread is seen across his chest . Parvati is carved as a perfect figure with coiffured hair dress , well adorned with jewellery and is draped tightly to display depressions below the waist only . She is seen with a coy expression and is led by her father who has his right hand on her shoulder . Even though both her hands are damaged , it is inferred that her left hand clasped Shiva 's right hand as a mark of holy alliance . Brahma is sitting as the officiating priest for the marriage . Vishnu is witness to the marriage . Mena , the mother of Parvati , is seen standing next to Vishnu . The moon @-@ god Chandra , seen with a wig and a crescent , is standing behind Parvati holding a circular pot with nectar for the marriage ceremony . Just above the main images , a galaxy of divinities , bearded sages , apsaras ( nymphs ) , Vidyadharas , Yakshis , Gandharvas , Bhringi , and other male and female attendants are seen as witness to the marriage ceremony showering flowers on the divine couple . = = = Yogishvara and Nataraja = = = The panel to the east of the north portico is Shiva in a Yogic position called Yogisvara , Mahayogi , Dharmaraja and Lakulish . Resembling a Buddha , Shiva is in a dilapidated condition with only two broken arms . Shiva is seated in padmasana yogic posture ( cross legged ) on a lotus carried by two Nāgas . His crown is carved with details adorned by a crescent , a round frill at the back , and hair curls dropping on either side of the shoulders . His face is calm in mediation , his eyes half @-@ closed . This represents Shiva in penance sitting amidst the Himalayan mountains after the death of his first wife Sati , who was later reborn as Parvati . He is surrounded by divinities in the sky and attendants below . Also seen is a plantain with three leaves already open and one opening , as well as a sunflower blossom . These are flanked by two attendants . Other figures discerned from a study of the broken images are : Vishnu riding Garuda on a plantain leaf ; the Sun @-@ god Surya riding a fully saddled horse ( head missing ) ; a saint with a rosary ; two female figures in the sky draped up to their thighs ; a faceless figure of the moon with a water container ; three identical figures of a male flanked by two females ; the skeleton of a sage ; Brahma ( without one arm ) riding a swan ; and Indra without his mount ( elephant missing ) . The panel carving in the west niche opposite Yogishvara depicts Shiva as Nataraja performing the Tandava ( cosmic dance ) . The niche is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft ) high and set low on the wall . He wears well @-@ decorated headgear . The Shiva image displays a dance pose and had ten arms , but the first right and third left hands are missing . The remaining first right arm is held across the breast and touches the left side , the second right hand that is seen damaged with an out @-@ flaying pose is broken at the elbow . The third arm is damaged at the elbow , and the fourth is also broken but inferred to have held a Khatvanga ( skull @-@ club ) . The left arms , seen hanging , are damaged near the wrists . The third hand is bent ( but broken ) towards Parvati standing on the side and the fourth hand is raised up . The right thigh ( broken ) is lifted up , and the left leg is not seen at all , the elaborate armlets are well @-@ preserved and a skirt round the waist is tied by a ribbon . A tall figurine of Parvati stands to the left of Shiva , which is also seen partly broken but well bejewelled . An airborne female figure is seen behind Parvati . Other figures seen in the relief are : Vishnu riding a Garuda ; Indra riding his elephant ; the elephant @-@ headed Ganesha ; Kartikeya ; Bhrngi ; sages and attendants . = = = Main cave shrine = = = The central shrine is a free @-@ standing square cell , with entrances on each of its sides . Each door is flanked by two dvarapalas ( gate keepers )	[ "Ġicon", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġstanding", "Ġto", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġright", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġordained", "Ġplace", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "ĠHindu", "Ġbride", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġwedding", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcar", "v", "ings", "Ġare", "Ġsubstantially", "Ġdamaged", "Ġ;", "Ġonly", "Ġone", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfour", "Ġhands", "Ġis", "Ġfully", "Ġseen", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġleg", "Ġis", "Ġmissing", "Ġ.", "ĠShiva", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġhead", "dress", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġshining", "Ġdisc", "Ġattached", "Ġto", "Ġit", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġgarments", "Ġare", "Ġwell", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdraped", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwell", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġtied", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġwaist", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsacred", "Ġthread", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġacross", "Ġhis", "Ġchest", "Ġ.", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġis", "Ġcarved", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġperfect", "Ġfigure", "Ġwith", "Ġco", "iff", "ured", "Ġhair", "Ġdress", "Ġ,", "Ġwell", "Ġadorned", "Ġwith", "Ġjew", "ellery", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġdraped", "Ġtightly", "Ġto", "Ġdisplay", "Ġdepress", "ions", "Ġbelow", "Ġthe", "Ġwaist", "Ġonly", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġcoy", "Ġexpression", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġled", "Ġby", "Ġher", "Ġfather", "Ġwho", "Ġhas", "Ġhis", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġon", "Ġher", "Ġshoulder", "Ġ.", "ĠEven", "Ġthough", "Ġboth", "Ġher", "Ġhands", "Ġare", "Ġdamaged", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġinferred", "Ġthat", "Ġher", "Ġleft", "Ġhand", "Ġclasp", "ed", "ĠShiva", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġmark", "Ġof", "Ġholy", "Ġalliance", "Ġ.", "ĠBra", "hma", "Ġis", "Ġsitting", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġoffic", "iating", "Ġpriest", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmarriage", "Ġ.", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġis", "Ġwitness", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġmarriage", "Ġ.", "ĠMen", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġmother", "Ġof", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġstanding", "Ġnext", "Ġto", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmoon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgod", "ĠChandra", "Ġ,", "Ġseen", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġwig", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġc", "rescent", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġstanding", "Ġbehind", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġholding", "Ġa", "Ġcircular", "Ġpot", "Ġwith", "Ġn", "ectar", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmarriage", "Ġceremony", "Ġ.", "ĠJust", "Ġabove", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġimages", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġgalaxy", "Ġof", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġ,", "Ġbearded", "Ġs", "ages", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "ps", "ar", "as", "Ġ(", "Ġn", "ymph", "s", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "ĠV", "idy", "ad", "har", "as", "Ġ,", "ĠYak", "sh", "is", "Ġ,", "ĠGand", "har", "vas", "Ġ,", "ĠBh", "ring", "i", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġother", "Ġmale", "Ġand", "Ġfemale", "Ġattendants", "Ġare", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġwitness", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġmarriage", "Ġceremony", "Ġshower", "ing", "Ġflowers", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġcouple", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠYog", "ish", "v", "ara", "Ġand", "ĠN", "atar", "aja", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġpanel", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġport", "ico", "Ġis", "ĠShiva", "Ġin", "Ġa", "ĠYog", "ic", "Ġposition", "Ġcalled", "ĠYog", "is", "v", "ara", "Ġ,", "ĠMah", "ay", "ogi", "Ġ,", "ĠDh", "arm", "ar", "aja", "Ġand", "ĠLak", "ul", "ish", "Ġ.", "ĠRes", "em", "bling", "Ġa", "ĠBuddha", "Ġ,", "ĠShiva", "Ġis", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġdil", "ap", "idated", "Ġcondition", "Ġwith", "Ġonly", "Ġtwo", "Ġbroken", "Ġarms", "Ġ.", "ĠShiva", "Ġis", "Ġseated", "Ġin", "Ġpad", "mas", "ana", "Ġyog", "ic", "Ġposture", "Ġ(", "Ġcross", "Ġle", "gged", "Ġ)", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġlot", "us", "Ġcarried", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "ĠN", "Äģ", "gas", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġcrown", "Ġis", "Ġcarved", "Ġwith", "Ġdetails", "Ġadorned", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġc", "rescent", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġround", "Ġfr", "ill", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhair", "Ġcurls", "Ġdropping", "Ġon", "Ġeither", "Ġside", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġshoulders", "Ġ.", "ĠHis", "Ġface", "Ġis", "Ġcalm", "Ġin", "Ġmediation", "Ġ,", "Ġhis", "Ġeyes", "Ġhalf", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġclosed", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġrepresents", "ĠShiva", "Ġin", "Ġpen", "ance", "Ġsitting", "Ġamidst", "Ġthe", "ĠHimal", "ayan", "Ġmountains", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġdeath", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġfirst", "Ġwife", "ĠSat", "i", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġlater", "Ġreborn", "Ġas", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġis", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġby", "Ġdiv", "in", "ities", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsky", "Ġand", "Ġattendants", "Ġbelow", "Ġ.", "ĠAlso", "Ġseen", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġplant", "ain", "Ġwith", "Ġthree", "Ġleaves", "Ġalready", "Ġopen", "Ġand", "Ġone", "Ġopening", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġsun", "flower", "Ġbl", "ossom", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġare", "Ġflanked", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "Ġattendants", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġfigures", "Ġdiscern", "ed", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġstudy", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbroken", "Ġimages", "Ġare", "Ġ:", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġriding", "ĠGar", "uda", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġplant", "ain", "Ġleaf", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "ĠSun", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgod", "ĠS", "ury", "a", "Ġriding", "Ġa", "Ġfully", "Ġsadd", "led", "Ġhorse", "Ġ(", "Ġhead", "Ġmissing", "Ġ)", "Ġ;", "Ġa", "Ġsaint", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġro", "s", "ary", "Ġ;", "Ġtwo", "Ġfemale", "Ġfigures", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsky", "Ġdraped", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġthighs", "Ġ;", "Ġa", "Ġfac", "eless", "Ġfigure", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmoon", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġwater", "Ġcontainer", "Ġ;", "Ġthree", "Ġidentical", "Ġfigures", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġmale", "Ġflanked", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "Ġfemales", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġskeleton", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġsage", "Ġ;", "ĠBra", "hma", "Ġ(", "Ġwithout", "Ġone", "Ġarm", "Ġ)", "Ġriding", "Ġa", "Ġsw", "an", "Ġ;", "Ġand", "ĠIndra", "Ġwithout", "Ġhis", "Ġmount", "Ġ(", "Ġelephant", "Ġmissing", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġpanel", "Ġcarving", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġwest", "Ġniche", "Ġopposite", "ĠYog", "ish", "v", "ara", "Ġdepicts", "ĠShiva", "Ġas", "ĠN", "atar", "aja", "Ġperforming", "Ġthe", "ĠT", "and", "ava", "Ġ(", "Ġcosmic", "Ġdance", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġniche", "Ġis", "Ġ4", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ13", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġwide", "Ġand", "Ġ3", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ4", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ11", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġhigh", "Ġand", "Ġset", "Ġlow", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġwall", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwears", "Ġwell", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġdecorated", "Ġhead", "gear", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠShiva", "Ġimage", "Ġdisplays", "Ġa", "Ġdance", "Ġpose", "Ġand", "Ġhad", "Ġten", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġright", "Ġand", "Ġthird", "Ġleft", "Ġhands", "Ġare", "Ġmissing", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġremaining", "Ġfirst", "Ġright", "Ġarm", "Ġis", "Ġheld", "Ġacross", "Ġthe", "Ġbreast", "Ġand", "Ġtouches", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġside", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġright", "Ġhand", "Ġthat", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġdamaged", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġout", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfl", "aying", "Ġpose", "Ġis", "Ġbroken", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġelbow", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġthird", "Ġarm", "Ġis", "Ġdamaged", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġelbow", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġfourth", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġbroken", "Ġbut", "Ġinferred", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġheld", "Ġa", "ĠK", "hat", "v", "anga", "Ġ(", "Ġskull", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġclub", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġleft", "Ġarms", "Ġ,", "Ġseen", "Ġhanging", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġdamaged", "Ġnear", "Ġthe", "Ġwrists", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġthird", "Ġhand", "Ġis", "Ġbent", "Ġ(", "Ġbut", "Ġbroken", "Ġ)", "Ġtowards", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġstanding", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġside", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġfourth", "Ġhand", "Ġis", "Ġraised", "Ġup", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġright", "Ġthigh", "Ġ(", "Ġbroken", "Ġ)", "Ġis", "Ġlifted", "Ġup", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġleg", "Ġis", "Ġnot", "Ġseen", "Ġat", "Ġall", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġelaborate", "Ġarm", "lets", "Ġare", "Ġwell", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpreserved", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġskirt", "Ġround", "Ġthe", "Ġwaist", "Ġis", "Ġtied", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġribbon", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġtall", "Ġfigur", "ine", "Ġof", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġstands", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġleft", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġalso", "Ġseen", "Ġpartly", "Ġbroken", "Ġbut", "Ġwell", "Ġbe", "jew", "elled", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", "Ġairborne", "Ġfemale", "Ġfigure", "Ġis", "Ġseen", "Ġbehind", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġfigures", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġrelief", "Ġare", "Ġ:", "ĠVish", "nu", "Ġriding", "Ġa", "ĠGar", "uda", "Ġ;", "ĠIndra", "Ġriding", "Ġhis", "Ġelephant", "Ġ;", "Ġthe", "Ġelephant", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġheaded", "ĠG", "anes", "ha", "Ġ;", "ĠKart", "ike", "ya", "Ġ;", "ĠB", "hr", "ng", "i", "Ġ;", "Ġs", "ages", "Ġand", "Ġattendants", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMain", "Ġcave", "Ġshrine", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġcentral", "Ġshrine", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġfree", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstanding", "Ġsquare", "Ġcell", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġentrances", "Ġon", "Ġeach", "Ġof", "Ġits", "Ġsides", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġdoor", "Ġis", "Ġflanked", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "Ġd", "var", "ap", "al", "as", "Ġ(", "Ġgate", "Ġkeep", "ers", "Ġ)" ]	92
. The Linga , the symbol of Shiva in union with the Yoni , and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity that is deified by the shrine . The Linga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Six steps lead to this level from the floor level . The height of the eight dvarapalas varies from 4 @.@ 521 – 4 @.@ 623 m ( 14 @.@ 83 – 15 @.@ 17 ft ) . All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine . The southern gate statue has many unusual features – unusual headgear ; a large skull above the forehead ; lips parted with protruding teeth ; statues adorned with a single bead necklace , earrings , plain twisted armlets and thick wristlets ; a stooped right shoulder ; a globe held at navel level ; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand , and the legs are shapeless . = = = East wing = = = Several courtyards to the east and west of the main cave are blocked , though there is a 17 m ( 56 ft ) -wide courtyard that is accessible by entering the eastern part and climbing nine steps . A temple on the southern wall of the court depicts a well @-@ preserved fresco . The circular pedestal seen in the courtyard in front of the Shiva 's shrine near the east end , in the open area , is said to be the seat of Nandi , Shiva 's mount . On each side of the steps leading to the temple @-@ cave portico is a winged lion , or leogriff , each seated with a raised forepaw . The portico has chambers at each end and a Linga @-@ shrine at the back . Five low steps and a threshold lead into the central Linga @-@ shrine which is 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep and has a circumambulatory path ( Pradakshina @-@ path ) around it . At the back of the portico , near the east end , is a gigantic statue of a four @-@ armed doorkeeper with two attendant demons . At the north end is a standing figure holding a trident . His left hand rests on a defaced demon @-@ figure . The west wall depicts the Ashta @-@ Matrikas ( eight mother goddesses ) , flanked by Kartikeya and Ganesha , the sons of Shiva . Some of Matrikas are depicted with children , but all of them are shown by their respective mounts ( bull , swan , peacock , a Garuda , etc . ) which identify them . At the east end of the portico is another chapel with a plain interior and sunken floor . Water drips in this chapel . = = = West wing = = = The west wing , entered through the main cave , is in a semi @-@ ruined state . It has a small chapel and a cistern enclosed within the pillared cave , which is believed to be Buddhist . Another shrine to the west of the courtyard , with a portico , has carvings of Shiva in a yogic pose seated on a lotus carried by “ two fat , heavy , wigged figures ” . This carving also depicts a three @-@ faced bearded Bramha and several other figurines . Entering through the back door of the portico is a cave enshrined with a multifaceted Shiva Linga erected over roughly hewn salunkhs . At the door entrance on both flanks , statues of gatekeepers standing over demons and two fat , poised figures are seen . On the southern side of the door is an ensemble of a number of statues . Prominent among these is the Shiva carving , which is depicted with six arms and the third eye in the forehead . Though in a partly ruined state , the carving shows Shiva with an ornamented crown fixed with a crescent , seen carrying a cobra in the left hand , a club in another hand , and discerned to be in a dancing pose . Next to this image are a figure under a plantain tree and a Shiva image ( Yogishvara ) seated on a lotus . Also seen in the panel are a male figure riding a bull with a bell fastened to its neck , a female figure and another carving to left of Shiva , a female figure with a jewel on her forehead with neatly looped headdress , Indra riding an elephant , Vishnu with four arms , holding a discus in one of his left hands and riding on Garuda flanked by a small flying figure , and a male figure with crescent in his hair . = = Other notable caves = = To the south @-@ east of the Great Cave is the second excavation , which faces east @-@ northeast	[ "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠLing", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsymbol", "Ġof", "ĠShiva", "Ġin", "Ġunion", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠY", "oni", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsymbol", "Ġof", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġtogether", "Ġsymbol", "ise", "Ġthe", "Ġsupreme", "Ġunity", "Ġthat", "Ġis", "Ġde", "ified", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġshrine", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠLing", "a", "Ġis", "Ġset", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġraised", "Ġplatform", "Ġabove", "Ġthe", "Ġfloor", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġshrine", "Ġby", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ".", "@", 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. It includes a chapel at the north end . The front of this cave is completely destroyed ; only fragments of some semi @-@ columns remain . The interior has suffered water damage . The portico is 26 m ( 85 ft ) long and 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep . The chapel is supported by eight eight @-@ cornered columns and two demi @-@ columns and is irregular in shape . At the back of the portico are three chambers ; the central one has an altar and a water channel ( pranalika ) , though the Linga is lost . The shrine door has some traces of sculpture ( a boy , a fat figure , alligators on the frieze , and broken animal figures at the head of a doorjamb ) . The door @-@ keepers of the shrine are now in fragments . A little to the south of the last cave is another cave in worse condition , with water damage . It is a portico in which each end probably had a chapel or room with pillars in front . Two of them have cells at the back . The central door at the back of the portico leads to a damaged shrine . The shrine door has door @-@ keepers at each side , leaning on dwarfs with flying figures over the head , with door @-@ keepers and demons on the jamb and architrave . The shrine is a plain room 6 m ( 20 ft ) deep by 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) wide with a low altar , holding a Linga . South of this cave is a cavern that may be used as a cistern . Above these caves is a tiger sculpture , which was worshipped as the tiger goddess Vaghesheri . This sculpture may be a guardian of the north entrance of Cave 1 . A Linga is also found near a small pond at top of the hill . Sculptures depicting a stone with a sun and a moon and a mother suckling a child ( now moved ) were also found nearby . Across the top of the ravine from Cave 1 is large hall known as Sitabai 's Temple ( cave ) . The portico has four pillars and two pilasters . The hall has 3 chambers at the back , the central one a shrine and the rest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) . The door of the central shrine has pilasters and a frieze , with the threshold having lion figures at the end . The shrine has an altar , a water channel , and hole in the centre , in which a statue of Parvati may have been worshipped . A 17th @-@ century record states that " this cave [ has ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble " and two idols , one of goddess Vetal Candi and a head being in a large square seat . Passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of Sitabai 's cave is a small Hindu excavation with a veranda , which was probably to be three cells , but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock . Towards the east of hill is a dry pond , with large artificial boulders and Buddhist cisterns along its banks . At the end of the north spur of the main hill is a mound that resembles a Buddhist stupa . = = Preservation = = The threats to Elephanta Caves have been identified as the following : developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the Mumbai harbour ) , anthropogenic pressure due to growth of population of the communities residing on the island , industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island , no risk preparedness plan to address natural calamities such as earthquake , cyclones and terrorist attacks , unsustainable tourism and tourist facilities on the island , and poor management of the heritage monument . Preservation of Elephanta Island as a whole with its monuments has been ensured both through legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures . The basic legislations enacted are : The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 and Rules ( 1959 ) ; The Elephanta Island ( Protected Monument ) Rules of 1957 , which prohibits mining , quarrying , blasting , excavation and other operations near the monument ; the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973 ; a Notification issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) area from the shore as " a prohibited area " ; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site ; the 1966 Regional and Town Planning Act ; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay . The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , Aurangabad Circle , on the basis of the above legislation and rules , maintain and manage the monuments . The physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include stabilisation of the rock face , construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars have collapsed , and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parap	[ "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġincludes", "Ġa", "Ġchapel", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġend", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfront", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġcave", "Ġis", "Ġcompletely", "Ġdestroyed", "Ġ;", "Ġonly", "Ġfragments", "Ġof", "Ġsome", "Ġsemi", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcolumns", "Ġremain", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġinterior", "Ġhas", "Ġsuffered", "Ġwater", "Ġdamage", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġport", "ico", "Ġis", "Ġ26", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ85", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġlong", "Ġand", "Ġ11", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ36", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġdeep", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġchapel", "Ġis", "Ġsupported", "Ġby", "Ġeight", "Ġeight", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcor", "nered", "Ġcolumns", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġdem", "i", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcolumns", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġirregular", "Ġin", "Ġshape", "Ġ.", "ĠAt", "Ġthe", "Ġback", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġport", "ico", "Ġare", 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"Ġconstruction", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġparap" ]	94
et wall surrounding the site . In addition , visitor facilities at the site have been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities , railing construction , pathways , and a flight of steps from the jetty to the caves ) . An on @-@ site museum has been established and a conservation plan has been put in place . Overall , conservation of the property is stated to be good . The site receives approximately 25 @,@ 000 visitors per month . Public information brochures are also available at the venue of the monuments . During the World Heritage Day on 18 April and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November there are special events held at the caves . Another popular event organised is an annual traditional dance festival that attracts many visitors . After declaring the caves a World Heritage Site , UNESCO granted $ 100 @,@ 000 to document the site 's history and draw up a site plan . A part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves . Based on assessments by UNESCO , management plans include : better communication and collaboration between the ASI , on @-@ site staff , and other responsible government departments ; improved public information and awareness programs ; monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment ; greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water leakages into the caves ; and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures . The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) is also involved with the Archaeological Survey of India in improving the local conditions at the cave site . A book has been published jointly by UNESCO , INTACH and the Government of India which presents a comprehensive site plan for restoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves . = Devin Townsend = Devin Garret Townsend ( born May 5 , 1972 ) is a Canadian musician , songwriter and record producer . He was the founder , songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist in extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from 1994 to 2007 and has an extensive career as a solo artist . After performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school , Townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on Steve Vai 's album Sex & Religion . After recording and touring with Vai , Townsend was discouraged by what he found in the music industry , and vented his anger on the solo album Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing released under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He soon assembled a band under the name , and released the critically acclaimed City in 1997 . Since then , he has released three more studio albums with Strapping Young Lad , along with solo material released under his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records . Townsend 's solo albums , a diverse mix of hard rock , progressive metal , ambient , and new @-@ age , have featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians . In 2002 he formed the Devin Townsend Band , a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for two of his solo releases . In 2007 , he disbanded both Strapping Young Lad and the Devin Townsend Band , taking a break from touring to spend more time with his family . After a two @-@ year hiatus , he began recording again , and soon announced the formation of the Devin Townsend Project . The project began with a series of four albums , released from 2009 to 2011 , each written in a different style , and Townsend continues to record and tour under the new moniker . Across all his bands and projects , Townsend has released twenty @-@ three studio albums and three live albums . Townsend 's trademark production style , featuring a heavily multitracked wall of sound , has been compared to the styles of Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . His versatile vocal delivery ranges from screaming to an opera @-@ esque singing , and his songwriting is similarly diverse . Townsend 's musical style is rooted in metal , and his albums are written to express different aspects of his personality . = = Biography = = = = = Early musical career ( 1972 – 1994 ) = = = Devin Townsend was born in New Westminster , British Columbia , on May 5 , 1972 . Townsend picked up the banjo when he was five , and began playing guitar when he was 12 . As an early teenager he befriended Brian " Beav " Waddell , who would later play guitars as part of the Devin Townsend Band and bass on the Devin Townsend Project . He participated in several metal bands while he was in high school , and founded Grey Skies at the age of 19 . Around the same time he joined a popular local group called Caustic Thought , replacing Jed Simon on guitar and playing alongside bassist Byron Stroud , both of whom would later become members of Townsend 's flagship band , Strapping Young Lad . In 1993 , Townsend began writing material under the name Noisescapes , a project he later described as " just as violent as Strapping Young Lad " . Townsend recorded a Noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels . Relativity Records responded to Townsend with a record deal	[ "et", "Ġwall", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġthe", "Ġsite", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġaddition", "Ġ,", "Ġvisitor", "Ġfacilities", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġsite", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġupgraded", "Ġ(", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġtoilet", "Ġfacilities", "Ġ,", "Ġrailing", "Ġconstruction", "Ġ,", "Ġpathways", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġflight", "Ġof", "Ġsteps", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġjet", "ty", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġcaves", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠAn", "Ġon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġsite", "Ġmuseum", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġestablished", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġconservation", "Ġplan", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġput", "Ġin", "Ġplace", "Ġ.", "ĠOverall", "Ġ,", "Ġconservation", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġproperty", "Ġis", "Ġstated", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġgood", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsite", "Ġreceives", "Ġapproximately", "Ġ25", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġvisitors", "Ġper", "Ġmonth", "Ġ.", "ĠPublic", "Ġinformation", "Ġbroch", "ures", "Ġare", "Ġalso", "Ġavailable", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġvenue", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmonuments", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", 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and Townsend began work on what was to be the first Noisescapes album , Promise . Shortly afterward , the label introduced him to musician Steve Vai . Impressed with Townsend 's vocal work , Vai offered him the role of the lead vocalist on his new album Sex and Religion . After recording Sex and Religion , Townsend accompanied Vai on a world tour in support of the album . Townsend soon landed a second touring gig , this time with the opening band of Vai 's tour , the Wildhearts . He played live with the band throughout half of 1994 in Europe , and appeared as a guest musician on their single Urge . Ginger , the band 's frontman , remained close friends with Townsend , later co @-@ writing several songs on Infinity and the Christeen + 4 Demos EP . While on tour with the Wildhearts , Townsend formed a short @-@ lived thrash metal project with Metallica 's then @-@ bassist Jason Newsted . The band , known as IR8 , featured Newsted on vocals and bass , Townsend on guitar , and Tom Hunting of Exodus on drums . The group recorded a few songs together , although Townsend says that they never intended to go further than that . " People heard about it and thought we wanted to put out a CD , which is absolutely not true , " he explains . " People took this project way too seriously . " A demo tape was put together , but the material was not released until 2002 , when Newsted published the IR8 vs. Sexoturica compilation . Though Townsend was proud of what he had accomplished so early in his career , he was discouraged by his experience with the music industry . " I was becoming a product of somebody else 's imagination , and it was mixing with my own personality , " he later reflected . " This combination was appalling . " He pushed to get his own projects off the ground . Despite getting notable touring gigs with other musicians , however , Townsend continued to face rejection of his own music . Relativity Records dropped Noisescapes from their label shortly after Townsend accepted Vai 's offer , seeing no commercial appeal in Townsend 's music . " I have a hunch they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with Steve , " he mused . While touring with the Wildhearts , Townsend received a phone call from an A & R representative for Roadrunner Records , expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him . The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner , who regarded Townsend 's recordings as " just noise " . = = = Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing through Infinity ( 1994 – 1998 ) = = = In 1994 , Century Media Records offered Townsend a contract to make " some extreme albums " . He agreed to a five @-@ album deal with the record label , and also provided much of the guitar work on the 1994 album Millennium and the 1995 album Hard Wired by Vancouver industrial band Front Line Assembly . Townsend began to record material under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He avoided using his real name at this point in career , looking for a fresh start after his high @-@ profile Vai gig . " At the beginning , I wanted to avoid at all cost to use my name because I was known as the singer for Steve Vai and it wasn 't the best publicity to have , " he later explained . " I was playing somebody else 's music and I was judged in respect to that music . " Townsend produced and performed nearly all the instruments on the debut studio album , Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing , which was released in April 1995 . Following the release of the record , Townsend and several other musician friends he knew in Vancouver recorded his first solo album in 1996 entitled Punky Brüster – Cooked on Phonics . Written and recorded in under a month , the album was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents the act of selling out for mainstream success . Townsend founded his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records , to release the album . Townsend assembled a permanent lineup of Strapping Young Lad to record City , including prolific metal drummer Gene Hoglan , along with Townsend 's former bandmates Jed Simon on guitar and Byron Stroud on bass . The industrial @-@ influenced album was released in 1997 . To this day , the album is widely considered Strapping Young Lad 's best work , with Metal Maniacs calling it " groundbreaking " and Revolver naming it " one of the greatest metal albums of all time " . Townsend himself considers it the band 's " ultimate " album . Later that year , Townsend released his second solo album , Ocean Machine : Biomech . The album featured a mix of hard rock , ambient , and progressive rock . After the completion of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , Townsend began to approach a mental breakdown . 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"Ġmeat", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġhe", "Ġexplained", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"" ]	96
life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises that the other little pieces of meat seemed to understand . " In 1997 , he checked himself into a mental @-@ health hospital , where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . The diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music were coming from ; he felt his disorder " gave birth to the two extremes that are Strapping 's City record and Ocean Machine : Biomech . " After being discharged from the hospital , Townsend found that " everything just clicked " and he was able to write his third solo album , Infinity , which he described as " the parent project " of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , with music influenced by Broadway . Townsend returned to the studio , accompanied by Hoglan , to work on the album , on which Townsend played most of the instruments . Infinity was released in October 1998 . Later in his career , Townsend has cited Infinity as his favorite solo record . With Infinity , Townsend began to label all albums outside of Strapping Young Lad under his own name , dropping the Ocean Machine moniker , to reduce confusion . He wanted to show that despite the highly varied nature of his projects , they are all simply aspects of his identity . The album Biomech was relabeled and redistributed as Ocean Machine : Biomech , under Townsend 's name , to reflect the new arrangement . Townsend 's bandmates began to play two sets at their shows , one as Strapping Young Lad , and one as the Devin Townsend Band , playing songs from Townsend 's solo albums . = = = Physicist and Terria ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = Townsend 's next project took several years to come to fruition . After the creation of the IR8 demo tape , Townsend and Jason Newsted had begun work on a new project called Fizzicist , which they described as " heavier than Strapping Young Lad " . When the IR8 tape was leaked , Newsted 's Metallica bandmates James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich learned of the project . Hetfield was " fucking pissed " that Newsted was playing outside the band , and Newsted was prevented by his bandmates from working on any more side projects . With the project stalled , Townsend instead wrote the album himself , entitling it Physicist . Townsend assembled his Strapping Young Lad bandmates to record it , the only time this lineup was featured on a Devin Townsend album . The thrash @-@ influenced Physicist was released in June 2000 , and is generally considered a low point in Townsend 's career . Hoglan and the rest of the band were dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed , and Townsend considers it his worst album to date . Feeling he had " ostracized a bunch of fans " with Physicist , Townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record . Townsend was inspired one morning while driving across Canada with his band , and looked to write an " introspective " album dedicated to his homeland . He produced and recorded Terria , a " highly illustrated stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness " album , with Gene Hoglan on drums , Craig McFarland on bass and Jamie Meyer on keyboards . Townsend cited Ween 's White Pepper as an inspiration for the album . Terria was released in November 2001 . = = = Strapping Young Lad through Synchestra ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = = Townsend 's solo run lasted until 2002 . After a five @-@ year break from recording , Strapping Young Lad reunited to record a new album . Townsend credits the album , Strapping Young Lad , as an emotional response to the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , in the United States . " If the world 's about to blow up , " said Townsend , " let 's write the soundtrack for it . " The album 's lyrics were based more around fear and insecurity than the " hostile " lyrics of City . Musically , Strapping Young Lad was less industrial than City , and more reminiscent of death metal , with a " larger @-@ than @-@ life " rock production style . Townsend cited Front Line Assembly , Grotus , and Samael 's Passage as influences . The self @-@ titled album was released in February 2003 . It received lukewarm reviews , with critics finding it inferior to City , but it was the band 's first charting album , entering at 97th place on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart . While Strapping Young Lad was being reunited , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band consisted of Brian " Beav " Waddell on guitar , Mike Young on bass , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and Dave Young on keyboards . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend worked on the band 's first album , Accelerated Evolution , at the same time he	[ "Ġlife", "Ġforms", "Ġpushing", "Ġair", "Ġthrough", "Ġthemselves", "Ġand", "Ġmaking", "Ġnoises", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġlittle", "Ġpieces", "Ġof", "Ġmeat", "Ġseemed", "Ġto", "Ġunderstand", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠIn", "Ġ1997", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġchecked", "Ġhimself", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġmental", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhealth", "Ġhospital", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġdiagnosed", "Ġwith", "Ġbipolar", "Ġdisorder", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġdiagnosis", "Ġhelped", "Ġhim", "Ġunderstand", "Ġwhere", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "Ġsides", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġmusic", "Ġwere", "Ġcoming", "Ġfrom", "Ġ;", "Ġhe", "Ġfelt", "Ġhis", "Ġdisorder", "Ġ\"", "Ġgave", "Ġbirth", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "Ġextremes", "Ġthat", "Ġare", "ĠStra", "pping", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠCity", "Ġrecord", "Ġand", "ĠOcean", "ĠMachine", "Ġ:", "ĠBi", "ome", "ch", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠAfter", "Ġbeing", "Ġdischarged", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġhospital", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġfound", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", 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"Ġfear", "Ġand", "Ġinsecurity", "Ġthan", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġhostile", "Ġ\"", "Ġlyrics", "Ġof", "ĠCity", "Ġ.", "ĠMus", "ically", "Ġ,", "ĠStra", "pping", "ĠYoung", "ĠLad", "Ġwas", "Ġless", "Ġindustrial", "Ġthan", "ĠCity", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġmore", "Ġreminiscent", "Ġof", "Ġdeath", "Ġmetal", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġlarger", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġthan", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlife", "Ġ\"", "Ġrock", "Ġproduction", "Ġstyle", "Ġ.", "ĠTownsend", "Ġcited", "ĠFront", "ĠLine", "ĠAssembly", "Ġ,", "ĠGro", "t", "us", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠS", "ama", "el", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠPassage", "Ġas", "Ġinfluences", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġself", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġtitled", "Ġalbum", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġin", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ2003", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġreceived", "Ġl", "uke", "warm", "Ġreviews", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġcritics", "Ġfinding", "Ġit", "Ġinferior", "Ġto", "ĠCity", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġband", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġchart", "ing", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "Ġentering", "Ġat", "Ġ97", "th", "Ġplace", "Ġon", "ĠBillboard", "Ġ'", "s", 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was working on Strapping Young Lad , spending half the week on one and half on the other . Accelerated Evolution , named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year , was released a month after Strapping Young Lad . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called it " the album of the year " , praising it for " the hard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' rockin ' yet majestic and beautiful . " Prior to the formation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend had represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the band would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend 's two bands toured separately for their separate albums . Strapping Young Lad began working on their next album , Alien , in March 2004 . Feeling that the band 's previous album did not live up to expectations , Townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme . To prepare for the new album , Townsend stopped taking the medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder . " I think that as an artist , in order for me to get to the next plateau , I kind of feel the need to explore things and sometimes that exploration leads you to places that are a little crazy , " he explains . " And Alien was no exception with that . " Although Townsend considered the album an " impenetrable mass of technicality " , it was well received on its release , selling 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several Billboard charts . Around this time , Townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of the video game Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel . Shortly thereafter Townsend began putting together the next Devin Townsend Band record , with the working title Human . Townsend intended the album as the more " pleasant " counterpart to Alien . " It 's basically a record about coming back down to earth after being in space with Alien for a while . " The album ended up being renamed Synchestra and was released in January 2006 . Townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in Synchestra , blending his trademark " pop metal " with influences from folk , polka , and Middle Eastern music . The final Strapping Young Lad album , The New Black , was released later in 2006 . = = = Ziltoid the Omniscient and hiatus ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = = Townsend withdrew from touring to spend time with his family . From home , Townsend completed his second solo ambient album , The Hummer , releasing it exclusively on his website in November 2006 . In May 2007 , Townsend released Ziltoid the Omniscient , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rock opera about the eponymous fictional alien . This was truly a solo album ; he programmed the drums using Drumkit from Hell , a software drum machine that uses samples recorded by Tomas Haake of Meshuggah and played all other instruments himself . Shortly after the album 's release , Townsend announced that he no longer planned to tour or make albums with Strapping Young Lad or the Devin Townsend Band . He explained that he was " burnt out on travelling , touring , and self promotion " and wished to do production work , write albums , and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring . In 2008 , Townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse ( see Musician cameos in Metalocalypse for more ) . The original character design for Pickles the Drummer , one of the series ' main characters , bore a striking resemblance to Townsend . The series ' co @-@ creator Brendon Small acknowledged the similarity , and altered the design before the series began . " We made sure he didn 't look like Devin Townsend . We gave him the goatee and the dreadover so he wouldn 't look like that . " = = = Devin Townsend Project ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = = After removing himself from the music industry , Townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoking . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music without drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it unrewarding and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write " . This began a period of " self discovery " where he learned " how to create without drugs " . Over two years , Townsend wrote over 60 songs , and found that they fit into " four distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans for a four @-@ album series called Devin Townsend Project , with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " accountable " for the persona he projects to the public . The project 's concept includes a different " theme " and a different group of musicians on each album . Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project tet	[ "Ġwas", "Ġworking", "Ġon", "ĠStra", "pping", "ĠYoung", "ĠLad", "Ġ,", "Ġspending", "Ġhalf", "Ġthe", "Ġweek", "Ġon", "Ġone", "Ġand", "Ġhalf", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġother", "Ġ.", "ĠAcceler", "ated", "ĠEvolution", "Ġ,", "Ġnamed", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġpace", "Ġof", "Ġputting", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġband", "Ġtogether", "Ġin", "Ġunder", "Ġa", "Ġyear", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġa", "Ġmonth", "Ġafter", "ĠStra", "pping", "ĠYoung", "ĠLad", "Ġ.", "ĠMike", "ĠG", ".", "Ġof", "ĠMetal", "ĠMan", "iac", "s", "Ġcalled", "Ġit", "Ġ\"", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġpraising", "Ġit", "Ġfor", "Ġ\"", "Ġthe", "Ġhard", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġto", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġaccomplish", "Ġtrick", "Ġof", "Ġbeing", "Ġextreme", "Ġyet", "Ġaccessible", "Ġ,", "Ġsimultaneously", "Ġheavy", "Ġ'", "Ġn", "Ġ'", "Ġrock", "in", "Ġ'", "Ġyet", "Ġmajestic", "Ġand", "Ġbeautiful", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠPrior", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġformation", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", 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"Ġalbums", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġspend", "Ġtime", "Ġwith", "Ġhis", "Ġfamily", "Ġwithout", "Ġthe", "Ġstress", "Ġof", "Ġinterviews", "Ġor", "Ġtouring", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2008", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġlent", "Ġhis", "Ġvoice", "Ġto", "Ġcharacters", "Ġin", "Ġseveral", "Ġepisodes", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAdult", "ĠSwim", "Ġcartoon", "ĠMetal", "ocalypse", "Ġ(", "Ġsee", "ĠMus", "ician", "Ġcame", "os", "Ġin", "ĠMetal", "ocalypse", "Ġfor", "Ġmore", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġoriginal", "Ġcharacter", "Ġdesign", "Ġfor", "ĠPick", "les", "Ġthe", "ĠDrum", "mer", "Ġ,", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseries", "Ġ'", "Ġmain", "Ġcharacters", "Ġ,", "Ġbore", "Ġa", "Ġstriking", "Ġresemblance", "Ġto", "ĠTownsend", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġseries", "Ġ'", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcreator", "ĠBrend", "on", "ĠSmall", "Ġacknowledged", "Ġthe", "Ġsimilarity", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġaltered", "Ġthe", "Ġdesign", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġseries", "Ġbegan", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠWe", "Ġmade", "Ġsure", "Ġhe", "Ġdidn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġlook", "Ġlike", "ĠDevin", 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"Ġguitar", "Ġand", "Ġjust", "Ġwrite", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġbegan", "Ġa", "Ġperiod", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "Ġself", "Ġdiscovery", "Ġ\"", "Ġwhere", "Ġhe", "Ġlearned", "Ġ\"", "Ġhow", "Ġto", "Ġcreate", "Ġwithout", "Ġdrugs", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOver", "Ġtwo", "Ġyears", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġwrote", "Ġover", "Ġ60", "Ġsongs", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġfound", "Ġthat", "Ġthey", "Ġfit", "Ġinto", "Ġ\"", "Ġfour", "Ġdistinct", "Ġstyles", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠMarch", "Ġ2009", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġannounced", "Ġhis", "Ġplans", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġalbum", "Ġseries", "Ġcalled", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġgoal", "Ġof", "Ġclar", "ifying", "Ġhis", "Ġmusical", "Ġidentity", "Ġand", "Ġbeing", "Ġ\"", "Ġaccountable", "Ġ\"", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġpersona", "Ġhe", "Ġprojects", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġpublic", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġproject", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġconcept", "Ġincludes", "Ġa", "Ġdifferent", "Ġ\"", "Ġtheme", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġdifferent", "Ġgroup", "Ġof", "Ġmusicians", "Ġon", "Ġeach", "Ġalbum", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠKi", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġalbum", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġtet" ]	98
ralogy was written to " set the stage " for the subsequent albums . Townsend channelled his new @-@ found control and sobriety into Ki , a " tense , quiet " album , which contrasts with much of the music he had been known for . Additional female vocals were provided by Ché Aimee Dorval ( Casualties of Cool ) . Ki was released in May 2009 . The second entry , a " commercial , yet heavy " album called Addicted , was released in November 2009 and features lead vocals from Townsend and Dutch singer Anneke van Giersbergen . Brian " Beav " Waddell was recruited from the Devin Townsend Band to play bass . Townsend returned to the stage in January 2010 , touring North America with headliner Between the Buried and Me as well as Cynic and Scale the Summit . This was followed by a headlining tour in Australia and a series of high @-@ profile shows in Europe ( for example co @-@ headlining the Brutal Assault festival in Czech Republic ) . He headlined a North American tour with UK label mates TesseracT supporting , which began in October 2010 , and toured in Europe with support from Aeon Zen and Anneke van Giersbergen . The third and fourth albums in the Devin Townsend Project series , Deconstruction and Ghost , were released simultaneously on June 21 , 2011 . In December 2011 all four Devin Townsend Project albums with additional material were released as the Contain Us box set . Townsend performed all four of Devin Townsend Project albums in London and recorded them for a DVD box set called By a Thread : Live in London 2011 that was released on June 18 , 2012 . The first three shows were held at the University of London Union , November 10 – 12 , 2011 . Ki , Addicted , and Deconstruction were each performed on one night , respectively . The show for Ghost was held at the Union Chapel , Islington on November 13 , 2011 . These four shows were each entitled " An Evening with the Devin Townsend Project " . Despite the Devin Townsend Project being originally a four @-@ album series , Townsend decided to continue working under the moniker and released the fifth album , Epicloud on September 18 , 2012 . Again featuring Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals , Epicloud appeared on several European charts , peaking at number 8 in Finland . On October 27 , 2012 , Devin Townsend performed a one @-@ off show covering his musical career called The Retinal Circus at Roundhouse in London . The 3 @-@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 30 , 2013 . Also in 2012 , Townsend played bass on the debut Bent Sea album Noistalgia . He also produced the record . Another project Townsend has mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 is Obviouser , an album featuring " creepy , bass driven apocalyptic music " created with an " Ampeg rig " and an " Icelandic choir " . Working with many projects simultaneously at that time , Townsend stated in 2012 the Obviouser project is vying for pole position until " he wakes up and says ' he wants to do it ' " . = = = Casualties of Cool and Z2 ( 2012 – present ) = = = After Deconstruction and Ghost , Townsend announced a new album , Casualties of Cool , with which he started to work after the release of Epicloud . The album features Ché Aimee Dorval ( from Ki ) on vocals and Morgan Ågren on drums . Townsend described the album sounds like " haunted Johnny Cash songs " and " late night music " , highlighting it will be different than anything he has done before . Townsend referred the music of the album to be " closest to his heart " at this point of his life , and that it is an important and satisfying project he doesn 't want to rush . The album was completed on November 2013 , and a bonus disc was also made for the album , containing the leftover material from the main album as well as songs from Ghost 2 , the unreleased compilation of leftover tracks from Ghost . Originally in 2012 , Townsend stated that this album will be the sixth and the last album in the Devin Townsend Project series , but he ultimately confirmed that Casualties of Cool is its own project . Townsend also started a crowdfunding campaign through PledgeMusic to support the release of the album . The funding quickly reached its goal , and all additional funds were put directly to Townsend 's upcoming projects . Casualties of Cool was released on May 14 , 2014 . The album was re @-@ issued worldwide on January 15 , 2016 containing an additional DVD with live footage from the 2014 concert at the Union Chapel in London . From 2009 , Townsend worked on a long @-@ running album project called Z ² , a sequel to the album Ziltoid the Omniscient ( 2007 ) . Originally in 2012 , he teased he " may have just written the heaviest thing he 's ever done "	[ "ral", "ogy", "Ġwas", "Ġwritten", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "Ġset", "Ġthe", "Ġstage", "Ġ\"", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġsubsequent", "Ġalbums", "Ġ.", "ĠTownsend", "Ġch", "ann", "elled", "Ġhis", "Ġnew", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġfound", "Ġcontrol", "Ġand", "Ġsob", "ri", "ety", "Ġinto", "ĠKi", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġtense", "Ġ,", "Ġquiet", "Ġ\"", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġcontrasts", "Ġwith", "Ġmuch", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmusic", "Ġhe", "Ġhad", "Ġbeen", "Ġknown", "Ġfor", "Ġ.", "ĠAdditional", "Ġfemale", "Ġvocals", "Ġwere", "Ġprovided", "Ġby", "ĠCh", "Ã©", "ĠA", "ime", "e", "ĠDor", "val", "Ġ(", "ĠCasual", "ties", "Ġof", "ĠCool", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠKi", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġin", "ĠMay", "Ġ2009", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġsecond", "Ġentry", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġcommercial", "Ġ,", "Ġyet", "Ġheavy", "Ġ\"", "Ġalbum", "Ġcalled", "ĠAdd", "icted", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġin", "ĠNovember", "Ġ2009", "Ġand", "Ġfeatures", "Ġlead", "Ġvocals", "Ġfrom", "ĠTownsend", "Ġand", "ĠDutch", "Ġsinger", "ĠAnne", "ke", "Ġvan", "ĠG", "iers", "berg", "en", "Ġ.", "ĠBrian", "Ġ\"", "ĠBe", "av", "Ġ\"", "ĠW", "add", "ell", "Ġwas", "Ġrecruited", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠBand", "Ġto", "Ġplay", "Ġbass", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTownsend", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġstage", "Ġin", "ĠJanuary", "Ġ2010", "Ġ,", "Ġtouring", "ĠNorth", "ĠAmerica", "Ġwith", "Ġhead", "liner", "ĠBetween", "Ġthe", "ĠBur", "ied", "Ġand", "ĠMe", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "ĠCyn", "ic", "Ġand", "ĠScale", "Ġthe", "ĠSummit", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġwas", "Ġfollowed", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġhead", "lining", "Ġtour", "Ġin", "ĠAustralia", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġseries", "Ġof", "Ġhigh", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġprofile", "Ġshows", "Ġin", "ĠEurope", "Ġ(", "Ġfor", "Ġexample", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhead", "lining", "Ġthe", "ĠBrut", "al", "ĠAssault", "Ġfestival", "Ġin", "ĠCzech", "ĠRepublic", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġheadlined", "Ġa", "ĠNorth", "ĠAmerican", "Ġtour", "Ġwith", "ĠUK", "Ġlabel", "Ġmates", "ĠTess", "er", "ac", "T", "Ġsupporting", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġbegan", "Ġin", "ĠOctober", "Ġ2010", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġtoured", "Ġin", "ĠEurope", "Ġwith", "Ġsupport", "Ġfrom", "ĠA", "eon", "ĠZen", "Ġand", "ĠAnne", "ke", "Ġvan", "ĠG", "iers", "berg", "en", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġthird", "Ġand", "Ġfourth", "Ġalbums", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġseries", "Ġ,", "ĠDec", "on", "struction", "Ġand", "ĠGhost", "Ġ,", "Ġwere", "Ġreleased", "Ġsimultaneously", "Ġon", "ĠJune", "Ġ21", "Ġ,", "Ġ2011", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠDecember", "Ġ2011", "Ġall", "Ġfour", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġalbums", "Ġwith", "Ġadditional", "Ġmaterial", "Ġwere", "Ġreleased", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠCont", "ain", "ĠUs", "Ġbox", "Ġset", "Ġ.", "ĠTownsend", "Ġperformed", "Ġall", "Ġfour", "Ġof", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġalbums", "Ġin", "ĠLondon", "Ġand", "Ġrecorded", "Ġthem", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "ĠDVD", "Ġbox", "Ġset", "Ġcalled", "ĠBy", "Ġa", "ĠThread", "Ġ:", "ĠLive", "Ġin", "ĠLondon", "Ġ2011", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġon", "ĠJune", "Ġ18", "Ġ,", "Ġ2012", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġthree", "Ġshows", "Ġwere", "Ġheld", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠUniversity", "Ġof", "ĠLondon", "ĠUnion", "Ġ,", "ĠNovember", "Ġ10", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ12", "Ġ,", "Ġ2011", "Ġ.", "ĠKi", "Ġ,", "ĠAdd", "icted", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠDec", "on", "struction", "Ġwere", "Ġeach", "Ġperformed", "Ġon", "Ġone", "Ġnight", "Ġ,", "Ġrespectively", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġshow", "Ġfor", "ĠGhost", "Ġwas", "Ġheld", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠUnion", "ĠChapel", "Ġ,", "ĠIs", "lington", "Ġon", "ĠNovember", "Ġ13", "Ġ,", "Ġ2011", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġfour", "Ġshows", "Ġwere", "Ġeach", "Ġentitled", "Ġ\"", "ĠAn", "ĠEvening", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDespite", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġbeing", "Ġoriginally", "Ġa", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġalbum", "Ġseries", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġdecided", "Ġto", "Ġcontinue", "Ġworking", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġmoniker", "Ġand", "Ġreleased", "Ġthe", "Ġfifth", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "ĠEpic", "l", "oud", "Ġon", "ĠSeptember", "Ġ18", "Ġ,", "Ġ2012", "Ġ.", "ĠAgain", "Ġfeaturing", "ĠAnne", "ke", "Ġvan", "ĠG", "iers", "berg", "en", "Ġon", "Ġvocals", "Ġ,", "ĠEpic", "l", "oud", "Ġappeared", "Ġon", "Ġseveral", "ĠEuropean", "Ġcharts", "Ġ,", "Ġpe", "aking", "Ġat", "Ġnumber", "Ġ8", "Ġin", "ĠFinland", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "ĠOctober", "Ġ27", "Ġ,", "Ġ2012", "Ġ,", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "Ġperformed", "Ġa", "Ġone", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġoff", "Ġshow", "Ġcovering", "Ġhis", "Ġmusical", "Ġcareer", "Ġcalled", "ĠThe", "ĠRet", "inal", "ĠCircus", "Ġat", "ĠRound", "house", "Ġin", "ĠLondon", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġ3", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhour", "Ġperformance", "Ġwas", "Ġrecorded", "Ġin", "Ġhigh", "Ġdefinition", "Ġand", "Ġreleased", "Ġon", "ĠDVD", "Ġand", "ĠBlu", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġray", "Ġon", "ĠSeptember", "Ġ30", "Ġ,", "Ġ2013", "Ġ.", "ĠAlso", "Ġin", "Ġ2012", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġplayed", "Ġbass", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġdebut", "ĠBent", "ĠSea", "Ġalbum", "ĠNo", "ist", "algia", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġalso", "Ġproduced", "Ġthe", "Ġrecord", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAnother", "Ġproject", "ĠTownsend", "Ġhas", "Ġmentioned", "Ġseveral", "Ġtimes", "Ġbetween", "Ġ2009", "Ġand", "Ġ2012", "Ġis", "ĠOb", "vious", "er", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġalbum", "Ġfeaturing", "Ġ\"", "Ġcreepy", "Ġ,", "Ġbass", "Ġdriven", "Ġapocalyptic", "Ġmusic", "Ġ\"", "Ġcreated", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġ\"", "ĠAm", "peg", "Ġrig", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġan", "Ġ\"", "ĠIcelandic", "Ġchoir", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠWorking", "Ġwith", "Ġmany", "Ġprojects", "Ġsimultaneously", "Ġat", "Ġthat", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġstated", "Ġin", "Ġ2012", "Ġthe", "ĠOb", "vious", "er", "Ġproject", "Ġis", "Ġvying", "Ġfor", "Ġpole", "Ġposition", "Ġuntil", "Ġ\"", "Ġhe", "Ġwakes", "Ġup", "Ġand", "Ġsays", "Ġ'", "Ġhe", "Ġwants", "Ġto", "Ġdo", "Ġit", "Ġ'", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCasual", "ties", "Ġof", "ĠCool", "Ġand", "ĠZ", "2", "Ġ(", "Ġ2012", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġpresent", "Ġ)", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAfter", "ĠDec", "on", "struction", "Ġand", "ĠGhost", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġannounced", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "ĠCasual", "ties", "Ġof", "ĠCool", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġwhich", "Ġhe", "Ġstarted", "Ġto", "Ġwork", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "Ġrelease", "Ġof", "ĠEpic", "l", "oud", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġalbum", "Ġfeatures", "ĠCh", "Ã©", "ĠA", "ime", "e", "ĠDor", "val", "Ġ(", "Ġfrom", "ĠKi", "Ġ)", "Ġon", "Ġvocals", "Ġand", "ĠMorgan", "ĠÃ", "ħ", "gren", "Ġon", "Ġdrums", "Ġ.", "ĠTownsend", "Ġdescribed", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġsounds", "Ġlike", "Ġ\"", "Ġhaunted", "ĠJohnny", "ĠCash", "Ġsongs", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "Ġlate", "Ġnight", "Ġmusic", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġhighlighting", "Ġit", "Ġwill", "Ġbe", "Ġdifferent", "Ġthan", "Ġanything", "Ġhe", "Ġhas", "Ġdone", "Ġbefore", "Ġ.", "ĠTownsend", "Ġreferred", "Ġthe", "Ġmusic", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġ\"", "Ġclosest", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġheart", "Ġ\"", "Ġat", "Ġthis", "Ġpoint", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġlife", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthat", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġimportant", "Ġand", "Ġsatisfying", "Ġproject", "Ġhe", "Ġdoesn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġwant", "Ġto", "Ġrush", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġalbum", "Ġwas", "Ġcompleted", "Ġon", "ĠNovember", "Ġ2013", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġbonus", "Ġdisc", "Ġwas", "Ġalso", "Ġmade", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ,", "Ġcontaining", "Ġthe", "Ġleftover", "Ġmaterial", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġalbum", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġsongs", "Ġfrom", "ĠGhost", "Ġ2", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġunre", "leased", "Ġcompilation", "Ġof", "Ġleftover", "Ġtracks", "Ġfrom", "ĠGhost", "Ġ.", "ĠOriginally", "Ġin", "Ġ2012", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġthis", "Ġalbum", "Ġwill", "Ġbe", "Ġthe", "Ġsixth", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġlast", "Ġalbum", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġseries", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġhe", "Ġultimately", "Ġconfirmed", "Ġthat", "ĠCasual", "ties", "Ġof", "ĠCool", "Ġis", "Ġits", "Ġown", "Ġproject", "Ġ.", "ĠTownsend", "Ġalso", "Ġstarted", "Ġa", "Ġcrowdfunding", "Ġcampaign", "Ġthrough", "ĠPledge", "Music", "Ġto", "Ġsupport", "Ġthe", "Ġrelease", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfunding", "Ġquickly", "Ġreached", "Ġits", "Ġgoal", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġall", "Ġadditional", "Ġfunds", "Ġwere", "Ġput", "Ġdirectly", "Ġto", "ĠTownsend", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġupcoming", "Ġprojects", "Ġ.", "ĠCasual", "ties", "Ġof", "ĠCool", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġon", "ĠMay", "Ġ14", "Ġ,", "Ġ2014", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġalbum", "Ġwas", "Ġre", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġissued", "Ġworldwide", "Ġon", "ĠJanuary", "Ġ15", "Ġ,", "Ġ2016", "Ġcontaining", "Ġan", "Ġadditional", "ĠDVD", "Ġwith", "Ġlive", "Ġfootage", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġ2014", "Ġconcert", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "ĠUnion", "ĠChapel", "Ġin", "ĠLondon", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFrom", "Ġ2009", "Ġ,", "ĠTownsend", "Ġworked", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġlong", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġrunning", "Ġalbum", "Ġproject", "Ġcalled", "ĠZ", "ĠÂ", "²", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġsequel", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "ĠZ", "il", "to", "id", "Ġthe", "ĠOmn", "is", "cient", "Ġ(", "Ġ2007", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠOriginally", "Ġin", "Ġ2012", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġteased", "Ġhe", "Ġ\"", "Ġmay", "Ġhave", "Ġjust", "Ġwritten", "Ġthe", "Ġheaviest", "Ġthing", "Ġhe", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġever", "Ġdone", "Ġ\"" ]	99

