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stringlengths 23
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stringlengths 40
40
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11.8k
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refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>ManishPaneri/School_Hostel_Assignment<file_sep>/src/main/java/school/Student.java
package school;
import java.util.Objects;
public class Student {
private String rollNumber;
private Classes classes;
private String foodPreference;
public Student(String rollNumber, Classes classes, String foodPreference){
this.rollNumber = rollNumber;
this.classes = classes;
this.foodPreference = foodPreference;
}
public String getRollNumber() {
return rollNumber;
}
public Classes getClasses() {
return classes;
}
public String getFoodPreference() {
return foodPreference;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
Student student = (Student) o;
return Objects.equals(rollNumber, student.rollNumber);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return Objects.hash(rollNumber);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/school/Classes.java
package school;
import java.util.Objects;
public class Classes {
private String className;
public Classes(String name){
this.className = name;
}
public String getClassName() {
return className;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
Classes classes = (Classes) o;
return Objects.equals(className, classes.className);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return Objects.hash(className);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/test/java/school/TestStudent.java
package school;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
public class TestStudent {
@Test
public void NullCheckStudent(){
Student student = new Student(null, null, null);
Assert.assertNotNull(student);
Assert.assertNull(student.getRollNumber());
Assert.assertNull(student.getClasses());
Assert.assertNull(student.getFoodPreference());
}
@Test
public void ValidStudentTestCase(){
Classes A = new Classes("A");
String rollNumber = "1";
Student student = new Student(rollNumber, A, FoodPreference.V.name());
Assert.assertNotNull(student);
Assert.assertEquals(rollNumber, student.getRollNumber());
Assert.assertEquals(A, student.getClasses());
Assert.assertEquals(FoodPreference.V.name(), student.getFoodPreference());
}
}
|
a51daed979ad275ae68da6f49d2025b8e7769dae
|
[
"Java"
] | 3
|
Java
|
ManishPaneri/School_Hostel_Assignment
|
9243af9799e04d2513290bd1e5f590e4f673ebf0
|
df8da35ef1eda69877623e9b1dff0752b5b043d4
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>Sensoe/2048<file_sep>/save.c
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "2048.h"
/*! *
* Fonction créant un repertoire pour stocker les sauvegardes. */
void makeSave()
{
printf("Creation du repertoire de sauvegardes :\n");
if (system("mkdir saves") == 0)
printf("Le dossier a bien ete cree dans votre repertoire courant.\n\n\n");
else
printf("Impossible donc de creer le dossier dans votre repertoire courant.\n\n\n");
}
/*! *
* Fonction sauvegardant la partie en cours *
* *
* \param p : pointeur sur la partie courante à sauvegarder *
* *
* Retourne 0 en cas de problème, 1 sinon */
int save_game(struct partie *p)
{
FILE *save = NULL, *saveD = NULL;
char nomSav[TAILLE_CH] = "saves/";
char nomChoix[TAILLE_CH] = { '\0' };
printf("Veuillez donner un nom a la sauvegarde : ");
do{
scanf("%s", nomChoix);
if (verificationSave(nomChoix) == 0)
printf("Ce nom n'est pas valide, veuillez entrer des caracteres alphanumeriques.\n");
} while (verificationSave(nomChoix) == 0);
strcat(nomChoix, ".ygreg");
strcat(nomSav, nomChoix);
save = fopen(nomSav, "wb");
saveD = fopen("saves/index.rolex", "ab");
if (save != NULL && saveD != NULL && p != NULL)
{
fwrite(p, sizeof(struct partie), 1, save);
fclose(save);
fwrite(nomSav, sizeof(char), TAILLE_CH, saveD);
fclose(saveD);
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/*! *
* Fonction chargeant la partie sauvegardée choisie. *
* *
* \param p : adresse du pointeur sur la partie à charger *
* *
* Retourne 0 en case de problème, 1 sinon */
int load_game(struct partie *p)
{
FILE *save = NULL, *saveD = NULL;
int i = 1, j;
char nomSav[TAILLE_CH] = { '\0' };
saveD = fopen("saves/index.rolex", "rb");
if (saveD != NULL)
{
printf("\nListe des sauvegardes disponibles :");
while (fread(nomSav, sizeof(char), TAILLE_CH, saveD) != 0)
{
printf("\n%d - %s", i, nomSav + 6);
i++;
}
printf("\n\nQuelle sauvegarde souhaitez vous charger ? Entrez son numero : ");
do{
scanf("%d", &j);
} while (j>i);
rewind(saveD);
for (i = 1; i <= j; i++)
fread(nomSav, sizeof(char), TAILLE_CH, saveD);
printf("\n%s chargee!\n", nomSav + 6);
fclose(saveD);
}
save = fopen(nomSav, "rb");
if (save != NULL && p != NULL)
{
fread(p, sizeof(struct partie), 1, save);
fclose(save);
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/*!
* Fonction affichant le menu (si p!=NULL, on permet de reprendre une partie et de sauvegarder la partie)
*
* \param p : pointeur sur la partie courante.
* Valeur de retour :
* 0 si les joueurs veulent quitter le jeu,
* 1 sils veulent commencer une nouvelle partie,
* 2 sils veulent charger la dernière partie sauvegardée,
* 3 sils veulent sauvegarder la partie courante,
* 4 sils veulent reprendre la partie courante.
*/
int menu(struct partie *p)
{
int choix;
printf(" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf(" ... ... \n");
printf(" / \\\\\\ /// \\ \n");
printf(" ( ))) 2048 ((( ) \n");
printf(" \\ /// (4x4) \\\\\\ / \n");
printf("\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
do{
printf("\n\nQue souhaitez-vous faire ?\n0 - Quitter\n1 - Nouvelle Partie\n2 - Charger une sauvegarde\n");
if (p != NULL)
printf("3 - Sauvegarder la partie en cours\n4 - Retour au jeu en cours\n");
scanf("%d", &choix);
if (choix<QUIT_GAME || (choix>SAVE_GAME && p == NULL) || choix>RESUME_GAME)
printf("\nVotre saisie est invalide, veuillez entrer une des options proposees.\n");
} while (choix<0 || (choix>2 && p == NULL) || choix>4);
return choix;
}
<file_sep>/menu.c
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "2048.h"
/*!
* Retourne 1 si la case est vide, 0 sinon
*/
int empty_slot (game *p, int line, int column){
return (get_value(p, line, column)==0);
}
/*!
* Ajoute une valeur (2 ou 4 choisi aléatoirement) sur une case vide
* (elle aussi choisie aléatoirement).
*/
void set_random_value (game *p){
int *free_slots[p->free_slots];
int slot, val,
dim = (p->n),
empty = 0;
srand(time(NULL));
/*
* On parcourt tout le plateau de jeu pour identifier les cases vides.
* Des qu'une case vaut 0 on stocke son adresse dans le tableau de pointeurs sur entier free_slots.
* Ce tableau contient donc l'adresse de chacune des cases vides a la sortie de la boucle.
*/
for(slot=0; slot<(dim*dim); slot++){
if(get_value(p, slot/dim, slot%dim)==0){
free_slots[empty++] = &(p->grid[(dim*(slot/dim))+slot%dim]);
}
}
/*
* Si l'on a au moins une case de libre, on ajoute une valeur aleatoirement.
* La case a remplir est tiree au hasard parmis les indices possibles de free_slots[] et on y accede directement grace a son adresse stockee dans ce tableau.
* Enfin on diminue de 1 le nombre de cases vides.
*/
if(p->free_slots>0){
val = ((rand()%2)+1)*2;
slot = rand()%(p->free_slots);
*free_slots[slot] = val;
(p->free_slots)--;
}
}
/*!
* Retourne 1 si la partie est gagnée, 0 sinon.
*/
int victory (game *p){
int slot = 0,
dim = p->n;
do{
if(get_value(p, slot/dim, slot%dim)==(p->max_value)){
return 1;
}
}while (++slot<(dim*dim));
return 0;
}
/*!
* Retourne 1 si la partie est perdue, 0 sinon.
*/
int defeat (game*p){
int line, column, val,
slot = 0,
dim = p->n,
limit = (dim*dim)-1;
if(p->free_slots == 0){
do{
line = slot/dim, column = slot%dim, val = get_value(p, line, column);
if(((val == get_value(p, line+1, column) && line != (dim-1))
|| (val == get_value(p, line, column+1) && column != (dim-1)))
&& val != 0){
return 0;
}
}while(++slot<limit);
}
return (p->free_slots==0);
}
/*!
* Retourne 1 si la partie est terminée, 0 sinon.
*/
int game_over (game*p){
return (victory(p) || defeat(p));
}<file_sep>/2048.c
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "2048.h"
int main(){
int exit, check, end;
game *p=NULL;
makeSave();
do{
exit = menu(p);
if (exit == NEW_GAME)
{
p=init_game(4, 2048);
set_random_value(p);
set_random_value(p);
check=1;
}
else if (exit == LOAD_GAME)
{
p = calloc(sizeof(game), 1);
check = load_game(p);
}
else if (exit == SAVE_GAME)
check = save_game(p);
if (exit != QUIT_GAME && check != 0 && p != NULL)
{
end = play(p);
if (end == 1)
{
if (defeat(p) == 1)
{
printf("Vous avez perdu.\n");
}
else
{
printf("Vous avez gagné!\n");
}
free_memory(p);
p = NULL;
}
}
else if (check == 0 && p != NULL)
{
if (exit == LOAD_GAME)
printf("\nImpossible de charger la partie comme demande.\nFin du programme.\n");
else if (exit == SAVE_GAME)
printf("\nImpossible de sauvegarder la partie comme demande.\nFin du programme.\n");
}
} while (exit != QUIT_GAME && check != 0);
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/makefile
all: 2048
2048: 2048.o jeu.o organisation.o save.o menu.o terminalCouleur.o saisieM.o
gcc 2048.o jeu.o organisation.o save.o menu.o terminalCouleur.o -o 2048 -lm
2048.o: 2048.c 2048.h
gcc -c 2048.c -o 2048.o
saisieM.o: saisieM.c 2048.h saisieM.h
gcc -c saisieM.c -o saisieM.o
jeu.o: jeu.c 2048.h saisieM.h
gcc -c jeu.c -o jeu.o
terminalCouleur.o: terminalCouleur.c 2048.h terminalCouleur.h
gcc -c terminalCouleur.c -o terminalCouleur.o
organisation.o: organisation.c 2048.h terminalCouleur.h
gcc -c organisation.c -o organisation.o
sauvegarde.o: save.c 2048.h
gcc -c save.c -o save.o
menu.o: menu.c 2048.h
gcc -c menu.c -o menu.o
clean:
rm -rf *o 2048
<file_sep>/organisation.c
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "2048.h"
/*!
* Alloue la grille de la variable jeu passée par adresse.
* Initialise les cases de la grille avec des cases vides (valeurs nulles)
* Initialise les champs n et max_value avec les valeurs passées en paramètre
*
* \param p : pointeur sur une partie de 2048
* \param n : taille de la grille
* \param max_value : valeur à atteindre pour gagner
*/
void init_game (game *p, int n, int max_value){
if(p!=NULL){
p->grid = calloc(n*n, sizeof(int));
p->n = n;
p->max_value = max_value;
p->free_slots = n*n;
}
else
printf("Une erreur de segmentation est survenue lors de l'initialisation de la partie. Veuillez réessayer plus tard.");
}
/*!
* Libère la mémoire allouée pour la grille du jeu passé par adresse.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur une partie de 2048
*/
void free_memory (game *p){
free(p->grid);
}
/*!
* Fonction retournant 1 si la case (i, j) existe, 0 sinon.
*
*/
int valid_slot (game *p, int line, int column){
return (line>=0 && line<(p->n) && column>=0 && column<(p->n));
}
/*!
* Fonction retournant la valeur de la case (ligne, colonne) de la partie p,
* ou -1 si la case n’existe pas.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur la partie en cours
* \param line : entier correspondant au numéro de ligne
* \param column : entier correspondant au numéro de colonne
*/
int get_value (game *p, int line, int column){
return (p->grid[((p->n)*line)+column]*(valid_slot(p, line, column))-!(valid_slot(p, line, column)));
}
/*!
* Fonction modifiant la valeur de la case (ligne, colonne) de la partie p, avec la valeur val
*
* \param p : pointeur sur la partie en cours
* \param line : entier orrespondant au numéro de ligne
* \param column : entier orrespondant au numéro de colonne
* \param val : entier à mettre dans la case (i, j) (si elle existe)
*/
void set_value (game*p, int line, int column, int val){
if(valid_slot(p, line, column)){
p->grid[((p->n)*line)+column] = val;
}
}
/*!
* Fonction affichant une grille en couleur à l’écran.
*
* Le typedef enum COULEUR_TERMINAL contenu dans terminalCouleur.h nous permet de traiter chaque couleur
* du panel comme étant un entier compris entre 0 et 7.
* On attribue donc grâce à un log de base 2 une valeur comprise entre 0 et 7 à la couleur de la case courante,
* couleur variant ainsi selon la puissance de 2 comprise dans la case en question.
*
*
* \param p : pointeur sur la partie que l’on souhaite afficher
*/
void show (game *p){
int line, column, curr_val;
COULEUR_TERMINAL bg_color, fg_color, absolute_color;
clear_terminal();
for(line=0; line<(p->n); line++){
/*
* Chaque ligne a (p->n) colonnes de hauteur egale a 3 pour donner de l'epaisseur. Donc chaque ligne est composee de 3 sous-lignes.
* curr_val : valeur de la case actuelle
* absolute_color : puissance de 2 correspondant à curr_val (si curr_val=8, absolute_color=3 car 8=2^3)
* fg_color : couleur d'ecriture (On ecrira toujours en blanc, plus simple que de changer a chaque couleur et plus lisible)
* bg_color : couleur de fond (On module par 7 pour ne pas avoir de case de couleur blanche)
*/
for(column=0; column<(p->n)*3; column++){
fg_color = WHITE;
curr_val = get_value(p, line, column%(p->n));
absolute_color = (COULEUR_TERMINAL)(log2((double)(curr_val)));
bg_color = (absolute_color%7)+(absolute_color>=7);
// Si on est au debut d'une sous-ligne, on fait un saut de ligne et on decale de 3 tabulations pour centrer l'affichage
if(column%(p->n)==0){
printf("\n\t\t\t");
}
/*
* Si on est pas sur la sous-ligne du milieu on affiche seulement une chaine vide de 7 caracteres.
* Sinon si la valeur de la case est 0, on affiche un point sur 7 caracteres.
* Sinon on affiche la valeur de la case sur 7 caracteres en tenant compte de la longueur du chiffre a afficher.
*/
if(column<(p->n) || column>=2*(p->n)){
color_printf(fg_color, bg_color, " ");
}
else if(curr_val==0){
color_printf(fg_color, bg_color, " . ");
}
else{
if(curr_val<10){
color_printf(fg_color, bg_color, " %d ", curr_val);
}
else if(curr_val<100){
color_printf(fg_color, bg_color, " %d ", curr_val);
}
else if(curr_val<1000){
color_printf(fg_color, bg_color, " %d ", curr_val);
}
}
}
}
printf("\n");
}<file_sep>/2048.h
#ifndef lala_H
#define lala_H
#define MOVE_RIGHT (-1)
#define MOVE_LEFT 1
#define MOVE_DOWN (-1)
#define MOVE_UP 1
typedef enum{
QUIT_GAME,
NEW_GAME,
LOAD_GAME,
SAVE_GAME,
RESUME_GAME
}Select;
typedef struct{
int n;
int max_value;
int free_slots;
int *grid;
}game;
game* init_game(int n, int max_value);
void free_memory(game *p);
int valid_slot(game *p, int line, int column);
int get_value(game *p, int line, int column);
void set_value(game*p, int line, int column, int val);
void show(game *p);
int empty_slot(game *p, int line, int column);
void set_random_value(game *p);
int victory(game *p);
int defeat(game*p);
int game_over(game*p);
int move_line(game *p, int line, int direction);
int move_lines(game *p, int direction);
int move_column(game *p, int column, int direction);
int move_columns(game *p, int direction);
int move(game *p, int direction);
int input_read();
int play(game *p);
void makeSave();
int save_game(game *p);
int load_game(game *p);
int menu(game *p);
#endif
<file_sep>/jeu.c
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "2048.h"
/*!
* Effectue les mouvements (à gauche ou à droite) des cases d’une ligne.
* Renvoie 1 si l’on a déplacé au moins une case, 0 sinon.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur un jeu
* \param line : indice de ligne
* \param direction : 1 pour déplacement vers la gauche et -1 pour un déplacement vers la droite
*/
int move_line (game *p, int line, int direction){
/*
* start vaudra (n-1) si on va vers la droite ou 0 si on va vers la gauche. C'est la variable correspondant au départ des boucles utilisees.
* limit vaudra 0 si on va vers la droite ou (n-1) si on va vers la gauche. C'est la variable correspondant à la fin des boucles utilisees.
* On parcourt donc la ligne de gauche à droite si on veut se deplacer vers la gauche. On la parcourt de droite à gauche sinon.
*/
int column, other_val, curr_val,
size = (p->n-1),
start = size*(direction==MOVE_RIGHT),
limit = size*(direction==MOVE_LEFT),
move = 0,
pack = start;
/*
* On tasse la ligne du cote du deplacement voulu.
* pack ne va augmenter que lorsqu'on rencontrera une case non vide, ce qui permet de deplacer les elements non nuls dans les cases vides.
* On ajoute a ca le vidage des cases deplacees pour reellement tasser la ligne et ne pas dupliquer de valeurs.
* S'il y a deplacement, on incremente move.
*/
for(column=start; column!=(limit+direction); column+=direction){
if(get_value(p, line, column)!=0){
set_value(p, line, pack, get_value(p, line, column));
if(pack!=column){
set_value(p, line, column, 0);
move++;
}
pack += direction;
}
}
//Cette boucle effectue la fusion des cases identiques.
for(column=start; column!=limit; column+=direction){
other_val = get_value(p, line, column+direction);
curr_val = get_value(p, line, column);
//Si deux cases ont la meme valeur et que ca n'est pas 0, on stocke la somme dans la case courante, on incremente le nombre de cases vides et move (il y a deplacement).
if(other_val==curr_val && curr_val!=0){
move++;
(p->free_slots)++;
set_value(p, line, column, curr_val+other_val);
//On decale ensuite d'un cran dans la direction voulue toute les cases non modifiees et on mets les cases d'origine de celles decalees a 0.
for(pack=(column+direction); pack!=limit; pack+=direction){
set_value(p, line, pack, get_value(p, line, pack+direction));
set_value(p, line, pack+direction, 0);
}
//Pour mettre la derniere case de la ligne a 0 (pas pris en compte par la boucle).
set_value(p, line, pack, 0);
}
}
//Si move est different de 0, il y a eu au moins un mouvement.
return (move!=0);
}
/*!
* Effectue les mouvements (à gauche ou à droite) des cases sur toutes les lignes.
* Renvoie 1 si l’on a déplacé au moins une case, 0 sinon.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur un jeu
* \param direction : 1 pour déplacement vers la gauche et -1 pour un déplacement vers la droite
*/
int move_lines (game *p, int direction){
int line,
move = 0;
for(line=0; line<(p->n); line++){
move += move_line(p, line, direction);
}
return (move!=0);
}
/*!
* Effectue les mouvements (vers le haut ou vers le bas) des cases d’une colonne.
* Renvoie 1 si l’on a déplacé au moins une case, 0 sinon.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur un jeu
* \param column : indice de colonne
* \param direction : -1 pour déplacement vers la bas et 1 vers le haut
*/
int move_column (game *p, int column, int direction){
int line, other_val, curr_val,
size = (p->n-1),
start = size*(direction==MOVE_RIGHT),
limit = size*(direction==MOVE_LEFT),
move = 0,
pack = start;
for(line=start; line!=(limit+direction); line+=direction){
if(get_value(p, line, column)!=0){
set_value(p, pack, column, get_value(p, line, column));
if(pack!=line){
set_value(p, line, column, 0);
move++;
}
pack += direction;
}
}
for(line=start; line!=limit; line+=direction){
other_val = get_value(p, line+direction, column);
curr_val = get_value(p, line, column);
if(other_val==curr_val && curr_val!=0){
move++;
(p->free_slots)++;
set_value(p, line, column, curr_val+other_val);
for(pack=(line+direction); pack!=limit; pack+=direction){
set_value(p, pack, column, get_value(p, pack+direction, column));
set_value(p, pack+direction, column, 0);
}
set_value(p, pack, column, 0);
}
}
return (move!=0);
}
/*!
* Effectue les mouvements (vers le haut ou vers le bas) des cases de toutes les colonnes.
* Renvoie 1 si l’on a déplacé au moins une case, 0 sinon.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur un jeu
* \param direction : -1 pour déplacement vers la bas et 1 vers le haut
*/
int move_columns (game *p, int direction){
int column, move = 0;
for(column=0; column<(p->n); column++){
move += move_column(p, column, direction);
}
return (move!=0);
}
/*!
* Effectue le mouvement sur les lignes ou sur les colonnes suivant la valeur de direction.
*
* \param p : pointeur sur un jeu
* \param direction : entier donnant la direction :
* 0 : vers le bas
* 1 : vers la droite
* 2 : vers le haut
* 3 : vers la gauche
* Renvoie 1 si l’on a déplacé au moins une case, 0 sinon
*/
int move (game *p, int direction){
switch(direction){
case KEY_DOWN :
return (move_columns(p, MOVE_DOWN));
break;
case KEY_RIGHT :
return (move_lines(p, MOVE_RIGHT));
break;
case KEY_UP :
return (move_columns(p, MOVE_UP));
break;
case KEY_LEFT :
return (move_lines(p, MOVE_LEFT));
break;
default :
return 0;
}
}
/*!
* Fonction permettant la saisie d’une direction ou de l’arrêt du jeu
* (saisie répétée pour les autres touches)
* Retourne :
* -1 si l’utilisateur arrête le jeu
* 0 si l’utilisateur souhaite déplacer vers le bas
* 1 si l’utilisateur souhaite déplacer vers la droite
* 2 si l’utilisateur souhaite déplacer vers le haut
* 3 si l’utilisateur souhaite déplacer vers le gauche
*/
int input_read (){
int arr_key;
debutTerminalSansR();
do{
arr_key = (int)lectureFleche();
}while(arr_key==NO_KEY);
finTerminalSansR();
return arr_key;
}
/*!
* Fonction permettant de jouer la partie en cours (on la suppose initialisée)
* Retourne 1 si la partie est terminée (l’utilisateur a gagné ou perdu), et 0 sinon
* (l’utilisateur a appuyé sur la touche Echap).
*/
int play (game *p){
int direction;
set_random_value(p);
do{
show(p);
direction = input_read();
if(direction!=KEY_ESCAPE){
//On ajoute une valeur aleatoire seulement s'il y a deplacement.
if(move(p,direction)){
set_random_value(p);
}
}
if(game_over(p)){
show(p);
}
}while(!game_over(p) && direction!=KEY_ESCAPE);
return game_over(p);
}
|
6dd459a048d3e5d294e2a8066fedbfab4df30a8d
|
[
"C",
"Makefile"
] | 7
|
C
|
Sensoe/2048
|
2f37fc722d0a1565f5eb52a745fc50041b6753be
|
b9cd223633726f38c9212e84df1da0da0ebdd43d
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep>**Building the docker file**
```
sudo docker build --tag search-autocomplete-app .
```
**Running the docker file**
Make sure you are in root directory of the project and run the following command
```
sudo docker run --name search-autocomplete-app -p 5001:5001 search-autocomplete-app
```
**Prerequisite**
1. Docker installed in the machine for build
2. Redis installation (IP needs to be updated in the app.py for redis connection)
<file_sep># Repetitions solution
## Solution using AWK command
Inside BEGIN we have used OFS to empty space that will act as the output field saperator for the rest
we have compared second item to the first item and printing it if it is not equal (We printed the first word as we are iterating from the second word)
```
awk 'BEGIN{OFS=" "}{
printf "%s", $1
for (i=2; i<=NF; i++) {
if ($i != $(i-1)) {
printf "%s%s", OFS ,$i
}
}
print ""
}' input.txt > output.txt
```
## Execution steps
```
cd 1/ && \
cat inputs/sample-input.txt | ./Repetitions.sh
```
<file_sep>awk 'BEGIN{OFS=" "}{
printf "%s", $1
for (i=2; i<=NF; i++) {
if ($i != $(i-1)) {
printf "%s%s", OFS ,$i
}
}
print ""
}'
<file_sep>from flask import Flask,request,jsonify
import redis
from flask import Flask,request,jsonify
app = Flask(__name__)
r = redis.StrictRedis(host='192.168.127.12', port=6379, db=0)
KEY = 'compl'
'''
FORMAT:
localhost:5000/add?name=<name>
'''
@app.route('/')
def details():
return """<xmp>
Add word,
http://127.0.0.1:5000/add?name=<word>
Query word,
http://127.0.0.1:5000/suggestions?prefix=<word>
</xmp>"""
@app.route('/add')
def add_to_dict():
try:
name = request.args.get('name')
print("value of name"+name)
line = name.strip()
for end_index in range(1, len(line)):
prefix = line[0:end_index]
print("Prefix values :"+prefix)
r.zadd(KEY,{prefix:0})
r.zadd(KEY,{line+'*':0})
return "Addition Successful"
except:
return "Addition failed"
'''
FORMAT:
localhost:5000/suggestions?prefix=<prefix_you want to match>
'''
@app.route('/suggestions')
def get_suggestions():
prefix = request.args.get('prefix')
results = []
rangelen = 50
count=50
print("value of KEY: "+KEY)
print("value of prefix: "+prefix)
start = r.zrank(KEY, prefix)
print(start)
print ("Inside the function")
if not start:
return []
while len(results) != count:
print ("Inside the while")
range = r.zrange(KEY, start, start + rangelen - 1)
print('Range')
print(range)
start += rangelen
if not range or len(range) == 0:
break
for entry in range:
print('Inside For Loop')
entry=entry.decode('utf-8')
print(entry)
len_entry = len(entry)
len_prefix = len(prefix)
minlen = min((len(entry), len(prefix)))
print(minlen)
if entry[0:minlen] != prefix[0:minlen]:
count = len(results)
break
if entry[-1] == '*' and len(results) != count:
results.append(entry[0:-1])
return jsonify(results)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host ='0.0.0.0', port = 5001, debug=True)
|
0f74c4cfd21bac52accb8c37aaf380f4cfc21fad
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python",
"Shell"
] | 4
|
Markdown
|
bombadeb/Demo1
|
6e96cbe7328b1f0a0e0ef9b8a9cd7488bed42c8e
|
c71b2148ba07dc400118e5e3329572848efe459c
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>joseph-tohdjojo/react-starter<file_sep>/server/routes/api/entries/entriesRoutes.js
const entriesCtrl = require('./entriesCtrl.js')
module.exports = (app) => {
app.get('/api/posts', entriesCtrl.getAllPosts)
}
<file_sep>/server.js
/*------------------------------------*\
#VENDOR DEPENDENCIES
\*------------------------------------*/
const express = require('express')
const path = require('path')
/*------------------------------------*\
#VARIABLES
\*------------------------------------*/
const port = 8080
/*------------------------------------*\
#INITIALIZE APP
\*------------------------------------*/
const app = express()
app.use(express.static(path.resolve(__dirname, 'public')))
// handle every other route with index.html, which will contain
// a script tag to your application's JavaScript file(s).
app.get('*', function (request, response){
response.sendFile(path.resolve(__dirname, 'public', 'index.html'))
})
/*------------------------------------*\
#ROUTES
\*------------------------------------*/
require('./server/routes/index.js')(app)
/*------------------------------------*\
#LISTEN
\*------------------------------------*/
app.listen(port, function() {
console.log('Server listening on port', port)
})
<file_sep>/webpack.config.js
const path = require('path')
const glob = require('glob')
const merge = require('webpack-merge')
const parts = require('./webpack.parts.js')
const PATHS = {
app: path.join(__dirname, 'src'),
build: path.join(__dirname, 'public', 'build'),
}
const commonConfig = merge([
{
entry: {
app: PATHS.app,
},
output: {
path: PATHS.build,
publicPath: '/build/',
filename: '[name].js',
},
},
parts.clean(PATHS.build),
parts.lintJavaScript({ include: PATHS.app }),
parts.extractCSS(),
parts.loadJavaScript({ include: PATHS.app }),
parts.extractBundles([
{
name: 'vendor',
minChunks: ({ userRequest }) => (
userRequest &&
userRequest.indexOf('node_modules') >= 0 &&
userRequest.match(/\.js$/)
),
},
]),
])
const productionConfig = merge([
{
performance: {
hints: 'warning', // 'error' or false are valid too
maxEntrypointSize: 200000, // in bytes
maxAssetSize: 200000, // in bytes
},
},
parts.minifyJavaScript({ useSourceMap: true }),
parts.minifyCSS({
options: {
discardComments: {
removeAll: true,
},
// Run cssnano in safe mode to avoid
// potentially unsafe ones.
safe: true,
},
}),
])
const developmentConfig = merge([
// parts.devServer({
// host: process.env.HOST,
// port: process.env.PORT,
// }),
])
module.exports = function(env) {
return env === 'production'
? merge(commonConfig, productionConfig)
: merge(commonConfig, developmentConfig)
}
<file_sep>/src/components/Home/Home.js
import React from 'react'
import styles from './Home.css'
console.log(styles)
const Main = React.createClass({
render () {
return (
<div className={styles.test}>
This is the home page
</div>
)
},
})
export default Main
<file_sep>/server/routes/api/entries/entriesCtrl.js
exports.getAllPosts = (req, res) => {
res.send('Everything works')
}
<file_sep>/server/routes/index.js
const apiRoutes = require('./api/apiRoutes.js')
module.exports = ( app ) => {
apiRoutes( app )
}
|
fc7075c4f154f184754270fa9d7a26fd42127e1b
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 6
|
JavaScript
|
joseph-tohdjojo/react-starter
|
ee228daa95aba740787759e86f470460c5bcb98c
|
d184a2f26d4909c0d7227234dd6a87b5c61c7788
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>import json
import urllib2
import subprocess
import time
import datetime
import os
import re
import glob
import itertools
theme_prefix='theme*'
hashtag='kitty'
igurl = 'https://api.instagram.com/v1/tags/'+hashtag+'/media/recent?access_token=<KEY>'
def listdirsfullpath(folder):
return [
d for d in (os.path.join(folder, d1) for d1 in os.listdir(folder))
if os.path.isdir(d)
]
def listdirs(folder):
return [d for d in os.listdir(folder) if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(folder, d))]
def generateFrame(insertion,theme_use):
subprocess.call(theme_use+".cmd " + insertion,shell=True)
def generateFrame_Unix(insertion,theme_use):
subprocess.call("./" + theme_use + ".sh " + insertion + " >/dev/null",shell=True)
def downloadJpg(url):
uopen = urllib2.urlopen(url)
stream = uopen.read()
newfilename=url.replace("/","_")
file = open((newfilename[7:]),'wb')
file.write(stream)
file.close
#print newfilename[7:]
return newfilename[7:]
def difference(a, b):
return list(set(b).difference(set(a)))
def difference_super(a,b):
newset = []
first_set = set(map(tuple, a))
second_set= set(map(tuple, b))
for i in range(len(list(first_set))):
dup_in_second=0
for j in range(len(list(second_set))):
subset_a=list(first_set)[i][2]
subset_b=list(second_set)[j][2]
if subset_a == subset_b:
dup_in_second=1
if dup_in_second == 0:
newset.append(list(first_set)[i])
return list(newset)
def showascii(filename):
subprocess.call(["jp2a",filename,"--size=65x30"])
before_image_urls = []
for i in range(20):
before_image_urls.append(str(i))
before_main_list = []
for i in range(20):
before_main_list.append(list(str(i)))
main_list = []
before_complist = []
firstwhile=1;
infinite=1
dummy=0
time_before = datetime.datetime.now()
theme_list = [path for path in glob.glob(theme_prefix) if os.path.isdir(path)]
print theme_list
a = 0
while infinite == 1:
try:
response = urllib2.urlopen(igurl)
except Exception as exception:
while a < 10:
print "HTTPError Exception, retrying 10 times"
a = a + 1
response = urllib2.urlopen(igurl)
time.sleep(1)
info = json.load(response)
main_list = []
image_urls = []
username = []
mediatype = []
full_name = []
profile_picture = []
location = []
created_time = []
likescount = []
captiontext = []
commenttext = []
utf8string =" "
for post in info['data']:
image_urls.append(post["images"]["standard_resolution"]["url"])
username.append(post["user"]["username"])
mediatype.append(post["type"])
full_name.append(post["user"]["full_name"])
profile_picture.append(post["user"]["profile_picture"])
# location.append(post["location"]["latitude"])
if str(post["location"])== "None":
#print "No Location"
location.append("null")
else:
try:
if str(post["location"]['name']) <> "None":
#This thing got name
location.append(post["location"]["name"])
except:
#LatLong Only
location.append("null")
created_time.append(post["created_time"])
likescount.append(post["likes"]["count"])
try:
if str(post["caption"]["text"]) <> "None":
captiontext.append(post["caption"]["text"])
else:
captiontext.append("null")
except:
captiontext.append("null")
if int(post["comments"]["count"]) == 0:
dummy=0
else:
for commentpost in post['comments']['data']:
# print str("write txt")
utf8string=utf8string+(commentpost["from"]["username"]+u" "+commentpost["text"]+u"\n")
commenttext.append(utf8string)
utf8string=""
for eachOne in range(len(username)):
sublist = []
sublist.append(username[eachOne]) #0
sublist.append(mediatype[eachOne]) #1
sublist.append(image_urls[eachOne]) #2
sublist.append(profile_picture[eachOne]) #3
sublist.append(created_time[eachOne]) #4
sublist.append(location[eachOne]) #5
sublist.append(likescount[eachOne]) #6
sublist.append(captiontext[eachOne]) #7
sublist.append(commenttext[eachOne]) #8
main_list.append(sublist)
# print "======"
if firstwhile == 1:
before_main_list = main_list
list_diff=difference_super(main_list,before_main_list)
before_main_list=main_list
# print len(list_diff)
if len(list_diff) > 0 and firstwhile == 0:
print "Incoming Feed for:"+str(len(list_diff))
for eachOne in range(len(list_diff)):
picturedate=datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(int(list_diff[eachOne][4]))
print ("Username: "+str(list_diff[eachOne][0])+"\t"+picturedate.strftime("%I:%M%p"))
print ("Likes :"+str(list_diff[eachOne][6]))
# print ("Caption"+(list_diff[eachOne][7]))
# print ("Created:",datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(int(list_diff[eachOne][4])))
# print str(list_diff[eachOne][5])
try:
filename_profile=downloadJpg(list_diff[eachOne][3])
filename_main=downloadJpg(list_diff[eachOne][2])
if list_diff[eachOne][7].encode('utf8') <> "":
captionfile=open(filename_main+".cap","wb")
captionfile.write(list_diff[eachOne][7].encode('utf8'))
captionfile.close()
else:
dummy=0
if list_diff[eachOne][8].encode('utf8') <> "":
print "[...]"
commentlabel=open(filename_main+".txt","wb")
commentlabel.write(list_diff[eachOne][8].encode('utf8'))
commentlabel.close()
else:
dummy=0
theme_use="default_theme"
for ii in range(len(theme_list)):
#print "#"+theme_list[ii]
#print list_diff[eachOne][7].encode('utf8')
if "#"+theme_list[ii] in list_diff[eachOne][7].encode('utf8'):
#print "<Theme Match>"
theme_use=theme_list[ii]
break
else:
dummy=0
#print list_diff[eachOne][8].encode('utf8')
if "#"+theme_list[ii] in list_diff[eachOne][8].encode('utf8'):
theme_use=theme_list[ii]
break
else:
dummy=0
print theme_use
generateFrame( '\042' + str(list_diff[eachOne][0]) +'\042 '+
'\042' + str(list_diff[eachOne][5]) +'\042 '+
'\042' + str(filename_profile) +'\042 '+
'\042' + str(filename_main) +'\042 '+
'\042' + str(picturedate.strftime("%b-%d-%Y %I:%M%p")) + '\042 '+
'\042' + str(list_diff[eachOne][6]) + '\042 ' +
'\042' + str(filename_main+".cap") + '\042',theme_use)
except:
print "* Error Getting Images: Photo has been deleted or permission denied"
else:
print ".zzZ"
print "-----------------------------------------------"
time_now = datetime.datetime.now()
print (time_now - time_before).total_seconds()
if (time_now - time_before).total_seconds() < 6:
time_before=time_now
time.sleep(5)
else:
time_before=time_now
time.sleep(1)
firstwhile=0
#-- END WHILE
<file_sep>
# Instagram Printer
Imagine you can setup the printer that can print out right from instagram when you tag it. This will be very useful at the party or event. I actually developed this one to use at one of the family party few years back.
