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README.md
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- text-generation-inference
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library_name: transformers
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- text-generation-inference
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- backpack
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- backpackmodel
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library_name: transformers
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license: apache-2.0
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datasets:
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- openwebtext
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language:
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- en
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---
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---
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---
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# Model Card for Backpack-GPT2
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<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. [Optional] -->
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The Backpack-GPT2 language model is an instance of the [Backpack architecture](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16765), intended to combine strong modeling performance with an interface for interpretability and control.
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Most details about this model and its training should be accessed in the paper, [Backpack Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16765).
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See also [backpackmodels.science](backpackmodels.science).
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# Table of Contents
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- [Model Card for Backpack-GPT2](#model-card-for--model_id-)
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- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
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- [Model Details](#model-details)
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- [Model Description](#model-description)
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- [Uses](#uses)
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- [Bias, Risks, and Limitations](#bias-risks-and-limitations)
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- [Training Details](#training-details)
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- [Training Data](#training-data)
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- [Training Procedure](#training-procedure)
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- [Environmental Impact](#environmental-impact)
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- [Technical Specifications [optional]](#technical-specifications-optional)
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- [Model Architecture and Objective](#model-architecture-and-objective)
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- [Compute Infrastructure](#compute-infrastructure)
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- [Hardware](#hardware)
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- [Software](#software)
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- [Citation](#citation)
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- [Model Card Authors [optional]](#model-card-authors-optional)
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- [Model Card Contact](#model-card-contact)
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- [How to Get Started with the Model](#how-to-get-started-with-the-model)
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# Model Details
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## Model Description
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<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is/does. -->
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The Backpack-GPT2 is a [Backpack-based language model](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16765), an architecture intended to combine strong modeling performance with an interface for interpretability and control.
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- **Developed by:** John Hewitt, John Thickstun, Christopher D. Manning, Percy Liang
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- **Shared by [Optional]:** More information needed
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- **Model type:** Language model
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- **Language(s) (NLP):** en
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- **License:** apache-2.0
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- **Resources for more information:**
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- [GitHub Repo](https://github.com/john-hewitt/backpacks-flash-attn)
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- [Associated Paper](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openwebtext)
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# Uses
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This model is intended for use in the study and development of increasingly interpretable methods in natural language processing.
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It is not directly fit for any production use.
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# Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
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Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., [Sheng et al. (2021)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.330.pdf) and [Bender et al. (2021)](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445922)). Predictions generated by the model may include disturbing and harmful stereotypes across protected classes; identity characteristics; and sensitive, social, and occupational groups.
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This model in particular is limited in its capabilities, and with a brand new architecture, less is known about its biases than, e.g., Transformer-based models.
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# Training Details
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## Training Data
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<!-- This should link to a Data Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->
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This model was trained on the [OpenWebText](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openwebtext) corpus.
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## Training Procedure
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This model was trained for 100k gradient steps with a batch size of 512k tokens and a linearly decaying learning rate from 6e-4 to zero, with a linear warmup of 5k steps.
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# Environmental Impact
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- **Hardware Type:** 4 A100 GPUs (40G)
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- **Hours used:** Roughly 4 days.
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- **Cloud Provider:** Stanford compute.
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- **Compute Region:** Stanford energy grid.
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## Model Architecture and Objective
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This model was trained to minimize the cross-entropy loss, and is a [Backpack language model](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.16765.pdf).
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## Compute Infrastructure
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This model was trained on a slurm cluster.
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### Hardware
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This model was trained on 4 A100s.
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### Software
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This model was trained with [FlashAttention](https://github.com/HazyResearch/flash-attention) and [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/)
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# Citation
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**BibTeX:**
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```
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@InProceedings{hewitt2023backpack,
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author = "Hewitt, John and Thickstun, John and Manning, Christopher D. and Liang, Percy",
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title = "Backpack Language Models",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
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year = "2023",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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location = "Toronto, Canada",
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}
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```
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# Model Card Authors [optional]
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<!-- This section provides another layer of transparency and accountability. Whose views is this model card representing? How many voices were included in its construction? Etc. -->
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John Hewitt
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# Model Card Contact
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johnhew@cs.stanford.edu
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# How to Get Started with the Model
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<details>
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<summary> Click to expand </summary>
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More information needed
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</details>
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