= Valkyria Chronicles III = Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Unrecorded Chronicles ( Japanese : 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 ) , commonly referred to as Valkyria Chronicles III outside Japan , is a tactical role @-@ playing video game developed by Sega and Media.Vision for the PlayStation Portable . Released in January 2011 in Japan , it is the third game in the Valkyria series . Employing the same fusion of tactical and real @-@ time gameplay as its predecessors , the story runs parallel to the first game and follows the " Nameless " , a penal military unit serving the nation of Gallia during the Second Europan War who perform secret black operations and are pitted against the Imperial unit " Calamaty Raven " . The game began development in 2010 , carrying over a large portion of the work done on Valkyria Chronicles II . While it retained the standard features of the series , it also underwent multiple adjustments , such as making the game more forgiving for series newcomers . Character designer Raita Honjou and composer Hitoshi Sakimoto both returned from previous entries , along with Valkyria Chronicles II director Takeshi Ozawa . A large team of writers handled the script . The game 's opening theme was sung by May 'n . It met with positive sales in Japan , and was praised by both Japanese and western critics . After release , it received downloadable content , along with an expanded edition in November of that year . It was also adapted into manga and an original video animation series . Due to low sales of Valkyria Chronicles II , Valkyria Chronicles III was not localized , but a fan translation compatible with the game 's expanded edition was released in 2014 . Media.Vision would return to the franchise with the development of Valkyria : Azure Revolution for the PlayStation 4 . = = Gameplay = = As with previous Valkyira Chronicles games , Valkyria Chronicles III is a tactical role @-@ playing game where players take control of a military unit and take part in missions against enemy forces . Stories are told through comic book @-@ like panels with animated character portraits , with characters speaking partially through voiced speech bubbles and partially through unvoiced text . The player progresses through a series of linear missions , gradually unlocked as maps that can be freely scanned through and replayed as they are unlocked . The route to each story location on the map varies depending on an individual player 's approach : when one option is selected , the other is sealed off to the player . Outside missions , the player characters rest in a camp , where units can be customized and character growth occurs . Alongside the main story missions are character @-@ specific sub missions relating to different squad members . After the game 's completion , additional episodes are unlocked , some of them having a higher difficulty than those found in the rest of the game . There are also love simulation elements related to the game 's two main heroines , although they take a very minor role . The game 's battle system , the BliTZ system , is carried over directly from Valkyira Chronicles . During missions , players select each unit using a top @-@ down perspective of the battlefield map : once a character is selected , the player moves the character around the battlefield in third @-@ person . A character can only act once per @-@ turn , but characters can be granted multiple turns at the expense of other characters ' turns . Each character has a field and distance of movement limited by their Action Gauge . Up to nine characters can be assigned to a single mission . During gameplay , characters will call out if something happens to them , such as their health points ( HP ) getting low or being knocked out by enemy attacks . Each character has specific " Potentials " , skills unique to each character . They are divided into " Personal Potential " , which are innate skills that remain unaltered unless otherwise dictated by the story and can either help or impede a character , and " Battle Potentials " , which are grown throughout the game and always grant boons to a character . To learn Battle Potentials , each character has a unique " Masters Table " , a grid @-@ based skill table that can be used to acquire and link different skills . Characters also have Special Abilities that grant them temporary boosts on the battlefield : Kurt can activate " Direct Command " and move around the battlefield without depleting his Action Point gauge , the character Reila can shift into her " Valkyria Form " and become invincible , while Imca can target multiple enemy units with her heavy weapon . Troops are divided into five classes : Scouts , Shocktroopers , Engineers , Lancers and Armored Soldier . Troopers can switch classes by changing their assigned weapon . Changing class does not greatly affect the stats gained while in a previous class . With victory in battle , experience points are awarded to the squad , which are distributed into five different

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0

attributes shared by the entire squad , a feature differing from early games ' method of distributing to different unit types . = = Plot = = The game takes place during the Second Europan War . Gallian Army Squad 422 , also known as " The Nameless " , are a penal military unit composed of criminals , foreign deserters , and military offenders whose real names are erased from the records and thereon officially referred to by numbers . Ordered by the Gallian military to perform the most dangerous missions that the Regular Army and Militia will not do , they are nevertheless up to the task , exemplified by their motto , Altaha Abilia , meaning " Always Ready . " The three main characters are No.7 Kurt Irving , an army officer falsely accused of treason who wishes to redeem himself ; Ace No.1 Imca , a female Darcsen heavy weapons specialist who seeks revenge against the Valkyria who destroyed her home ; and No.13 Riela Marcellis , a seemingly jinxed young woman who is unknowingly a descendant of the Valkyria . Together with their fellow squad members , these three are tasked to fight against a mysterious Imperial unit known as Calamity Raven , consisting of mostly Darcsen soldiers . As the Nameless officially do not exist , the upper echelons of the Gallian Army exploit the concept of plausible deniability in order to send them on missions that would otherwise make Gallia lose face in the war . While at times this works to their advantage , such as a successful incursion into Imperial territory , other orders cause certain members of the 422nd great distress . One such member , Gusurg , becomes so enraged that he abandons his post and defects into the ranks of Calamity Raven , attached to the ideal of Darcsen independence proposed by their leader , Dahau . At the same time , elements within Gallian Army Command move to erase the Nameless in order to protect their own interests . Hounded by both allies and enemies , and combined with the presence of a traitor within their ranks , the 422nd desperately move to keep themselves alive while at the same time fight to help the Gallian war effort . This continues until the Nameless 's commanding officer , Ramsey Crowe , who had been kept under house arrest , is escorted to the capital city of Randgriz in order to present evidence exonerating the weary soldiers and expose the real traitor , the Gallian General that had accused Kurt of Treason . Partly due to these events , and partly due to the major losses in manpower Gallia suffers towards the end of the war with the Empire , the Nameless are offered a formal position as a squad in the Gallian Army rather than serve as an anonymous shadow force . This is short @-@ lived , however , as following Maximilian 's defeat , Dahau and Calamity Raven move to activate an ancient Valkyrian super weapon within the Empire , kept secret by their benefactor . Without the support of Maximilian or the chance to prove themselves in the war with Gallia , it is Dahau 's last trump card in creating a new Darcsen nation . As an armed Gallian force invading the Empire just following the two nations ' cease @-@ fire would certainly wreck their newfound peace , Kurt decides to once again make his squad the Nameless , asking Crowe to list himself and all under his command as killed @-@ in @-@ action . Now owing allegiance to none other than themselves , the 422nd confronts Dahau and destroys the Valkyrian weapon . Each member then goes their separate ways in order to begin their lives anew . = = Development = = Concept work for Valkyria Chronicles III began after development finished on Valkyria Chronicles II in early 2010 , with full development beginning shortly after this . The director of Valkyria Chronicles II , Takeshi Ozawa , returned to that role for Valkyria Chronicles III . Development work took approximately one year . After the release of Valkyria Chronicles II , the staff took a look at both the popular response for the game and what they wanted to do next for the series . Like its predecessor , Valkyria Chronicles III was developed for PlayStation Portable : this was due to the team wanting to refine the mechanics created for Valkyria Chronicles II , and they had not come up with the " revolutionary " idea that would warrant a new entry for the PlayStation 3 . Speaking in an interview , it was stated that the development team considered Valkyria Chronicles III to be the series ' first true sequel : while Valkyria Chronicles II had required a large amount of trial and error during development due to the platform move , the third game gave them a chance to improve upon the best parts of Valkyria Chronicles II due to being on the same platform . In addition to Sega staff from the previous games , development work was also handled by Media.Vision. The original scenario was written Kazuki Yamanobe , while the script was written by Hiroy

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1

uki Fujii , Koichi Majima , Kishiko Miyagi , Seiki Nagakawa and Takayuki Shouji . Its story was darker and more somber than that of its predecessor . The majority of material created for previous games , such as the BLiTZ system and the design of maps , was carried over . Alongside this , improvements were made to the game 's graphics and some elements were expanded , such as map layouts , mission structure , and the number of playable units per mission . A part of this upgrade involved creating unique polygon models for each character 's body . In order to achieve this , the cooperative elements incorporated into the second game were removed , as they took up a large portion of memory space needed for the improvements . They also adjusted the difficulty settings and ease of play so they could appeal to new players while retaining the essential components of the series ' gameplay . The newer systems were decided upon early in development . The character designs were done by Raita Honjou , who had worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When creating the Nameless Squad , Honjou was faced with the same problem he had had during the first game : the military uniforms essentially destroyed character individuality , despite him needing to create unique characters the player could identify while maintaining a sense of reality within the Valkyria Chronicles world . The main color of the Nameless was black . As with the previous Valkyria games , Valkyria Chronicles III used the CANVAS graphics engine . The anime opening was produced by Production I.G. = = = Music = = = The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto , who had also worked on the previous Valkyria Chronicles games . When he originally heard about the project , he thought it would be a light tone similar to other Valkyria Chronicles games , but found the themes much darker than expected . An early theme he designed around his original vision of the project was rejected . He redid the main theme about seven times through the music production due to this need to reassess the game . The main theme was initially recorded using orchestra , then Sakimoto removed elements such as the guitar and bass , then adjusted the theme using a synthesizer before redoing segments such as the guitar piece on their own before incorporating them into the theme . The rejected main theme was used as a hopeful tune that played during the game 's ending . The battle themes were designed around the concept of a " modern battle " divorced from a fantasy scenario by using modern musical instruments , constructed to create a sense of atonality . While Sakimoto was most used to working with synthesized music , he felt that he needed to incorporate live instruments such as orchestra and guitar . The guitar was played by Mitsuhiro Ohta , who also arranged several of the later tracks . The game 's opening theme song , " If You Wish for ... " ( もしも君が願うのなら , Moshimo Kimi ga Negauno Nara ) , was sung by Japanese singer May 'n . Its theme was the reason soldiers fought , in particular their wish to protect what was precious to them rather than a sense of responsibility or duty . Its lyrics were written by Seiko Fujibayashi , who had worked on May 'n on previous singles . = = = Release = = = In September 2010 , a teaser website was revealed by Sega , hinting at a new Valkyria Chronicles game . In its September issue , Famitsu listed that Senjō no Valkyria 3 would be arriving on the PlayStation Portable . Its first public appearance was at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show ( TGS ) , where a demo was made available for journalists and attendees . During the publicity , story details were kept scant so as not to spoil too much for potential players , along with some of its content still being in flux at the time of its reveal . To promote the game and detail the story leading into the game 's events , an episodic Flash visual novel written by Fujii began release in January 2011 . The game was released January 27 , 2011 . During an interview , the development team said that the game had the capacity for downloadable content ( DLC ) , but that no plans were finalized . Multiple DLC maps , featuring additional missions and recruitable characters , were released between February and April 2011 . An expanded edition of the game , Valkyria Chronicles III Extra Edition , released on November 23 , 2011 . Packaged and sold at a lower price than the original , Extra Edition game with seven additional episodes : three new , three chosen by staff from the game 's DLC , and one made available as a pre @-@ order bonus . People who also owned the original game could transfer their save data between versions . Unlike its two predecessors , Valkyria Chronicles III was not released in the west . According to Sega , this was due to poor sales of Valkyria Chronicles II and the general unpopularity of the PSP in the west . An

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2

unofficial fan translation patch began development in February 2012 : players with a copy of Valkyria Chronicles III could download and apply the patch , which translated the game 's text into English . Compatible with the Extra Edition , the patch was released in January 2014 . = = Reception = = On its day of release in Japan , Valkyria Chronicles III topped both platform @-@ exclusive and multi @-@ platform sales charts . By early February , the game sold 102 @,@ 779 units , coming in second overall to The Last Story for the Wii . By the end of the year , the game had sold just over 152 @,@ 500 units . Famitsu enjoyed the story , and were particularly pleased with the improvements to gameplay . Japanese gaming site Game Watch Impress , despite negatively noting its pacing and elements recycled from previous games , was generally positive about its story and characters , and found its gameplay entertaining despite off @-@ putting difficulty spikes . 4Gamer.net writer Naohiko Misuosame , in a " Play Test " article based on the game 's PSN demo , felt that Valkyria Chronicles III provided a " profound feeling of closure " for the Valkyria Chronicles series . He praised its gameplay despite annoying limitations to aspects such as special abilities , and positively noted its shift in story to a tone similar to the first game . PlayStation Official Magazine - UK praised the story 's blurring of Gallia 's moral standing , art style , and most points about its gameplay , positively noting the latter for both its continued quality and the tweaks to balance and content . Its one major criticism were multiple difficulty spikes , something that had affected the previous games . Heath Hindman of gaming website PlayStation Lifestyle praised the addition of non @-@ linear elements and improvements or removal of mechanics from Valkyria Chronicles II in addition to praising the returning gameplay style of previous games . He also positively noted the story 's serious tone . Points criticized in the review were recycled elements , awkward cutscenes that seemed to include all characters in a scene for no good reason , pacing issues , and occasional problems with the game 's AI . In a preview of the TGS demo , Ryan Geddes of IGN was left excited as to where the game would go after completing the demo , along with enjoying the improved visuals over Valkyria Chronicles II . Kotaku 's Richard Eisenbeis was highly positive about the game , citing is story as a return to form after Valkyria Chronicles II and its gameplay being the best in the series . His main criticisms were its length and gameplay repetition , along with expressing regret that it would not be localized . = = Legacy = = Kurt and Riela were featured in the Nintendo 3DS crossover Project X Zone , representing the Valkyria series . Media.Vision would return to the series to develop Valkyria : Azure Revolution , with Ozawa returning as director . Azure Revolution is a role @-@ playing video game for the PlayStation 4 that forms the beginning of a new series within the Valkyria franchise . = = = Adaptations = = = Valkyria Chronicles 3 was adapted into a two @-@ episode original video animation series in the same year of its release . Titled Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Taga Tame no Jūsō ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア３誰がための銃瘡 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Wound Taken for Someone 's Sake ) , it was originally released through PlayStation Network and Qriocity between April and May 2011 . The initially @-@ planned release and availability period needed to be extended due to a stoppage to PSN during the early summer of that year . It later released for DVD on June 29 and August 31 , 2011 , with separate " Black " and " Blue " editions being available for purchase . The anime is set during the latter half of Valkyria Chronicles III , detailing a mission by the Nameless against their Imperial rivals Calamity Raven . The anime was first announced in November 2010 . It was developed by A @-@ 1 Pictures , produced by Shinji Motoyama , directed by Nobuhiro Kondō , and written by Hiroshi Ōnogi . Sakimoto 's music for the game was used in the anime . The anime 's title was inspired by the principle purpose of the Nameless : to suffer in battle for the goals of others . A subtitle attached to the project during development was " The Road to Kubinka " , which referenced the Kubinka Tank Museum in Moscow . The game 's main theme was how the characters regained their sense of self when stripped of their names and identities , along with general themes focused on war and its consequences . While making the anime , the production team were told by Sega to make it as realistic as possible , with the consequence that

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3

the team did extensive research into aspects such as what happened when vehicles like tanks were overturned or damaged . Due to it being along the same timeline as the original game and its television anime adaptation , the cast of Valkyria Chronicles could make appearances , which pleased the team . The opening theme , " Akari ( Light ) -Tomoshibi- " ( 灯 @-@ TOMOSHIBI- ) , was sung by Japanese singer Faylan . The ending theme , " Someday the Flowers of Light Will Bloom " ( いつか咲く光の花 , Itsuka Saku Hikari no Hana ) , was sung by Minami Kuribayashi . Both songs ' lyrics were written by their respective artists . Two manga adaptations were produced , following each of the game 's main female protagonists Imca and Riela . They were Senjō no Valkyria 3 : Namo naki Chikai no Hana ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 名もなき誓いの花 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Flower of the Nameless Oath ) , illustrated by Naoyuki Fujisawa and eventually released in two volumes after being serialized in Dengeki Maoh between 2011 and 2012 ; and Senjō no Valkyria 3 : -Akaki Unmei no Ikusa Otome- ( 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 -赤き運命の戦乙女- , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 -The Valkyrie of the Crimson Fate ) , illustrated by Mizuki Tsuge and eventually released in a single volume by Kadokawa Shoten in 2012 . = Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal = The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal , also known as U.S. Arsenal Building , is a building located in MacArthur Park in downtown Little Rock , Arkansas . Built in 1840 , it was part of Little Rock 's first military installation . Since its decommissioning , The Tower Building has housed two museums . It was home to the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities from 1942 to 1997 and the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History since 2001 . It has also been the headquarters of the Little Rock Æsthetic Club since 1894 . The building receives its name from its distinct octagonal tower . Besides being the last remaining structure of the original Little Rock Arsenal and one of the oldest buildings in central Arkansas , it was also the birthplace of General Douglas MacArthur , who became the supreme commander of US forces in the South Pacific during World War II . It was also the starting place of the Camden Expedition . In 2011 it was named as one of the top 10 attractions in the state of Arkansas by Arkansas.com. = = Construction = = The arsenal was constructed at the request of Governor James Sevier Conway in response to the perceived dangers of frontier life and fears of the many Native Americans who were passing through the state on their way to the newly established Oklahoma Territory . Thirty @-@ six acres were appropriated on the outskirts of Little Rock by Major Robert B. Lee of the U.S. Army . The land had been previously used as a racetrack by the local jockey club . John Wormley Walker , a builder for the Federal Government , supervised the construction . Originally $ 14 @,@ 000 was allocated for the construction of the arsenal , but proved inadequate . The budget was later increased to $ 30 @,@ 000 . Work began on the Tower Building in 1840 , and it was the first permanent structure of the arsenal to be built . Being originally constructed to store ammunition , the building was designed with 3 @-@ foot @-@ thick ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) exterior walls . The original plans called for it to be built of stone , however , masonry was used instead . The Arkansas Gazette referred to the structure as " A splendid specimen of masonry " . = = Civil War = = For several years the arsenal , which was owned by the federal government , served as a simple arms depot and was staffed with only a handful of soldiers . But in November 1860 , with the American Civil War on the horizon , a company of the Second United States Artillery , consisting of sixty @-@ five men , was transferred to Little Rock under the command of Captain James Totten . On January 15 , 1861 , the state legislature decided to hold a referendum to determine if a state convention should be held to consider the issue of secession and to elect delegates to such a convention . It was planned for February 18 ; however , events at the arsenal , would not wait . On January 28 , then Governor Henry Massey Rector informed Captain Totten that he and his soldiers would be " permitted to remain in the possession of the Federal officers until the State , by authority of the people , shall have determined to sever their connection with

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4

the General Government , " Totten responded to this by telling the Governor that his orders came from the United States Government and began a desperate but ultimately futile dispatch of letters and telegrams asking for reinforcements , although rumors were widely spread that they were already coming . The first telegraph wire to span between Little Rock and Memphis had recently been completed . Local attorney John M Harrel was asked to compose the first telegraph dispatched from Arkansas 's capital . In his message , Harrel reported unconfirmed rumors that more federal troops had been sent to reinforce the Little Rock Arsenal . The United States troops at the outposts of the western frontier of the state and in the Indian nation have all been recalled from winter quarters to reinforce the garrison at Fort Smith . The garrison at Fort Smith had been previously transferred to the United States Arsenal in this city ( Little Rock ) . The arsenal is one of the richest depositories of military stores in the United States and is supposed to be the ultimate destination of the tropps [ sic ] ordered from the frontier . -John M Harrel Telegram , January 31 , 1861 The item was intended simply as a piece of news , but telegraph lines quickly spread the news throughout the state , fueling procession sentiment . The rumor was interpreted by some Arkansans as a call from the governor to assemble to help expel the federal troops from the arsenal . By February 5 , six militia units , consisting of 1 @,@ 000 men , with a guarantee that the numbers could be increased to 5 @,@ 000 if the situations deemed it necessary , had assembled in Little Rock . Governor Rector vehemently denied ordering the troops to assemble or giving any order at all in connection with the troops . Faced with the fact that the military had assembled believing they were following his orders and the consensus of the citizens of Little Rock against any armed conflict between the civilian army and federal troops , Governor Rector was forced to take control of the situation . On February 6 , he sent a formal demand for surrender of the arsenal to Captain Totten , This movement is prompted by the feeling that pervades the citizens of this State that in the present emergency the arms and munitions of war in the Arsenal should be under the control of the State authorities , in order to their security . This movement , although not authorized by me , has assumed such an aspect that it becomes my duty , as the executive of this Sate , to interpose my official authority to prevent a collision between the people of the State and the Federal troops under your command . I therefore demand in the name of the State the delivery of the possession of the Arsenal and munitions of war under your charge to the State authorities , to be held subject to the action of the convention to be held on the 4th of March next . Perhaps because Abraham Lincoln had not yet been inaugurated as President , Captain Totten received no instructions from his superiors and was forced to withdraw his troops . He agreed to surrender the arsenal as long as the governor agreed to three provisions : The governor would take possession of the arsenal in the name of the United States . The soldiers would be allowed safe passage in any direction carrying any personal and public property besides munitions of war . The soldiers would be allowed to march away as men leaving under orders , not as conquered and surrendering soldiers . On the morning of February 8 , 1861 , Rector and Totten signed an agreement placing the arsenal in the hands of state officials . That afternoon , the citizen militia marched to the arsenal with Governor Rector at its head . All of the federal troops had left at this point , except Totten who had stayed behind to listen to the Governor 's speech and to hand the arsenal over in person . The Little Rock Arsenal was classified in 1860 as an " arsenal of deposit , " meaning that it was simply a warehouse for the storage of weapons intended for the use of the state militia in times of crisis . Thus there were no substantial operations for ordnance fabrication or repairs , nor for the manufacture of cartridges at the time the Arsenal fell into State hands . Most of these operations were started from scratch through the efforts of the Arkansas Military Board . Inside the Little Rock Arsenal after its seizure in February , 1861 , the Confederates inventoried some 10 @,@ 247 weapons , 250 @,@ 000 musket cartridges , and 520 @,@ 000 percussion caps , as well as the four bronze cannon of Totten 's battery . Long arms in the Arsenal 's inventory consisted of : M1822 .69 cal ( flintlock ) 5 @,@ 625 M1822 .69 cal ( percussion @-@ converted ) 53 M1842 .69 cal smoothbore ( percussion ) 357 M1855 .58 cal rifle @-@ muskets 900 M1817 common rifles 125 M1841 rifle ( " Mississippi Rifle " ) 54 M1847 musketoon 2 Hall 's carbines 267 Hall

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5

's rifles ( flintlock ) 2 @,@ 864 Total 10 @,@ 247 Of this number , approximately 9600 weapons were serviceable , or ready @-@ for @-@ issue . Note there were only 1 @,@ 364 percussion weapons available . Disposition of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy , but from various records it can be surmised that the 5th , 6th , 7th , and 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiments , mustered in June , 1861 , were issued M1816 / M1822 .69 caliber flintlocks . The 9th and 10th Arkansas , four companies of Kelly 's 9th Arkansas Battalion , and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment were issued flintlock Hall 's Rifles . The units comprising the infantry force of Van Dorn 's Army of the West were the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles were also armed with M1822 flintlocks from the Little Rock Arsenal . By the time the 11th and 12th Arkansas Infantry Regiments mustered in at Little Rock , the supply of arms had been almost completely exhausted , and only old " junker " weapons were left . Most of the equipment , arms , and machinery at the Little Rock Arsenal was removed to east of the Mississippi River by order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn in April and May 1862 , and accountability for it is lost at that point . By all appearances , the equipment was sent down the river to Napoleon , Arkansas , and from there to Jackson Mississippi , where it was probably destroyed during the Vicksburg campaign in the early summer of 1863 . Major General Thomas C. Hindman , sent to command the district of Arkansas in May , 1862 , found the state nearly destitute of military material . Hindman established another armory at Arkadelphia , and revived the Little Rock Arsenal as a collection point and depot for armaments and ammunition manufacture for small arms . Hindman recorded : " Machinery was made for manufacturing percussion caps and small arms , and both were turned out in small quantity , but of excellent quality . Lead mines were opened and worked , and a chemical laboratory was established and successfully operated in aid of the Ordnance Department and in the manufacture of calomel , castor oil , spirits of nitre , the various tinctures of iron , and other valuable medicines . Most of these works were located at or near Arkadelphia on the Ouachita River , 75 miles south from Little Rock . The tools , machinery , and the material were gathered piecemeal or else made by hand labor . Nothing of this sort had been before attempted on Government account in Arkansas to my knowledge , except for the manufacture of small arms , the machinery for which was taken away by General Van Dorn and there was neither capital nor sufficient enterprise among the citizens to engage in such undertakings � A further supply , along with lead and caps , was procured from the citizens of Little Rock and vicinity by donation , purchases , and impressments . This ammunition , and that which I brought with me , was rapidly prepared for use at the Laboratory established at the Little Rock Arsenal for that purpose . As illustrating as the pitiful scarcity of material in the country , the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper . Gunsmiths were employed or conscripted , tools purchased or impressed , and the repair of the damaged guns I brought with me and about an equal number found at Little Rock commenced at once . But , after inspecting the work and observing the spirit of the men I decided that a garrison 500 strong could hold out against Fitch and that I would lead the remainder - about 1500 - to Gen 'l Rust as soon as shotguns and rifles could be obtained from Little Rock instead of pikes and lances , with which most of them were armed . Two days elapsed before the change could be effected . " The Confederate ordnance establishment at Little Rock was reactivated in August , 1862 . Looking around for a suitable person to head this activity , General Hindman turned to the Confederate Navy and borrowed Lieutenant John W. Dunnington . Lt. Dunnington was the commander of the gunboat C.S.S. Ponchartrain , which had been brought to Little Rock in hopes of converting it to an ironclad . Dunnington was selected to head the ordnance works at Little Rock , and although he continued to draw his pay from the Confederate Navy Department , he was placed in charge of all Confederate ordnance activities ( which included artillery functions ) there with the rank of lieutenant colonel . Lt. Col. Dunnington 's " Returns for the month of August , 1862 , at Little Rock Arsenal , C.S.A. , " are found in Vol . 149 , Chapter IV of the " Captured Rebel Ordnance Records , " and are most enlightening as to the scope of Confederate ordnance activities at Little Rock during this crucial time . According to Dunnington ,

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6

" When I assumed command at this Post , all material had been removed to Arkadelphia . There were no persons employed . No shops were open for repair of arms or for fabricating ammunition . Material , tools , etc . , had to be procured as well as the employment of laborers . Work commenced the last part of the month . " The military force at Little Rock under Dunnington 's command consisted of four officers : himself , Major John B. Lockman , Captain C.C. Green , and 2nd Lt. W.W. Murphy . In addition to these , he had 20 enlisted men and a civilian force composed of a foreman , 2 clerks , 3 gunsmiths for repairing small arms , a laboratorian , 26 laborers in the ammunition laboratory , and a carpenter for making packing boxes . During the month of August , 1862 , the following work was performed : " Fabricated : one pair of musket bullet moulds ; 10 @,@ 000 buck & ball shot cartridges ; repaired : 750 muskets , shotguns , and rifles ; received and repaired : ordnance stores and ordnances ; performed : guard , office , and police duties ; inspected : Posts at Camden and Arkadelphia . " Lt. Col. Dunnington continued to build up his works at Little Rock until November 1862 , when Captain Sanford C. Faulkner ( composer of The Arkansas Traveler ) was placed in charge of the Arsenal . Dunnington presumably returned to his naval duties and the Ponchartrain . A " Summary of the Work Done for November , 1862 , Little Rock Arsenal " shows : Fabrication : 75 @,@ 000 buck & ball cartridges - percussion 14 @,@ 000 buck & ball cartridges - flint 275 paper fuzes 117 rounds , 6 @-@ pounder canister shot 130 rounds , 6 @-@ pounder ball shot 96 ammunition packing boxes Repaired : 2 @,@ 236 shotguns and rifles ( repaired mostly for troops in service ) 23 pistols ( repaired mostly for troops in service ) Received & Issued : 752 packages of ordnance and ordnance stores received and mostly issued to troops in service . Repaired and painted : 4 gun carriages Performed : Guard , office , and police duties . Perhaps the most illuminating points of the above " Summary of Work " and those for following months are that the standard ammunition made was . " buck & ball " , indicating that the .69 caliber smoothbores and shotguns remained the predominant caliber weapon in use , and of this , nearly one sixth or more of all small arms ammunition was still for flintlock weapons , indicating that no less than a sixth of the Confederate troops in this vicinity were still armed with obsolete flintlock weapons . The " Summaries of Work done at Little Rock Arsenal , C.S.A. " continue at about the same pace and scale from August 1862 until August 1863 . Appended to the " Summary " for August , 1863 is the ominous notation , " During the last week in the month , nearly all stores at the Arsenal have been packed and sent to Arkadelphia , in obedience to orders from Chief of Ordnance , District of Arkansas . " This then marks the beginning of the evacuation of ordnance activities from Little Rock , with the city being surrendered to the advancing Federal troops of Frederick Steele 's Arkansas Expedition on September 11 , 1863 . In 1864 , after Little Rock fell to the Union Army and the arsenal had been recaptured , General Fredrick Steele marched 8 @,@ 500 troops from the arsenal beginning the Camden Expedition . The arsenal was briefly seized once more by Joseph Brooks loyalists during the Brooks @-@ Baxter War of 1874 . = = Decommissioning = = In 1873 , the building was renamed Little Rock Barracks and used as a barracks for married officers and their families . The building was drastically altered the inside and outside . Prior to renovation , a rear basement door provided the only entrance to the building , while the tower served as a hoist to move munitions between floors . By 1868 , front and rear porches had been added to the building , as well as interior walls and stairs , some of which remain today , including the central staircase . In 1880 , Douglas MacArthur was born on the northwest upper floor of this building while his father , Captain Arthur MacArthur , was stationed there . In the 1880s , the federal government began closing many small arsenals around the country in favor of smaller ones built near railroads for quick deployment . The arsenal commander received word from Washington that the Little Rock site must be abandoned " not later than October 1 , 1890 . " On April 12 , 1893 the tower building and the surrounding buildings were traded to the city of Little Rock for 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 km ² ) in North Little Rock under the condition that

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7

the building and land be " forever exclusively devoted to the uses and purposes of a public park " for 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 km ² ) in Big Rock Mountain on the north side of the Arkansas River , present day North Little Rock . That site later became Fort Logan H. Roots . All of the original buildings surrounding the Tower Building were demolished . = = Æsthetic Club = = In 1894 the Little Rock Æsthetic Club , one of the oldest women 's societies west of the Mississippi River , moved into the Tower Building . This was prompted due to increased membership and a need for larger , more permanent quarters . The previous year , club members working with women 's organizations throughout the state , raised money to furnish the Arkansas Building of the Columbian Exposition at The Chicago World 's Fair . At the fair 's conclusion , artifacts from the exhibit were displayed in the Tower Building , with the Æsthetic Club invited to meet in the " Columbian Room . " Except for Æsthetic Club meetings , the Tower Building remained largely unoccupied for almost fifty years and suffered significant deterioration . The Æsthetic Club provided much @-@ needed financial support during the period and even paid the electric bill during the Great Depression . The Æsthetic Club is still headquartered in the Tower Building . = = Public use = = The building and the surrounding park were used for many public purposes throughout the early 20th century . The Tower Building served as headquarters for the United Confederate Veterans Reunion , May 15 – 18 , 1911 . Over 106 @,@ 000 Civil War veterans , the largest popular gathering in the history of the city up to that time , attended and were housed in the building or camped in the park , which had also become a popular camping area . Later the building served as an armory for the Arkansas National Guard . In 1912 , the second floor of the Tower Building became Little Rock 's first public library . In 1917 , Little Rock built a fire station in the park , that building is now gone . A band shell named for H. H. Foster also was built in the park during this time , but also no longer exists . In 1936 , Works Progress Administration built the Museum of Fine Arts , now called the Arkansas Arts Center , just south of the Tower Building . The arsenal was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 . Due to its association with the Camden Expedition of 1864 , the arsenal may be included in the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark designated in 1994 . In 1942 , the Tower Building was renovated due to the efforts of the Æsthetic Club , Little Rock philanthropist Frederick W. Allsop , and the Works Progress Administration . It became the new home of The Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities , which had been located in Little Rock City Hall . The museum remained in the tower building for approximately fifty @-@ five years . The area surrounding the Tower Building had been known as Arsenal Park when the first decommissioned and then later renamed City Park . Due to the efforts of Bernie Babcock , however , the city finally named it MacArthur Park in 1942 in honor of Douglas MacArthur . In 1997 , the Museum of Science and Natural History merged with the Little Rock Children 's Museum , which had been located in Union Station , to form the Arkansas Museum of Discovery . The new museum was relocated to a historic building in the Little Rock River Market District . The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History opened on May 19 , 2001 in the Tower Building . The new museum 's goal is to educate and inform visitors about the military history of Arkansas , preserve the Tower Building , honor servicemen and servicewomen of the United States and commemorate the birthplace of Douglas MacArthur . = Cicely Mary Barker = Cicely Mary Barker ( 28 June 1895 – 16 February 1973 ) was an English illustrator best known for a series of fantasy illustrations depicting fairies and flowers . Barker 's art education began in girlhood with correspondence courses and instruction at the Croydon School of Art . Her earliest professional work included greeting cards and juvenile magazine illustrations , and her first book , Flower Fairies of the Spring , was published in 1923 . Similar books were published in the following decades . Barker was a devout Anglican , and donated her artworks to Christian fundraisers and missionary organizations . She produced a few Christian @-@ themed books such as The Children ’ s Book of Hymns and , in collaboration with her sister Dorothy , He Leadeth Me . She designed a stained glass window for St. Edmund 's Church , Pitlake , and her painting of the Christ Child , The Darling of the World Has Come , was purchased by Queen Mary . Barker was equally proficient in watercolour , pen and ink , oils , and pastels . Kate Greenaway and the Pre @-@ Raphaelites were the principal influences on her work . She claimed to paint instinctively and rejected artistic theories

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8

. Barker died in 1973 . Though she published Flower Fairy books with spring , summer , and autumn themes , it wasn 't until 1985 that a winter collection was assembled from her remaining work and published posthumously . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Barker was born the second daughter and youngest child of Walter Barker , a partner in a seed supply company and an amateur artist , and his wife Mary Eleanor ( Oswald ) Barker on 28 June 1895 at home at 66 Waddon Road in Croydon , Surrey , England . Barker was an epileptic as a child , and cared for at home by her parents . Later , her sister and elder by two years , Dorothy Oswald Barker , continued the care . The family of four was moderately well off , and belonged to the lower end of the upper middle class . A nanny , a governess , and a cook to prepare special meals for Barker were hired . She spent much time in bed at home amusing herself with painting books and a nursery library that included the works of Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott – two artists who exerted strong influences on her later art . = = = Art education and first professional work = = = Barker took correspondence courses in art , probably until about 1919 . In 1908 at 13 years , she entered an evening class at the Croydon School of Art , and attended the school into the 1940s . In time , she received a teaching position . In 1911 , Raphael Tuck & Sons bought four of Barker 's " little drawings " for half a sovereign , and published them as postcards . In October 1911 , she won second prize in the Croydon Art Society 's poster competition , and shortly afterward was elected the youngest member of the Society . The art critic for the Croydon Advertiser remarked , " Her drawings show a remarkable freedom of spirit . She has distinct promise . " Following her father ’ s death in June 1912 , the seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Barker submitted art and poetry to My Magazine , Child ’ s Own , Leading Strings , and Raphael Tuck annuals in an effort to support both her mother and sister . Her sister Dorothy taught kindergarten in two private schools before opening a kindergarten at home . She brought in some money for the family 's support while supervising the household . = = = Flower Fairies of the Spring , 1923 = = = Fairies became a popular theme in art and literature in the early 20th century following the releases of The Coming of the Fairies by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie , and the fairy @-@ themed work of Australian Ida Rentoul Outhwaite . Queen Mary made such themes even more popular by sending Outhwaite postcards to friends during the 1920s . In 1918 , Barker produced a postcard series depicting elves and fairies . In 1923 , Barker sent her flower fairy paintings to various publishers . Blackie paid £ 25 for 24 paintings with accompanying verses , but it wasn 't until publication of Flower Fairies of the Summer in 1925 that Barker received royalties for her work . Mary Violet Clayton Calthrop , wife of author Dion Clayton Calthrop , wrote in April 1925 about Barker and Flower Fairies of the Spring : " She has such exquisite taste , besides draughtsmanship . " = = = The Waldrons = = = In 1924 , the family moved into a four @-@ level , semi @-@ detached Victorian house at 23 The Waldrons . Barker had a studio built in the garden and her sister conducted a kindergarten in a room at the back of the house . The family lived frugally and attended both St. Edmund 's and St. Andrew 's in Croydon – " low " churches for the less privileged . Barker sometimes incorporated portraits of her fellow parishioners in her religious works . She was described by Canon Ingram Hill as " one of the pillars " of St. Andrew 's . The children in the kindergarten modelled for the Flower Fairies until the kindergarten closed in 1940 . In an interview in 1958 , Barker said , " My sister ran a kindergarten and I used to borrow her students for models . For many years I had an atmosphere of children about me – I never forgot it . " She also painted the children of relatives as well as Gladys Tidy , the Barkers ' young housekeeper , who posed for the Primrose Fairy in 1923 . The plants were painted from life , and if a specimen was not readily at hand , Kew Gardens staff would provide her the specimens needed . Barker designed and built the Flower Fairy costumes , and based each on the flowers and leaves of the particular plant to be illustrated . The costumes were kept in a trunk in her studio along with wings made of twigs and gauze . Each was broken down after an illustration was completed and the parts recycled for other costumes . She

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9

often referred to Dion Clayton Calthrop 's English Costume . = = = Middle years = = = In the late 1920s , Barker began to doubt she was doing enough for the church and considered focusing solely on sacred works . Family and friends recommended she continue secular and sacred works , which she did . Barker continued to attend evening classes at the Croydon Art School between the 1920s and the 1940s , eventually receiving a teaching position . She took sketching trips to Amberley and Storrington in Sussex and to Cornwall and the southern coast with family and friends . She visited and stayed with artist Margaret Tarrant in Gomshall , Surrey and with family in Ugglebarnby , Near Whitby , North Yorkshire . In 1940 , the Barker 's live @-@ in maid retired , and Dorothy Barker closed her school at the back of the house in The Waldrons . She continued to supervise the household , and to give both her mother and sister the care they needed . Dorothy and her sister collaborated upon only two books : Our Darling 's First Book and the Christian @-@ themed , He Leadeth Me . In 1954 Dorothy Barker died of a heart attack . Barker was unable to pursue her art to any significant extent following her sister 's death , as all the care of her aged mother devolved upon her , but she did manage to begin planning a stained glass window design in her sister 's memory for St. Edmund 's , Pitlake . = = = Later life and death = = = Barker 's mother died in 1960 , and , in 1961 , Barker moved from 23 The Waldrons to 6 Duppas Avenue in Croydon . She restored a maisonette in Storrington , Sussex , England , bequeathed by her friend Edith Major , and named it St. Andrew 's . After taking up residence , her health began to deteriorate . She was in and out of nursing and convalescent homes , and tended by relatives and friends . Barker died at Worthing Hospital on 16 February 1973 , aged 77 years . Two funeral services were held – one in Storrington Church and one in Barker 's maisonette . Her ashes were scattered in Storrington churchyard . In 1989 , Frederick Warne , a division of Penguin Books since 1983 , acquired the Flower Fairies properties . = = Art = = Barker worked principally in watercolor with pen @-@ and @-@ ink , but she was equally competent in black @-@ and @-@ white , in oils , and in pastels . She carried a sketchbook with her for capturing interesting children . She once indicated , " I have always tried to paint instinctively in a way that comes naturally to me , without any real thought or attention to artistic theories . " Kate Greenaway was a childhood favorite and an influence on her art . Barker 's child subjects wear nostalgic clothing as Greenaway 's children do , though Barker 's children are less melancholy and less flat in appearance , due perhaps to advances in printing technology . Barker studied flowers with an analytical eye and was friend to children 's illustrator , Margaret Tarrant . Along with Greenaway , illustrator Alice B. Woodward also influenced Barker 's work . The Pre @-@ Raphaelites were a strong , lifelong influence on Barker . She once indicated , " I am to some extent influenced by them — not in any technical sense , but in the choice of subject matter and the feeling and atmosphere they could achieve . " She admitted a fondness for the early paintings of John Everett Millais and " the wonderful things " of Edward Burne @-@ Jones . = = = Depictions of children = = = Barker 's sketches , drawings , and paintings of children were given to friends or to the parents of the subjects , donated to charitable institutions and church sponsored events , or exhibited through various art organizations . She illustrated magazine covers , dust jackets , and produced series of postcards for Raphael Tuck and other publishers such as Picturesque Children of the Allies ( 1915 ) , Seaside Holidays ( 1918 ) , and Shakespeare 's Boy and Girl Characters ( 1917 , 1920 ) . Her own Old Rhymes for All Times ( 1928 ) and The Lord of the Rushie River ( 1938 ) , a tale about a girl who lives among swans on a riverbank , were critically well received . Set about 1800 , Groundsel and Necklaces ( 1943 ) tells of a girl named Jenny who rescues her family from poverty through the agency of the fairies . The story features an old Scrooge @-@ like man called Mr. Petercoo and tonally suggests a Dickensian social consciousness . Simon the Swan , intended as a sequel to Rushie River was outlined in 1943 with Groundsel , but only developed in 1953 . It was published posthumously in 1988 and is critically considered less successful than Groundsel .