Just need laptop or raspberry pi connected to printer.
# How it works?
First you need to setup python to run on computer. In this case I'm using python 2.7 running on Windows.
(This code is dated, you might need to update the api and igURL)
The python code then login to instgram as your account.
It then freshed every few seconds to catch if there are any new picture that tagged with your specfic hashtag.
if it found the matched. It will printout to the printer replicating instagram on paper. Once printed, the picture is deleted.
| default_theme |
| --- |
|  |
# Requirements
What you will need are:
1. python 2.7 setup on computer
2. your instagram access token. You can follow [this](https://elfsight.com/blog/2016/05/how-to-get-instagram-access-token/ "this") instruction to get token
3. Update new token on the python code (printme.py)
````python
hashtag='kitty'
igurl = 'https://api.instagram.com/v1/tags/'+hashtag+'/media/recent?access_token=<KEY>'
````
Next step Set hashtag
Then Set Printer name (default_theme.cmd) last line
`rundll32 shimgvw.dll ImageView_PrintTo /pt %OUTPUT%.bmp "Canon IP4500"`
and finally Run python printme.py
# Customization
| Customize Work Flow |
| --- |
|  |
When hashtag found in the image.
We can set the custom theme so that the picture print out in different template with secondary hashtag. For example,
I'm looking to print the hashtag "cat"
but if there is a secondary hashtag called "kitty"
I want to use hellokitty theme template.
To do this follow the step here:
1. new theme has prefix with the word 'theme' eg themekitty
2. create themekitty.cmd (example in this repository)
3. create folder call themekitty
4. set new background in the template_whitebackground.bmp
| themekitty |
| --- |
|  |
also included blank polariod theme in the example
| themepolaroid |
| --- |
|  |
Then virtually we have no limit on the variety
and have more fun with different pre define template
# Notes
Please check any update on instagram api on
https://www.instagram.com/developer/
|
2ca3c1b0788d17d15e3ce51cbadb6f6ae87a30c6
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python"
] | 2
|
Python
|
danielfeo/instagram-printer
|
bf8f2bb6a17756a89ec816f044121cd5a0f1c25b
|
91a59a56dd203439491f07d6f2777929e3f003d3
|
refs/heads/main
|
<repo_name>AndreaRR18/ACME-App<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/Router.swift
public protocol Router {
func presentPage(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool, _ completion: (() -> Void)?)
func dismissPage(animated: Bool, completion: (() -> Void)?)
func pushPage(_ module: Presentable,
animated: Bool)
func popPage(animated: Bool)
func setAsRoot(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool)
func popToRootPage(animated: Bool)
}
<file_sep>/Login/Tests/LoginTests/Interactor/LoginInteractorTests.swift
import XCTest
@testable import Login
import RxBlocking
import Entities
import NetworkingCommon
class LoginInteractorTests: XCTestCase {
var sut: LoginIteractor!
override func tearDown() {
sut = nil
super.tearDown()
}
func testDoLogin_LoginFailed() {
sut = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { _ in XCTFail() }
),
repository: MockFailureLoginNetworking.shared,
saveCredential: { _,_ in
XCTFail()
fatalError()
}
))
let result = sut.doLogin(username: "USR", password: "PSW")
XCTAssertEqual(
try result.toBlocking().first(),
Result<User, ClientError>.failure(.badRequest)
)
}
func testDoLogin_LoginSuccess() {
let responseUser = User(username: "USR", firstName: "FName", lastName: "LName")
sut = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { user in
XCTAssertEqual(user, responseUser)
}
),
repository: MockSuccessLoginNetworking(user: responseUser),
saveCredential: { value, pass in
XCTAssertEqual("ACMEPassword", value)
XCTAssertEqual("PSW", pass)
return .success(())
}
))
let result = sut.doLogin(username: "USR", password: "PSW")
XCTAssertEqual(
try result.toBlocking().first(),
Result<User, ClientError>.success(responseUser)
)
}
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/View/CameraSession.swift
import Foundation
import AVFoundation
protocol CameraSession {
var previewFrame: CGRect { get }
var captureSession: AVCaptureSession { get }
var stillImageOutput: AVCapturePhotoOutput { get }
func setupLivePreview()
}
extension CameraSession {
func frontCamerarRunning() {
captureSession.sessionPreset = .medium
guard let frontCamera = AVCaptureDevice.default(.builtInWideAngleCamera, for: AVMediaType.video, position: .front)
else { return }
do {
let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: frontCamera)
if captureSession.canAddInput(input) && captureSession.canAddOutput(stillImageOutput) {
captureSession.addInput(input)
captureSession.addOutput(stillImageOutput)
setupLivePreview()
}
DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).async {
captureSession.startRunning()
}
}
catch let error {
print("Error Unable to initialize back camera: \(error.localizedDescription)")
}
}
func frontCameraStop() {
captureSession.stopRunning()
}
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# ACME-App
ACME Corporation App
<file_sep>/SecureStore/Tests/SecureStoreTests/SecureStoreTests.swift
import XCTest
@testable import SecureStore
final class SecureStoreTests: XCTestCase {
var secureStoreWithGenericPwd: SecureStore!
override func setUp() {
super.setUp()
let genericPwdQueryable = CredentialSecureStore(service: "ArtooService", accessGroup: nil)
secureStoreWithGenericPwd = SecureStore(secureStoreQueryable: genericPwdQueryable)
}
override func tearDown() {
_ = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.removeAllValues()
super.tearDown()
}
func testSaveGenericPassword() {
let setValueResult = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_1234", for: "genericPassword")
switch setValueResult {
case .success:
XCTAssertTrue(true)
case let .failure(e):
XCTFail("Saving generic password failed with \(e.localizedDescription).")
}
}
func testReadGenericPassword() {
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_1234", for: "genericPassword") else {
return XCTFail("Saving generic password failed.")
}
let passwordResult = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.getValue(for: "genericPassword")
switch passwordResult {
case let .success(password):
XCTAssertEqual("<PASSWORD>", password)
case let .failure(e):
XCTFail("Reading generic password failed with \(e.localizedDescription).")
}
}
func testUpdateGenericPassword() {
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_1234", for: "genericPassword") else {
return XCTFail("Saving generic password failed.")
}
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_1235", for: "genericPassword") else {
return XCTFail("Saving generic password failed.")
}
let passwordResult = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.getValue(for: "genericPassword")
switch passwordResult {
case let .success(password):
XCTAssertEqual("<PASSWORD>", password)
case let .failure(e):
XCTFail("Updating generic password failed with \(e.localizedDescription).")
}
}
func testRemoveGenericPassword() {
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_<PASSWORD>", for: "genericPassword") else {
return XCTFail("Saving generic password failed.")
}
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.removeValue(for: "genericPassword") else {
return XCTFail("Remove store value failed")
}
let sut = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.getValue(for: "genericPassword")
switch sut {
case let .success(value):
XCTAssertNil(value)
case let .failure(e):
XCTFail("Saving generic password failed with \(e.localizedDescription).")
}
}
func testRemoveAllGenericPasswords() {
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_1234", for: "genericPassword") else {
return XCTFail("Saving generic password failed.")
}
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.setValue("pwd_<PASSWORD>", for: "genericPassword2") else {
return XCTFail("Saving generic password failed.")
}
guard case .success = secureStoreWithGenericPwd.removeAllValues() else {
return XCTFail("Remove all values failed.")
}
switch secureStoreWithGenericPwd.getValue(for: "genericPassword") {
case .success(let firstValue):
switch secureStoreWithGenericPwd.getValue(for: "genericPassword2") {
case .success(let secondValue):
XCTAssertNil(firstValue)
XCTAssertNil(secondValue)
case let .failure(e):
XCTFail("Removing generic passwords failed with \(e.localizedDescription).")
}
case let .failure(e):
XCTFail("Removing generic passwords failed with \(e.localizedDescription).")
}
}
static var allTests = [
("testSaveGenericPassword", testSaveGenericPassword),
("testReadGenericPassword", testReadGenericPassword),
("testUpdateGenericPassword", testUpdateGenericPassword),
("testRemoveGenericPassword", testRemoveGenericPassword),
("testRemoveAllGenericPasswords", testRemoveAllGenericPasswords)
]
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Networking/WSRoomModel.swift
import Foundation
enum WSRoomModel {
struct Request: Encodable {
var contactId: String
}
struct Response: Decodable {
var streamStatus: StreamStatus
}
struct StreamStatus: Decodable {
var id: String
var hasVideo: Bool
var hasAudio: Bool
var stream: Data
}
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Room/RoomDelegate.swift
public protocol RoomDelegate {
func didConnect()
func didDisconnect()
func didAddStrem(_ stream: Stream)
func didRemoveSteram(_ stream: Stream)
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/View/ContactView.swift
import Foundation
import UIKit
import Architecture
import FunctionalKit
class ContactView: UIView, Updatable {
typealias UpdateType = ContactsViewState
let imageView: UIImageView = {
let imageView = UIImageView()
imageView.contentMode = .scaleAspectFit
return imageView
}()
let placeholderVideo: UILabel = {
let label = UILabel()
label.textColor = .black
label.text = "No video"
label.backgroundColor = UIColor.lightGray.withAlphaComponent(0.8)
return label
}()
let label: UILabel = {
let label = UILabel()
label.textColor = .black
label.backgroundColor = UIColor.lightGray.withAlphaComponent(0.8)
return label
}()
let muteLabel: UILabel = {
let label = UILabel()
label.text = "Mute"
label.textColor = .black
label.backgroundColor = UIColor.lightGray.withAlphaComponent(0.8)
return label
}()
func setupUI() {
backgroundColor = .lightGray
imageView.removeFromSuperview()
placeholderVideo.removeFromSuperview()
label.removeFromSuperview()
muteLabel.removeFromSuperview()
imageView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
placeholderVideo.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
label.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
muteLabel.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
addSubview(imageView)
addSubview(placeholderVideo)
addSubview(label)
addSubview(muteLabel)
//Image
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
imageView.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: topAnchor),
imageView.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: leadingAnchor),
imageView.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: bottomAnchor),
imageView.trailingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: trailingAnchor)
])
//Placeholder Image
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
placeholderVideo.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerYAnchor),
placeholderVideo.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerXAnchor),
])
//Label
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
label.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 20),
label.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
label.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: bottomAnchor, constant: -10),
label.trailingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: trailingAnchor, constant: -10)
])
//Mute image
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
muteLabel.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 20),
muteLabel.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 20),
muteLabel.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: bottomAnchor, constant: -10),
muteLabel.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: leadingAnchor, constant: 10)
])
}
func update(_ value: ContactsViewState) {
if let data = value.image, value.hasVideo {
imageView.isHidden = false
imageView.image = UIImage(data: data)
placeholderVideo.isHidden = true
} else {
imageView.isHidden = true
placeholderVideo.isHidden = false
}
label.text = value.name
muteLabel.isHidden = value.hasAudio.not
}
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Package.swift
// swift-tools-version:5.3
import PackageDescription
let package = Package(
name: "ContactsList",
products: [
.library(
name: "ContactsList",
targets: ["ContactsList"]),
],
dependencies: [
.package(path: "../ACMESecureStore"),
.package(path: "../Architecture"),
.package(path: "../Entities"),
.package(path: "../NetworkingCommon"),
.package(url: "https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxSwift.git", from: "5.1.0"),
.package(url: "https://github.com/facile-it/FunctionalKit.git", from: "0.22.0")
],
targets: [
.target(
name: "ContactsList",
dependencies: [
"ACMESecureStore",
"NetworkingCommon",
"Entities",
"Architecture",
"FunctionalKit",
"RxSwift"
]),
.testTarget(
name: "ContactsListTests",
dependencies: ["ContactsList"]),
]
)
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Networking/RoomNetworking.swift
import NetworkingCommon
import Entities
import RxSwift
import Foundation
public protocol RoomNetworking: WebRepository {
func startCall(with: Contact) -> Observable<Result<ACMEStream, ClientError>>
}
public struct RoomNetworkingImpl: RoomNetworking {
public var session: URLSession
public var baseURL: String
public init(session: URLSession, baseURL: String) {
self.session = session
self.baseURL = baseURL
}
public func startCall(with contact: Contact) -> Observable<Result<ACMEStream, ClientError>> {
let response: Observable<Result<WSRoomModel.Response, ClientError>> = call(endpoint: API.startCallWith(id: contact.id))
return response.map { result -> Result<ACMEStream, ClientError> in
result.map { response in
ACMEStream(
hasAudio: response.streamStatus.hasAudio,
hasVideo: response.streamStatus.hasVideo,
stream: response.streamStatus.stream)
}
}
}
}
fileprivate extension RoomNetworkingImpl {
enum API {
case startCallWith(id: String)
}
}
extension RoomNetworkingImpl.API: APICall {
var path: String {
switch self {
case let .startCallWith(id: id):
return "path/to/get/stream?contactid=\(id)"
}
}
var method: String { "GET" }
var headers: [String : String]? {
["jwt-token": "TE<PASSWORD>"]
}
func body() throws -> Data? { nil }
}
<file_sep>/Entities/Sources/Entities/Contact.swift
import Foundation
public struct Contact: Codable, Equatable {
public let id: String
public let firstName: String
public let lastName: String
public let imageData: Data
public init(
id: String,
firstName: String,
lastName: String,
imageData: Data
) {
self.id = id
self.firstName = firstName
self.lastName = lastName
self.imageData = imageData
}
}
<file_sep>/ACME/Common/PropertyWrappers/CustomObjectUserDefault.swift
import Foundation
@propertyWrapper
struct CustomObjectUserDefault<T: Codable> {
let key: String
init(_ key: String) {
self.key = key
}
var wrappedValue: T? {
get {
let otpData = UserDefaults.standard.object(forKey: key) as? Data
guard let data = otpData else { return nil }
return try? JSONDecoder().decode(T.self, from: data)
}
set {
if let data = try? JSONEncoder().encode(newValue) {
UserDefaults.standard.set(data, forKey: key)
} else {
UserDefaults.standard.removeObject(forKey: key)
}
}
}
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/Networking/WSContactsListModel.swift
import Foundation
enum WSContactsModel {
struct Request: Encodable {}
struct Response: Decodable {
var contacts: [WSContactsModel.Contact]
}
struct Contact: Decodable {
var id: String
var firstName: String
var lastName: String
var age: String
var address: String
var avatar: Data
}
}
<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/Presentable.swift
import UIKit
public protocol Presentable: class {
func presented() -> UIViewController
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/View/ContactListPage.swift
import UIKit
import FunctionalKit
import Architecture
import ACMESecureStore
import Entities
public class ContactListPage: UIViewController, PageType {
public typealias ViewState = ContactsListViewState
public typealias Presenter = ContactsListPresenter
let environment: Environment
let networking: ContactsListNetworking
public var presenter: ContactsListPresenter?
let getLogin: Effect<Presentable>
let getConversationPage: Effect<Presentable>
let secureStore: ACMESecureStore
let generateLocalContact: Effect<Contact>
private let tableView: UITableView = {
let tableView = UITableView()
tableView.contentInset = UIEdgeInsets(top: 0, left: 0, bottom: 85, right: 0)
return tableView
}()
private let startCallButton: UIButton = {
let button = UIButton()
button.setTitle("Start call", for: .normal)
button.backgroundColor = .black
button.tintColor = .white
button.layer.cornerRadius = 10
button.addTarget(self, action: #selector(startButtonTapped), for: .touchUpInside)
return button
}()
private lazy var adapter = ContactsListAdapter()
public init(
environment: Environment,
networking: ContactsListNetworking,
getLogin: Effect<Presentable>,
getConversationPage: Effect<Presentable>,
secureStore: ACMESecureStore,
generateLocalContact: Effect<Contact>
) {
self.environment = environment
self.networking = networking
self.getLogin = getLogin
self.getConversationPage = getConversationPage
self.secureStore = secureStore
self.generateLocalContact = generateLocalContact
super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
}
required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
}
public override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
self.navigationItem.setHidesBackButton(true, animated: false)
navigationItem.leftBarButtonItem = UIBarButtonItem(
title: "Logout",
style: .plain,
target: self,
action: #selector(logoutTapped)
)
navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = UIBarButtonItem(
title: "+",
style: .plain,
target: self,
action: #selector(addLocalContact)
)
presenter = ContactsListPresenter(
environment: environment,
contactsListInteractor: ContactsListIteractor(
configuration: .init(
environment: environment,
repository: networking
)
),
router: ContactListRouterImpl(
router: self.navigationController!,
getLoginPage: getLogin,
getConversationPage: getConversationPage
),
update: update,
removeAllLocalPassword: secureStore.removeAll)
adapter.attach(tableView: tableView, presenter: presenter)
setupTableView()
setupUIButton()
}
public override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
super.viewWillAppear(animated)
presenter?.showContactsList()
}
public func update(_ viewState: ContactsListViewState) {
startCallButton.isHidden = viewState.isButtonEnabled.not
adapter.contactListViewState = viewState.contacts
}
@objc func logoutTapped() {
presenter?.logout()
}
@objc func addLocalContact() {
presenter?.addNewLocalContact(generateLocalContact.run())
}
@objc func startButtonTapped() {
presenter?.startCall()
}
private func setupUIButton() {
startCallButton.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(startCallButton)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
startCallButton.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 50),
startCallButton.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 200),
startCallButton.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor, constant: -10),
startCallButton.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.centerXAnchor)
])
}
private func setupTableView() {
tableView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(tableView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
tableView.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor),
tableView.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor),
tableView.trailingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor),
tableView.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor)
])
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Tests/LoginTests/Presenter/LoginPresenterTests.swift
import XCTest
@testable import Login
import RxSwift
import Entities
class LoginPresenterTests: XCTestCase {
var sut: LoginPresenter!
override func tearDown() {
sut = nil
super.tearDown()
}
func testloginChange_OnlyUsername() {
let usr: String? = "USER"
let pwd: String? = nil
let expected = LoginViewState(
errorMessage: nil,
isLoading: false,
buttonEnabled: false
)
let loginInteractor = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { _ in XCTFail() }
),
repository: MockFailureLoginNetworking.shared,
saveCredential: { _,_ in
XCTFail()
fatalError()
}
))
let sut = LoginPresenter(
loginInteractor: loginInteractor,
router: MockLoginRouter(
assertMoveOnLoginSucced: {
XCTFail()
}),
update: { newVS in
XCTAssertEqual(newVS, expected)
})
sut.loginChange(username: usr, password: pwd)
}
func testloginChange_OnlyPassword() {
let usr: String? = nil
let pwd: String? = "PWD"
let expected = LoginViewState(
errorMessage: nil,
isLoading: false,
buttonEnabled: false
)
let loginInteractor = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { _ in XCTFail() }
),
repository: MockFailureLoginNetworking.shared,
saveCredential: { _,_ in
XCTFail()
fatalError()
}
))
let sut = LoginPresenter(
loginInteractor: loginInteractor,
router: MockLoginRouter(
assertMoveOnLoginSucced: {
XCTFail()
}),
update: { newVS in
XCTAssertEqual(newVS, expected)
})
sut.loginChange(username: usr, password: pwd)
}
func testloginChange_BothField() {
let usr: String? = "USR"
let pwd: String? = "PWD"
let expected = LoginViewState(
errorMessage: nil,
isLoading: false,
buttonEnabled: true
)
let loginInteractor = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { _ in XCTFail() }
),
repository: MockFailureLoginNetworking.shared,
saveCredential: { _,_ in
XCTFail()
fatalError()
}
))
var finalVS: LoginViewState!
let sut = LoginPresenter(
loginInteractor: loginInteractor,
router: MockLoginRouter(assertMoveOnLoginSucced: { XCTFail() }),
update: { newVS in finalVS = newVS })
sut.loginChange(username: usr, password: pwd)
XCTAssertEqual(finalVS, expected)
}
func testAskToLogin_Success() {
let usr: String = "USR"
let pwd: String = "PWD"
let responseUser = User(username: "USR", firstName: "FN", lastName: "LN")
let expected = LoginViewState(
errorMessage: nil,
isLoading: false,
buttonEnabled: false
)
let loginInteractor = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { user in XCTAssertEqual(responseUser, user) }
),
repository: MockSuccessLoginNetworking(user: responseUser),
saveCredential: { _,_ in
XCTAssertTrue(true)
return .success(())
}
))
var finalVS: LoginViewState!
let sut = LoginPresenter(
loginInteractor: loginInteractor,
router: MockLoginRouter(
assertMoveOnLoginSucced: { XCTAssertTrue(true) }
),
update: { newVS in finalVS = newVS })
sut.askToLogin(username: usr, password: pwd)
XCTAssertEqual(finalVS, expected)
}
func testAskToLogin_Failure() {
let usr: String = "USR"
let pwd: String = "PWD"
let expected = LoginViewState(
errorMessage: "Credenziali errate",
isLoading: false,
buttonEnabled: false
)
let loginInteractor = LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: { XCTFail() },
asserUpdateUser: { _ in XCTFail() }
),
repository: MockFailureLoginNetworking.shared,
saveCredential: { _,_ in
XCTFail()
fatalError()
}
))
var finalVS: LoginViewState!
let sut = LoginPresenter(
loginInteractor: loginInteractor,
router: MockLoginRouter(
assertMoveOnLoginSucced: { XCTFail() }
),
update: { newVS in finalVS = newVS })
sut.askToLogin(username: usr, password: pwd)
XCTAssertEqual(finalVS, expected)
}
}
<file_sep>/ACMESecureStore/Sources/ACMESecureStore/ACMESecureStore.swift
import SecureStore
public enum ACMECredentialSecureStore {
public static func getSecureStore() -> ACMESecureStore {
SecureStore(
secureStoreQueryable: CredentialSecureStore(
service: "ACMECredential",
accessGroup: nil)
)
}
}
extension SecureStore: ACMESecureStore {
public func set(_ value: String, for userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error> {
return setValue(value, for: userAccount)
.mapError { _ in ACMESecureStoreError.failure }
}
public func get(for userAccount: String) -> Result<String?, Error> {
self.getValue(for: userAccount)
.mapError { _ in ACMESecureStoreError.failure }
}
public func remove(for userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error> {
self.removeValue(for: userAccount)
.mapError { _ in ACMESecureStoreError.failure }
}
public func removeAll() -> Result<Void, Error> {
self.removeAllValues()
.mapError { _ in ACMESecureStoreError.failure }
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/Interactor/LoginInteractor.swift
import Foundation
import Entities
import RxSwift
import FunctionalKit
import Architecture
import NetworkingCommon
struct LoginInterarctorConfiguration {
let environment: Environment
let repository: LoginNetworking
let saveCredential: (_ value: String, _ userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error>
}
class LoginIteractor {
let configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration
init(configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration) {
self.configuration = configuration
}
func doLogin(username: String, password: String) -> Observable<Result<User, ClientError>> {
configuration.repository.askToLogin(user: username, password: password)
.map { response -> Result<User, ClientError> in
switch response {
case let .success(user):
return self.configuration.saveCredential("ACMEPassword", password)
.fold(onSuccess: {
self.configuration.environment.updateLoggedUser(user: user)
return .success(user)
},
onFailure: { error in
//Missing error management
return .failure(.badRequest)
})
//Missing error management
case .failure:
return .failure(.badRequest)
}
}
}
}
<file_sep>/NetworkingCommon/Sources/NetworkingCommon/ClientError.swift
public enum ClientError: Error, Equatable {
case undefined
case badRequest
case serverError
case unauthorize
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Room/ACMEStream.swift
import Foundation
public struct ACMEStream: Stream {
public var hasAudio: Bool
public var hasVideo: Bool
public var stream: Data
public init(
hasAudio: Bool,
hasVideo: Bool,
stream: Data
) {
self.hasAudio = hasAudio
self.hasVideo = hasVideo
self.stream = stream
}
}
<file_sep>/Entities/Sources/Entities/User.swift
public struct User: Codable, Equatable {
public let username: String?
public let firstName: String?
public let lastName: String?
public init(username: String?, firstName: String?, lastName: String?) {
self.username = username
self.firstName = firstName
self.lastName = lastName
}
}
<file_sep>/ACME/App/PageFactory.swift
import Foundation
import UIKit
import ACMESecureStore
import Login
import Entities
import RxSwift
import NetworkingCommon
import ContactsList
import FunctionalKit
import Room
class PageFactory {
let secureStore: ACMESecureStore
let environment: AppState
let session: URLSession
let baseURL: String
let mainNavController: UINavigationController
init(
secureStore: ACMESecureStore,
environment: AppState,
session: URLSession = .shared,
baseURL: String = "BASE_URL",
mainNavController: UINavigationController
) {
self.secureStore = secureStore
self.environment = environment
self.session = session
self.baseURL = baseURL
self.mainNavController = mainNavController
}
private(set) lazy var rootPage: UINavigationController = mainNavController |> f.with { (navController) in
navController.setViewControllers([self.contactsListPage], animated: false)
self.showLoginIfNeeded()
}
private lazy var loginPage = LoginPage(
environment: environment,
networking: LoginiNetworkingMock(),
secureStore: secureStore
)
private lazy var contactsListPage = ContactListPage(
environment: environment,
networking: ContactsListNetworkingMock(),
getLogin: .pure(loginPage),
getConversationPage: .pure(roomPage), secureStore: secureStore,
generateLocalContact: Effect {
Contact(
id: "\(Int.random(in: 0...99999))",
firstName: String.getRanomName(),
lastName: String.getRanomName(),
imageData: ["1","2","3","4"].randomElement()!.getImageName().jpegData(compressionQuality: 1)!
)
}
)
private lazy var roomPage = RoomPage(
environment: environment,
networking: RoomNetworkingMock()
)
private func showLoginIfNeeded() {
if self.environment.loggedUser.isNil {
DispatchQueue.main.async {
self.loginPage.modalPresentationStyle = .fullScreen
self.mainNavController.present(self.loginPage, animated: true, completion: nil)
}
}
}
}
fileprivate struct LoginiNetworkingMock: LoginNetworking {
func askToLogin(user: String, password: String) -> Observable<Result<User, ClientError>> {
.just(.success(User(username: "arinaldi", firstName: "Andrea", lastName: "Rinaldi")))
}
var session: URLSession = .shared
var baseURL: String = ""
}
fileprivate struct ContactsListNetworkingMock: ContactsListNetworking {
func getContacts() -> Observable<Result<[Contact], ClientError>> {
.just(.success([
Contact(
id: "1",
firstName: "Andrea",
lastName: "Rinaldi",
imageData: UIImage(named: "image")!.jpegData(compressionQuality: 1)!),
Contact(
id: "2",
firstName: "Chiara",
lastName: "Boccia",
imageData: UIImage(named: "image2")!.jpegData(compressionQuality: 1)!),
Contact(
id: "3",
firstName: "Marisa",
lastName: "Bianchi",
imageData: UIImage(named: "image3")!.jpegData(compressionQuality: 1)!),
Contact(
id: "4",
firstName: "Giorgio",
lastName: "Mastrota",
imageData: UIImage(named: "image4")!.jpegData(compressionQuality: 1)!),
Contact(
id: "5",
firstName: "Maria",
lastName: "Morrone",
imageData: UIImage(named: "image3")!.jpegData(compressionQuality: 1)!)
]))
}
var session: URLSession = .shared
var baseURL: String = ""
}
fileprivate struct RoomNetworkingMock: RoomNetworking {
var session: URLSession = .shared
var baseURL: String = ""
func startCall(with contact: Contact) -> Observable<Result<ACMEStream, ClientError>> {
Observable
.just(
Result.success(
ACMEStream(
hasAudio: Bool.random(),
hasVideo: Bool.random(),
stream: contact.id.getImageName().jpegData(compressionQuality: 0)!)
))
}
}
fileprivate extension String {
func getImageName() -> UIImage {
guard let id = Int(self) else { return UIImage() }
switch id {
case 1:
return UIImage(named: "image")!
case 2:
return UIImage(named: "image2")!
case 3:
return UIImage(named: "image3")!
case 4:
return UIImage(named: "image4")!
default:
return UIImage(named: "image")!
}
}
}
fileprivate extension String {
static func getRanomName() -> String {
[
"CaioCalogero", "Calypso", "Camelia", "Cameron", "Camilla", "Camillo", "Candida", "Candido", "Carina", "Carla", "Carlo", "Carmela", "Carmelo", "Carolina", "Cassandra", "Caterina", "Cecilia", "Cedric", "Celesta", "Celeste", "Cesara", "Cesare", "Chandra", "Chantal", "Chiara", "Cino", "Cinzia", "Cirillo", "Ciro", "Claudia", "Claudio", "Clelia", "Clemente", "Clio", "Clizia", "Cloe", "Clorinda", "Clotilde", "Concetta", "Consolata", "Contessa", "Cora", "Cordelia", "Corinna", "Cornelia", "Corrado", "Cosetta", "Cosimo", "Costantino", "Costanza", "Costanzo", "Cristal", "Cristiana", "Cristiano", "Cristina", "Cristoforo", "Cruz", "Curzio"
].randomElement()!
}
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/View/ContactsListAdapter.swift
import UIKit
import RxSwift
final class ContactsListAdapter: NSObject {
private weak var tableView: UITableView? {
didSet {
tableView?.dataSource = self
tableView?.delegate = self
tableView?.allowsMultipleSelection = true
tableView?.register(ContactCell.self, forCellReuseIdentifier: ContactCell.identifier)
}
}
private weak var presenter: ContactsListPresenter?
var contactListViewState: [ConctactCellViewState] = [] {
didSet {
guard oldValue != contactListViewState else { return }
tableView?.reloadData()
}
}
func attach(tableView: UITableView, presenter: ContactsListPresenter?) {
self.tableView = tableView
self.presenter = presenter
}
}
extension ContactsListAdapter: UITableViewDataSource {
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {
contactListViewState.count
}
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {
guard let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: ContactCell.identifier) as? ContactCell
else { fatalError("Error on dequeue") }
cell.update(contactListViewState[indexPath.row])
return cell
}
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, heightForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGFloat {
ContactCell.height
}
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, canEditRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> Bool {
return true
}
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, commit editingStyle: UITableViewCell.EditingStyle, forRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) {
if (editingStyle == .delete) {
presenter?.removeLocalContact(contactListViewState[indexPath.row].contactsId)
}
}
}
extension ContactsListAdapter: UITableViewDelegate {
func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, didSelectRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) {
tableView.deselectRow(at: indexPath, animated: true)
presenter?.itemSelected(contactId: contactListViewState[indexPath.row].contactsId)
}
}
<file_sep>/NetworkingCommon/Tests/LinuxMain.swift
import XCTest
import NetworkingCommonTests
var tests = [XCTestCaseEntry]()
tests += NetworkingCommonTests.allTests()
XCTMain(tests)
<file_sep>/SecureStore/Sources/SecureStore/CredentialSecureStore.swift
import Foundation
import LocalAuthentication
public struct CredentialSecureStore {
let service: String
let accessGroup: String?
public init(service: String, accessGroup: String?) {
self.service = service
self.accessGroup = accessGroup
}
}
extension CredentialSecureStore: SecureStoreQueryable {
public var query: [String : Any] {
var query: [String:Any] = [:]
query[String(kSecClass)] = kSecClassGenericPassword
query[String(kSecAttrService)] = service
// Access group if target environment is not simulator
#if !targetEnvironment(simulator)
if let accessGroup = accessGroup {
query[String(kSecAttrAccessGroup)] = accessGroup
}
#endif
return query
}
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/Interactor/ContactsListInteractor.swift
import Foundation
import RxSwift
import FunctionalKit
import Architecture
import Entities
struct ContactsListInterarctorConfiguration {
let environment: Environment
let repository: ContactsListNetworking
}
struct ContactsListIteractor {
let configuration: ContactsListInterarctorConfiguration
init(configuration: ContactsListInterarctorConfiguration) {
self.configuration = configuration
}
func getContacts() -> Observable<[Contact]> {
configuration.repository
.getContacts()
.map { result in
switch result {
case let .success(contacts):
return contacts
case .failure:
return []
}
}
}
func getSelectedItems(contact: Contact) -> [Contact] {
var newList = configuration.environment.selectedContacts
if let index = configuration.environment.selectedContacts.firstIndex(where: { contact.id == $0.id }) {
newList.remove(at: index)
} else {
newList.append(contact)
}
return newList
}
func buttonIsEnabled(selectedItems: [Contact]) -> Bool {
let count = selectedItems.count
if count > 0 && count <= 4 {
return true
} else {
return false
}
}
}
<file_sep>/ACMESecureStore/Sources/ACMESecureStore/SecureStore.swift
public protocol ACMESecureStore {
func set(_ value: String, for userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error>
func get(for userAccount: String) -> Result<String?, Error>
func remove(for userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error>
func removeAll() -> Result<Void, Error>
}
public enum ACMESecureStoreError: Error {
case failure
}
<file_sep>/Login/Tests/LoginTests/TestUtils.swift
@testable import Login
import Architecture
import Entities
import Foundation
import RxSwift
import NetworkingCommon
import ACMESecureStore
struct MockEnvironment: Environment {
let asserDeleteUser: () -> ()
let asserUpdateUser: (_ user: User) -> ()
func deleteLoggedUser() {
asserDeleteUser()
}
var loggedUser: User? = nil
func updateLoggedUser(user: User) {
asserUpdateUser(user)
}
}
struct MockFailureLoginNetworking: LoginNetworking {
static let shared = MockFailureLoginNetworking()
var session: URLSession = .shared
var baseURL: String = "TEST"
func askToLogin(user: String, password: String) -> Observable<Result<User, ClientError>> {
.just(.failure(.badRequest))
}
}
struct MockSuccessLoginNetworking: LoginNetworking {
let user: User
var session: URLSession = .shared
var baseURL: String = "TEST"
func askToLogin(user: String, password: String) -> Observable<Result<User, ClientError>> {
.just(.success(self.user))
}
}
struct MockLoginRouter: LoginRouter {
var assertMoveOnLoginSucced: () -> ()
func moveOnLoginSucced() {
assertMoveOnLoginSucced()
}
}
struct MockACMESecureStore: ACMESecureStore {
var set: Result<Void, Error> = .success(())
var get: Result<String?, Error> = .success("VALUE")
var remove: Result<Void, Error> = .success(())
var removeAllValues: Result<Void, Error> = .success(())
func set(_ value: String, for userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error> {
set
}
func get(for userAccount: String) -> Result<String?, Error> {
get
}
func remove(for userAccount: String) -> Result<Void, Error> {
remove
}
func removeAll() -> Result<Void, Error> {
removeAllValues
}
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/View/ContactCell.swift
import UIKit
import Architecture
import FunctionalKit
class ContactCell: UITableViewCell, Updatable {
typealias UpdateType = ConctactCellViewState
static let identifier = "ContactCell"
static let height: CGFloat = 90
private var contactImageView = UIImageView()
private var contactLabel = UILabel()
private var selectedLabe: UILabel = {
let label = UILabel()
label.textColor = .darkGray
label.text = "Added"
return label
}()
override init(style: UITableViewCell.CellStyle, reuseIdentifier: String?) {
super.init(style: style, reuseIdentifier: reuseIdentifier)
contactImageView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
contactLabel.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
selectedLabe.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
contentView.addSubview(contactImageView)
contentView.addSubview(contactLabel)
contentView.addSubview(selectedLabe)
setupImage()
setupLabel()
setupSelectedImage()
}
required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
}
func update(_ value: ConctactCellViewState) {
contactImageView.image = UIImage(data: value.image)
contactLabel.text = "\(value.firstName) \(value.lastName)"
selectedLabe.isHidden = value.isSelected.not
}
private func setupImage() {
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
contactImageView.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.leadingAnchor, constant: 10),
contactImageView.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 30),
contactImageView.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 30),
contactImageView.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.centerYAnchor)
])
}
private func setupLabel() {
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
contactLabel.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contactImageView.trailingAnchor, constant: 10),
contactLabel.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.centerYAnchor)
])
}
private func setupSelectedImage() {
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
selectedLabe.trailingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.trailingAnchor, constant: -10),
selectedLabe.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: contentView.centerYAnchor)
])
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/Networking/WSLoginModel.swift
enum WSLoginModel {
struct Request: Encodable {
let username: String
let password: String
}
struct Response: Decodable {
let username: String
let firstName: String
let lastName: String
}
}
<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/Environment.swift
import Entities
public protocol Environment {
var loggedUser: User? { get }
var selectedContacts: [Contact] { get }
var localContacts: [Contact]? { get }
func updateLoggedUser(user: User)
func deleteLoggedUser()
func updateRoomsPartecipand(contacts: [Contact])
func addLocalContact(_ contact: Contact)
func removeLocalContact(_ contactId: String)
func removeAll()
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/View/LoginPage.swift
import UIKit
import RxSwift
import Entities
import ACMESecureStore
import Architecture
import FunctionalKit
public class LoginPage: UIViewController, PageType {
public typealias ViewState = LoginViewState
typealias Presesnter = LoginPresenter
public var presenter: LoginPresenter?
let environment: Environment
let networking: LoginNetworking
let secureStore: ACMESecureStore
let disposeBag = DisposeBag()
public init(
environment: Environment,
networking: LoginNetworking,
secureStore: ACMESecureStore
) {
self.environment = environment
self.networking = networking
self.secureStore = secureStore
super.init(nibName: "LoginPage", bundle: Bundle.module)
}
required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
}
@IBOutlet weak var userTextField: UITextField! {
didSet {
userTextField.addTarget(self, action: #selector(textFieldChange), for: .editingChanged)
}
}
@IBOutlet weak var passwordTextField: UITextField! {
didSet {
passwordTextField.addTarget(self, action: #selector(textFieldChange), for: .editingChanged)
}
}
@IBOutlet weak var loginButton: UIButton! {
didSet {
loginButton.setTitle("Sign in", for: .normal)
loginButton.addTarget(self, action: #selector(askToLogin), for: .allEvents)
}
}
@IBOutlet weak var errorLabel: UILabel! {
didSet {
errorLabel.textAlignment = .center
}
}
public override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
presenter = LoginPresenter(
loginInteractor: LoginIteractor(
configuration: LoginInterarctorConfiguration(
environment: environment,
repository: networking,
saveCredential: secureStore.set
)
),
router: LoginRouterImpl(router: self),
update: update
)
}
public func update(_ viewState: LoginViewState) {
loginButton.isEnabled = viewState.buttonEnabled
errorLabel.text = viewState.errorMessage
}
@objc private func textFieldChange() {
self.presenter?.loginChange(username: self.userTextField.text, password: self.passwordTextField.text)
}
@objc private func askToLogin() {
guard let username = self.userTextField.text,
let password = self.passwordTextField.text
else { return }
self.presenter?.askToLogin(username: username, password: password)
}
}
<file_sep>/NetworkingCommon/README.md
# NetworkingCommon
A description of this package.
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Router/RoomRouter.swift
import Architecture
public protocol RoomRouter {
func closeRoom()
}
public class RoomRouterImpl: RoomRouter {
let router: Router
init(router: Router) {
self.router = router
}
public func closeRoom() {
router.dismissPage(animated: true, completion: nil)
}
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/Presenter/ContactsListPresenter.swift
import Foundation
import RxSwift
import Entities
import Architecture
public class ContactsListPresenter {
var environment: Environment
var contactsListInteractor: ContactsListIteractor
var router: ContactsListRouter
var contactsListViewState: ContactsListViewState = .starting {
didSet {
update(contactsListViewState)
}
}
var update: (ContactsListViewState) -> ()
var removeAllLocalPassword: () -> Result<Void, Error>
private let disposebag = DisposeBag()
private var contacts: [Contact] = []
init(
environment: Environment,
contactsListInteractor: ContactsListIteractor,
router: ContactsListRouter,
update: @escaping (ContactsListViewState) -> (),
removeAllLocalPassword: @escaping () -> Result<Void, Error>
) {
self.environment = environment
self.contactsListInteractor = contactsListInteractor
self.router = router
self.update = update
self.removeAllLocalPassword = removeAllLocalPassword
}
func logout() {
environment.deleteLoggedUser()
environment.removeAll()
contacts = .empty
updateList()
router.showLogin()
}
func showContactsList() {
contactsListInteractor
.getContacts()
.subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] contacts in
guard let self = self else { return }
self.contacts = contacts + self.environment.localContacts.get(or: .empty)
self.updateList()
}).disposed(by: disposebag)
}
func itemSelected(contactId: String) {
guard let contact = contacts.first(where: { $0.id == contactId })
else { return }
environment.updateRoomsPartecipand(
contacts: contactsListInteractor
.getSelectedItems(contact: contact)
)
contactsListViewState.update(
contacts: contacts.map { contact in
ConctactCellViewState(
firstName: contact.firstName,
lastName: contact.lastName,
image: contact.imageData,
isSelected: environment.selectedContacts.contains(contact),
contactsId: contact.id
)
}
)
contactsListViewState.buttonIsVisible(
contactsListInteractor
.buttonIsEnabled(selectedItems: environment.selectedContacts)
)
}
func startCall() {
router.startConversation()
}
func addNewLocalContact(_ contact: Contact) {
environment.addLocalContact(contact)
showContactsList()
}
func removeLocalContact(_ contactId: String) {
environment.removeLocalContact(contactId)
contactsListViewState.buttonIsVisible(
contactsListInteractor
.buttonIsEnabled(selectedItems: environment.selectedContacts)
)
showContactsList()
}
private func updateList() {
contactsListViewState.update(
contacts: contacts.map { contact in
ConctactCellViewState(
firstName: contact.firstName,
lastName: contact.lastName,
image: contact.imageData,
isSelected: environment.selectedContacts.contains(contact),
contactsId: contact.id
)
}
)
}
}
fileprivate extension ContactsListViewState {
mutating func update(contacts: [ConctactCellViewState]) {
self.contacts = contacts
}
mutating func buttonIsVisible(_ bool: Bool) {
self.isButtonEnabled = bool
}
}
<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/UIViewController+Router.swift
import UIKit
extension UIViewController: Router {
public func presentPage(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool, _ completion: (() -> Void)?) {
let destination = module.presented()
destination.modalPresentationStyle = .fullScreen
present(destination, animated: animated, completion: completion)
}
public func dismissPage(animated: Bool, completion: (() -> Void)?) {
self.dismiss(animated: true, completion: nil)
}
public func pushPage(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool) {
navigationController?.pushViewController(module.presented(), animated: animated)
}
public func popPage(animated: Bool) {
navigationController?.popViewController(animated: animated)
}
public func setAsRoot(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool) {
navigationController?.setViewControllers([module.presented()], animated: animated)
}
public func popToRootPage(animated: Bool) {
navigationController?.popToRootViewController(animated: animated)
}
}
<file_sep>/NetworkingCommon/Sources/NetworkingCommon/WebRepository.swift
import Foundation
import RxSwift
public protocol WebRepository {
var session: URLSession { get }
var baseURL: String { get }
}
public extension WebRepository {
func call<Value>(endpoint: APICall, httpCodes: HTTPCodes = .success) -> Observable<Result<Value, ClientError>> where Value: Decodable {
do {
let request = try endpoint.urlRequest(baseURL: baseURL)
return Observable<Result<Value, ClientError>>.create { observer -> Disposable in
let task = session.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in
guard let data = data,
let value = try? JSONDecoder().decode(Value.self, from: data)
else { return observer.onNext(.failure(.undefined)) }
if error != nil {
return observer.onNext(.failure(.badRequest))
}
observer.onNext(.success(value))
}
task.resume()
return Disposables.create {
task.cancel()
}
}
} catch {
return .just(.failure(.badRequest))
}
}
}
<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/PageType.swift
import UIKit
public protocol PageType: UIViewController & Updatable {
associatedtype ViewState
associatedtype Presenter
var presenter: Presenter? { get }
func update(_ viewState: ViewState)
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/Presenter/LoginPresenter.swift
import Foundation
import RxSwift
public class LoginPresenter {
var loginInteractor: LoginIteractor
var router: LoginRouter
var loginViewState: LoginViewState = .starting {
didSet {
update(loginViewState)
}
}
var update: (LoginViewState) -> ()
private let disposebag = DisposeBag()
init(loginInteractor: LoginIteractor, router: LoginRouter, update: @escaping (LoginViewState) -> ()) {
self.loginInteractor = loginInteractor
self.router = router
self.update = update
update(loginViewState)
}
func loginChange(username: String?, password: String?) {
let usr = username?.isEmpty
let psw = password?.isEmpty
if usr == false && psw == false {
loginViewState.setLoginButtonEnabled(true)
} else {
loginViewState.setLoginButtonEnabled(false)
}
}
func askToLogin(username: String, password: String) {
loginViewState.startLoading()
loginViewState.setLoginButtonEnabled(false)
loginViewState.showError(message: "")
loginInteractor
.doLogin(username: username, password: <PASSWORD>)
.observeOn(MainScheduler())
.subscribe(onNext: { [weak self] result in
guard let self = self else { return }
self.loginViewState.stopLoading()
self.loginViewState.setLoginButtonEnabled(true)
switch result {
case .success:
self.loginViewState.startLoading()
self.router.moveOnLoginSucced()
case .failure:
self.loginViewState.showError(message: "Credenziali errate")
}
})
.disposed(by: disposebag)
}
}
fileprivate extension LoginViewState {
mutating func setLoginButtonEnabled(_ value: Bool) {
buttonEnabled = value
}
mutating func startLoading() {
isLoading = true
}
mutating func stopLoading() {
isLoading = false
}
mutating func showError(message: String) {
errorMessage = message
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Tests/LoginTests/View/LoginPageTests.swift
@testable import Login
import XCTest
import Entities
class LoginPageTests: XCTestCase {
var sut: LoginPage!
override func setUp() {
super.setUp()
sut = LoginPage(
environment: MockEnvironment(
asserDeleteUser: {
XCTFail()
},
asserUpdateUser: { _ in
XCTFail()
}),
networking: MockSuccessLoginNetworking(
user: User(username: nil, firstName: nil, lastName: nil)
),
secureStore: MockACMESecureStore()
)
_ = sut.view
}
override func tearDown() {
sut = nil
super.tearDown()
}
func testUpdate_EmptyPage() {
let vs = LoginViewState(
errorMessage: nil,
isLoading: false,
buttonEnabled: false
)
sut.update(vs)
}
}
<file_sep>/NetworkingCommon/Sources/NetworkingCommon/APICall.swift
import Foundation
public protocol APICall {
var path: String { get }
var method: String { get }
var headers: [String:String]? { get }
func body() throws -> Data?
}
public enum APIError: Swift.Error {
case invalidURL
case httpCode(HTTPCode)
case unexpectedResponse
}
extension APIError: LocalizedError {
public var errorDescription: String? {
switch self {
case .invalidURL: return "Invalid URL"
case let .httpCode(code): return "Unexpected HTTP code: \(code)"
case .unexpectedResponse: return "Unexpected response from the server"
}
}
}
extension APICall {
public func urlRequest(baseURL: String) throws -> URLRequest {
guard let url = URL(string: baseURL + path)
else { throw APIError.invalidURL }
var components = URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true)
components?.queryItems = headers?.map { (key, value) in
URLQueryItem(name: key, value: value)
}
guard let urlComponents = components?.url
else { throw APIError.invalidURL }
var request = URLRequest(url: urlComponents)
request.httpMethod = method
request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers
request.httpBody = try body()
return request
}
}
public typealias HTTPCode = Int
public typealias HTTPCodes = Range<HTTPCode>
public extension HTTPCodes {
static let success = 200 ..< 300
}
<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/Updatable.swift
public protocol Updatable {
associatedtype UpdateType
func update(_ value: UpdateType)
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/Router/ContactsListRouter.swift
import Architecture
import FunctionalKit
protocol ContactsListRouter {
func showLogin()
func startConversation()
}
class ContactListRouterImpl: ContactsListRouter {
let router: Router
let getLoginPage: Effect<Presentable>
let getConversationPage: Effect<Presentable>
init(
router: Router,
getLoginPage: Effect<Presentable>,
getConversationPage: Effect<Presentable>
) {
self.router = router
self.getLoginPage = getLoginPage
self.getConversationPage = getConversationPage
}
func showLogin() {
router.presentPage(getLoginPage.run(), animated: true, nil)
}
func startConversation() {
router.presentPage(getConversationPage.run(), animated: true, nil)
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/Networking/LoginNetworking.swift
import Foundation
import RxSwift
import Entities
import NetworkingCommon
public protocol LoginNetworking: WebRepository {
func askToLogin(user: String, password: String) -> Observable<Result<User, ClientError>>
}
public struct LoginNetworkingImpl: LoginNetworking {
public var session: URLSession
public var baseURL: String
public init(session: URLSession, baseURL: String) {
self.session = session
self.baseURL = baseURL
}
public func askToLogin(user: String, password: String) -> Observable<Result<User, ClientError>> {
call(endpoint: API.askToLogin(user: user, password: password))
}
}
fileprivate extension LoginNetworkingImpl {
enum API {
case askToLogin(user: String, password: String)
}
}
extension LoginNetworkingImpl.API: APICall {
var path: String {
switch self {
case .askToLogin:
return "path/to/login"
}
}
var method: String { "POST" }
var headers: [String : String]? { nil }
func body() throws -> Data? {
switch self {
case let .askToLogin(user: user, password: <PASSWORD>):
let user = WSLoginModel.Request(username: user, password: <PASSWORD>)
return try? JSONEncoder().encode(user)
}
}
}
<file_sep>/Architecture/Package.swift
// swift-tools-version:5.3
import PackageDescription
let package = Package(
name: "Architecture",
products: [
.library(
name: "Architecture",
targets: ["Architecture"]),
],
dependencies: [
.package(path: "../Entities")
],
targets: [
.target(
name: "Architecture",
dependencies: ["Entities"]),
.testTarget(
name: "ArchitectureTests",
dependencies: ["Architecture"]),
]
)
<file_sep>/ACME/Operators/Operators.swift
infix operator |>
func |> <A, B>(a: A, f: (A) -> B) -> B {
return f(a)
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/Networking/ContactsListNetworking.swift
import Foundation
import NetworkingCommon
import RxSwift
import Entities
public protocol ContactsListNetworking: WebRepository {
func getContacts() -> Observable<Result<[Contact], ClientError>>
}
public struct ContactsListNetworkingImpl: ContactsListNetworking {
public var session: URLSession
public var baseURL: String
public init(session: URLSession, baseURL: String) {
self.session = session
self.baseURL = baseURL
}
public func getContacts() -> Observable<Result<[Contact], ClientError>> {
let response: Observable<Result<WSContactsModel.Response, ClientError>> = call(endpoint: API.getContacts)
return response.map { result -> Result<[Contact], ClientError> in
result.map { contacts -> [Contact] in
contacts.contacts.map {
Contact(
id: $0.id,
firstName: $0.firstName,
lastName: $0.lastName,
imageData: $0.avatar
)
}
}
}
}
}
fileprivate extension ContactsListNetworkingImpl {
enum API {
case getContacts
}
}
extension ContactsListNetworkingImpl.API: APICall {
var path: String {
switch self {
case .getContacts:
return "path/to/get/contacts"
}
}
var method: String { "GET" }
var headers: [String : String]? {
["jwt-token": "TE<PASSWORD>"]
}
func body() throws -> Data? { nil }
}
<file_sep>/ACMESecureStore/README.md
# ACMESecureStore
A description of this package.
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Presenter/RoomPresenter.swift
import RxSwift
import Entities
import Architecture
import FunctionalKit
public class RoomPresenter {
var interactor: RoomInteractor
var router: RoomRouter
var environment: Environment
var viewState: RoomViewState = .starting {
didSet {
update(viewState)
}
}
var update: (RoomViewState) -> ()
private let disposeBag = DisposeBag()
init(interactor: RoomInteractor,
router: RoomRouter,
environment: Environment,
update: @escaping (RoomViewState) -> ()
) {
self.interactor = interactor
self.router = router
self.environment = environment
self.update = update
}
func closeRoom() {
router.closeRoom()
}
func startCall() {
interactor
.startCall(with: environment.selectedContacts)
.subscribe(onNext: { self.viewState.updateRoomContacts(contacts: $0) })
.disposed(by: disposeBag)
}
func addStreamToCall(stream: Stream) {
//Manage adding
}
func removeStreamFromCall(stream: Stream) {
//Manage removing
}
}
fileprivate extension RoomViewState {
mutating func updateRoomContacts(contacts: [Pair<Contact, Stream>]) {
self.contacts = contacts
}
}
<file_sep>/SecureStore/Sources/SecureStore/SecureStoreQueryable.swift
import Foundation
public protocol SecureStoreQueryable {
var query: [String: Any] { get }
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Interactor/RoomIntearctor.swift
import Entities
import RxSwift
import Architecture
import FunctionalKit
struct RoomInteractorConfiguration {
let environment: Environment
let repository: RoomNetworking
}
struct RoomInteractor {
let configuration: RoomInteractorConfiguration
func startCall(with contacts: [Contact]) -> Observable<[Pair<Contact, Stream>]> {
Observable.combineLatest(
contacts.map { contact in
configuration.repository
.startCall(with: contact)
.compactMap { $0.toOptionalValue() }
.map { stream in Pair(contact, stream) }
}
)
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/View/LoginViewState.swift
import Foundation
public struct LoginViewState: Equatable {
public var errorMessage: String?
public var isLoading: Bool
public var buttonEnabled: Bool
}
extension LoginViewState {
static let starting = LoginViewState(isLoading: false, buttonEnabled: false)
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/View/ContactCellViewState.swift
import Foundation
struct ConctactCellViewState: Equatable {
var firstName: String
var lastName: String
var image: Data
var isSelected: Bool
var contactsId: String
}
<file_sep>/Room/README.md
# Room
A description of this package.
<file_sep>/Architecture/Sources/Architecture/UIViewController+Presenttable.swift
import UIKit
extension UIViewController: Presentable {
public func presented() -> UIViewController {
return self
}
}
extension Presentable where Self: UIViewController {
public func presented() -> Self {
return self
}
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/View/ContactViewState.swift
import Foundation
struct ContactsViewState {
let name: String
let hasVideo: Bool
let hasAudio: Bool
let image: Data?
}
<file_sep>/ACMESecureStore/Tests/LinuxMain.swift
import XCTest
import ACMESecureStoreTests
var tests = [XCTestCaseEntry]()
tests += ACMESecureStoreTests.allTests()
XCTMain(tests)
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/View/RoomPage.swift
import Foundation
import UIKit
import Architecture
import AVFoundation
public class RoomPage: UIViewController, PageType, CameraSession {
public typealias ViewState = RoomViewState
public typealias Presenter = RoomPresenter
//MARK: CameraSession
var previewFrame: CGRect { rearCameraView.frame}
var captureSession = AVCaptureSession()
var stillImageOutput = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
lazy var videoPreviewLayer: AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer = AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer(session: captureSession)
//MARK: Views
private let closeButton: UIButton = {
let button = UIButton()
button.setTitle("CLOSE", for: .normal)
button.backgroundColor = .white
button.setTitleColor(.gray, for: .normal)
button.layer.cornerRadius = 10
button.addTarget(self, action: #selector(closeButtonTapped), for: .touchUpInside)
return button
}()
private let rearCameraView: UIView = {
let view = UIView()
view.backgroundColor = .gray
view.layer.cornerRadius = 10
return view
}()
private let firstContactCameraView: ContactView = {
let view = ContactView()
view.setupUI()
return view
}()
private let secondContactCameraView: ContactView = {
let view = ContactView()
view.setupUI()
return view
}()
private let thirdContactCameraView: ContactView = {
let view = ContactView()
view.setupUI()
return view
}()
private let fourthContactCameraView: ContactView = {
let view = ContactView()
view.setupUI()
return view
}()
public var presenter: RoomPresenter?
public let environment: Environment
public let networking: RoomNetworking
private let room = Room()
public init(
environment: Environment,
networking: RoomNetworking
) {
self.environment = environment
self.networking = networking
super.init(nibName: nil, bundle: nil)
}
required init?(coder: NSCoder) {
fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
}
public override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
presenter = RoomPresenter(
interactor: RoomInteractor(
configuration: RoomInteractorConfiguration(
environment: environment,
repository: networking)),
router: RoomRouterImpl(router: self),
environment: environment,
update: update
)
room.delegate = self
}
public override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
super.viewWillAppear(animated)
presenter?.startCall()
setupRearCamera()
setupCloseButton()
}
public override func viewDidAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
super.viewDidAppear(animated)
frontCamerarRunning()
}
public override func viewDidDisappear(_ animated: Bool) {
frontCameraStop()
}
func setupLivePreview() {
DispatchQueue.main.async { [weak self] in
self?.videoPreviewLayer.frame = self?.rearCameraView.bounds ?? .zero
}
videoPreviewLayer = AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer(session: captureSession)
videoPreviewLayer.videoGravity = .resizeAspect
videoPreviewLayer.connection?.videoOrientation = .portrait
rearCameraView.layer.addSublayer(videoPreviewLayer)
}
public func update(_ value: RoomViewState) {
switch value.contacts.count {
case 1:
setupOneContact()
let (contact, stream) = value.contacts[0].unwrap
firstContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact.firstName,
hasVideo: stream.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream.hasAudio,
image: stream.stream)
)
case 2:
setupTwoContacts()
let (contact1, stream1) = value.contacts[0].unwrap
firstContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact1.firstName,
hasVideo: stream1.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream1.hasAudio,
image: stream1.stream)
)
let (contact2, stream2) = value.contacts[1].unwrap
secondContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact2.firstName,
hasVideo: stream2.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream2.hasAudio,
image: stream2.stream)
)
case 3:
setupThreeContacts()
let (contact1, stream1) = value.contacts[0].unwrap
firstContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact1.firstName,
hasVideo: stream1.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream1.hasAudio,
image: stream1.stream)
)
let (contact2, stream2) = value.contacts[1].unwrap
secondContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact2.firstName,
hasVideo: stream2.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream2.hasAudio,
image: stream2.stream)
)
let (contact3, stream3) = value.contacts[2].unwrap
thirdContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact3.firstName,
hasVideo: stream3.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream3.hasAudio,
image: stream3.stream)
)
case 4:
setupFourContacts()
let (contact1, stream1) = value.contacts[0].unwrap
firstContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact1.firstName,
hasVideo: stream1.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream1.hasAudio,
image: stream1.stream)
)
let (contact2, stream2) = value.contacts[1].unwrap
secondContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact2.firstName,
hasVideo: stream2.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream2.hasAudio,
image: stream2.stream)
)
let (contact3, stream3) = value.contacts[2].unwrap
thirdContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact3.firstName,
hasVideo: stream3.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream3.hasAudio,
image: stream3.stream)
)
let (contact4, stream4) = value.contacts[3].unwrap
fourthContactCameraView
.update(ContactsViewState(
name: contact4.firstName,
hasVideo: stream4.hasVideo,
hasAudio: stream4.hasAudio,
image: stream4.stream)
)
default:
fatalError("You can't show more than four contacts")
}
}
@objc func closeButtonTapped() {
presenter?.closeRoom()
}
private func setupCloseButton() {
closeButton.removeFromSuperview()
closeButton.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(closeButton)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
closeButton.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 50),
closeButton.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
closeButton.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor, constant: 20),
closeButton.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor, constant: 10)
])
}
private func setupRearCamera() {
rearCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
rearCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(rearCameraView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
rearCameraView.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 120),
rearCameraView.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
rearCameraView.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor, constant: -30),
rearCameraView.trailingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor, constant: -20)
])
}
private func setupOneContact() {
firstContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
firstContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(firstContactCameraView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
firstContactCameraView.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.trailingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
}
private func setupTwoContacts() {
firstContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
firstContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(firstContactCameraView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
firstContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
firstContactCameraView.topAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.leadingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.trailingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
secondContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
secondContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(secondContactCameraView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
secondContactCameraView.topAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: firstContactCameraView.bottomAnchor),
secondContactCameraView.leadingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor),
secondContactCameraView.bottomAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor),
secondContactCameraView.trailingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
}
private func setupThreeContacts() {
firstContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
secondContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
thirdContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
firstContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(firstContactCameraView)
secondContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(secondContactCameraView)
thirdContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(thirdContactCameraView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
firstContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
firstContactCameraView.topAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.leadingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.trailingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
secondContactCameraView.leadingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor),
secondContactCameraView.bottomAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor),
secondContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
secondContactCameraView.widthAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.width/2)
])
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
thirdContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
thirdContactCameraView.widthAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.width/2),
thirdContactCameraView.bottomAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor),
thirdContactCameraView.trailingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
}
private func setupFourContacts() {
firstContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
firstContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(firstContactCameraView)
secondContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
secondContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(secondContactCameraView)
thirdContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
thirdContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(thirdContactCameraView)
fourthContactCameraView.removeFromSuperview()
fourthContactCameraView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view.addSubview(fourthContactCameraView)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
firstContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
firstContactCameraView.widthAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.width/2),
firstContactCameraView.topAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor),
firstContactCameraView.leadingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor)
])
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
secondContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
secondContactCameraView.widthAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.width/2),
secondContactCameraView.topAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.topAnchor),
secondContactCameraView.trailingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
thirdContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
thirdContactCameraView.widthAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.width/2),
thirdContactCameraView.bottomAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor),
thirdContactCameraView.leadingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor)
])
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
fourthContactCameraView.heightAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.height/2),
fourthContactCameraView.widthAnchor
.constraint(equalToConstant: view.bounds.width/2),
fourthContactCameraView.bottomAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor),
fourthContactCameraView.trailingAnchor
.constraint(equalTo: view.trailingAnchor)
])
}
}
extension RoomPage: RoomDelegate {
public func didConnect() {
frontCamerarRunning()
}
public func didDisconnect() {
frontCameraStop()
}
public func didAddStrem(_ stream: Stream) {
presenter?.addStreamToCall(stream: stream)
}
public func didRemoveSteram(_ stream: Stream) {
presenter?.removeStreamFromCall(stream: stream)
}
}
<file_sep>/Login/Sources/Login/Router/LoginRouter.swift
import Architecture
protocol LoginRouter {
func moveOnLoginSucced()
}
class LoginRouterImpl: LoginRouter {
let router: Router
init(router: Router) {
self.router = router
}
func moveOnLoginSucced() {
router.dismissPage(animated: true, completion: nil)
}
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Room/Room.swift
class Room {
var delegate: RoomDelegate?
func connect() {
delegate?.didConnect()
}
func disconnet() {
delegate?.didConnect()
}
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/Room/Stream.swift
import Foundation
public protocol Stream {
var hasAudio: Bool { get }
var hasVideo: Bool { get }
var stream: Data { get }
}
<file_sep>/ContactsList/Sources/ContactsList/View/ContactsListViewState.swift
import Entities
public struct ContactsListViewState {
var isButtonEnabled: Bool
var contacts: [ConctactCellViewState]
}
extension ContactsListViewState {
static let starting = ContactsListViewState(
isButtonEnabled: false,
contacts: []
)
}
<file_sep>/Room/Sources/Room/View/RoomViewState.swift
import Entities
import FunctionalKit
public struct RoomViewState {
var contacts: [Pair<Contact, Stream>]
}
extension RoomViewState {
static let starting = RoomViewState(contacts: [])
}
<file_sep>/ACME/App/AppState.swift
import Entities
import Architecture
class AppState: Environment {
var selectedContacts: [Contact] = []
@CustomObjectUserDefault("logged_user") var loggedUser: User?