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10

= = = Christian @-@ themed works = = = Barker was a devout Christian , and produced religious @-@ themed works throughout her life . She published eight postcards and five guardian angel birthday cards for the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1916 and in 1923 respectively . Christmas cards were designed for The Girls ' Friendly Society over a 20 @-@ year period , and the first three designs sold out a combined printing of 46 @,@ 500 in 1923 . An original design for the society called The Darling of the World Has Come was purchased by Queen Mary for ₤ 5 @.@ 5 @.@ 0 in 1926 . The Croydon Art Society hung Barker 's booklet cover design for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in its November 1919 exhibition . Religious @-@ themed books include The Children 's Book of Hymns ( 1929 ) and He Leadeth Me ( 1933 ) , the latter written in collaboration with her sister . Major religious works include the triptychs in oil , The Feeding of the Five Thousand ( 1929 ) , for the chapel in Llandaff House , a home for destitute women at Penarth , Wales , and The Parable of the Great Supper ( 1934 ) for St. George 's Chapel , Waddon . The Feeding has since disappeared , and only a black @-@ and @-@ white photograph dated 1929 reproduces the work . In 1941 , she completed oil panels on the subject of the seven sacraments for the baptismal font at St. Andrew 's , South Croydon . She designed baptismal rolls for the wall behind the font in 1948 and 1962 . In 1946 , she completed the 4 x 7 ft. oil painting , Out of Great Tribulation , for the Memorial Chapel of Norbury Methodist Church . Following the death of her sister in 1954 , Barker began designs for a stained glass memorial window depicting Christ preparing to wash the feet of his disciples . Her last religious @-@ themed work , it was installed in St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , in 1962 . = = Works = = = = = Cards = = = Picturesque Children of the Allies ; J. Salmon , 1916 National Mission ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1916 Shakespeare 's Boy Characters ; C. W. Faulkner , 1917 Shakespeare 's Girl Characters ; C. W. Faulkner , 1920 Seaside Holiday ; J. Salmon , 1918 , 1921 Elves and Fairies ; S. Harvey , 1918 Guardian Angel ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1923 Christmas cards ; Girls ' Friendly Society , 1920s , 1930s Christmas cards ( US ) ; Barton @-@ Colton , 1920s , 1930s Beautiful Bible Pictures ; Blackie , 1932 = = = Books = = = Flower Fairies of the Spring ; Blackie , 1923 Spring Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1923 Flower Fairies of the Summer ; Blackie , 1925 Child Thoughts in Picture and Verse ( by M. K. Westcott ) ; Blackie , 1925 Flower Fairies of the Autumn ; Blackie , 1926 Summer Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1926 The Book of the Flower Fairies ; Blackie , 1927 Autumn Songs with Music ; Blackie , 1927 Old Rhymes for All Times ; Blackie , 1928 The Children ’ s Book of Hymns ; Blackie , 1929 ; rep . 1933 Our Darling ’ s First Book ( written in collaboration with Dorothy Barker ) ; Blackie , 1929 The Little Picture Hymn Book ; Blackie , 1933 Rhymes New and Old ; Blackie , 1933 A Flower Fairy Alphabet ; Blackie , 1934 A Little Book of Old Rhymes ; Blackie , 1936 He Leadeth Me ( written in collaboration with Dorothy Barker ) ; Blackie , 1936 A Little Book of Rhymes New and Old ; Blackie , 1937 The Lord of the Rushie River ; Blackie , 1938 Flower Fairies of the Trees ; Blackie , 1940 When Spring Came In at the Window ; Blackie , 1942 A Child ’ s Garden of Verses ( Robert Louis Stevenson ) ; Blackie , 1944 Flower Fairies of the Garden ; Blackie , 1944 Groundsel and Necklaces ; Blackie , 1946 ; reprinted as Fairy Necklaces Flower Fairies of the Wayside ; Blackie , 1948 Flower Fairies of the Flowers and Trees ; Blackie , 1950 Lively Stories ; Macmillan , 1954 The Flower Fairy Picture Book ; Blackie , 1955 Lively Numbers ; Macmillan , 1957 Lively Words ; Macmillan , 1961 . The Sand , the

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"Ġ;", "ĠMac", "mill", "an", "Ġ,", "Ġ1957", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠL", "ively", "ĠWords", "Ġ;", "ĠMac", "mill", "an", "Ġ,", "Ġ1961", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠSand", "Ġ,", "Ġthe" ]

11

Sea and the Sun ; Gibson , 1970 = = = = Posthumously published = = = = Flower Fairies of the Winter ; Blackie , 1985 Simon the Swan ; Blackie , 1988 Flower Fairies of the Seasons ; Bedrick / Blackie , 1988 A Little Book of Prayers and Hymns ; Frederick Warne , 1994 A Flower Fairies Treasury ; Frederick Warne , 1997 Fairyopolis ; Frederick Warne , 2005 Wild Cherry Makes A Wish ; ( collaboration with Pippa Le Quesne ) Frederick Warne , 2006 How to find Flower Fairies ; Frederick Warne , 2007 Return to Fairyopolis ; Frederick Warne , 2008 = = = Book covers = = = A New Epiphany ; Society for the Preservation of Christian Knowledge , 1919 43 Annuals ; Blackie , 1920s , 1930s = = = Religious works = = = St. Cecily 's Garden ; 1920 Cradle roll design ; St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1922 Banner design ; St. Mary 's , Sanderstead , 1923 The Feeding of the Five Thousand ; reredos triptych , chapel at Penarth , Wales ; 1929 The Parable of the Great Supper ; triptych , St. George 's chapel , Waddon The Seven Sacraments ; baptismal font panels , St. Andrew 's , Croydon St. John the Baptist ; central banner panel , Abesford church , 1943 Lettering , sword , and shield ; mount for a list of men and woman serving in the Forces , St. Andrews , Croydon , 1943 Baptismal rolls ; St. Andrews , Croydon , 1948 , 1962 The font in St Andrew 's Church , South Croydon Out of Great Tribulation ; memorial chapel , Norbury Medthodist church , 1948 I Am Among You As He That Serveth ; stained glass window design , St. Edmund 's , Pitlake , 1962 = Gambia women 's national football team = The Gambia women 's national football team represents the Gambia in international football competition . The team , however , has not competed in a match recognised by FIFA , the sport 's international governing body , despite that organised women 's football has been played in the country since 1998 . The Gambia has two youth teams , an under @-@ 17 side that has competed in FIFA U @-@ 17 Women 's World Cup qualifiers , and an under @-@ 19 side that withdrew from regional qualifiers for an under @-@ 19 World Cup . The development of a national team faces challenges similar to those across Africa , although the national football association has four staff members focusing on women 's football . = = The team = = In 1985 , few countries had women 's national football teams . While the sport gained popularity worldwide in later decades , the Gambia 's national team only played its first game in 2007 . That game was not FIFA @-@ recognised . As of March 2012 , the team was unranked by FIFA , and as of the following month the Gambia had not played in a FIFA @-@ sanctioned match . The team has not participated in major regional and international tournaments , including the Women 's World Cup , the 2010 African Women 's Championship or the 2011 All @-@ Africa Games . The country did not have a FIFA @-@ recognised youth national team until 2012 , when the Gambia under @-@ 17 women 's team competed in Confederation of African Football qualifiers for the FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup , to be held in Azerbaijan in September 2012 . The Gambia had fielded an under @-@ 17 team of 24 players , narrowed from an initial pool of 49 young women . Two girls from the SOS Children ’ s Village Bakoteh were chosen as a members of the team . The Gambia first played Sierra Leone in a pair of qualifying matches for the tournament . Gambia won the first match 3 @-@ 0 in Banjul , the Gambia 's capital . The return match was delayed in for 24 hours and played in Makeni . The Gambia beat Sierra Leone 4 @-@ 3 to qualify for the final round . The Gambia then beat Tunisia 1 @-@ 0 at home and won 2 @-@ 1 in Tunisia . Adama Tamba and Awa Demba scored the Gambia 's goals . Tunisia 's only goal was a Gambian own goal . The win qualified Gambia for the 2012 Azerbaijan World Cup . The Gambia also has an under @-@ 19 team that was to play in the African Women 's U @-@ 19 Championship in 2002 . The Gambia 's first match was against Morocco , but the team

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12

withdrew from the competition . = = Background and development = = The development of women 's football in Africa faces several challenges , including limited access to education , poverty amongst women , inequalities and human rights abuses targeting women . Funding is another issue impacting the game in Africa , where most financial assistance comes from FIFA and not national football associations . Another challenge is the retention of football players . Many women footballers leave the continent to seek greater opportunity in Europe or the United States . Gambia 's national football association was founded in 1952 , and became affiliated with FIFA in 1968 . Football is the most popular women 's sport in the country , and was first played in an organized system in 1998 . A national competition was launched in 2007 , the same year FIFA started an education course on football for women . Competition was active on both the national and scholastic levels by 2009 . There are four staffers dedicated to women 's football in the Gambia Football Association , and representation of women on the board is required by the association 's charter . = Plain maskray = The plain maskray or brown stingray ( Neotrygon annotata ) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae . It is found in shallow , soft @-@ bottomed habitats off northern Australia . Reaching 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) in width , this species has a diamond @-@ shaped , grayish green pectoral fin disc . Its short , whip @-@ like tail has alternating black and white bands and fin folds above and below . There are short rows of thorns on the back and the base of the tail , but otherwise the skin is smooth . While this species possesses the dark mask @-@ like pattern across its eyes common to its genus , it is not ornately patterned like other maskrays . Benthic in nature , the plain maskray feeds mainly on caridean shrimp and polychaete worms , and to a lesser extent on small bony fishes . It is viviparous , with females producing litters of one or two young that are nourished during gestation via histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) . This species lacks economic value but is caught incidentally in bottom trawls , which it is thought to be less able to withstand than other maskrays due to its gracile build . As it also has a limited distribution and low fecundity , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it as Near Threatened . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The first scientific description of the plain maskray was authored by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) researcher Peter Last in a 1987 issue of Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria . The specific name annotatus comes from the Latin an ( " not " ) and notatus ( " marked " ) , and refers to the ray 's coloration . The holotype is a male 21 @.@ 2 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) across , caught off Western Australia ; several paratypes were also designated . Last tentatively placed the species in the genus Dasyatis , noting that it belonged to the " maskray " species group that also included the bluespotted stingray ( then Dasyatis kuhlii ) . In 2008 , Last and William White elevated the kuhlii group to the rank of full genus as Neotrygon , on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . In a 2012 phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA , the plain maskray and the Ningaloo maskray ( N. ningalooensis ) were found to be the most basal members of Neotrygon . The divergence of the N. annotata lineage was estimated to have occurred ~ 54 Ma . Furthermore , the individuals sequenced in the study sorted into two genetically distinct clades , suggesting that N. annotata is a cryptic species complex . The two putative species were estimated to have diverged ~ 4 @.@ 9 Ma ; the precipitating event was likely the splitting of the ancestral population by coastline changes . = = Description = = The pectoral fin disc of the plain maskray is thin and diamond @-@ shaped with narrowly rounded outer corners , measuring 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 times longer than wide . The leading margins of the disc are gently concave and converge at a broad angle to the pointed tip of the snout . The small eyes are placed close together , and behind them are the spiracles . The nostrils are elongated and have a skirt @-@ shaped flap of skin between them . The small mouth bears prominent furrows at the corners and contains two slender papillae on the floor . Small papillae are also found around the outside of the mouth . There are five pairs of gill slits . The pelvic fins are fairly large and pointed .

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13

The tail is short , barely exceeding the length of the disc when intact , and has a broad and flattened base leading to usually two stinging spines . After the stings , the tail becomes slender and bears a long ventral fin fold and a much shorter , lower dorsal fin fold . Most of the body lacks dermal denticles ; a midline row of 4 – 13 small , closely spaced thorns is present behind the spiracles , and another row of 0 – 4 thorns before the stings . The dorsal coloration is grayish green , becoming pinkish towards the disc margins ; there is a dark mask @-@ like shape around the eyes and a pair of small dark blotches behind the spiracles . The tail behind the stings has alternating black and white bands of variable width , ending with black at the tip . The underside is plain white and the ventral fin fold is light grayish in color . This species grows to 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) across and 45 cm ( 18 in ) long . = = Distribution and habitat = = The plain maskray inhabits the continental shelf of northern Australia from the Wellesley Islands in Queensland to the Bonaparte Archipelago in Western Australia , including the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Timor and Arafura Seas . There are unsubstantiated reports that its range extends to southern Papua New Guinea . It is the least common of the several maskray species native to the region . This species is a bottom @-@ dweller that prefers habitats with fine sediment . It has been recorded from between 12 and 62 m ( 39 and 203 ft ) deep , and tends to be found farther away from shore than other maskrays in its range . = = Biology and ecology = = The plain maskray generally hunts at the surface of the bottom substrate , rather than digging for prey . Its diet consists predominantly of caridean shrimp and polychaete worms . Small bony fishes are also eaten , along with the occasional penaeid prawn or amphipod . Larger rays consume a greater variety of prey and relatively more polychaete worms when compared to smaller rays . This species is parasitized by the tapeworm Acanthobothrium jonesi . Like other stingrays , the plain maskray is viviparous with the developing embryos sustained to term by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) produced by the mother . Mature females have a single functional ovary and uterus , on the left . Litter size is one or two ; the newborns measure 12 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) across . Males and females reach sexual maturity at disc widths of 20 – 21 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 3 in ) and 18 – 19 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 5 in ) respectively . The maximum lifespan is estimated to be 9 years for males and 13 years for females . = = Human interactions = = The main conservation threat to the plain maskray is incidental capture by commercial bottom trawl fisheries . In the present day , this is mostly caused by Australia 's Northern Prawn Fishery , which operates throughout its range . Although this species is discarded when caught , it is more delicate @-@ bodied than other maskrays and is thus unlikely to survive encounters with trawling gear . Historically , this species may also have been negatively affected by Japanese , Chinese , and Taiwanese trawlers that fished intensively off northern Australia from 1959 to 1990 . These factors , coupled with the plain maskray 's limited distribution and low reproductive rate , have resulted in its being assessed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . = 2011 – 12 Columbus Blue Jackets season = The 2011 – 12 Columbus Blue Jackets season was the team 's 12th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Blue Jackets ' record of 29 – 46 – 7 [ note 1 ] was the worst record in the NHL for 2011 – 12 and the first time in franchise history they finished in last place . It also marked the third straight year that they missed the playoffs . Consequently , they had the best chance to receive the first overall selection in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft lottery , but lost out to the Edmonton Oilers and received the second pick instead . The Blue Jackets began the year with the worst start in franchise history and the worst by any team in an NHL season in 19 years . After an 11 – 25 – 5 start , Head Coach Scott Arniel was fired and replaced by Assistant Coach Todd Richards . The poor season prompted several personnel changes including the trade of All @-@ Star forward Jeff Carter , who was acquired with much fanfare during the off @-@ season . With the prospect of another rebuild looming the Blue Jackets ' captain and best player , Rick Nash , requested to be traded , though he would remain

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14

with the team for the entire season . The team was involved in a controversial loss to the Los Angeles Kings , when the Staples Center clock appeared to freeze at 1 @.@ 8 seconds allowing the Kings time to score the tying goal , before winning in overtime . During the season Columbus managed only two winning streaks of three or more games . One of which came towards the end of the year helping the Blue Jackets finish with 65 points , the third worst point total in franchise history . = = Off @-@ season = = In the off @-@ season the Blue Jackets ' approach to building their team changed , moving from a team of young developing players into one with established players . The first deal General Manager Scott Howson made was the acquisition of All @-@ Star forward Jeff Carter on June 23 , 2011 . The deal sent Jakub Voracek , Columbus ' first @-@ round draft choice , the eighth overall , and their third @-@ round pick in the 2011 Draft to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Carter . The trade received a positive response in Columbus from fans and management who felt they finally had a number one center to play alongside of their best player , Rick Nash . Next , they traded for the negotiating rights of soon to be free agent James Wisniewski . Wisniewski scored a career high 51 points during the 2010 – 11 season , splitting time between the New York Islanders and Montreal Canadiens . The point total was fifth @-@ highest in the league for defenseman scoring , tying Tobias Enstrom . The Blue Jackets came to terms with Wisniewski , just an hour prior to the start of free agency , signing him to a six @-@ year , $ 33 million deal . Columbus also traded former first round draft pick Nikita Filatov to the Ottawa Senators for a third @-@ round pick in the 2011 Draft . Filatov had failed to live up to expectations in Columbus , playing in only 44 games over three seasons scoring six goals . Prior to the start of the season , the Blue Jackets were questioned for not signing a veteran back @-@ up to starting goaltender Steve Mason , as the former Calder Memorial Trophy winner had struggled in consecutive seasons . The Blue Jackets signed Mark Dekanich as the back @-@ up who had only 50 minutes of NHL experience prior to the start of the season . Columbus did sign a veteran Curtis Sanford to be their third string goaltender and to start for their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Springfield Falcons . Sanford had not played in the NHL since 2009 . During training camp , Dekanich suffered a high ankle sprain that was expected to keep him out of the line @-@ up for a month . Additionally , Sanford suffered a groin injury , leaving Allen York as the back @-@ up . York had only played four professional games , all in the AHL , entering the season . = = Regular season = = = = = October – December = = = After the first five games , all losses , Jeff Carter suffered a broken foot that kept him out of the line @-@ up for 10 games . While Carter was injured , the Blue Jackets continued to lose games . In the eighth game of the year , they had a chance to end the losing streak against the Ottawa Senators . Columbus held a 3 – 2 lead with under a minute to play . Jason Spezza tied the game on a late power play , and with just 4 @.@ 7 seconds remaining , Milan Michalek notched the winning goal for the Senators . The loss helped set a franchise record for futility with a 0 – 7 – 1 record to start a season . [ note 1 ] The losing streak came to an end three days later with a win over the Detroit Red Wings . During the game , several milestones were reached . James Wisniewski made his Columbus debut , Ryan Johansen and John Moore scored their first career NHL goals and Grant Clitsome had a career @-@ high three assists . Columbus was unable to create any momentum from the win , however , and continued to struggle , culminating in a 2 – 12 – 1 record , which was the worst start to an NHL season for any team in 19 years . With the team struggling , management attempted to " shake things up " by making some roster moves . The first move was the acquisition of center Mark Letestu from the Pittsburgh Penguins . Next , they traded defenseman Kris Russell to the St. Louis Blues for Nikita Nikitin . As the clubs slow start continued , there were rumors that Head Coach Scott Arniel would be fired and replaced with Ken Hitchcock . Hitchcock had previously coached the Blue Jackets to their only playoff appearance in club history and was still under contract with the franchise through to the end of the season . Before any of these rumors came to fruition , the St. Louis Blues asked Columbus for permission to hire Hitchcock , which the Blue Jackets allowed . Hitchcock began his Blues coaching career with a 6 – 1 – 2 record in his first nine games , while Columbus amassed

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15

a 6 – 13 – 3 record to start the season . During the same time frame as the Hitchcock rumors , goaltender Curtis Sanford returned from his groin injury on November 13 . He made his first start of the season against the Boston Bruins , losing 2 – 1 in a shootout . Sanford continued his strong play , posting a 3 – 1 – 2 record , 1 @.@ 38 goals against average and .947 save percentage over his next six games . Sanford started 12 consecutive games before Steve Mason made his next start . The number of starts might not have been as numerous , but prior to the November 23 game , Mason was hit in the head by a shot from Rick Nash during pre @-@ game warm @-@ ups and suffered a concussion . Mason returned from his concussion after two games , making a start against the Vancouver Canucks . Mason allowed only one goal in the game despite suffering from cramping in the third period , temporarily being replaced by Sanford for just over three minutes . Columbus won the game 2 – 1 in a shootout , breaking a nine @-@ game losing streak to the Canucks . After the game , Arniel stated that Sanford was still seen as the team 's number one goaltender . However , Mason started four of the next six games with the Blue Jackets going 0 – 5 – 1 during that stretch . = = = January – February = = = With the losing continuing , more rumors began to surface . Unlike before , the rumors were about player moves rather than coaching changes . The majority of rumors were that the Blue Jackets would trade Rick Nash . While Howson stated that he had never brought up trading Nash in discussions , other teams had inquired about his availability . Nash stated that if Columbus felt it would make the franchise better than he would be willing to waive his no @-@ trade clause . Howson publicly stated that he had no intention of trading Nash . More rumors came to light when reports attributed to Réseau des sports stated that Carter was unhappy in Columbus and demanded a trade . Howson , Carter and his agent all denied that a trade request was ever made , and they were unsure where the reports were coming from . With the trade deadline approaching , speculation picked up on the Blue Jackets trading Carter . Reports were that Columbus was trying to trade Carter and that he was " 100 percent available . " At the halfway point of the season , with the Blue Jackets barely into double digit wins with an 11 – 25 – 5 record , worst in the league , and sitting 20 points out of playoff position , Columbus fired Arniel . He was replaced by Assistant Coach Todd Richards on an interim basis . Richards had previously coached the Minnesota Wild . He recorded his first coaching victory for the Blue Jackets in his second game , a 4 – 3 win over the Phoenix Coyotes . The change in coaching did not change the fortunes of the team , as they reached the All @-@ Star break with a 13 – 30 – 6 record . At the break , Blue Jackets ' owner John P. McConnell sent out a letter to fans stating his understanding of their frustration . He added that action would be taken around the trade deadline , the Entry Draft and free agency to take the team in a new direction . When speaking of the season , McConnell stated " disappointing is not a strong enough word " and that he was committed to giving fans a team of which they can be proud of . He also thanked them for their dedication and passion , while reiterating that the team goal was to " win consistently and compete for the Stanley Cup . " Days later , a 250 @-@ person protest occurred outside of Nationwide Arena . Fans were upset with the Blue Jackets ' management and were calling for changes at the top . The same day the fans protested , it was announced that the franchise would host the 2013 All @-@ Star Game . Columbus was without a representative for the 2012 All @-@ star Game , but Ryan Johansen represented the club as a rookie participant in the Super Skills Competition . In the competition , Johansen participated in the Allstate Insurance NHL Breakaway Challenge , a shootout themed event judged by the fans . He received just 1 % of the vote and finished last . Following the break , the Blue Jackets were on the road playing the Los Angeles Kings , and with the score tied late in the game , Kings ' defenseman Drew Doughty scored with just 0 @.@ 4 seconds remaining to win the game . Upon review of the goal it , was determined that the clock at Staples Center froze at 1 @.@ 8 seconds for over a full second , which would have resulted in time expiring prior to the goal being scored . Kings ' General Manager Dean Lombardi stated that the clock was correct and no extra time had been added due to the way the clock self @-@ corrects at various times . Howson stated on the team 's blog that " It is an amazing coincidence that with the Kings on a power play at Staples Center and with a mad scramble around our net in the dying seconds of the third period of a 2 – 2 hockey game that the clock

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16

stopped for at least one full second , " adding that , " Either there was a deliberate stopping of the clock or the clock malfunctioned . " NHL Senior Vice President of Hockey Operations Colin Campbell stated that the Blue Jackets were wronged , but that the outcome of the game could not be changed , and that the delay was not noticed by the off @-@ ice officials or the situation room in Toronto . To determine the true cause of the clock pause , the NHL launched an investigation , talking with the clock 's manufacturer and interviewing Staples Center staff . Two weeks prior to the NHL trade deadline , Columbus announced that unlike earlier in the season , they would listen to trade proposals involving Rick Nash , though they were not actively shopping him . Howson stated that the team was open to all options for improving the team , including trading Nash . Speculation was that in return for Nash the Blue Jackets would ask for a " combination of young , proven players , high @-@ end prospects and draft picks . " Leading up to the trade deadline , the Blue Jackets dealt Antoine Vermette to the Phoenix Coyotes for two draft picks and goaltender Curtis McElhinney . Despite being injured at the time , the acquisition of McElhinney was believed to give Columbus the flexibility to trade Curtis Sanford . The following day , on February 23 , Columbus traded Jeff Carter to the Kings . In the deal , Columbus acquired defenseman Jack Johnson and a first @-@ round draft pick ; the team was given the choice of taking the pick in either 2012 or 2013 . At the deadline , Columbus was unable to come to terms on a deal involving Nash , but they did make one more move ; they sent center Samuel Pahlsson to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for two fourth @-@ round draft picks and minor league defenseman Taylor Ellington . Following the trade deadline , Howson announced that the team had attempted to trade Nash at the player 's request . Nash stated that he had requested the trade after being informed that the franchise was going into another rebuilding phase . He further noted that he felt that he " could be a huge part of that towards bringing assets in , " and in his view " it was the best thing for the team , the organization , and personally for [ his ] career . " After the personnel changes , the Blue Jackets closed out the month with a three @-@ game losing streak . = = = March – April = = = Columbus started March with a 2 – 0 shutout against the Colorado Avalanche . They proceeded to win their next game against the Phoenix Coyotes 5 – 2 , which marked the first time that the Blue Jackets posted back @-@ to @-@ back regulation victories during the season . Columbus again defeated the Coyotes three days later to earn their first three @-@ game win streak of the season . They extended the streak to four with a win over the Los Angeles Kings before it came to an end with a 4 – 1 loss to the St. Louis Blues . It was the only four @-@ game win streak of the season for the Blue Jackets . They immediately matched their four @-@ game win streak with a four @-@ game losing streak and with ten games remaining , the Blue Jackets were the first team eliminated from playoff contention . Shortly after being eliminated , they were defeated by the Edmonton Oilers 6 – 3 ; the loss clinched last place in the NHL for Columbus . It was the first time in franchise history the Blue Jackets finished in 30th place . Three days later , on March 28 , goaltender Steve Mason was injured in the morning skate when a shot from Colton Gillies hit him in the mask . With Sanford again injured , York made an emergency start . Playing against the Detroit Red Wings , York made 29 saves , including 17 in the third period , helping Columbus to a 4 – 2 victory and giving York his first career NHL win . York remained the starter and led the Blue Jackets to a second three @-@ game winning streak . In his fourth start , Columbus was shutout by the Coyotes despite a franchise @-@ record 54 shots on goal , losing 2 – 0 . The 54 saves by Phoenix goaltender Mike Smith set an NHL record for a regulation shutout . Mason returned to the starter 's role for the final two games , winning both . The two victories gave Columbus 65 points for the year , their third @-@ lowest total in franchise history . The Blue Jackets struggled in shorthanded situations , allowing the most power @-@ play goals in the League , with 64 , and having the lowest penalty @-@ kill percentage , at 76 @.@ 64 % = = Post @-@ season = = Finishing with the worst record in the NHL , Columbus had the best chance of receiving the first overall pick in the 2012 draft . With the NHL 's weighted draft lottery the Blue Jackets had a 48 @.@ 2 % chance of drafting first overall . However , the lottery was won by the Edmonton Oilers , who proceeded to leapfrog Columbus and secure the number one

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"Ġand", "Ġsecure", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġone" ]

17

draft pick for a third consecutive year . It was the fifth time that the Blue Jackets were dropped one draft position in the franchise 's 12 lottery participations . A month later , on May 14 , the Blue Jackets announced that Richards would remain as head coach and signed him to a two @-@ year contract . During the press conference , Howson noted , " Our team continuously improved under Todd and he has earned the opportunity to build upon the work he started . " Columbus posted an 18 – 21 – 2 record under Richards , including winning seven of their final 11 games . = = Standings = = Since being founded as an expansion team , the Blue Jackets have played in the Central Division of the Western Conference . Division rivals Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues , all made the playoff during the 2011 – 12 season , which helped Columbus finish 36 points behind fourth place Chicago and 44 points out of first . Divisions : CE – Central , NW – Northwest , PA – Pacific bold - qualified for playoffs , y – Won division , p – Won Presidents ' Trophy ( best record in NHL ) = = Schedule and results = = = = = Pre @-@ season = = = = = = Regular season = = = Green background indicates win ( 2 points ) . Red background indicates regulation loss ( 0 points ) . Silver background indicates overtime / shootout loss ( 1 point ) . = = Player statistics = = In ice hockey , a combination of a player 's goals and assists are collectively called points . Penalty minutes are the total number of minutes assigned to a player for infractions assessed during the season.Plus @-@ minus is a statistic that tracks when a player was on the ice while goals were scored , both for and against their team , though some in game situations will not effect the statistic . Below is a listing of all player statistics for the Blue Jackets during the season . = = = Skaters = = = Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played in ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; PIM = Penalty minutes ; + / - = Plus / minus = = = Goaltenders = = = Note : GP = Games Played ; TOI = Time On Ice ( minutes ) ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; OT = Overtime Losses ; GA = Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; SA = Shots Against ; SV = Saves ; Sv % = Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts † Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Blue Jackets . Stats reflect time with the Blue Jackets only . ‡ Traded mid @-@ season = = Milestones = = When Mason was injured in warm @-@ ups late in the year , Columbus was without an active goaltender on their roster . To remedy the situation , the team signed former University of Michigan goaltender Shawn Hunwick to a one @-@ day , amateur tryout contract . After being eliminated from the NCAA Tournament just days prior , Hunwick skipped an astronomy class and drove his worn down 2003 Ford Ranger to Columbus to make the game . He served as the back @-@ up to Allen York during the game , and the following day , he signed a contract for the remainder of the year . With Mason returning from injury , Hunwick was third on the team 's depth chart when an injury to York allowed Hunwick to remain as the back @-@ up for the final two games of the year . In the final game of the season , the Blue Jackets were leading the Islanders 7 – 3 with 2 : 33 remaining when , at the behest of his teammates , Head Coach Todd Richards put Hunwick in to finish the game . He did not face a shot . Hunwick was the franchise record ninth player to make his NHL debut during the season . Conversely , Vaclav Prospal played in his 1,000th NHL game during the year . = = Transactions = = During the off @-@ season the Blue Jackets parted ways with defensemen Jan Hejda , Anton Stralman , Sami Lepisto and Mike Commodore . Hejda , who played four of his first five NHL seasons with the Blue Jackets , was offered a contract by Columbus , but felt that the organization undervalued him and left via free agency . Columbus had offered him a three @-@ year , $ 7 @.@ 5 million contract . He instead signed a four @-@ year , $ 13 million deal with the Colorado Avalanche . Stralman and Lepisto were not given qualifying offers which made them unrestricted free agents , and both signed with other teams . Commodore had originally signed a big contract with the Blue Jackets in 2008 , but fell

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18

out of favor . He was waived , sent to the minors and eventually had his contract bought out . In order to replace the departed players , Columbus not only acquired James Wisniewski , but also signed ten @-@ year NHL veteran Radek Martinek . Martinek played only seven games with the Blue Jackets before suffering a concussion and missing the remainder of the season . Brett Lebda was brought in to replace him . = Gregorian Tower = The Gregorian Tower ( Italian : Torre Gregoriana ) or Tower of the Winds ( Italian : Torre dei Venti ) is a round tower located above the Gallery of Maps , which connects the Villa Belvedere with the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City . The tower was built between 1578 and 1580 to a design by the Bolognese architect Ottaviano Mascherino ( who was credited with building the Apostolic Palace ) mainly to promote the study of astronomy for the Gregorian Calendar Reform which was commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII and promulgated in 1582 . It was then also known as the Tower of Winds . The tower is now called the " Specola Astronomica Vaticana " , the Vatican Observatory . Four stages of progressive development have occurred since it was first established . The tower was an edifice of great value for astronomical observations made using a sundial as they provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the Julian calendar . = = Early history = = The first stage of building of the tower , as recorded by Leo XIII in his motu proprio Ut mysticam of 1891 , is credited to Pope Gregory XIII , Pope from 1572 to 1585 . The directive was to build a tower at a suitable location in the Vatican and equip it with the " greatest and best instruments of the time " . The design was effected after a series of meetings of the experts who had been appointed to reform the Julian calendar , in use since 45 BC , to verify their proposed reforms . Fr . Christoph Clavius , a Jesuit mathematician from the Roman College , was the expert on the committee who suggested the new system for the observations . The 73 metres ( 240 ft ) tower was then built above the museum and library , flanked by the Belvedere and della Pigna courtyards . The instrumentation for the observation of the sun rays falling over it consisted of a meridian line designed by Ignazio Danti of Perugia . It was in the form of a circular marble plate in the centre , embellished with scientific designs . The tower still remains today , but has undergone improvements over the centuries . = = Second stage = = The second stage of construction in the 17th and 18th centuries , when the tower was under the charge of the Vatican librarian , involved Mgr . Filippo Luigi Gilii , a clergyman of St. Peter 's Basilica . Earlier in 1797 , Pius VI gave approval to placing a Latin inscription Specula Vaticana at the entrance to the upper part of the tower , which was implemented by Cardinal Zelada with plans to enhance the instrumentation system in the tower 's observatory . The original observatory was then set up above the second level of the tower with the agreement of Pope Pius VI . Its instrumentation , apart from many normal devices ( such as meteorological and magnetic equipment , with a seismograph and a small transit and pendulum clock , ) was noted for the Dolland Telescope . The instrumentation facilitated recording of occurrences of eclipse , appearance of comets , Satellites of Jupiter and Mercury ’ s transit . As an addition , under the patronage of Pope Pius X , four rotary observatory domes were also added at strategic locations on the 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) long fortification walls , more than a thousand years old . Mgr . Gilii , highly respected as a polyglot with a knowledge of physics , biology , archeology and the Hebrew language , was in charge of the observatory from 1800 to 1821 . He carried out continuous meteorological observations ( twice a day at 6 AM and 2 PM ) conforming to the programme of the Mannheim Meteorological Society . While the observation records for seven years were published , the balance data in a manuscript form was preserved in the Vatican Library . Subsequent to Gilii 's death in 1821 , the observatory on the tower was discontinued and the instruments were moved to the observatory at the Roman College . Established in 1787 , it was considered more suitable for making observations than the Vatican . = = Third stage = = The revival of the observatory on the Gregorian Tower was initiated by the Barnabite Francesco Denza with the approval of Pope Leo XIII . High quality instruments were procured , partly with generous donations from Hicks of London , and the automatic recording instruments were procured from Richard in Paris . A four @-@ inch equatorial , a three

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19

@-@ inch transit instrument , and four pendulum clocks with two chronometers , were also procured from the observatory at Modena . In 1888 , the gift of a 16 inch long telescope to Pope Leo XIII , became a part of the observatory . Father Denza joined the observatory in 1889 after it was upgraded with more modern instruments . The same year , a second tower was built some 400 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) away from the main Gregorian Tower , overlooking the Vatican Gardens behind St. Peter 's Basilica on the south @-@ west border . It was built to a diameter of 17 metres ( 56 ft ) with a lower wall thickness of 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) , which could bear the load of a 13 inch photographic refractor , newly procured from Paris . Augustinian Father Rodriguez was the expert meteorologist who held the post of director from 1898 to 1905 . In 1891 , Pope Leo XIII , promulgating the motu proprio Ut mysticam , designated the second tower as the seat of the newly established Vatican Observatory , a decision which required altering the roof to provide a flat terrace for astronomical observations . = = Fourth stage = = The fourth stage involved remedying the problem of communicating between the two towers during the time of Pope Pius X. His plans were to make the Gregorian Tower into a historical tower and to record and carry out observations at the second tower by linking the two towers along the fortified wall with a 83 metres ( 272 ft ) iron bridge spanning the gap . At the west end of this bridge , a four @-@ inch equatorial was installed on semicircular bastion . The east end of the bridge , above the barracks of the gendarmes , had a heliograph , with a camera attached , used to photograph the Sun ( photoheliograph ) . A new 16 @-@ inch visual telescope , called Torre Pio X , was erected in the second tower . As a result of these modifications , the original library was moved to the Pontifical Academy Lincei , and the old meteorological and seismic instruments were shifted to the Valle di Pompei observatory . The new Astronomical Library was housed in two rooms of the building . The two new Repsold machines were used for recording on the astrographic plates . The recorded observations were published along with explanatory notes together with the last two series of the atlas of stars . Charts were printed on silver bromide paper . = = Features = = The tower had two floors and a mezzanine . On the first floor was the famous Sundial Room or Meridian Room , which was initially an open loggia . Pope Urban VIII had it enclosed and it was subsequently decorated with long sequences of frescoes painted between 1580 and 1582 by Simon Lagi and the two Flemish artists Paul and Matthijs Bril . Today the tower has paintings by Cristoforo Roncalli and Matteino da Siena . The Sundial Room , also called the Meridian Hall , was once the residence of Queen Christina of Sweden , then newly converted to Catholicism . The room was further modified by two additions which gave it its current name : a sundial , and a delicate but sophisticated anemoscope which was fixed to the ceiling of the Meridian Hall . These were created by Ignazio Danti , the papal cosmographer , in association with the Gregorian Calendar Reform . The sundial consisted of a straight line in white marble running across the floor in a north @-@ south direction , intended to measure the height of the Sun at noon according to the seasons of the year . The observations made with the sundial provided essential confirmation of the need to reform the Julian calendar . The anemoscope , in contrast , was a complex mechanism attached to the ceiling which was used to measure the strength and direction of the wind but soon stopped functioning . The instrument may have led to the other name of the tower , Tower of the Winds ; however , an ancient observatory at Athens was also called the Tower of the Winds and might have been the source for inspiration . The interior walls and ceiling of the hall were richly decorated , in some cases with gaudy frescoes of the hills and Roman countryside , the Pantheons , religious themes , the buildings surrounding the area , and naval shipwrecks with Jesus calming the storm and so forth . = There 's Got to Be a Way = " There 's Got to Be a Way " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her self @-@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) . Columbia released it as the fifth and final single from the album in the United Kingdom . It was one of four songs Carey wrote with Ric Wake during their first recording session together , but " There 's Got to Be a Way " was the only composition to make the final track listing . It is a

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20

socio @-@ political conscious R & B @-@ pop song which addresses the existence of poverty , racism and war in the world which gradually becomes more aspirational and positive as it progresses . The track garnered a mixed reception upon the album 's release in 1990 . While Carey 's vocals were praised , it was seen as too political . An accompanying music video highlights social injustices . The song reached number 54 on the UK Singles Chart . = = Background and release = = " There 's Got to Be a Way " was written by Mariah Carey and Ric Wake for Carey 's self @-@ titled debut studio album ( 1990 ) . It was written during Carey and Wake 's first recording session together . They composed four songs , but only " There 's Got to Be a Way " was chosen for the final track listing . Co @-@ produced by Wake and Narada Michael Walden , it appears as the second of ten songs on the track listing . The track was recorded and engineered by Bob Cadway at Cove City Sound Studios and The Power Station , both located in New York City . He was assisted by Dana Jon Chappelle . It was mixed by David Frazer at Tarpan Studios in San Rafael . The keyboards , bass and rhythm engineering was carried out by Louis Biancaniello , while Joe Franco performed the percussion , Vernon " Ice " Black played the guitar , and Rich Tancredo also performing on the keyboards . Walter Afanasieff played the synth horns . Carey provided her own background vocals along with Billy T. Scott , Jamiliah Muhammed and The Billy T. Scott Ensemble . The song was released as the fifth and final single from the album in the United Kingdom . It is available to purchase as a CD single while the remixes are available on vinyl . = = Composition = = " There 's Got to Be a Way " is an R & B @-@ pop music song with elements of gospel . The theme of social activism can be heard in the lyrics " There ’ s got to be a way / to connect this world today . " The song begins with Carey publicly denouncing the existence of poverty and racism in the world , and she uses the bridge to shift the lyrics towards an uplifting and aspirational tone . Carey suggests we should be more tolerant of each other and not resort so readily to war in the lyrics " Couldn 't we accept each other / Can 't we make ourselves aware . " = = Critical reception = = Music critic Robert Christgau felt that Carey was being too political in her " brave , young , idealistic attack " on war and destitution . Ralph Novak , David Hiltbrand and David Grogan of People wrote that it is a " testimony to her talent that she does so much with so little . " They continued to write that Carey 's " tone and clarity " makes " There 's Got to Be a Way " a " mesmerizing " track . To mark twenty @-@ five years since the release of Mariah Carey in June 1990 , Billboard writer Trevor Anderson wrote a track @-@ by @-@ track review of the album in June 2015 . He noted that " There 's Got to Be a Way " follows the same melodic tone as the album 's opener " Vision of Love " but highlighted their stark lyrical differences , as the former is about social activism and the latter is about love . Although he praised Carey 's vocals , writing that she " deploys " one of her best whistle notes of her career , he felt that " the aim for broad appeal comes at the expense of memorable lyrics . " = = Music video = = The accompanying music video begins with a shot of an empty street , followed by clips of disadvantaged and poorer members of society going about their daily activities . Two men play dominoes on a wooden crate outside a building , a gang make fun of an elderly man hanging newspapers outside his store and an obese woman walks down the street . Clips of Carey leaning against a wall and sitting on some steps looking on at what is happening are shown . As the first chorus begins , everyone starts to dance joyfully in the street and help those in need . A gospel choir comes out of one of the buildings as the street becomes more crowded with people of all ages and backgrounds rejoicing and getting along with each other . One of the shops in the background has a neon light outside the entrance which says " Jesus Saves " . = = Track listings = = " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( Original album version ) – 4 : 52 " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( 7 " remix ) " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( 12 " remix ) " There 's Got to Be a Way " ( Alternative Vocal Dub Mix ) = = Charts = = = Nebraska Highway 88 =

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21

Nebraska Highway 88 ( N @-@ 88 ) is a highway in northwestern Nebraska . It has a western terminus at Wyoming Highway 151 ( WYO 151 ) at the Wyoming – Nebraska state line . The road travels eastward to N @-@ 71 , where it turns south . N @-@ 88 continues east to south of Bridgeport . The road turns north , ends at an intersection with U.S. Highway 385 ( US 385 ) and N @-@ 92 in Bridgeport . The route was designated in 1937 , before the official state highway system was created . It was extended to the state line in 1986 . = = Route description = = N @-@ 88 starts at the Nebraska – Wyoming state line in Banner County , where WYO 151 ends , and travels northeast . The road quickly bends east after less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , and continues in a straight line . For the next twenty miles ( 32 km ) , N @-@ 88 intersects minor streets , through rural farmland . The route turns south at N @-@ 71 , and becomes concurrent . Four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) later , N @-@ 88 turns east , ending the concurrency with N @-@ 71 . The route continues to travel through farmland for sixteen miles ( 26 km ) , where it enters Morrill County . The road crosses over Pumpkin Creek four times , and enters the unincorporated community of Redington . Two rock formations , Courthouse and Jail Rocks , become visible from the road . N @-@ 88 turns north toward Bridgeport soon after . The road crosses over Pumpkin Creek for the fifth time , and enters into Bridgeport five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) later . The road intersects a railroad owned by BNSF Railway . N @-@ 88 turns northeast soon after , and ends at the intersection of US 385 and N @-@ 92 . In 2012 , Nebraska Department of Roads ( NDOR ) calculated as many as 2 @,@ 410 vehicles traveling on the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency , and as few as 315 vehicles traveling east of the Banner – Morrill county line . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . Only the N @-@ 71 / N @-@ 88 concurrency is part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . = = History = = N @-@ 88 was unofficially designated around 1937 , connecting from N @-@ 29 , to N @-@ 86 and N @-@ 19 in Bridgeport . The route remained relatively the same as the state highway system was officially designated . Before 1955 , Nebraska did not have an adequate legal instrument to define the state highway system . By 1960 , N @-@ 19 was renumbered to US 385 , and US 26 was rerouted north near Bridgeport . The old alignment became part of N @-@ 92 . Two years later , N @-@ 29 was renumbered to N @-@ 71 . Between 1981 @-@ 82 , a road appeared on the official state map , extending from WYO 151 to N @-@ 71 . That road became part of N @-@ 88 by 1986 . No significant changes have been made since . = = Major intersections = = = USS Atlanta ( 1861 ) = Atlanta was a casemate ironclad that served in the Confederate and Union Navies during the American Civil War . She was converted from a Scottish @-@ built blockade runner named Fingal by the Confederacy after she made one run to Savannah , Georgia . After several failed attempts to attack Union blockaders , the ship was captured by two Union monitors in 1863 when she ran aground . Atlanta was floated off , repaired , and rearmed , serving in the Union Navy for the rest of the war . She spent most of her time deployed on the James River supporting Union forces there . The ship was decommissioned in 1865 and placed in reserve . Several years after the end of the war , Atlanta was sold to Haiti , but was lost at sea in December 1869 on her delivery voyage . = = Description and career as Fingal = = Fingal was designed and built as a merchantman by J & G Thomson 's Clyde Bank Iron Shipyard at Govan in Glasgow , Scotland , and was completed early in 1861 . She was described by Midshipman Dabney Scales , who served on the Atlanta before her battle with the monitors , as being a two @-@ masted , iron @-@ hulled ship 189 feet ( 57 @.@ 6 m ) long with a beam of 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) . She had a draft of 12 feet ( 3

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22

@.@ 7 m ) and a depth of hold of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . He estimated her tonnage at around 700 tons bm . Fingal was equipped with two vertical single @-@ cylinder direct @-@ acting steam engines using steam generated by one flue @-@ tubular boiler . The engines drove the ship at a top speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) . They had a bore of 39 inches ( 991 mm ) and a stroke of 30 inches ( 762 mm ) . The ship briefly operated between Glasgow and other ports in Scotland for Hutcheson 's West Highland Service before she was purchased in September 1861 by James D. Bulloch , the primary foreign agent in Great Britain for the Confederacy , to deliver the military and naval ordnance and supplies that he had purchased . To disguise his control of Fingal , and the destination of her cargo , Bulloch hired an English crew and captain and put out his destination as Bermuda and Nassau in the Bahamas . The cargo was loaded in Greenock in early October , although Bullock and the other passengers would not attempt to board until they rendezvoused with the ship at Holyhead , Wales . On the night 14 / 15 October , as she was slowly rounding the breakwater at Holyhead , Fingal rammed and sank the Austrian brig Siccardi , slowly swinging at anchor without lights . Bulloch and the passengers embarked in the steamer while Bulloch dispatched a letter to his financial agents instructing them to settle damages with the brig 's owners because he could not afford to take the time to deal with the affair lest he and Fingal be detained . The ship reached Bermuda on 2 November and , after leaving port on 7 November , Bulloch informed the crew that the steamer 's real destination was Savannah , Georgia ; he offered to take anyone who objected to the plan to Nassau . However , all of the crew agreed to join in the effort to run the Union blockade . Fingal was able slip safely into the Savannah estuary in a heavy fog on the night of 12 November without sighting any blockaders . While Fingal was discharging her cargo , Bulloch went to Richmond to confer with Stephen Mallory , Secretary of the Navy . Mallory endorsed Bulloch 's plan to load Fingal with cotton to sell on the Navy Department 's account to be used to purchase more ships and equipment in Europe . He returned to Savannah on 23 November and it took him almost a month to purchase a cargo and acquire enough coal . He made one attempt to break through the blockade on 23 December , but it proved impossible to do as the Union controlled every channel from Savannah , aided by their occupation of Tybee Island at the mouth of the Savannah River . Bulloch reported to Mallory in late January 1862 that breaking out was hopeless so Mallory ordered him to turn the ship over to another officer and to return to Europe some other way . = = As Atlanta = = The brothers Asa and Nelson Tift received the contract to convert the blockade runner into an ironclad in early 1862 with the name of Atlanta , after the city in Georgia . This was largely financed by contributions from the women of Savannah . Fingal was cut down to her main deck and large wooden sponsons were built out from the sides of her hull to support her casemate . After the conversion , Atlanta was 204 feet ( 62 @.@ 2 m ) long overall and had a beam of 41 feet ( 12 m ) . Her depth of hold was now 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) and she now had a draft of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 8 m ) . Atlanta now displaced 1 @,@ 006 long tons ( 1 @,@ 022 t ) and her speed was estimated at 7 – 10 knots ( 13 – 19 km / h ; 8 @.@ 1 – 11 @.@ 5 mph ) . The armor of the casemate was angled at 30 ° from the horizontal and made from two layers of railroad rails , rolled into plates 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) wide . The outer layer ran vertically and the inner layer horizontally . Her armor was backed by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of oak , vertically oriented , and two layers of 7 @.@ 5 inches ( 191 mm ) of pine , alternating in direction . The bottom of the casemate was some 20 inches ( 508 mm ) from the waterline and its top was 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 59 m ) above the waterline . The pyramidal pilothouse was armored in the same way and had room for two men . The upper portion of Atlanta 's hull received two inches of armor . The rectangular casemate was pierced with eight narrow gun ports , one each at the bow and stern and three along each side . Each gun port was protected by an armored shutter made of

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23

two layers of iron riveted together and allowed the guns to elevate only to a maximum of + 5 to + 7 ° . Atlanta was armed with single @-@ banded , 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) Brooke rifles on pivot mounts at the bow and stern . The middle gun port on each side was occupied by a single @-@ banded , 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 163 mm ) Brooke rifle . The 17 @-@ caliber , seven @-@ inch guns weighed about 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) and fired 80 @-@ pound ( 36 kg ) armor @-@ piercing " bolts " and 110 @-@ pound ( 50 kg ) explosive shells . The equivalent statistics for the 18 @.@ 5 @-@ caliber , 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch gun were 9 @,@ 110 pounds ( 4 @,@ 130 kg ) with 80 @-@ pound bolts and 64 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) shells . Atlanta was also armed with a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) , solid iron , ram that was reinforced by a series of vertical steel bars . In front of the ram was a spar torpedo that carried 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of black powder on a wooden pole connected to an iron lever that could be raised or lowered by means of pulleys . On 31 July 1862 , under the command of Lieutenant Charles H. McBlair , Atlanta conducted her sea trials down the Savannah River toward Fort Pulaski . The ship proved to be difficult to steer , and the additional weight of her armor and guns significantly reduced her speed and increased her draft . This latter was a real problem in the shallow waters near Savannah . She also leaked significantly , and her design virtually eliminated air circulation . One report said that " it was almost intolerable on board the Atlanta , there being no method of ventilation , and the heat was intense . " Scales commented in his diary , " What a comfortless , infernal and God @-@ forsaken ship ! ! " Attempts were made to fix the problems and were at least partially successful in stopping many of the leaks . The ship was commissioned on 22 November and became the flagship of Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall , commander of the naval defenses of Georgia . Under pressure from Mallory to engage the blockading ships , Tattnall attempted to engage them before any ironclads arrived on 5 January 1863 , but army engineers could not clear the obstacles blocking the channel in a timely manner , despite early coordination being made by Tattnall to do so . It took another month to actually clear the obstacles and two monitors arrived before the end of January . Nonetheless Tattnall attempted to pass through the obstructions during high tide on 3 February , but high winds prevented the water from rising enough to allow the ship to do so . After Atlanta successfully passed through them on 19 March , Tattnall planned to attack the Union base at Port Royal , South Carolina while the monitors were attacking Charleston . Deserters revealed Tatnall 's plan while he was waiting at the head of Wassaw Sound and he was forced to retreat when three monitors augmented the defenses at Port Royal . Dissatisfied with Tattnall 's perceived lack of aggressiveness , Mallory replaced Tattnall as commander of the Savannah squadron later that month with Commander Richard L. Page . Page , in his turn was relieved in May by Commander William A. Webb ; Atlanta remained the squadron flagship throughout this time . Webb demonstrated his aggressiveness when he attempted to sortie on the first spring tide ( 30 May ) after taking command , but Atlanta 's forward engine broke down after he had passed the obstructions , and the ship ran aground . She was not damaged although it took over a day to pull her free . He planned to make another attempt on the next full tide , rejecting Mallory 's idea that he wait until the nearly complete ironclad Savannah was finished before his next sortie . In the meantime , Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont , commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron , had ordered the monitors Weehawken and Nahant into Wassaw Sound . Commander John Rodgers in Weehawken had overall command of the two ships . In the early evening of 15 June , Webb began his next attempt by passing over the lower obstructions in the Wilmington River and spent the rest of the night coaling . He moved forward the next evening to a concealed position within easy reach of the monitors for an attack early the following morning . Webb planned to sink one of the monitors with his spar torpedo and then deal with the other one with his guns . The gunboat Isondiga and the tugboat Resolute were to accompany him to tow one or both of the monitors back to Savannah . A lookout aboard Weehawken spotted Atlanta at 04 : 10 on the morning of 17 June . When the latter ship closed to within about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2