@CustomObjectUserDefault("local_contacts") var localContacts: [Contact]?
func updateRoomsPartecipand(contacts: [Contact]) {
selectedContacts = contacts
}
func updateLoggedUser(user: User) {
loggedUser = user
}
func deleteLoggedUser() {
loggedUser = nil
}
func addLocalContact(_ contact: Contact) {
localContacts?.append(contact)
}
func removeLocalContact(_ contactId: String) {
localContacts?.removeAll(where: { $0.id == contactId })
selectedContacts.removeAll(where: { $0.id == contactId })
print(selectedContacts)
}
func removeAll() {
localContacts?.removeAll()
selectedContacts.removeAll()
}
}
|
1cfa18e410f96d5ca9c067d8707fa4fbcbfb9993
|
[
"Swift",
"Markdown"
] | 64
|
Swift
|
AndreaRR18/ACME-App
|
2e7cf804ba89026aa6a7dfe94dc015e5c1181621
|
b7c0f460cc626c4597b188ced4c4e8c39f781f08
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>#!/usr/bin/env node
/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Sass Director: generate Sass directory structures from Sass manifest files
*
* Bash script: <NAME>, <NAME>
* Licensed MIT: https://github.com/una/sass-director
* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
function init(argv) {
var fullpath = path.resolve(argv[2]);
cached = {
directory: [],
fullpath: []
};
created = {
directory: [],
fullpath: []
};
manifest = {
basename: path.basename(fullpath),
directory: path.dirname(fullpath),
fullpath: fullpath,
prefix: argv.includes('--no-underscore') ? '' : '_',
suffix: argv.includes('--sass') ? '.sass' : '.scss',
watch: argv.includes('--watch')
};
matches = {
commentMultiline: /\/\*[\W\w]+?\*\//g,
commentSingleline: /\/\/[^\n]+/g,
importAll: /(?:^\s*|;\s+|\n)@import[ \t]+(['"])(.+?)\1/g,
importOne: /@import[ \t]+(['"])(.+?)\1/
};
message = {
created: 'Created "$1"',
deleted: 'Deleted "$1"',
failed: ' FAILED',
reading: 'Reading "$1"',
watching: 'Watching "$1"'
};
// watch manifest directory if --watch argument exists
if (manifest.watch) {
var log = message.watching.replace('$1', manifest.basename);
try {
fs.watch(manifest.directory, function () {
// run if manifest was modified
if (manifest.fullpath === manifest.directory + '/' + arguments[1]) {
main();
}
});
console.log(log);
} catch (error) {
console.log(log + message.failed);
}
}
// otherwise, run
else {
main();
}
}
function main() {
var
data;
// read manifest and strip comments
try {
data = fs.readFileSync(manifest.fullpath, 'utf8').replace(matches.commentMultiline, '').replace(matches.commentSingleline, '');
if (!manifest.watch) {
console.log(message.reading.replace('$1', manifest.basename));
}
}
// exit on read error
catch (error) {
console.log(message.reading.replace('$1', manifest.basename) + failed);
process.exit(1);
}
// match all import statements
(data.match(matches.importAll) || []).forEach(function (importStatement) {
// get relative path of import statement
var relpath = importStatement.match(matches.importOne)[2],
// set import path
basename = relpath.slice(-5) === manifest.suffix ? relpath : relpath + manifest.suffix,
directory = path.resolve(manifest.directory + '/' + path.dirname(basename)),
fullpath = path.resolve(directory + '/' + manifest.prefix + path.basename(basename));
// conditionally create every directory required
directory.split('/').reduce(function (lastDirectory, directory) {
directory = lastDirectory + '/' + directory;
if (!fs.isDirectorySync(directory) && !created.directory.includes(directory)) {
var log = message.created.replace('$1', path.basename(directory));
try {
fs.mkdirSync(directory);
created.directory.push(directory);
console.log(log);
} catch (error) {
console.log(log + message.failed);
process.exit(1);
}
}
return directory;
});
// conditionally create every file required
if (!fs.isFileSync(fullpath) && !created.fullpath.includes(fullpath)) {
var log = message.created.replace('$1', path.basename(fullpath));
try {
fs.writeFileSync(fullpath, '');
created.fullpath.push(fullpath);
console.log(log);
} catch (error) {
console.log(log + message.failed);
process.exit(1);
}
}
});
// remove files in cache that are empty and not recently created
cached.fullpath.forEach(function (fullpath) {
var log = message.deleted.replace('$1', path.basename(fullpath));
try {
if (fs.isEmptySync(fullpath) && created.fullpath.indexOf(fullpath) === -1) {
fs.unlinkSync(fullpath);
console.log(log);
}
} catch (error) {
console.log(log + message.failed);
}
});
// remove directories in cache that are empty or not recently created
cached.directory.forEach(function (directory) {
var log = message.deleted.replace('$1', path.basename(directory));
try {
if (fs.isEmptySync(directory) || created.directory.indexOf(directory) === -1) {
fs.rmdirSync(directory);
console.log(log);
}
} catch (error) {
console.log(log + message.failed);
}
});
// reset cached
cached.directory = created.directory.splice(0);
cached.fullpath = created.fullpath.splice(0);
}
/* Setup
* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
var
fs = require('fs'),
path = require('path'),
cached, created, manifest, matches, message;
if (!Array.prototype.includes) {
Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'includes', {
value: function includes() {
return Array.prototype.indexOf.apply(this, arguments) !== -1;
}
});
}
if (!fs.isDirectorySync) {
fs.isDirectorySync = function isDirectorySync(path) {
return fs.existsSync(path) && fs.statSync(path).isDirectory();
};
}
if (!fs.isEmptySync) {
fs.isEmptySync = function isEmptySync(path) {
try {
if (fs.statSync(path).isDirectory()) {
return !(fs.readdirSync(path) || []).length;
}
return !(fs.readFileSync(path) || []).length;
} catch (error) {
return true;
}
};
}
if (!fs.isFileSync) {
fs.isFileSync = function isFileSync(path) {
return fs.existsSync(path) && fs.statSync(path).isFile();
};
}
init(process.argv);
|
9decfdd2cdc69bb5aebeda9dff9e727d0ec95285
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 1
|
JavaScript
|
jonathantneal/sass-director
|
5c828b22a4c885ddaff7d913b8d478bda98c1e98
|
7d40da6c95d9cc352c9fb3d749df0b676d5d7c7b
|
refs/heads/main
|
<repo_name>mayur-keswani/MugglePexels-using-useState-hook<file_sep>/src/Components/UI/Navigation/Navigation.js
import React, { Fragment , useState , useContext} from 'react'
import Logo from '../Logo/Logo'
import UserContext from '../../../Context/UserContext'
import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
// import {BsSearch} from 'react-icons/bs'
// import {MdCollectionsBookmark} from 'react-icons/md'
import {
Collapse,
Navbar,
NavbarToggler,
NavbarBrand,
Nav,
NavItem,
NavLink,
Button,
NavbarText
} from 'reactstrap';
const Navigation = () =>{
const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false);
// const [searchInput,setSearchInput] = useState("")
const context=useContext(UserContext)
const toggle = () => setIsOpen(!isOpen);
return(
<Fragment>
<Navbar dark className="m-0 p-0" expand="sm">
<div><Logo height="50px"/></div>
<NavbarBrand href="/" className="companyName font-weight-bold">MugglePexels</NavbarBrand>
<NavbarToggler onClick={toggle} />
<Collapse
isOpen={isOpen}
className="collapse-navbar" navbar
style={{backgroundColor:(isOpen && window.innerWidth<576) ?"#242B2E":"transparent"}}>
<NavbarText>{context.user?`Hello ${context.user.email}`:"Hello Muggle !!"}</NavbarText>
<Nav className="ml-auto p-3 auto text-white" navbar>
{
context.user?
(<NavItem >
<NavLink tag={Link} to="/" className="text-white"
onClick={()=>{
localStorage.removeItem("user");
context.setUser(null)
}}>
{isOpen?"Logout":
<Button color="info" size="lg">
Logout
</Button>}
</NavLink>
</NavItem>):
(<NavItem >
<NavLink tag={Link} to="/signup" className="text-white">
{isOpen?"Join":<Button color="info" size="lg">Join</Button>}
</NavLink>
</NavItem>)
}
</Nav>
</Collapse>
</Navbar>
</Fragment>
)
}
export default Navigation<file_sep>/src/Components/Collections/CollectionItem.js
import React , {Fragment} from 'react'
import { Button , Row } from 'reactstrap'
// import {IoIosRemoveCircle} from 'react-icons/io'
const CollectionItem = ({collection_items,addInCollection}) =>{
let content=null
console.log(collection_items.items)
if(typeof collection_items.items.length !== typeof undefined){
content=(collection_items.items.map(prod=>{
if(prod)
return (
<img src={prod.small_image}
className="img-thumbnail img-fluid p-2"
alt={prod.id}
width="220px"
height="300px"/>
)
else
return null
}))
}else{
content=(<h2>No items in this collection</h2>)
}
return(
<Fragment>
<Row>
<div>
<label>{collection_items.name}</label>
<Button color="info" onClick={addInCollection} className="btn-add p-2" >Add Here</Button>
<span className="triangle-topright"></span>
</div>
<div className="collection-row" >
{
content
}
</div>
</Row>
</Fragment>
)
}
export default CollectionItem<file_sep>/src/Components/Image_Details/ImageDetail.js
import axios from 'axios';
import React, { Fragment, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import { Card , CardBody , CardImg , CardTitle , CardText , Button, Row , Col} from 'reactstrap'
const ImageDetail = () =>{
const [imageDetails,setImageDetails]=useState(null)
useEffect(()=>{
const item=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("item"))
setImageDetails(item)
},[])
var downloadImage = async (uri)=>{
const {data}=await axios.get(uri,{
responseType:"blob"
})
console.log(data)
const url=window.URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([data]))
const link=document.createElement('a')
link.href=url
link.setAttribute('download','image.jpeg');
document.body.appendChild(link)
link.click()
};
return(
<Fragment>
{
(imageDetails)?
<>
<Row className="w-100 m-0 p-0">
<Col lg={4} className="offset-lg-8 text-center ">
<div id="btn-download" className="float-right">
<Button outline color="light" size="md"
className="text-dark"
onClick={()=>
downloadImage(imageDetails.small_image)}>
Download
</Button>
</div>
</Col>
</Row>
<Card className="card-imgDetail" >
<CardImg top width="80%" className="img-thumbnail img-fluid" src={imageDetails.small_image}
alt="Card-image cap" />
<CardBody>
<CardTitle className="h5 text-muted">{`ID: ${imageDetails.id}`}</CardTitle>
<CardText>{imageDetails.picture_description}</CardText>
<CardText>
<small className="text-muted">Image By: {imageDetails.artist} (unsplash.com)</small>
</CardText>
</CardBody>
</Card>
</>:<Card>
<CardBody>Sorry!, No post-selected :(</CardBody>
</Card>
}
</Fragment>
)
}
export default ImageDetail<file_sep>/README.md
# MugglePexels
App to get the best free stock,beautiful photos , ✓ High-quality ✓ 100% free ✓ No attribution needed, for your project and store it into collection for later use
This project was bootstrapped with [Create React App](https://github.com/facebook/create-react-app).
## To Run
do git clone of the repository https://github.com/mayur-keswani/MugglePexels.git
In the project directory, you can run:
#### `npm start`
Runs the app in the development mode.\
Open [http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000) to view it in the browser.
## Assets 🔨
- firebase auth
- masonry-layout
- react-icons
- axios
- uuid
- reactstrap
## Features
- Get photos of any topic just by typing keyword
_eg: nature,car,sunset,home_
- Get Random-New Photos with each page refresh
[NOTE: This images are retrived from unsplash-API. ]
- Get brief-description about each image just by clicking on it.
- Download Image-Offline
- Pick the image and store them into your collection
for later use
## Topics-Covered
- Getting random photos from unsplash-api based on keyword user type in seach-box.
- Create Separate Space for your stored photos and group them into specific collection.
## How you can contribute to this repository 🤝:
1) Star this repository
2) Fork this repository
3) Open any JS file inside src folder then add the explanation of any line of code as a comment line.
4) Commit changes with a meaningful commit message like "Added Expanation to line number 1 in index.html".
5) Create a pull request.
Sit back and relax while your pull request is reviewed and merged.
>>MugglePexels is clone of Pexel , Unsplash for learning purpose only.
### Need help?
```Javascript
if (needHelp === true) {
var emailId = "<EMAIL>";
// email is the best way to reach out to me.
sendEmail(emailId);
}
```
Glad to see you here! Show some love by starring this repo.
```Javascript
if (isAwesome) {
// thanks in advance
starThisRepository();
}
```
<file_sep>/src/Components/Collections/Collection.js
import React, { Fragment } from 'react'
import {Button, Row , Col} from 'reactstrap'
import CollectionItem from './CollectionItem.js'
import './Collection.css'
const Collection = ({collectionList,createCollection,addInCollection}) =>{
let collectionRowItems;
if(Object.keys(collectionList).length>0){
let collectionIDArray = Object.keys(collectionList)
console.log(collectionIDArray)
collectionRowItems=collectionIDArray.map((row,index)=>
<CollectionItem key={collectionIDArray[index]}
collection_items={ collectionList[collectionIDArray[index]] }
addInCollection={()=>addInCollection(collectionIDArray[index])}/> )
}else{
collectionRowItems=(<p>You have no collection saved!</p>)
}
return(
<Fragment>
<div id="collection-section" className="p-0 m-0">
<Row>
<Col sm={4} >
<div className="collection-header p-1">
<h4>Save to Collection</h4>
</div>
</Col>
<Col sm={4} className="text-right offset-sm-4" >
<Button color="success" onClick={createCollection}>Create New-Collection</Button>
</Col>
</Row>
<Row>
<Col>
<div className="collection-body p-5">
{collectionRowItems}
</div>
</Col>
</Row>
</div>
</Fragment>
)
}
export default Collection<file_sep>/src/App.js
import React, { Fragment, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
// css/styling components
import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css'
import 'bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min'
import { ToastContainer } from 'react-toastify';
import 'react-toastify/dist/ReactToastify.css';
// react functional component
import Products from './Components/Products/Products';
import Header from './Components/UI/Header/Header';
import Collection from './Components/Collections/Collection';
import Signup from './Pages/Signup/Signup';
import Login from './Pages/Login/Login';
import ModalWrapper from './Components/UI/ModalWrapper/ModalWrapper';
import ImageDetail from './Components/Image_Details/ImageDetail';
// some dependencies
import { v4 } from 'uuid';
import UserContext from './Context/UserContext'
import { BrowserRouter, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom';
import firebase from 'firebase/app'
import 'firebase/auth'
import firebaseConfig from './Config/firebaseConfig'
firebase.initializeApp(firebaseConfig)
function App() {
// state hook
const [user,setUser]=useState(null)
const [collections,setCollections]=useState({});
const [ criterion , setCriterion]=useState("products");
const [modalIsOpen, setModalOpen] = useState(false);
const [showImageDetail,setShowFullImage]=useState(false)
useEffect(()=>{
const localUser=localStorage.getItem("user")
if(typeof localUser !== typeof undefined){
setUser(JSON.parse(localUser))
}
},[])
const toggleModal = () => setModalOpen(!modalIsOpen);
const createCollection=()=>{
// fetching items from localStorage
const item=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("item"))
localStorage.removeItem("item")
//generating unique id from new-collection object
let newId=v4().toString();
// Storing item into object
let object;
if(item){
object={ name:"",items:[{...item}] }
}else{
object={ name:"",items:[]}
}
// Creating copy of prev. collections
let collections_Copy=collections
collections_Copy[newId]=object
setCollections({...collections_Copy})
}
const addInCollection=(id)=>{
// getting item from local storage
const item=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("item"))
localStorage.removeItem("item")
// creating copy of collections
const collections_Copy={...collections}
const selected_collection={...collections_Copy[id]}
// push new item into collections->items array
selected_collection.items.push(item);
collections_Copy[id]=selected_collection
setCollections({...collections_Copy})
}
const addInLocalStorage=(item,action)=>{
// adding item into localStorage for temporary
localStorage.setItem("item",JSON.stringify(item))
setModalOpen(true)
if(action==="show-image-detail"){
// console("Show full image ")
setShowFullImage(true)
}
// setCollectionVisible(true);
}
return (
<Fragment>
<BrowserRouter>
<ToastContainer/>
<UserContext.Provider value={{user:user,setUser:setUser}}>
<Switch>
<Route path="/signup" exact render={()=>
<>
<Signup/>
</>
}>
</Route>
<Route path="/signin" exact render={()=>
<>
<Login/>
</>
}>
</Route>
<Route path="/" render={()=>
<>
<Header setCriterion={(value)=>setCriterion(value)} toggleModal={toggleModal}/>
{/* <Navigation setCriterion={(value)=>setCriterion(value)}/> */}
<Products
addInLocalStorage={(item,action)=>addInLocalStorage(item,action)}
searchedProduct={criterion}/>
<ModalWrapper show={modalIsOpen} toggleModal={toggleModal}
closeImgDetails={()=>setShowFullImage(false)}>
{
showImageDetail?
<ImageDetail/>:
<Collection
collectionList={collections}
createCollection={createCollection}
addInCollection={(id)=>addInCollection(id)}/>
}
</ModalWrapper>
</>
}>
</Route>
</Switch>
</UserContext.Provider>
</BrowserRouter>
</Fragment>
);
}
export default App;
|
e3fe6eb17d3df7bea900cdf5c022813fa64e61ed
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 6
|
JavaScript
|
mayur-keswani/MugglePexels-using-useState-hook
|
dae67739a34bcac9617792269ee3c6777a5c8a95
|
c683184b96416b2a16e3cabbb8eabfbffc9e4868
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>jDebu/Connection<file_sep>/test_volley.php
<?php
error_reporting(0);
header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');
date_default_timezone_set('America/Lima');
$response= array();
$response["data"]= array();
$data = array();
$data["variable1"]= $_GET["variablexUrlGet"];
$data["variable2"]= $_GET["variablexUrlGet2"];
$data["variableDeseableQueAparezca"] = $_POST["variablexPost"];
array_push($response["data"], $data);
echo json_encode($response);
|
b91fa7abdf088111adb582cd5ae33769ad5a8153
|
[
"PHP"
] | 1
|
PHP
|
jDebu/Connection
|
8c3dea1837e64b425499616307a0aa9937f9789e
|
00fe73b2fee51754f4344fe20aca2133d0a677d1
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>u-yeong/re2021oss<file_sep>/another.c
another file from tutorial
1+1=2
//리뷰실습
<file_sep>/test.c
787878754445
from test
|
6752f471ef9cbd28074bbd6739265c3f12c0f6e4
|
[
"C"
] | 2
|
C
|
u-yeong/re2021oss
|
c3fdfcd70dab7aac8163b65e1e54fde1ed105a12
|
9803af5dbb850ee78accfbc5cf8408297e696b95
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>IkuzakIkuzok/PandA-for-iOS<file_sep>/credential.py
USERNAME = 'XXXXXXXX'
PASSWORD = '<PASSWORD>'
<file_sep>/main.py
# (c) 2020 __guanine
import appex
import json
import os
import re
import requests
import ui
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from credential import *
from html import unescape
from objc_util import ObjCInstance
LOGIN_URL = 'https://cas.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fpanda.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fsakai-login-tool%2Fcontainer'
JSON_URL = 'https://panda.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp/direct/assignment/my.json'
class TableSource():
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.danger = timedelta(days=1)
self.warning = timedelta(days=5)
self.success = timedelta(days=14)
def tableview_number_of_rows(self, tv, s):
return len(self.data)
def tableview_cell_for_row(self, tv, s, r):
cell = ui.TableViewCell('subtitle')
ObjCInstance(cell.text_label).setAdjustsFontSizeToFitWidth_(True)
remain = self.data[r][2]
if remain < self.danger:
cell.bg_color = '#f1cdcd'
cell.border_color = '#e85555'
elif remain < self.warning:
cell.bg_color = '#d7aa57'
cell.border_color = '#e2d4bf'
elif remain < self.success:
cell.bg_color = '#62b665'
cell.border_color = '#cce6cf'
else:
cell.bg_color = '#777777'
cell.border_color = '#dad6d6'
cell.text_label.text = self.data[r][0]
cell.detail_text_label.text = self.data[r][1]
cell.border_width = 1
return cell
class ComfortablePandA(ui.View):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.bounds = (0, 0, 350, 500)
self.btn = ui.Button(title='Load', action=self.load,
background_color=(0, 0, 0, .1), tint_color='black',
font=('HelveticaNeue-Light', 24), corner_radius=3
)
self.add_subview(self.btn)
self.btn.frame = (100, 10, 150, 30)
self.list = ui.TableView(frame=(20, 50, 310, 440), hidden=True)
self.add_subview(self.list)
self.status = ui.Label(frame=(20, 50, 310, 30), hidden=True)
self.add_subview(self.status)
def set_status(self, message):
self.status.text = message
def get_lectures(self, tabs):
lectures = {}
for tab in tabs:
try:
id = re.search(r'href="(.+?)"', tab).group(1)[-17:]
name = unescape(re.search(r'title="(.+?)"', tab).group(1).split(']')[1])
lectures[id] = name
except:
pass
return lectures
def get_assignments(self, items):
assignments = []
for item in items:
if item['status'] != '公開':
continue
lecture = item['context']
title = item['title']
due = datetime.fromtimestamp(item['dueTime']['time'] // 1000)
dueStr = item['dueTime']['display']
assignments.append({
'lecture_id': lecture,
'title': title,
'due': due,
'dueStr': dueStr
})
return assignments
def make_list_data(self, assignments, lectures):
now = datetime.now()
assignments = sorted(assignments, key=lambda x: x['due'])
list_data = []
for assignment in assignments:
remain = assignment['due'] - now
lecture = lectures[assignment['lecture_id']]
title = assignment['title']
due = assignment['dueStr']
list_data.append((f'{lecture}\t{title}', f'{due} ({remain})', remain))
return list_data
@ui.in_background
def load(self, sender):
try:
data = self.load_assignments()
self.list.data_source = TableSource(data)
self.list.reload()
self.status.hidden = True
self.list.hidden = False
except RuntimeError as e:
self.status.text_color = 'red'
self.set_status(str(e))
def download_content(self, url, method, data=None):
try:
if method == 'post':
res = self.session.post(url, data=data)
else:
res = self.session.get(url)
res.raise_for_status()
except HTTPError:
raise RuntimeError('Could not access to PandA.')
except Timeout:
raise RuntimeError('Connection timed out.')
except ConnectionError:
raise RuntimeError('A network error occurred.')
else:
return res
def load_assignments(self):
self.list.hidden = True
self.status.text_color = 'black'
self.set_status('Logging in ...')
self.status.hidden = False
self.session = requests.session()
res = self.download_content(LOGIN_URL, 'get')
lt = re.search(r'<input type="hidden" name="lt" value="(.+?)".*>', res.text).group(1)
login_info = {
'username': USERNAME,
'password': <PASSWORD>,
'warn': 'true',
'lt': lt,
'execution': 'e1s1',
'_eventId': 'submit'
}
res = self.download_content(LOGIN_URL, 'post', data=login_info)
self.set_status('Collecting lectures\' information ...')
text = res.text.replace('\n', '') # Regular expression does not work as expected on multi-line string
tabs = re.findall(r'<li class=".*?nav-menu.*?>.+?</li>', text)[1:]
try:
otherSiteList = re.search(r'<ul id="otherSiteList".*>.+?</ul>', text).group()
except AttributeError:
raise RuntimeError('Failed to log in to PandA.')
tabs += re.findall(r'<li.*?>.+?</li>', otherSiteList)
lectures = self.get_lectures(tabs)
self.set_status('Downloading data ...')
json_str = self.download_content(JSON_URL, 'get').text
assignment_collection = json.loads(json_str)['assignment_collection']
self.set_status('Parsing data ...')
assignments = self.get_assignments(assignment_collection)
return self.make_list_data(assignments, lectures)
def main():
widget_name = __file__ + str(os.stat(__file__).st_mtime)
widget_view = appex.get_widget_view()
if widget_view is None or widget_view.name != widget_name:
widget_view = ComfortablePandA()
widget_view.name = widget_name
appex.set_widget_view(widget_view)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
<file_sep>/README.md
# PandA-for-iOS
PandAから課題一覧を取得してウィジェットに表示します。
## 使用方法
1. [Pythonista 3](https://apps.apple.com/jp/app/pythonista-3/id1085978097)を購入する。
2. ウィジェット画面で[編集]を選択し，Pythonistaを追加して完了。
3. [このあたり](https://qiita.com/maboy/items/cef5dee13d5b2e9ac843)を参考にStaShを入れる。
4. StaSh上で`pip install requests`する。
5. StaSh上で`git clone https://github.com/IkuzakIkuzok/PandA-for-iOS.git`する。
6. PandA-for-iOS/credential.pyのユーザー名(`USERNAME`)とパスワード(`PASSWORD`)を自分の情報に書き換える。
7. PandA-for-iOS/main.pyを実行し，[Use in "Today"]を選択しOK。
8. ウィジェット画面で[Load]を押すと課題の取得を行います。
## 注意事項
- おそらくメモリ制限の都合で，表示できない場合があります。諦めてください。
- 提出済みの課題も併せて表示されます。諦めてください。
## その他
何かありましたら[Twitter](https://twitter.com/__guanine)にてお知らせください。
(ここでIssueを立てられても見ていないかもしれないので)
|
3c3bd1e4e96ab08c35bb8495be278398ea429db2
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python"
] | 3
|
Python
|
IkuzakIkuzok/PandA-for-iOS
|
5fb3c3a288947777d909ac23a4d53a7933c2242e
|
f139c1163bf9787c77bb408ec348a9350eb929f3
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>/*
* File: main.cpp
* Author: John
*
* Created on January 26, 2015, 2:08 PM
*/
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/*
*
*/
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
int n;
cout << "Please enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
int xAdd = 0;
int tAdd = 0;
int yAdd = 0;
for (int t = 0; t < n; t += 3) {
tAdd += t;
}
for (int x = 0; x < n; x += 5) {
xAdd += x;
}
for (int y = 0; y < n; y += 15) {
yAdd += y;
}
int z = xAdd + tAdd - yAdd;
cout << "The sum of all multiples of 3 and 5 below " << n << ": " << z;
}<file_sep>/*
* File: main.cpp
* Author: John
*
* Created on January 27, 2015, 2:11 PM
*/
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/*
*
*/
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
int n;
cout << "Please enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
int a = n % 15;
int b = n % 5;
int c = n % 3;
int x = (n - a) / 15;
int y = (n - b) / 5;
int z = (n - c) / 3;
int xAdd = (((x * x) + x) / 2) * 15;
int yAdd = (((y * y) + y) / 2) * 5;
int zAdd = (((z * z) + z) / 2) * 3;
int d = (yAdd + zAdd) - xAdd;
if(a == 0 || b == 0 || c == 0) {
d = d - n;
}
cout << "The sum of all multiples of 3 and 5 below " << n << ": " << d;
}
|
96da4ba75b772574231f7c1e0801f29ff9e4382f
|
[
"C++"
] | 2
|
C++
|
jstaleyunca/CSCI-372
|
624ff8864db59bfc5ee903fb36d0a377e4e7d207
|
8a37caba5dd0c6bf42f59fe216d2a01085b8905c
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>RakRic/SpringBootVizsga<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Service/JobSeekerService.java
package com.example.demo.Service;
import com.example.demo.Model.JobSeeker;
import com.example.demo.Model.PriorityProfile;
import com.example.demo.Model.ProgrammingLanguage;
import com.example.demo.Repository.JobSeekerRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
@Service
public class JobSeekerService {
private final JobSeekerRepository jobSeekerRepository;
public JobSeekerService(JobSeekerRepository jobSeekerRepository) {
this.jobSeekerRepository = jobSeekerRepository;
}
// Create
public JobSeeker create(JobSeeker jobseeker){
return jobSeekerRepository.save(jobseeker);
}
// Read
public List<JobSeeker> getAll(){
return (List<JobSeeker>) jobSeekerRepository.findAll();
}
//Update
public JobSeeker update(JobSeeker jobseeker){
return jobSeekerRepository.save(jobseeker);
}
//Delete
public void delete(Long id){
jobSeekerRepository.deleteById(id);
}
//GetJobseekerById
public JobSeeker getJobseekerById(Long id){
Optional<JobSeeker> optionalJobSeeker = jobSeekerRepository.findById(id);
if(optionalJobSeeker.isPresent()){
return optionalJobSeeker.get();
}else {
throw new JobSeekerIdNotFound("There is no Jobseeker by this id");
}
}
//getPrioritiesByJobseekerId
public List<PriorityProfile> getPrioritiesByJobseekerId(Long jobseekerId) {
ArrayList<Object[]> returnedValues = new ArrayList<Object[]>(jobSeekerRepository.getPrioritiesByJobseekerId(jobseekerId));
ArrayList<PriorityProfile> priorities = new ArrayList<PriorityProfile>();
for(Object[] o : returnedValues) {
priorities.add(new PriorityProfile(
Long.parseLong(o[0].toString()),
Long.parseLong(o[1].toString()),
Long.parseLong(o[2].toString()),
Integer.parseInt(o[3].toString())));
}
return priorities;
}
//getProgLanguagesByJobseekerId
public List<String> getProgLanguagesByJobseekerId(Long jobseekerId) {
return jobSeekerRepository.getProgLanguagesByJobseekerId(jobseekerId);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Service/BenefitService.java
package com.example.demo.Service;
import com.example.demo.Model.Benefit;
import com.example.demo.Repository.BenefitRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
@Service
public class BenefitService {
private final BenefitRepository benefitRepository;
public BenefitService(BenefitRepository benefitRepository){
this.benefitRepository = benefitRepository;
}
// Create
public Benefit create(Benefit benefit){
return benefitRepository.save(benefit);
}
// Read
public List<Benefit> getAll(){
return (List<Benefit>) benefitRepository.findAll();
}
// Update
public Benefit update(Benefit benefit){
return benefitRepository.save(benefit);
}
// Delete
public void delete(Long id){
benefitRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Model/BenefitProfile.java
package com.example.demo.Model;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import javax.persistence.*;
@Entity
@Setter
@Getter
public class BenefitProfile {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE, generator = "benefitProfile_generator")
@SequenceGenerator(name = "benefitProfile_generator", sequenceName = "benefitProfile_seq")
private long id;
private Boolean value;
private long companyId;
private long benefitId;
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Controller/PriorityProfileController.java
package com.example.demo.Controller;
import com.example.demo.Model.PriorityProfile;
import com.example.demo.Service.PriorityProfileService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
@RestController
public class PriorityProfileController {
private final PriorityProfileService priorityProfileService;
public PriorityProfileController(PriorityProfileService priorityProfileService){
this.priorityProfileService = priorityProfileService;
}
// Create
@PostMapping(path = "/createPriorityProfile")
public PriorityProfile create(@RequestBody PriorityProfile priorityProfile){
return priorityProfileService.create(priorityProfile);
}
// Read
@GetMapping(path = "/priorityProfiles")
public List<PriorityProfile> getAll(){
return priorityProfileService.getAll();
}
// Update
@PostMapping(path = "/updatePriorityProfile")
public PriorityProfile update(@RequestBody PriorityProfile priorityProfile){
return priorityProfileService.update(priorityProfile);
}
// Delete
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/priorityProfile/{id}")
public void delete(@PathVariable("id")Long id){
priorityProfileService.delete(id);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Service/CompanyService.java
package com.example.demo.Service;
import com.example.demo.Model.Company;
import com.example.demo.Repository.CompanyRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
@Service
public class CompanyService {
private final CompanyRepository companyRepository;
public CompanyService(CompanyRepository companyRepository) {
this.companyRepository = companyRepository;
}
// Create
public Company create(Company company){
return companyRepository.save(company);
}
// Read
public List<Company> getAll(){
return (List<Company>) companyRepository.findAll();
}
// Update
public Company update(Company company){
return companyRepository.save(company);
}
// Delete
public void delete(Long id){
companyRepository.deleteById(id);
}
//getBenefitsByCompanyId
public List<String> getBenefitsByCompanyId(Long id) {
return companyRepository.getBenefitsByCompanyId(id);
}
//GetCompanyById
public Company getCompanyById(Long id){
Optional<Company> optionalCompany = companyRepository.findById(id);
if(optionalCompany.isPresent()){
return optionalCompany.get();
} else {
throw new IdNotFoundException("There is no Company by this id");
}
}
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# Final project made in Spring boot.
A simple project that uses an h2 database to store entites with Spring boot.<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Service/PriorityProfileService.java
package com.example.demo.Service;
import com.example.demo.Model.PriorityProfile;
import com.example.demo.Repository.PriorityProfileRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
@Service
public class PriorityProfileService {
private final PriorityProfileRepository priorityProfileRepository;
public PriorityProfileService(PriorityProfileRepository priorityProfileRepository){
this.priorityProfileRepository = priorityProfileRepository;
}
// Create
public PriorityProfile create(PriorityProfile priorityProfile){
return priorityProfileRepository.save(priorityProfile);
}
// Read
public List<PriorityProfile> getAll(){
return (List<PriorityProfile>) priorityProfileRepository.findAll();
}
// Update
public PriorityProfile update(PriorityProfile priorityProfile){
return priorityProfileRepository.save(priorityProfile);
}
// Delete
public void delete(Long id){
priorityProfileRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Service/JobSeekerIdNotFound.java
package com.example.demo.Service;
public class JobSeekerIdNotFound extends RuntimeException{
public JobSeekerIdNotFound(String errorMessage){
super(errorMessage);
}
}<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Repository/BenefitRepository.java
package com.example.demo.Repository;
import com.example.demo.Model.Benefit;
import org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public interface BenefitRepository extends CrudRepository<Benefit, Long> {
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Controller/BenefitProfileController.java
package com.example.demo.Controller;
import com.example.demo.Model.BenefitProfile;
import com.example.demo.Service.BenefitProfileService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
@RestController
public class BenefitProfileController {
private final BenefitProfileService benefitProfileService;
public BenefitProfileController(BenefitProfileService benefitProfileService){
this.benefitProfileService = benefitProfileService;
}
// Create
@PostMapping(path = "/createBenefitProfile")
public BenefitProfile create(@RequestBody BenefitProfile benefitProfile){
return benefitProfileService.create(benefitProfile);
}
// Read
@GetMapping(path = "/benefitProfiles")
public List<BenefitProfile> getAll(){
return benefitProfileService.getAll();
}
// Update
@PostMapping(path = "/updateBenefitProfile")
public BenefitProfile update(BenefitProfile benefitProfile){
return benefitProfileService.update(benefitProfile);
}
// Delete
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/benefitProfile/{id}")
public void delete(@PathVariable("id")Long id){
benefitProfileService.delete(id);
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Repository/ProgrammingLanguageRepository.java
package com.example.demo.Repository;
import com.example.demo.Model.ProgrammingLanguage;
import org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public interface ProgrammingLanguageRepository extends CrudRepository<ProgrammingLanguage, Long> {
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/example/demo/Controller/BenefitController.java
package com.example.demo.Controller;
import com.example.demo.Model.Benefit;
import com.example.demo.Service.BenefitService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
@RestController
public class BenefitController {
private final BenefitService benefitService;
public BenefitController(BenefitService benefitService){
this.benefitService = benefitService;
}
// Create
@PostMapping(path = "/createBenefit")
public Benefit create(@RequestBody Benefit benefit){
return benefitService.create(benefit);
}
// Read
@GetMapping(path = "/benefits")
public List<Benefit> getAll(){
return benefitService.getAll();
}
// Update
@PostMapping(path = "/updateBenefit")
public Benefit update(@RequestBody Benefit benefit){
return benefitService.update(benefit);
}
// Delete
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/benefit/{id}")
public void delete(@PathVariable("id")Long id){
benefitService.delete(id);
}
}
|
2705e5887e76253633ac3f2bc17922780cc4ac93
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java"
] | 12
|
Java
|
RakRic/SpringBootVizsga
|
b2915a3b057098b73839a27314671f76cc6bc46a
|
90e1aad386614f1d29841e309accc65fc34ff1e5
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
namespace SampleBlockchain
{
public class BlockUtility
{
/// <summary>
/// Gets the sha256 hash.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="rawData">The raw data.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string GetSha256Hash(string rawData)
{
// Create a SHA256
using (SHA256 sha256Hash = SHA256.Create())
{
// ComputeHash() - returns byte array
byte[] bytes = sha256Hash.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(rawData));
// Convert byte array to a string
var sb = new StringBuilder();
foreach (var bt in bytes)
{
sb.Append(String.Format("{0:X2}", bt));
}
return sb.ToString();
}
}
}
}
<file_sep># Blockchains
Blockchain samples
<file_sep>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace SampleBlockchain
{
/// <summary>
/// a block in a blockchain
/// </summary>
public class Block
{
/// <summary>
/// The index
/// </summary>
public string index;
/// <summary>
/// The timestamp
/// </summary>
public string timestamp;
/// <summary>
/// The proof of work
/// </summary>
public string proof;
/// <summary>
/// The previous hash
/// </summary>
public string previousHash;
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="System.String" /> that represents this instance.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>
/// A <see cref="System.String" /> that represents this instance.