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24

@.@ 4 km ) of the two Union ships , she fired one round from her bow gun that passed over Weehawken and landed near Nahant . Shortly afterward , Atlanta ran aground on a sandbar ; she was briefly able to free herself , but the pressure of the tide pushed her back onto the sandbar . This time Webb was unable to get off and the monitors closed the range . When Weehawken , the leading ship , closed to within 200 – 300 yards ( 180 – 270 m ) she opened fire with both of her guns . The 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) shell missed , but the 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) shell struck the ironclad above the port middle gun port , penetrated her armor and broke the wooden backing behind it , spraying splinters and fragments that disabled the entire gun crew and half the crew of the bow gun , even though it failed to cleanly penetrate through the backing . The next shot from the 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren gun struck the upper hull and started a small leak even though it failed to penetrate the two @-@ inch armor there . The next shell from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren glanced off the middle starboard gun shutter as it was being opened , wounding half the gun 's crew with fragments . The final shell was also from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren and it struck the top of the pilothouse , breaking the armor there and wounding both pilots in it . By this time , Atlanta had been able to fire only seven shots , none of which hit either Union ship , and was hard aground with high tide not due for another hour and a half . Weehawken and Nahant were able to freely maneuver into positions from which the Atlanta 's narrow gun ports would not allow her to reply and the damage already inflicted by the former ship made further resistance futile . Webb surrendered his ship within 15 minutes of opening fire , before Nahant even had a chance to fire . Of the ironclad 's 21 officers and 124 enlisted men , one man was killed and another sixteen were wounded badly enough to require hospitalization . = = In the Union Navy = = Atlanta was easily pulled free by the Union ships and she reached Port Royal under her own power . Not badly damaged , she was repaired and bought by the Union Navy . The prize money of $ 350 @,@ 000 was shared between the crews of Weehawken , Nahant and the gunboat Cimarron , the only ships within signaling distance . The ship retained her name and was commissioned again on 2 February 1864 , rearmed with a pair of 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifles in the bow and stern and 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch , 100 @-@ pound Parrott rifles amidships . The 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifle weighed 16 @,@ 500 pounds ( 7 @,@ 500 kg ) and was 17 calibers long . The 100 @-@ pounder weighed 9 @,@ 800 pounds ( 4 @,@ 400 kg ) and was 20 calibers long . It fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell a distance of 6 @,@ 900 yards ( 6 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of + 25 ° . All four of her Brooke rifles are currently located in Willard Park in the Washington Navy Yard . Atlanta was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and spent most of her time stationed up the James River where she could support operations against Richmond and defend against a sortie by the ironclads of the James River Squadron . On 21 May 1864 , she and the gunboat Dawn fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry that was attacking Fort Powhatan and she was deployed further upriver in February 1865 after the Battle of Trent 's Reach to better blockade the Confederate ironclads at Richmond . After the end of the war in April , Atlanta was decommissioned in Philadelphia on 21 June 1865 and placed in reserve at League Island . She was sold to Sam Ward on 4 May 1869 for the price of $ 25 @,@ 000 and subsequently delivered to representatives of Haiti on 8 December by Sydney Oaksmith , a lawyer who had received an advance of $ 50 @,@ 000 on her purchase price of $ 260 @,@ 000 . The ship was briefly seized by the Customs Service , possibly for violations of neutrality laws as she had just loaded four large guns and a number of recruits for the forces of Sylvain Salnave , President of Haiti , who was embroiled in a civil war . Atlanta was released and sailed for Port @-@ au @-@ Prince three days later . She broke down in Delaware Bay and had to put in at Chester , Pennsylvania for repairs . The ship , now renamed either Triumph or Triumfo , departed on 18 December 1869 and vanished en route , apparently sinking with the loss of all hands , either off Cape Hatteras or the

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25

Delaware Capes . = Jacqueline Fernandez = Jacqueline Fernandez ( born 11 August 1985 ) is a Sri Lankan actress , former model , and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant . As Miss Universe Sri Lanka she represented her country at the 2006 world Miss Universe pageant . She graduated with a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney , and worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka . While on a modelling assignment in India in 2009 , Fernandez successfully auditioned for Sujoy Ghosh 's fantasy drama Aladin , which marked her acting debut . Fernandez ' breakthrough role was in Mohit Suri 's psychological thriller Murder 2 ( 2011 ) , her first commercial success . This was followed by glamorous roles in the ensemble @-@ comedy Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and its sequel Housefull 3 , and the action thriller Race 2 ( 2013 ) , all of which were box @-@ office successes . Her performance in the first of these garnered her an IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination . In 2014 , Fernandez played the leading lady in Sajid Nadiadwala 's Kick , which is one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time . One of the most popular actresses in India , she was the recipient of the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female in 2010 . Alongside her screen acting career , Fernandez has participated in stage shows , and is active in humanitarian work . = = Early life and modeling career = = Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985 , in Manama , Bahrain , and was raised in a multi @-@ ethnic family . Her father , Elroy , is Sri Lankan , and her mother , Kim , is of Malaysian descent . Her grandfather , on her mother 's side of the family , is Canadian and her great grandparents were from Goa , India . Her father , who was a musician in Sri Lanka , moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the Tamils and Sinhalese and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess . She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers . She hosted television shows in Bahrain at the age of fourteen . After receiving her early education in Bahrain , she pursued a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney in Australia . After graduating she worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka . She also attended the Berlitz school of languages , where she learnt Spanish and improved her French and Arabic . According to Fernandez , she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and fantasized about becoming a Hollywood movie star . She received some training at the John School of Acting . Although , she was a television reporter , she accepted offers in the modeling industry , which came as a result of her pageant success . In 2006 , she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles . In a 2015 interview , Fernandez described the modeling industry as " a good training ground " and said : " It is a medium that is about shedding your inhibitions , knowing your body , confidence " . In 2006 , she appeared in a music video for the song " O Sathi " by music duo Bathiya and Santhush . = = Acting career = = = = = 2009 – 2013 = = = In 2009 , Fernandez traveled to India for a modeling assignment . She studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director Barry John , and successfully auditioned for Sujoy Ghosh 's fantasy film Aladin ( 2009 ) her acting debut . She played the love interest of Riteish Deshmukh 's character , a role based on the Princess Jasmine character . Fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance . Anupama Chopra of NDTV called her a " plastic debutant [ e ] " , and Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN felt that she was : " easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do " . Although the film was a critical and commercial failure , she won the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year - Female . In 2010 , Fernandez appeared opposite Deshmukh in the science fiction romantic comedy Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai . She was cast as a girl from Venus , who lands on Earth in search of love . The film , along with Fernandez 's performance , received poor reviews ; Rediff.com 's Sukanya Verma noted : " She gamely makes a fool of herself whilst aping the actions of movie stars , ranging from Sridevi 's Naagin dance , Mithun Chakravarthy 's Disco Dancer moves , to Big B 's violent headshake in Hum . Her Tara could be a keeper if only Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai wasn 't so intent on turning her into a love @-@ struck Barbie . " Critic An

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26

upama Chopra also criticized Fernandez , calling her " a pin @-@ prick on a balloon " . Later that year , she made a cameo appearance in Sajid Khan 's Housefull in the song " Dhanno " . Mahesh Bhatt 's thriller Murder 2 was Fernandez 's first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career . She took on the role of Priya , a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with Arjun Bhagwat ( played by Emraan Hashmi ) . Fernandez was praised for the her performance , and for the boldness and sex appeal she displayed in the film . Gaurav Malini of The Times of India stated that she was " tastefully tempting " but noted that her romance with Hashmi was " literally half @-@ baked " . The following year , Fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy Housefull 2 alongside Akshay Kumar , John Abraham , and Asin . It became one of the top grossing productions of India that year and earned ₹ 1 @.@ 86 billion ( US $ 28 million ) worldwide . Fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance . While Gaurav Malini praised her for her looks , NDTV called her a " blathering bimbo " who " find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] " . Despite the negative reviews , Fernandez received a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 14th IIFA Awards for her performance . Fernandez 's first release of 2013 was Race 2 , an ensemble action thriller ( alongside Saif Ali Khan , John Abraham , Deepika Padukone , Ameesha Patel , and Anil Kapoor ) ) , described as the " cinematic equivalent of a trashy novel " by critic Rajeev Masand . She played Omisha , a femme fatale , a role which required her learn fencing and some acrobatics . The film emerged as a commercial success , with the domestic gross of more than ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) . In a particularly scathing review , Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote that both Fernandez and Padukone " strut around like wound @-@ up automatons that are all decked @-@ up but have nowhere to go . " Fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled " Jaadu Ki Jhappi " for Prabhu Deva 's Ramaiya Vasta Vaiya . = = = 2014 – present = = = In 2014 , Fernandez appeared in Sajid Nadiadwala 's directorial debut — the action film Kick , a remake of a 2009 Telugu film of same name . She starred opposite Salman Khan , playing Shaina , a psychiatry student . She retained her real voice for the first time in Kick . While Sneha May Francis commented that she is : " incredibly dazzling , and moves like a magic " , Raja Sen of Rediff.com was more critical of her dialogue delivery , calling it " unfortunate . " The film received mixed reviews from critics , but with worldwide revenue of over ₹ 3 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 56 million ) , it became the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film . The film established Fernandez as one of the most popular Bollywood actresses . In 2015 , Fernandez featured in Vicky Singh 's Roy , a romantic thriller , which critic Sarita A. Tanwar described as a " boring , exhausting and pretentious " film . Fernandez played dual roles , Ayesha Aamir , a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by Arjun Rampal ) and Tia Desai , a girl in love with a thief ( played by Ranbir Kapoor ) . While India TV called it " her best act till date " , critic Rajeev Masand felt that she " appears miscast in a part that required greater range . " Roy failed to meet its box @-@ office expectations , and was a commercial failure . Later that year , she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @-@ satire Bangistan . Karan Malhotra 's action drama Brothers was Fernandez 's next release . Co @-@ starring alongside Akshay Kumar and Sidharth Malhotra , Fernandez played Jenny , a fearless mother struggling for her child , a role which she described as " challenging " , " intense " , and " difficult " . The role marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying . Film critics praised her performance , though their response to the film was mixed . Dhriti Sharma of Zee News called her character " soft , timid and promising " , and praised her for : " convincingly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter 's wife " . Film critic Subhash K. Jha noted that she : " ... in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot " , while critic Raja Sen remarked : "

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27

[ she ] plays Kumar 's long @-@ sobbing wife who gets so deliriously happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a Kick sequel . " As of September 2015 , Fernandez has several projects in various stages of production . She has completed shooting for Chandran Rutnam 's English @-@ Sri Lankan crime @-@ thriller According to Mathew , and the horror thriller Definition of Fear , which marks her Hollywood debut . Fernandez has also signed on to appear in three other projects — Rohit Dhawan 's Dishoom opposite Varun Dhawan and John Abraham as a part of three @-@ film deal with Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment , Remo D 'Souza 's Flying Jat opposite Tiger Shroff , and in an Indo @-@ Chinese film starring opposite Abhay Deol , Amitabh Bachchan , and Jackie Chan titled Gold Struck . = = Personal life and other work = = Fernandez shares a close bond with her family , and admits to missing being around them . She says : " I miss them so much everyday . You don 't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [ ... ] At the same time , staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible . It has taught me so many things about myself , about priorities and time management . " In March 2012 , Fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @-@ day period to observe Lent , a period from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . In 2008 , Fernandez started dating Bahraini prince Hassan bin Rashid Al Khalifa , whom she met at a mutual friend 's party ; they separated in 2011 . While filming Housefull 2 in 2011 , Fernandez began a romantic relationship with director Sajid Khan . The relationship attracted media coverage in India and there was speculation of an impending wedding . However , the relationship ended in May 2013 . In addition to acting in films , Fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes . In 2011 , on the behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , she sent a letter to the Mumbai Municipal Commissioner asking for an end to horse @-@ drawn carriage rides in Mumbai . In early 2013 , she asked the consulate general of the Philippines , William John T Perera in Colombo , to hasten the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the Manila Zoo to a humane sanctuary . Later that year , she auctioned a breakfast in Mayfair , London , where she raised around £ 4000 for the Pratham NGO , which helps children 's primary education . In 2014 , Fernandez was named " Woman Of The Year " by PETA ( India ) for advocating the protection of animals . The following year , she auctioned her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause . Some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song " Party On My Mind " ( from Race 2 ) and " Hangover " ( from Kick ) . In March 2016 , she was part of " Jacqueline Builds " campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 South Indian floods . Fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies . In 2013 , she performed at the Temptations Reloaded in Auckland , Perth , and Sydney alongside Shah Rukh Khan , Rani Mukerji , and Madhuri Dixit . She also performed at the live talent show " Got Talent World Stage Live " with Khan , Priyanka Chopra and Varun Dhawan the following year . In July 2014 , Fernandez opened a restaurant in Colombo , Kaema Sutra , in collaboration with chef Dharshan Munidasa , which specialises in contemporary Sri Lankan cuisine . = = In the media = = In the early 2013 , Fernandez became the ambassador for HTC One , which she endorses in India . She was the face of Indian Bridal Fashion Week — IBFW of 2013 . Later that year , she became the spokesperson for Gareth Pugh 's designed Forevermark Diamonds in Mumbai , and was at the inaugural opening of the Forever 21 store in Mumbai . That year , she also launched Gillette Shaving System with Arbaaz Khan and Aditya Roy Kapur . While analysing Fernandez 's career , India TV noted : " Slowly and steadily Jacqueline Fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [ ... ] Jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work , which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results . " On the contrary , Charu Thakur of India Today criticized her acting skills , but remarked that : " [ she has ] managed to find her feet in Bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles " . In 2008 and 2011 , Fernandez featured in the UK magazine Eastern Eye 's " World 's Sexiest Asian Women " list , ranking twelfth . She was ranked third on The Times of India 's listing of the " Most Desirable Woman " in 2013 and

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28

2014 , after being ranked eighth , seventh and fourteenth , respectively , in the preceding three years . In 2013 , Rediff.com placed her on their list of " Bollywood 's Best Dressed Actresses " . The following year , she held the sixty second position in the Indian edition of the Forbes ' Celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of India 's celebrities . She has been the cover model for many Indian editions of magazines , including : Vogue , FHM , Maxim , Cosmopolitan , Grazia , Elle , Verve , Harper 's Bazaar , Women 's Health , and L 'Officiel among others . = = Filmography = = = = TV Appearances = = = = Awards = = = John Cullen = Barry John Cullen ( born August 2 , 1964 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Pittsburgh Penguins , Hartford Whalers , Toronto Maple Leafs and Tampa Bay Lightning . He was a standout player for Boston University and is the school 's all @-@ time leading scorer . After the Buffalo Sabres selected him in the 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft but chose not to offer him a contract , Cullen signed with the Flint Spirits of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) for the 1987 – 88 season where he was named the IHL 's co @-@ Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player after leading the league in scoring . His career was halted in 1997 when he was diagnosed with Non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . He attempted a brief comeback in 1998 after an 18 @-@ month battle with the disease , for which the NHL awarded him the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy , before retiring to serve as an assistant coach for a year with the Lightning . Cullen played in two NHL All @-@ Star Games in his career . He joined his brother in the car dealership business after leaving the game , and briefly operated his own dealership until forced to close during the automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 10 . = = Early life = = Cullen was born in Puslinch @-@ Ontario on August 2 , 1964 . He is one of six children of Barry and Loretta Cullen . His father and uncles Brian and Ray all played in the NHL , and while Cullen and his three brothers all played as well , their father never pressured them , preferring that they enjoy the game . He idolized his elder brother Terry , who was considered a top NHL prospect until Terry 's career was ended when he suffered a broken neck after being hit from behind into the boards during a college game . While his brother was highly sought by American universities , John received only two scholarship offers , choosing to play for Boston University ( BU ) in 1983 . At the same time , his mother Loretta was diagnosed with skin cancer . Following her death early in his freshman year , Cullen contemplated returning to his Ontario home , but was convinced by his father to continue with both school and hockey . He used the game to cope with the loss and dedicated every game he played to his mother 's memory . Cullen felt that the inspiration he drew from his mother 's battle allowed him to become a better player . = = Playing career = = Cullen was a standout with BU ; he was named the East Coast Athletic Conference Rookie of the Year in 1983 – 84 after leading his team in scoring with 56 points . The National Hockey League passed him over , however , as he went unclaimed in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft . He was named to the Hockey East All @-@ Star Teams in 1985 , 1986 and 1987 , and a National Collegiate Athletic Association East Second Team All @-@ American in 1986 . He graduated as BU 's all @-@ time scoring leader with 241 points , and was named to BU 's Hockey East 25th anniversary team in 2009 . Passed over in the Entry Draft , Cullen was finally selected by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1986 NHL Supplemental Draft . When the Sabres failed to offer him a contract , Cullen signed with the Flint Spirits of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) for the 1987 – 88 season . He led the league with 157 points , scoring 48 goals , and won the James Gatschene Memorial Trophy as league most valuable player while sharing the Gary F. Longman Memorial Trophy with Ed Belfour as rookie of the year . Cullen 's outstanding season in Flint caught the attention of the Sabres and the Pittsburgh Penguins . He signed a contract with the Penguins for the league minimum , passing up a superior contract offer from Buffalo as he remained upset at how they released him the year before . = = = National Hockey League = = = Cullen made his NHL debut in 1988 – 89 , appearing in 79 games with the Penguins and scoring 49 points . He was given a greater role with the Penguins the following year after Mario Lemieux missed 21 games due to a back injury and responded by scoring 32 goals and

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"Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġsigned", "Ġa", "Ġcontract", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠPenguins", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġleague", "Ġminimum", "Ġ,", "Ġpassing", "Ġup", "Ġa", "Ġsuperior", "Ġcontract", "Ġoffer", "Ġfrom", "ĠBuffalo", "Ġas", "Ġhe", "Ġremained", "Ġupset", "Ġat", "Ġhow", "Ġthey", "Ġreleased", "Ġhim", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġbefore", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠNational", "ĠHockey", "ĠLeague", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠCullen", "Ġmade", "Ġhis", "ĠNHL", "Ġdebut", "Ġin", "Ġ1988", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ89", "Ġ,", "Ġappearing", "Ġin", "Ġ79", "Ġgames", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠPenguins", "Ġand", "Ġscoring", "Ġ49", "Ġpoints", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġgiven", "Ġa", "Ġgreater", "Ġrole", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠPenguins", "Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġyear", "Ġafter", "ĠMario", "ĠLem", "ie", "ux", "Ġmissed", "Ġ21", "Ġgames", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġback", "Ġinjury", "Ġand", "Ġresponded", "Ġby", "Ġscoring", "Ġ32", "Ġgoals", "Ġand" ]

29

92 points to finish third in team scoring . Additionally , he played for Team Canada at the 1990 World Championship , scoring four points in ten games . Cullen had his best season in 1990 – 91 . As one of the team 's top offensive centres , he scored 94 points in the Penguins ' first 65 games and played in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game . However , when Lemieux returned after missing an additional 50 @-@ games due to injury , Cullen 's playing time and production declined . The Penguins ' needs led them to complete a blockbuster trade on March 1 , 1991 . Cullen was sent to the Hartford Whalers , along with Zarley Zalapski and Jeff Parker in exchange for Hartford 's all @-@ time leading scorer , Ron Francis , along with Ulf Samuelsson and Grant Jennings . The Penguins almost turned down the deal as they were concerned about giving up Cullen 's playmaking and leadership abilities , while his former teammates credited Cullen as being the primary reason they were in a playoff position at the time the trade happened . After the Penguins won their first Stanley Cup that season , Phil Bourque later said it " broke his heart " that Cullen was not able to share in that championship . In Hartford , Cullen worked to overcome the team 's fans ' disappointment at losing Francis . The Hartford fans initially booed him to show their dissatisfaction with the trade . He scored 16 points in 13 regular season games to finish the season with 110 points combined between the Penguins and Whalers , and was the team 's best player in their first round loss to the Boston Bruins in the 1991 Stanley Cup Playoffs . He initially accepted an invitation to join the Canadian team at the 1991 Canada Cup , but subsequently chose not to participate as his contract had expired , leading to greater insurance concerns . Still without a contract when the 1991 – 92 season began , Cullen missed the first four games before signing a four @-@ year deal with Hartford worth a total of $ 4 million . He returned to score 77 points in 77 games in his first full season with the Whalers and represented the team at the 1992 All @-@ Star Game . Midway through the 1992 – 93 NHL season , the Whalers sent Cullen to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Toronto 's second round selection at the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . Cullen was excited to play for his father 's old team , but injuries reduced his ability to perform . His most significant injury was a herniated disc in his neck that doctors initially feared would end his career . A bulky neck brace allowed Cullen to return and play out his contract in Toronto . When the Leafs chose not to re @-@ sign him following the 1993 – 94 season , he returned to the Penguins for one season before Tony Esposito convinced him to sign with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1995 . Cullen enjoyed immediate success with linemates Shawn Burr and Alexander Selivanov as the trio combined to score 130 points and helped lead the Lightning to the first playoff appearance in franchise history . They were eliminated by the Philadelphia Flyers in five games while Cullen led the team in playoff scoring with three goals and three assists . The Lightning looked to improve in 1996 – 97 ; Cullen was leading the team in scoring , but was suffering flu @-@ like symptoms that he could not shake . As Tampa was fighting for a playoff spot , he played through his condition for weeks . = = = Cancer and comeback = = = After two months of quietly dealing with his symptoms , Cullen 's wife finally called team trainers and asked them to check into his illness . The team took an x @-@ ray and found a large black shadow in his chest . He underwent a CAT scan which revealed Cullen had a baseball @-@ sized tumor ; he was diagnosed as having Non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . The diagnosis ended his season , and he immediately began chemotherapy treatments that quickly reduced his cancer . The tumor was gone by September 1997 , but a precautionary test prior to training camp revealed that Cullen still had cancer cells in his body . He missed the entire 1997 – 98 NHL season as he continued to battle the disease , while his teammates wore a uniform patch with his # 12 in support throughout the year . On one day during his treatments , as his wife was wheeling him down a hospital corridor , Cullen went into cardiac arrest , requiring doctors to use a defibrillator to revive him . He underwent a bone marrow transplant that briefly reduced his immune system to the point that he could have very little human contact . Another examination in April 1998 revealed that the cancer was finally gone , and Cullen immediately began training for a comeback . The Lightning signed Cullen to a one @-@ year , $ 500 @,@ 000 contract for the 1998 – 99 season . He played his first game in nearly 18 months on September 18 , 1998 , in an exhibition game between the Lightning and Sabres at Innsbruck , Austria . Cullen scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 3 – 1 victory , after

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30

which he said he sat on the bench in disbelief over how he was given a second chance . He was named to the roster and was greeted with a loud standing ovation by the fans in Tampa Bay when he was introduced prior to their season opening game . Cullen appeared in four of the Lightning 's first eight games , but it was evident that he had lost much of his speed and strength . The Lightning assigned him to the IHL 's Cleveland Lumberjacks , but also gave him the option of retiring and taking up a position as an assistant coach . He chose to accept the demotion , giving himself one month to determine if he could continue playing . He appeared in six games for Cleveland , and in one game against the Chicago Wolves tied an IHL record when he scored seven points in a 7 – 3 victory . However , a bout of bronchitis led Cullen to fear that his cancer had returned . Tests came back negative , but after spending time with his family , he realized that neither he nor his family were interested in returning to Cleveland . Cullen announced his retirement on November 28 , 1998 , and accepted the Lightning offer to become an assistant coach . In recognition of his comeback attempt , the NHL named him the 1999 winner of the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for dedication and perseverance , while the IHL renamed its Comeback Player of the Year award the John Cullen Award . Former Lightning head coach Terry Crisp has stated publicly that Cullen was a player that stood out as something special saying “ John Cullen ... beat cancer and came back to play and helped us win . ” = = Off the ice = = Cullen and his wife Valerie have three daughters , Kennedy and twins Karlyn and Kortland . Unwilling to spend so much time away from his family , he left the Lightning in 1999 and settled in the Atlanta area , joining his brother 's car dealership in Jonesboro , Georgia . He had always expected to become a car dealer after his hockey career , as his father , uncles and brother all worked in the industry . After apprenticing under his brother for five years , he bought a Dodge dealership in Newnan , Georgia in 2007 . However , he owned the dealership for less than two years before Chrysler closed him down as part of its recovery plan in response to the Automotive industry crisis of 2008 – 2010 . He has since returned to his brother 's dealership , serving as its general manager . Cullen 's battle with cancer inspired Timm Harmon of the Moffitt Cancer Centre to partner with the Lightning to raise awareness and money for cancer research . The NHL itself joined the cause in the winter of 1998 , creating the Hockey Fights Cancer program to raise money for research . Cullen has spent time promoting the initiative . Prior to marrying his wife Valerie , John dated Carolyn Bessette the future wife of John F. Kennedy , Jr . The two met while attending University in Boston . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = Cullen is the namesake of the John Cullen Award , previously given to key IHL players . = SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max = For the ironclad present at the Battle of Lissa of the same name , see SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( 1865 ) . SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max ( German : " His Majesty 's ship Archduke Ferdinand Max " ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in 1902 . The second ship of the Erzherzog Karl class , she was launched on 3 October 1903 . She was assigned to the III Battleship Division . For most of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max remained in her home port of Pola , in present @-@ day Croatia , except for four engagements . In 1914 , she formed part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British @-@ held Mediterranean ; she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port . Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona . She also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1 – 3 February 1918 . She also attempted to break through the Otranto Barrage in June of that year , but had to retreat when the dreadnought SMS Szent István was sunk . After the war , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was awarded to the United Kingdom as a war prize in 1920 . = = Design = = Erzherzog Ferdinand Max displaced 10 @,@ 472 long tons ( 10 @,

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31

@ 640 t ) . She was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 @.@ 2 m ) long , had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 @.@ 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) . She was manned by 700 men . She and her sisters were the last and largest pre @-@ dreadnought class built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , surpassing the Habsburg class by approximately 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 968 long tons ) . She was propelled by two two @-@ shaft , four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines . On trials , they developed 18 @,@ 000 ihp ( 13 @,@ 423 kW ) , which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Erzherzog Ferdinand Max carried a primary armament of four 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) / 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline . These guns were an Austro @-@ Hungarian replica of the British 24 cm / 40 ( 9 @.@ 4 " ) Krupp C / 94 , which was used on the Habsburgs . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 @-@ centimeter ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) / 42 caliber guns , also made by Škoda , mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the centerline. shell 20 @,@ 000 metres ( 22 @,@ 000 yd ) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . The gun weighed 12 @.@ 1 tons and could fire three rounds per minute.The ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) / 45 caliber gun , also manufactured by Škoda . Anti @-@ aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Vickers anti @-@ aircraft guns on the ship bought from Britain in 1910 and mounted onto Erzherzog Karl . Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was also fitted with two above water 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , although rarely used . = = Service history = = At the outbreak of World War I , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was in the III division of the Austrian @-@ Hungarian battle @-@ fleet . She was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships were attempting to break out of Messina , which was surrounded by British troops , and make their way to Turkey . The breakout succeeded . When the flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in south eastern Italy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were recalled . In company with other units of the Austro Hungarian navy , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max took a minor part in the bombardment of Ancona on 24 May 1915 . There she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor @-@ piercing shells at signal and semaphore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at Italian gun @-@ batteries and other port installations . A major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro , including Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI , began on 1 February 1918 . Two days later , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny . Following the restoration of order in the naval base , the armored cruisers Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI were decommissioned and Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and her sisters were stationed in Cattaro in their place . On the morning of 11 June , Admiral Miklos Horthy planned a major assault on the Otranto Barrage ; the three Erzherzog Karls and the four Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships were to provide support for the Novara @-@ class cruisers on an assault on the Allied defenses at the Strait of Otranto . The plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier . Horthy 's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by luring Allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships , which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships , including the guns of the Erzherzog Karl class . However , on the morning of 10 June , the dreadnought Szent István was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian torpedo boat . Horthy felt that the element

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32

of surprise had been compromised , and therefore called off the operation . This was to be the last military action Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was to take part in , and she and her sisters spent the rest of their career in port . Near the end of World War I , the Erzherzog Karl @-@ class battleships were handed over to the newly formed State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs but Erzherzog Ferdinand Max was later transferred to Great Britain as a war reparation . She was later broken up for scrap in 1921 . = Ancient Egyptian deities = Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt . The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory . Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order . After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out . The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and hierarchies , and combinations of separate gods into one . Deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features . In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @-@ giving power of the sun . Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the impersonal sun god Aten . Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives . People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites . Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to compel deities to act , and called upon them for advice . Humans ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society . = = Definition = = The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1 @,@ 400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian Leitz says there are " thousands upon thousands " of gods . The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , " god " , and its feminine form nṯrt , " goddess " . Scholars have tried to discern the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure . The hieroglyphs that were used as ideograms and determinatives in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity . The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole . Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history . Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity . The feminine form could also be written with an egg as determinative , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities . The Egyptians distinguished nṯrw , " gods " , from rmṯ , " people " , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly . The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life . Deceased humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call " demons " . Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form . These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors . Confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a " deity " . One widely accepted

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33

definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition . According to a different definition , by Dimitri Meeks , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual . From this perspective , " gods " included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies . Likewise , the preeminence of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt . = = Origins = = The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early Dynastic Period ( c . 3100 – 2686 BC ) . Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs . Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures . Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities . As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared . The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for Neith , and the enigmatic " Set animal " that represents Set . Many Egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times . Gustave Jéquier , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive fetishes , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried Morenz ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and personify their environment , are difficult to prove . Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages . Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities coalesced into larger states , spreading and intermingling the worship of the old local deities . But others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it . The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country . These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion . New gods continued to emerge after this transformation . Some important deities like Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c . 2686 – 2181 BC ) . Places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @-@ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses . Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths . Some non @-@ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly . This veneration was usually short @-@ lived , but the court architects Imhotep and Amenhotep son of Hapu were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials . Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities . Dedun , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , Anat , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c . 1550 – 1070 BC ) . In Greek and Roman times , from 332 BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship . = = Characteristics = = Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests . These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate . Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . Commoners ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth . But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition . The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature . = = = Roles = = =

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34

Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena . The gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena — to be present within nature . The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces . The god Shu was the deification of all the world 's air ; the goddess Meretseger oversaw a limited region of the earth , the Theban Necropolis ; and the god Sia personified the abstract notion of perception . Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena . For instance , Khnum was the god of Elephantine Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization . He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland . Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @-@ giving function , he was said to create all living things , fashioning their bodies on a potter 's wheel . Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , Khepri , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods . Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess . But some deities represented disruption to maat . Most prominently , Apep was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to annihilate the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it . Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities . Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun . Short @-@ lived phenomena , like rainbows or eclipses , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world . The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics . As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to categorize or define . But despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence . Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the cleverest of the gods , was not omniscient . Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and omnipresence and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not . The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called " minor divinities " or " demons " in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms . Among these lesser deities , Egyptologist Claude Traunecker draws a distinction between " genies " — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god Wadj @-@ Wer and the harvest goddess Renenutet — and demons , who have a more dangerous character . Many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans . Their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the Duat , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans . Egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers . Demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed . The protective deities Bes and Taweret originally had minor , demon @-@ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence . = = = Behavior = = = Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things . They did this work using a force the Egyptians called heka , a term usually translated as " magic " . Heka was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves . The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts . In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans . The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , reenacted Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris . Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand . They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many @-@ faceted approach to religious belief — what Henri Frankfort called a " multiplicity of approaches " to understanding the gods . In myth , the gods behave much like humans . They feel emotion ; they

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"Ġunderstanding", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġmyth", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġbehave", "Ġmuch", "Ġlike", "Ġhumans", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġfeel", "Ġemotion", "Ġ;", "Ġthey" ]

35

can eat , drink , fight , weep , sicken , and die . Some have unique character traits . Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @-@ winded speeches . Yet overall , the gods are more like archetypes than well drawn characters . Their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated . Most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling . The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths . They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities . The eight gods of the Ogdoad , who represent the chaos that precedes creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by envisioning and naming them ; Atum produces all things as emanations of himself ; and Amun , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods . These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory . Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos . The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths . The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place . A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder . They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation . Ra and Apep , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present . Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival . The clearest instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat . The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn . In the process he comes into contact with the rejuvenating water of primordial chaos . Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are enlivened along with him . Instead of being changelessly immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world . But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return . Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this calamity is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos . = = = Locations = = = Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe . In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat . Surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation . The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead . Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting . The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky . The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living . The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant . It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world . In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or invisibly present within the world . Temples were their main means of contact with humanity . Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world . There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals . This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth . As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region . Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over . Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time . They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract . Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin . The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity . When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c . 2055 – 1650

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36

BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods — first the war god Montu and then Amun — to national prominence . = = = Names and epithets = = = In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . The name of the predatory goddess Sekhmet means " powerful one " , the name of the mysterious god Amun means " hidden one " , and the name of the goddess Nekhbet , who was worshipped in the city of Nekheb , means " she of Nekheb " . But many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role . The names of the sky goddess Nut and the earth god Geb do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth . The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names . A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god Sokar as sk r , meaning " cleaning of the mouth " , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris , connecting Sokar with the most important funerary deity . The gods were believed to have many names . Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others . To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it . The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her . Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power . In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like " possessor of splendor " , " ruler of Abydos " , or " lord of the sky " , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship . Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets — with more important gods accumulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities . Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with Werethekau , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning " great enchantress " , which came to be treated as an independent goddess . The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' multifarious nature . = = = Relationships = = = Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships . A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings . Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed . Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods . Deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of procreation in Egyptian religious thought . Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession . Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type . The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , Sekhmet , and their child Nefertum at Memphis and Amun , Mut , and Khonsu at Thebes , were assembled into family triads . Genealogical connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief . Hathor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter . Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos . There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each nome ( province ) of Egypt . Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities . Paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity . Ra , who is dynamic and light @-@ producing , and Osiris , who is static and shrouded in darkness , merge into a single god each night . Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four connote completeness . Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah . These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , Heliopolis , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought . Sometimes Set , the patron god of the Nineteenth Dynasty kings and the embodiment of

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37

disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon . Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups " enneads " , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members . The most prominent ennead was the Ennead of Heliopolis , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods . The term " ennead " was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities . This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy . Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society . At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position . Horus was the most important god in the Early Dynastic Period , Ra rose to preeminence in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess . Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity . = = = Manifestations and combinations = = = The gods were believed to manifest in many forms . The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra . A depiction of a deity was considered a ka , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit . The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way . Gods could be ascribed many bas and kas , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature . Everything in existence was said to be one of the kas of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power . Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses . Nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods . Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of Nekhen , Horus of Buhen , and Horus of Edfu . Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings . During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an oracle supposed to communicate messages from Amun of Pe @-@ Khenty . He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment . Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles . Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities . Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography . Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined . Ra was connected with the local deity Sobek to form Sobek @-@ Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun @-@ Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra @-@ Horakhty ; and with several solar deities as Horemakhet @-@ Khepri @-@ Ra @-@ Atum . On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris @-@ Neith and Mut @-@ Min . This linking of deities is called syncretism . Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones . Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles , and extended the sphere of influence for each of them . Syncretic combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities . But closely connected deities did sometimes merge . Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenty @-@ irty and Khenty @-@ khety , who became little more than local manifestations of

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"Ġmanifestations", "Ġof" ]

38

him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , Khenti @-@ Amentiu , was supplanted by Osiris and Anubis . = = = The Aten and possible monotheism = = = In the reign of Akhenaten ( c . 1353 – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular . This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods . Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives . Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities . There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private . The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , like Shu . For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been monolatrous , worshipping a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others . In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs . = = = Unity of the divine in traditional religion = = = Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified . Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities . Another point of contention is the appearance of the word " god " in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities . In the early 20th century , for instance , E. A. Wallis Budge believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature . His contemporary James Henry Breasted thought Egyptian religion was instead pantheistic , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann Junker argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history . In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study rebutting these views . He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others . He also argues that the unspecified " god " in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to revere . Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or pantheistic way . Henotheism , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels . An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on . Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform nonexistence . Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows . Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun @-@ Ra as the all @-@ important sun god . In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend . It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods . Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that coexisted with traditional polytheism . The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one . According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods . James P. Allen says that coexisting notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the " multiplicity of approaches " in Egyptian thought , as well as with the henotheistic practice of ordinary worshippers . He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by " identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god ,

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39

depending on the particular situation . " = = Descriptions and depictions = = Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail . They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is lapis lazuli . They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals . Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color . Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes . Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as " mysterious " . The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal . They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the ideograms in hieroglyphic writing . For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or jackal , a creature whose scavenging habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection . His black coloring alludes to the color of mummified flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection . Most gods were depicted in several ways . Hathor could be a cow , cobra , lioness , or a woman with bovine horns or ears . By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature . The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so that deities can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies . These forms include men and women ( anthropomorphism ) , animals ( zoomorphism ) , and , more rarely , inanimate objects . Combinations of forms , such as gods with human bodies and animal heads , are common . New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history . Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor . Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow @-@ horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone . Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity . The head of a given divine image is particularly significant . In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , " a lion @-@ headed goddess is a lion @-@ goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , conversely , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . " Divine headdresses , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator . In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic . Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for " life " , to symbolize their life @-@ giving power . The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways . Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography , whereas a few , such as falcons , cobras , and cattle , can each represent many deities . Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images . For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c . 1650 – 1550 BC ) , never represented a god . Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in all periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a kilt , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight @-@ fitting dress for goddesses . The basic anthropomorphic form varies . Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their procreative powers are emphasized . Certain male deities are given heavy bellies and breasts , signifying either androgyny or prosperity and abundance . Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow — the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women — some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors . Thus the blue skin and paunchy figure of the god Hapi alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought . A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and Min , have a " mummiform " appearance , with their limbs tightly swathed in cloth . Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth @-@ wrapped style of mummification , and this form may instead hark back to the earliest , limbless depictions of deities . = = Interactions with humans = = = = = Relationship with the pharaoh = = = In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the

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40

deities of the pantheon . Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory . Living kings were equated with Horus and called the " son " of many deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods . Pharaohs had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths . But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non @-@ official texts portray kings in a human light . For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god . He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies . However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms . The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to nourish them . These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers . Yet , according to royal ideology , temple @-@ building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead . These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat . The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live . = = = Presence in the human world = = = Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances . In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication . The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god . By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form . To the Egyptians , a place or object that was ḏsr — " sacred " — was isolated and ritually pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit . Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the Apis bull , served as divine intermediaries in this way . Dreams and trances provided a very different venue for interaction . In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them . Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death . The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature . Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods . The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary . These statues were usually less than life @-@ size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies . Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad . The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented . The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon . But many deities — including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile — were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods . To insulate the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them . People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues . The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine . People did have less direct means of interaction . The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from doorways to freestanding chapels near the back of the temple building . Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes . Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods . = = = Intervention in human lives = = = Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature . This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order . But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were . Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to allot fixed lifespans to both humans and gods . Other gods were also said to govern the

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"Ġwas", "Ġá", "¸", "ı", "sr", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġ\"", "Ġsacred", "Ġ\"", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwas", "Ġisolated", "Ġand", "Ġr", "it", "ually", "Ġpure", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthus", "Ġfit", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġgod", "Ġto", "Ġinhabit", "Ġ.", "ĠTemple", "Ġstatues", "Ġand", "Ġrelief", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġparticular", "Ġsacred", "Ġanimals", "Ġ,", "Ġlike", "Ġthe", "ĠAp", "is", "Ġbull", "Ġ,", "Ġserved", "Ġas", "Ġdivine", "Ġintermedi", "aries", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġway", "Ġ.", "ĠDreams", "Ġand", "Ġtr", "ances", "Ġprovided", "Ġa", "Ġvery", "Ġdifferent", "Ġvenue", "Ġfor", "Ġinteraction", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġthese", "Ġstates", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġbelieved", "Ġ,", "Ġpeople", "Ġcould", "Ġcome", "Ġclose", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġgods", "Ġand", "Ġsometimes", "Ġreceive", "Ġmessages", "Ġfrom", "Ġthem", "Ġ.", "ĠFinally", "Ġ,", "Ġaccording", "Ġto", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġafterlife", "Ġbeliefs", "Ġ,", "Ġhuman", "Ġsouls", "Ġpass", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġrealm", "Ġafter", "Ġdeath", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġtherefore", "Ġbelieved", 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"Ġcity", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġprimary", "Ġgod", "Ġwas", "Ġenvisioned", "Ġas", "Ġits", "Ġlord", "Ġ,", "Ġemploying", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġresidents", "Ġas", "Ġservants", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġhousehold", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġtemple", "Ġrepresented", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġgods", "Ġresiding", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġtemples", "Ġof", "ĠEgypt", "Ġcollectively", "Ġrepresented", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġpant", "heon", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġmany", "Ġdeities", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġincluding", "Ġsome", "Ġimportant", "Ġgods", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġthose", "Ġthat", "Ġwere", "Ġminor", "Ġor", "Ġhostile", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwere", "Ġnever", "Ġgiven", "Ġtemples", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġown", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġsome", "Ġwere", "Ġrepresented", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġtemples", "Ġof", "Ġother", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTo", "Ġins", "ulate", "Ġthe", "Ġsacred", "Ġpower", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsanctuary", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġimp", "urities", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġoutside", "Ġworld", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġenclosed", "Ġtemple", "Ġsanct", "u", "aries", 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"Ġinside", "Ġtheir", "Ġhomes", "Ġ.", "ĠDespite", "Ġthe", "Ġgulf", "Ġthat", "Ġseparated", "Ġhumanity", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġwere", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġby", "Ġopportunities", "Ġto", "Ġapproach", "Ġtheir", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠIntervention", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġlives", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġinvolved", "Ġin", "Ġhuman", "Ġlives", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġoverarching", "Ġorder", "Ġof", "Ġnature", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġdivine", "Ġinfluence", "Ġapplied", "Ġmainly", "Ġto", "ĠEgypt", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġforeign", "Ġpeoples", "Ġwere", "Ġtraditionally", "Ġbelieved", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġoutside", "Ġthe", "Ġdivine", "Ġorder", "Ġ.", "ĠBut", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġother", "Ġnations", "Ġwere", "Ġunder", "ĠEgyptian", "Ġcontrol", "Ġ,", "Ġforeigners", "Ġwere", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġsun", "Ġgod", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbenign", "Ġrule", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġway", "Ġthat", "ĠEgyptians", "Ġwere", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTh", "oth", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġoverse", "er", "Ġof", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġallot", "Ġfixed", "Ġlif", "esp", "ans", "Ġto", "Ġboth", "Ġhumans", "Ġand", "Ġgods", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġgods", "Ġwere", "Ġalso", "Ġsaid", "Ġto", "Ġgovern", "Ġthe" ]

41

length of human lives , including Meskhenet , who presided over birth , and Shai , the personification of fate . Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well . Several texts refer to gods influencing or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's " heart " — the seat of emotion and intellect in Egyptian belief . Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples . Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes . Morality in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well @-@ being of other people . Because deities were the upholders of maat , morality was connected with them . For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for admittance into the afterlife . But in general , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out . Humans had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves . A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that manifested the god 's power in the human world . Natural disasters and human ailments were seen as the work of angry divine bas . Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their lifespans . Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : Shed , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and Petbe , an apotropaic god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing . Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly . Misfortune was often seen as a product of isfet , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events . Some deities who were closely connected with isfet , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods . But some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give theodicies in the gods ' defense . Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth . Because of this human misbehavior , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist . New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom . They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events . People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives . As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life . Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will . = = = Worship = = = Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems . Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples . Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity . The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , anointed , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor . These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life @-@ giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful . Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @-@ shaped shrine . These processions served various purposes . In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could invoke a large and fruitful flood . Processions also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from Dendera Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of Edfu . Rituals for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology . Such rituals were meant to be repetitions of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events . In the Khoiak festival

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42

in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were ritually reenacted at a time when crops were beginning to sprout . The returning greenery symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life . Personal interaction with the gods took many forms . People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions . Amulets and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @-@ being or to impart the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer . Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies . These practices used heka , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune . The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in accomplishing the goal . Such rituals coexisted with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help . Prayer and private offerings are generally called " personal piety " : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god . Evidence of personal piety is scant before the New Kingdom . Votive offerings and personal names , many of which are theophoric , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods . But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era . Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change — whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions . Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples . They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae . They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a statuette of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility . Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult . These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history . These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess Bastet . Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition . The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under pharaonic control . In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt . The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there waned after Egypt lost control of the region . In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia . After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of Kush . These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the kandake . Some deities reached farther . Taweret became a goddess in Minoan Crete , and Amun 's oracle at Siwa Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region . Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt . These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco @-@ Roman tradition of interpretatio graeca . But the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones . Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones . Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture . Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities — particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named Harpocrates , and the fused Greco @-@ Egyptian god Serapis — were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire . Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and Serapis to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt . In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek @-@ style mystery cult . Isis and Hermes Tr

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"ĠBritain", "Ġto", "ĠMes", "opot", "amia", "Ġ,", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġfocus", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠGreek", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstyle", "Ġmystery", "Ġcult", "Ġ.", "ĠIsis", "Ġand", "ĠHermes", "ĠTr" ]

43

ismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world . Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities . The last formal cults , at Philae , died out in the fifth or sixth century . Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries . But many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the Coptic Church . Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern Coptic practices are descended from those of pharaonic religion . But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods . = South of Heaven = South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on July 5 , 1988 , the album was the band 's second collaboration with record producer Rick Rubin , whose production skills on Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood had helped the band 's sound evolve . South of Heaven was Slayer 's second album to enter the Billboard 200 , and its last to be released by Def Jam Recordings , although the album became an American Recordings album after Rick Rubin ended his partnership with Russell Simmons . It was one of only two Def Jam titles to be distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. Records because of original distributor Columbia Records ' refusal to release work by the band . The release peaked at number 57 and in 1992 was awarded a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . In order to offset the pace of the group 's previous album , Slayer deliberately slowed down the album 's tempo . In contrast to their previous albums , the band utilized undistorted guitars and toned @-@ down vocals . While some critics praised this musical change , others — more accustomed to the style of earlier releases — were disappointed . The songs " Mandatory Suicide " and the title track , however , have become permanent features of the band 's live setlist . = = Background = = South of Heaven was recorded in Los Angeles , California with Reign in Blood producer Rick Rubin . PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand observed that Rubin 's production " shoves [ Dave ] Lombardo 's drumming right up front in the mix . " Guitarist Jeff Hanneman has since said that South of Heaven was the only album the band members discussed before writing the music . Aware that they " couldn 't top Reign in Blood " , and that whatever they recorded would be " compared to that album " , he believed they " had to slow down " , something Slayer had never done on albums before , or since . Guitarist Kerry King cited the need to " keep people guessing " as another reason for the musical shift . " In order to contrast the aggressive assault put forth on Reign in Blood , Slayer consciously slowed down the tempo of the album as a whole " , according to Slayer 's official biography . " They also added elements like undistorted guitars and toned @-@ down vocal styles not heard on previous albums . " King has since been critical of his performance , which he describes as his " most lackluster . " King attributes this to the fact he had recently married , and moved to Phoenix , Arizona . Describing himself as " probably the odd man out at that point " , he admitted he " didn ’ t participate as much because of that . " Hanneman said : " We go through dry spells sometimes , but the good thing about having two guitar players that can write music is that you are never gonna go without . I guess at that time , Kerry was hitting a dry spell . " King has also been critical of the album in general , describing it as one of his least favorite Slayer albums . He feels vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style , and " added too much singing . " Drummer Dave Lombardo has since observed : " There was fire on all the records , but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture . And that 's me personally . Again , I was probably wanting something else . " Judas Priest 's " Dissident Aggressor " is the only cover version to appear on a Slayer studio album . The song was chosen due to its war @-@ themed lyrics . Hanneman described the track as " more just like one of those odd songs that a lot of people didn 't know , but it was a favorite of Kerry and I , so we just picked that one . " Meanwhile , " Cleanse the Soul " has been heavily criticized by King who said that he hates the track : " That 's one of the black marks in our history , in my book . I just fucking think it '

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"Ġblack", "Ġmarks", "Ġin", "Ġour", "Ġhistory", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġmy", "Ġbook", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġjust", "Ġfucking", "Ġthink", "Ġit", "Ġ'" ]

44

s horrible . [ Laughs ] I hate the opening riff . It 's what we call a ' happy riff . ' It 's just like ' la @-@ lala @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la . ' I can 't see myself playing it , but after that , where it gets heavier , I like that section . If we ever did a medley , I 'd put part of that in there . " The Slayer boxset Soundtrack to the Apocalypse featured , along with four songs of the album , an early version of the title track , recorded at Hanneman 's home . = = Photography and illustration = = Artist Larry Carroll and Illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , having designed the artwork for Slayer 's previous album Reign in Blood . Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986 's Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they " had matured a little bit " , while Friedman himself deemed it " a really cool back cover " and " one of the most classic shots of them [ Slayer ] ever . " = = Critical reception = = South of Heaven was released on July 5 , 1988 , and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co @-@ founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways , Slayer signed to Rubin 's newly founded Def American Recordings label . The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart , and on November 20 , 1992 , became Slayer 's second album to be certified gold in the United States . South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1 , 1993 , Slayer 's first record to do so in that country . Slayer 's official biography states that " some critics praised the album as demonstrating Slayer 's desire to grow musically and avoid repeating themselves . " Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as " disturbing and powerful , " while Joe Matera of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure ; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down , it " didn 't sacrifice any of the heaviness inherent in Slayer 's music . " Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described the album as " their most underrated , and on this set , its five selections show how highly the band thinks of the record . " KNAC.com 's Peter Atkinson was also positive , saying the album has a " grandiosity and imposing presence " which makes the record " so magnificent . " Grave 's Ola Lindgren and Bolt Thrower 's Karl Willetts both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of all time , while Max Kolesne of Brazilian death metal group Krisiun remembers hearing the song " Silent Scream " for the first time : " It just blew me away . It was like fast double @-@ bass , fast kicks during the whole song . That was very inspiring for me . " When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview , Evile frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood " was just speed " , South of Heaven proved that the group could write " slow material as well . " Metal Forces reviewer gives " the band credit for at least making an effort to try something new and not being afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career " , creating " one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while " . He remarks , however , that " if you ’ re expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part Two , you ’ ll be in for a major disappointment " . Kim Neely of Rolling Stone dismissed the album as " genuinely offensive satanic drivel . " Slayer 's official biography states : " The new sounds disappointed some of the band 's fans who were more accustomed to the style of earlier releases . " Michael Roberts of Westworld Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving " at the sludgier speed of Black Sabbath . " Araya commented that the " album was a late bloomer — it wasn 't really received well , but it kind of grew on everybody later . " = = Cover versions = = The title track and the song " Mandatory Suicide " have received various cover interpretations , particularly on Slayer tribute albums . Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer : The Evil You Dread , with the former cover being described as having " menacing chord shifts " by AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus . 1995 Slayer tribute album Slatanic Slaughter featured three tracks which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with the title track , " Mandatory Suicide " and " Spill the Blood " interpreted by Cemetary , Crown of Thorns and Grope respectively . Its 1998 follow up Slatanic Slaughter , Vol . 2 only