/// </returns>
public string ToString()
{
return String.Format("index:{0}, timestamp:{1}, proof:{2}, previousHash:{3}", index, timestamp, proof, previousHash);
}
}
}
<file_sep>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using Nancy.Hosting.Self;
namespace SampleBlockchain
{
public class Program
{
/// <summary>
/// The instance of the blockchain
/// </summary>
public static Blockchain blockchain = new Blockchain();
/// <summary>
/// The URI
/// </summary>
public static String Uri;
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length > 0)
Uri = String.Format("http://localhost:{0}", args[0]);
else
Uri = "http://localhost:8877";
// initialize an instance of NancyHost (found in the Nancy.Hosting.Self package)
var host = new NancyHost(new Uri(Uri));
host.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Server started, now listening on " + Uri);
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to stop the server...");
Console.ReadKey();
host.Stop();
}
}
}
<file_sep>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace SampleBlockchain
{
/// <summary>
/// My Blockchain class, implementing one possible ways to create a blockchain from scratch
/// </summary>
public class Blockchain
{
/// <summary>
/// The chain
/// </summary>
public List<Block> chain;
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Blockchain"/> class.
/// </summary>
public Blockchain()
{
// allocate memory to the list
chain = new List<Block>();
// create a genesis block
CreateBlock("1", "0");
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates the block.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="newProof">The new Proof.</param>
/// <param name="previousHash">The previous hash.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public Block CreateBlock(string newProof, string previoushash)
{
// create a new block and add it to the blockchain
var block = new Block();
block.index = String.Format("{0}", chain.Count + 1);
block.timestamp = GetTimestamp();
block.proof = newProof;
block.previousHash = previoushash;
// add the new block to the blockchain
chain.Add(block);
// return the new block for display purpose
return block;
}
/// <summary>
/// Proofs the of work.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="previousProof">The previous Proof.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public string ProofOfWork(string previousProof)
{
int newProof = 1;
var prevProof = Convert.ToInt32(previousProof);
var newProofFound = false;
while (!newProofFound)
{
var proof = CalculateProof(prevProof, newProof);
if (IsProofHashValid(proof))
{
newProofFound = true;
}
else
{
newProof++;
}
}
return newProof.ToString();
}
/// <summary>
/// Calculates the hash.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="block">The block.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public string CalculateHash(Block block)
{
return BlockUtility.GetSha256Hash(block.ToString());
}
/// <summary>
/// Determines whether [is chain valid].
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public bool IsChainValid()
{
Block previousBlock = null;
foreach (var block in this.chain)
{
if (previousBlock == null && block.previousHash.Equals("0"))
{
// this block is the genesis block
previousBlock = block;
// continue with the loop
continue;
}
// check the current block's previous hash with the calculated hash of the previous block
if (!block.previousHash.Equals(CalculateHash(previousBlock)))
{
// return false since the previous hash of current block did not match wht calculated hash of previous block
return false;
}
// get the Proof of previous block
var previousProof = Convert.ToInt32(previousBlock.proof);
// get the Proof of the current block
var currentProof = Convert.ToInt32(block.proof);
// validate Proof of previous block with the Proof of the current block
var calculatedProof = CalculateProof(previousProof, currentProof);
var isProofValid = IsProofHashValid(calculatedProof);
if (!isProofValid)
{
return false;
}
// set previous block as current block
previousBlock = block;
}
return true;
}
/// <summary>
/// Mines the block.
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public Block MineBlock()
{
// previous block is the last block in the blockchain
var previousBlock = chain[chain.Count - 1];
var previousProof = previousBlock.proof;
var newProof = ProofOfWork(previousProof);
var previousHash = CalculateHash(previousBlock);
var newBlock = CreateBlock(newProof, previousHash);
return newBlock;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the timestamp.
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private string GetTimestamp()
{
// get the unix time, number of seconds from Jan 1, 1970
return string.Format("{0}", (Int32)(DateTime.UtcNow.Subtract(new DateTime(1970, 1, 1))).TotalSeconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Determines whether [is hash valid]
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hash">The hash.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
private bool IsProofHashValid(string hash)
{
// this is the difficulty level (in bitcoin this is determined by the algorithm.)
// The more the number of 0s the higher the difficulty and the lower the value of the hash.
return hash.StartsWith("0000");
}
/// <summary>
/// Calculates the Proof.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="previousProof">The previous Proof.</param>
/// <param name="currentProof">The current Proof.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
private string CalculateProof(int previousProof, int currentProof)
{
// this is a random calculation to find out the new Proof which would satisfy the validation criteria
// in this example I am using (a^2 - b^2 - 2ab)
return BlockUtility.GetSha256Hash(String.Format("{0}", (Math.Pow(currentProof, 2) - Math.Pow(previousProof, 2) - 2 * currentProof * previousProof)));
}
}
}
<file_sep>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using Nancy;
namespace SampleBlockchain
{
/// <summary>
/// Main module for nancy
/// </summary>
public class MainModule : NancyModule
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MainModule"/> class.
/// </summary>
public MainModule()
{
// get the blockchain instance
var blockchain = Program.blockchain;
// request handler for the root request
Get["/"] = x => { return "Hello friends!!"; };
// request handler for mine block in the blockchain
Get["/mineblock"] = _ =>
{
// mine a new block for this blockchain
var block = blockchain.MineBlock();
// create a new dictionary for response in JSON format
var dict = new Dictionary<string, object>()
{
{"message", "Congratulations, you have successfully mined a block!"},
{"block", block}
};
return Response.AsJson<Dictionary<String, object>>(dict);
};
// request handler to get the entire chain
Get["/getchain"] = x =>
{
// create a new dictionary for response in JSON format
var dict = new Dictionary<string, object>()
{
{"chain", blockchain.chain},
{"length", blockchain.chain.Count}
};
return Response.AsJson<Dictionary<String, object>>(dict);
};
// request handler for validating if the blockchain is valid
Get["/ischainvalid"] = x =>
{
// check if the blockchain is valid
var isValid = blockchain.IsChainValid();
// create a new dictionary for response in JSON format
var dict = new Dictionary<string, object>()
{
{"is_blockchain_valid", isValid},
{"length", blockchain.chain.Count}
};
return Response.AsJson<Dictionary<String, object>>(dict);
};
}
}
}
|
387fa0a5aeee7f0d94220f4c7ff13b2853a4b16c
|
[
"Markdown",
"C#"
] | 6
|
C#
|
saurabhvirdi/Blockchains
|
0ac79e8d5cf47b39dc3ed6e7d147c8a5b7190760
|
2e248d0ecd9536280344f48eb4bebe1e51cba0a4
|
refs/heads/main
|
<repo_name>alexmalynovskyi/ecommerce_shop_react<file_sep>/src/components/product/Product.jsx
import { mockedProducts } from "./mocked-products";
import ProductCard from "./ProductCard";
import GridContainer from "../grid/GridContainer";
import Griditem from "../grid/Griditem";
export default function Product() {
console.log(mockedProducts);
const renderProductCads = () => {
if (mockedProducts && mockedProducts.length > 0) {
return mockedProducts.map(prod =>
<Griditem xs={4}>
<ProductCard
key={prod.id}
id={prod.id}
title={prod.title}
description={prod.description}
img={prod.img}
price={prod.price}
code={prod.code}
/>
</Griditem>
)
}
}
return (
<GridContainer spacing={5}>
{renderProductCads()}
</GridContainer>
)
}<file_sep>/src/pages/Homepage.jsx
import GridContainer from "../components/grid/GridContainer";
import Griditem from "../components/grid/Griditem";
import { makeStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import Product from "../components/product/Product";
const useStyles = makeStyles((theme) => ({
container: {
marginTop: '100px'
}
}));
export default function Homepage(props) {
const classes = useStyles();
return <GridContainer className={classes.container}>
<Griditem xs={3}>filter section</Griditem>
<Griditem xs={9}>
<Product></Product>
</Griditem>
</GridContainer>
}<file_sep>/src/App.jsx
import logo from './logo.svg';
import './App.css';
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route } from 'react-router-dom';
import Homepage from './pages/Homepage';
import Header from './components/layout/Header';
function App() {
return (
<Router>
<Header />
<Route exact path='/' component={Homepage} />
</Router>
);
}
export default App;
<file_sep>/src/components/grid/Griditem.jsx
import React from 'react';
import { makeStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import Grid from '@material-ui/core/Grid';
import classnames from 'classnames';
const useStyles = makeStyles((theme) => ({
}));
// eslint-disable-next-line import/no-anonymous-default-export
export default ({ xs = 12, children, className, ...props }) => {
const classes = useStyles();
const gridContainerClassNames = classnames(classes.root, className)
return (
<Grid className={gridContainerClassNames} item xs={xs} {...props} >
{children}
</Grid>
);
}
<file_sep>/src/components/grid/GridContainer.jsx
import Grid from '@material-ui/core/Grid';
import { makeStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import classnames from 'classnames';
const useStyles = makeStyles((theme) => ({
root: {
flexGrow: 1,
}
}));
export default function GridContainer ({ spacing= 2, children, className, ...props }) {
const classes = useStyles();
const gridContainerClassNames = classnames(classes.root, className)
return <Grid container className={gridContainerClassNames} spacing={spacing} {...props}>
{children}
</Grid>
}
|
aa9d80075b41018e175dd1eabda72577558b5063
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 5
|
JavaScript
|
alexmalynovskyi/ecommerce_shop_react
|
f0ed6cf0b76173355cfbbcdc6127f71d46e0c993
|
d42f3c5c20b4c416385790214cb6b5288e4d6740
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>'use strict';
var Alexa = require("alexa-sdk");
var appId = 'amzn1.ask.skill.ce19d66c-b1d2-40b9-987a-ea1c13916b14'; //'amzn1.echo-sdk-ams.app.your-skill-id';
var https = require('https');
//var apiKey = /* YOUR_KEY */;
var alexa;
exports.handler = function(event, context, callback) {
alexa = Alexa.handler(event, context);
alexa.appId = appId;
//alexa.dynamoDBTableName = 'highLowGuessUsers';
alexa.registerHandlers(newSessionHandlers, drivingModeHandlers, transitModeHandlers, findModeHandlers, startModeHandlers); //, guessAttemptHandlers);
alexa.execute();
};
var states = {
DRIVINGMODE: '_DRIVINGMODE',
TRANSITMODE: '_TRANSITMODE',
FINDMODE: '_FINDMODE',
STARTMODE: '_STARTMODE'
};
var newSessionHandlers = {
'NewSession': function() {
/* if(Object.keys(this.attributes).length === 0) {
this.attributes['endedSessionCount'] = 0;
this.attributes['gamesPlayed'] = 0;
} */
this.handler.state = states.STARTMODE;
this.emit(':ask', 'Welcome to the Directions App. Would you like to know directions?', 'Say yes to start or no to quit.');
},
"AMAZON.StopIntent": function() {
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
"AMAZON.CancelIntent": function() {
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'SessionEndedRequest': function () {
console.log('session ended!');
//this.attributes['endedSessionCount'] += 1;
this.emit(":tell", "Goodbye!");
}
};
var startModeHandlers = Alexa.CreateStateHandler(states.STARTMODE, {
'NewSession': function () {
this.emit('NewSession'); // Uses the handler in newSessionHandlers
},
'AMAZON.HelpIntent': function() {
var message = 'I can help you find directions. Tell me where you are now and where you want to go.';
this.emit(':ask', message, message);
},
'AMAZON.YesIntent': function() {
this.handler.state = states.FINDMODE;
this.emit(':ask', 'Great! ' + 'Are you driving?', 'Please say yes or no.');
},
'AMAZON.NoIntent': function() {
console.log("NOINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', 'Ok, see you next time!');
},
"AMAZON.StopIntent": function() {
console.log("STOPINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
"AMAZON.CancelIntent": function() {
console.log("CANCELINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'SessionEndedRequest': function () {
console.log("SESSIONENDEDREQUEST");
//this.attributes['endedSessionCount'] += 1;
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'Unhandled': function() {
console.log("UNHANDLED");
var message = 'Say yes to know directions, or no to exit.';
this.emit(':ask', message, message);
}
});
var findModeHandlers = Alexa.CreateStateHandler(states.FINDMODE, {
'NewSession': function () {
this.emit('NewSession'); // Uses the handler in newSessionHandlers
},
'AMAZON.HelpIntent': function() {
var message = 'I can help you find directions. Tell me where you are now and where you want to go.';
this.emit(':ask', message, message);
},
'AMAZON.YesIntent': function() {
this.handler.state = states.DRIVINGMODE;
this.emit(':ask', 'Great! ' + 'Tell me where you are now and where you want to go. For example, you can say, Get me directions from Gaithursburg, Maryland to Rockefeller, New York',
'Please say the source and destination addresses.');
},
'AMAZON.NoIntent': function() {
this.handler.state = states.TRANSITMODE;
this.emit(':ask', 'Alright! ' + 'Tell me where you are now and where you want to go. For example, you can say, Get me directions from 10 Commercial Avenue, New Brunswick to Times Square, New York',
'Please say the source and destination addresses.');
},
"AMAZON.StopIntent": function() {
console.log("STOPINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
"AMAZON.CancelIntent": function() {
console.log("CANCELINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'SessionEndedRequest': function () {
console.log("SESSIONENDEDREQUEST");
//this.attributes['endedSessionCount'] += 1;
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'Unhandled': function() {
console.log("UNHANDLED");
var message = 'Say yes to know directions, or no to exit.';
this.emit(':ask', message, message);
}
});
var drivingModeHandlers = Alexa.CreateStateHandler(states.DRIVINGMODE, {
'NewSession': function () {
this.handler.state = '';
this.emitWithState('NewSession'); // Equivalent to the Start Mode NewSession handler
},
'GetDirectionsIntent': function() {
var source = this.event.request.intent.slots.src.value;
var destination = this.event.request.intent.slots.dest.value;
for (var i = 0; i < source.length; i++)
if (source[i] == ' ') source[i] = '+';
for (var i = 0; i < destination.length; i++)
if (destination[i] == ' ') destination[i] = '+';
var url = 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?origin='+source+'&destination='+destination+'&key='+apiKey;
httpsGet(url, function(response) {
var output = '';
var result = JSON.parse(response);
var cardContent = "\nDirections provided by Google\n\n";
var json = result.routes[0].legs[0].steps;
for (var i = 0; i < json.length; i++) {
var index = i + 1;
var inst = (json[i].html_instructions).replace(/<b>/g, "").replace(/<\/b>/g, "").replace(/<\/div>/g, "").replace(/<div style="font-size:0.9em">/g, ". ");
cardContent += index + ". " + inst + " for " + json[i].distance.text + ".\n";
}
output += "The total travel time is " + result.routes[0].legs[0].duration.text + ". See your Alexa app for directions.";
var cardTitle = "Directions";
console.log(cardContent);
alexa.emit(':tellWithCard', output, cardTitle, cardContent);
});
},
'AMAZON.HelpIntent': function() {
this.emit(':ask', 'I can help you find directions. Tell me where you are now and where you want to go.', 'Tell me where you are now and where you want to go.');
},
"AMAZON.StopIntent": function() {
console.log("STOPINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
"AMAZON.CancelIntent": function() {
console.log("CANCELINTENT");
},
'SessionEndedRequest': function () {
console.log("SESSIONENDEDREQUEST");
this.attributes['endedSessionCount'] += 1;
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'Unhandled': function() {
console.log("UNHANDLED");
this.emit(':ask', 'Sorry, I didn\'t get that.', 'Please repeat properly.');
}
});
var transitModeHandlers = Alexa.CreateStateHandler(states.TRANSITMODE, {
'NewSession': function () {
this.handler.state = '';
this.emitWithState('NewSession'); // Equivalent to the Start Mode NewSession handler
},
'GetDirectionsIntent': function() {
var source = this.event.request.intent.slots.src.value;
var destination = this.event.request.intent.slots.dest.value;
for (var i = 0; i < source.length; i++)
if (source[i] == ' ') source[i] = '+';
for (var i = 0; i < destination.length; i++)
if (destination[i] == ' ') destination[i] = '+';
var url = 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?mode=transit&transit_mode=train&origin='+source+'&destination='+destination+'&key='+apiKey;
httpsGet(url, function(response) {
var output = '';
var result = JSON.parse(response);
var cardContent = "\nDirections provided by Google\n\n";
var jsonOne = result.routes[0].legs[0].steps;
for (var i = 0; i < jsonOne.length; i++)
{
var index = i + 1;
cardContent += index + ". " + jsonOne[i].html_instructions + "\n";
if (jsonOne[i].travel_mode === "WALKING") // if ((jsonOne[i].html_instructions).search("Walk") != -1)
{
var jsonTwo = jsonOne[i].steps;
for (var j = 0; j < jsonTwo.length; j++)
{
if (jsonTwo[j].html_instructions === undefined) continue;
var inst = (jsonTwo[j].html_instructions).replace(/<b>/g, "").replace(/<\/b>/g, "").replace(/<\/div>/g, "").replace(/<div style="font-size:0.9em">/g, ". ");
cardContent += "-> " + inst + " (" + jsonTwo[j].distance.text + ")\n";
}
}
else if (jsonOne[i].travel_mode === "TRANSIT")
{
var jsonTwo = jsonOne[i].transit_details;
cardContent += "-> Line name: " + jsonTwo.line.name + "\n";
cardContent += "-> Number of stops: " + jsonTwo.num_stops + "\n";
cardContent += "-> Departure Stop: " + jsonTwo.departure_stop.name + "\n";
cardContent += "-> Departure Time: " + jsonTwo.departure_time.text + "\n";
cardContent += "-> Arrival Stop: " + jsonTwo.arrival_stop.name + "\n";
cardContent += "-> Arrival Time: " + jsonTwo.arrival_time.text + "\n";
}
}
output += "The total travel time is " + result.routes[0].legs[0].duration.text + ". See your Alexa app for directions.";
var cardTitle = "Directions";
console.log(cardContent);
alexa.emit(':tellWithCard', output, cardTitle, cardContent);
});
},
'AMAZON.HelpIntent': function() {
this.emit(':ask', 'I can help you find directions. Tell me where you are now and where you want to go.', 'Tell me where you are now and where you want to go.');
},
"AMAZON.StopIntent": function() {
console.log("STOPINTENT");
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
"AMAZON.CancelIntent": function() {
console.log("CANCELINTENT");
},
'SessionEndedRequest': function () {
console.log("SESSIONENDEDREQUEST");
this.attributes['endedSessionCount'] += 1;
this.emit(':tell', "Goodbye!");
},
'Unhandled': function() {
console.log("UNHANDLED");
this.emit(':ask', 'Sorry, I didn\'t get that.', 'Please repeat properly.');
}
});
function httpsGet(url, callback) {
https.get(url, function(res) {
var body = '';
res.on('data', function(data) {
body += data;
});
res.on('end', function() {
callback(body);
});
});
}
<file_sep># AlexaSkill-Google-Directions
A Directions App with the new Alexa SDK.
|
b04b2de1a09199cd6a686571e5cb4c4167474f44
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 2
|
JavaScript
|
govind94/AlexaSkill-Google-Directions
|
9b65cb61f134ddda4a831e0b1ced066d591f2f4f
|
952a19d78acdfbe3a160c92eacc197a5f14dabdd
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>tim90721/Project<file_sep>/main/scripts/evaluateResult.py
#/usr/bin/python3
import os
import csv
import sys
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from plot_result import collectDataUE, getSubframePeriod
import math
#######################
# plot each prach-configurationIndex uniform and beta distribution result
#######################
# plot source folder organization
#
# candidateResult - ./prach-16-simulation-uniform
# ./prach-16-simulation-beta
# ./prach-19-simulation-uniform
# ./prach-19-simulation-beta
# ./prach-22-simulation-uniform
# ./prach-22-simulation-beta
# ./prach-25-simulation-uniform
# ./prach-25-simulation-beta
# ./prach-27-simulation-uniform
# ./prach-27-simulation-beta
# ./others configuration with uniform and beta
# ...
figureCount = 0
line_width = 3.0
marker_size = 10.0
label_font_size = 20
title_font_size = 24
legend_font_size = 16
plot_optimized = False
def getPreambleLength(preambleSCS):
if preambleSCS == 1.25 or preambleSCS == 5:
return 839
else:
return 139
def collectCellMsg1FDM(filename):
timing = []
msg1FDM = []
if plot_optimized:
msg1FDMOp = []
with open(filename, newline='') as csvfile:
rows = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
#next(rows)
for row in rows:
preambleSCS = row['Preamble SCS']
timing.append(int(row['Current Frame']) * 10 + int(row['Current Subframe']))
msg1FDM.append(int(row['msg1-FDM']))
if plot_optimized:
msg1FDMOp.append(int(row['msg1-FDM Optimized']))
if plot_optimized:
return preambleSCS, timing, msg1FDM, msg1FDMOp
return preambleSCS, timing, msg1FDM
def plotAverageResult(average, filename=""):
global figureCount
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
#fig.subplots_adjust(top = 0.9)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.plot(average.keys(), average.values(), 'b-o', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
plt.xlabel("RA Subframe Period (ms)", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("Average Latency (ms)", fontsize=label_font_size)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
#plt.suptitle("Average UE Latency vs RA Subframe Period", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
plt.axis([0, max(average.keys()) + 2, 0, max(average.values()) + 10])
plt.grid(True)
if filename:
plt.savefig(filename)
plt.close
#plt.show()
def plotLantencyCDF(uedata, saveFolderName=""):
global figureCount
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Latency (ms)", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("CDF", fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle("UE Latency CDF", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
for data in uedata:
latency = data['latency']
prachIndex = data['prachIndex']
simulationTime = data['simulationTime']
arrivalMode = data['arrivalMode']
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(int(simulationTime))) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Totle UE: {0}".format(arrival)
filenameFig = "CDF_simu-{0}_{1}_arrival-{2}".format(simulationTime,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
latency.insert(0, 0)
X = np.linspace(min(latency), max(latency), max(latency) - min(latency))
hist, bin_edges = np.histogram(latency, bins=max(latency) - min(latency), density=True)
hist = np.cumsum(hist)
plt.plot(X, hist, label="RA Subframe Period="+str(getSubframePeriod(prachIndex))+"ms", linewidth=line_width)
ax.legend(loc="lower right", fontsize=legend_font_size)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
plt.axis([0, max(latency), 0, 1.1])
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + filenameFig)
plt.close()
del X
del hist
del bin_edges
def plotEachLantencyCDF(uedata, saveFolderName=""):
global figureCount
for data in uedata:
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Latency (ms)", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("CDF", fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle("UE Latency CDF", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
latency = data['latency']
prachIndex = data['prachIndex']
simulationTime = data['simulationTime']
arrivalMode = data['arrivalMode']
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "RA Subframe Period: {0}ms, ".format(getSubframePeriod(prachIndex)) \
+ "Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(int(simulationTime))) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Totle UE: {0}".format(arrival)
filenameFig = "CDF_prach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}".format(prachIndex,
simulationTime,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
latency.insert(0, 0)
X = np.linspace(min(latency), max(latency), max(latency) - min(latency))
hist, bin_edges = np.histogram(latency, bins=max(latency) - min(latency), density=True)
hist = np.cumsum(hist)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
plt.plot(X, hist, 'b-', linewidth=line_width)
plt.axis([0, max(latency), 0, 1.1])
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + filenameFig)
plt.close()
del X
del hist
del bin_edges
def plotCellMsg1FDM(celldatas, folderName=""):
global figureCount
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
simulationTime = celldatas[0]['simulationTime']
arrivalMode = celldatas[0]['arrivalMode']
arrival = celldatas[0]['arrival']
maxTiming = max([max(t['timing']) for t in celldatas])
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
attr = ['b-o', 'm-D', 'c-s', 'r-^', 'g-*']
i = 0
for data in celldatas:
preambleBW = [fdm*data['preambleLength']*float(data['preambleSCS'])/1000 for fdm in data['msg1FDM']]
if i == 0:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label='RA Subframe Period='+str(getSubframePeriod(int(data['prachIndex'])))+"ms", linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
elif i == 1:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label='RA Subframe Period='+str(getSubframePeriod(int(data['prachIndex'])))+"ms", linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 10, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 2:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label='RA Subframe Period='+str(getSubframePeriod(int(data['prachIndex'])))+"ms", linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 5)
elif i == 4:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label='RA Subframe Period='+str(getSubframePeriod(int(data['prachIndex'])))+"ms", linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 5)
else:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label='RA Subframe Period='+str(getSubframePeriod(int(data['prachIndex'])))+"ms", linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
i = i + 1
newYTick = [fdm*celldatas[0]['preambleLength']*float(celldatas[0]['preambleSCS'])/1000 for fdm in [1, 2, 4, 8]]
xtick = math.ceil(maxTiming / 160)
xtick = [(x * 160) for x in range(xtick + 1)]
#plt.xticks(xtick)
plt.yticks(newYTick)
ax.legend(loc='upper left', fontsize=legend_font_size)
ax.set_xlim(0, maxTiming)
ax.set_ylim(0, math.ceil(max(newYTick) / 10) * 2 * 10)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
ax.grid(True)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("Preamble Occupied Bandwidth (MHz)",fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle("RA Used Bandwidth", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
title = "Simulation Time: {0}s\nArrival Mode:{1}".format(simulationTime, arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
title = title + ", Arrival Rate:{0}".format(arrival)
else:
title = title + ", Total UE:{0}".format(arrival)
filename = "msg1FDM_simu-{0}_{1}_arrival-{2}.png".format(simulationTime,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
#plt.title(title, fontsize=title_font_size)
plt.savefig(folderName + filename)
plt.close()
def plotCellMsg1FDMwithOptimized(celldatas, folderName=""):
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
simulationTime = celldatas[0]['simulationTime']
arrivalMode = celldatas[0]['arrivalMode']
arrival = celldatas[0]['arrival']
maxTiming = max([max(t['timing']) for t in celldatas])
attr = ['b-s', 'r-o', 'm-D', 'c-^', 'g-*']
i = 0
for data in celldatas:
global figureCount
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
preambleBW = [fdm*data['preambleLength']*float(data['preambleSCS'])/1000 for fdm in data['msg1FDM']]
preambleBWOp = [fdm*data['preambleLength']*float(data['preambleSCS']) / 1000 for fdm in data['msg1FDMOp']]
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[0], label=r'$F_{RAO}$', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBWOp, attr[1], label=r'$F_{RAO} optimized$', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
newYTick = [fdm*celldatas[0]['preambleLength']*float(celldatas[0]['preambleSCS'])/1000 for fdm in [1, 2, 4, 8]]
plt.yticks(newYTick)
ax.legend(loc='upper left', fontsize=legend_font_size)
ax.set_xlim(0, maxTiming)
ax.set_ylim(0, math.ceil(max(newYTick) / 10) * 10)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
ax.grid(True)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("Preamble Occupied Bandwidth (MHz)",fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle("RA Used Bandwidth", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
#title = "Simulation Time: {0}s\nArrival Mode:{1}".format(simulationTime, arrivalMode)
#if arrivalMode == "uniform":
# title = title + ", Arrival Rate:{0}".format(arrival)
#else:
# title = title + ", Total UE:{0}".format(arrival)
filename = "msg1FDM_prach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}.png".format(data['prachIndex'],
simulationTime,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
#plt.title(title, fontsize=title_font_size)
plt.savefig(folderName + filename)
plt.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
command = sys.argv
if 'plot_op' in command:
plot_optimized = True
print('plot optimized')
ueFile = 'UE.csv'
cellFile = 'Cell.csv'
resultSourceFolder = "./candidateResult/"
savefigureNameUniform = "result_uniform.png"
savefigurenameBeta = "result_beta.png"
folderNameUniform = "uniform/"
folderNameBeta = "beta/"
if not os.path.exists(resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform):
os.makedirs(resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform)
if not os.path.exists(resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta):
os.makedirs(resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta)
folderName = [name for name in os.listdir(resultSourceFolder)]
folderName = [name for name in folderName if "png" not in name]
folderName.remove('beta')
folderName.remove('uniform')
#if savefigureName in folderName:
# folderName.remove(savefigureName)
############# get parameters ############
prachIndex = [name.split("prach-")[1] for name in folderName]
prachIndex = [name.split("_")[0] for name in prachIndex]
simulationTime = [name.split("simu-")[1] for name in folderName]
simulationTime = [name.split("_")[0] for name in simulationTime]
arrivalMode = [name.split("_")[4] for name in folderName]
arrival = [name.split("_")[5] for name in folderName]
arrival = [name.split("-")[1] for name in arrival]
#for i in range(len(folderName)):
# print(prachIndex[i])
# print(simulationTime[i])
# print(arrivalMode[i])
# print(arrival[i])
############ get parameters ############
avgs_uniform = {}
avgs_beta = {}
ue_uniform = []
ue_beta = []
cell_uniform = []
cell_beta = []
while(len(prachIndex) > 0):
maxIndex = prachIndex.index(max(prachIndex))
#### get ue data ####
filename = resultSourceFolder + folderName[maxIndex] + "/" + ueFile
latency = [x['latency'] for x in collectDataUE(filename).values()]
ue_data = {'latency':latency, 'prachIndex':prachIndex[maxIndex], 'simulationTime':simulationTime[maxIndex], 'arrivalMode':arrivalMode[maxIndex], 'arrival':arrival[maxIndex]}
#### get ue data ####
#### get cell data ####
filename = resultSourceFolder + folderName[maxIndex] + "/" + cellFile
if plot_optimized:
preambleSCS, timing, msg1FDM, msg1FDMOp = collectCellMsg1FDM(filename)
else:
preambleSCS, timing, msg1FDM = collectCellMsg1FDM(filename)
cell_data = {'prachIndex':prachIndex[maxIndex], 'preambleSCS':preambleSCS, 'preambleLength':getPreambleLength(float(preambleSCS)), 'timing':timing, 'msg1FDM':msg1FDM, 'simulationTime':simulationTime[maxIndex], 'arrivalMode': arrivalMode[maxIndex], 'arrival':arrival[maxIndex]}
if plot_optimized:
cell_data['msg1FDMOp'] = msg1FDMOp
#### get cell data ####
if arrivalMode[maxIndex] == "uniform":
avgs_uniform[getSubframePeriod(int(prachIndex[maxIndex]))] = np.mean(latency)
cell_uniform.append(cell_data)
ue_uniform.append(ue_data)
else:
avgs_beta[getSubframePeriod(int(prachIndex[maxIndex]))] = np.mean(latency)
cell_beta.append(cell_data)
ue_beta.append(ue_data)
# plotLantencyCDF(latency, prachIndex[maxIndex], simulationTime[maxIndex], arrivalMode[maxIndex], arrival[maxIndex], resultSourceFolder)
del prachIndex[maxIndex]
del simulationTime[maxIndex]
del arrivalMode[maxIndex]
del arrival[maxIndex]
del folderName[maxIndex]
print(avgs_uniform)
plotLantencyCDF(ue_uniform, resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform)
plotEachLantencyCDF(ue_uniform, resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform)
plotAverageResult(avgs_uniform, resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform + savefigureNameUniform)
plotCellMsg1FDM(cell_uniform, resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform)
if plot_optimized:
plotCellMsg1FDMwithOptimized(cell_uniform, resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform)
#plotLantencyCDF(ue_beta, resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta)
#plotEachLantencyCDF(ue_beta, resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta)
#plotAverageResult(avgs_beta, resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta+ savefigurenameBeta)
#plotCellMsg1FDM(cell_beta, resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta)
#if plot_optimized:
# plotCellMsg1FDMwithOptimized(cell_beta, resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta)
#plt.show()
del avgs_uniform
del avgs_beta
del cell_uniform
del cell_beta
del ue_uniform
del ue_beta
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig22.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_22_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_22_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell* cell;
extern UE* ue;
void testPrachIndex22_24(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_23(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_22(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_21(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_20(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_19(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_18(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;++k){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_17(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_16(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int rao = 8;
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_15(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int rao = 8;
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 7){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 11){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_14(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int rao = 8;
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 14){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 17){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 21){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 24){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_13(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 16;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 27){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(8);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
int rao = 9;
for(int k = 0;k < 2;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 31 + k * 10){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 34 + k * 10){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 37 + k * 10){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 51){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(15);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_12(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_11(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_10(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 7){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 11){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_9(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 14){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 17){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 21){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 24){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_8(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 7){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 11){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + k * 3){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 22;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex22(){
testPrachIndex22_1();
testPrachIndex22_2();
testPrachIndex22_3();
testPrachIndex22_4();
testPrachIndex22_5();
testPrachIndex22_6();
testPrachIndex22_7();
testPrachIndex22_8();
testPrachIndex22_9();
testPrachIndex22_10();
testPrachIndex22_11();
testPrachIndex22_12();
testPrachIndex22_13();
testPrachIndex22_14();
testPrachIndex22_15();
testPrachIndex22_16();
testPrachIndex22_17();
testPrachIndex22_18();
testPrachIndex22_19();
testPrachIndex22_20();
testPrachIndex22_21();
testPrachIndex22_22();
testPrachIndex22_23();
testPrachIndex22_24();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig16.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_16_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_16_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell* cell;
extern UE* ue;
void testPrachIndex16_8(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 16.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 21){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 16;k < 24;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 31){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 24;k < 32;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 16;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 41){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 51){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 61){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 71){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 60;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 21){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 31){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 60;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 60;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 60;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 16;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 60;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) <= 10){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex16(){
testPrachIndex16_1();
testPrachIndex16_2();
testPrachIndex16_3();
testPrachIndex16_4();
testPrachIndex16_5();
testPrachIndex16_6();
testPrachIndex16_7();
testPrachIndex16_8();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/.projectenv
#!/bin/bash
export project_name=project
export INCLUDEPATH="/home/daitor/Qt/5.12.0/gcc_64/include"
export QT=widgets
export workfile_UI="src/mainGUI.cpp src/SimulationCanvas.cpp src/Model.cpp src/MonitorRAFunction.cpp src/Cell.cpp src/Beam.cpp src/MacroCell.cpp src/FemtoCell.cpp src/UE.cpp src/CommonMath.cpp"
export workfile_RA="src/IPRACHConfig.h src/PRACHConfig.cpp src/PRACHConfigFR1Paired.cpp src/PreambleFormat.h src/AvailiableRAO.cpp"
export workfile_test_RA="src_test/RAOtest.cpp src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig27.cpp src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig16.cpp src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig101.cpp src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig106.cpp"
<file_sep>/project_test/run_test.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "project name: $project_name test"
qt_project_filename="${project_name}.pro"
buildDir=./build_test
newestFileinTestSrc=$(ls -t src/ | head -1)
echo "newest file $newestFileinTestSrc"
newerFile=$(find ../main/src/ -newer src/$newestFileinTestSrc | grep -E '.*cpp$|.*h$')
if [ "${newerFile}" != "" ]; then
echo "newer file $newerFile"
cp $newerFile ./src/
else
echo "no new file"
fi
#cp ../main/src/*.h ./src/
test -e ./src/mainGUI.h && rm ./src/mainGUI.h
test -e ./src/mainGUI.cpp && rm ./src/mainGUI.cpp
test -e ./src/main.cpp && rm ./src/main.cpp
#rm ./src/mainGUI.h
#rm ./src/mainGUI.cpp
#rm ./src/main.cpp
qmake -project -o ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
sed -i '$a QT += widgets' ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
sed -i '$a DEFINES += "TESTING=1"' ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
sed -i 's/INCLUDEPATH.*$/INCLUDEPATH += \/home\/daitor\/Qt\/5.12.0\/gcc_64\/include \.\.\/src \.\.\/\.\.\/main\/include /g' ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
qmake ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename} -o ${buildDir}
make -C ${buildDir} && ./${buildDir}/${project_name}
<file_sep>/main/src/FemtoCell.h
#ifndef FEMTOCELL
#define FEMTOCELL
#include "Cell.h"
#include "CommonMath.h"
class FemtoCell : public Cell{
public:
FemtoCell(int x, int y, int cellIndex, int nBeams, celltype::CellType cellType, int prachConfigIndex, int nPreambles, int cellBW, int ssbSCS, double preambleSCS);
void draw(QPainter &painter);
void initializeBeams();
void setBeamStartAngle(int diffX, int diffY);
void updateBeamsAngle(int diffX, int diffY);
~FemtoCell();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/random_access.cpp
#include "random_access.h"
using namespace std;
// binary search a preamble index from RARs
// subframeRars: rars stored in a cell
// raoLeft: the left rao index in a range of subframeRars
// raoRight: the right rao index in a range of subframeRars
// raoIndex: the index of searching rao
// preambleIndex: the index of searching preamble
// return: the index of searching rao index and preamble index
// if there is no rao index and preamble index
// in this subframeRars, return the index that RAR should be
// inserted to
int binarySearchPreamble(const vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, const int raoLeft, const int raoRight, const int raoIndex, const int preambleIndex){
if(raoLeft == -1 && raoRight == -1)
return raoIndex;
int left = raoLeft;
int right = raoRight;
while(left <= right){
int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
if(subframeRars[mid]->preambleIndex > preambleIndex)
right = mid - 1;
else if(subframeRars[mid]->preambleIndex < preambleIndex)
left = mid + 1;
else
return mid;
}
if((unsigned)left == subframeRars.size())
return left;
else{
if(left < raoRight){
return (preambleIndex > subframeRars[left]->preambleIndex)?(left + 1):left;
}
else
return (preambleIndex > subframeRars[raoRight]->preambleIndex)?(raoRight + 1):raoRight;
}
}
// binary search an rao from RARs
// subframeRars: rars stored in a cell
// raoIndex: the search index of rao
// return: raoLeft, raoRight, searched index
// raoLeft: the left rao index in a range of subframeRars
// raoRight: the right rao index in a range of subframeRars
// searched index: if rao index is contained in subframeRars
// return the searched index of rao index
// if rao index is not contained in subframeRars
// return the index of rao index should be inserted to
int binarySearchRAO(const vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, int* raoLeft, int* raoRight, const int raoIndex){
*raoLeft = -1;
*raoRight = -1;
if(subframeRars.size() == 0){
return 0;
}
else{
int left = 0;
int right = subframeRars.size() - 1;
while(left <= right){
int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
//printf("left: %d, right: %d\n", left, right);
//printf("mid: %d\n", mid);
//printf("rar mid rao: %d, rao: %d\n",
// subframeRars[mid]->raoIndex,
// raoIndex);
if(subframeRars[mid]->raoIndex < raoIndex)
left = mid + 1;
else if(subframeRars[mid]->raoIndex > raoIndex)
right = mid - 1;
else if(subframeRars[mid]->raoIndex == raoIndex){
*raoLeft = mid;
*raoRight = mid;
//printf("rao left: %d, rao right: %d\n", *raoLeft, *raoRight);
while((*raoLeft) > 0 && subframeRars[(*raoLeft) - 1]->raoIndex == raoIndex)
(*raoLeft)--;
while((unsigned)(*raoRight) + 1 < subframeRars.size() && subframeRars[(*raoRight) + 1]->raoIndex == raoIndex)
(*raoRight)++;
return mid;
}
}
//printf("left: %d, right: %d\n", left, right);
//printf("rao left: %d, rao right: %d\n", *raoLeft, *raoRight);
if((unsigned)left == subframeRars.size())
return left;
else if(raoIndex > subframeRars[left]->raoIndex)
return left + 1;
else
return left;
}
}
//binary search msg3
//msg3s: the Msg3s stored in a cell
//tc_rnti: the tc_rnti to be searched
//return: the index of searched tc_rnti msg3
//if msg3 is not found in this msg3s
//return the index of msg3 should be inserted to
int binarySeachMsg3(const vector<Msg3*>& msg3s, const int tc_rnti){
if(msg3s.size() == 0)
return 0;
int left = 0;
int right = msg3s.size() - 1;
while(left <= right){
int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
if(msg3s[mid]->tc_rnti < tc_rnti)
left = mid + 1;
else if(msg3s[mid]->tc_rnti > tc_rnti)
right = mid - 1;
else
return mid;
}
if((unsigned)left == msg3s.size())
return left;
else if(tc_rnti > msg3s[left]->tc_rnti)
return left + 1;
else
return left;
}
// search RAR
// first search rao index with returned
// rao range(raoLeft, raoRight)
// then search preamble index in rao range
// subframeRars: the rars stored in a cell
// raoIndex: the rao index to be searched
// preambleIndex: the preamble index to be searched
int searchRAR(const vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, const int raoIndex, const int preambleIndex){
int raoLeft, raoRight;
int raoInsertIndex = binarySearchRAO(subframeRars, &raoLeft, &raoRight, raoIndex);
//printf("raoLeft: %d, raoRight: %d\n",
// raoLeft,
// raoRight);
//printf("rao insert index: %d\n", raoInsertIndex);
if((unsigned)raoInsertIndex == subframeRars.size())
return raoInsertIndex;
int preambleInsertIndex = binarySearchPreamble(subframeRars, raoLeft, raoRight, raoInsertIndex, preambleIndex);
return preambleInsertIndex;
}
// search RAR
// subframeRars: rars stored in a cell
// rar: the RAR to be searched
int searchRAR(const vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, RAR &rar){
return searchRAR(subframeRars, rar.raoIndex, rar.preambleIndex);
}
// search Msg3
// msg3s: Msg3 stored in a cell
// tc_rnti: the tc_rnti to be searched
int searchMsg3(const vector<Msg3*>& msg3s, const int tc_rnti){
return binarySeachMsg3(msg3s, tc_rnti);
}
// search Msg3
// msg3s: Msg3s stored in a cell
// msg3: the msg3 to be searched
int searchMsg3(const vector<Msg3*>& msg3s, Msg3& msg3){
return searchMsg3(msg3s, msg3.tc_rnti);
}
<file_sep>/main/src/SimulationCanvas.cpp
#include "SimulationCanvas.h"
//#include "Cell.h"
//#include "MacroCell.h"
// Constructor
// A canvas for painting
// parent: parent QWidget
// model: model for handle all things
SimulationCanvas::SimulationCanvas(QWidget *parent, Model *model) :
QWidget(parent){
setStyleSheet("QWidget{background : white;}");
setMouseTracking(true);
this->model = model;
model->registerPaintObservor(this);
}
// Mouse moving event
void SimulationCanvas::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event){
model->setMouseXY(event->x(), event->y());
}
// Mouse press event
void SimulationCanvas::mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event){
model->setMousePressed(true);
model->setMouseXY(event->x(), event->y());
}
// Mouse release event
void SimulationCanvas::mouseReleaseEvent(QMouseEvent *event){
model->setMousePressed(false);
}
// Canvas painting event
void SimulationCanvas::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event){
QStyleOption opt;
opt.init(this);
QPainter painter(this);
style()->drawPrimitive(QStyle::PE_Widget, &opt, &painter, this);
QWidget::paintEvent(event);
painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(128, 128, 255, 128), Qt::SolidPattern));
model->draw(painter);
}
// IPaintSubject notify IPaintObservor update canvas
void SimulationCanvas::updateCanvas(){
repaint();
}
<file_sep>/main/src/MonitorRAFunction.cpp
#include "MonitorRAFunction.h"
// constructor
// availiableRAO: need ssb per rao etc. parameter
// prachConfig: need RA configuration period etc. parameter
MonitorRAFunction::MonitorRAFunction(AvailiableRAO *availiableRAO, IPRACHConfig *prachConfig) :
successUEs(0), failedUEs(0), raCount(0), totalDelta(0), estimateUEs(0),
availiableRAO(availiableRAO), prachConfig(prachConfig){
//setbuf(stdout, NULL);
tau = getTau();
SPDLOG_DEBUG("tau: {0}", tau);
nSSB = availiableRAO->getNumberofSSB();
ssbPerRAO = availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO();
delta = calculateDelta(availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles(),
availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO());
SPDLOG_DEBUG("delta: {0}", delta);
}
// record ra ues condition
// success: successful ra ues in current subframe
// failed: failed ra ues in current subframe
void MonitorRAFunction::recordUEsCondition(const int success, const int failed){
successUEs += success;
failedUEs += failed;
historySlot.push_back(success);
raCount++;
}
// update rao configurations
// TODO: complete comment
void MonitorRAFunction::updateRAOs(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("updating rao configurations\n");
//if(raCount == 0 || successUEs == 0 /*will remove successUEs condition when predict function is complete*/)
// return;
history.push_back(successUEs);
estimateUEs = estimateNextUEsBySlot();
totalDelta = delta * raCount;
//double estimateUEs = (double)successUEs * ssbPerRAO * exp(1);
double newSSBPerRAO = calculateNewSSBPerRAO();
int newMsg1FDM = getNewMsg1FDMver2(&newSSBPerRAO);
SPDLOG_TRACE("old tau: {0}", tau);
SPDLOG_TRACE("success ues: {0}", successUEs);
SPDLOG_TRACE("failed ues: {0}", failedUEs);
//SPDLOG_TRACE("estimate ues: {0}", estimateUEs);
SPDLOG_TRACE("total delta: {0}", totalDelta);
SPDLOG_TRACE("old ssb per rao: {0}", ssbPerRAO);
SPDLOG_TRACE("old msg1FDM: {0}", availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM());
SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao: {0}", newSSBPerRAO);
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg1FDM: {0}", newMsg1FDM);
SPDLOG_DEBUG("raCount: {0}", raCount);
availiableRAO->setSSBPerRAO(newSSBPerRAO);
availiableRAO->setMsg1FDM(newMsg1FDM);
availiableRAO->updateAssociationFrame();
ssbPerRAO = newSSBPerRAO;
tau = getTau();
delta = calculateDelta(availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles(), newSSBPerRAO);
//totalDelta = delta * raCount;
successUEs = 0;
failedUEs = 0;
raCount = 0;
}
// restore ssb per rao and msg1-fdm to 1
void MonitorRAFunction::restore2Initial(){
availiableRAO->setSSBPerRAO(initSSBPerRAO);
availiableRAO->setMsg1FDM(initMsg1FDM);
availiableRAO->updateAssociationFrame();
ssbPerRAO = initSSBPerRAO;
tau = getTau();
SPDLOG_WARN("tau: {0}", tau);
delta = calculateDelta(availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles(),
availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO());
successUEs = 0;
failedUEs = 0;
estimateUEs = 0;
raCount = 0;
totalDelta = 0;
historySlot.erase(historySlot.begin(), historySlot.end());
history.erase(history.begin(), history.end());
}
// get tau by current configuration
// return: tau
int MonitorRAFunction::getTau(){
return getTau(prachConfig->getX(),
availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO(),
availiableRAO->getTotalRAOPerSubframe(),
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
}
// get tau by the given configuration
// RAConfigPeriod: ra configuration period
// totalNeedRAO: total need raos for mapping all ssb once
// totalRAOPerSubframe: total raos in a subframe
// nRASubframe: number of ra subframe in a frame
// return: tau
int MonitorRAFunction::getTau(const int RAConfigPeriod, const int totalNeedRAO, const int totalRAOPerSubframe, const int nRASubframe){
double ssbTotalNeedSubframe = (ceil((double)totalNeedRAO / (double)totalRAOPerSubframe))
* ((double) (10 * RAConfigPeriod) / (double) nRASubframe);
SPDLOG_TRACE("total need subframe for mapping all ssb in period: {0}",
ssbTotalNeedSubframe);
if(ssbTotalNeedSubframe > 10){
return (pow(2, ceil(log(ssbTotalNeedSubframe / 10.0) / log(2))) * 10);
}
else if(ssbTotalNeedSubframe <= 5){
return ceil(ssbTotalNeedSubframe);
}
else{
return 10;
}
}
// get new msg1-FDM
// abandoned
// ============================
// if ssb per rao get smaller, it need to check the tau is getting larger
// if so, msg1-FDM need to increase and not over 8 frequency-domain rao
// -----------------------
// if ssb per rao get larger, check when msg1-FDM modify
// to a bit smaller can still get the same or smaller tau
// if so, msg1-FDM is modify to this value
// ============================
// newSSBPerRAO: the new ssb per rao value
// return: new msg1-FDM parameter
int MonitorRAFunction::getNewMsg1FDM(const double newSSBPerRAO){
int newTau = getTau(prachConfig->getX(),
nSSB / newSSBPerRAO,
availiableRAO->getTotalRAOPerSubframe(),
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
int msg1FDM = availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM();
int i = log(msg1FDM) / log(2);
SPDLOG_TRACE("msg1fdm index: {0}", i);
int newMsg1FDM = fRAO[i];
if(newSSBPerRAO < ssbPerRAO && newTau > tau && newTau > 5 && msg1FDM < 8){
while(newMsg1FDM < 8){
int newTotalRAOPerSubframe = prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * newMsg1FDM;
newTau = getTau(prachConfig->getX(),
nSSB / newSSBPerRAO,
newTotalRAOPerSubframe,
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
if(newTau <= tau)
break;
else{
newMsg1FDM = fRAO[++i];
}
}
if(newMsg1FDM == fRAO[3]){
SPDLOG_INFO("msg1FDM reach maximum capacity\n");
}
// method 1 improved
else{
newMsg1FDM = fRAO[++i];
}
}
else if(newSSBPerRAO > ssbPerRAO){
while(newMsg1FDM > 1){
newMsg1FDM = fRAO[--i];
int newTotalRAOPerSubframe = prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * newMsg1FDM;
newTau = getTau(prachConfig->getX(),
nSSB / newSSBPerRAO,
newTotalRAOPerSubframe,
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
if(newTau > tau){
newMsg1FDM = fRAO[++i];
break;
}
}
if(newMsg1FDM == fRAO[0])
SPDLOG_INFO("msg1FDM reach minimum capacity\n");
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("new tau: {0}", newTau);
return newMsg1FDM;
}
int MonitorRAFunction::getNewMsg1FDMver2(double *newSSBPerRAO){
int newTau = getTau(prachConfig->getX(),
nSSB / *newSSBPerRAO,
availiableRAO->getTotalRAOPerSubframe(),
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
SPDLOG_TRACE("new tau: {0}", newTau);
int msg1FDM = availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM();
int i = log(msg1FDM) / log(2);
SPDLOG_TRACE("msg1fdm index: {0}", i);
double newMsg1FDM = pow(2, i);
if(*newSSBPerRAO < ssbPerRAO && newTau > tau && newTau > 10 && msg1FDM < 8){
newMsg1FDM = (((double)(estimateUEs * ssbPerRAO * exp(1)))
/ ((double)availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles() * nSSB))
* (((double)availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO())
/ ((double)prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * raCount));
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg1FDM in double: {0}", newMsg1FDM);
newMsg1FDM = pow(2, ceil(log(newMsg1FDM) / log(2)));
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg1FDM: {0}", newMsg1FDM);
*newSSBPerRAO = ssbPerRAO;
if(newMsg1FDM > 8){
*newSSBPerRAO = calculateNewSSBPerRAO(availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles(),
nSSB,
estimateUEs,
prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO(),
newMsg1FDM,
availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO());
SPDLOG_TRACE("new ssb per rao: {0}", *newSSBPerRAO);
SPDLOG_INFO("msg1-FDM reach maximum capacity");
newMsg1FDM = 8;
}
}
else if(*newSSBPerRAO > ssbPerRAO){
newMsg1FDM = (((double)(estimateUEs * ssbPerRAO * exp(1)))
/ ((double)availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles() * nSSB))
* (((double)availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO())
/ ((double)prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * raCount));
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg1FDM in double: {0}", newMsg1FDM);
if(newMsg1FDM < 1){
SPDLOG_INFO("msg1FDM reach minimum capacity\n");
newMsg1FDM = 1;
}
newMsg1FDM = pow(2, ceil(log(newMsg1FDM) / log(2)));
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg1FDM: {0}", newMsg1FDM);
i = log(newMsg1FDM) / log(2);
int j = log(ssbPerRAO) / log(2);
SPDLOG_TRACE("msg1fdm index: {0}", i);
*newSSBPerRAO = ssbPerRAO;
while(newMsg1FDM < 8){
//newMsg1FDM = pow(2, --i);
SPDLOG_TRACE("msg1fdm index: {0}", i);
int newTotalRAOPerSubframe = prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * newMsg1FDM;
newTau = getTau(prachConfig->getX(),
nSSB / *newSSBPerRAO,
newTotalRAOPerSubframe,
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
SPDLOG_TRACE("new tau: {0}", newTau);
SPDLOG_TRACE("lod tau: {0}", tau);
if(newTau > tau && newTau > 10){
newMsg1FDM = pow(2, ++i);
*newSSBPerRAO = calculateNewSSBPerRAO(availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles(),
nSSB,
estimateUEs,
prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO(),
newMsg1FDM,
availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO());
}
else{
break;
}
}
if(i == 3)
SPDLOG_INFO("msg1FDM reach maximum capacity\n");
else if(i == 1)
SPDLOG_INFO("msg1FDM reach minimum capacity\n");
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("new tau: {0}", newTau);
return newMsg1FDM;
}
// get delta by given configuration
// nPreambles: number of CBRA preambles
// ssbPerRAO: ssb per rao
// return: delta
double MonitorRAFunction::calculateDelta(const int nPreambles, const double ssbPerRAO){
//printf("nPreamble: %d\n", nPreambles);
//printf("ssb per rao: %f\n", ssbPerRAO);
double newDelta = ((double)(nPreambles * nSSB)) / (exp(1) * ssbPerRAO)
* ((double)(prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM()) / (double)availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO());
SPDLOG_TRACE("time domain raos: {0}", prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO());
SPDLOG_TRACE("msg1-FDM: {0}", availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM());
SPDLOG_TRACE("total need raos: {0}", availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO());
return newDelta;
}
// calculate new ssb per rao based on estimate ues
// return: new ssb per rao
double MonitorRAFunction::calculateNewSSBPerRAO(){
//double newSSBPerRAO = (availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles() * nSSB) / (estimateUEs * exp(1))
// * ((double)(prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM()) / (double)availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO()) * raCount;
//SPDLOG_TRACE("new ssb per rao in double: {0}", newSSBPerRAO);
//if(newSSBPerRAO > nSSB && nSSB != 64){
// SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao is larger than nSSB");
// SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao: {0}", newSSBPerRAO);
// return nSSB;
//}
//if(sRAO[0] > newSSBPerRAO){
// SPDLOG_INFO("maximum ssb per rao reached\n");
// return sRAO[0];
//}
//double newsRAO = pow(2, ceil(log(newSSBPerRAO) / log(2)));
////int i = 0;
////while(i < 7 && !(sRAO[i] <= newSSBPerRAO && newSSBPerRAO <= sRAO[i + 1]))
//// i++;
//SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao: {0}", newsRAO);
return calculateNewSSBPerRAO(availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles(), nSSB, estimateUEs, prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO(), availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM(), availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO());
//return newsRAO;
}
// calculate new ssb per rao based on estimate ues
// return: new ssb per rao
double MonitorRAFunction::calculateNewSSBPerRAO(const double nPreambles, const double nSSB, const double estimateUEs, const double tRAO, const double fRAO, const double totalNeedRAO){
double newSSBPerRAO = (nPreambles * nSSB) / (estimateUEs * exp(1))
* ((tRAO * fRAO) / totalNeedRAO) * raCount;
SPDLOG_TRACE("new ssb per rao in double: {0}", newSSBPerRAO);
if(newSSBPerRAO > nSSB && nSSB != 64){
SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao is larger than nSSB");
SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao: {0}", newSSBPerRAO);
return nSSB;
}
if(sRAO[0] > newSSBPerRAO){
SPDLOG_INFO("maximum ssb per rao reached\n");
return sRAO[0];
}
double newsRAO = pow(2, floor(log(newSSBPerRAO) / log(2)));
//int i = 0;
//while(i < 7 && !(sRAO[i] <= newSSBPerRAO && newSSBPerRAO <= sRAO[i + 1]))
// i++;
SPDLOG_WARN("new ssb per rao: {0}", newsRAO);
return newsRAO;
}
// estimate next period's arrival ues by AR
unsigned long MonitorRAFunction::estimateNextUEsBySIBPeriod(){
if(history.size() <= 1){
SPDLOG_WARN("history is not enough, return first slot success UEs");
return successUEs;
}
//if(historySlot.size() > raCount * 3){
// SPDLOG_WARN("history maximum size reached");
// SPDLOG_WARN("historySlot size: {0}", historySlot.size());
// historySlot.erase(historySlot.begin(), historySlot.begin() + raCount);
// SPDLOG_WARN("historySlot size: {0}", historySlot.size());
//}
double average = 0;
for(auto it = history.begin();it != history.end();it++)
average += (*it);
average /= history.size();
SPDLOG_INFO("success ues: {0}", successUEs);
SPDLOG_INFO("average: {0}", average);
long double numerator = 0;
long double denominator = 0;
for(decltype(history.size()) i = history.size() - 1;i > 0;--i){
SPDLOG_WARN("i: {0}", i);
numerator += (history[i] - average) * (history[i - 1] - average);
denominator += pow((history[i] - average), 2);
}
double beta = numerator / denominator;
SPDLOG_WARN("beta: {0}", beta);
auto yt = history.back() - average;
double estimate = yt * beta + average;
SPDLOG_WARN("estimate ues: {0}", estimateUEs);
return estimate;
}
// estimate next period's arrival ues by AR
unsigned long MonitorRAFunction::estimateNextUEsBySlot(){
if(historySlot.size() <= 1){
SPDLOG_WARN("historySlot is not enough, return first slot success UEs");
return successUEs;
}
if(historySlot.size() > raCount * 2){
SPDLOG_WARN("ra count: {0}", raCount);
SPDLOG_WARN("history maximum size reached");
SPDLOG_WARN("historySlot size: {0}", historySlot.size());
historySlot.erase(historySlot.begin(), historySlot.begin() + raCount);
SPDLOG_WARN("historySlot size: {0}", historySlot.size());
}
double average = 0;
for(auto it = historySlot.begin();it != historySlot.end();it++)
average += (*it);
average /= historySlot.size();
SPDLOG_INFO("success ues: {0}", successUEs);
SPDLOG_INFO("average: {0}", average);
long double numerator = 0;
long double denominator = 0;
for(decltype(historySlot.size()) i = historySlot.size() - 1;i > 0;--i){
//SPDLOG_WARN("i: {0}", i);
numerator += (historySlot[i] - average) * (historySlot[i - 1] - average);
denominator += pow((historySlot[i] - average), 2);
}
double beta = numerator / denominator;
SPDLOG_WARN("beta: {0}", beta);
if(beta > 1){
SPDLOG_WARN("beta > 1, fix beta to 1");
beta = 1;
}
else if(beta < -1){
SPDLOG_WARN("beta < -1, fix beta to -1");
beta = -1;
}
auto yt = historySlot.back() - average;
SPDLOG_WARN("yt: {0}", yt);
long double estimate = 0;
SPDLOG_WARN("ra count: {0}", raCount);
for(int i = 0;i < raCount;++i){
estimate = estimate + yt * beta + average;
beta *= beta;
SPDLOG_WARN("estimate ues: {0}", estimate);
}
SPDLOG_WARN("estimate ues: {0}", estimate);
return estimate;
}
// get success UEs
// return: success ues count
unsigned long MonitorRAFunction::getSuccessUEs(){
return successUEs;
}
// get failed UEs
// return: failed ues count
unsigned long MonitorRAFunction::getFailedUEs(){
return failedUEs;
}
// get estimate UEs
// return: estimate ues
double MonitorRAFunction::getEstimateUEs(){
return estimateUEs;
}
// get delta
// return: channel capacity delta
double MonitorRAFunction::getTotalDelta(){
return totalDelta;
}
<file_sep>/main/src/main.cpp
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <QApplication>
#include "mainGUI.h"
#include "includefile.h"
#include "include_log.h"
void initialize_log(){
try{
auto console_log = std::make_shared<spdlog::sinks::stdout_color_sink_mt>();
console_log->set_level(spdlog::level::info);
console_log->set_pattern("[Project-Logging] [%@] [ %^%l%$ ] %v");
//auto trace_log = std::make_shared<spdlog::sinks::basic_file_sink_mt>("./log/trace_log.log", true);
//trace_log->set_level(spdlog::level::trace);
//trace_log->set_pattern("[%Y-%m-%d %T] [Project-Logging] [%@] [ %^%l%$ ] %v");
auto debug_log = std::make_shared<spdlog::sinks::basic_file_sink_mt>("./log/debug_log.log", true);
debug_log->set_level(spdlog::level::debug);
debug_log->set_pattern("[Project-Logging] [%@] [ %^%l%$ ] %v");
std::vector<spdlog::sink_ptr> sinks;
sinks.push_back(console_log);
//sinks.push_back(trace_log);
sinks.push_back(debug_log);
auto combined = std::make_shared<spdlog::logger>("multi sinks", begin(sinks), end(sinks));
//combined->set_level(spdlog::level::trace);
//combined->flush_on(spdlog::level::trace);
spdlog::register_logger(combined);
spdlog::set_default_logger(combined);
SPDLOG_TRACE("start logging");
}
catch(const spdlog::spdlog_ex& ex){
printf("log initialization failed\n");
abort();
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
initialize_log();
QApplication a(argc, argv);
MainGUI gui;
gui.move(100, 100);
gui.show();
return a.exec();
}
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig25.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_25_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_25_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell* cell;
extern UE* ue;
void testPrachIndex25_24(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
int rao = 0;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_23(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
int rao = 0;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_22(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
int rao = 0;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_21(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_20(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_19(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_18(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
int rao = 0;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_17(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 2;k++){
int rao = 0;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 4 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_16(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 8;
for(int k = 0;k < 1;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 2 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_15(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 8;
for(int k = 0;k < 2;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_14(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 8;
for(int k = 0;k < 4;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 8 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_13(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 8;
for(int k = 0;k < 8;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 16 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_12(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 2;k++){
int rao = 4;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0 + 4 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_11(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 4;
for(int k = 0;k < 1;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 2 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_10(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 4;
for(int k = 0;k < 2;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_9(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
int rao = 4;
for(int k = 0;k < 4;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 8 + 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(rao++);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_8(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 2 * k){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 2){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < k * 2){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < k * 2){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 25;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 2){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex25(){
testPrachIndex25_1();
testPrachIndex25_2();
testPrachIndex25_3();
testPrachIndex25_4();
testPrachIndex25_5();
testPrachIndex25_6();
testPrachIndex25_7();
testPrachIndex25_8();
testPrachIndex25_9();
testPrachIndex25_10();
testPrachIndex25_11();
testPrachIndex25_12();
testPrachIndex25_13();
testPrachIndex25_14();
testPrachIndex25_15();
testPrachIndex25_16();
testPrachIndex25_17();
testPrachIndex25_18();
testPrachIndex25_19();
testPrachIndex25_20();
testPrachIndex25_21();
testPrachIndex25_22();
testPrachIndex25_23();
testPrachIndex25_24();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig101.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_101_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_101_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell* cell;
extern UE* ue;
void testPrachIndex101_19(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_18(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 12;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_17(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_16(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 24;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_15(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 6;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_14(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 3;l++){
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k + l * 32);
}
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_13(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_12(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_11(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 2;l++){
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1 + l * 10){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8 + l * 4;k < 12 + l * 4;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_10(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 6;l++){
for(int k = 4;k < 8;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k + l * 16);
}
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_9(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 1;l++){
for(int k = 4;k < 8;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k + l * 16);
}
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_8(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 12;l++){
for(int k = 2;k < 4;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k + l * 8);
}
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 6;l++){
for(int k = 2;k < 4;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k + l * 8);
}
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 3;l++){
for(int k = 2;k < 4;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k + l * 8);
}
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 2;k < 4;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
//subframeExpect->push_back(1);
//subframeExpect->push_back(5);
//subframeExpect->push_back(9);
//subframeExpect->push_back(13);
//subframeExpect->push_back(17);
//subframeExpect->push_back(21);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 24;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(1 + k * 4);
}
//subframeExpect->push_back(1);
//subframeExpect->push_back(5);
//subframeExpect->push_back(9);
//subframeExpect->push_back(13);
//subframeExpect->push_back(17);
//subframeExpect->push_back(21);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 12;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(1 + k * 4);
}
//subframeExpect->push_back(1);
//subframeExpect->push_back(5);
//subframeExpect->push_back(9);
//subframeExpect->push_back(13);
//subframeExpect->push_back(17);
//subframeExpect->push_back(21);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(9);
subframeExpect->push_back(13);
subframeExpect->push_back(17);
subframeExpect->push_back(21);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 101;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(9);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex101(){
testPrachIndex101_1();
testPrachIndex101_2();
testPrachIndex101_3();
testPrachIndex101_4();
testPrachIndex101_5();
testPrachIndex101_6();
testPrachIndex101_7();
testPrachIndex101_8();
testPrachIndex101_9();
testPrachIndex101_10();
testPrachIndex101_11();
testPrachIndex101_12();
testPrachIndex101_13();
testPrachIndex101_14();
testPrachIndex101_15();
testPrachIndex101_16();
testPrachIndex101_17();
testPrachIndex101_18();
testPrachIndex101_19();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/UE.h
#ifndef UE_DEFINE
#define UE_DEFINE
#include <QPainter>
#include <random>
#include "include_log.h"
#include "Beam.h"
#include "Cell.h"
#include "IPRACHConfig.h"
#include "IAvailiableRAO.h"
#include "includefile.h"
#include "CommonMath.h"
#include "random_access.h"
#include "IDrawable.h"
class Cell;
class UE : public IDrawable{
public:
UE(int x, int y, unsigned long id);
UE(int x, int y, unsigned long id, bool isTest);
void setXY(int x, int y);
void setBeam(int cellIndex, int beamIndex, int beamStrength);
int receiveSI(Cell *beam);
void doRA();
void receiveRAR(const std::vector<RAR*>& rars, const int cellIndex);
void setActiveTime(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex);
unsigned long getID();
int getX();
int getY();
int getBeamIndex();
int getCellIndex();
int getBeamStrength();
int getActiveFrame();
int getActiveSubframe();
int getDepartedFrame();
int getDepartedSubframe();
int getRAFrame();
int getRASubframe();
int getRAMsg1FDM();
int getSelectPreambleIndex();
int getSelectRAOIndex();
double getRASSBPerRAO();
bool receiveCR(const std::vector<Msg3*>& CRs, const int cellIndex);
bool isBindCell();
bool isPreambleTransmit();
bool isRarReceived();
bool isMsg3Transmitted();
bool isRASuccess();
bool isCollided();
void draw(QPainter &painter);
std::vector<int>& getRAOs();
~UE();
private:
void checkRA();
void updateRAOforRA();
void updateRAOforRA(const int startRAO, const int endRAO, const int subframeStartRAO, const int subframeEndRAO, const int totalNeedRAO);
void storeRAOsforRA(int subframeStartRAO, int subframeEndRAO);
void transmitMsg1();
void transmitMsg3();
unsigned long id;
int x;
int y;
int beamIndex;
int cellIndex;
/////////// should modify to unsigned ///////////
int beamStrength;
int powerRamp;
/////////// should modify to unsigned ///////////
int UEPixelSize;
int startRAO;
int endRAO;
int raStartRAO;
int raEndRAO;
int selectRAOIndex;
int selectPreambleIndex;
int uplinkResourceIndex;
int tc_rnti;
int activeFrame;
int activeSubframe;
int raFrame;
int raSubframe;
int msg3Frame;
int msg3Subframe;
int departedFrame;
int departedSubframe;
double raSSBPerRAO;
int raMsg1FDM;
bool preambleTransmitted;
bool rarReceived;
bool msg3Transmitted;
bool raSuccess;
bool collided;
bool isTest;
Cell *candidateCell;
IPRACHConfig *prachConfig;
IAvailiableRAO *availiableRAO;
std::vector<int> raos;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/PRACHConfig.cpp
#include "PRACHConfig.h"
// constructor
// prachConfigIndex: corresponding to TS 38.331 prach-ConfigurationIndex
PRACHConfig::PRACHConfig(int prachConfigIndex){
this->prachConfigIndex = prachConfigIndex;
}
//destructor
PRACHConfig::~PRACHConfig(){
}
// set prach-ConfigurationIndex
// and config RA parameters
// prachConfigIndex: cooresponding to TS 38.331 prach-ConfigurationIndex
void PRACHConfig::setPrachConfigIndex(int prachConfigIndex){
this->prachConfigIndex = prachConfigIndex;
configRA();
}
// set number of prach slot in a subframe
void PRACHConfig::setNumberofPrachSlot(int nPRACHSlot){
this->nPRACHSlot = nPRACHSlot;
}
// set number of time domain RAO per prach slot