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"Ġearlier", "Ġreleases", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠMichael", "ĠRoberts", "Ġof", "ĠWest", "world", "ĠOnline", "Ġsaid", "Ġthis", "Ġwas", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnumbers", "Ġmoving", "Ġ\"", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġsl", "ud", "g", "ier", "Ġspeed", "Ġof", "ĠBlack", "ĠSabbath", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠAr", "aya", "Ġcommented", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġalbum", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġlate", "Ġbloom", "er", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġit", "Ġwasn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġreally", "Ġreceived", "Ġwell", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġit", "Ġkind", "Ġof", "Ġgrew", "Ġon", "Ġeverybody", "Ġlater", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCover", "Ġversions", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġhave", "Ġreceived", "Ġvarious", "Ġcover", "Ġinterpretations", "Ġ,", "Ġparticularly", "Ġon", "ĠSlayer", "Ġtribute", "Ġalbums", "Ġ.", "ĠT", "oni", "ĠFerguson", "Ġrecorded", "Ġstring", "Ġquart", "et", "Ġadaptations", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "Ġtracks", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġalbum", "ĠThe", "ĠString", "ĠQuart", "et", "ĠT", "ribute", "Ġto", "ĠSlayer", "Ġ:", "ĠThe", "ĠEvil", "ĠYou", "ĠDread", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġformer", "Ġcover", "Ġbeing", "Ġdescribed", "Ġas", "Ġhaving", "Ġ\"", "Ġmenacing", "Ġchord", "Ġshifts", "Ġ\"", "Ġby", "ĠAll", "Music", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠJohnny", "ĠLoft", "us", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ1995", "ĠSlayer", "Ġtribute", "Ġalbum", "ĠSl", "at", "anic", "ĠSlaughter", "Ġfeatured", "Ġthree", "Ġtracks", "Ġwhich", "Ġoriginally", "Ġappeared", "Ġon", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "ĠHeaven", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġtrack", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠMandatory", "ĠSuicide", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠSp", "ill", "Ġthe", "ĠBlood", "Ġ\"", "Ġinterpreted", "Ġby", "ĠC", "em", "etary", "Ġ,", "ĠCrown", "Ġof", "ĠTh", "orns", "Ġand", "ĠGro", "pe", "Ġrespectively", "Ġ.", "ĠIts", "Ġ1998", "Ġfollow", "Ġup", "ĠSl", "at", "anic", "ĠSlaughter", "Ġ,", "ĠVol", "Ġ.", "Ġ2", "Ġonly" ]

45

featured two tracks originally from the album ; namely " Silent Scream " arranged by Vader and " Read Between the Lies " interpreted by Anathema . 1999 's Straight to Hell : A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album , with versions of South of Heaven performed by Abaddon ( Venom ) and Electric Hellfire Club , " Mandatory Suicide " cut by Chapter 7 and " Behind the Crooked Cross " adapted by Gigantor . 2006 Argentine tribute album Al Sur Del Abismo ( Tributo Argentino A Slayer ) saw Nafak and Climatic Terra also respectively cover " South of Heaven " and " Mandatory Suicide " . Hatebreed covered the song " Ghosts of War " for their 2009 cover album For the Lions . They released a music video for it also . Korn has covered the title track at least twice live , once with Kid Rock on vocals and another using the intro to follow into one of their songs live . The title track itself has also been covered by Integrity 2000 , Modest Mouse and Califone , Pro @-@ Pain , and Universe Eye . Polish death metal band Decapitated covered the song " Mandatory Suicide " on their first full @-@ length album Winds of Creation . In 2003 , " Silent Scream " was covered by Children of Bodom for their album Hate Crew Deathroll in his UK version . Hardcore Punk band , The Mongoloids opened their set with the beginning of " South of Heaven " at Heartfest 7 on May 4 , 2013 = = Live performances = = Two songs taken from the album ( " Mandatory Suicide " and " South of Heaven " ) have become near constant fixtures in the band 's live setlist , notching up appearances on the following : the live DVDs Live Intrusion , War at the Warfield , Still Reigning , Soundtrack to the Apocalypse 's deluxe edition 's bonus live disc , and the live double album Decade of Aggression . Lombardo guested with Finnish cellist group Apocalyptica on a live medley of the two tracks at 1998 's Headbanger 's Heaven festival in the Netherlands . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described " South of Heaven " as " an unorthodox set opener in theory " , noting " the song went over like a megaton bomb detonating the place : dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum riser , the sinewy opening notes kicked in , followed by an overture of bass , cymbal crashes , and tom fills , leading up to the slowly building crescendo " in a concert review . Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of " South of Heaven " and thinking " ‘ Man ! There 's just so much groove in that song . ’ To my kids I was saying , ‘ Listen to that ! Listen to how groovy that is ! ’ And it 's heavy . " A rare live version of the track featured on the JÄGERMUSIC Rarities 2004 promotional CD , given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Jägermeister Music Tour . A live rendition of " South of Heaven " was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group 's 2007 re @-@ release of ninth studio album Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006 's Unholy Alliance tour . " Behind the Crooked Cross " is rarely played live as Hanneman hates the track , though King has always wanted to play it " because it 's got a cool intro " despite it not being his favorite song . King said " that 's fine " when speaking of the situation , noting " there are songs that he wants to play that I always shoot down . " " Ghosts of War " isn 't King 's favorite song either , which he attests " everybody always wants to hear " performed live . He confessed ; " I like the ending , you know , I like the big heavy part and I always say , ‘ Let 's put the heavy ending at the end of " Chemical Warfare " and just do the last half . ’ But I could never make that fly . " Slayer has toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990 's Seasons in the Abyss , though Hanneman said it 's something which hasn 't been " seriously considered . " Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in the footsteps of the Still Reigning tour , to which Araya replied , " It 's becoming a trendy thing now . I don 't know . We have some really cool albums , but I don 't think we 'll ever do that again . " King was equally unsure , commenting , " Probably not . And I just don 't like enough songs off South of Heaven . " = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = = = = Slayer = = = Tom Araya

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46

– bass , lead vocals Jeff Hanneman – lead and rhythm guitar Kerry King – lead and rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dave Lombardo – drums = = Charts and certifications = = = General aviation in the United Kingdom = General aviation in the United Kingdom has been defined as a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule or military aviation . Although the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition , some commercial operations are often included within the scope of general aviation ( GA ) in the UK . The sector operates business jets , rotorcraft , piston and jet @-@ engined fixed @-@ wing aircraft , gliders of all descriptions , and lighter than air craft . Public transport operations include business ( or corporate ) aviation and air taxi services , and account for nearly half of the economic contribution made by the sector . Other commercial GA activities are aerial work , such as surveying and air ambulances , and flight training , which plays an important role in the supply of pilots to the commercial air transport ( CAT ) industry . Private flying is conducted for personal transport and recreation . It includes a strong vintage aircraft movement , and encompasses a range of air sports , such as racing , aerobatics , and parachuting , at which British teams and individuals have succeeded in international competition . Of the 21 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent are engaged in GA operations , and annually the GA fleet accounts for between 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 35 million hours flown . The single most common class of aircraft is the fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , but the main area of growth over the last 20 years has been in the use of more affordable aircraft , such as microlights , amateur built aeroplanes , and smaller helicopters . There are 28 @,@ 000 Private Pilot Licence holders , and 10 @,@ 000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19 @,@ 000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities . Although GA operates from more than 1 @,@ 800 aerodromes and landing sites , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips , over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes . The GA industry , which is around 7 per cent the size of its CAT cousin , employs 12 @,@ 000 people , and contributes £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy . GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and the objective is to promote high standards of safety . At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies , and gliding is in transition from a self @-@ regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA . Airspace regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of CAT operations has reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted . The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector , and smaller aerodromes are vulnerable to closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system has no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations , and generally does not favour the development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market . The planning process has become a mechanism for addressing local aerodrome @-@ related environmental issues which , particularly regarding noise , are the main subjects of public criticism levelled at GA . = = Definitions = = The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) defines general aviation ( GA ) as " an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation . " It defines commercial air transport ( CAT ) as " an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers , cargo or mail for remuneration or hire " , and aerial work as " an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture , construction , photography , surveying , observation and patrol , search and rescue , aerial advertisement , etc . " Organisations in the United Kingdom ( UK ) describe GA in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation . The British Business and General Aviation Association interprets it to be " all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services " . The General Aviation Awareness Council applies the description " all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non @-@ scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire " . For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK , the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) defined the scope of GA as " a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule " , and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition

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47

and include aerial work and minor CAT operations . = = History = = The first aerodrome in the UK was established by the Aero Club at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey , and in May 1909 it was the venue of the first flight conducted in the country by a British pilot , John Moore @-@ Brabazon . In 1910 the Aero Club was granted the Royal prefix , took responsibility for controlling all private flying in the UK , and started issuing the first British pilot licences . The introduction of the de Havilland DH.60 Moth in 1925 revolutionised light aviation , and the Royal Aero Club , recognising the " vital necessity of promoting civil flying " , formed the Light Aeroplane Club scheme . Between 1925 and 1939 around 60 flying clubs were started , and more than 5 @,@ 000 pilots were trained . During World War II civil aerodromes were taken over for military use , existing military airfields were expanded , and new ones were built . This resulted in a significant inventory of facilities becoming available after the war . Pre @-@ war civil aerodromes , for example Sywell , were returned to civilian use . Surplus military airfields were closed , and in some cases , for example Beccles , subsequently re @-@ opened as civil aerodromes . The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created to regulate all civil aviation in the UK , and this task remained the responsibility of government departments until the establishment of the independent CAA in 1972 . With an expanded infrastructure in place , GA became established after the war when manufacturers such as Cessna and Piper introduced light aircraft designed for the private market . The Cessna 172 , developed from the late 1940s Cessna 170 , was introduced in 1956 , and became the world 's best selling single @-@ engine aeroplane . Single piston @-@ engine aircraft are still the most common class of aircraft in the UK GA fleet . The development of the Rogallo wing in the 1950s fostered the development of hang @-@ gliding during the 1960s and 1970s . The 1960s also saw experiments with motorised hang gliders , but it was not until the 1970s that this blend of technologies started to mature , resulting in the birth of the microlight movement . Another milestone in the development of GA was the 1964 introduction of the Learjet 23 . Although it was not the first business jet , it popularised corporate aviation , and established the personal jet as a " whole new class of aircraft " . = = Activities = = The GA sector operates a range of aircraft , including balloons and airships , gliders , hang gliders , paragliders , microlights , gyrocopters , helicopters , amateur built and mass @-@ produced light aircraft , ex @-@ military aircraft , and business jets . Flights can be broadly categorised as public transport , aerial work , and private flying , the first two of which are commercial activities . = = = Commercial operations = = = Commercial operations are remunerated activities which fall within the ICAO definition of CAT . Some are , however , closely aligned to , and considered part of , the GA sector . Public transport operations are non @-@ scheduled , on @-@ demand services flying between points specified by the customer , providing a more flexible service than airline travel . Air taxi operations offer charter services for third parties , and business or corporate aviation uses company @-@ owned aircraft to transport employees and clients . Aircraft used in these operations include business jets , helicopters , and twin piston @-@ engine aeroplanes carrying between six and ten people . An example of this type of operation is the transport by helicopter of spectators to the British Formula One grand prix at Silverstone . This involves so many flights that , according to Cranfield Aviation Services , on race day the heliport is temporarily the world 's busiest airport . Aerial work is a small but important component of the commercial GA sector , characterised in its simplest form as remunerated non @-@ transport activities , such as surveying , crop spraying , and emergency services work ( air ambulance and police ) . = = = Flying schools = = = Flying schools are commercial businesses engaged in the training of pilots , both for recreational purposes and for those intending to fly professionally . They make widespread use of fixed @-@ wing light aircraft associated with traditional GA , not only for flying lessons but also as club aircraft rented out to qualified pilots for recreational flights . School @-@ owned aircraft account for a significant amount of GA activity , both in terms of hours flown and aircraft movements . The pilot training element is regarded by the GA community as a key benefit that is critical to the supply of pilots for the airline industry . It is claimed by the General Aviation Awareness Council that 60 – 70 per cent of professional pilots have self @-@ financed their flight training at GA schools , and one UK airline operator has stated that the industry must

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"Ġtheir", "Ġflight", "Ġtraining", "Ġat", "ĠGA", "Ġschools", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġone", "ĠUK", "Ġairline", "Ġoperator", "Ġhas", "Ġstated", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġindustry", "Ġmust" ]

48

rely on 70 – 80 per cent of new pilots coming from the GA sector . The CAA estimates that between 1996 and 2006 the number of new professional pilots following the unsponsored training route rose from 48 per cent to 59 per cent . The counter argument to this claim is that pilots can be trained outside of the UK , and that the airline industry is not therefore dependent on a healthy GA sector in the UK for its supply of pilots . The CAA concludes that a severe reduction in GA would give " some merit to the argument that pilot recruitment would be threatened " , but that the data on flying hours " does not support such a gloomy outlook . " Of course , reliance on other countries for pilot training means that the UK foregoes the economic benefit of the training activity . = = = Private flying = = = Private flying can be for both recreational purposes and personal transport , using aircraft that are owned individually , collectively as part of a syndicate , or rented from a flying club . A survey of pilots conducted between 2001 and 2002 indicated that the most common purposes of recreational flights were local flights near the base aerodrome , visits to other aerodromes , and day trips away . Half of all flights landed at the same aerodrome they departed from , and only 9 per cent involved an overnight stay away from home . Private flying is most associated with the traditional form of factory @-@ produced two and four @-@ seater , single piston @-@ engine training and touring aircraft . Examples of these are the Cessna 152 , Cessna 172 , and Piper PA28 Cherokee , all with their origins in the 1950s , and the more modern designs of Cirrus . The average cost per hour to fly such aircraft has been estimated to be £ 133 , compared to an estimated £ 77 per hour for gliders , and a reported £ 35 per hour for microlights . Recent trends have seen an increase in the use of microlights , and also in recreational helicopter flying following the introduction of smaller and cheaper machines such as the Robinson R22 and R44 . Another growth area in private flying in recent years has been in the use of amateur built aircraft , such as the Van 's Aircraft RV @-@ 4 and the Europa . There is a strong vintage aircraft movement in the UK , with two @-@ thirds of the 500 registered historic aircraft active . These cover the whole spectrum of civil and military aviation , examples being the de Havilland Dragon Rapide airliner of the 1930s , and the World War II ( WWII ) Spitfire fighter . There are many post @-@ WWII aircraft which could also be considered historic under a looser definition , including for example 60 ex @-@ military jets such as the Hawker Hunter . Historic aircraft are regular exhibits at air displays , which are claimed to be the second most popular spectator activity after football in the UK . = = = Sports = = = Competitive gliding in the UK takes place between May and September . Regionals are local competitions , organised and run by one of the bigger gliding clubs in the region , and represent the entry level to glider racing . Races are handicapped according to glider performance , and normally take place over nine days . Success in the regionals allows pilots to progress to the nationals , where there are five classes of competition . These are based on glider performance , the lowest being club class , and then progressing through standard ( maximum 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wingspan , and flaps not permitted ) , 15 metres ( 49 ft ) ( as standard , but flaps are permitted ) , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) ( maximum 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wingspan ) , and finally open @-@ class ( no restrictions ) . Success at national level can lead to a place in the national team and competition at international level . In 2007 the British gliding team was ranked number one , and British pilots took two women 's world championships and the open class European championship . Handicapped air racing is open to any propeller @-@ driven aircraft capable of maintaining a minimum speed of 100 miles ( 160 km ) per hour in level flight . Races are a case of " fly low , fly fast , turn left " , consisting of 4 – 5 laps round a 20 – 25 mile ( 32 – 40 km ) circuit . Faster aircraft are handicapped by starting after slower aircraft , the intention being that the race concludes with all aircraft diving for the finish line together . There are up to 16 races per year , conducted at airfields in the UK , France and the Channel Islands , for prizes that include the Schneider Trophy and King 's Cup , and the season culminates with the British Air Racing and European Air Racing Championships . Aerobatic competitions take place for both powered aircraft and gliders , with up to 30 events each year in the UK and Ireland . Starting at the Beginner level , pilots can move up to Standard ( powered aircraft ) or Sports ( glider ) levels , and then on

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49

to Intermediate , Advanced , and finally Unlimited classes . Each step up requires a wider repertoire of aerobatic figures and progressively more performance from the aircraft . National championships are awarded annually at Standard / Sports , Intermediate , Advanced ( powered aircraft only ) , and Unlimited levels , and pilots who have reached Advanced and Unlimited levels are eligible for selection to represent the UK in international competition . Parachute competitions are held at club , regional , national and international levels , and include the disciplines of accuracy landings , freefall gymnastics , formation skydiving , canopy formation , freestyle and freeflying , and skysurfing . British teams consistently win medals in canopy formation world championships , and a British team took the 2006 world championship in women 's 4 @-@ way formation skydiving . = = Aerodromes = = Aerodrome is a collective term for any location from which flying operations take place , although more specific terminology can be used to characterise its purpose . The CAA strategic review of GA applies the term airport to locations which predominantly support large scale commercial operations , and airfield to locations which predominantly support GA operations . The General Aviation Small Aerodrome Research Study ( GASAR ) analysed 687 aerodromes in England which come under the scope of GA , classifying 374 into six types . These range in size from regional airports to the smallest farm strip , although 84 per cent of GA flights operate from 134 of the larger aerodromes in the first four categories . = = = GASAR aerodrome classification = = = The factors used in determining how an individual aerodrome is categorised by the GASAR study are based broadly on size and facilities . The six types of aerodrome are described , in size order , as : regional airports ( e.g. East Midlands ) ; major GA airports ( e.g. Oxford ) ; developed GA airfields ( e.g. Andrewsfield ) ; basic GA airfields ( e.g. Rufforth ) ; developed airstrips ( e.g. Tilstock ) ; and basic airstrips ( e.g. Chilbolton in Hampshire ) . The actual criteria used to categorise aerodromes were complex , using 28 different parameters , backed up with a peer review by experienced GA pilots . Airports generally have long , fully lit , hard @-@ surfaced runways , full air traffic control , and navigation and landing aids . They are usually located on urban fringes , support commercial and business operations , and often exclude certain types of light aircraft . At the more rurally located airfields , the lighter end of aviation , such as microlight and gliding activities , becomes increasingly prevalent , and there are few or no commercial operations other than flying schools . At this level runways are generally shorter , and grass surfaces are increasingly common . Navigation aids are increasingly scarce , being more basic where they are available , and informal ground to air radio communication replaces air traffic control . The smallest airfields are too small to feature on general purpose Ordnance Survey ( OS ) maps , and lack basic facilities such as fuel and maintenance . The majority of airstrips are basically single short grass runways with no supporting facilities , although the presence of a hangar is not uncommon at the larger examples . They do not feature on OS maps , and are owned by private clubs or , more commonly , individuals . = = = Aerodrome licensing = = = Most aerodromes used for public transport operations are required to be licensed by the CAA . To be granted a licence an aerodrome operator must satisfy the CAA that : the physical conditions at the aerodrome , and its environs , are acceptable ; the scale of equipment , and facilities provided , are adequate for the flying activities which are expected to take place ; an effective safety management system is in place ; and that staff are competent and , where necessary , suitably qualified . Aerodromes classified as developed GA airfields or larger by the GASAR study are , with few exceptions , licensed . Only two basic GA airfields , Silverstone and Duxford , are licensed , and all airstrips are unlicensed . The Light Aviation Airports Study Group , a joint CAA @-@ industry initiative , was established in 2005 to review the regulation of light aviation aerodromes . A particular focus of this group was a review of the restrictions placed on unlicensed aerodromes . The group concluded that the requirement for public transport operations to be conducted only from licensed aerodromes should be further reviewed in the context of corresponding international and European requirements . It also recommended that restrictions on flight training at unlicensed aerodromes should be lifted , and this was permitted from April 2010 = = Scale of the sector = = There are an estimated 27 @,@ 000 civil aircraft registered in the UK , 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities . In 2005 the GA fleet

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50

comprised 9 @,@ 000 fixed @-@ wing aircraft , 4 @,@ 100 microlights , 1 @,@ 300 helicopters , 1 @,@ 800 airships / balloons , 2 @,@ 500 gliders and some 7 @,@ 000 hang gliders . Estimates put the number of foreign @-@ registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900 . The number of pilots licensed by the CAA to fly powered aircraft in 2005 was 47 @,@ 000 , of whom 28 @,@ 000 held a Private Pilot Licence . The remainder held professional pilot licences , either a Commercial Pilot Licence or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence , although not all of these would be engaged in GA activities . In addition , there are 10 @,@ 000 active glider pilots , and estimates put the membership of aviation @-@ related sport and recreational associations at 36 @,@ 000 . The number of aerodromes that support GA in the UK is difficult to establish with certainty . Pooleys 2008 United Kingdom Flight Guide lists 355 , and the Airplan Flight Equipment UK VFR Flight Guide 2008 lists nearly 500 . Lockyears Farm ' Strips ' and Private Airfields Flight Guide lists more than 300 landing sites . The GASAR study estimates 1 @,@ 100 formal flying sites in England alone , a figure which includes 400 sites known to planning authorities but not included in flight guides . It estimates another 759 informal sites known only to land owners , customs , and members of the enthusiast group Air @-@ Britain . The sector was estimated to employ nearly 12 @,@ 000 people and directly contribute £ 1 @.@ 4 billion to the UK economy in 2005 , making it roughly seven per cent of the size of the CAT industry . Nearly half of the economic contribution was generated by business aviation . = = Trends = = Most sectors of GA for which data are available have experienced growth in aircraft numbers and hours flown over the last two decades . The lighter end of the GA spectrum : microlights , amateur built , and airships and balloons , have in particular shown strong growth , although the last of these activities was severely curtailed during the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak in 2001 , when access to farmland was denied . After strong growth in the late 1980s , traditional flying has shown a slight decline recently , reflecting a move amongst recreational flyers towards microlight aircraft , and increased numbers of foreign @-@ registered aircraft . Recreational helicopter usage has grown primarily due to the introduction of smaller and cheaper aircraft . Glider activity has remained relatively static , although there has been a gradual increase in the number of self @-@ launching motor gliders . Business aviation has shown strong growth , although the numbers of aircraft on the UK register have declined . This reflects a shift away from turboprop aircraft towards foreign @-@ registered business jets based in the UK , which are estimated to be growing in numbers . However , twin piston @-@ engined aircraft numbers have declined significantly , reflecting pressures on the light air @-@ taxi segment from increasingly flexible and cheaper scheduled services , and a more sophisticated corporate charter business . The amount of flight training conducted by UK schools has declined , largely at the hands of competition from foreign schools , which benefit from lower costs and better weather . Since 1990 the total number of hours flown annually by the GA sector has remained in the range 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 35 million , the dominant sector being traditional GA flying , which accounts for 0 @.@ 6 million per year . An overall increase in aircraft numbers combined with nil growth in hours flown has brought the annual average utilisation per aircraft down from 157 hours in 1984 to 103 hours in 2002 . The decline in asset utilisation has led to speculation that the economic health of the GA industry is weakening , though the lack of data on profitability makes this difficult to confirm . = = Regulation = = The objective of regulation is to " promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation " , and this is the main area of interaction between the CAA and the GA sector . Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthiness , pilot qualification , the rules for the movement of aircraft , and equipment to be carried . The CAA was established as the primary regulatory body for all aviation in the UK in 1972 . In 1991 it started working within the Joint Aviation Authorities ( JAA ) framework to implement agreed common standards , known as the Joint Aviation Requirements ( JAR ) , throughout the European Union ( EU ) . In 2003 this was taken a step further when the European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) was established as the central EU regulator , taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities . The CAA acts as an agency of EASA on these issues , retaining its original regulatory powers in areas not yet transferred to EASA . Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU , taking over from individual member

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51

states the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA . = = = Devolved and self @-@ regulation = = = Within this framework certain sectors of GA are governed on a devolved basis . In all cases the CAA / EASA retains responsibility for safety regulation , but representative bodies , particularly of sectors that are not included in the scope of EASA , are granted greater oversight of their activities . The majority of microlight aircraft are regulated by the British Microlight Aircraft Association ( BMAA ) , although a significant number are regulated by the Light Aircraft Association ( LAA ) , formerly known as the Popular Flying Association . The LAA is the primary regulator for amateur built aircraft , as well as vintage and classic aircraft . Parachuting is governed by the British Parachute Association , although the aircraft used in this activity are generally CAA @-@ regulated . Balloon and airship flying is overseen by the British Balloon and Airship Club . The UK @-@ specific National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) is administered by the National Pilots Licensing Group Ltd . , supported by the LAA , the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association UK , the British Gliding Association , and the British Microlight Aircraft Association . Separate from these devolved groups , gliding in the UK is self @-@ regulated . The British Gliding Association was until recently responsible for glider airworthiness , now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation , and still retains control of pilot certification . Hang gliding and paragliding activities ( i.e. foot @-@ launched gliders ) are governed by the British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association . = = = Airworthiness = = = Under CAA and EASA rules , all aircraft are required to meet certain standards of airworthiness to fly safely and legally . Aircraft that meet these standards are issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness . However , British @-@ registered aircraft which are excluded from the scope of EASA , and which cannot satisfy the requirements for the issue of a Certificate of Airworthiness , may be issued with a Permit to Fly . This allows them to fly in UK airspace subject to certain limitations , for example being restricted to day @-@ time flights under visual flight rules only . A number of organisations ( e.g. the British Microlight Aircraft Association and the Light Aircraft Association ) have obtained a standing over @-@ flight permission for Permit to Fly aircraft within their area of interest with some European countries , notably France . Permits are typically issued to vintage and historic aircraft , amateur built aircraft , and microlights . = = = Pilot licensing = = = The pilot qualification most relevant to GA is the Private Pilot Licence ( PPL ) , which permits the holder to fly for recreational purposes without remuneration . In addition to the European @-@ wide Joint Aviation Regulations Flight Crew Licensing ( JAR @-@ FCL ) standard , the CAA also issues UK @-@ specific national licences . In the absence of European standards for gyroplane , balloon , and airship pilots , the CAA licenses these according to the original UK PPL standard . As a response to the perception that JAR pilot licensing standards are excessively bureaucratic and expensive for the purposes of recreational pilots , the National Private Pilot Licence ( NPPL ) was introduced in 2002 . The NPPL is easier to obtain than the JAR @-@ FCL licence , has less stringent medical requirements , is more restrictive in the privileges it grants , and is valid only for flights in British @-@ registered aircraft flying in UK and French airspace . Although there are plans to bring glider pilot licensing within the regulatory framework of EASA , the gliding sector is currently self @-@ regulating in this respect . The British Gliding Association is responsible for defining the standards of initial training , and certifying , via a badge system , pilots who meet those standards . Pilots working in sectors of GA that are commercial operations , such as aerial work and business aviation , are required to hold a professional pilot licence which , at a minimum , is the Commercial Pilot Licence . = = Safety = = Between 1995 and 2004 there were 2 @,@ 630 accidents involving GA aircraft , of which 139 were fatal , resulting in the loss of 317 lives . The majority of accidents involved small fixed @-@ wing aircraft engaged in private flights , and analysis attributes the most common causes of these to : flight handling skills ; poor judgement or airmanship ; lack of training or experience ; and omission of , or inappropriate , action . There were 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007 , resulting in the loss of 48 lives . These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 lives the previous year , and although the 2007 statistics are higher than average , they are not exceptional . = = Issues = = The growth in Commercial Air Transport ( CAT )

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52

has eroded the operational freedom of GA , both in the air and on the ground at larger airports . Difficulty with access to larger airports is compounded by a decline in the number of aerodromes generally , and existing sites are often threatened with closure and re @-@ development for more profitable uses . The UK planning system is designed to focus on local issues , and consideration of the national impact of GA operations is not within its remit . This makes aerodrome development difficult , often subjecting those that successfully negotiate the process to restrictions in use . = = = Airspace access = = = Airspace is shared by CAT , military and GA users . It is divided into controlled airspace , in which aircraft must always be under the control of an air traffic controller , and uncontrolled airspace , in which aircraft can operate autonomously . Although GA flights can under certain conditions enter controlled airspace , they operate mainly outside of it . Controlled airspace is essential for the provision of a known air traffic environment necessary for the safe operation of CAT . A CAA review found that " mixing [ commercial ] operations with other users is considered undesirable , even untenable " by commercial operators . However this position has resulted in extensive Class A controlled airspace with complex boundaries , including some running down to the ground , prohibiting VFR access to airspace , resulting in high numbers of GA flights operating close to the borders of controlled airspace who could not get formal receipt of an air traffic service . Coupled with pilot navigation errors , hundreds of airspace infringements have been recorded every year . Increases in the number of CAT operations , and in the number of airports they operate from , has resulted in a corresponding increase in Class A controlled airspace . Between 1997 and 2006 this area grew in size from 13 per cent of all airspace to 22 per cent nationally , and from 24 per cent to 43 per cent in airspace above England and Wales , leading to a perception within the GA community of being squeezed out . There are particular problems for GA around large airports , where Class A controlled airspace extends to ground level . The concentration of commercial operations and high demand for GA in the South East of England have also resulted in extensive areas of Class A controlled airspace there , which serve to channel uncontrolled GA operations through high @-@ collision @-@ risk hot spots . = = = Aerodrome access = = = Regional airports , such as Edinburgh Airport , have experienced strong growth in CAT operations in recent years . These operations are commercially and operationally incompatible with GA , and although there is no evidence of deliberate discrimination , the effect has been to discourage or exclude it . GA aircraft are being subject to significant increases in charges , including the imposition of handling fees in some cases . Some airports restrict or deny GA parking , and others limit or refuse certain GA activity . As a result , light GA aircraft are now rarely or never seen at large , busy international airports such as Heathrow , Stansted , Gatwick and Manchester . In addition to this de facto loss of facilities , the number of aerodromes in the UK has been in decline over the last 50 years , as a result of increasing urbanisation and the closure of airfields built during WWII . Alternative and more profitable uses for land can also lead to existing aerodromes being threatened with closure , for example North Weald , or actually being closed , as happened to Ipswich Airport. and Bristol Filton Airport . Referring to the importance of a " functioning national network of GA airfields " , especially where GA performs an air transport role , the CAA states that " there could be cause for concern if a significant further loss of airfields were to continue , especially if crucial nodes on the transport network were to be lost . " = = = Planning system = = = The planning system is critical to the viability and operation of GA aerodromes . With many cities lacking scheduled air transport services between them , and with GA access to commercial airports becoming increasingly difficult and expensive , a viable network of aerodromes supporting GA air transport operations is regarded as an important national issue . However , there is no unified national planning policy specific to GA aerodromes , and planning decisions relating to these are based on local issues that are not required to consider the national impact . Because aircraft are excluded from noise control legislation , the only recourse for people affected by aircraft noise is through the planning process , and this issue is the principal factor on which the majority of planning decisions relating to GA land use are made . GA is a specialist subject often unfamiliar to Local Planning Authorities , and most planning decisions relating to GA either refuse permission , or grant it with restrictive conditions . Little Gransden is just one example of a GA airfield required to comply with planning restrictions on the number of movements permitted , thereby inhibiting further development . Such restrictions , if poorly conceived , can make GA operations unviable or even unsafe . = = Criticism = = Public opinion towards aviation generally is worsening , based on increasing environmental concerns relating to emissions and noise , and

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53

private flying has been criticised by respondents to a government consultation on aircraft noise as a frivolous or selfish activity . In terms of environmental complaints and enquiries made to the CAA that relate specifically to GA , noise is " by far " the most common subject . Half of the 2 @,@ 000 noise complaints made annually to the CAA concern GA operations , most of which relate to aerobatics , helicopters using private sites , air balloon incidents , parachute dropping , and alleged low flying . Planning guidance on aircraft noise advises that " in some circumstances the public perceive general aircraft noise levels as more disturbing than similar levels around major airports . " This is a result of the tonal characteristics of light aircraft engines and the activities they are engaged in , including : repetitive circuit flying at low @-@ altitude near an aerodrome , during which aircraft are audible for long periods ; slow climbing aircraft engaged in parachute drop or glider tug activities concentrated around the drop zone or aerodrome , also audible for long periods ; erratic and repetitive engine noise from aircraft engaged in aerobatics ; and piston @-@ engines on full power in areas of low background noise , leading to the perception that such noise is more intrusive . In an attempt to alleviate these problems , the majority of aerodromes implement noise abatement procedures designed to route aircraft away from noise sensitive areas , and more than 50 are required by the government to provide consultative facilities in which local concerns can be raised with aerodrome operators . = SMS Zrínyi = SMS Zrínyi ( " His Majesty 's ship Zrínyi " ) was a Radetzky @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ( Schlachtschiff ) of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) , named for the Zrinski , a noble Croatian family . Zrínyi and her sisters , Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and Radetzky , were the last pre @-@ dreadnoughts built by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . During World War I , Zrínyi saw action in the Adriatic Sea . She served with the Second Division of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's battleships and shelled Senigallia as part of the bombardment of the key seaport of Ancona , Italy , during May 1915 . However , Allied control of the Strait of Otranto meant that the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy was , for all intents and purposes , effectively bottled up in the Adriatic . Nonetheless , the presence of the Zrínyi and other battleships tied down a substantial force of Allied ships . With the war going against the Austrians by the end of 1918 , Zrínyi was prepared to be transferred to the new State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . On 10 November 1918 — just one day before the end of the war , navy officers sailed the battleship out of Pola ( Pula ) and eventually surrendered to a squadron of American submarine chasers . Following the handover to the United States Navy , she was briefly designated USS Zrínyi . In the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , the transfer was not recognized ; instead , Zrínyi was given to Italy and broken up for scrap . = = Design and construction = = Zrínyi was built at the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino dockyard in Trieste , the same place where her sister ships were built earlier . She was laid down on 15 November 1908 and launched from the slipway on 12 April 1910 . The teak used on Zrínyi 's deck was the only material Austria @-@ Hungary had to purchase abroad to build the ship . The ship was completed by 15 July 1911 , and on 22 November 1911 she was commissioned into the fleet . She was the last ship of the class to be completed and had a crew of 880 to 890 officers and men . Zrínyi was 138 @.@ 8 m ( 455 ft 4 in ) long , and had a beam of 24 @.@ 6 m ( 80 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 1 m ( 26 ft 9 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 508 long tons ( 14 @,@ 741 t ) normally , and up to 15 @,@ 845 long tons ( 16 @,@ 099 t ) with a full combat load . She was powered by two @-@ shaft four @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 800 indicated horsepower . The ship had a top speed of 20 @.@ 5 knots ( 38 @.@ 0 km / h ; 23 @.@ 6 mph ) . Zrínyi was the

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54

first warship in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy to use fuel oil to supplement her 12 Yarrow @-@ type coal @-@ fired boilers . She had a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's primary armament consisted of four 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns in two twin gun turrets . This was augmented by a heavy secondary battery of eight 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns in four wing turrets . The tertiary battery consisted of twenty 10 cm L / 50 guns in casemated single mounts , four 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 85 in ) L / 44 and one 47 mm L / 33 quick @-@ firing guns . Furthermore , the ship 's boats were equipped with two 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) landing guns for operations shore . Three 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes were also carried , one on each broadside and one in the stern . = = Service history = = The ship was assigned to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Fleet 's 1st Battle Squadron after her 1911 commissioning . In 1912 , Zrínyi and her two sister ships conducted two training cruises into the eastern Mediterranean Sea . On the second cruise into the Aegean Sea , conducted from November to December , Zrínyi and her sister ships were accompanied by the cruiser SMS Admiral Spaun and a pair of destroyers . After returning to Pola , the entire fleet mobilized for possible hostilities , as tensions flared in the Balkans . In 1913 , Zrínyi participated in an international naval demonstration in the Ionian Sea to protest the Balkan Wars . Ships from other navies included in the demonstration were the British pre @-@ dreadnought HMS King Edward VII , the Italian pre @-@ dreadnought Ammiraglio di Saint Bon , the French armored cruiser Edgar Quinet , and the German light cruiser SMS Breslau . The most important action of the combined flotilla , which was under the command of British Admiral Cecil Burney , was to blockade the Montenegrin coast . The goal of the blockade was to prevent Serbian reinforcements from supporting the siege at Scutari , where Montenegro had besieged a combined force of Albanians and Ottomans . Pressured by the international blockade , Serbia withdrew its army from Scutari , which was subsequently occupied by a joint Allied ground force . During that year , the first of four new dreadnoughts , SMS Viribus Unitis , that made up the Tegetthoff class — the only dreadnoughts built for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy — came into active service . With the commissioning of these dreadnoughts , Zrínyi and her sisters were moved from the 1st Division to the 2nd Division of the 1st Battle Squadron . = = = World War I = = = At that time of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 , the battleships in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy consisted of the Radetzky class , the Tegetthoff class ( which still had one ship , SMS Szent István , under construction ) , the Erzherzog Karl class and finally , the older Habsburg class . Along with the remainder of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , Zrínyi was mobilized in late July 1914 to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships broke out of Messina , which was surrounded by the British navy and reached Turkey . The flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in southeastern Italy when news of the successful breakout reached Vienna . The Austro @-@ Hungarian ships were then recalled before seeing action . On 23 May 1915 , between two and four hours after news of the Italian declaration of war reached the main Austro @-@ Hungarian naval base at Pola , Zrínyi and the rest of the fleet departed to bombard the Italian and Montenegrin coast . Their focus was on the important naval base at Ancona , and later the coast of Montenegro . The bombardment of Montenegro was part of the larger Austro @-@ Hungarian campaign against the Kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia , who were members of the Entente , during the first half of 1915 . The attack on Ancona was an immense success , and the ships were unopposed during the operation . The bombardment of the province and the surrounding area resulted in the destruction of an Italian steamer in the port of Ancona itself , and an Italian destroyer , Turbine , was severely damaged further south . On the shore , the infrastructure of

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"Ġof", "Ġwar", "Ġreached", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "Ġnaval", "Ġbase", "Ġat", "ĠPol", "a", "Ġ,", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġrest", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfleet", "Ġdeparted", "Ġto", "Ġbombard", "Ġthe", "ĠItalian", "Ġand", "ĠMonteneg", "rin", "Ġcoast", "Ġ.", "ĠTheir", "Ġfocus", "Ġwas", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġimportant", "Ġnaval", "Ġbase", "Ġat", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġthe", "Ġcoast", "Ġof", "ĠMonteneg", "ro", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbombardment", "Ġof", "ĠMonteneg", "ro", "Ġwas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġlarger", "ĠAust", "ro", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHungarian", "Ġcampaign", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "ĠKingdoms", "Ġof", "ĠMonteneg", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠSerbia", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwere", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠEnt", "ente", "Ġ,", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġhalf", "Ġof", "Ġ1915", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġattack", "Ġon", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġwas", "Ġan", "Ġimmense", "Ġsuccess", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġships", "Ġwere", "Ġun", "opp", "osed", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġoperation", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġbombardment", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġprovince", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġsurrounding", "Ġarea", "Ġresulted", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġdestruction", "Ġof", "Ġan", "ĠItalian", "Ġste", "amer", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġport", "Ġof", "ĠAn", "con", "a", "Ġitself", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġan", "ĠItalian", "Ġdestroyer", "Ġ,", "ĠTur", "b", "ine", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġseverely", "Ġdamaged", "Ġfurther", "Ġsouth", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġshore", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġinfrastructure", "Ġof" ]

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the port of Ancona , as well as the surrounding towns , were severely damaged . The railroad yard in Ancona , as well as the port facilities in the town , were damaged or destroyed . The local shore batteries were also suppressed . During the bombardment , Zrínyi also helped to destroy a train , a railway station , and a bridge at Senigallia . Additional targets that were damaged or destroyed included wharves , warehouses , oil tanks , radio stations , and the local barracks . Sixty @-@ three Italians , both civilians and military personnel , were killed in the bombardment . By the time Italian ships from Taranto and Brindisi arrived on the scene , the Austro @-@ Hungarians were safely back in Pola . The objective of the bombardment of Ancona was to delay the Italian Army from deploying its forces along the border with Austria @-@ Hungary by destroying critical transportation systems . The surprise attack on Ancona succeeded in delaying the Italian deployment to the Alps for two weeks . This delay gave Austria @-@ Hungary valuable time to strengthen its Italian border and re @-@ deploy some of its troops from the Eastern and Balkan fronts . Aside from the attack on Ancona , the Austro @-@ Hungarian battleships were largely confined to Pola for the duration of the war . Their operations were limited by Admiral Anton Haus , the commander of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , who believed that he would need to husband his ships to counter any Italian attempt to seize the Dalmatian coast . Since coal was diverted to the newer Tegetthoff @-@ class battleships , the remainder of the war saw Zrínyi and the rest of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy acting as a fleet in being . This resulted in the Allied blockade of the Otranto Strait . With his fleet blockaded in the Adriatic Sea , and with a shortage of coal , Haus followed a strategy based on mines and submarines designed to reduce the numerical superiority of the Allied navies . = = = Post @-@ war fate = = = After the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire collapsed in 1918 , the Austrians wanted to turn the fleet over to the newly created State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( later to become a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in order to prevent the Italians from claiming the ships as spoils of war . However , the victorious Allies refused to acknowledge the conversations between the Austrians and the south Slavs and , in due course , reallocated the ships . The ship had been boarded by a scratch Yugoslav crew on 10 November 1918 , one day before the Armistice , and had left Pola with her sister ship , Radetzky . They were soon spotted by heavy Italian ships , so the two battleships hoisted American flags and sailed south along the Adriatic coast to Castelli Bay near Spalato ( also known as Split ) . They appealed for American naval forces to meet them and accept their surrender , which a squadron of United States Navy ( USN ) submarine chasers in the area did . She had apparently been turned over to the fledgling south Slav state , as it was a Croat naval officer , Korvettenkapitän Marijan Polić , who presented the ship as a prize of war to representatives of the United States Navy on the afternoon of 22 November 1919 at Spalato ( Split ) in Dalmatia . Simultaneously she was commissioned as USS Zrínyi and Lieutenant E.E. Hazlett , USN , assumed command . The initial American complement consisted of four officers and 174 enlisted men — the latter entirely composed of United States Navy Reserve Force personnel . The ship remained at anchor at Spalato for nearly a year while the negotiations that would determine her ultimate fate dragged on . Only once did she apparently turn her engines over , and that occurred during a severe gale that struck Spalato on 9 February 1920 . On the morning of 7 November 1920 , Zrínyi was decommissioned . USS Chattanooga took her in tow and , assisted by Brooks and Hovey , towed the battleship to Italy . Under the terms of the treaties of Versailles and St. Germain , Zrínyi was ultimately turned over to the Italian government at Venice . She was broken up for scrap later that year and into 1921 . = Geopyxis carbonaria = Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis , family Pyronemataceae . First described to science in 1805 , and given its current name in 1889 , the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf @-@ cup , dwarf acorn cup , stalked bonfire cup , or pixie cup . The small , goblet @-@ shaped fruitbodies of the fungus are reddish @-@ brown with a whitish

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"Ġsevere", "Ġg", "ale", "Ġthat", "Ġstruck", "ĠSp", "al", "ato", "Ġon", "Ġ9", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ1920", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "Ġmorning", "Ġof", "Ġ7", "ĠNovember", "Ġ1920", "Ġ,", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġwas", "Ġdecom", "mission", "ed", "Ġ.", "ĠUSS", "ĠChattanooga", "Ġtook", "Ġher", "Ġin", "Ġtow", "Ġand", "Ġ,", "Ġassisted", "Ġby", "ĠBrooks", "Ġand", "ĠH", "ove", "y", "Ġ,", "Ġtowed", "Ġthe", "Ġbattles", "hip", "Ġto", "ĠItaly", "Ġ.", "ĠUnder", "Ġthe", "Ġterms", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtreaties", "Ġof", "ĠVers", "a", "illes", "Ġand", "ĠSt", ".", "ĠGerm", "ain", "Ġ,", "ĠZ", "r", "ÃŃ", "ny", "i", "Ġwas", "Ġultimately", "Ġturned", "Ġover", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠItalian", "Ġgovernment", "Ġat", "ĠVenice", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġwas", "Ġbroken", "Ġup", "Ġfor", "Ġscrap", "Ġlater", "Ġthat", "Ġyear", "Ġand", "Ġinto", "Ġ1921", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠGe", "opy", "x", "is", "Ġcarbon", "aria", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGe", "opy", "x", "is", "Ġcarbon", "aria", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġspecies", "Ġof", "Ġfungus", "Ġin", "Ġthe", 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56

fringe and measure up to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) across . They have a short , tapered stalk . Fruitbodies are commonly found on soil where brush has recently been burned , sometimes in great numbers . The fungus is distributed throughout many temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . It is found in Europe , Turkey , and North America . Although it is primarily a saprotrophic species , feeding on the decomposing organic matter remaining after a fire , it also forms biotrophic associations with the roots of Norway spruce . = = Taxonomy = = The fungus was first described scientifically in 1805 by Johannes Baptista von Albertini and Lewis David de Schweinitz as Peziza carbonaria . Mordecai Cubitt Cooke illustrated the fruitbodies , spores , and asci in his 1879 work Mycographia , seu Icones fungorum . Figures of fungi from all parts of the world . In 1889 , Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred the fungus to the genus Geopyxis , giving the species its current name . Pustularia carbonaria , published by Heinrich Rehm in 1884 , is a synonym of G. carbonaria . Louis @-@ Joseph Grélet proposed the variety Geopyxis carbonaria var. sessilis in 1937 , referring to forms producing fruitbodies without a stalk , but the taxon is not considered to have independent taxonomic significance . In 1860 Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis described the species Peziza lepida from collections made in Japan as part of the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition ( 1853 – 1856 ) . This taxon was synonymized with G. carbonaria by Mien Rifai in 1968 , a taxonomic opinion corroborated by Donald Pfister about a decade later . The specific epithet carbonaria derives from the Latin word for " charcoal " . Common names given to the fungus include " charcoal loving elf @-@ cup " , " dwarf acorn cup " , " pixie cup " , and the British Mycological Society approved " stalked bonfire cup " . = = Description = = The fruitbodies ( ascocarps ) of Geopyxis carbonaris are cup shaped , 1 – 2 cm wide , and have fringed whitish margins . The inner spore @-@ bearing surface of the cup , the hymenium , is brick red and smooth , while the exterior surface is a dull yellow , and may be either smooth or have blister @-@ like spots ( pustules ) . The stipe is small ( 1 – 1 @.@ 5 mm long and 1 – 2 mm wide ) , whitish in color , and expands abruptly into the cup . The brownish flesh of the fungus is thin and brittle . It does not have any distinctive taste , but has an unpleasant smell when crushed in water . The edibility of the fungus is not known , but the fruitbodies are insubstantial and unlikely to be harvested for eating . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = In mass , the spores are whitish . The spores are elliptical , smooth , hyaline , devoid of oil droplets ( eguttulate ) , and have dimensions of 13 – 18 by 7 – 9 µm . They are thin walled and germinate and grow rapidly in vitro in the absence of external stimuli . The asci are 190 – 225 by 9 – 10 µm . The paraphyses are slightly club @-@ shaped , unbranched , and have irregular orange @-@ brown granules , with tips up to 5 µm wide , and are not forked or lobed . The hypothecium , the layer of cells below the hymenium , is made of densely packed , small irregular cells . = = = Similar species = = = The closely related vulcan elf cup ( Geopyxis vulcanalis ) has a pale orange to yellowish fruitbody that is deeply cup shaped before flattening in maturity , and its crushed flesh often has an odor of sulfur . It may be distinguished microscopically by its paraphyses , which lack the orange @-@ brown granules characteristic of G. carbonaria . It also has larger spores , measuring 14 – 22 by 8 – 11 µm . Unlike G. carbonaria , it grows on substrates other than burned wood , including mosses , and needle duff . Tarzetta cupularis , which grows habitats similar to G. carbonaria , is distinguished microscopically by its spores that contain two oil droplets . Other genera with similar species with which G. carbonaria may be confused in the field include Aleuria , Caloscypha , Melastiza , and Sowerbyella . = = Habitat and distribution = = Geopyxis carbonaria is widespread on burned soil or charcoal in the spring and throughout the

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"Ġinclude", "ĠAle", "uria", "Ġ,", "ĠCal", "os", "cy", "pha", "Ġ,", "ĠMel", "ast", "iza", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠS", "ower", "by", "ella", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠHabit", "at", "Ġand", "Ġdistribution", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠGe", "opy", "x", "is", "Ġcarbon", "aria", "Ġis", "Ġwidespread", "Ġon", "Ġburned", "Ġsoil", "Ġor", "Ġcharcoal", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġspring", "Ġand", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe" ]

57

growing season . It is one of the most common pioneer species found on burned ground . The charred litter on the forest floor increases the underlying soil pH as well as the availability of minerals . Fruitbodies are produced from 16 to 139 weeks after a forest fire in areas with coniferous trees . Most fruitbodies are produced in the first year after a burn . The fungus prefers fruiting in microhabitats with thin postfire duff near standing burned tree trunks . Geopyxis carbonaria fruitbodies are often found in the same post @-@ fire stands as morels , although the former is usually more abundant . Because the pixie cup fruits earlier than morels , it may serve as an indicator of imminent morel fruiting . Other cup fungi often found fruiting in the same area as G. carbonaria include those from the genera Aleuria , Anthracobia , Peziza , and Tarzetta . The fungus is found in Europe ( from where it was originally described ) , and is widespread throughout North America . The North American distribution extends north to Alaska . In 2010 , it was reported for the first time from Turkey . = = Ecology = = Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post @-@ fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots , Geopyxis carbonaria has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) . It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic interaction with lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) . The hyphae of G. carbonaria were able to infect the cortex of the tree seedling , but did not penetrate the endodermis . These traits suggest that the fungus is a moderate pathogen , with limited ability to cause reductions in seed germination . Additionally , the fungus produces the enzyme polyphenol oxidase , and can break down the complex organic polymer lignin — features characteristic of saprotrophic fungi . The formation of a rudimentary Hartig net , a characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi , indicated that G. carbonaria might be capable of forming mutualistic relationships under the right conditions . Vrålstad and colleagues suggest that its below @-@ ground association with spruce roots protects it from physical damage in the event of a fire , and the extensive fruitbody production after a fire may reflect " a successful fungal escape from a dying host where the fungus no longer can maintain its biotrophic association " . Large fruitings of the fungus are often associated with damage to the host tree , such as that which occurs with burning . A field study conducted in Norway demonstrated that fruit bodies were more likely to be found in areas that were heavily burned , compared to locations with light to moderate burning where the trees remained viable , or in clearcut areas . Fruiting was much denser in spruce forests — with up to 700 – 1000 fruitbodies per square meter — than in pine forests , where fruitbodies were sporadic . Fruitbodies grew by the millions in the year following the Yellowstone fires of 1988 . = Gold dollar = The gold dollar or gold one @-@ dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889 . The coin had three types over its lifetime , all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre . The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United States coin ever minted . A gold dollar had been proposed several times in the 1830s and 1840s , but was not initially adopted . Congress was finally galvanized into action by the increased supply of bullion caused by the California gold rush , and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar . In its early years , silver coins were being hoarded or exported , and the gold dollar found a ready place in commerce . Silver again circulated after Congress in 1853 required that new coins of that metal be made lighter , and the gold dollar became a rarity in commerce even before federal coins vanished from circulation because of the economic disruption caused by the American Civil War . Gold did not again circulate in most of the nation until 1879 ; once it did , the gold dollar did not regain its place . In its final years , it was struck in small numbers , causing speculation by hoarders . It was also in demand to be mounted in jewelry . The regular issue gold dollar was last struck in 1889 ; the following year , Congress ended the series . = = Background = = In proposing his plan for a mint and a coinage system , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791 proposed that the one @-@ dollar denomination be struck both as a gold coin , and as one of silver , representative of the two metals which he proposed be made legal tender . Congress followed Hamilton 's recommendation only in part , authorizing a silver dollar , but no coin of that denomination in gold .