void PRACHConfig::setNumberofTimeDomainRAO(int nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot){
this->nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot;
}
// get prach-ConfigurationIndex
// return: prach-ConfigurationIndex
int PRACHConfig::getPrachConfigIndex(){
return this->prachConfigIndex;
}
// get x, x corresponding to TS 38.211 6.3.3.2 table
int PRACHConfig::getX(){
return x;
}
// get y, y corresponding to TS 38.211 6.3.3.2 table
int PRACHConfig::getY(){
return y;
}
// get prach configuration period
// minimum is 10ms(1 frame)
// maximum is 160ms(16 frame)
// associated with SSB rate matching period
int PRACHConfig::getPrachConfigPeriod(){
return this->prachConfigPeriod;
}
// get subframes that can perform RA
// return: each subframe can perform RA
vector<int>& PRACHConfig::getRASubframe(){
return raSubframes;
}
// get number of prach slot in a subframe
// return: number of prach slot in a subframe
int PRACHConfig::getNumberofPRACHSlotinSubframe(){
return this->nPRACHSlot;
}
// get number of time domain rao per prach slot
// return: number of time domain rao per prach slot
int PRACHConfig::getNumberofTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot(){
return this->nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot;
}
// get number of time domain rao in a subframe
// return: number of time domain rao in a subframe
int PRACHConfig::getNumberofTimeDomainRAO(){
return (this->nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot * this->nPRACHSlot);
}
// get number of subframe that can perform RA
// return: number of subframe that can perform RA
int PRACHConfig::getNumberofRASubframe(){
return raSubframes.size();
}
<file_sep>/main/src/AvailiableRAO.cpp
#include "AvailiableRAO.h"
//AvailiableRAO::AvailiableRAO(int nSSB){
// this->nSSB = nSSB;
// printf("%f", this->ssbPerRAO);
//}
// constructor
// nSSB: number of ssb of the cell
// ssbPerRAO: corresponding to TS 38.331 ssb-perRACH-Occasion
// msg1FDM: corresponding to TS 38.331 msg1-FDM
// nPreambles: total number of availiable contention preambles can use per rao per cell
// ssbPeriod: corresponding to SSB rate matching period
// prachConfig: PrachConfig
AvailiableRAO::AvailiableRAO(int nSSB, double ssbPerRAO, int msg1FDM, int nPreambles, int ssbPeriod, IPRACHConfig *prachConfig) : nSSB(nSSB), nPreambles(nPreambles), ssbPeriod(ssbPeriod), prachConfig(prachConfig){
setSSBPerRAO(ssbPerRAO);
setMsg1FDM(msg1FDM);
updateAssociationFrame();
}
// set number of ssb of a cell
// nSSB: number of ssb of a cell
void AvailiableRAO::setNumberofSSB(int nSSB){
this->nSSB = nSSB;
}
// set msg1FDM
// and update the number of total rao persubframe and frame
// msg1FDM: corresponding to TS 38.331 msg1-FDM
void AvailiableRAO::setMsg1FDM(int msg1FDM){
this->msg1FDM = msg1FDM;
this->totalRAOPerSubframe = prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() * msg1FDM;
this->totalRAOPerFrame = this->totalRAOPerSubframe * prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe();
//printf("number of time domain raos: %d\n",
// prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO());
//printf("number of ra subframe: %d\n",
// prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
}
// set number of contention preambles can use per rao per cell
// nPreambles: number of contention preambles
void AvailiableRAO::setNumberofPreambles(int nPreambles){
this->nPreambles = nPreambles;
}
// set ssb period
// ssbPeriod: corresponding to SSB rate matching period
void AvailiableRAO::setSSBPeriod(int ssbPeriod){
this->ssbPeriod = ssbPeriod;
}
// set ssb per rao
// ssbPerRAO: corresponding to TS 38.331 ssb-perRACH-Occasion
void AvailiableRAO::setSSBPerRAO(double ssbPerRAO){
this->ssbPerRAO = ssbPerRAO;
this->totalNeedRAO = this->nSSB / ssbPerRAO;
if(totalNeedRAO == 0){
SPDLOG_CRITICAL("ssb per rao: {0}", ssbPerRAO);
SPDLOG_CRITICAL("nSSB: {0}", nSSB);
SPDLOG_CRITICAL("total need rao: {0}", totalNeedRAO);
SPDLOG_CRITICAL("total need rao should not be 0");
exit(1);
}
}
// update subframe start and end RAO of current subframe
// if current frame of subframe does not have enough RAO for mapping all SSB one more time
// startRAO and endRAO is -1
// frameIndex: frame index
// subframeIndex: subframe index
void AvailiableRAO::updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex){
SPDLOG_TRACE("updating rao of subframe");
if(isRASubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex)){
SPDLOG_TRACE("next subframe is ra subframe");
int frame = frameIndex % associationFrame;
frame = frame / (prachConfig->getPrachConfigPeriod() / 10);
startRAO = frame * totalRAOPerFrame;
vector<int> RASubframe = prachConfig->getRASubframe();
for(unsigned int i = 0;subframeIndex != RASubframe[i];i++)
startRAO += totalRAOPerSubframe;
SPDLOG_INFO("nSSB: {0}, msg1FDM: {1}, ssb per rao: {2}, time domain rao per subframe: {3}, ra subframe in a frame: {4}",
nSSB,
msg1FDM,
ssbPerRAO,
prachConfig->getNumberofTimeDomainRAO(),
prachConfig->getNumberofRASubframe());
if(associationFrame == 1){
SPDLOG_INFO("association frame is 1");
// when total rao per frame can map all ssb more than 1 time
int times = totalRAOPerFrame / totalNeedRAO;
if((startRAO / totalNeedRAO) >= times){
// when remaining rao in the frame is not enough for
// mapping all ssb one more time
// remaining rao can not use for RA
// corresponding to TS 38.213 8.1
startRAO = -1;
endRAO = -1;
return;
}
else{
endRAO = startRAO + totalRAOPerSubframe - 1;
if(endRAO / totalNeedRAO >= times){
// if endRAO is larger than total rao of a frame can support
// the endRAO is assigned to last RAO of this frame
endRAO = times * totalNeedRAO - 1;
startRAO %= totalNeedRAO;
endRAO %= totalNeedRAO;
}
else{
startRAO %= totalNeedRAO;
endRAO = startRAO + totalRAOPerSubframe - 1;
}
//printf("testing--->startRAO: %d, endRAO: %d\n", startRAO, endRAO);
//printf("testing--->times: %d\n", times);
return;
}
}
else if(associationFrame > 1){
SPDLOG_INFO("association frame is not 1");
// a frame can not map all SSB to a RAO
int times = 1;
SPDLOG_WARN("start RAO: {0}", startRAO);
SPDLOG_WARN("totalNeedRAO: {0}", totalNeedRAO);
SPDLOG_WARN("end RAO: {0}", endRAO);
SPDLOG_INFO("ssb per rao: {0}" , ssbPerRAO);
if(startRAO / totalNeedRAO >= times){
startRAO = -1;
endRAO = -1;
return;
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("start rao calculated");
endRAO = startRAO + totalRAOPerSubframe - 1;
if(endRAO / totalNeedRAO >= times)
endRAO = times * totalNeedRAO - 1;
SPDLOG_TRACE("end rao calculated");
}
//endRAO = startRAO + totalRAOPerSubframe - 1;
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("update complete");
}
// update association frame
// corresponding to TS 38.213 8.1
void AvailiableRAO::updateAssociationFrame(){
// calculate association period for this PRACH configuration
associationPeriod = (totalNeedRAO / totalRAOPerFrame);
SPDLOG_INFO("totalNeedRAO: {0}, totalRAOPerFrame: {1}, totalRAOPerSubframe: {2}",
totalNeedRAO,
totalRAOPerFrame,
totalRAOPerSubframe);
if(totalNeedRAO % totalRAOPerFrame)
associationPeriod += 1;
// total need frame for all ssb mapping to
// rao at least once
// associationFrame can only be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
associationFrame = (associationPeriod * prachConfig->getPrachConfigPeriod() / 10);
if(!(associationFrame == 1
|| associationFrame == 2
|| associationFrame == 4
|| associationFrame == 8
|| associationFrame == 16)){
int association = 2;
while(associationFrame / association != 0){
association *= 2;
}
associationFrame = association;
}
SPDLOG_INFO("associationFrame: {0}", associationFrame);
}
// get number of SSB of a cell
// return: number of SSB in a cell
int AvailiableRAO::getNumberofSSB(){
return this->nSSB;
}
// get number of msg1-FDM
// return: msg1-FDM corresponding to TS 38.331
int AvailiableRAO::getMsg1FDM(){
return this->msg1FDM;
}
// get number of contention preambles per rao per cell
// return: number of contention preambles
int AvailiableRAO::getNumberofPreambles(){
return this->nPreambles;
}
// get ssb period
// return: ssb period, corresponding to SSB rate matching period
int AvailiableRAO::getSSBPeriod(){
return this->ssbPeriod;
}
// get start number of preamble can use for RA based on ssb index
// ssbIndex: the index of ssb
// return: the start index of preamble
int AvailiableRAO::getStartNumberofPreamble(int ssbIndex){
if(this->ssbPerRAO > 1){
int start = (ssbIndex % (int)ssbPerRAO) * (this->nPreambles / this->ssbPerRAO);
return start;
}
else
return 0;
}
// get start number of RAO can use for RA based on ssbIndex
// return: the start index of RAO can use
int AvailiableRAO::getStartNumberofRAO(int ssbIndex){
return ssbIndex / this->ssbPerRAO;
}
// get start number of RAO for current subframe
// return: start number of RAO for current subframe
int AvailiableRAO::getStartRAOofSubframe(){
return startRAO;
}
// get end number of RAO for current subframe
// return: end index of RAO for current subframe
int AvailiableRAO::getEndRAOofSubframe(){
return endRAO;
}
// get total need RAO for mapping all SSB
// return: total need RAO
int AvailiableRAO::getTotalNeedRAO(){
return totalNeedRAO;
}
// get total RAO of a subframe
// return: total RAO of a subframe
int AvailiableRAO::getTotalRAOPerSubframe(){
return totalRAOPerSubframe;
}
// get ssb per rao
// return: ssb per rao, corresponding to TS 38.331
double AvailiableRAO::getSSBPerRAO(){
return this->ssbPerRAO;
}
// check is this frame index and subframe index is
// for this ssb index RA
// frameIndex: frame index
// subframeIndex: subframe index
// return true: if this subframe can perform RA
// otherwise false
bool AvailiableRAO::isRASubframe(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex){
if(frameIndex % prachConfig->getX() != prachConfig->getY()){
//printf("frame index: %d is not for RA\n", frameIndex);
return false;
}
vector<int> raSubframes = prachConfig->getRASubframe();
if(!binary_search(raSubframes.begin(), raSubframes.end(), subframeIndex)){
//printf("subframe index: %d isn't for RA\n", subframeIndex);
return false;
}
return true;
}
// destructor
AvailiableRAO::~AvailiableRAO(){
}
<file_sep>/main/src/Beam.cpp
#include "Beam.h"
// constructor
// x: x position of cell center
// y: y position of cell center
// beamIndex: beam index
// lengthBeam: the beam length(strength), corresponding to Cell supportDistance member
// spanAngle: each beam's area(in form of angle) in a cell
Beam::Beam(Cell *parent, int cellIndex, int beamIndex, int lengthBeam, double spanAngle){
this->parent = parent;
//setXY(x, y);
setCellIndex(cellIndex);
setBeamIndex(beamIndex);
setLengthBeam(lengthBeam);
setSpanAngle(spanAngle);
setStartAngle(beamIndex, spanAngle);
}
// set beam's index
// beamIndex: the index of beam
void Beam::setBeamIndex(int beamIndex){
this->beamIndex = beamIndex;
}
// set length(strength) of this beam
// lengthBeam: corresponding to Cell supportDistance member
void Beam::setLengthBeam(int lengthBeam){
this->lengthBeam = lengthBeam;
}
// set span angle
// the area cover by this beam, in form of angle
// spanAngle: the angle covered by this beam
void Beam::setSpanAngle(double spanAngle){
this->spanAngle = spanAngle;
}
// set this beam's start angle
// beam will draw from (start angle) to ((start angle) + (span angle))
// beamIndex: the index of this beam
// spanAngle: the angle covered by this beam
void Beam::setStartAngle(int beamIndex, double spanAngle){
this->startAngle = (beamIndex) * spanAngle;
}
// set this beam's start angle
// beam will draw from (start angle) to ((start angle) + (span angle))
// startAngle: the start drawing angle of this beam
void Beam::setStartAngle(double startAngle){
if(startAngle < 0){
startAngle += 360;
}
this->startAngle = startAngle;
}
// set this beam's cell index
// cellIndex: cell index
void Beam::setCellIndex(int cellIndex){
this->cellIndex = cellIndex;
}
// detect UE is in this beam's area
void Beam::detectUE(UE *ue, double power){
//printf("cell %d beam %d startAngle: %f, spanAngle: %f\n",
// cellIndex,
// beamIndex,
// startAngle,
// spanAngle);
if(isInArea(ue->getX(), ue->getY(),
getX(), getY(),
startAngle,
spanAngle,
lengthBeam / 2)){
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE id {0} is in cell index {1} beam index {2}",
ue->getID(),
parent->getCellIndex(),
getBeamIndex());
ue->setBeam(this->cellIndex, this->beamIndex, power);
}
}
// get this beam's x position
// return: this beam's x position, equals to x position of cell center
int Beam::getX(){
return parent->getX();
}
// get this beam's y position
// return: this beam's y position, equals to y position of cell center
int Beam::getY(){
return parent->getY();
}
// get this beam's index
// return: this beam's index
int Beam::getBeamIndex(){
return this->beamIndex;
}
// get this beam's span angle
// the beam will cover the area with this span angle
// return: this beam's span angle
double Beam::getSpanAngle(){
return this->spanAngle;
}
// get this beam's start angle
// the beam will cover the area from (start angle) to ((start angle) + (span angle))
// return: this beam's start angle
double Beam::getStartAngle(){
return this->startAngle;
}
// get this beam's end angle
// return: this beam's end angle(startAngle + spaneAngle)
int Beam::getEndAngle(){
int endAngle = this->startAngle + this->spanAngle;
return (endAngle > 360)?(endAngle - 360):(endAngle);
}
// get this beam's length(strength)
// the beam will cover the area from cell center to beam length(associate with strength)
// return: this beam's length
int Beam::getLengthBeam(){
return this->lengthBeam;
}
// get this beam's cell index
// return: this beam's cell index
int Beam::getCellIndex(){
return this->cellIndex;
}
// draw beam
// painter: QPainter for drawing
void Beam::draw(QPainter &painter){
painter.drawPie(getX() - lengthBeam / 2,
getY() - lengthBeam / 2,
lengthBeam,
lengthBeam,
startAngle * 16,
spanAngle * 16);
}
// destructor
Beam::~Beam(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("beam destructor");
}
<file_sep>/main/scripts/plot_result.py
import os
import sys
import csv
import collections
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker
import math
#############################
# plot the *newest* result from the result folder
#############################
line_width = 3.0
marker_size = 7.0
label_font_size = 20
title_font_size = 24
legend_font_size = 16
plot_optimized = False
def getSubframePeriod(prachIndex):
if type(prachIndex) is not int:
prachIndex = int(prachIndex)
if prachIndex == 27:
return 1
elif prachIndex == 25:
return 2
elif prachIndex == 22:
return 3
elif prachIndex == 19:
return 5
elif prachIndex == 16:
return 10
def avgSIBPeriodUELatency(latencies):
total = 0
sibPeriod = 160
avg = []
count = 0
for profile in latencies.values():
if profile['arrival'] == sibPeriod:
avg.append(total / count)
total = 0
count = 0
sibPeriod = sibPeriod + 160
total = total + profile['latency']
count = count + 1
avg.append(total / count)
return avg
def collectDataUE(filename):
latencies = {}
with open(filename, newline='') as csvfile:
rows = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
#next(rows)
for row in rows:
activeTiming = int(row['Active Frame']) * 10 + int(row['Active Subframe'])
departedTiming = int(row['Departed Frame']) * 10 + int(row['Departed Subframe'])
latency = departedTiming - activeTiming + 1
latencies[int(row['UE ID'])] = {'arrival':activeTiming, 'latency':latency}
latencies = collections.OrderedDict(sorted(latencies.items()))
return latencies
def collectDataCell(filename):
successUEs = []
estimateUEs = []
arrivalUEs = []
participateUEs = []
delta = []
tau = []
timing = []
if plot_optimized:
tauOp = []
deltaOp = []
with open(filename, newline='') as csvfile:
rows = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
for row in rows:
timing.append(int(row['Current Frame']) * 10 + int(row['Current Subframe']))
successUEs.append(int(row['Success UEs']))
estimateUEs.append(int(row['Estimate UEs']))
arrivalUEs.append(int(row['Arrival UEs']))
participateUEs.append(int(row['Participate UEs']))
delta.append(float(row['Total Channel Capacity']))
tau.append(int(row['Tau']))
if plot_optimized:
deltaOp.append(float(row['Total Channel Capacity Optimized']))
tauOp.append(float(row['Tau Optimized']))
# del estimateUEs[-1]
# del delta[-1]
del delta[0]
del tau[-1]
# estimateUEs.insert(0, 0)
tau.insert(0, tau[0])
# delta.insert(0, delta[0])
delta.insert(len(delta), delta[-1])
if plot_optimized:
return timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, tau, deltaOp, tauOp
return timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, tau
def plotDataUE(latencies, upperBound, filenameFig1 = None, subTitle = ""):
newXticks = np.linspace(0, len(latencies), 11)
fig = plt.figure(1)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
plt.plot(range(len(latencies)), [x['latency'] for x in latencies.values()], 'r-')
plt.xlabel("UE Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("Latency (ms)", fontsize=label_font_size)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
#plt.suptitle("Each UE Latency", fontweight="bold", fontsize=title_font_size)
#plt.title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
plt.axis([0, len(latencies), 0, upperBound + 5])
plt.xticks(newXticks)
plt.grid(True)
manager = plt.get_current_fig_manager()
manager.window.wm_geometry("900x700+50+50")
if filenameFig1:
plt.savefig(filenameFig1)
plt.close()
del newXticks
def plotDataCell(timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, deltaOp=None, filenameFig2 = None, subTitle = ""):
#xtick = math.ceil(max(timing) / 160)
#xtick = [(x * 160) for x in range(xtick + 1)]
maxNum = max([max(arrivalUEs),
max(participateUEs),
max(successUEs),
max(estimateUEs),
max(delta)])
if plot_optimized and (deltaOp is not None):
maxNum = max(maxNum, max(deltaOp))
power = math.floor(math.log(maxNum, 10))
print(power)
ylimit = round(maxNum / pow(10, power))
ylimit = (ylimit * 2) * pow(10, power)
print(ylimit)
fig = plt.figure(2)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
line1, = ax.plot(timing, successUEs, 'g-s', label='Success UEs', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
line2, = ax.plot(timing, estimateUEs, 'c-o', label='Estimate UEs', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 3)
line3, = ax.plot(timing, arrivalUEs, 'k-^', label='Arrival UEs', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
line4, = ax.plot(timing, participateUEs, 'r-v', label='Participate UEs', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
line5, = ax.plot(timing, delta, 'm-D', label='Total Channel Capacity', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 2)
if plot_optimized:
line6, = ax.plot(timing, deltaOp, 'b-H', label='Optimized Channel Capacity', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 10, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=legend_font_size, ncol=2)
ax.set_ylim(0, ylimit)
#plt.xticks(xtick)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
#plt.suptitle("UEs Condition & Esitimate UEs", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
#plt.suptitle("Beta Distribution Arrival", fontsize=14, fontweight="bold")
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("Number of UEs", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.grid(True)
manager = plt.get_current_fig_manager()
manager.window.wm_geometry("900x700+450+50")
if filenameFig2:
plt.savefig(filenameFig2)
plt.close()
def plotSIBLatencyAndTau(avgSIBlatencies, tau, filename=None):
del tau[0]
while len(tau) != len(avgSIBlatencies):
del tau[-1]
fig = plt.figure(3)
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
ax1 = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
t = [x + 1 for x in range(len(tau))]
ax1.plot(t, avgSIBlatencies, 'r-o', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 3)
ax1.set_xlabel('SIB Period Index', fontsize=label_font_size)
ax1.set_ylabel('Averge Latency (ms)', color='r', fontsize=label_font_size)
ax1.tick_params('y', colors='r')
ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax2.plot(t, tau, 'b-^', linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 6, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
ax2.set_ylabel('RA Attemp Period (ms)', color='b', fontsize=label_font_size)
ax2.tick_params('y', colors='b')
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.8)
#plt.suptitle("Each SIB Period UE Average Latency\nvs\nRA Attempt Period", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
ax1.grid(True)
ytop = 10 * (int(max([max(avgSIBlatencies), max(tau)]) / 10) + 1)
ax1.set_ylim(0, ytop)
ax2.set_ylim(0, ytop)
for label in (ax1.get_xticklabels() + ax1.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
for label in (ax2.get_xticklabels() + ax2.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
#fig.tight_layout()
manager = plt.get_current_fig_manager()
manager.window.wm_geometry("900x700+1050+50")
if filename:
plt.savefig(filename)
plt.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
command = sys.argv
if 'plot_op' in command:
plot_optimized = True
print("plot optimized")
#print(plot_optimized)
ueFile = 'UE.csv'
cellFile = 'Cell.csv'
resultSourceFolder = "./result/"
dirs = [(resultSourceFolder + d) for d in os.listdir(resultSourceFolder) if os.path.isdir(resultSourceFolder + d)]
folderName = max(dirs, key=os.path.getmtime)
print(folderName)
prachConfig = folderName.split("prach-")[1]
prachConfig = prachConfig.split("_")[0]
simulationTime = folderName.split("simu-")[1]
simulationTime = simulationTime.split("_")[0]
arrivalMode = folderName.split("_")[4]
arrival = folderName.split("_")[5]
arrival = arrival.split("-")[1]
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
arrivalRate = arrival
else:
totalUE = arrival
#print("prach:" + prachIndex)
#print("simu:" + simulationTime)
#print("arrival mode:" + arrivalMode)
#print("arrival:" + arrival)
subTitle = "RA Subframe Period: {0}ms, ".format(getSubframePeriod(prachConfig)) \
+ "Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(int(simulationTime))) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
#subTitle = "Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(int(simulationTime) / 1000)) \
# + "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0} ".format(arrivalRate)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Total UE: {0} ".format(totalUE)
filenameFig1 = folderName + "/" + "UE_latency"
filenameFig2 = folderName + "/" + "Estimate_UEs"
filenameFig3 = folderName + "/" + "AvgLatency_and_Tau"
ueFile = folderName + "/" + ueFile
cellFile = folderName + "/" + cellFile
print(filenameFig1)
print(filenameFig2)
############################ collect data ############################
latencies = collectDataUE(ueFile)
avgSIBlatencies = avgSIBPeriodUELatency(latencies)
upperBound = max([x['latency'] for x in latencies.values()])
while (upperBound % 5) != 0:
upperBound += 1
if plot_optimized:
timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, tau, deltaOp, tauOp = collectDataCell(cellFile)
else:
timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, tau = collectDataCell(cellFile)
print(timing)
############################ collect data ############################
############################ plot data ############################
plotDataUE(latencies, upperBound, filenameFig1, subTitle)
if plot_optimized:
plotDataCell(timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, deltaOp, filenameFig2, subTitle)
else:
plotDataCell(timing, arrivalUEs, participateUEs, successUEs, estimateUEs, delta, None, filenameFig2, subTitle)
plotSIBLatencyAndTau(avgSIBlatencies, tau, filenameFig3)
plt.show()
############################ plot data ############################
del ueFile
del cellFile
del latencies
del upperBound
del arrivalUEs
del participateUEs
del successUEs
del estimateUEs
del delta
del avgSIBlatencies
del timing
if plot_optimized:
del deltaOp
del tauOp
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig19.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_19_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_19_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell* cell;
extern UE* ue;
void testPrachIndex19_24(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int i = 0;i < 8;i++){
subframeExpect->push_back(i);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int i = 0;i < 8;i++){
subframeExpect->push_back(i);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_23(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int i = 0;i < 4;i++){
subframeExpect->push_back(i);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int i = 0;i < 4;i++){
subframeExpect->push_back(i);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_22(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_21(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_20(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_19(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_18(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_17(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_16(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(8);
subframeExpect->push_back(9);
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
subframeExpect->push_back(12);
subframeExpect->push_back(13);
subframeExpect->push_back(14);
subframeExpect->push_back(15);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_15(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 11){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(8);
subframeExpect->push_back(9);
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 16){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(12);
subframeExpect->push_back(13);
subframeExpect->push_back(14);
subframeExpect->push_back(15);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_14(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 21){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(8);
subframeExpect->push_back(9);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 26){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 31){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(12);
subframeExpect->push_back(13);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 36){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(14);
subframeExpect->push_back(15);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_13(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.125;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 16;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 41){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(8);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 46){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(9);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 51){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 56){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 61){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(12);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 66){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(13);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 71){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(14);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 76){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(15);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_12(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_11(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_10(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 11){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 16){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_9(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.25;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 8;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 21){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 26){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 31){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 36){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_8(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 0.5;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 11){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 16){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 19;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 6){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
//destoryExpects(expected);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex19(){
testPrachIndex19_1();
testPrachIndex19_2();
testPrachIndex19_3();
testPrachIndex19_4();
testPrachIndex19_5();
testPrachIndex19_6();
testPrachIndex19_7();
testPrachIndex19_8();
testPrachIndex19_9();
testPrachIndex19_10();
testPrachIndex19_11();
testPrachIndex19_12();
testPrachIndex19_13();
testPrachIndex19_14();
testPrachIndex19_15();
testPrachIndex19_16();
testPrachIndex19_17();
testPrachIndex19_18();
testPrachIndex19_19();
testPrachIndex19_20();
testPrachIndex19_21();
testPrachIndex19_22();
testPrachIndex19_23();
testPrachIndex19_24();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/PRACHConfigFR1Paired.h
#ifndef PRACH_CONFIGURATION_FR1_PAIRED
#define PRACH_CONFIGURATION_FR1_PAIRED
#include "PRACHConfig.h"
class PRACHConfigFR1 : public PRACHConfig{
public:
PRACHConfigFR1(int prachConfigIndex);
~PRACHConfigFR1();
void configRA();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/SimulationCanvas.h
#ifndef SCANVAS
#define SCANVAS
#include <QWidget>
#include <QMouseEvent>
#include <QPainter>
#include <QStyleOption>
#include "Model.h"
#include "IPaintObservor.h"
class SimulationCanvas : public QWidget, IPaintObservor{
Q_OBJECT
public:
SimulationCanvas(QWidget *parent = 0, Model *model = 0);
void mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event);
void mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event);
void mouseReleaseEvent(QMouseEvent *event);
void updateCanvas();
protected:
void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event);
private:
Model *model;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/include_log.h
#ifndef INCLUDE_LOG
#define INCLUDE_LOG
#ifndef TESTING
#define TESTING 0
#endif
#define SPDLOG_ACTIVE_LEVEL SPDLOG_LEVEL_TRACE
#include "spdlog/spdlog.h"
#include "spdlog/sinks/basic_file_sink.h"
#include "spdlog/sinks/stdout_color_sinks.h"
#endif
<file_sep>/main/run.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo $project_name
qt_project_filename="${project_name}.pro"
buildDir=./build
qmake -project -o ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
sed -i '$a QT += widgets' ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
sed -i 's/INCLUDEPATH.*$/INCLUDEPATH += \/home\/daitor\/Qt\/5.12.0\/gcc_64\/include \.\.\/src \.\.\/include /g' ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
#sed -i 's/INCLUDEPATH.*$/INCLUDEPATH += \/home\/daitor\/Qt\/5.12.0\/gcc_64\/include \.\/src /g' ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename}
if [ ! -d "./log/" ]; then
echo "log directory does not exist"
mkdir log
fi
qmake ${buildDir}/${qt_project_filename} -o ${buildDir}
make -C ${buildDir} && ./${buildDir}/${project_name}
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/general_definition.h
#ifndef GENERAL_TEST_DEF
#define GENERAL_TEST_DEF
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <vector>
//#define TESTING 1
#include "../src/includefile.h"
//#include "../src/Model.h"
#include "../src/Cell.h"
#include "../src/MacroCell.h"
#include "../src/UE.h"
extern Cell *cell = NULL;
extern UE *ue = NULL;
void initialize(){
cell = new MacroCell(100, 100, 0, 4, celltype::Macro, 27);
cell->initializeBeams();
cell->updateBeamsAngle(0, 0);
//cell->findCellCoverAreaEquation();
printf("%f\n", cell->getBeamStartAngle());
ue = new UE(110, 90, 0, true);
cell->detectUE(ue);
}
void initialize(int prachConfigIndex, int msg1FDM, double ssbPerRAO){
initialize();
cell->setPrachConfigIndex(prachConfigIndex);
cell->setMsg1FDM(msg1FDM);
cell->setSSBPerRAO(ssbPerRAO);
printf("msg1FDM: %d\n", cell->getMsg1FDM());
printf("ssb-perRAO: %f\n", cell->getSSBPerRAO());
}
void destory(){
free(cell);
free(ue);
}
void destoryExpects(vector<vector<int>> expects){
for(decltype(expects.size()) i = expects.size();i >= 0;--i){
delete &expects[i];
}
}
void failedTest(){
destory();
abort();
}
int getRound(int simulationTime, int associationFrame){
int round = simulationTime / (associationFrame * 10);
if(simulationTime % (associationFrame * 10) != 0)
round += 1;
printf("round: %d\n", round);
return round;
}
void validation(vector<vector<int>>& expected, int simulationTime, int prachConfigIndex, int msg1FDM, double ssbPerRAO){
for(int i = 0;i < simulationTime;i++){
printf("===================info===================\n");
cell->broadcastSI();
ue->doRA();
vector<int>& raos = ue->getRAOs();
vector<int> expect = expected[i];
printf("%d\n", i);
if(raos.size() != expect.size()){
printf("test case: \n");
printf("prachConfigIndex: %d\nmsg1FDM: %d\nSSBPerRAO: %f\n",
prachConfigIndex,
msg1FDM,
ssbPerRAO);
printf("test failed\n");
printf("ue raos size: %lu, expect raos size: %lu\n",
raos.size(),
expect.size());
failedTest();
}
//assert(raos.size() == expect.size());
for(unsigned int j = 0;j < raos.size();j++){
printf("%d, %d\n", raos[j], expect[j]);
//assert(raos[j] == expect[j]);
if(raos[j] != expect[j]){
printf("test case: \n");
printf("prachConfigIndex: %d\nmsg1FDM: %d\nSSBPerRAO: %f\n",
prachConfigIndex,
msg1FDM,
ssbPerRAO);
printf("test failed\n");
printf("ue rao: %d, expect rao: %d\n",
raos[j],
expect[j]);
failedTest();
}
}
cell->updateSubframe();
printf("===================info===================\n");
}
}
void printExpects(vector<vector<int>>& expected){
vector<int> temp;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < expected.size();i++){
temp = expected[i];
for(unsigned int j = 0;j < temp.size();j++){
printf("%d\t%d\n", i, temp[j]);
}
}
}
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/includefile.h
#ifndef BASIC_INCLUDE
#define BASIC_INCLUDE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
#endif
<file_sep>/main/scripts/plot_tau_latency.py
import os
import csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import math
from plot_result import collectDataUE, getSubframePeriod
from evaluateResult import collectCellMsg1FDM, getPreambleLength
from math import log
#######################
# plot each tau_threshold for each prach-configurationIndex
# uniform and beta distribution result
#######################
# plot source folder organization
#
# candidateResult - ./10/
# | each prach configuration with uniform and beta
#
# ./20/
# | each prach configuration with uniform and beta
#
# ./40/
# | each prach configuration with uniform and beta
#
# ./80/
# | each prach configuration with uniform and beta
#
# ./160/
# | each prach configuration with uniform and beta
figureCount = 0
line_width = 3.0
marker_size = 10.0
label_font_size = 20
title_font_size = 24
legend_font_size = 16
def findCandidateFolder(targetPrach, targetArrival, folderName):
candidateIndex = [index for index in range(len(folderName)) if "prach-"+targetPrach in folderName[index]]
candidateIndex = [candidateIndex[index] for index in range(len(candidateIndex)) if targetArrival in folderName[candidateIndex[index]]]
#print(folderName)
#print(candidateIndex)
#print("target prach: ", targetPrach)
#print("target arrival: ", targetArrival)
#print("candidate folder: ", [folderName[candidateIndex[index]] for index in range(len(candidateIndex))])
return candidateIndex[0]
def findCandidate(targetTau, targetPrach, targetArrival, targetSimulation, datas):
candidateIndex = [index for index in range(len(datas)) if datas[index]['tau'] == targetTau]
candidateIndex = [candidateIndex[index] for index in range(len(candidateIndex)) if datas[candidateIndex[index]]['prachIndex'] == targetPrach]
candidateIndex = [candidateIndex[index] for index in range(len(candidateIndex)) if datas[candidateIndex[index]]['arrivalMode'] == targetArrival]
candidateIndex = [candidateIndex[index] for index in range(len(candidateIndex)) if datas[candidateIndex[index]]['simulationTime'] == targetSimulation]
#print(candidateIndex)
return candidateIndex[0]
def collectDataCell(filename):
preambleSCS, timing, msg1FDM = collectCellMsg1FDM(filename)
delta = []
ssbPerRAO = []
tau = []
with open(filename, newline='') as csvfile:
rows = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
for row in rows:
nBeams = row['Total Beams']
delta.append(float(row['Total Channel Capacity']))
ssbPerRAO.append(float(row['SSB per RAO']))
tau.append(int(row['Tau']))
del delta[-1]
del delta[0]
del tau[-1]
delta.insert(0, delta[0])
delta.insert(len(delta), delta[-1])
tau.insert(0, tau[0])
return nBeams, timing, preambleSCS, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO, delta, tau
def plotLantencyCDF(uedatas, saveFolderName=""):
print("Plotting Latency CDF...")
global figureCount
for arrivalMode in ['uniform', 'beta']:
for prach in [16, 19, 22, 25, 27]:
for simulation in [1]:
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Latency (ms)", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("CDF",fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle("UE Latency CDF", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
for tau in [10, 20, 40, 80, 160]:
candidateIndex = findCandidate(tau, str(prach), arrivalMode, str(simulation), uedatas)
data = uedatas[candidateIndex]
latency = data['latency']
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "RA Subframe Period: {0}ms Simulation Time: {1}s\n".format(str(getSubframePeriod(prach)), str(simulation)) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Total UE: {0}".format(arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
latency.insert(0, 0)
X = np.linspace(min(latency), max(latency), max(latency) - min(latency))
hist, bin_edges = np.histogram(latency, bins=max(latency) - min(latency), density=True)
hist = np.cumsum(hist)
plt.plot(X, hist, label=r"$\tau\ Threshold$="+str(tau), linewidth=line_width)
ax.legend(loc="lower right", fontsize=legend_font_size)
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
filenameFig = "latency_CDF_prach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}".format(prach,
simulation,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
plt.axis([0, max(latency), 0, 1.1])
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + arrivalMode + "/" + filenameFig)
plt.close()
del X
del hist
del bin_edges
def plotCellMsg1FDM(celldatas, saveFolderName=""):
print("Plotting Msg1FDM...")