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58

In 1831 , the first gold dollar was minted , at the private mint of Christopher Bechtler in North Carolina . Much of the gold then being produced in the United States came from the mountains of North Carolina and Georgia , and the dollars and other small gold coins issued by Bechtler circulated through that region , and were now and then seen further away . Additional one @-@ dollar pieces were struck by August Bechtler , Christopher 's son . Soon after the Bechtlers began to strike their private issues , Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury became an advocate of having the Mint of the United States ( " Mint " , when described as an institution ) strike the one @-@ dollar denomination in gold . He was opposed by the Mint Director , Robert M. Patterson . Woodbury persuaded President Andrew Jackson to have pattern coins struck . In response , Patterson had Mint Second Engraver Christian Gobrecht break off work on the new design for the silver one @-@ dollar coin and work on a pattern for the gold dollar . Gobrecht 's design featured a Liberty cap surrounded by rays on one side , and a palm branch arranged in a circle with the denomination , date , and name of the country on the other . Consideration was given to including the gold dollar as an authorized denomination in the revisionary legislation that became the Mint Act of 1837 . The Philadelphia newspaper Public Ledger , in December 1836 , supported a gold dollar , stating that " the dollar is the smallest gold coin that would be convenient , and as it would be eminently so , neither silver nor paper should be allowed to take its place . " Nevertheless , after Mint Director Patterson appeared before a congressional committee , the provision authorizing the gold dollar was deleted from the bill . = = Inception = = In January 1844 , North Carolina Representative James Iver McKay , the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means , solicited the views of Director Patterson on the gold dollar . Patterson had more of Gobrecht 's pattern dollar struck to show to committee members , again advising against a coin that if issued would be only about a half inch ( 13 mm ) in diameter . He told Treasury Secretary John C. Spencer that the only gold coins of that size in commerce , the Spanish and Colombian half @-@ escudos , were unpopular and had not been struck for more than twenty years . This seemed to satisfy the committee as nothing more was done for the time , and when a gold dollar was proposed again in 1846 , McKay 's committee recommended against it . Even before 1848 , record amounts of gold were flowing to American mints to be struck into coin , but the California Gold Rush vastly increased these quantities . This renewed calls for a gold dollar , as well as for a higher denomination than the eagle ( $ 10 piece ) , then the largest gold coin . In January 1849 , McKay introduced a bill for a gold dollar , which was referred to his committee . There was much discussion in the press about the proposed coin ; one newspaper published a proposal for an annular gold dollar , that is , with a hole in the middle to increase its small diameter . McKay amended his legislation to provide for a double eagle ( $ 20 gold coin ) and wrote to Patterson , who replied stating that the annular gold dollar would not work , and neither would another proposal to have dollar piece consisting of a gold plug in a silver coin . Nevertheless , Gobrecht 's successor as chief engraver , James B. Longacre , prepared patterns , including some with a square hole in the middle . McKay got his fellow Democrat , New Hampshire Senator Charles Atherton , to introduce the bill to authorize the gold dollar and the double eagle in the Senate on February 1 , 1849 — Atherton was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . McKay introduced a version into the House on February 20 ; debate began the same day . The dollar was attacked by congressmen from the Whig Party , then in the minority , on the grounds that it would be too small , would be counterfeited and in bad light might be mistakenly spent as a half dime , the coins being similar in size . McKay did not respond substantively , but stated that if no one wanted these denominations , they would not be called for at the Mint , and would not be coined . Pennsylvania Representative Joseph Ingersoll , a Whig , spoke against the bill , noting that Patterson opposed the new denominations , and that the idea had been repeatedly turned down , whenever considered . Another Whig , Massachusetts 's Charles Hudson , related that Patterson had sent a real and a counterfeit gold dollar to his committee and the majority of members had been unable to tell the difference . McKay made no answer to these claims , but others did , including New York Congressman Henry Nicoll , who assured the House that the counterfeiting allegations were greatly exaggerated . The point was , he indicated , that the double eagle and gold dollar were wanted by the public , and , in the case of the gold dollar could help

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59

money circulate in small communities where banknotes were not accepted . Connecticut Representative John A. Rockwell , a Whig , tried to table the bill , but his motion was defeated . The bill passed easily , and met only minimal opposition in the Senate , becoming law on March 3 , 1849 . = = Preparation = = The officers at the Philadelphia Mint , including Chief Coiner Franklin Peale , were mostly the friends and relations of Director Patterson . The outsider in their midst was Chief Engraver James B. Longacre , successor to Gobrecht ( who had died in 1844 ) . A former copper @-@ plate engraver , Longacre had been appointed through the political influence of South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun . When Longacre began work on the two new coins in early 1849 , he had no one to assist him . Longacre wrote the following year that he had been warned by a Mint employee that one of the officers ( undoubtedly Peale ) planned to undermine the chief engraver 's position by having the work of preparing designs and dies done outside Mint premises . Accordingly , when the gold coin bill became law , Longacre apprised Patterson that he was ready to begin work on the gold dollar . The Mint Director agreed , and after viewing a model of the head on the obverse , authorized Longacre to proceed with preparation of dies . According to Longacre , The engraving was unusually minute and required very close and incessant labor for several weeks . I made the original dies and hubs for making the working dies twice over , to secure their perfect adaptation to the coining machinery . I had a wish to execute this work single handed , that I might thus silently reply to those who had questioned my ability for the work . The result , I believe , was satisfactory . = = Original design = = The Type 1 gold dollar depicts a head of Liberty , facing left , with a coronet or tiara on her head bearing her name . Her hair is gathered in a bun ; she is surrounded by 13 stars representing the original states . The reverse features the date and denomination within a wreath , with the name of the nation near the rim . Contemporary reviews of the Type 1 design were generally favorable . The New York Weekly Tribune on May 19 , 1849 described the new dollar as " undoubtedly the neatest , tiniest , lightest , coin in this country ... it is too delicate and beautiful to pay out for potatoes , and sauerkraut , and salt pork . Oberon might have paid Puck with it for bringing the blossom which bewitched Titania . " Willis ' Bank Note List stated that " there is no probability of them ever getting into general circulation ; they are altogether too small . " The North Carolina Standard hoped that they would be struck at the Charlotte Mint and circulated locally to eliminate the problem of small @-@ denomination bank notes from out of state . Coin dealer and numismatic author Q. David Bowers notes that the head of Liberty on the Type 1 dollar is a scaled @-@ down version of that on the double eagle , and " a nicely preserved gold dollar is beautiful to behold " . = = Modifications = = Mint records indicate the first gold dollars were produced on May 7 , 1849 ; Longacre 's diary notes state instead that the first were struck on May 8 . A few coins in proof condition were struck on the first day , along with about 1 @,@ 000 for circulation . There are five major varieties of the 1849 gold dollar from Philadelphia , made as Longacre continued to fine @-@ tune the design . Mintmarked dies were sent by Longacre 's Engraving Department at the Philadelphia Mint to the branch mints at Charlotte , Dahlonega ( in Georgia ) , and New Orleans ; coins struck at the branches resemble some of the types issued from Philadelphia , depending on when the dies were produced . Of the coins struck at the branch mints in 1849 , only pieces struck at Charlotte ( 1849 @-@ C ) exist in multiple varieties ; most are of what is dubbed the " Closed Wreath " variety . Approximately five of the 1849 @-@ C Open Wreath are known ; one , believed the finest surviving specimen , sold at auction for $ 690 @,@ 000 in 2004 , remaining a record for the gold dollar series as of 2013 . One of the changes made during production was the inclusion of Longacre 's initial " L " on the truncation of Liberty 's neck , the first time a U.S. coin intended for full @-@ scale production had borne the initial of its designer . All issues beginning in 1850 bear the Closed Wreath . Beginning in 1854 , the gold dollar was also struck at the new San Francisco Mint . The continued flow of gold from California made silver expensive in terms of gold , and U.S. silver coins began to flow out of the country for melting in

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60

1849 , a flow that accelerated over the next several years as the price of the metal continued to rise . By 1853 , a thousand dollars in silver coin contained $ 1 @,@ 042 worth of bullion . As silver coins vanished , the gold dollar became the only federal coin in circulation between the cent and the quarter eagle ( $ 2 @.@ 50 piece ) . As such , it was struck in large numbers and widely circulated . According to Bowers in his book on the denomination , " the years 1850 to 1853 were the high @-@ water mark of the gold dollar , the glory years of the denomination when the little gold coins took the place of half dollars and silver dollars in everyday transactions . " This time came to an end in 1853 when Congress passed an act reducing the weight of most silver coins , allowing new issues of them to circulate . As early as 1851 , New York Congressman William Duer alleged that that Patterson had made the gold dollar too small in diameter on purpose to provoke criticism . Patterson retired that year after 16 years in his position , and under his successor , George N. Eckert , annular gold dollar and half dollar patterns were struck . Public Ledger reported that although gold dollars would not be struck in annular form , gold half dollars would be , to help fill the need for change . With the new Pierce administration , Thomas M. Pettit took office as Mint Director on March 31 , 1853 . In April , Treasury Secretary James Guthrie wrote to Pettit that there were complaints that the gold dollar was too small , often lost or mistaken for a small silver coin , and enquiring about reports the Mint had experimented with annular dollars . Pettit replied , stating that none had been preserved , but enclosed a silver piece of equivalent size . He noted that while there would be technical difficulties in the production of the annular dollar , these could be overcome . In a letter dated May 10 , Pettit proposed an oval @-@ shaped holed piece , or an angular @-@ shaped coin , which would lessen the production problems . Pettit died suddenly on May 31 ; Guthrie did not let the issue fall , but queried Pettit 's replacement , James Ross Snowden , concerning the issue on June 7 . As U.S. coins were required to bear some device emblematic of liberty , the secretary hoped that artists could be found who could find some such design for an annular coin . The Act of February 21 , 1853 , that had lightened the silver coins also authorized a gold three @-@ dollar piece , which began to be produced in 1854 . To ensure that the three @-@ dollar piece was not mistaken for other gold coins , it had been made thinner and wider than it would normally be , and Longacre put a distinctive design with an Indian princess on it . Longacre adapted both the technique and the design for the gold dollar , which was made thinner , and thus wider . An adaptation of Longacre 's princess for the larger gold coin was placed on the dollar , and a similar agricultural wreath on the reverse . The idea of making the gold dollar larger in this way had been suggested in Congress as early as 1852 , and had been advocated by Pettit , but Guthrie 's desire for an annular coin stalled the matter . In May 1854 , Snowden sent Guthrie a letter stating that the difficulties with an annular coin , especially in getting the coins to eject properly from the press , were more than trivial . Nevertheless , the Type 2 gold dollar ( as it came to be known ) proved unsatisfactory as the mints had difficulty in striking the new coin so that all details were brought out . This was due to the high relief of the design — the three Southern branch mints especially had trouble with the piece . Many of the Type 2 pieces quickly became illegible , and were sent back to Philadelphia for melting and recoinage . On most surviving specimens , the " 85 " in the date is not fully detailed . The Type 2 gold dollar was struck only at Philadelphia in 1854 and 1855 , at the three Southern branch mints in the latter year , and at San Francisco in 1856 , after the design was designated for replacement . To correct the problems , Longacre enlarged the head of Liberty , making it a scaled @-@ down version of the three @-@ dollar piece , and moved the lettering on the obverse closer to the rim . This improved the metal flow and design sharpness so much that early numismatic scholars assumed the reverse was also altered , though in fact no change was made and the Type 2 and Type 3 reverses are identical . = = = Design of Type 2 and 3 dollars = = = The Type 2 and 3 gold dollars depict Liberty as a Native American princess , with a fanciful feathered headdress not resembling any worn by any Indian tribe . This image is an inexact copy of the design Longacre had made for the three @-@ dollar piece ,

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61

and is one of a number of versions of Liberty Longacre created based on the Venus Accroupie or Crouching Venus , a sculpture then on display in a Philadelphia museum . For the reverse , Longacre adapted the " agricultural wreath " he had created for the reverse of the three @-@ dollar piece , composed of cotton , corn , tobacco , and wheat , blending the produce of North and South . This wreath would appear , later in the 1850s , on the Flying Eagle cent . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule deprecated the Indian princess design used by Longacre for the obverses of the Types 2 and 3 gold dollar , and for the three @-@ dollar piece , " the ' princess ' of the gold coins is a banknote engraver 's elegant version of folk art of the 1850s . The plumes or feathers are more like the crest of the Prince of Wales than anything that saw the Western frontiers , save perhaps on a music hall beauty . " = = War years = = The gold dollar continued to be produced in the late 1850s , though mintages declined from the figures of two million or more each year between 1850 and 1854 . Only about 51 @,@ 000 gold dollars were produced in 1860 , with over two @-@ thirds of that figure at Philadelphia , just under a third at San Francisco , and 1 @,@ 566 at Dahlonega . Roughly a hundred are known of the last , creating one of the great rarities from Dahlonega in the series . The other candidate for the rarest from that mint is the 1861 @-@ D , with an estimated mintage of 1 @,@ 000 and perhaps 45 to 60 known . Two pairs of dies were shipped from Philadelphia to Dahlonega on December 10 , 1860 ; they arrived on January 7 , 1861 , two weeks before Georgia voted to secede from the Union , as the American Civil War began . Under orders from Governor Joseph E. Brown , state militia secured the mint , and at some point , small quantities of dollars and half eagles were produced . Records of how many coins were struck and when have not survived . Since dies crack in time , and all the mints were supplied with them from Philadelphia , coining could not last , and in May 1861 , coins and supplies remaining at Dahlonega were turned over to the treasury of the Confederate States of America , which Georgia had by then joined . Gold coins with a face value of $ 6 were put aside for assay . Normally , they would have been sent to Philadelphia to await the following year 's meeting of the United States Assay Commission , when they would be available for testing . Instead , these were sent to the initial Confederate capital of Montgomery , Alabama , though what was done with them there , and their ultimate fate , are unknown . The rarity of the 1861 @-@ D dollar , and the association with the Confederacy , make it especially prized . Dahlonega , like the other two branch mints in the South , closed its doors after the 1861 strikings . It and the Charlotte facility never reopened ; the New Orleans Mint again struck coins from 1879 to 1909 , but did not strike gold dollars again . After 1861 , the only issuance of gold dollars outside Philadelphia was at San Francisco , in 1870 . The outbreak of the Civil War shook public confidence in the Union , and citizens began hoarding specie , gold and silver coins . In late December 1861 , banks and then the federal Treasury stopped paying out gold at face value . By mid @-@ 1862 , all federal coins , even the base metal cent , had vanished from commerce in much of the country . The exception was the Far West , where for the most part , only gold and silver were acceptable currencies , and paper money traded at a discount . In the rest of the nation , gold and silver coins could be purchased from banks , exchange agents , and from the Treasury for a premium in the new greenbacks the government began to issue to fill the gap in commerce and finance the war . = = Final years , abolition , and collecting = = Since gold did not circulate in the United States ( except on the West Coast ) in the postwar period , much of the production of coins of that metal in the United States was double eagles for export . Accordingly , although 1 @,@ 361 @,@ 355 gold dollars were struck in 1862 — the last time production would exceed a million — the mintage fell to 6 @,@ 200 in 1863 and remained low for the rest of the coin 's existence , excepting 1873 and 1874 . The Mint felt it improper to suspend coinage of a coin authorized by Congress , and issued proof coins ( generally a few dozen to the tiny numismatic community ) from specially @-@ polished dies , also producing enough circulation strikes so that the proof coins would not be unduly rare . In 1873 and 1874 , old and worn gold dollars held by the government

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62

were melted and recoined , generating large mintages of that denomination . This was done in anticipation of the resumption of specie payments , which did not occur until the end of 1878 . Once specie again circulated at face value , the gold dollar found no place in commerce amid large quantities of silver coinage , either released from hoarding or newly struck by the Mint . The government expected that the resumption of specie payments would cause the dollar and other small gold coins to circulate again , but the public , allowed to redeem paper currency , continued to use it as more convenient than coins . In the 1870s and 1880s , public interest grew in the low @-@ mintage gold dollar . Collecting coins was becoming more popular , and a number of numismatists put aside some gold dollars and hoped for increases in value . The Mint most likely channeled its production through some favored Philadelphia dealers , though proof coins could be purchased for $ 1 @.@ 25 at the cashier 's window at the Philadelphia facility . Banks charged a premium for circulation strikes . They were popular in the jewelry trade , mounted into various items . The coins were often exported to China or Japan , where such jewelry was made . The dollars were often damaged in the process ; the Mint refused to sell into this trade and did its best to hinder it . Nevertheless , Mint officials concluded that jewelers were successful at getting the majority of each issue . Proof mintages exceeded 1 @,@ 000 by 1884 , and remained above that mark for the remainder of the series , numbers likely inflated by agents of jewelers , willing to pay the Mint 's premium of $ .25 per coin . Another use for the gold dollar was as a holiday gift ; after its abolition the quarter eagle became a popular present . James Pollock , in his final report as Mint Director in 1873 , advocated limiting striking of gold dollars to depositors who specifically requested it . " The gold dollar is not a convenient coin , on account of its small size , and it suffers more proportionately from abrasion than larger coins . " His successors called for its abolition , with James P. Kimball , before he left office in 1889 , writing to Congress that except as jewelry , " little practical use has been found for this coin " . Later that year , the new director , Edward O. Leech , issued a report stating that the gold dollar " is too small for circulation , and ... [ is ] used almost exclusively for the purposes of ornament . The last year in which the gold dollar was struck was 1889 . Congress abolished the gold dollar , along with the three @-@ cent nickel and three @-@ dollar piece , by the Act of September 26 , 1890 . A total of 19 @,@ 499 @,@ 337 gold dollars were coined , of which 18 @,@ 223 @,@ 438 were struck at Philadelphia , 1 @,@ 004 @,@ 000 at New Orleans , 109 @,@ 138 at Charlotte , 90 @,@ 232 at San Francisco and 72 @,@ 529 at Dahlonega . According to an advertisement in the February 1899 issue of The Numismatist , gold dollars brought $ 1 @.@ 80 each , still in demand as a birthday present and for jewelry . That journal in 1905 carried news of a customer depositing 100 gold dollars into a bank ; the teller , aware of the value , credited the account with $ 1 @.@ 60 per coin . In 1908 , a dealer offered $ 2 each for any quantity . As coin collecting became a widespread pastime in the early 20th century , gold dollars became a popular specialty , a status they retain . The 2014 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins rates the least expensive gold dollar in very fine condition ( VF @-@ 20 ) at $ 300 , a value given for each of the Type 1 Philadelphia issues from 1849 to 1853 . Those seeking one of each type will find the most expensive to be a specimen of the Type 2 , with the 1854 and 1855 estimated at $ 350 in that condition ; the other two types have dates valued at $ 300 in that grade . = = Commemorative gold dollars = = The gold dollar had a brief resurrection during the period of Early United States commemorative coins . Between 1903 and 1922 nine different issues were produced , with a total mintage of 99 @,@ 799 . These were minted for various public events , did not circulate , and none used Longacre 's design . = Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction = The Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction ( sometimes referred to as the Corey – Chaykovsky reaction or CCR ) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of epoxides , aziridines , and cyclopropanes . It was discovered in 1961 by A. William Johnson and developed significantly by E. J. Corey and

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63

Michael Chaykovsky . The reaction involves addition of a sulfur ylide to a ketone , aldehyde , imine , or enone to produce the corresponding 3 @-@ membered ring . The reaction is diastereoselective favoring trans substitution in the product regardless of the initial stereochemistry . The synthesis of epoxides via this method serves as an important retrosynthetic alternative to the traditional epoxidation reactions of olefins . The reaction is most often employed for epoxidation via methylene transfer , and to this end has been used in several notable total syntheses ( See Synthesis of epoxides below ) . Additionally detailed below are the history , mechanism , scope , and enantioselective variants of the reaction . Several reviews have been published . = = History = = The original publication by Johnson concerned the reaction of 9 @-@ dimethylsulfonium fluorenylide with substituted benzaldehyde derivatives . The attempted Wittig @-@ like reaction failed and a benzalfluorene oxide was obtained instead , noting that " Reaction between the sulfur ylid and benzaldehydes did not afford benzalfluorenes as had the phosphorus and arsenic ylids . " The subsequent development of ( dimethyloxosulfaniumyl ) methanide , ( CH3 ) 2SOCH2 and ( dimethylsulfaniumyl ) methanide , ( CH3 ) 2SCH2 ( known as Corey – Chaykovsky reagents ) by Corey and Chaykovsky as efficient methylene @-@ transfer reagents established the reaction as a part of the organic canon . = = Mechanism = = The reaction mechanism for the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction consists of nucleophilic addition of the ylide to the carbonyl or imine group . A negative charge is transferred to the heteroatom and because the sulfonium cation is a good leaving group it gets expelled forming the ring . In the related Wittig reaction , the formation of the much stronger phosphorus @-@ oxygen double bond prevents oxirane formation and instead , olefination takes place through a 4 @-@ membered cyclic intermediate . The trans diastereoselectivity observed results from the reversibility of the initial addition , allowing equilibration to the favored anti betaine over the syn betaine . Initial addition of the ylide results in a betaine with adjacent charges ; density functional theory calculations have shown that the rate @-@ limiting step is rotation of the central bond into the conformer necessary for backside attack on the sulfonium . The degree of reversibility in the initial step ( and therefore the diastereoselectivity ) depends on four factors , with greater reversibility corresponding to higher selectivity : Stability of the substrate with higher stability leading to greater reversibility by favoring the starting material over the betaine . Stability of the ylide with higher stability similarly leading to greater reversibility . Steric hindrance in the betaine with greater hindrance leading to greater reversibility by disfavoring formation of the intermediate and slowing the rate @-@ limiting rotation of the central bond . Solvation of charges in the betaine by counterions such as lithium with greater solvation allowing more facile rotation in the betaine intermediate , lowering the amount of reversibility . = = Scope = = The application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction in organic synthesis is diverse . The reaction has come to encompass reactions of many types of sulfur ylides with electrophiles well beyond the original publications . It has seen use in a number of high @-@ profile total syntheses , as detailed below , and is generally recognized as a powerful transformative tool in the organic repertoire . = = = Types of ylides = = = Many types of ylides can be prepared with various functional groups both on the anionic carbon center and on the sulfur . The substitution pattern can influence the ease of preparation for the reagents ( typically from the sulfonium halide , e.g. trimethylsulfonium iodide ) and overall reaction rate in various ways . The general format for the reagent is shown on the right . Use of a sulfoxonium allows more facile preparation of the reagent using weaker bases as compared to sulfonium ylides . ( The difference being that a sulfoxonium contains a doubly bonded oxygen whereas the sulfonium does not . ) The former react slower due to their increased stability . In addition , the dialkylsulfoxide by @-@ products of sulfoxonium reagents are greatly preferred to the significantly more toxic , volatile , and odorous dialkylsulfide by @-@ products from sulfonium reagents . The vast majority of

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64

reagents are monosubstituted at the ylide carbon ( either R1 or R2 as hydrogen ) . Disubstituted reagents are much rarer but have been described : If the ylide carbon is substituted with an electron @-@ withdrawing group ( EWG ) , the reagent is referred to as a stabilized ylide . These , similarly to sulfoxonium reagents , react much slower and are typically easier to prepare . These are limited in their usefulness as the reaction can become prohibitively sluggish : examples involving amides are widespread , with many fewer involving esters and virtually no examples involving other EWG 's . For these , the related Darzens reaction is typically more appropriate . If the ylide carbon is substituted with an aryl or allyl group , the reagent is referred to as a semi @-@ stabilized ylide . These have been developed extensively , second only to the classical methylene reagents ( R1 = R2 = H ) . The substitution pattern on aryl reagents can heavily influence the selectivity of the reaction as per the criteria above . If the ylide carbon is substituted with an alkyl group the reagent is referred to as an unstabilized ylide . The size of the alkyl groups are the major factors in selectivity with these reagents . The R @-@ groups on the sulfur , though typically methyls , have been used to synthesize reagents that can perform enantioselective variants of the reaction ( See Variations below ) . The size of the groups can also influence diastereoselectivity in alicyclic substrates . = = = Synthesis of epoxides = = = Reactions of sulfur ylides with ketones and aldehydes to form epoxides are by far the most common application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction . Examples involving complex substrates and ' exotic ' ylides have been reported , as shown below . The reaction has been used in a number of notable total syntheses including the Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis , which produces the chemotherapeutic drug taxol , and the Kuehne Strychnine total synthesis which produces the pesticide strychnine . = = = Synthesis of aziridines = = = The synthesis of aziridines from imines is another important application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction and provides an alternative to amine transfer from oxaziridines . Though less widely applied , the reaction has a similar substrate scope and functional group tolerance to the carbonyl equivalent . The examples shown below are representative ; in the latter , an aziridine forms in situ and is opened via nucleophilic attack to form the corresponding amine . = = = Synthesis of cyclopropanes = = = For addition of sulfur ylides to enones , higher 1 @,@ 4 @-@ selectivity is typically obtained with sulfoxonium reagents than with sulfonium reagents . Many electron @-@ withdrawing groups have been shown compatible with the reaction including ketones , esters , and amides ( the example below involves a Weinreb amide ) . With further conjugated systems 1 @,@ 6 @-@ addition tends to predominate over 1 @,@ 4 @-@ addition . = = = Other reactions = = = In addition to the reactions originally reported by Johnson , Corey , and Chaykovsky , sulfur ylides have been used for a number of related homologation reactions that tend to be grouped under the same name . With epoxides and aziridines the reaction serves as a ring @-@ expansion to produce the corresponding oxetane or azetidine . The long reaction times required for these reactions prevent them from occurring as significant side reactions when synthesizing epoxides and aziridines . Several cycloadditions wherein the ylide serves as a " nucleophilic carbenoid equivalent " have been reported . Living polymerizations using trialkylboranes as the catalyst and ( dimethyloxosulfaniumyl ) methanide as the monomer have been reported for the synthesis of various complex polymers . = = Enantioselective variations = = The development of an enantioselective ( i.e. yielding an enantiomeric excess , which is labelled as " ee " ) variant of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction remains an active area of academic research . The use of chiral sulfides in a stoichiometric fashion has proved more successful than the corresponding catalytic variants , but the substrate scope is still limited in all cases . The catalytic variants have been developed almost exclusively for

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enantioselective purposes ; typical organosulfide reagents are not prohibitively expensive and the racemic reactions can be carried out with equimolar amounts of ylide without raising costs significantly . Chiral sulfides , on the other hand , are more costly to prepare , spurring the advancement of catalytic enantioselective methods . = = = Stoichiometric reagents = = = The most successful reagents employed in a stoichiometric fashion are shown below . The first is a bicyclic oxathiane that has been employed in the synthesis of the β @-@ adrenergic compound dichloroisoproterenol ( DCI ) but is limited by the availability of only one enantiomer of the reagent . The synthesis of the axial diastereomer is rationalized via the 1 @,@ 3 @-@ anomeric effect which reduces the nucleophilicity of the equatorial lone pair . The conformation of the ylide is limited by transannular strain and approach of the aldehyde is limited to one face of the ylide by steric interactions with the methyl substituents . The other major reagent is a camphor @-@ derived reagent developed by Varinder Aggarwal of the University of Bristol . Both enantiomers are easily synthesized , although the yields are lower than for the oxathiane reagent . The ylide conformation is determined by interaction with the bridgehead hydrogens and approach of the aldehyde is blocked by the camphor moiety . The reaction employs a phosphazene base to promote formation of the ylide . = = = Catalytic reagents = = = Catalytic reagents have been less successful , with most variations suffering from poor yield , poor enantioselectivity , or both . There are also issues with substrate scope , most having limitations with methylene transfer and aliphatic aldehydes . The trouble stems from the need for a nucleophilic sulfide that efficiently generates the ylide which can also act as a good leaving group to form the epoxide . Since the factors underlying these desiderata are at odds , tuning of the catalyst properties has proven difficult . Shown below are several of the most successful catalysts along with the yields and enantiomeric excess for their use in synthesis of ( E ) -stilbene oxide . Aggarwal has developed an alternative method employing the same sulfide as above and a novel alkylation involving a rhodium carbenoid formed in situ . The method too has limited substrate scope , failing for any electrophiles possessing basic substituents due to competitive consumption of the carbenoid . = Treaty of Ciudad Juárez = The Treaty of Ciudad Juárez was a peace treaty signed between the then President of Mexico , Porfirio Díaz , and the revolutionary Francisco Madero on May 21 , 1911 . The treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution . The treaty stipulated that Díaz , as well as his vice president Ramón Corral , were to step down by the end of May , and that he was to be replaced by Francisco León de la Barra as interim president and hold presidential elections . Those who had suffered losses due to the revolution would be the indemnified , and there would be a general amnesty . Díaz resigned on May 25 , and interim president Francisco León de la Barra was the new incumbent . Díaz and his family , his vice president Corral , plus José Yves Limantour and Rosendo Pineda left Mexico for exile . Significantly , the treaty did not mention or institute any social reforms that Madero had vaguely promised on previous occasions . It also left the Porfirian state essentially intact . Additionally , Madero supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts , staffed by the old judges , a decision that led to outbreaks of sporadic violence , particularly in rural areas . On June 7 , 1911 , Madero entered Mexico City . In October 1911 he was elected president , under the banner of the Partido Constitucional Progresista , along with José María Pino Suárez , his new running mate as vice @-@ president . Madero pushed aside Francisco Vázquez Gómez , the vice presidential candidate for the Anti @-@ Reelectionist Party in 1910 , as being too moderate . = = Military developments leading up to the treaty = = The rebellion against the government of Porfirio Díaz broke out in late 1910 , after Díaz had his rival Francisco Madero imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a falsified election . Madero 's earlier vague promises of agr

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66

arian reforms had attracted many supporters . He himself escaped from prison and fled to Texas , from where he issued his famous Plan of San Luis Potosí . This manifesto called for an armed uprising against the Porfiriato and establishment of free and democratic elections . As a response to Madero 's proclamation , violent clashes began throughout Mexico in November 1910 . In the Guerrero district of Chihuahua , Pascual Orozco attacked Federal troops and sent dead soldiers ' clothing back to Díaz with the message , " Ahí te van las hojas , mándame más tamales " ( " Here are the wrappers , send me more tamales . " ) He then began operations which threatened Ciudad Juárez . Additionally , political support for Madero 's rebellion came from Abraham González , who accepted the Plan of San Luis Potosí . At roughly the same time , agrarian unrest in the state of Morelos turned into a full blown rebellion under the leadership of the Zapata brothers , Emiliano and Eufemio . = = = Orozco and Villa take Ciudad Juárez = = = Encouraged by the news of the uprisings , Madero crossed the border back into Mexico in February 1911 . He was joined by Pancho Villa and Orozco and in April the army began approaching Ciudad Juárez . Orozco and Villa led the way with 500 men each , while Madero followed up with 1 @,@ 500 riders . The city was besieged by the end of the month , after Madero 's army encountered some resistance in the Chihuahuan countryside . Madero asked the commander of the city 's garrison to surrender but the latter refused , hoping that the fortifications he had constructed would allow him to defend the city until reinforcements arrived . Concerned also with the possibility that a direct attack on the town would cause artillery shells to cross the border into the United States which could provoke an outside intervention , and faced with a series of peace proposals from Díaz , Madero hesitated in attacking the city . He in fact ordered his commanders to lift the siege . Orozco , however disregarded the order and , joined by Villa , attacked . After two days of fighting the city fell to the insurrectionists . Madero intervened personally to spare the life of the city 's commander , Gen. Navarro , whom both Orozco and Villa wanted executed for his previous killing of rebel POWs . This , coupled with the fact that both leaders were ignored by Madero in his political appointments , outraged and estranged them from him . = = = Zapata in south and central Mexico = = = At about the same time that Villa and Orozco were marching on Ciudad Juárez , the Zapatista revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of Puebla , Tlaxcala , Mexico , Michoacán and Guerrero . On April 14 , Madero had Emiliano Zapata officially designated as his representative in the region . However , Zapata was worried that if he did not fully control all the major towns in Morelos by the time that Madero concluded negotiations with Díaz , the demands of his agrarian movement and the issue of the autonomy of Morelos would be ignored or sidelined . Zapata 's first military action was to take the town of Chinameca where he obtained essential supplies . Subsequently Zapata , for political and strategic reasons , decided to attack the city of Cuautla . In order to mislead his opponents however , he initially attacked and captured the towns of Izúcar de Matamoros ( which was subsequently retaken by federal forces ) and Chietla . From there he made a wide circle around Cuautla and captured Yautepec and Jonacatepec where he gathered more supplies , munitions and soldiers . By May , out of all the major urban centers in the region , only Cuautla and the capital of Morelos , Cuernavaca , remained outside of his control . Zapata began the attack on Cuautla on May 13 with 4000 troops against 400 elite soldiers of the so @-@ called " Golden Fifth " ; the Fifth Cavalry Regiment of the Federal Army . The battle took almost a week and has been described as " six of the most terrible days of battle in the whole Revolution " . It consisted of house to house fighting , hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , and no quarter given by either side . General Victoriano Huerta arrived in nearby Cuernavaca with 600 reinforcements , but decided not to come to the relief of Cuautla as he was afraid that the capital would revolt in his absence . On May 19 , the remains of the " Golden Fifth " pulled out of the town which was then occupied by Zapata 's soldiers . The successful capture of Cuautla made Zapata a hero to ordinary people throughout Mexico

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67

and new corridos were written about him . After Zapata 's taking of Cuautla , the federal government controlled only five states and some urban areas . Porfirio Díaz himself later stated that , while he felt that he could defend against Villa and Orozco in Chihuahua , the fall of Cuautla was the event which persuaded him to agree to peace with Madero . = = The compromise = = As early as March 1911 , Madero 's representatives met in New York with Díaz 's finance minister , José Yves Limantour , and the Mexican ambassador to the US in order to discuss the possibility of peace between the two sides . Limantour proposed an end to the hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries , the resignation of the then vice president Ramón Corral , the replacement of four Díaz cabinet ministers and ten state governors by ones chosen by Madero , and the establishment of the principle of " no @-@ reelection " which would prevent Díaz from seeking yet another term as president ( which would have been his ninth ) . Madero responded positively although he also stated that any kind of peace deal had to include an immediate resignation by Díaz . Faced with the siege of Ciudad Juárez and the outbreak of rebellion in Morelos , Díaz and members of his cabinet became more willing to negotiate and launched a " skillful peace offensive " aimed at Madero . This was largely a result of panic among the large landowners associated with the Díaz regime ( the hacendados ) and the financial elite , which represented a " moderate " wing within the government . Some among the Porfiristas in fact , expected that Zapata would soon march on Mexico City itself , unless peace was concluded with Madero . The moderate view within the Díaz government was represented by Jorge Vera Estañol who in a memo to the minister of foreign affairs wrote that there were two revolutions taking place in Mexico : a political revolution , based mostly in the north , whose aim was mostly to establish free elections and remove Díaz himself from power , and a social revolution whose aim was " anarchy " which was spreading throughout the Mexican countryside . Estañol recommended coming to terms with the first group of revolutionaries , by agreeing to the principle of no re @-@ election and a general amnesty , in order to prevent the second group from succeeding . In addition to his fear of " anarchy " , Estañol was also worried that the social revolution would lead to a military intervention by the United States . Estañol 's views represented those of the portion of the upper class which was willing to come to terms with at least a portion of the middle class in order to crush the peasant uprisings , as exemplified by those of Zapata , which were erupting throughout Mexico . Limantour , who broadly agreed with Estañol , had the support of the Mexican financiers , who feared the downgrading of Mexican international credit and a general economic crisis as a result of ongoing social unrest , as well as that of the large landowners who were willing to come to terms with Madero if it would put an end to the agrarian uprisings . These social group were in turn opposed by the more reactionary elements within Díaz 's government , mostly concentrated in the federal army , who though that the rebels should be dealt with through brute force . This faction was represented by General Victoriano Huerta , who would later carry out an attempted coup d 'état against Madero . Likewise , the general , and potential successor to Díaz , Bernardo Reyes stated in a letter to Limantour that " the repression ( against the insurrectionists ) should be carried out with the greates energy , punishing without any pity anyone participating in the armed struggle " . In the end however , Díaz dismissed the advice from his generals as " Custer @-@ like bluster " and chose to seek peace with the moderate wing of the revolution . Limantour had finally managed to persuade him to resign . At the same time there was also disagreement among the rebels . The " left wing " of the revolutionary movement , represented by Zapata and Orozco ( Villa for the time being tended to support Madero ) , warned against any possible compromises with Díaz . In the end their suspicions proved correct as the treaty that was eventually signed neglected issues of social and agrarian land reform that were central to their struggle . = = The treaty 's terms = = The most significant point of the treaty was that Porfirio Díaz , and his vice president , Ramón Corral , resign and that de la Barra , acting as interim president organize free elections as soon as possible . Additionally , the treaty stipulated that : An amnesty for all revolutionaries be declared , with the option for some of them to apply

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68

for membership in the rurales . The revolutionary forces were to be demobilized as soon as possible and the federal forces were to be the only army in Mexico . This was in order to appease the army , which had opposed a compromise with Madero . Madero and his supporters had the right to name fourteen provisional state governors , and to approve la Barra 's cabinet . Pensions were to be established for relatives of the soldiers who had died fighting the rebels . Policemen and judges , as well as state legislators , that had been appointed or " elected " under Díaz were to retain their offices . = = Implementation and results = = The treaty was signed on May 21 . Díaz resigned accordingly on May 25 . Francisco de la Barra became the interim president . Madero entered Mexico City on June 7 . Zapata however refused to recognize the interim government of de la Barra , and for the time being the fighting in Morelos continued . Madero met with Zapata on several occasions during June . While initially Zapata trusted Madero , with time he became increasingly concerned that the goals of " his revolution " were not being fulfilled . He was particularly angry that Madero did not plan on carrying out any kind of agrarian reform , or the breakup of large hacendias . Additionally , the press in Mexico City , controlled by the landowners began referring to Zapata as a bandit and federal generals , such as Huerta , continued attacking his troops under the pretext that Zapata failed to demobilize in violation of the treaty . Sporadic fighting in southern Mexico continued . In November 1911 , shortly after Madero 's inauguration , Zapata issued the famous Plan of Ayala , in which the Zapatistas denounced Madero and instead recognized Pascual Orozco as the rightful president and leader of the revolution . Madero also earned the great displeasure of other revolutionaries , including , Pascual Orozco . Madero 's first act after the treaty was signed was a gesture of reconciliation with the Díaz regime . As a result of the treaty he was given the right to appoint members of the la Barra cabinet . He chose mostly upper class Maderistas , including his wife for the post in the treasury . He also maintained the existing federal system , by keeping the sitting judges of the Supreme Court , the legislators in federal and state assemblies and the bureaucrats of the various federal agencies . Venustiano Carranza , who was going to become a major revolutionary in his own right and a future president of Mexico , stated that , after the treaty , Madero had " deliver ( ed ) to the reactionaries a dead revolution which will have to be fought over again " . Díaz , after leaving for exile in France , observed that " Madero has unleashed a tiger , let us see if he can control him " . Orozco , who saw himself as being instrumental in Madero 's victory over Díaz , was merely appointed as a commander of the rurales in Chihuahua , which increased his resentment . When he tried to run for governor of the state , Madero supported his opponent , Abraham González and eventually pressured Orozco to drop out of the race . When , in the aftermath of the Plan of Ayala , Madero ordered Orozco to lead federal troops to suppress Zapata , Orozco refused . In March 1912 , Orozco issued his Plan of Empacadora and formally declared himself in rebellion against Madero . = The Feast of the Goat = The Feast of the Goat ( Spanish : La fiesta del chivo , 2000 ) is a novel by the Peruvian Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Mario Vargas Llosa . The book is set in the Dominican Republic and portrays the assassination of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo , and its aftermath , from two distinct standpoints a generation apart : during and immediately after the assassination itself , in May 1961 ; and thirty five years later , in 1996 . Throughout , there is also extensive reflection on the heyday of the dictatorship , in the 1950s , and its significance for the island and its inhabitants . The novel follows three interwoven storylines . The first concerns a woman , Urania Cabral , who is back in the Dominican Republic , after a long absence , to visit her ailing father ; she ends up recalling incidents from her youth and recounting a long @-@ held secret to her aunt and cousins . The second story line focuses on the last day in Trujillo 's life from the moment he wakes up onwards , and shows us the regime 's inner circle , to which Urania 's father once belonged . The third strand depicts Trujillo 's assassins , many of whom had previously been government loyalists , as they wait for his car late that night ; after the assassination , this story line shows us the assassins ' persecution . Each aspect of the book 's plot

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69

reveals a different viewpoint on the Dominican Republic 's political and social environment , past and present . Readers are shown the regime 's downward spiral , Trujillo 's assassination , and its aftermath through the eyes of insiders , conspirators , and a middle @-@ aged woman looking back . The novel is therefore a kaleidoscopic portrait of dictatorial power , including its psychological effects , and its long @-@ term impact . The novel 's themes include the nature of power and corruption , and their relationship to machismo and sexual perversion in a rigidly hierarchical society with strongly gendered roles . Memory , and the process of remembering , is also an important theme , especially in Urania 's narrative as she recalls her youth in the Dominican Republic . Her story ( and the book as a whole ) ends when she recounts the terrible events that led to her leaving the country at the age of 14 . The book itself serves as a reminder of the atrocities of dictatorship , to ensure that the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . Vargas Llosa interlaces fictional elements and historical events : the book is not a documentary , and the Cabral family , for instance , is completely fictional . On the other hand , the characters of Trujillo and Trujillo 's assassins are drawn from the historical record ; Vargas Llosa weaves real historical incidents of brutality and oppression into these people 's stories , to further illuminate the nature of the regime and the responses it provoked . In Vargas Llosa 's words , " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . [ . . . ] I have respected the basic facts , but I have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive — and I have not exaggerated . " The Feast of the Goat received largely positive reviews , with several reviewers commenting on the book 's depiction of the relationship between sexuality and power , and on the graphic descriptions of violent events . A film version of the novel was released in 2005 , starring Isabella Rossellini , Paul Freeman , and Tomas Milian . Jorge Alí Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana wrote a theatrical adaptation in 2003 . = = Background = = The Feast of the Goat is only the second of Vargas Llosa 's novels to be set outside Peru ( the first being The War of the End of the World ) . It is also unusual because it is the first to have a female protagonist : as critic Lynn Walford writes of the leading character in The Feast of the Goat , and also Vargas Llosa 's subsequent book The Way to Paradise , " both are utterly unlike any of the other female characters in his previous novels " . The novel examines the dictatorial regime of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina in the Dominican Republic . Trujillo was , in historian Eric Roorda 's words , " a towering influence in Dominican and Caribbean history " who presided over " one of the most durable regimes of the twentieth century " during the thirty @-@ one years between his seizure of power in 1930 and his assassination in 1961 . Trujillo had trained with the United States Marine Corps during the United States occupation of the island , and graduated from the Haina Military Academy in 1921 . After the U.S. departed in 1924 , he became head of the Dominican National Police which , under his command , was transformed into the Dominican National Army and Trujillo 's personal " virtually autonomous power base " . Trujillo was officially dictator only from 1930 to 1938 , and from 1942 to 1952 , but remained in effective power throughout the entire period . Though his regime was broadly nationalist , Daniel Chirot comments that he had " no particular ideology " and that his economic and social policies were basically progressive . The novel 's title is taken from the popular Dominican merengue Mataron al chivo ( " They Killed the Goat " ) , which refers to Trujillo 's assassination on May 30 , 1961 . Merengue is a style of music created by Ñico Lora in the 1920s and actively promoted by Trujillo himself ; it is now considered the country 's national music . Cultural critics Julie Sellers and Stephen Ropp comment about this particular merengue that , by envisaging the dictator as an animal who could be turned into a stew ( as frequently happened with goats struck down on the Dominican Republic 's highways ) , the song " gave those performing , listening to and dancing to this merengue a sense of control over him and over themselves that they had not experienced for over three decades . " Vargas Llosa quotes the lyrics to Mataron al chivo at the beginning of the novel . = = Plot summary = = The novel 's narrative is divided into three distinct strands . One is centred on Urania Cabral , a fictional Dominican character ; another deals with the conspir

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"Ġconspir" ]

70

ators involved in Trujillo 's assassination ; and the third focuses on Trujillo himself . The novel alternates between these storylines , and also jumps back and forth from 1961 to 1996 , with frequent flashbacks to periods earlier in Trujillo 's regime . The Feast of the Goat begins with the return of Urania to her hometown of Santo Domingo , a city which had been renamed Ciudad Trujillo during Trujillo 's time in power . This storyline is largely introspective and deals with Urania 's memories and her inner turmoil over the events preceding her departure from the Dominican Republic thirty @-@ five years earlier . Urania escaped the crumbling Trujillo regime in 1961 by claiming she planned to study under the tutelage of nuns in Michigan . In the following decades , she becomes a prominent and successful New York lawyer . She finally returns to the Dominican Republic in 1996 , on a whim , and finds herself compelled to confront her father and elements of her past she has long ignored . As Urania speaks to her ailing father , Agustin Cabral , she recalls more and more of the anger and disgust that led to her thirty @-@ five years of silence . Urania retells her father 's descent into political disgrace , and the betrayal that forms the crux of both Urania 's storyline and that of Trujillo himself . The second and third storylines are set in 1961 , in the weeks prior to and following Trujillo 's assassination on 30 May . Each assassin has his own background story , explaining his motivation for his involvement in the assassination plot . Each has been wronged by Trujillo and his regime , by torture and brutality , or through assaults on their pride , their religious faith , their morality , or their loved ones . Vargas Llosa weaves the tale of the men as memories recalled on the night of Trujillo 's death , as the conspirators lie in wait for " The Goat " . Interconnected with these stories are the actions of other famous Trujillistas of the time : Joaquín Balaguer , the puppet president ; Johnny Abbes García , the merciless head of the Military Intelligence Service ( SIM ) ; and various others — some real , some composites of historical figures , and some purely fictional . The third storyline is concerned with the thoughts and motives of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina himself . The chapters concerning The Goat recall the major events of his time , including the slaughter of thousands of Dominican Haitians in 1937 . They also deal with the Dominican Republic 's tense international relationships during the Cold War , especially with the United States under the presidency of John F. Kennedy , and Cuba under Castro . Vargas Llosa also speculates upon Trujillo 's innermost thoughts and paints a picture of a man whose physical body is failing him . Trujillo is tormented by incontinence and impotence ; and this storyline intersects with Urania 's narrative when it is revealed that Urania was sexually assaulted by Trujillo . He is unable to achieve an erection with Urania , and in frustration and anger he rapes her with his hands . This event is the core of Urania 's shame , and her hatred towards her father . In addition , it is the cause of Trujillo 's repeated anger over the " anemic little bitch " that witnessed his impotence and emotion , and the reason he is en route to sleep with another girl on the night of his assassination . In the novel 's final chapters , the three storylines intersect with increasing frequency . The tone of these chapters is especially dark as they deal primarily with the horrific torture and death of the assassins at the hands of the SIM , the failure of the coup , the rape of Urania , and the concessions made to Trujillo 's most vicious supporters allowing them to enact their horrific revenge on the conspirators and then escape the country . The book ends as Urania prepares to return home , determined this time to keep in touch with her family back on the island . = = Characters = = = = = Modern day = = = Urania Cabral and her father Agustín Cabral appear in both the modern day and historical portions of the novel . In the year 1996 , Urania returns to the Dominican Republic for the first time since her departure at the age of 14 . She is a successful New York lawyer who has spent most of the past 35 years trying to overcome the traumas of her childhood , a goal she pursues through an academic fascination with Trujillo and Dominican history . Urania is deeply troubled by the events of her past , and is compelled to confront her father Agustín about his role in those events . Urania visits her father , finding him weakened by age and a severe stroke , so much so that he is barely able to respond physically to her presence , let alone speak . Agustín listens helplessly as Urania

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71

recounts his past as " Egghead Cabral " , a high @-@ ranking member of Trujillo 's inner circle , and his drastic fall from grace . Urania details Agustín 's role in the events that led to her rape by the Dominican leader , and to her subsequent lifetime of celibacy and emotional trauma . Agustín 's character in the modern day portion of the novel serves primarily as a sounding board for Urania 's recollections of the Trujillo era and the events that surrounded both Agustín Cabral 's disgrace and Urania 's escape from the country . His responses are minimal and non @-@ vocal , despite the ardency of Urania 's accusations and the enormity of his own actions during Trujillo 's reign . = = = The Trujillo regime = = = Rafael Trujillo , known also as The Goat , The Chief , and The Benefactor , is a fictionalized character based on the real dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961 and the official President of the Republic from 1930 to 1938 and 1943 to 1952 . In The Feast of the Goat , Vargas Llosa imagines the innermost thoughts of the dictator , and retells The Goat 's last hours from his own perspective . Trujillo 's character struggles with aging and the physical problems of incontinence and impotence . Through fictional events and first person narrative , the reader is given insight into the man who , during his " thirty @-@ one years of horrendous political crimes " , modernized the country 's infrastructure and military , but whose regime 's attacks against its enemies overseas ( particularly the attempted assassination of Rómulo Betancourt , president of Venezuela ) led to the imposition of economic sanctions on the Dominican Republic by the Organization of American States in the 1950s . The resultant economic downturn , in conjunction with other factors , leads to the CIA supported assassination plot that ends Trujillo 's life on May 30 , 1961 . Trujillo 's regime is supported by Johnny Abbes García , the head of the Military Intelligence Service ( SIM ) , a brutal man to whom many " disappearances , ... executions , ... sudden falls into disgrace " are attributed . Abbes and his intelligence officers are notorious for their cruelty , particularly their habit of killing dissidents by throwing them into shark @-@ infested waters . Colonel Abbes " may be the devil , but he 's useful to the Chief ; everything bad is attributed to him and only the good to Trujillo " . Trujillo 's son , Ramfis Trujillo , is a loyal supporter of the Chief . After unsuccessful attempts at schooling in the United States , Ramfis returns to the Dominican Republic to serve in his father 's military . He is a well @-@ known womanizer . Upon Trujillo 's death , Ramfis seeks revenge , even going so far as to torture and kill his uncle by marriage , General Jose Roman , for his part in the assassination conspiracy . Joaquín Balaguer , Trujillo 's puppet president is also a supporter , and initially his seemingly innocuous character holds no real power . Following Trujillo 's death , the calm and serenity of Balaguer bring about real change in his character , and General Román comments that " this insignificant man whom everyone had always considered a mere clerk , a purely decorative figure in the regime , began to acquire surprising authority " . It is Balaguer who guides much of the action in the last sections of the book . = = = Conspirators = = = The storyline concerning the assassination primarily follows the four conspirators who directly participate in Trujillo 's death . Antonio Imbert Barrera is one of the few conspirators who survives the violent reprisals that follow Trujillo 's assassination . Imbert is a politician who becomes disillusioned with the deception and cruelty of the Trujillo regime . His first plan to kill Trujillo was foiled by the unsuccessful attempted overthrow of the regime by Cuban paramilitary forces . Now convinced of the difficulty of his task , Imbert joins the other conspirators in plotting Trujillo 's death . Among the others is Antonio de la Maza , one of Trujillo 's personal guards . Antonio 's brother is killed as part of a government cover @-@ up and Antonio swears revenge upon Trujillo . Salvador Estrella Sadhalá , known as " Turk " , is a devout Catholic who , in indignation at the regime 's many crimes against God , swears an oath against Trujillo . Turk eventually turns himself in for fear that the regime was torturing his family . Both Turk and his innocent brother are then tortured for months . His father remains loyal to Trujillo and disowns Turk to his face . Despite all of this , Turk refuses to commit suicide and does not lose faith in God . He is later

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72

executed by Ramfis and other high level government men . Turk 's close friend , Amado García Guerrero , known as Amadito , is a Lieutenant in the army who gave up his beloved as proof of his loyalty to Trujillo , and then later was forced to kill her brother to prove himself to Trujillo . Amadito 's disgust with himself and disillusionment with the regime lead to his decision to help to kill Trujillo . Following the assassination he hides out with de la Maza and dies fighting . In the aftermath of the assassination , Amadito and Antonio de la Maza choose to fight the members of SIM who come to arrest them , opting to die in battle rather than be captured and tortured . = = Major themes = = The Feast of the Goat 's major themes include political corruption , machismo , memory , and writing and power . Olga Lorenzo , reviewer for The Melbourne Age , suggests that overall Vargas Llosa 's aim is to reveal the irrational forces of Latin tradition that give rise to despotism . = = = Political corruption = = = The structure of Dominican society was hierarchical , with strongly gendered roles . Rafael Trujillo , the ruler , was a cruel dictator who haunts the people of Santo Domingo even 35 years after his death . He is a true caudillo , ruling with brutality and corruption . He creates a personality cult in his capitalist society and encourages decadence within his regime . Prior to promotion to a position of responsibility , an officer is required to pass a " test of loyalty " . His people are to remain loyal to him all cost , and are periodically tested by public humiliation and censure even though acts of disloyalty were rare . Trujillo violates women and children as an expression of political and sexual power , and in some cases takes the wife or child of his lieutenants , many of whom still remain blindly loyal . Even the church and military institutions are employed to give women to the tyrant for pleasure . Many of the assassins had belonged to the Trujillo regime or had at one point been its staunch supporters , only to find their support for him eroded by the state 's crimes against its people . Imbert , one of the assassins , sums up this realization in a comment prompted by the murder of the Mirabal sisters : " They kill our fathers , our brothers , our friends . And now they 're killing our women . And here we sit , resigned , waiting our turn . " In an interview , Vargas Llosa describes the corruption and brutality of Trujillo 's regime : " He had more or less all the common traits of a Latin American dictator , but pushed to the extreme . In cruelty , I think he went far far away from the rest — and in corruption , too . " = = = Machismo = = = According to literary scholar Peter Anthony Niessa , the two important components of machismo are aggressive behaviour and hyper @-@ sexuality . Aggressive behaviour is exhibited by displays of power and strength , while hyper @-@ sexuality is revealed through sexual activity with as many partners as possible . These two components shape the portrayal of Trujillo and his regime in The Feast of the Goat . As Lorenzo observes , Vargas Llosa " reveals traditions of machismo , of abusive fathers , and of child @-@ rearing practices that repeat the shaming of children , so that each generation bequeaths a withering of the soul to the subsequent one . " In a display of both aspects of machismo , Trujillo demanded of his aides and cabinet that they provide him with sexual access to their wives and daughters . Mario Vargas Llosa wrote of Trujillo 's machismo and treatment of women , " [ h ] e went to bed with his ministers ' wives , not only because he liked these ladies but because it was a way to test his ministers . He wanted to know if they were ready to accept this extreme humiliation . Mainly the ministers were prepared to play this grotesque role — and they remained loyal to Trujillo even after his death . " Trujillo 's sexual conquests and public humiliations of his enemies also serve to affirm his political power and machismo . In Niessa 's words , " The implication is that maximum virility equals political dominance . " Trujillo 's attempted sexual conquest of Urania is an example of both political manipulation of Agustín Cabral and sexual power over young women . However , as Trujillo 's penis remains flaccid throughout the encounter and he is humiliated in front of the young girl , the encounter fails to satisfy his requirements for machismo . = = = Memory = = = All of the novel 's storylines concern memory in some sense or another . The most apparent confrontation of memory is on the part of Urania Cabral , who has returned to the Dominican Republic for the first time in 30 years , and is forced

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"ral", "Ġand", "Ġsexual", "Ġpower", "Ġover", "Ġyoung", "Ġwomen", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "ĠTru", "j", "illo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpenis", "Ġremains", "Ġfl", "acc", "id", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġencounter", "Ġand", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġhumiliated", "Ġin", "Ġfront", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġyoung", "Ġgirl", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġencounter", "Ġfails", "Ġto", "Ġsatisfy", "Ġhis", "Ġrequirements", "Ġfor", "Ġmach", "ismo", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMemory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAll", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnovel", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġstorylines", "Ġconcern", "Ġmemory", "Ġin", "Ġsome", "Ġsense", "Ġor", "Ġanother", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġapparent", "Ġconfrontation", "Ġof", "Ġmemory", "Ġis", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "ĠUran", "ia", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġhas", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠDominican", "ĠRepublic", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġtime", "Ġin", "Ġ30", "Ġyears", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġforced" ]

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to confront her father and the traumas that led her to leave the country at 14 . She was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of the dictator himself , a sacrifice her father made to try to gain favor with the dictator again , a fact to which she alludes throughout the book , but which is only revealed at the very end : the book concludes with her recounting the memory of that night to her aunt and cousins , who never knew the true reason she left the country . When her aunt is surprised that she remembers all these details , she responds that while she forgets many things , " I remember everything about that night . " For Urania , forgetting the atrocities committed by the regime is unacceptable . Her father , on the other hand , is not capable of joining her in this process of remembering , since he has suffered a stroke and is not capable of speaking ; however , Urania is angry that he chose to forget these things while he was still capable of acknowledging them . Memory is also important in the sections of the novel that deal with the assassins . Each recalls the events that led him to take part in the assassination of Trujillo . These incidents included the 1956 Galindez kidnapping and murder , the 1960 murder of the Mirabal sisters , and the 1961 split with the Catholic Church . These historical events are used by Vargas Llosa to connect the assassins with specific moments that demonstrate the violence of Trujillo 's regime . Trujillo , too , is shown reflecting on the past , not least his own formation and training at the hands of the US Marines . But above all Mario Vargas Llosa uses the fictional Urania to facilitate the novel 's attempt at remembering the regime . The novel opens and closes with Urania 's story , effectively framing the narrative in the terms of remembering the past and understanding its legacy in the present . In addition , because of her academic study of the history of the Trujillo regime , Urania is also confronting the memory of the regime for the country as a whole . This is in keeping with one purpose of the book , which is to ensure that the atrocities of the dictatorship and the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation . = = = Writing and power = = = In her treatment of the novel , María Regina Ruiz claims that power gives its wielder the ability to make prohibitions ; prohibitions that are reflected in history , the study of which reveals what is and what is not told . The government 's actions in The Feast of the Goat demonstrate the discourse of prohibition : foreign newspapers and magazines were prohibited from entering Trujillo 's country as they were seen as a threat to the government 's ideas . Mario Vargas Llosa takes part in this discourse by recounting what was prohibited . Ruiz notes that writing also has the power to transform reality . It brings the reader back to the past , allowing the reader to comprehend myths or distorted stories told by historians . Ruiz contends that knowing the past is crucial to one 's understanding of the present that takes us to postmodernism , and argues that The Feast of the Goat can thus be seen as a postmodern discourse that gives power to history recreation . The construction of fictions surrounding the events of Trujillo 's regime allow a degree of freedom from the horrors that took places . Author Julia Alvarez contends that these events can " only finally be understood by fiction , only finally be redeemed by the imagination " , while Richard Patterson claims that Vargas Llosa " reconfigures , and to a large degree demythologizes " Trujillo and his brutal reign through use of narrative structure . Vargas Llosa 's writing acts as a cathartic force for this period in history . = = Fact and fiction = = The novel is a combination of fact and fiction . Blending together these two elements is important in any historical novel , but especially in The Feast of the Goat because Vargas Llosa chose to narrate an actual event through the minds of both real and fictional characters . Some characters are fictional , and those that are non @-@ fictional still have fictionalized aspects in the book . The general details of the assassination are true , and the assassins are all real people . While they lie in wait for the Dictator to arrive , they recount actual crimes of the regime , such as the murder of the Mirabal sisters . However , other details are invented by Vargas Llosa , such as Amadito 's murder of the brother of the woman he loved . Those within the regime are also a mix of fictional characters and real people . President Balaguer is real , but the entire Cabral family is completely fictional . According to Wolff , Vargas Llosa " uses history as a starting point in constructing a fictionalized account of Trujillo 's " spiritual colonization " of the Dominican Republic as experienced by one Dominican family . The fictional Cabral family allows Vargas Llosa to show two sides of the

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"Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfictional", "ĠCab", "ral", "Ġfamily", "Ġallows", "ĠVarg", "as", "ĠLl", "osa", "Ġto", "Ġshow", "Ġtwo", "Ġsides", "Ġof", "Ġthe" ]

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Trujillo regime : through Agustin , the reader sees ultimate dedication and sacrifice to the leader of the nation ; through Urania , the violence of the regime and the legacy of pain it left behind . Vargas Llosa also fictionalized the internal thoughts of the characters who were non @-@ fictional , especially those of the Goat himself . According to literary scholar Richard Patterson , " Vargas Llosa 's expands all the way into the very " dark area " of Trujillo 's consciousness ( as the storyteller dares to conceive it ) . " Vargas Llosa also built an image of the regime with the troubled historical events . With regard to the historical accuracy of the book , Vargas Llosa has said " It 's a novel , not a history book , so I took many , many liberties . The only limitation I imposed on myself was that I was not going to invent anything that couldn 't have happened within the framework of life in the Dominican Republic . I have respected the basic facts , but I have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive — and I have not exaggerated . " = = Critical reception = = The realist style of The Feast of the Goat is recognized by some reviewers as being a break from a more allegorical approach to the dictator novel . The novel received largely positive reviews , most of which were willing to accept sacrifices of historical accuracy in favour of good storytelling . A common comment on the novel is the graphic nature of the many acts of torture and murder which are depicted in the novel . Vargas lets the reader see the realities of an oppressive regime with a degree of detail not often used by his compatriots in Latin American literature , as Michael Wood suggests in the London Review of Books : " Vargas Llosa ... tells us far more about the details of day @-@ to @-@ day intrigue , and the sordid , sadistic minutiae of torture and murder . " Walter Kirn of the New York Times suggests that the " grisly scenes of dungeon interrogations and torture sessions " cast other aspects of the novel in a pale light , draining them of their significance and impact . Similarly , Kirn implies that the " narrative machinery " mentioned by Wood as being somewhat unwieldy also produces a largely superfluous storyline . The plot line centered on Urania Cabral is described by Sturrock as being an emotional centre that focuses the novel , and Wood agrees that her confrontations with past demons hold the readers attention . In contrast , Kirn 's review states that Urania 's segments are " talky and atmospheric ... [ and ] seem to be on loan from another sort of book . " Most reviews of The Feast of the Goat make either indirect of direct reference to the relationship between sexuality and power . Salon reviewer Laura Miller , writer for The Observer Jonathan Heawood , Walter Kirn , and Michael Wood each detail the connection between Trujillo 's gradual loss of ultimate control , both over his body and his followers . The means by which Trujillo reinforces political power through sexual acts and begins to lose personal conviction as his body fails him are topics of frequent discussion among reviewers . In 2011 Bernard Diederich , author of the 1978 non @-@ fiction book Trujillo . The Death of the Goat , accused Vargas @-@ Llosa of plagiarism . = = Adaptations = = An English @-@ language film adaptation of the novel was made in 2005 , directed by Luis Llosa , Mario Vargas Llosa 's cousin . It stars Isabella Rossellini as Urania Cabral , Paul Freeman as her father Agustin , Stephanie Leonidas as Uranita and Tomas Milian as Rafael Leonidas Trujillo . It was filmed in both the Dominican Republic and in Spain . Reviewing the film for the trade paper Variety , critic Jonathan Holland called it " less a feast than a somewhat rushed , but thoroughly enjoyable , three @-@ course meal " , commenting that the main difference from the source novel was the sacrifice of psychological nuance . The novel has also been adapted for the stage , by Jorge Alí Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana , directed by Jorge Triana : the play was put on ( in Spanish , but with simultaneous translation to English ) at Repertorio Español ( www.repertorio.org / chivo ) in New York in 2003 ; and the production moved to Lima in 2007 . A feature of the novel 's stage version is that the same actor plays both Agustin Cabral and Rafael Trujillo . For reviewer Bruce Weber , this makes the point " that Trujillo 's control of the nation depended on gutless collaborators " . = Charles Eaton ( RAAF officer ) = Charles Eaton , OBE , AFC ( 21 December 1895 – 12 November 1979 ) was a senior officer and aviator in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF )

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75

, who later served as a diplomat . Born in London , he joined the British Army upon the outbreak of World War I and saw action on the Western Front before transferring to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917 . Posted as a bomber pilot to No. 206 Squadron , he was twice captured by German forces , and twice escaped . Eaton left the military in 1920 and worked in India until moving to Australia in 1923 . Two years later he joined the RAAF , serving initially as an instructor at No. 1 Flying Training School . Between 1929 and 1931 , he was chosen to lead three expeditions to search for lost aircraft in Central Australia , gaining national attention and earning the Air Force Cross for his " zeal and devotion to duty " . In 1939 , on the eve of World War II , Eaton became the inaugural commanding officer of No. 12 ( General Purpose ) Squadron at the newly established RAAF Station Darwin in Northern Australia . Promoted group captain the following year , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1942 . He took command of No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , Northern Territory , in 1943 , and was mentioned in despatches during operations in the South West Pacific . Retiring from the RAAF in December 1945 , Eaton took up diplomatic posts in the Dutch East Indies , heading a United Nations commission as Consul @-@ General during the Indonesian National Revolution . He returned to Australia in 1950 , and served in Canberra for a further two years . Popularly known as " Moth " Eaton , he was a farmer in later life , and died in 1979 at the age of 83 . He is commemorated by several memorials in the Northern Territory . = = Early life and World War I = = Charles Eaton was born on 21 December 1895 in Lambeth , London , the son of William Walpole Eaton , a butcher , and his wife Grace . Schooled in Wandsworth , Charles worked in Battersea Town Council from the age of fourteen , before joining the London Regiment upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 . Attached to a bicycle company in the 24th Battalion of the 47th Division , he arrived at the Western Front in March 1915 . He took part in trench bombing missions and attacks on enemy lines of communication , seeing action in the Battles of Aubers Ridge , Festubert , Loos , and the Somme . On 14 May 1915 , Eaton transferred to the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , undergoing initial pilot training at Oxford . While he was landing his Maurice Farman Shorthorn at the end of his first solo flight , another student collided with him and was killed , but Eaton emerged uninjured . He was commissioned in August and was awarded his wings in October . Ranked lieutenant , he served with No. 110 Squadron , which operated Martinsyde G.100 " Elephant " fighters out of Sedgeford , defending London against Zeppelin airships . Transferred to the newly formed Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in April 1918 , he was posted the following month to France flying Airco DH.9 single @-@ engined bombers with No. 206 Squadron . On 29 June , he was shot down behind enemy lines and captured in the vicinity of Nieppe . Incarcerated in Holzminden prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp , Germany , Eaton escaped but was recaptured and court @-@ martialled , after which he was kept in solitary confinement . He later effected another escape and succeeded in rejoining his squadron in the final days of the war . = = Between the wars = = Eaton remained in the RAF following the cessation of hostilities . He married Beatrice Godfrey in St. Thomas 's church at Shepherd 's Bush , London , on 11 January 1919 . Posted to No. 1 Squadron , he was a pilot on the first regular passenger service between London and Paris , ferrying delegates to and from the Peace Conference at Versailles . Eaton was sent to India in December to undertake aerial survey work , including the first such survey of the Himalayas . He resigned from the RAF in July 1920 , remaining in India to take up employment with the Imperial Forest Service . After successfully applying for a position with the Queensland Forestry Service , he and his family migrated to Australia in 1923 . Moving to South Yarra , Victoria , he enlisted as a flying officer in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) at Laverton on 14 August 1925 . He was posted to No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Point Cook , as a flight instructor , where he became known as a strict disciplinarian who " trained his pilots well " . Here Eaton acquired his nickname of " Moth " , the Air Force 's basic trainer at this time being the De Havilland DH.60 Moth . Promoted flight lieutenant in February 1928 , he flew a Moth in the 1929 East @-@ West Air Race from Sydney to Perth , as part of the celebrations for the Western Australia Centenary ; he was the sixth

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76

competitor across the line , after fellow RFC veteran Jerry Pentland . Regarded as one of the RAAF 's most skilful cross @-@ country pilots and navigators , Eaton came to public attention as leader of three military expeditions to find lost aircraft in Central Australia between 1929 and 1931 . In April 1929 , he coordinated the Air Force 's part in the search for aviators Keith Anderson and Bob Hitchcock , missing in their aircraft the Kookaburra while themselves looking for Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm , who had force landed the Southern Cross in north Western Australia during a flight from Sydney . Three of the RAAF 's five " ancient " DH.9 biplanes went down in the search — though all crews escaped injury — including Eaton 's , which experienced what he labelled " a good crash " on 21 April near Tennant Creek after the engine 's pistons melted . The same day , Captain Lester Brain , flying a Qantas aircraft , located the wreck of the Kookaburra in the Tanami Desert , approximately 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) east @-@ south @-@ east of Wave Hill . Setting out from Wave Hill on 23 April , Eaton led a ground party across rough terrain that reached the crash site four days later and buried the crew , who had perished of thirst and exposure . Not a particularly religious man , he recalled that after the burial he saw a perfect cross formed by cirrus cloud in an otherwise clear blue sky above the Kookaburra . The Air Board described the RAAF 's search as taking 240 hours flying time " under the most trying conditions ... where a forced landing meant certain crash " . In November 1930 , Eaton was selected to lead another expedition for a missing aircraft near Ayers Rock , but it was called off soon afterwards when the pilot showed up in Alice Springs . The next month , he was ordered to search for W.L. Pittendrigh and S.J. Hamre , who had disappeared in the biplane Golden Quest 2 while attempting to discover Lasseter 's Reef . Employing a total of four DH.60 Moths , the RAAF team located the missing men near Dashwood Creek on 7 January 1931 , and they were rescued four days later by a ground party accompanied by Eaton . Staying in nearby Alice Springs , he recommended a site for the town 's new airfield , which was approved and has remained in use since its construction . Eaton was awarded the Air Force Cross on 10 March 1931 " in recognition of his zeal and devotion to duty in conducting flights to Central Australia in search of missing aviators " . The media called him the " ' Knight Errant ' of the desert skies " . Aside from his crash landing in the desert while searching for the Kookaburra , Eaton had another narrow escape in 1929 when he was test flying the Wackett Warrigal I with Sergeant Eric Douglas . Having purposely put the biplane trainer into a spin and finding no response in the controls when he tried to recover , Eaton called on Douglas to bail out . When Douglas stood up to do so , the spin stopped , apparently due to his torso changing the airflow over the tail plane . Eaton then managed to land the aeroplane , he and his passenger both badly shaken by the experience . In December 1931 , he was posted to No. 1 Aircraft Depot at Laverton , where he continued to fly as well as performing administrative work . Promoted squadron leader in 1936 , he undertook a clandestine mission around the new year to scout for suitable landing grounds in the Dutch East Indies , primarily Timor and Ambon . Wearing civilian clothes , he and his companion were arrested and held for three days by local authorities in Koepang , Dutch Timor . Eaton was appointed commanding officer ( CO ) of No. 21 Squadron in May 1937 , one of his first tasks being to undertake another aerial search in Central Australia , this time for prospector Sir Herbert Gepp , who was subsequently discovered alive and well . Later that year , Eaton presided over the court of inquiry into the crash of a Hawker Demon biplane in Victoria , recommending a gallantry award for Aircraftman William McAloney , who had leapt into the Demon 's burning wreckage in an effort to rescue its pilot ; McAloney subsequently received the Albert Medal for his heroism . Following a 1937 decision to establish the first north Australian RAAF base , in April 1938 Eaton , now on the headquarters staff of RAAF Station Laverton , and Wing Commander George Jones , Director of Personnel Services at RAAF Headquarters , began developing plans for the new station , to be commanded by Jones , and a new squadron that would be based there , led by Eaton . The next month they flew an Avro Anson on an inspection tour of Darwin , Northern Territory , site of the proposed base . Delays meant that No. 12 ( General Purpose ) Squadron was not formed until 6 February 1939 at Laverton . Jones had by now moved on to another posting

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77

but Eaton took up the squadron 's command as planned . Promoted to wing commander on 1 March , he and his equipment officer , Flying Officer Hocking , were ordered to build up the unit as quickly as possible , and established an initial complement of fourteen officers and 120 airmen , plus four Ansons and four Demons , within a week . An advance party of thirty NCOs and airmen under Hocking began moving to Darwin on 1 July . Staff were initially accommodated in a former meatworks built during World War I , and life at the newly established air base had a " distinctly raw , pioneering feel about it " according to historian Chris Coulthard @-@ Clark . Morale , though , was high . On 31 August , No. 12 Squadron launched its first patrol over the Darwin area , flown by one of seven Ansons that had so far been delivered . These were augmented by a flight of four CAC Wirraways ( replacing the originally planned force of Demons ) that took off from Laverton on 2 September , the day before Australia declared war , and arrived in Darwin four days later . A fifth Wirraway in the flight crashed on landing at Darwin , killing both crewmen . = = World War II = = Once war was declared , Darwin began to receive more attention from military planners . In June 1940 , No. 12 Squadron was " cannibalised " to form two additional units , Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin and No. 13 Squadron . No. 12 Squadron retained its Wirraway flight , while its two flights of Ansons went to the new squadron ; these were replaced later that month by more capable Lockheed Hudsons . Eaton was appointed CO of the base , gaining promotion to temporary group captain in September . His squadrons were employed in escort , maritime reconnaissance , and coastal patrol duties , the overworked aircraft having to be sent to RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , after every 240 hours flying time — with a consequent three @-@ week loss from Darwin 's strength — as deep maintenance was not yet possible in the Northern Territory . Soon after the establishment of Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin , Minister for Air James Fairbairn visited the base . Piloting his own light plane , he was greeted by four Wirraways that proceeded to escort him into landing ; the Minister subsequently complimented Eaton on the " keen @-@ ness and efficiency of all ranks " , particularly considering the challenging environment . When Fairbairn died in the Canberra air disaster shortly afterwards , his pilot was Flight Lieutenant Robert Hitchcock , son of Bob Hitchcock of the Kookaburra and also a former member of Eaton 's No. 21 Squadron . As senior air commander in the region , Eaton sat on the Darwin Defence Co @-@ ordination Committee . He was occasionally at loggerheads with his naval counterpart , Captain E.P. Thomas , and also incurred the ire of trade unionists when he used RAAF staff to unload ships in Port Darwin during industrial action ; Eaton himself took part in the work , shovelling coal alongside his men . On 25 February 1941 , he made a flight north to reconnoitre Timor , Ambon , and Babo in Dutch New Guinea for potential use by the RAAF in any Pacific conflict . By April , the total strength based at RAAF Station Darwin had increased to almost 700 officers and airmen ; by the following month it had been augmented by satellite airfields at Bathurst Island , Groote Eylandt , Batchelor , and Katherine . Handing over command of Darwin to Group Captain Frederick Scherger in October , Eaton took charge of No. 2 Service Flying Training School near Wagga Wagga , New South Wales . His " marked success " , " untiring energy " , and " tact in handling men " while in the Northern Territory were recognised in the new year with his appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire . Eaton became CO of No. 1 Engineering School and its base , RAAF Station Ascot Vale , Victoria , in April 1942 . Twelve months later in Townsville , Queensland , he formed No. 72 Wing , which subsequently deployed to Merauke in Dutch New Guinea , comprising No. 84 Squadron ( flying CAC Boomerang fighters ) , No. 86 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawk fighters ) , and No. 12 Squadron ( A @-@ 31 Vengeance dive bombers ) . His relations with North @-@ Eastern Area Command in Townsville were strained ; " mountains were made out of molehills " in his opinion , and he was reassigned that July to lead No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School in Port Pirie , South Australia . On 30 November 1943 , Eaton returned to the Northern Territory to establish No. 79 Wing at Batchelor , comprising No. 1 and No. 2 Squadrons ( flying Bristol Beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , No. 31 Squadron ( Bristol Beaufighter long @-@ range fighters ) , and No. 18

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78

( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron ( B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bombers ) . He developed a good relationship with his Dutch personnel , who called him " Oom Charles " ( Uncle Charles ) . Operating under the auspices of North @-@ Western Area Command ( NWA ) , Darwin , Eaton 's forces participated in the New Guinea and North @-@ Western Area Campaigns during 1944 , in which he regularly flew on missions himself . Through March – April , his Beaufighters attacked enemy shipping , while the Mitchells and Beauforts bombed Timor on a daily basis as a prelude to Operations Reckless and Persecution , the invasions of Hollandia and Aitape . On 19 April , he organised a large raid against Su , Dutch Timor , employing thirty @-@ five Mitchells , Beauforts and Beaufighters to destroy the town 's barracks and fuel dumps , the results earning him the personal congratulations of the Air Officer Commanding NWA , Air Vice Marshal " King " Cole , for his " splendid effort " . On the day of the Allied landings , 22 April , the Mitchells and Beaufighters made a daylight raid on Dili , Portuguese Timor . The ground assault met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment in the days leading up to it . In June – July , No. 79 Wing supported the Allied attack on Noemfoor . Eaton was recommended to be mentioned in despatches on 28 October 1944 for his " Gallant and distinguished service " in NWA ; this was promulgated in the London Gazette on 9 March 1945 . Completing his tour with No. 79 Wing , Eaton was appointed Air Officer Commanding Southern Area , Melbourne , in January 1945 . The German submarine U @-@ 862 operated off southern Australia during the first months of 1945 , and the few combat units in Eaton 's command were heavily engaged in anti @-@ submarine patrols which sought to locate this and any other U @-@ boats in the area . The Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command , Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock , considered the sporadic attacks to be partly " nuisance value " , designed to draw Allied resources away from the front line of the South West Pacific war . In April , Eaton complained to Bostock that intelligence from British Pacific Fleet concerning its ships ' movements eastwards out of Western Area was hours out of date by the time it was received at Southern Area Command , leading to RAAF aircraft missing their rendezvous and wasting valuable flying hours searching empty ocean . There had been no U @-@ boat strikes since February , and by June the naval authorities indicated that there was no pressing need for air cover except for the most important vessels . = = Post @-@ war career and legacy = = Eaton retired from the RAAF on 31 December 1945 . In recognition of his war service , he was appointed a Commander of the Order of Orange @-@ Nassau with Swords by the Dutch government on 17 January 1946 . The same month , he became Australian consul in Dili . He had seen an advertisement for the position and was the only applicant with experience of the area . While based there , he accompanied the provincial governor on visits to townships damaged in Allied raids during the war , taking care to be circumspect about the part played by his own forces from No. 79 Wing . In July 1947 , Dutch forces launched a " police action " against territory held by the fledgling Indonesian Republic , which had been declared shortly after the end of the war . Following a ceasefire , the United Nations set up a commission , chaired by Eaton as Consul @-@ General , to monitor progress . Eaton and his fellow commissioners believed that the ceasefire was serving the Dutch as a cover for further penetration of republican enclaves . His requests to the Australian government for military observers led to deployment of the first peacekeeping force to the region ; the Australians were soon followed by British and US observers , and enabled Eaton to display a more realistic impression of the situation to the outside world . The Dutch administration strongly opposed the presence of UN forces and accused Eaton of " impropriety " , but the Australian government refused to recall him . Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949 , he became Australia 's first secretary and chargé d 'affaires to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia . In 1950 , he returned to Australia to serve with the Department of External Affairs in Canberra . After retiring from public service in 1951 , he and his wife farmed at Metung , Victoria , and cultivated orchids . They later moved to Frankston , where Eaton was involved in promotional work . Charles Eaton died in Frankston on 12 November 1979 . Survived by his wife and two sons , he was cremated . In accordance with his wishes , his ashes were scattered near Tennant Creek , site of his 1929 forced landing during the search for the Kookaburra , from an RAAF Caribou on 15 April 1981 . His name figures prominently in the Northern Territory , commemorated by Lake Eaton in Central

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"Ġprominently", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠNorthern", "ĠTerritory", "Ġ,", "Ġcommemor", "ated", "Ġby", "ĠLake", "ĠEaton", "Ġin", "ĠCentral" ]

79

Australia , Eaton Place in the Darwin suburb of Karama , Charles Eaton Drive on the approach to Darwin International Airport , and the Charles Moth Eaton Saloon Bar in the Tennant Creek Goldfields Hotel . He is also honoured with a display at the Northern Territory Parliament , and a National Trust memorial at Tennant Creek Airport . At the RAAF 's 2003 History Conference , Air Commodore Mark Lax , recalling Eaton 's search @-@ and @-@ rescue missions between the wars , commented : " Today , we might think of Eaton perhaps as the pioneer of our contribution to assistance to the civil community — a tradition that continues today . Perhaps I might jog your memory to a more recent series of rescues no less hazardous for all concerned — the amazing location of missing yachtsmen Thierry Dubois , Isabelle Autissier and Tony Bullimore by our P @-@ 3s that guided the Navy to their eventual rescue . My observation is that such activities remain vital for our relevance in that we must remain connected , supportive and responsive to the wants and needs of the Australian community . " = Tina Fey = Elizabeth Stamatina " Tina " Fey ( / feɪ / ; born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , and producer . She is best known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1998 @-@ 2006 ) , for her impression of former Alaska Governor and 2008 Vice @-@ Presidential candidate Sarah Palin , and for creating acclaimed series 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 – present ) . She is also well known for appearing in films such as Mean Girls ( 2004 ) , Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago @-@ based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , known for her position as co @-@ anchor in the Weekend Update segment . In 2004 , she co @-@ starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self @-@ help book Queen Bees and Wannabes . After leaving SNL in 2006 , she created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a situation comedy loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey portrays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2008 , she starred in the comedy film Baby Mama , alongside former SNL co @-@ star Amy Poehler . Fey next appeared in the 2010 comedy film Date Night and the animated film Megamind . In 2015 , she created and produced the television series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , originally for NBC and eventually for Netflix . Her recent films include Sisters and Whiskey Tango Foxtrot . Fey has received eight Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Writers Guild of America Awards and was nominated for a Grammy Award for her autobiographical book Bossypants , which topped The New York Times Best Seller list for five weeks . In 2008 , the Associated Press gave Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on SNL . In 2010 , Fey was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor , becoming the youngest @-@ ever recipient of the award . On January 13 , 2013 , Fey hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards with her long @-@ time friend and fellow comedian , Amy Poehler , to critical acclaim . The duo hosted again the following two years , generating the highest ratings for the annual ceremony in a decade and receiving similar acclaim . = = Early life = = Fey was born on May 18 , 1970 , in Upper Darby , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Philadelphia . Her mother , Zenobia " Jeanne " ( née Xenakes ) , is a brokerage employee ; her father , Donald Henry Fey ( died 2015 , age 82 ) , was a university grant proposal writer . She has a brother , Peter , who is eight years older . Fey 's mother , who was born in Piraeus , Greece , is the daughter of Greek immigrants : Vasiliki Kourelakou , Fey 's maternal grandmother , left Petrina , Laconia , Greece on her own , arriving in the United States in February 1921 . Fey 's father had English , German , and Northern Irish ancestry ; one of Fey 's paternal great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ grandfathers was John Hewson ( 1744 – 1821 ) , a textile manufacturer who immigrated to America with the support of Benjamin Franklin , enabling Hewson to quickly open a quilting factory in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . According to a genealogical DNA test arranged by the television

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series Finding Your Roots , Fey 's ancestry is 94 % European , 3 % Middle Eastern , and 3 % from the Caucasus . Fey was exposed to comedy early : At age 11 , Fey read Joe Franklin 's Seventy Years of Great Film Comedians for a school project about comedy . She grew up watching Second City Television , and has cited Catherine O 'Hara as a role model . Fey attended Cardington @-@ Stonehurst Elementary School and Beverly Hills Middle School in Upper Darby . By middle school , she knew she was interested in comedy . Fey attended Upper Darby High School , where she was an honors student , a member of the choir , drama club , and tennis team , and co @-@ editor of the school 's newspaper , The Acorn . She also anonymously wrote the newspaper 's satirical column , The Colonel . Following her graduation in 1988 , Fey enrolled at the University of Virginia , where she studied play @-@ writing and acting and was awarded the Pettway Prize . She graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama . After college , she worked as a receptionist during the day at the Evanston YMCA and took classes at Second City at night . = = Career = = = = = Saturday Night Live ( 1997 – 2006 ) = = = While performing shows with The Second City in 1997 , Fey submitted several scripts to NBC 's variety show Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , at the request of its head writer Adam McKay , a former performer at Second City . She was hired as a writer for SNL following a meeting with SNL creator Lorne Michaels , and moved to New York from Chicago . Fey told The New Yorker , " I 'd had my eye on the show forever , the way other kids have their eye on Derek Jeter . " Originally , Fey " struggled " at SNL . Her first sketch to air starred Chris Farley in a Sally Jessy Raphael satire . Fey went on to write a series of parodies , including one of ABC 's morning talk show The View . She co @-@ wrote the " Sully and Denise " sketches with Rachel Dratch , who plays one of the teens . Fey was an extra in a 1998 episode , and after watching herself , decided to diet and lost 30 pounds . She told The New York Times , " I was a completely normal weight , but I was here in New York City , I had money and I couldn 't buy any clothes . After I lost weight , there was interest in putting me on camera . " In 1999 , McKay stepped down as head writer , which led Michaels to approach Fey for the position . She became SNL 's first female head writer that year . In 2000 , Fey began performing in sketches , and she and Jimmy Fallon became co @-@ anchors of SNL 's Weekend Update segment . Fey said she did not ask to audition , but that Michaels approached her . Michaels explained that there was chemistry between Fey and Fallon , though the decision was " kind of risky " at the time . Her role in Weekend Update was well received by critics . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote : " ... Fey delivers such blow darts – poison filled jokes written in long , precisely parsed sentences unprecedented in Update history – with such a bright , sunny countenance makes her all the more devilishly delightful . " Dennis Miller , a former cast member of SNL and anchor of Weekend Update , was pleased with Fey as one of the anchors for the segment : " ... Fey might be the best Weekend Update anchor who ever did it . She writes the funniest jokes " . Robert Bianco of USA Today , however , commented that he was " not enamored " of the pairing . In 2001 , Fey and the rest of the writing staff won a Writers Guild of America Award for SNL 's 25th anniversary special . The following year at the 2002 Emmy Awards ceremony , they won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . When Fallon left the show in May 2004 , he was replaced on Weekend Update by Amy Poehler . It was the first time that two women co @-@ anchored Weekend Update . Fey revealed that she " hired " Poehler as her co @-@ host for the segment . The reception was positive , with Rachel Sklar of the Chicago Tribune noting that the pairing " has been a hilarious , pitch @-@ perfect success as they play @-@ off each other with quick one @-@ liners and deadpan delivery " . The 2005 – 2006 season was her last ; she departed to develop 30 Rock for Broadway Video . At the time she left , the 117 episodes she co @-@ hosted made her SNL 's longest @-@ serving Weekend Update anchor , a mark that would later be passed by her replacement , Seth Meyers . In Rolling Stone Magazine 's February , 2015 appraisal of all 141 SNL cast members to date , Fey was

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ranked third in importance ( behind John Belushi and Eddie Murphy ) . They credited her with " salvaging ' Update ' from a decade @-@ long losing streak , " and " slapping SNL out of its late @-@ nineties coma . " = = = 30 Rock ( 2006 – 2013 ) = = = In 2002 , Fey suggested a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to NBC , which rejected it . The pilot was reworked to revolve around an SNL style series , and was accepted by NBC . She signed a contract with NBC in May 2003 , which allowed her to remain in her SNL head writer position at least through the 2004 – 2005 television season . As part of the contract , Fey was to develop a prime @-@ time project to be produced by Broadway Video and NBC Universal . The pilot , directed by Adam Bernstein , centered on Liz Lemon , the head writer of a variety show on NBC , and how she managed her relationships with the show 's volatile stars and the new head of the network . In October 2006 , the pilot aired on NBC as 30 Rock . Although the episode received generally favorable reviews , it finished third in its timeslot . The network renewed the series for a second season , which began in October 2007 . The show 's third season premiered on October 30 , 2008 . The premiere episode drew 8 @.@ 5 million viewers , the highest ratings of the series . In 2007 , Fey received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series . The show itself won the 2007 Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series ( and did so again for two subsequent years ) . In 2008 , she won the Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , and Emmy awards all in the category for Best Actress in a Comedy Series . The following year , Fey again won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same categories , and was nominated for an Emmy Award . In early 2010 , Fey received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress , and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Lead Actress . 30 Rock was renewed for the 2010 – 2011 season in March 2010 . The series returned for the 2011 – 2012 season , though due to Fey 's pregnancy with her second child , the season premiere was delayed until midseason . Fey 's performance on the show was inspired by Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , and later used Louis @-@ Dreyfus to play the stand @-@ in for the character of Liz Lemon in flashback scenes during the live episode of the fifth season . On May 11 , 2012 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for a seventh and final season , to premiere October 4 , 2012 , with 13 episodes . After receiving 13 Emmy Award nominations and two wins for this final season , 30 Rock ended its critically acclaimed run with 112 Emmy award nominations . It has been cited as one of the greatest TV series of all time and it is considered to have one of the greatest finales in television history . = = = Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt = = = In 2015 , Fey created and produced the television comedy Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt with fellow 30 Rock @-@ alumnus Robert Carlock . The series stars Ellie Kemper as the titular character who escapes from a doomsday cult and moves to New York . It also stars Fey 's former co @-@ star Jane Krakowski , as well as Tituss Burgess ( who had previously appeared in four 30 Rock episodes ) and Carol Kane . Although it was originally produced for NBC , it was eventually sold to Netflix and immediately renewed for a second season . The show premiered on March 6 , 2015 to critical acclaim . On July 16 , 2015 , the series was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series . Fey herself was nominated both as the creator / executive producer of the series and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest performance as Marcia , a bumbling prosecutor in reference to Marcia Clark . = = = Feature films = = = In 2002 , Fey appeared in the surreal comedy Martin & Orloff . She made her debut as writer and co @-@ star of the 2004 teen comedy Mean Girls . Characters and behaviors in the movie are based on Fey 's high school life at Upper Darby High School and on the non @-@ fiction book Queen Bees and Wannabes by Rosalind Wiseman . The cast includes other past cast members of SNL including Tim Meadows , Ana Gasteyer , and Amy Poehler . The film received favorable reviews , and was a box office success , grossing US $ 129 million worldwide . In a 2004 interview , Fey expressed that she would like to write and direct movies . In 2006 , Fey worked on a movie script for Paramount Pictures , which was to feature Sacha Baron Cohen , by the name of Curly Oxide and Vic Thrill , based loosely on the true story of a

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Hasidic rock musician . In 2007 , she was cast in the animated comedy film Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters as the Aqua Teens ' mother , a giant burrito . She received her SAG card after appearing in Artie Lange 's Beer League released in 2006 , in which she was compelled to join for " ... a thousand dollars " . Fey and former SNL castmate Amy Poehler starred in the 2008 comedy Baby Mama . The movie was written and directed by Michael McCullers . The plot concerns Kate ( Fey ) , a business woman , who wants a child but , discovering she has only a million @-@ to @-@ one chance of getting pregnant , decides to find a surrogate : Angie ( Poehler ) , a white @-@ trash schemer . Baby Mama received mixed reviews , but critics enjoyed Fey 's performance . Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote : " Fey is a delight to watch throughout . Able to convey Kate 's intentions and feelings through the simple looks and inflections , she never melodramatizes her situation ; nor does her efficient , perfectionist side become overbearing . " The movie grossed over US $ 64 million at the box office . Fey 's projects after 2008 include a voice role in the English @-@ language version of the Japanese animated film Ponyo . In 2009 , she appeared in The Invention of Lying , alongside Ricky Gervais , Jennifer Garner , Rob Lowe , and Christopher Guest . Her next film role was in Shawn Levy 's 2010 comedy Date Night , a feature that focuses on a married couple , played by Fey and Steve Carell , who go on a date ; however , the night goes awry for the two . Also in the same year , she voiced Roxanne Ritchie , a television reporter , in the DreamWorks animated film Megamind ( 2010 ) . With a total worldwide gross of US $ 321 million , Megamind is Fey 's most commercially successful picture to date . It earned US $ 173 million outside the U.S. and US $ 148 million domestically . In 2013 , Fey starred alongside Paul Rudd in the romantic comedy @-@ drama film Admission , based on the Jean Hanff Korelitz novel by the same name . The film was directed by Paul Weitz . Fey later starred in the 2014 comedy @-@ drama This Is Where I Leave You , helmed by Date Night director Shawn Levy . As was the case with Baby Mama , although both of these films received generally mixed reviews , Fey 's performances were well received by film critics . In 2015 , it was announced Fey would be the narrator for the Disney Nature film Monkey Kingdom , which was released in theaters on April 17 , 2015 . She then re @-@ teamed with Poehler , starring in the 2015 comedy film Sisters as the title characters , and received positive reviews for her role . In 2016 , Fey starred in the biographical war comedy @-@ drama Whiskey Tango Foxtrot , based on the memoir The Taliban Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan , to positive reviews . = = = Subsequent SNL appearances = = = On February 23 , 2008 , Fey hosted the first episode of SNL after the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . For this appearance , she was nominated for an Emmy in the category of Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program . Fey hosted SNL for a second time on April 10 , 2010 , and for her appearance she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . From September to November 2008 , Fey made multiple guest appearances on SNL to perform a series of parodies of Republican vice @-@ presidential candidate Sarah Palin . On the 34th season premiere episode , aired September 13 , 2008 , Fey imitated Palin in a sketch , alongside Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton . Their repartee included Clinton needling Palin about her " Tina Fey glasses " . The sketch quickly became NBC 's most @-@ watched viral video ever , with 5 @.@ 7 million views by the following Wednesday . Fey reprised this role on the October 4 show , on the October 18 show where she was joined by the real Sarah Palin , and on the November 1 show , where she was joined by John McCain and his wife Cindy . The October 18 show had the best ratings of any SNL show since 1994 . The following year Fey won an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her impersonation of Palin . Fey returned to SNL in April 2010 , and reprised her impression of Palin in one sketch titled the " Sarah Palin Network " . Fey once again did her impression of Palin when she hosted Saturday Night Live on May 8 , 2011 . In December 2009 , Entertainment Weekly put her Palin impersonation on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade " best @-@ of " list , writing , " Fey 's freakishly spot @-

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@ on SNL impersonation of the wannabe VP ( and her ability to strike a balance between comedy and cruelty ) made for truly transcendent television . " Rolling Stone called her Palin impression " [ arguably ] the most brilliant move SNL ever made " . = = = Other work = = = In 1997 , Fey and other members of The Second City provided voices for the pinball game Medieval Madness . In 2000 , Fey partnered with fellow SNL cast member Rachel Dratch in the Off Broadway two @-@ woman show Dratch & Fey at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City . The production was well received by critics . Tim Townsend of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the fun part of watching Fey and Dratch perform was " seeing how comfortable they are with each other " . He concluded that the production " isn 't about two women being funny ... Dratch and Fey are just funny . Period . " One of the SNL sketches , " Sully and Denise " , originated at The Second City . On August 13 , 2007 , Fey made a guest appearance in the Sesame Street episode " The Bookaneers " . She appeared as a guest judge on the November 25 , 2007 episode of the Food Network program Iron Chef America . Fey has appeared as Tinker Bell in Disney 's campaign " Year of a Million Dreams " . She has also done commercials for American Express and Garnier Nutrisse . On April 5 , 2011 , Fey 's autobiography , Bossypants , was released to a positive review from The New York Times . In 2011 , Fey narrated The Secret Life of Girls , a two @-@ hour @-@ long radio documentary produced by The Kitchen Sisters . She introduced stories of women and girls from around the world , and also shared memories of her own girlhood and mother . In 2012 , Fey made her rapping debut on the Childish Gambino ( Donald Glover ) mixtape Royalty . Glover is a former writer on 30 Rock , on which he worked with Fey . Fey was also featured as herself in the iCarly episode " iShock America " . = = Comedic and acting style = = Fey is known for her deadpan humor and delivery ; her " sardonic wit " has become a trademark of hers , upon which several critics have commented in their reviews of Fey 's work . According to Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara , Fey " project [ s ] both oblivious security and hyper @-@ alert insecurity with the same expression " in her performances , while The Chronicle 's Dillon Fernando wrote that the actress specializes in " delectable , situational and ironic comedy " . On Fey 's comedic prowess , Saturday Night Live creator Lorne Michaels enthused that his former employee " has a very clear take on things ... It always comes from a place of intelligence and there is just an edge to it . " Michaels concluded , " It 's not fearful . It 's strong and confident and you recognise the voice and most of the time you agree with it . " Writing for The Guardian , Christopher Goodwin believes that Fey " fashioned her comic persona around her glasses " , which she has worn since 1995 ; Fey joked that " Glasses make anyone look smarter " . Seldom hesitating to use herself as the butt of her own jokes , Fey is also well known for practicing self @-@ deprecating humor , as demonstrated throughout her performance as Liz Lemon in 30 Rock . In an article ranking Fey 's six greatest jokes , David Renshaw of The Guardian wrote that the performer 's work continues to feature her " trademark mix of snark , self @-@ deprecation and pop @-@ culture smarts . " Fey 's self @-@ deprecating comedic style inspired Ashley Fetters of The Atlantic to recognize her as comedian Phyllis Diller 's successor because of their similar humor . Critics have been divided in their opinions and discussions of Fey 's use of self @-@ deprecating humor , and its effect on women as a female comic ; while blogger Kate Harding disapproved of Fey 's performance in 30 Rock because " I 'm torn between being sad that she apparently doesn 't see [ beauty ] in herself and being pissed off that she 's reinforcing the idea that having brown hair , glasses , and a figure that 's maybe a size 2 instead of a 0 actually equals ugly " , Jessica G. of Jezebel defended the actress , writing that Fey 's performance is " supposed to be parodying precisely the kinds of media that reinforce ideas that unconventional women are unworthy . " Writing that Harding misunderstood Fey 's intentions , the author concluded that her self @-@ deprecation " is precisely what makes her relatable " , elaborating that " [ women ] have many moments of self @-@ doubt , and seeing someone as successful as Tina Fey be self @-@ deprecating gives us all permission to be

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imperfect . " Sophie Caldecott of Verily defended Fey 's modesty and tendency to downplay her own physical appearance : " She mocks her own appearance , sure , but she does so in a way that consistently shows up our culture for placing so much importance on how women look , as if that ’ s the most interesting thing about us ... Her comic persona on 30 Rock , Liz Lemon , can be laughed at for many things , but her career managerial style and ability is not one of them . " Caldecott concluded , " In reality , self @-@ deprecation is an art that comedians everywhere dabble in ... In fact , I defy you to find a good male comedian who isn ’ t a master of self @-@ deprecation . Comedians make fun of themselves for many reasons , mostly because it is the most readily accessible source of inspiration but also because it is the most generous one . " Observing that Fey 's material lacks " whining " , Gina Barreca of the Hartford Courant wrote that Fey 's comedy " is not simply an iteration of self @-@ deprecating femininity passing itself off as humor . In itself , this demarcates the current generation of female humorists from earlier generations of performers who were told , more or less , to use themselves not as a sounding board for ideas but as a punching bag for insults . " As an actress , Fey has developed a reputation for portraying " the hilarious , self @-@ deprecating unmarried career woman " in most of her films to @-@ date . The Boston Globe 's Janice Paige defended her limited filmography by writing that , unlike most film actors , Fey remains " realistic about her range as a leading lady and says she ’ s been deliberate about only taking on parts for which she actually seems suited . " Fey explained that she approaches each role asking herself , " Would I be plausible in this role , in this job ? " However , her role as Kate Ellis in 2015 's Sisters provided Fey with an opportunity to stray from playing the type @-@ A female characters for which she has become known . The New York Times film critic A. O. Scott wrote , " We ’ re used to seeing Ms. Fey ... as an anxious overthinker using her caustic sarcasm as a weapon against both her own insecurities and the flakes and train wrecks who surround her . This time , she gets to be the train wreck . " In 30 Rock , Fey 's comedic acting was heavily influenced by both physical and improvisational comedy while , as a writer , her " carefully written scripts " were often quirky and character @-@ driven . = = In the media = = In 2002 , Fey was ranked in the Hot 100 List at number 80 on Maxim magazine , which used photos taken earlier by Rolling Stone calling her " the thinking man 's sex symbol " . She was named one of People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2003 , and one of People magazine 's 100 Most Beautiful People in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . In 2007 , Fey placed seventh on the Hot 100 List on AfterEllen.com. She repeated the appearance the following year , being voted as number one on the list . In 2001 , Entertainment Weekly named Fey as one of their Entertainers of the Year for her work on Weekend Update . In 2007 , she was named one of the magazine 's Entertainers of the Year , and placed number two in 2008 . In 2009 , Fey was named as Entertainment Weekly 's fifth individual in their 15 Entertainers of the 2000s list . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly crowned Fey as " The Once and Future Queen " ( an allusion to The Once and Future King ) in their feature on " Women Who Run TV , " calling her " the funniest woman in the free world . " EW quoted Mindy Kaling as saying , " I always feel unoriginal bringing up Tina as my inspiration , but she 's everyone 's inspiration for a reason . " The column also quoted praise by Zooey Deschanel and Lena Dunham . The newspaper editors and broadcast producers of the Associated Press voted Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008 , citing her impression of Sarah Palin on SNL . She has appeared on Forbes ' annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 at No. 99 , No. 86 , No. 90 , No. 92 , and No. 79 respectively . In 2007 , the New York Post included Fey in New York 's 50 Most Powerful Women , ranking her at number 33 . Fey was among the Time 100 , a list of the 100 most influential people in the world , in 2007 and 2009 , as selected annually by Time magazine . Fey 's featured article for the 2009 list was written by 30 Rock co @-@ star , Alec Baldwin . She

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85

was selected by Barbara Walters as one of America 's 10 Most Fascinating People of 2008 . In September 2011 , Fey was ranked at the top of Forbes magazine 's list of the highest @-@ paid TV actresses . In June 2010 , it was announced Fey would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011 . In 2014 , Fey was recognized by Elle Magazine during The Women in Hollywood Awards , honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film , spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry , including acting , directing , and producing . = = Charity work = = Fey 's charity work includes support of Autism Speaks , an organization that sponsors autism research . In April 2008 , she participated in Night of Too Many Stars , a comedy benefit show for autism education . Fey is also a supporter of Mercy Corps , a global relief and development organization , in their campaign to end world hunger . Fey narrated a video for Mercy Corps 's Action Center in New York City , describing hunger as a symptom of many wider world problems . She also supports the Love Our Children USA organization , which fights violence against children , who named her among their Mothers Who Make a Difference , in 2009 . She was the 2009 national spokesperson for the Light the Night Walk , which benefits the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . = = Personal life = = In 1994 , two years after Fey joined Chicago 's Second City improvisational theatre troupe , she began dating Jeff Richmond , a piano player who later became Second City 's musical director and then a composer on 30 Rock . They married in a Greek Orthodox ceremony on June 3 , 2001 . They have two daughters : Alice Zenobia Richmond ( born September 10 , 2005 ) and Penelope Athena Richmond ( born August 10 , 2011 ) . In April 2009 , Fey and Richmond purchased a US $ 3 @.@ 4 million apartment on the Upper West Side in New York City . Fey has a scar a few inches long on the left side of her chin and cheek , the cause of which remained unexplained to the public until a 2008 Vanity Fair profile by Maureen Dowd , and subsequently in her autobiographical book , where she revealed that " during the spring semester of kindergarten , I was slashed in the face by a stranger in the alley behind my house " . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Video games = = = = = Awards and nominations = = = WASP @-@ 44 = WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star in constellation Cetus that has the Jupiter @-@ size planet WASP @-@ 44b in orbit . The star is slightly less massive and slightly smaller than the Sun ; it is also slightly cooler , but is more metal @-@ rich . The star was observed by SuperWASP , an organization in search of planets , starting in 2009 ; manual follow @-@ up observations used WASP @-@ 44 's spectrum and measurements of its radial velocity led to the discovery of the transiting planet WASP @-@ 44b . The planet and its star were presented along with WASP @-@ 45b and WASP @-@ 46b on May 17 , 2011 by a team of scientists testing the idea that Hot Jupiters tend to have circular orbits , an assumption that is made when the orbital eccentricity of such planets are not well @-@ constrained . = = Observational history = = WASP @-@ 44 was observed between July and November 2009 by the WASP @-@ South , a station of the SuperWASP planet @-@ searching program based at the South African Astronomical Observatory . Observations of the star revealed a periodic decrease in its brightness . WASP @-@ South , along with the SuperWASP @-@ North station at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the Canary Islands , collected 15 @,@ 755 photometric observations , allowing scientists to produce a more accurate light curve . Another set of observations yielded a 6 @,@ 000 point photometric data set , but the light curve was prepared late and was not considered in the discovery paper . In 2010 , a European science team investigated the star using the CORALIE spectrograph and collected seventeen spectra of WASP @-@ 44 . From the spectra , radial velocity measurements were extrapolated . Analysis of collected CORALIE data ruled out the possibility that the detected radial velocity was caused by the blended spectrum of a spectroscopic binary star , supporting the possibility that the body orbiting WASP @-@ 44 was indeed a planet , designated WASP @-@ 44b . The Leonhard Euler Telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile was used to follow up on the discovery circling WASP @-@ 44 , searching for a point at which

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86

the planet transited , or crossed in front of , its host star . One transit was detected . WASP @-@ 44 , its recently discovered planet , the planets orbiting WASP @-@ 45 and WASP @-@ 46 , and a discussion exploring the validity of the common assumption amongst scientists that closely orbiting Hot Jupiter planets have highly circular orbits unless proven otherwise , were reported in a single discovery paper that was published on May 17 , 2011 by the Royal Astronomical Society . The paper was submitted to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on May 16 , 2011 . = = Characteristics = = WASP @-@ 44 is a G @-@ type star ( the same class of star as the Sun ) that is located in the Cetus constellation . WASP @-@ 44 has a mass that is 0 @.@ 951 times that of the Sun . In terms of size , WASP @-@ 44 has a radius that is 0 @.@ 927 times that of the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 has an effective temperature of 5410 K , cooler than the Sun . However , the star is metal @-@ rich with relation to the Sun . Its measured metallicity is [ Fe / H ] = 0 @.@ 06 , or 1 @.@ 148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun . WASP @-@ 44 's chromosphere ( outermost layer ) is not active . The star also does not rotate at a high velocity . The star has an apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 . It cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye . = = Planetary system = = There is one known planet in the orbit of WASP @-@ 44 : WASP @-@ 44b . The planet is a Hot Jupiter with a mass of 0 @.@ 889 Jupiters . Its radius is 1 @.@ 14 times that of Jupiter . WASP @-@ 44b orbits its host star every 2 @.@ 4238039 days at a distance 0 @.@ 03473 AU , approximately 3 @.@ 47 % the mean distance between the Earth and Sun . With an orbital inclination of 86.02º , WASP @-@ 44b has an orbit that exists almost edge @-@ on to its host star with respect to Earth . WASPA @-@ 44b 's orbital eccentricity is fit to 0 @.@ 036 , indicating a mostly circular orbit . = Elephanta Caves = Elephanta caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri ( literally " the city of caves " ) in Mumbai Harbour , 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra . The island , located on an arm of the Arabian Sea , consists of two groups of caves — the first is a large group of five Hindu caves , the second , a smaller group of two Buddhist caves . The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures , representing the Shaiva Hindu sect , dedicated to the Lord Shiva . The rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th centuries , although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All the caves were also originally painted in the past , but now only traces remain . The main cave ( Cave 1 , or the Great Cave ) was a Hindu place of worship until Portuguese rule began in 1534 , after which the caves suffered severe damage . This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect , and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork . It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) . = = Geography = = Elephanta Island , or Gharapuri , is about 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) east of the Apollo Bunder ( Bunder in Marathi means a " pier for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods " ) on the Mumbai Harbour and 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Pir Pal in Trombay . The island covers about 10 km2 ( 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) at high tide and about 16 km2 ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) at low tide . Gharapuri is small village on the south side of the island . The Elephanta Caves can be reached by a ferry from the Gateway of India , Mumbai , which has the nearest airport and train station . The cave is closed on Monday . The island is 2 @.@ 4 km ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) in length with two hills that rise to a height of about 150 m ( 490 ft ) . A deep ravine cuts through the heart of the island from

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87

north to south . On the west , the hill rises gently from the sea and stretches east across the ravine and rises gradually to the extreme east to a height of 173 m ( 568 ft ) . This hill is known as the Stupa hill . Forest growth with clusters of mango , tamarind , and karanj trees cover the hills with scattered palm trees . Rice fields are seen in the valley . The fore shore is made up of sand and mud with mangrove bushes on the fringe . Landing quays sit near three small hamlets known as Set Bunder in the north @-@ west , Mora Bunder in the northeast , and Gharapuri or Raj Bunder in the south . The two hills of the island , the western and the eastern , have five rock @-@ cut caves in the western part and a brick stupa on the eastern hill on its top composed of two caves with a few rock @-@ cut cisterns . One of the caves on the eastern hill is unfinished . It is a protected island with a buffer zone according to a Notification issued in 1985 , which also includes " a prohibited area " that stretches 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) from the shoreline . = = History = = Since no inscriptions on any of the island have been discovered , the ancient history of the island is conjectural , at best . Pandavas , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , and Banasura , the demon devotee of Shiva , are both credited with building temples or cut caves to live . Local tradition holds that the caves are not man @-@ made . The Elephanta caves are " of unknown date and attribution " . Art historians have dated the caves in the range of late 5th to late 8th century AD . Archaeological excavations have unearthed a few Kshatrapa coins dated to 4th century AD . The known history is traced only to the defeat of Mauryan rulers of Konkan by the Badami Chalukyas emperor Pulakesi II ( 609 – 642 ) in a naval battle , in 635 AD . Elephanta was then called Puri or Purika , and served as the capital of the Konkan Mauryas . Some historians attribute the caves to the Konkan Mauryas , dating them to the mid @-@ 6th century , though others refute this claim saying a relatively small kingdom like the Konkan Mauryas could not undertake " an almost superhuman excavation effort , " which was needed to carve the rock temples from solid rock and could not have the skilled labor to produce such " high quality " sculpture . Some other historians attribute the construction to the Kalachuris ( late 5th to 6th century ) , who may have had a feudal relationship with the Konkan Mauryas . In an era where polytheism was prevalent , the Elephanta main cave dedicates the monotheism of the Pashupata Shaivism sect , a sect to which Kalachuris as well as Konkan Mauryas belonged . The Chalukyas , who defeated the Kalachuris as well as the Konkan Mauryas , are also believed by some to be creators of the main cave , in the mid @-@ 7th century . The Rashtrakutas are the last claimants to the creation of the main cave , approximated to the early 7th to late 8th century . The Elephanta Shiva cave resembles in some aspects the 8th @-@ century Rashtrakuta rock @-@ temple Kailash at Ellora . The Trimurti of Elephanta showing the three faces of Shiva is akin to the Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Mahesh ( Shiva ) , which was the royal insignia of the Rashtrakutas . The Nataraja and Ardhanarishvara sculptures are also attributed to the Rashtrakutas . Later , Elephanta was ruled by another Chalukyan dynasty , and then by Gujarat Sultanate , who surrendered it to the Portuguese in 1534 . By then , Elephanta was called Gharapuri , which denotes a hill settlement . The name is still used in the local Marathi language . The Portuguese named the island " Elephanta Island " in honour of a huge rock @-@ cut black stone statue of an elephant that was then installed on a mound , a short distance east of Gharapuri village . The elephant now sits in the Jijamata Udyaan zoo in Mumbai . Portuguese rule saw a decline in the Hindu population on the island and the abandonment of the Shiva cave ( main cave ) as a regular Hindu place of worship , though worship on Mahashivratri , the festival of Shiva , continued and still does . The Portuguese did considerable damage to the sanctuaries . Portuguese soldiers used the reliefs of Shiva in

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88

the main cave for target practice , sparing only the Trimurti sculpture . They also removed an inscription related to the creation of the caves . While some historians solely blame the Portuguese for the destruction of the caves , others also cite water @-@ logging and dripping rainwater as additional damaging factors . The Portuguese left in 1661 as per the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal . This marriage shifted possession of the islands to the British Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles . Though the main cave was restored in the 1970s , other caves , including three consisting of important sculptures , are still badly damaged . The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 as per the cultural criteria of UNESCO : the caves " represent a masterpiece of human creative genius " and " bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared " . = = Overview = = The island has two groups of caves in the rock @-@ cut architectural style . The caves are hewn from solid basalt rock . All caves were painted in the past , but only traces remain . The larger group of caves , which consists of five caves on the western hill of the island , is well known for its Hindu sculptures . The primary cave , numbered as Cave 1 , is about 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) up a hillside , facing the ocean . It is a rock @-@ cut temple complex that covers an area of 5 @,@ 600 m2 ( 60 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , and consists of a main chamber , two lateral chambers , courtyards , and subsidiary shrines . It is 39 metres ( 128 ft ) deep from the front entrance to the back . The temple complex is the abode of Shiva , depicted in widely celebrated carvings which reveal his several forms and acts . On the eastern part of the island , on the Stupa Hill , there is a small group of caves that house Buddhist monuments . This hill is named after the religious Stupa monument that they display . One of the two caves is incomplete , while the other contains a Stupa made in brick . = = Main cave = = The main cave , also called the Shiva cave , Cave 1 , or the Great Cave , is 27 metres ( 89 ft ) square in plan with a hall ( mandapa ) . At the entrance are four doors , with three open porticoes and an aisle at the back . Pillars , six in each row , divide the hall into a series of smaller chambers . The roof of the hall has concealed beams supported by stone columns joined together by capitals . The cave entrance is aligned with the north – south axis , unusual for a Shiva shrine ( normally east – west ) . The northern entrance to the cave , which has 1 @,@ 000 steep steps , is flanked by two panels of Shiva dated to the Gupta period . The left panel depicts Yogishvara ( The Lord of Yoga ) and the right shows Nataraja ( Shiva as the Lord of Dance ) . The central Shiva shrine ( see 16 in plan below ) is a free @-@ standing square cell with four entrances , located in the right section of the main hall . Smaller shrines are located at the east and west ends of the caves . The eastern sanctuary serves as a ceremonial entrance . Each wall has large carvings of Shiva , each more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) in height . The central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on the south wall and is flanked by Ardhanarisvara ( a half @-@ man , half @-@ woman representation of Shiva ) on its left and Gangadhara to its right , which denotes the River Ganges ' descent from Shiva 's matted locks . Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubicles ; these include Kalyanasundaramurti , depicting Shiva 's marriage to the goddess Parvati , Andhakasuravadamurti or Andhakasuramardana , the slaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva , Shiva @-@ Parvati on Mount Kailash ( the abode of Shiva ) , and Ravananugraha , depicting the demon @-@ king Ravana shaking Kailash . The main cave blends Chalukyan architectural features such as massive figures of the divinities , guardians , and square pillars with custom capitals with Gupta artistic characteristics , like the depiction of mountains and clouds and female hairstyles . Layout : = = = Shiva @-@ Parvati on Kailash and Ravana lifting Kailash = = = The carving on the south wall to the east of the portico depicts Shiva and Parvati seated on their abode Mount Kailash

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89

. The four @-@ armed Shiva is seen with a crown and a disc behind it ( all damaged ) , the sacred thread across his chest , and a dressing gown covering up to the knee . Parvati , dressed in her finery with her hair falling to the front , looks away . Behind her at the right is a woman attendant holding the child , identified with her son Kartikeya , the war @-@ god . Many male and female attendants are seen behind the main figures . Shiva 's attendant , the skeleton @-@ like Bhringi , is seated at his feet . Other figures , not distinct , depict , among others , a royal @-@ looking tall person , ascetics , a fat figure , a dwarf , a bull ( the mount of Shiva ) , features of a Garuda , and two monkeys . The scenic beauty of the mountain is sculpted with the sky background amidst heavenly beings showering flowers on Shiva @-@ Parvati . This scene is interpreted as a gambling scene , where Parvati is angry as Shiva cheats in a game of dice . The carved panel facing this one is a two @-@ level depiction of Ravana lifting Kailash . The upper scene is Mount Kailash , where Shiva and Parvati are seated . The eight @-@ armed , three @-@ eyed Shiva wears headgear with a crescent and disc behind it . Most of his arms are broken , two of them resting on attendants ' heads . The Parvati figure , seated facing Shiva , remains only as a trunk . The panel is flanked by door keepers . Attendants of Shiva are also seen in the relief but mostly in a damaged state . Bhringi is seated near Shiva 's feet and to his left is the elephant @-@ headed son of Shiva , Ganesha . In this ensemble , the ten @-@ headed demon @-@ king Ravana is seen , with only one head left unscathed , and out of his twenty arms , only a few are discernible . Around Ravana are several demons . Numerous figures are seen above Shiva : the god Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , to his left ; a skeleton @-@ figure ; and in a recess , Parvati 's mount , a tiger is depicted . A legend relates to both these panels . Once , Parvati was annoyed with Shiva . At this moment , Ravana , who was passing by Mount Kailash , found it as an obstruction to his movement . Upset , Ravana shook it vigorously and as a result , Parvati got scared and hugged Shiva . Enraged by Ravana 's arrogance , Shiva stamped down on Ravana , who sang praises of Shiva to free him of his misery and turned into an ardent devotee of Shiva . Another version states that Shiva was pleased with Ravana for restoring Parvati 's composure and blessed him . = = = Trimurti , Gangadhara and Ardhanarishvara = = = Described as a " masterpiece of Gupta @-@ Chalukyan art " , the most important sculpture in the caves is the Trimurti , carved in relief at the back of the cave facing the entrance , on the north @-@ south axis . It is also known as Trimurti Sadashiva and Maheshmurti . The image , 6 m ( 20 ft ) in height , depicts a three @-@ headed Shiva , representing Panchamukha Shiva . The three heads are said to represent three essential aspects of Shiva : creation , protection , and destruction . The right half @-@ face ( west face ) shows him as a young person with sensuous lips , embodying life and its vitality . In his hand he holds an object resembling a rosebud , depicting the promise of life and creativity . This face is closest to that of Brahma , the creator or Uma or Vamadeva , the feminine side of Shiva and creator of joy and beauty . The left half @-@ face ( east face ) is that of a moustached young man , displaying anger . This is Shiva as the terrifying Aghora or Bhairava , the one whose anger can engulf the entire world in flames , leaving only ashes behind . This is also known as Rudra @-@ Shiva , the Destroyer . The central face , benign and meditative , resembles the preserver Vishnu . This is Tatpurusha , " master of positive and negative principles of existence and preserver of their harmony " or Shiva as the yogi Yogeshwar in deep meditation praying for the preservation of humanity . The aspects Sadyojata and Ishana ( not carved ) faces are considered to be at the back and top of the sculpture . The Trimurti sculpture , with the Gateway of India in the background , has been adopted as the logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Department ( MTDC ) . The Gangadhara image to the right of the Trimurti is an ensemble

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90

of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati , the former bearing the River Ganges as she descends from heaven . The carving is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 5 @.@ 207 m ( 17 @.@ 08 ft ) high . The image is highly damaged , particularly the lower half of Shiva seen seated with Parvati , who is shown with four arms , two of which are broken . From the crown , a cup with a triple @-@ headed female figure ( with broken arms ) , representing the three sacred rivers Ganges , Yamuna , and Sarasvati , is depicted . Shiva is sculpted and bedecked with ornaments . The arms hold a coiling serpent whose hood is seen above his left shoulder . Another hand ( partly broken ) gives the semblance of Shiva hugging Parvati , with a head of matted hair . There is a small snake on the right hand and a tortoise close to the neck , with a bundle tied to the back . An ornamented drapery covers his lower torso , below the waist . Parvati is carved to the left of Shiva with a coiffured hair dress , fully bedecked with ornaments and jewellery , also fully draped , with her right hand touching the head of a female attendant who carries Parvati 's dress case . The gods Brahma and Indra , with their mystic regalia and mounts , are shown to the right of Shiva ; Vishnu , riding his mount Garuda , is shown to the left of Parvati . Many other details are defaced but a kneeling figure in the front is inferred to be the king who ordered the image to be carved . There are many divinities and attendant females at the back . The whole setting is under the sky and cloud scenes , with men and women , all dressed , shown showering flowers on the deities . In the chamber to the east of the Trimurti is the four @-@ armed Ardhanarishvara carving . This image , which is 5 @.@ 11 m ( 16 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , has a headdress ( double @-@ folded ) with two pleats draped towards the female head ( Parvati ) and the right side ( Shiva ) depicting curled hair and a crescent . The female figure has all the ornamentation ( broad armlets and long bracelets , a large ring in the ear , jewelled rings on the fingers ) but the right male figure has drooping hair , armlets and wristlets . One of his hands rests on Nandi ’ s left horn , Shiva 's mount , which is fairly well preserved . The pair of hands at the back is also bejewelled ; the right hand of the male holds a serpent , while the left hand of the female holds a mirror . The front left hand is broken but conjectured as holding the robe of the goddess . The central figure is surrounded by divinities . = = = Shiva slaying Andhaka and Wedding of Shiva = = = The engraved panel in the north end of the aisle is considered to be a unique sculpture , and shows Bhairava , or Virabhadra , a frightful form of Shiva . In the carved panel Shiva 's consort is seen sitting next to him , looking terrified . A female attendant is next to her . The central figure , which is much ruined below the waist , is 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) high and posed as if running . His headgear has a ruff on the back , a skull and cobra over the forehead , and the crescent high on the right . His facial expression is of intense anger discerned from his furrowed brow , swollen eyes , and tusks . The legs and five of the eight arms are broken , attributed to Portuguese vandalism . The smaller broken image Andhaka is seen below Bhairava 's image . It is interpreted that Shiva is spearing him with the front right hand , as conjectured by the spear seen hanging without any hold . Also seen is the back hand lifted up and holding an elephant 's skin as a cover ; the elephant 's head , carved tusk , and trunk are seen hanging from the left hand . The second left hand depicts a snake coiled round it . The hand holds a bowl to collect the blood dripping from the slain Andhaka . Furthermore , pieces of a male and two female forms , figures of two ascetics , a small figure in front , a female figure , and two dwarfs are also seen in the carved panel . An unusual sculpture seen above the head of the main figure of Shiva is of a " very wide bottle with a curved groove in the middle of it " , which can interpreted variously as : the aum or the linga or a Shiva shrine . The niche image carved on the south wall is an ensemble of divinities assembled around the central figures of Shiva and Parvati shown getting married ( Kalyanasundara

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91

icon ) . Parvati is seen standing to Shiva 's right , the ordained place for a Hindu bride at the wedding . The carvings are substantially damaged ; only one of Shiva 's four hands is fully seen and the right leg is missing . Shiva has a headdress with a shining disc attached to it . His garments are well @-@ draped , and well @-@ tied at the waist . The sacred thread is seen across his chest . Parvati is carved as a perfect figure with coiffured hair dress , well adorned with jewellery and is draped tightly to display depressions below the waist only . She is seen with a coy expression and is led by her father who has his right hand on her shoulder . Even though both her hands are damaged , it is inferred that her left hand clasped Shiva 's right hand as a mark of holy alliance . Brahma is sitting as the officiating priest for the marriage . Vishnu is witness to the marriage . Mena , the mother of Parvati , is seen standing next to Vishnu . The moon @-@ god Chandra , seen with a wig and a crescent , is standing behind Parvati holding a circular pot with nectar for the marriage ceremony . Just above the main images , a galaxy of divinities , bearded sages , apsaras ( nymphs ) , Vidyadharas , Yakshis , Gandharvas , Bhringi , and other male and female attendants are seen as witness to the marriage ceremony showering flowers on the divine couple . = = = Yogishvara and Nataraja = = = The panel to the east of the north portico is Shiva in a Yogic position called Yogisvara , Mahayogi , Dharmaraja and Lakulish . Resembling a Buddha , Shiva is in a dilapidated condition with only two broken arms . Shiva is seated in padmasana yogic posture ( cross legged ) on a lotus carried by two Nāgas . His crown is carved with details adorned by a crescent , a round frill at the back , and hair curls dropping on either side of the shoulders . His face is calm in mediation , his eyes half @-@ closed . This represents Shiva in penance sitting amidst the Himalayan mountains after the death of his first wife Sati , who was later reborn as Parvati . He is surrounded by divinities in the sky and attendants below . Also seen is a plantain with three leaves already open and one opening , as well as a sunflower blossom . These are flanked by two attendants . Other figures discerned from a study of the broken images are : Vishnu riding Garuda on a plantain leaf ; the Sun @-@ god Surya riding a fully saddled horse ( head missing ) ; a saint with a rosary ; two female figures in the sky draped up to their thighs ; a faceless figure of the moon with a water container ; three identical figures of a male flanked by two females ; the skeleton of a sage ; Brahma ( without one arm ) riding a swan ; and Indra without his mount ( elephant missing ) . The panel carving in the west niche opposite Yogishvara depicts Shiva as Nataraja performing the Tandava ( cosmic dance ) . The niche is 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft ) high and set low on the wall . He wears well @-@ decorated headgear . The Shiva image displays a dance pose and had ten arms , but the first right and third left hands are missing . The remaining first right arm is held across the breast and touches the left side , the second right hand that is seen damaged with an out @-@ flaying pose is broken at the elbow . The third arm is damaged at the elbow , and the fourth is also broken but inferred to have held a Khatvanga ( skull @-@ club ) . The left arms , seen hanging , are damaged near the wrists . The third hand is bent ( but broken ) towards Parvati standing on the side and the fourth hand is raised up . The right thigh ( broken ) is lifted up , and the left leg is not seen at all , the elaborate armlets are well @-@ preserved and a skirt round the waist is tied by a ribbon . A tall figurine of Parvati stands to the left of Shiva , which is also seen partly broken but well bejewelled . An airborne female figure is seen behind Parvati . Other figures seen in the relief are : Vishnu riding a Garuda ; Indra riding his elephant ; the elephant @-@ headed Ganesha ; Kartikeya ; Bhrngi ; sages and attendants . = = = Main cave shrine = = = The central shrine is a free @-@ standing square cell , with entrances on each of its sides . Each door is flanked by two dvarapalas ( gate keepers )

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"Ġ;", "Ġs", "ages", "Ġand", "Ġattendants", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMain", "Ġcave", "Ġshrine", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġcentral", "Ġshrine", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġfree", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstanding", "Ġsquare", "Ġcell", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġentrances", "Ġon", "Ġeach", "Ġof", "Ġits", "Ġsides", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġdoor", "Ġis", "Ġflanked", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "Ġd", "var", "ap", "al", "as", "Ġ(", "Ġgate", "Ġkeep", "ers", "Ġ)" ]

92

. The Linga , the symbol of Shiva in union with the Yoni , and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity that is deified by the shrine . The Linga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by 1 @.@ 8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Six steps lead to this level from the floor level . The height of the eight dvarapalas varies from 4 @.@ 521 – 4 @.@ 623 m ( 14 @.@ 83 – 15 @.@ 17 ft ) . All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine . The southern gate statue has many unusual features – unusual headgear ; a large skull above the forehead ; lips parted with protruding teeth ; statues adorned with a single bead necklace , earrings , plain twisted armlets and thick wristlets ; a stooped right shoulder ; a globe held at navel level ; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand , and the legs are shapeless . = = = East wing = = = Several courtyards to the east and west of the main cave are blocked , though there is a 17 m ( 56 ft ) -wide courtyard that is accessible by entering the eastern part and climbing nine steps . A temple on the southern wall of the court depicts a well @-@ preserved fresco . The circular pedestal seen in the courtyard in front of the Shiva 's shrine near the east end , in the open area , is said to be the seat of Nandi , Shiva 's mount . On each side of the steps leading to the temple @-@ cave portico is a winged lion , or leogriff , each seated with a raised forepaw . The portico has chambers at each end and a Linga @-@ shrine at the back . Five low steps and a threshold lead into the central Linga @-@ shrine which is 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) wide and 5 m ( 16 ft ) deep and has a circumambulatory path ( Pradakshina @-@ path ) around it . At the back of the portico , near the east end , is a gigantic statue of a four @-@ armed doorkeeper with two attendant demons . At the north end is a standing figure holding a trident . His left hand rests on a defaced demon @-@ figure . The west wall depicts the Ashta @-@ Matrikas ( eight mother goddesses ) , flanked by Kartikeya and Ganesha , the sons of Shiva . Some of Matrikas are depicted with children , but all of them are shown by their respective mounts ( bull , swan , peacock , a Garuda , etc . ) which identify them . At the east end of the portico is another chapel with a plain interior and sunken floor . Water drips in this chapel . = = = West wing = = = The west wing , entered through the main cave , is in a semi @-@ ruined state . It has a small chapel and a cistern enclosed within the pillared cave , which is believed to be Buddhist . Another shrine to the west of the courtyard , with a portico , has carvings of Shiva in a yogic pose seated on a lotus carried by “ two fat , heavy , wigged figures ” . This carving also depicts a three @-@ faced bearded Bramha and several other figurines . Entering through the back door of the portico is a cave enshrined with a multifaceted Shiva Linga erected over roughly hewn salunkhs . At the door entrance on both flanks , statues of gatekeepers standing over demons and two fat , poised figures are seen . On the southern side of the door is an ensemble of a number of statues . Prominent among these is the Shiva carving , which is depicted with six arms and the third eye in the forehead . Though in a partly ruined state , the carving shows Shiva with an ornamented crown fixed with a crescent , seen carrying a cobra in the left hand , a club in another hand , and discerned to be in a dancing pose . Next to this image are a figure under a plantain tree and a Shiva image ( Yogishvara ) seated on a lotus . Also seen in the panel are a male figure riding a bull with a bell fastened to its neck , a female figure and another carving to left of Shiva , a female figure with a jewel on her forehead with neatly looped headdress , Indra riding an elephant , Vishnu with four arms , holding a discus in one of his left hands and riding on Garuda flanked by a small flying figure , and a male figure with crescent in his hair . = = Other notable caves = = To the south @-@ east of the Great Cave is the second excavation , which faces east @-@ northeast

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"Ġwith", "Ġc", "rescent", "Ġin", "Ġhis", "Ġhair", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOther", "Ġnotable", "Ġcaves", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠTo", "Ġthe", "Ġsouth", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġeast", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠGreat", "ĠCave", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġexcavation", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġfaces", "Ġeast", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġnortheast" ]

93

. It includes a chapel at the north end . The front of this cave is completely destroyed ; only fragments of some semi @-@ columns remain . The interior has suffered water damage . The portico is 26 m ( 85 ft ) long and 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep . The chapel is supported by eight eight @-@ cornered columns and two demi @-@ columns and is irregular in shape . At the back of the portico are three chambers ; the central one has an altar and a water channel ( pranalika ) , though the Linga is lost . The shrine door has some traces of sculpture ( a boy , a fat figure , alligators on the frieze , and broken animal figures at the head of a doorjamb ) . The door @-@ keepers of the shrine are now in fragments . A little to the south of the last cave is another cave in worse condition , with water damage . It is a portico in which each end probably had a chapel or room with pillars in front . Two of them have cells at the back . The central door at the back of the portico leads to a damaged shrine . The shrine door has door @-@ keepers at each side , leaning on dwarfs with flying figures over the head , with door @-@ keepers and demons on the jamb and architrave . The shrine is a plain room 6 m ( 20 ft ) deep by 5 @.@ 7 m ( 19 ft ) wide with a low altar , holding a Linga . South of this cave is a cavern that may be used as a cistern . Above these caves is a tiger sculpture , which was worshipped as the tiger goddess Vaghesheri . This sculpture may be a guardian of the north entrance of Cave 1 . A Linga is also found near a small pond at top of the hill . Sculptures depicting a stone with a sun and a moon and a mother suckling a child ( now moved ) were also found nearby . Across the top of the ravine from Cave 1 is large hall known as Sitabai 's Temple ( cave ) . The portico has four pillars and two pilasters . The hall has 3 chambers at the back , the central one a shrine and the rest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) . The door of the central shrine has pilasters and a frieze , with the threshold having lion figures at the end . The shrine has an altar , a water channel , and hole in the centre , in which a statue of Parvati may have been worshipped . A 17th @-@ century record states that " this cave [ has ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble " and two idols , one of goddess Vetal Candi and a head being in a large square seat . Passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of Sitabai 's cave is a small Hindu excavation with a veranda , which was probably to be three cells , but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock . Towards the east of hill is a dry pond , with large artificial boulders and Buddhist cisterns along its banks . At the end of the north spur of the main hill is a mound that resembles a Buddhist stupa . = = Preservation = = The threats to Elephanta Caves have been identified as the following : developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the Mumbai harbour ) , anthropogenic pressure due to growth of population of the communities residing on the island , industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island , no risk preparedness plan to address natural calamities such as earthquake , cyclones and terrorist attacks , unsustainable tourism and tourist facilities on the island , and poor management of the heritage monument . Preservation of Elephanta Island as a whole with its monuments has been ensured both through legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures . The basic legislations enacted are : The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 and Rules ( 1959 ) ; The Elephanta Island ( Protected Monument ) Rules of 1957 , which prohibits mining , quarrying , blasting , excavation and other operations near the monument ; the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act promulgated in 1972 with its Rules promulgated in 1973 ; a Notification issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a 1 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) area from the shore as " a prohibited area " ; a series of Maharashtra State Government environmental acts protecting the site ; the 1966 Regional and Town Planning Act ; and the 1995 Heritage Regulations for Greater Bombay . The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) , Aurangabad Circle , on the basis of the above legislation and rules , maintain and manage the monuments . The physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include stabilisation of the rock face , construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars have collapsed , and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parap

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"Ġdoor", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġkeep", "ers", "Ġat", "Ġeach", "Ġside", "Ġ,", "Ġleaning", "Ġon", "Ġdwar", "fs", "Ġwith", "Ġflying", "Ġfigures", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġhead", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġdoor", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġkeep", "ers", "Ġand", "Ġdemons", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġj", "amb", "Ġand", "Ġarch", "it", "rave", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġshrine", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġplain", "Ġroom", "Ġ6", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ20", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġdeep", "Ġby", "Ġ5", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ7", "Ġm", "Ġ(", "Ġ19", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġwide", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġlow", "Ġaltar", "Ġ,", "Ġholding", "Ġa", "ĠLing", "a", "Ġ.", "ĠSouth", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġcave", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġcavern", "Ġthat", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġused", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġcis", "tern", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAbove", "Ġthese", "Ġcaves", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġtiger", "Ġsculpture", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġworshipped", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġtiger", "Ġgoddess", "ĠVag", "hes", "her", "i", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġsculpture", "Ġmay", "Ġbe", "Ġa", "Ġguardian", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġentrance", "Ġof", "ĠCave", "Ġ1", "Ġ.", "ĠA", 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"Ġthe", "Ġthreshold", "Ġhaving", "Ġlion", "Ġfigures", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġshrine", "Ġhas", "Ġan", "Ġaltar", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġwater", "Ġchannel", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhole", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcentre", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "Ġa", "Ġstatue", "Ġof", "ĠPar", "vati", "Ġmay", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġworshipped", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġ17", "th", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcentury", "Ġrecord", "Ġstates", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", "Ġthis", "Ġcave", "Ġ[", "Ġhas", "Ġ]", "Ġa", "Ġbeautiful", "Ġgate", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġporch", "Ġof", "Ġexqu", "is", "itely", "Ġwrought", "Ġmarble", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġtwo", "Ġidols", "Ġ,", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġgoddess", "ĠVet", "al", "ĠCand", "i", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġhead", "Ġbeing", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġlarge", "Ġsquare", "Ġseat", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPassing", "Ġalong", "Ġthe", "Ġface", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġeastern", "Ġhill", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġnorth", "Ġof", "ĠSit", "ab", "ai", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcave", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġsmall", "ĠHindu", "Ġexcavation", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġver", "anda", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġprobably", 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94

et wall surrounding the site . In addition , visitor facilities at the site have been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities , railing construction , pathways , and a flight of steps from the jetty to the caves ) . An on @-@ site museum has been established and a conservation plan has been put in place . Overall , conservation of the property is stated to be good . The site receives approximately 25 @,@ 000 visitors per month . Public information brochures are also available at the venue of the monuments . During the World Heritage Day on 18 April and World Heritage Week between 19 and 25 November there are special events held at the caves . Another popular event organised is an annual traditional dance festival that attracts many visitors . After declaring the caves a World Heritage Site , UNESCO granted $ 100 @,@ 000 to document the site 's history and draw up a site plan . A part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves . Based on assessments by UNESCO , management plans include : better communication and collaboration between the ASI , on @-@ site staff , and other responsible government departments ; improved public information and awareness programs ; monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment ; greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water leakages into the caves ; and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures . The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) is also involved with the Archaeological Survey of India in improving the local conditions at the cave site . A book has been published jointly by UNESCO , INTACH and the Government of India which presents a comprehensive site plan for restoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves . = Devin Townsend = Devin Garret Townsend ( born May 5 , 1972 ) is a Canadian musician , songwriter and record producer . He was the founder , songwriter , vocalist , and guitarist in extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad from 1994 to 2007 and has an extensive career as a solo artist . After performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school , Townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on Steve Vai 's album Sex & Religion . After recording and touring with Vai , Townsend was discouraged by what he found in the music industry , and vented his anger on the solo album Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing released under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He soon assembled a band under the name , and released the critically acclaimed City in 1997 . Since then , he has released three more studio albums with Strapping Young Lad , along with solo material released under his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records . Townsend 's solo albums , a diverse mix of hard rock , progressive metal , ambient , and new @-@ age , have featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians . In 2002 he formed the Devin Townsend Band , a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for two of his solo releases . In 2007 , he disbanded both Strapping Young Lad and the Devin Townsend Band , taking a break from touring to spend more time with his family . After a two @-@ year hiatus , he began recording again , and soon announced the formation of the Devin Townsend Project . The project began with a series of four albums , released from 2009 to 2011 , each written in a different style , and Townsend continues to record and tour under the new moniker . Across all his bands and projects , Townsend has released twenty @-@ three studio albums and three live albums . Townsend 's trademark production style , featuring a heavily multitracked wall of sound , has been compared to the styles of Phil Spector and Frank Zappa . His versatile vocal delivery ranges from screaming to an opera @-@ esque singing , and his songwriting is similarly diverse . Townsend 's musical style is rooted in metal , and his albums are written to express different aspects of his personality . = = Biography = = = = = Early musical career ( 1972 – 1994 ) = = = Devin Townsend was born in New Westminster , British Columbia , on May 5 , 1972 . Townsend picked up the banjo when he was five , and began playing guitar when he was 12 . As an early teenager he befriended Brian " Beav " Waddell , who would later play guitars as part of the Devin Townsend Band and bass on the Devin Townsend Project . He participated in several metal bands while he was in high school , and founded Grey Skies at the age of 19 . Around the same time he joined a popular local group called Caustic Thought , replacing Jed Simon on guitar and playing alongside bassist Byron Stroud , both of whom would later become members of Townsend 's flagship band , Strapping Young Lad . In 1993 , Townsend began writing material under the name Noisescapes , a project he later described as " just as violent as Strapping Young Lad " . Townsend recorded a Noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels . Relativity Records responded to Townsend with a record deal

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95

and Townsend began work on what was to be the first Noisescapes album , Promise . Shortly afterward , the label introduced him to musician Steve Vai . Impressed with Townsend 's vocal work , Vai offered him the role of the lead vocalist on his new album Sex and Religion . After recording Sex and Religion , Townsend accompanied Vai on a world tour in support of the album . Townsend soon landed a second touring gig , this time with the opening band of Vai 's tour , the Wildhearts . He played live with the band throughout half of 1994 in Europe , and appeared as a guest musician on their single Urge . Ginger , the band 's frontman , remained close friends with Townsend , later co @-@ writing several songs on Infinity and the Christeen + 4 Demos EP . While on tour with the Wildhearts , Townsend formed a short @-@ lived thrash metal project with Metallica 's then @-@ bassist Jason Newsted . The band , known as IR8 , featured Newsted on vocals and bass , Townsend on guitar , and Tom Hunting of Exodus on drums . The group recorded a few songs together , although Townsend says that they never intended to go further than that . " People heard about it and thought we wanted to put out a CD , which is absolutely not true , " he explains . " People took this project way too seriously . " A demo tape was put together , but the material was not released until 2002 , when Newsted published the IR8 vs. Sexoturica compilation . Though Townsend was proud of what he had accomplished so early in his career , he was discouraged by his experience with the music industry . " I was becoming a product of somebody else 's imagination , and it was mixing with my own personality , " he later reflected . " This combination was appalling . " He pushed to get his own projects off the ground . Despite getting notable touring gigs with other musicians , however , Townsend continued to face rejection of his own music . Relativity Records dropped Noisescapes from their label shortly after Townsend accepted Vai 's offer , seeing no commercial appeal in Townsend 's music . " I have a hunch they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with Steve , " he mused . While touring with the Wildhearts , Townsend received a phone call from an A & R representative for Roadrunner Records , expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him . The offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of Roadrunner , who regarded Townsend 's recordings as " just noise " . = = = Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing through Infinity ( 1994 – 1998 ) = = = In 1994 , Century Media Records offered Townsend a contract to make " some extreme albums " . He agreed to a five @-@ album deal with the record label , and also provided much of the guitar work on the 1994 album Millennium and the 1995 album Hard Wired by Vancouver industrial band Front Line Assembly . Townsend began to record material under the pseudonym Strapping Young Lad . He avoided using his real name at this point in career , looking for a fresh start after his high @-@ profile Vai gig . " At the beginning , I wanted to avoid at all cost to use my name because I was known as the singer for Steve Vai and it wasn 't the best publicity to have , " he later explained . " I was playing somebody else 's music and I was judged in respect to that music . " Townsend produced and performed nearly all the instruments on the debut studio album , Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing , which was released in April 1995 . Following the release of the record , Townsend and several other musician friends he knew in Vancouver recorded his first solo album in 1996 entitled Punky Brüster – Cooked on Phonics . Written and recorded in under a month , the album was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents the act of selling out for mainstream success . Townsend founded his own independent record label , HevyDevy Records , to release the album . Townsend assembled a permanent lineup of Strapping Young Lad to record City , including prolific metal drummer Gene Hoglan , along with Townsend 's former bandmates Jed Simon on guitar and Byron Stroud on bass . The industrial @-@ influenced album was released in 1997 . To this day , the album is widely considered Strapping Young Lad 's best work , with Metal Maniacs calling it " groundbreaking " and Revolver naming it " one of the greatest metal albums of all time " . Townsend himself considers it the band 's " ultimate " album . Later that year , Townsend released his second solo album , Ocean Machine : Biomech . The album featured a mix of hard rock , ambient , and progressive rock . After the completion of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , Townsend began to approach a mental breakdown . " I started to see human beings as little lonesome , water based , pink meat , " he explained , "

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96

life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises that the other little pieces of meat seemed to understand . " In 1997 , he checked himself into a mental @-@ health hospital , where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder . The diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music were coming from ; he felt his disorder " gave birth to the two extremes that are Strapping 's City record and Ocean Machine : Biomech . " After being discharged from the hospital , Townsend found that " everything just clicked " and he was able to write his third solo album , Infinity , which he described as " the parent project " of City and Ocean Machine : Biomech , with music influenced by Broadway . Townsend returned to the studio , accompanied by Hoglan , to work on the album , on which Townsend played most of the instruments . Infinity was released in October 1998 . Later in his career , Townsend has cited Infinity as his favorite solo record . With Infinity , Townsend began to label all albums outside of Strapping Young Lad under his own name , dropping the Ocean Machine moniker , to reduce confusion . He wanted to show that despite the highly varied nature of his projects , they are all simply aspects of his identity . The album Biomech was relabeled and redistributed as Ocean Machine : Biomech , under Townsend 's name , to reflect the new arrangement . Townsend 's bandmates began to play two sets at their shows , one as Strapping Young Lad , and one as the Devin Townsend Band , playing songs from Townsend 's solo albums . = = = Physicist and Terria ( 1999 – 2001 ) = = = Townsend 's next project took several years to come to fruition . After the creation of the IR8 demo tape , Townsend and Jason Newsted had begun work on a new project called Fizzicist , which they described as " heavier than Strapping Young Lad " . When the IR8 tape was leaked , Newsted 's Metallica bandmates James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich learned of the project . Hetfield was " fucking pissed " that Newsted was playing outside the band , and Newsted was prevented by his bandmates from working on any more side projects . With the project stalled , Townsend instead wrote the album himself , entitling it Physicist . Townsend assembled his Strapping Young Lad bandmates to record it , the only time this lineup was featured on a Devin Townsend album . The thrash @-@ influenced Physicist was released in June 2000 , and is generally considered a low point in Townsend 's career . Hoglan and the rest of the band were dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed , and Townsend considers it his worst album to date . Feeling he had " ostracized a bunch of fans " with Physicist , Townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record . Townsend was inspired one morning while driving across Canada with his band , and looked to write an " introspective " album dedicated to his homeland . He produced and recorded Terria , a " highly illustrated stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness " album , with Gene Hoglan on drums , Craig McFarland on bass and Jamie Meyer on keyboards . Townsend cited Ween 's White Pepper as an inspiration for the album . Terria was released in November 2001 . = = = Strapping Young Lad through Synchestra ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = = Townsend 's solo run lasted until 2002 . After a five @-@ year break from recording , Strapping Young Lad reunited to record a new album . Townsend credits the album , Strapping Young Lad , as an emotional response to the attacks of September 11 , 2001 , in the United States . " If the world 's about to blow up , " said Townsend , " let 's write the soundtrack for it . " The album 's lyrics were based more around fear and insecurity than the " hostile " lyrics of City . Musically , Strapping Young Lad was less industrial than City , and more reminiscent of death metal , with a " larger @-@ than @-@ life " rock production style . Townsend cited Front Line Assembly , Grotus , and Samael 's Passage as influences . The self @-@ titled album was released in February 2003 . It received lukewarm reviews , with critics finding it inferior to City , but it was the band 's first charting album , entering at 97th place on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart . While Strapping Young Lad was being reunited , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band consisted of Brian " Beav " Waddell on guitar , Mike Young on bass , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and Dave Young on keyboards . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend worked on the band 's first album , Accelerated Evolution , at the same time he

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97

was working on Strapping Young Lad , spending half the week on one and half on the other . Accelerated Evolution , named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year , was released a month after Strapping Young Lad . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called it " the album of the year " , praising it for " the hard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' rockin ' yet majestic and beautiful . " Prior to the formation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend had represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the band would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend 's two bands toured separately for their separate albums . Strapping Young Lad began working on their next album , Alien , in March 2004 . Feeling that the band 's previous album did not live up to expectations , Townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme . To prepare for the new album , Townsend stopped taking the medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder . " I think that as an artist , in order for me to get to the next plateau , I kind of feel the need to explore things and sometimes that exploration leads you to places that are a little crazy , " he explains . " And Alien was no exception with that . " Although Townsend considered the album an " impenetrable mass of technicality " , it was well received on its release , selling 3 @,@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several Billboard charts . Around this time , Townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of the video game Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel . Shortly thereafter Townsend began putting together the next Devin Townsend Band record , with the working title Human . Townsend intended the album as the more " pleasant " counterpart to Alien . " It 's basically a record about coming back down to earth after being in space with Alien for a while . " The album ended up being renamed Synchestra and was released in January 2006 . Townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in Synchestra , blending his trademark " pop metal " with influences from folk , polka , and Middle Eastern music . The final Strapping Young Lad album , The New Black , was released later in 2006 . = = = Ziltoid the Omniscient and hiatus ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = = Townsend withdrew from touring to spend time with his family . From home , Townsend completed his second solo ambient album , The Hummer , releasing it exclusively on his website in November 2006 . In May 2007 , Townsend released Ziltoid the Omniscient , a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek rock opera about the eponymous fictional alien . This was truly a solo album ; he programmed the drums using Drumkit from Hell , a software drum machine that uses samples recorded by Tomas Haake of Meshuggah and played all other instruments himself . Shortly after the album 's release , Townsend announced that he no longer planned to tour or make albums with Strapping Young Lad or the Devin Townsend Band . He explained that he was " burnt out on travelling , touring , and self promotion " and wished to do production work , write albums , and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring . In 2008 , Townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse ( see Musician cameos in Metalocalypse for more ) . The original character design for Pickles the Drummer , one of the series ' main characters , bore a striking resemblance to Townsend . The series ' co @-@ creator Brendon Small acknowledged the similarity , and altered the design before the series began . " We made sure he didn 't look like Devin Townsend . We gave him the goatee and the dreadover so he wouldn 't look like that . " = = = Devin Townsend Project ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = = After removing himself from the music industry , Townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoking . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music without drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it unrewarding and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write " . This began a period of " self discovery " where he learned " how to create without drugs " . Over two years , Townsend wrote over 60 songs , and found that they fit into " four distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans for a four @-@ album series called Devin Townsend Project , with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " accountable " for the persona he projects to the public . The project 's concept includes a different " theme " and a different group of musicians on each album . Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project tet

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"Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDevin", "ĠTownsend", "ĠProject", "Ġtet" ]

98

ralogy was written to " set the stage " for the subsequent albums . Townsend channelled his new @-@ found control and sobriety into Ki , a " tense , quiet " album , which contrasts with much of the music he had been known for . Additional female vocals were provided by Ché Aimee Dorval ( Casualties of Cool ) . Ki was released in May 2009 . The second entry , a " commercial , yet heavy " album called Addicted , was released in November 2009 and features lead vocals from Townsend and Dutch singer Anneke van Giersbergen . Brian " Beav " Waddell was recruited from the Devin Townsend Band to play bass . Townsend returned to the stage in January 2010 , touring North America with headliner Between the Buried and Me as well as Cynic and Scale the Summit . This was followed by a headlining tour in Australia and a series of high @-@ profile shows in Europe ( for example co @-@ headlining the Brutal Assault festival in Czech Republic ) . He headlined a North American tour with UK label mates TesseracT supporting , which began in October 2010 , and toured in Europe with support from Aeon Zen and Anneke van Giersbergen . The third and fourth albums in the Devin Townsend Project series , Deconstruction and Ghost , were released simultaneously on June 21 , 2011 . In December 2011 all four Devin Townsend Project albums with additional material were released as the Contain Us box set . Townsend performed all four of Devin Townsend Project albums in London and recorded them for a DVD box set called By a Thread : Live in London 2011 that was released on June 18 , 2012 . The first three shows were held at the University of London Union , November 10 – 12 , 2011 . Ki , Addicted , and Deconstruction were each performed on one night , respectively . The show for Ghost was held at the Union Chapel , Islington on November 13 , 2011 . These four shows were each entitled " An Evening with the Devin Townsend Project " . Despite the Devin Townsend Project being originally a four @-@ album series , Townsend decided to continue working under the moniker and released the fifth album , Epicloud on September 18 , 2012 . Again featuring Anneke van Giersbergen on vocals , Epicloud appeared on several European charts , peaking at number 8 in Finland . On October 27 , 2012 , Devin Townsend performed a one @-@ off show covering his musical career called The Retinal Circus at Roundhouse in London . The 3 @-@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on September 30 , 2013 . Also in 2012 , Townsend played bass on the debut Bent Sea album Noistalgia . He also produced the record . Another project Townsend has mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 is Obviouser , an album featuring " creepy , bass driven apocalyptic music " created with an " Ampeg rig " and an " Icelandic choir " . Working with many projects simultaneously at that time , Townsend stated in 2012 the Obviouser project is vying for pole position until " he wakes up and says ' he wants to do it ' " . = = = Casualties of Cool and Z2 ( 2012 – present ) = = = After Deconstruction and Ghost , Townsend announced a new album , Casualties of Cool , with which he started to work after the release of Epicloud . The album features Ché Aimee Dorval ( from Ki ) on vocals and Morgan Ågren on drums . Townsend described the album sounds like " haunted Johnny Cash songs " and " late night music " , highlighting it will be different than anything he has done before . Townsend referred the music of the album to be " closest to his heart " at this point of his life , and that it is an important and satisfying project he doesn 't want to rush . The album was completed on November 2013 , and a bonus disc was also made for the album , containing the leftover material from the main album as well as songs from Ghost 2 , the unreleased compilation of leftover tracks from Ghost . Originally in 2012 , Townsend stated that this album will be the sixth and the last album in the Devin Townsend Project series , but he ultimately confirmed that Casualties of Cool is its own project . Townsend also started a crowdfunding campaign through PledgeMusic to support the release of the album . The funding quickly reached its goal , and all additional funds were put directly to Townsend 's upcoming projects . Casualties of Cool was released on May 14 , 2014 . The album was re @-@ issued worldwide on January 15 , 2016 containing an additional DVD with live footage from the 2014 concert at the Union Chapel in London . From 2009 , Townsend worked on a long @-@ running album project called Z ² , a sequel to the album Ziltoid the Omniscient ( 2007 ) . Originally in 2012 , he teased he " may have just written the heaviest thing he 's ever done "

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