global figureCount
newYTick = [fdm*celldatas[0]['preambleLength']*float(celldatas[0]['preambleSCS'])/1000 for fdm in [1, 2, 4, 8]]
for arrivalMode in ['uniform', 'beta']:
for prach in [16, 19, 22, 25, 27]:
for simulation in [1]:
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel("Preamble Occupied Bandwidth (MHz)", fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle(r"RA Used Bandwidth For Each $\tau$ Threshold", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
plt.yticks(newYTick)
i = 0
attr = ['b-^', 'r-o', 'm-D', 'c-s', 'g-p']
maxTiming = 0
for tau in [10, 20, 40, 80, 160]:
candidateIndex = findCandidate(tau, str(prach), arrivalMode, str(simulation), celldatas)
data = celldatas[candidateIndex]
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "RA Subframe Period: {0}ms".format(str(getSubframePeriod(prach))) \
+ " Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(simulation)) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Total UE: {0}".format(arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
preambleBW = [fdm*data['preambleLength']*float(data['preambleSCS'])/1000 for fdm in data['msg1FDM']]
maxTiming = max([maxTiming, max(data['timing'])])
if i == 3:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 3, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 2:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 2, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=4.0)
elif i == 1:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 2)
elif i == 0:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 9)
else:
ax.plot(data['timing'], preambleBW, attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
i = i + 1
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
filenameFig = "RA_Used_BW_prach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}".format(prach,
simulation,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
xtick = math.ceil(maxTiming / 160)
xtick = [(x * 160) for x in range(xtick + 1)]
ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=legend_font_size, ncol=2)
ax.set_xlim(0, maxTiming)
ax.set_ylim(0, math.ceil((max(newYTick) * 2) / 10) * 10)
plt.xticks(xtick)
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + arrivalMode + "/" + filenameFig)
plt.close()
def plotCellSSBPerRAO(celldatas, saveFolderName=""):
print("Plotting SSB per RAO...")
global figureCount
newYTick = [0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16]
for arrivalMode in ['uniform', 'beta']:
for prach in [16, 19, 22, 25, 27]:
for simulation in [1]:
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel(r"SSB Per RAO $S_{RAO}$", fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle(r"Number of SSB Per RAO $S_{RAO}$ For Each $\tau$ Threshold", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
plt.yticks(newYTick)
i = 0
attr = ['b-^', 'r-o', 'm-D', 'c-s', 'g-v']
maxTiming = 0
for tau in [10, 20, 40, 80, 160]:
candidateIndex = findCandidate(tau, str(prach), arrivalMode, str(simulation), celldatas)
data = celldatas[candidateIndex]
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "RA SubframePeriod: {0}ms".format(str(getSubframePeriod(prach))) \
+ " Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(simulation)) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Total UE: {0}".format(arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
maxTiming = max([maxTiming, max(data['timing'])])
if i == 4:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['ssbPerRAO'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 9, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 2:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['ssbPerRAO'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 3, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 1:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['ssbPerRAO'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 5)
elif i == 0:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['ssbPerRAO'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
else:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['ssbPerRAO'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
i = i + 1
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
filenameFig = "S_RAO_prach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}".format(prach,
simulation,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
xtick = math.ceil(maxTiming / 160)
xtick = [(x * 160) for x in range(xtick + 1)]
ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=legend_font_size)
ax.set_xlim(0, maxTiming)
ax.set_ylim(newYTick[0], newYTick[-1])
ax.set_yscale('log', basey=2)
plt.xticks(xtick)
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + arrivalMode + "/" + filenameFig)
plt.close()
def plotCellDelta(celldatas, saveFolderName=""):
print("Plotting Channel Capacity...")
global figureCount
for arrivalMode in ['uniform', 'beta']:
for prach in [16, 19, 22, 25, 27]:
for simulation in [1]:
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel(r"Channel Capacity $\delta$", fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle(r"Channel Capacity $\delta$ For Each $\tau$ Threshold", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
i = 0
attr = ['b-s', 'r-o', 'm-D', 'c-^', 'g-v']
maxTiming = 0
maxDelta = 0
for tau in [10, 20, 40, 80, 160]:
candidateIndex = findCandidate(tau, str(prach), arrivalMode, str(simulation), celldatas)
data = celldatas[candidateIndex]
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "RA Subframe Period: {0}ms".format(str(getSubframePeriod(prach))) \
+ " Simulation Time: {0}s\n".format(str(simulation)) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Total UE: {0}".format(arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
maxTiming = max([maxTiming, max(data['timing'])])
maxDelta = max([maxDelta, max(data['delta'])])
if i == 4:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['delta'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 9, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 0:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['delta'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
elif i == 1:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['delta'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 5)
elif i == 2:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['delta'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 9, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 3:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['delta'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
else:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['delta'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
i = i + 1
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
filenameFig = "Delta_prach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}".format(prach,
simulation,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
xtick = math.ceil(maxTiming / 160)
xtick = [(x * 160) for x in range(xtick + 1)]
ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=legend_font_size, ncol=2)
ax.set_xlim(0, maxTiming)
exponential = math.floor(log(maxDelta, 10))
coef = maxDelta / pow(10, exponential)
maxDelta = (coef * 2) * pow(10, exponential)
ax.set_ylim(0, maxDelta)
plt.xticks(xtick)
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + arrivalMode + "/" + filenameFig)
plt.close()
def plotCellTau(celldatas, saveFolderName=""):
print("Plotting Tau...")
global figureCount
for arrivalMode in ['uniform', 'beta']:
for prach in [16, 19, 22, 25, 27]:
for simulation in [1]:
fig = plt.figure(figureCount)
figureCount = figureCount + 1
fig.set_size_inches(9.375, 7.3)
#fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.83)
ax = plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)
plt.xlabel("Subframe Index", fontsize=label_font_size)
plt.ylabel(r"RA Attempt Period $\tau$", fontsize=label_font_size)
#plt.suptitle(r"RA Attempt Period $\tau$ For Each $\tau$ Threshold", fontsize=title_font_size, fontweight="bold")
i = 0
attr = ['b-s', 'r-o', 'm-D', 'c-^', 'g-v']
maxTiming = 0
maxTau = 0
for tau in [10, 20, 40, 80, 160]:
candidateIndex = findCandidate(tau, str(prach), arrivalMode, str(simulation), celldatas)
data = celldatas[candidateIndex]
arrival = data['arrival']
subTitle = "RA Subframe Period: {0}".format(str(getSubframePeriod(prach))) \
+ " Simulation Time: {0}\n".format(str(simulation)) \
+ "Arrival Mode: {0}, ".format(arrivalMode)
if arrivalMode == "uniform":
subTitle = subTitle + "Arrival Rate: {0}".format(arrival)
else:
subTitle = subTitle + "Total UE: {0}".format(arrival)
#ax.set_title(subTitle, fontsize=title_font_size)
maxTiming = max([maxTiming, max(data['timing'])])
maxTau = max([maxTau, max(data['RA attempt period'])])
if i == 0:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['RA attempt period'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7)
elif i == 2:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['RA attempt period'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 7, fillstyle="none", markeredgewidth=3.0)
elif i == 1:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['RA attempt period'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 5)
elif i == 3:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['RA attempt period'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size + 3)
else:
ax.plot(data['timing'], data['RA attempt period'], attr[i], label=r'$\tau\ Threshold$='+str(tau), linewidth=line_width, markersize=marker_size)
i = i + 1
for label in (ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels()):
label.set_fontsize(16)
filenameFig = "RA_attempt_periodprach-{0}_simu-{1}_{2}_arrival-{3}".format(prach,
simulation,
arrivalMode,
arrival)
xtick = math.ceil(maxTiming / 160)
xtick = [(x * 160) for x in range(xtick + 1)]
ax.legend(loc="upper left", fontsize=legend_font_size, ncol=2)
ax.set_xlim(0, maxTiming)
ax.set_ylim(0, 220)
#exponential = math.floor(log(maxTau, 10))
#coef = maxTau / pow(10, exponential)
#maxTau = (coef + 1) * pow(10, exponential)
#ax.set_ylim(0, maxTau)
plt.grid(True)
if saveFolderName:
plt.savefig(saveFolderName + arrivalMode + "/" + filenameFig)
plt.close()
print("Collecting Datas...")
resultSourceFolder = "./candidateResult/"
folderNameUniform = "uniform/"
folderNameBeta = "beta/"
ueFile = "UE.csv"
cellFile = "Cell.csv"
if not os.path.exists(resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform):
os.makedirs(resultSourceFolder + folderNameUniform)
if not os.path.exists(resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta):
os.makedirs(resultSourceFolder + folderNameBeta)
folderTau = [name for name in os.listdir(resultSourceFolder)]
folderTau = [name for name in folderTau if "png" not in name]
folderTau.remove('beta')
folderTau.remove('uniform')
folderTau = [int(name) for name in folderTau]
folderTau.sort()
#print(folderTau)
folderName = {}
prachIndex = {}
simulationTime = {}
arrivalMode = {}
arrival = {}
for i in folderTau:
folderName[i] = [name for name in os.listdir(resultSourceFolder + str(i))]
prachIndex[i] = [name.split("prach-")[1] for name in folderName[i]]
prachIndex[i] = [name.split("_")[0] for name in prachIndex[i]]
simulationTime[i] = [name.split("simu-")[1] for name in folderName[i]]
simulationTime[i] = [name.split("_")[0] for name in simulationTime[i]]
arrivalMode[i] = [name.split("_")[4] for name in folderName[i]]
arrival[i] = [name.split("_")[5] for name in folderName[i]]
arrival[i] = [name.split("-")[1] for name in arrival[i]]
#print(folderName)
#print(prachIndex)
#print(simulationTime)
#print(arrivalMode)
#print(arrival)
tempPrach = prachIndex[10].copy()
tempArrivalMode = arrivalMode[10].copy()
uedatas = []
celldatas = []
while(len(tempPrach) > 0):
maxIndex = tempPrach.index(max(tempPrach))
for tau in folderName.keys():
candidateIndex = findCandidateFolder(tempPrach[maxIndex], tempArrivalMode[maxIndex], folderName[tau])
# print(resultSourceFolder + str(tau) + "/" + folderName[tau][candidateIndex])
ue_filename = resultSourceFolder + str(tau) + "/" + folderName[tau][candidateIndex] + "/" + ueFile
cell_filename = resultSourceFolder + str(tau) + "/" + folderName[tau][candidateIndex] + "/" + cellFile
### get ue data ###
latency = [x['latency'] for x in collectDataUE(ue_filename).values()]
uedata = {'tau':tau, 'latency':latency, 'prachIndex':prachIndex[tau][candidateIndex], 'simulationTime':simulationTime[tau][candidateIndex], 'arrivalMode':arrivalMode[tau][candidateIndex], 'arrival':arrival[tau][candidateIndex]}
uedatas.append(uedata)
### get ue data ###
### get cell data ###
nBeams, timing, preambleSCS, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO, delta, raAttemptPeriod = collectDataCell(cell_filename)
celldata = {'tau':tau,
'prachIndex': prachIndex[tau][candidateIndex],
'simulationTime':simulationTime[tau][candidateIndex],
'arrivalMode':arrivalMode[tau][candidateIndex],
'arrival':arrival[tau][candidateIndex],
'nBeams':nBeams,
'timing':timing,
'preambleSCS':preambleSCS,
'preambleLength':getPreambleLength(float(preambleSCS)),
'msg1FDM':msg1FDM,
'ssbPerRAO':ssbPerRAO,
'delta':delta,
'RA attempt period':raAttemptPeriod}
celldatas.append(celldata)
### get cell data ###
del tempPrach[maxIndex]
del tempArrivalMode[maxIndex]
plotLantencyCDF(uedatas, resultSourceFolder)
plotCellMsg1FDM(celldatas, resultSourceFolder)
plotCellSSBPerRAO(celldatas, resultSourceFolder)
plotCellDelta(celldatas, resultSourceFolder)
plotCellTau(celldatas, resultSourceFolder)
print("DONE!")
del uedatas
del celldatas
del folderName
del prachIndex
del simulationTime
del arrivalMode
del arrival
<file_sep>/main/src/PreambleFormat.h
#ifndef PREAMBLE_FORMAT
#define PREAMBLE_FORMAT
#include "includefile.h"
enum Format{
Format_0,
Format_1,
Format_2,
Format_3,
Format_A1,
Format_A2,
Format_A3,
Format_B1,
Format_B2,
Format_B3,
Format_B4,
Format_C0,
Format_C2
};
class PreambleFormat{
private:
Format format;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/IPRACHConfig.h
#ifndef IPRACH_CONFIGURATION
#define IPRACH_CONFIGURATION
#include "includefile.h"
class IPRACHConfig{
public:
virtual int getPrachConfigIndex() = 0;
virtual int getX() = 0;
virtual int getY() = 0;
virtual int getPrachConfigPeriod() = 0;
virtual int getNumberofPRACHSlotinSubframe() = 0;
virtual int getNumberofTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot() = 0;
virtual int getNumberofTimeDomainRAO() = 0;
virtual int getNumberofRASubframe() = 0;
virtual vector<int>& getRASubframe() = 0;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/MonitorRAFunction.h
#ifndef MONITOR_RA_FUNCTION
#define MONITOR_RA_FUNCTION
#include "AvailiableRAO.h"
#include "IPRACHConfig.h"
#include "include_log.h"
#include <cmath>
class MonitorRAFunction{
private:
unsigned long successUEs;
unsigned long failedUEs;
vector<unsigned long> history;
vector<unsigned long> historySlot;
int tau;
int raCount;
int nSSB;
//double coefThreshold;
double ssbPerRAO;
double delta;
double totalDelta;
double estimateUEs;
const double sRAO[8] = {0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0};
const int fRAO[4] = {1, 2, 4, 8};
const double initSSBPerRAO = 1;
const int initMsg1FDM = 1;
const int recordTimes = 5; // max record times for estimate use
AvailiableRAO *availiableRAO;
IPRACHConfig *prachConfig;
int getTau(const int RAConfigPeriod, const int totalNeedRAO, const int totalRAOPerSubframe, const int nRASubframe);
int getNewMsg1FDM(const double newSSBPerRAO);
int getNewMsg1FDMver2(double *newSSBPerRAO);
double calculateDelta(const int nPreambles, const double ssbPerRAO);
double calculateNewSSBPerRAO();
double calculateNewSSBPerRAO(const double nPreambles, const double nSSB, const double estimateUEs, const double tRAO, const double fRAO, const double totalNeedRAO);
unsigned long estimateNextUEsBySIBPeriod();
unsigned long estimateNextUEsBySlot();
public:
MonitorRAFunction(AvailiableRAO *availiableRAO, IPRACHConfig *prachConfig);
void recordUEsCondition(const int success, const int failed);
void updateRAOs();
void restore2Initial();
int getTau();
unsigned long getSuccessUEs();
unsigned long getFailedUEs();
double getEstimateUEs();
double getTotalDelta();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/random_access.h
#ifndef RANDOM_ACCESS
#define RANDOM_ACCESS
#include "includefile.h"
struct RAR{
int raoIndex;
int preambleIndex;
int uplinkResourceIndex;
int tc_rnti;
};
struct Msg3{
int uplinkResourceIndex;
int tc_rnti;
unsigned long ueIndex;
int power;
};
int binarySearchPreamble(const std::vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, const int raoLeft, const int raoRight, const int raoFoundIndex, const int preambleIndex);
int binarySearchRAO(const std::vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, int* raoLeft, int* raoRight, const int raoIndex);
int binarySeachMsg3(const std::vector<Msg3*>& msg3s, const int tc_rnti);
int searchRAR(const vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, const int raoIndex, const int preambleIndex);
int searchRAR(const std::vector<RAR*>& subframeRars, RAR &rar);
int searchMsg3(const std::vector<Msg3*>& msg3s, int tc_rnti);
int searchMsg3(const std::vector<Msg3*>& msg3s, Msg3& msg3);
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/PRACHConfig.h
#ifndef PRACH_CONFIGURATION
#define PRACH_CONFIGURATION
#include "IPRACHConfig.h"
#include "include_log.h"
class PRACHConfig : public IPRACHConfig{
protected:
int prachConfigIndex;
int nPRACHSlot;
int nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot;
int prachConfigPeriod;
int x;
int y;
vector<int> raSubframes;
public:
PRACHConfig(int prachConfigIndex);
void setPrachConfigIndex(int prachConfigIndex);
void setNumberofPrachSlot(int nPRACHSlot);
void setNumberofTimeDomainRAO(int nTimeDomainRAO);
int getPrachConfigIndex();
int getX();
int getY();
int getPrachConfigPeriod();
vector<int>& getRASubframe();
int getNumberofPRACHSlotinSubframe();
int getNumberofTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot();
int getNumberofTimeDomainRAO();
int getNumberofRASubframe();
virtual void configRA() = 0;
virtual ~PRACHConfig();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/EraseRect.cpp
#include "EraseRect.h"
EraseRect::EraseRect() : x(0), y(0){
}
EraseRect::~EraseRect(){
}
void EraseRect::setXY(int x, int y){
this->x = x - size / 2;
this->y = y - size / 2;
}
bool EraseRect::isInside(int objectX, int objectY){
if((x <= objectX && y <= objectY)
&& ((x + size) >= objectX && (y + size) >= objectY))
return true;
return false;
}
void EraseRect::draw(QPainter &painter){
painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(255, 255, 255, 255), Qt::SolidPattern));
painter.drawRect(x, y, size, size);
}
<file_sep>/main/src/Cell.cpp
#include "Cell.h"
// Constructor
// gNB base class
// x: gNB x position
// y: gNB y position
// cellType: gNB CellType, Macro or Femto //FIXME maybe reduntant
Cell::Cell(int x, int y, int cellIndex, int nBeams, celltype::CellType cellType, int prachConfigIndex, int nPreambles, int cellBW, int ssbSCS, double preambleSCS) : x(x), y(y), cellIndex(cellIndex), nBeams(nBeams), cellPixelSize(10), subframeIndex(0), frameIndex(0), raResponseWindow(1), nPreambles(nPreambles), cellBW(cellBW), ssbSCS(ssbSCS), preambleSCS(preambleSCS), cellType(cellType){
double ssbperRAO = 1;
int msg1FDM = 1;
//int nPreambles = 64;
SPDLOG_TRACE("cell {0} nPreambles: {1}", this->cellIndex, this->nPreambles);
SPDLOG_INFO("cell {0} cell BW: {1}", this->cellIndex, this->cellBW);
SPDLOG_INFO("cell{0} preamble SCS: {1}", this->cellIndex, this->preambleSCS);
estimateUEs = 0;
prachConfig = new PRACHConfigFR1(prachConfigIndex);
prachConfig->configRA();
availiableRAO = new AvailiableRAO(nBeams, ssbperRAO, msg1FDM, nPreambles, 160, prachConfig);
availiableRAO->updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex);
rars = vector<vector<RAR*>>(10);
mRA = new MonitorRAFunction(availiableRAO, prachConfig);
successUEs = 0;
failedUEs = 0;
startBeamIndex = -1;
endBeamIndex = -1;
updateSSBStartAndEndIndex();
}
// Set gNB x position
void Cell::setX(int x){
this->x = x;
}
// Set gNB y position
void Cell::setY(int y){
this->y = y;
}
// set gNB number of support beams
// nBeams: number of support beams
void Cell::setnBeams(int nBeams){
this->nBeams = nBeams;
}
// Set gNB cell support distance(associate with cell size)
void Cell::setCellSupportDistance(int supportDistance){
this->cellSupportDistance = supportDistance;
}
// calculate beam start angle based on first mouse click coordinate and
// second mouse click coordinate
// diffX: the difference of x1 and x2
// diffY: the difference of y1 and y2
void Cell::setBeamStartAngle(int diffX, int diffY){
beamStartAngle = atan2(diffY, diffX) * 180 / M_PI;
//printf("%f\n", beamStartAngle);
}
// set cell index
// cellIndex: cell index
void Cell::setCellIndex(int cellIndex){
this->cellIndex = cellIndex;
}
// detect ue is this cell's area
// if ue is in this cell, add this ue to this cell's ue vector
// ue: the ue to be detected
void Cell::detectUE(UE *ue){
//printf("start:%d\tend:%d\n", this->startAngle, this->endAngle);
// detect ue is in cell span angle area
if(checkUEisExist(ue))
return;
double distance = calculateDistance(ue->getX(), ue->getY(),
getX(), getY());
SPDLOG_TRACE("cell {0} startAngle: {1}, spanAngle: {2}",
cellIndex,
startAngle,
cellAngle);
if(isInArea(ue->getX(), ue->getY(),
getX(), getY(),
startAngle,
cellAngle,
cellSupportDistance / 2)){
Beam *beam;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < beams.size();i++){
beam = beams.at(i);
beam->detectUE(ue,
((double)(this->cellSupportDistance / 2)) - distance);
}
ues.push_back(ue);
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} is in cell {1} range", ue->getID(), cellIndex);
}
}
// check ue is in this cell
// ue: the UE need to be checked
bool Cell::checkUEisExist(UE *ue){
UE *temp;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < ues.size();i++){
temp = ues[i];
if(temp->getID() == ue->getID()){
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} already be added to Cell {1}",
temp->getID(),
cellIndex);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
// check beam index in current subframe, frame is allowed to
// transmit braodcast message
// beamIndex: beam index
// return: true for allowed
bool Cell::isBeamAllowedPBCH(const int beamIndex){
SPDLOG_TRACE("start beam index: {0}", startBeamIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("end beam index: {0}", endBeamIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("beam index: {0}", beamIndex);
if(startBeamIndex == -1 && endBeamIndex == -1){
SPDLOG_TRACE("current frame {0} subframe {1} is not for PBCH",
frameIndex, subframeIndex);
return false;
}
else if(startBeamIndex <= beamIndex && beamIndex < endBeamIndex){
return true;
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("current frame {0} subframe {1} is not for beam {2} PBCH",
frameIndex, subframeIndex, beamIndex);
return false;
}
// update start and end ssb index that is allowed to transmit PBCH
void Cell::updateSSBStartAndEndIndex(){
if(frameIndex % 2 == 1 || (frameIndex % 2 == 0 && subframeIndex > 4)){
SPDLOG_TRACE("next frame {0} subframe {1} is not for PBCH",
frameIndex, subframeIndex);
startBeamIndex = -1;
endBeamIndex = -1;
}
switch(ssbSCS){
case 15:
startBeamIndex = subframeIndex * 2;
endBeamIndex = (subframeIndex + 1) * 2;
if(((nBeams == 4) && (subframeIndex > 1))
|| subframeIndex > 3){
startBeamIndex = -1;
endBeamIndex = -1;
}
break;
case 30:
startBeamIndex = subframeIndex * 4;
endBeamIndex = (subframeIndex + 1) * 4;
if((nBeams == 4 && subframeIndex > 0)
|| subframeIndex > 1){
startBeamIndex = -1;
endBeamIndex = -1;
}
break;
case 120:
startBeamIndex = subframeIndex * 16;
endBeamIndex = (subframeIndex + 1) * 16;
if(subframeIndex > 1){
endBeamIndex -= 4;
}
if(subframeIndex > 2){
startBeamIndex -= 4;
}
if(subframeIndex == 4){
startBeamIndex = 56;
endBeamIndex = 63;
}
break;
case 240:
startBeamIndex = subframeIndex * 32;
endBeamIndex = (subframeIndex + 1) * 32;
if(subframeIndex > 1){
startBeamIndex = -1;
endBeamIndex = -1;
}
break;
default:
SPDLOG_WARN("ssb SCS not support now");
startBeamIndex = -1;
endBeamIndex = -1;
}
}
// broadcasting cell's SI
void Cell::broadcastSI(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("Broadcast cell index {0} system information", cellIndex);
UE *ue;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < ues.size();i++){
ue = ues.at(i);
if(isBeamAllowedPBCH(ue->getBeamIndex()) && ue->receiveSI(this)){
i--;
}
}
//ue->receiveSI(this);
}
// deregister a ue
// if a ue have another cell better than this one
// ue call this function for removing itself from this cell
// since when cell detect a ue is in this cell,
// cell will add the UE automatically
// as a result, in order to prevent ue receving other cell's
// RAR or CR which may cause error
// ue need to deregister the cell which it should not listen
// ue: the UE need to be deregisted
void Cell::deregisterCell(UE *ue){
for(auto it = ues.begin();it != ues.end();it++){
if((*it)->getID() == ue->getID()){
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE: {0} removing from cell: {1}",
(*it)->getID(),
cellIndex);
ues.erase(it);
break;
}
}
}
// update the subframe
// if subframe is add to 10
// mod subframe by 10 and add frame index
// also, update availiableRAO's start and end RAO of subframe
void Cell::updateSubframe(){
++subframeIndex;
if(subframeIndex == 10){
frameIndex++;
subframeIndex %= 10;
}
if((frameIndex * 10 + subframeIndex) % 160 == 0 && !TESTING){
SPDLOG_INFO("next subframe can modify rao configuration");
SPDLOG_TRACE("next frame: {0}, next subframe: {1}",
frameIndex,
subframeIndex);
successUEs = mRA->getSuccessUEs();
failedUEs = mRA->getFailedUEs();
mRA->updateRAOs();
estimateUEs = mRA->getEstimateUEs();
}
availiableRAO->updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex);
updateSSBStartAndEndIndex();
}
// reset the subframe and frame nubmer
void Cell::resetFrame(){
this->frameIndex = 0;
this->subframeIndex = 0;
}
// set msg1-fdm and update association frame and
// start and end RAO of subframe
// msg1FDM: the parameter msg1-FDM in TS 38.331
void Cell::setMsg1FDM(int msg1FDM){
availiableRAO->setMsg1FDM(msg1FDM);
availiableRAO->updateAssociationFrame();
availiableRAO->updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex);
}
// set ssb-perRAO and update association frame and
// start and end RAO of subframe
// ssbPerRAO: corresponding to TS 38.331 ssb-perRACH-Occasion
void Cell::setSSBPerRAO(double ssbPerRAO){
availiableRAO->setSSBPerRAO(ssbPerRAO);
availiableRAO->updateAssociationFrame();
availiableRAO->updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex);
}
// set prach-ConfigurationIndex and update RA parameters and
// update start and end RAO of subframe
// prachConfigIndex: corresponding to TS 38.331 prach-ConfigurationIndex
void Cell::setPrachConfigIndex(int prachConfigIndex){
prachConfig->setPrachConfigIndex(prachConfigIndex);
prachConfig->configRA();
availiableRAO->updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex);
}
// set raResponseWindow
// raResponseWindow: corresponding to TS 38.331 ra-ResponseWindow
void Cell::setRaResponseWindow(const int raResponseWindow){
this->raResponseWindow = raResponseWindow;
}
// receive preamble
// ue will send preamble in a rao
// if cell receive a preamble, it store the preamble index and
// rao index in (subframe index + rareponsewindow)'s rar
// waiting to send in (subframe index + rareponsewindow)
// the RARs will store in ascending order firsy by rao index then
// preamble index
// raoIndex: ue send ra preamble's rao index
// preambleIndex: ue send preamble index
void Cell::receivePreamble(const int raoIndex, const int preambleIndex){
SPDLOG_TRACE("cell {0} receiving preamble", cellIndex);
int respondSubframe = (subframeIndex + raResponseWindow) % 10;
vector<RAR*>& subframeRars = rars[respondSubframe];
RAR *rar = new RAR;
rar->raoIndex = raoIndex;
rar->preambleIndex = preambleIndex;
rar->uplinkResourceIndex = subframeRars.size() + 1;
rar->tc_rnti = subframeRars.size() + 1;
SPDLOG_TRACE("size: {0}", subframeRars.size());
SPDLOG_TRACE("rao index: {0}, preamble index: {1}",
rar->raoIndex,
rar->preambleIndex);
int insertIndex = searchRAR(subframeRars, *rar);
SPDLOG_TRACE("insert index: {0}", insertIndex);
// if searched index is the end of stored rar
// push rar directly in end of subframeRars
if(subframeRars.size() == insertIndex)
subframeRars.push_back(rar);
else if(subframeRars.size() > 0
&& subframeRars[insertIndex]->raoIndex == rar->raoIndex
&& subframeRars[insertIndex]->preambleIndex == rar->preambleIndex){
// the corresponding rar is already exist in stored Rars
SPDLOG_TRACE("rao: {0}, preamble: {1} already exist in RAR",
rar->raoIndex,
rar->preambleIndex);
delete rar;
}
else{
// otherwise, store the new RAR in searched index
subframeRars.insert(subframeRars.begin() + insertIndex, rar);
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("cell {0} receive complete", cellIndex);
}
// transmit RAR if cell has RAR stored
void Cell::transmitRAR(){
if(!hasRAR())
return;
SPDLOG_TRACE("Cell: {0} transmitting RARs", cellIndex);
vector<RAR*>& subframeRar = rars[subframeIndex];
for(auto i = subframeRar.begin();i != subframeRar.end();i++){
SPDLOG_TRACE("rao: {0}\tpreamble: {1}", (*i)->raoIndex, (*i)->preambleIndex);
}
UE *ue;
SPDLOG_TRACE("rar size: {0}" ,subframeRar.size());
for(decltype(ues.size()) i = 0;i < ues.size();i++){
ue = ues.at(i);
if(ue->isBindCell()){
SPDLOG_TRACE("Cell: {0} transmitting RAR to UE :{1}",
cellIndex,
ue->getID());
ue->receiveRAR(subframeRar, cellIndex);
}
}
// delete each stored and transmitted RAR
for(decltype(subframeRar.size()) i = 0;i < subframeRar.size();i++){
delete subframeRar[i];
}
subframeRar.clear();
SPDLOG_TRACE("RARs transmit complete");
}
// receive Msg3 transmitted by UE
// msg3: msg3 forged and transmitted by UE
void Cell::receiveMsg3(Msg3& msg3){
int insertIndex = searchMsg3(msg3s, msg3);
if(insertIndex == msg3s.size())
msg3s.push_back(&msg3);
else if(msg3s.size() > 0
&& msg3s[insertIndex]->tc_rnti == msg3.tc_rnti){
SPDLOG_TRACE("tc_rnti: {0}, already exist in RAR",
msg3.tc_rnti);
if(msg3s[insertIndex]->power < msg3.power){
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg3 power is bigger than older one");
SPDLOG_TRACE("old msg3 ue index: {0}", msg3s[insertIndex]->ueIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("old msg3 power: {0}", msg3s[insertIndex]->power);
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg3 ue index: {0}", msg3.ueIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("new msg3 power: {0}", msg3.power);
msg3s[insertIndex]->ueIndex = msg3.ueIndex;
msg3s[insertIndex]->power = msg3.power;
}
}
else{
msg3s.insert(msg3s.begin() + insertIndex, &msg3);
}
}
// transmit CR if has stored CR
// CR is alternatively the Msg3 transmitted by UE
void Cell::transmitCR(){
if(!msg3s.size())
return;
SPDLOG_TRACE("transmitting contention resolution");
UE *ue;
int countSuccess = 0;
int countFailed = 0;
for(decltype(ues.size()) i = 0;i < ues.size();i++){
ue = ues.at(i);
if(ue->isBindCell() && ue->receiveCR(msg3s, cellIndex)){
if(ue->isRASuccess()){
SPDLOG_TRACE("removing UE id: {0} from cell index: {1}",
ue->getID(),
cellIndex);
ues.erase(ues.begin() + i);
i--;
countSuccess++;
}
else{
countFailed++;
}
}
}
mRA->recordUEsCondition(countSuccess, countFailed);
// delete the stored msg3
for(decltype(msg3s.size()) i = 0;i < msg3s.size();i++){
delete msg3s[i];
}
msg3s.clear();
}
// restore monitor ra function to initial condition
void Cell::restoreMonitorRA2Initial(){
mRA->restore2Initial();
successUEs = 0;
failedUEs = 0;
estimateUEs = 0;
}
// get cell support distance
int Cell::getCellSupportDistance(){
return this->cellSupportDistance;
}
// Set gNB cellType
void Cell::setCellType(celltype::CellType cellType){
this->cellType = cellType;
}
// Get gNB x position
int Cell::getX(){
return this->x;
}
// Get gNB y position
int Cell::getY(){
return this->y;
}
// get gNB number of support beams
// return number of support beams
int Cell::getnBeams(){
return this->nBeams;
}
// get cell index
// return: cell index
int Cell::getCellIndex(){
return this->cellIndex;
}
// get subframe index
// return: subframe index
int Cell::getSubframeIndex(){
return this->subframeIndex;
}
// get frame index
// return: frame index
int Cell::getFrameIndex(){
return this->frameIndex;
}
// get msg1-FDM
// return: msg1-FDM
int Cell::getMsg1FDM(){
return availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM();
}
// get ra-ResponseWindow
// return: ra-ResponseWindow
int Cell::getRaResponseWindow(){
return raResponseWindow;
}
// get prach-ConfigurationIndex
// return: prach-ConfigurationIndex
int Cell::getPrachConfigIndex(){
return prachConfig->getPrachConfigIndex();
}
// get RA attempt period
// return: tau
int Cell::getTau(){
return mRA->getTau();
}
// get cell start angle
// return: cell start angle
double Cell::getBeamStartAngle(){
return this->beamStartAngle;
}
// get SSBPerRAO
// return: ssb-perRACH-Occasion
double Cell::getSSBPerRAO(){
return availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO();
}
// get cell cover angle
// return: cell cover angle
double Cell::getCellSpanAngle(){
return cellAngle;
}
// get cell preamble SCS
// return cell's preamble SCS
double Cell::getPreambleSCS(){
return preambleSCS;
}
// get current channel capacity
// return: current channel capacity
double Cell::getTotalChannelCapacity(){
return mRA->getTotalDelta();
}
// get success ues count record from monitor ra function
// return: success ues count
unsigned long Cell::getSuccessUEs(){
if(ues.size() == 0 && (frameIndex * 10 + subframeIndex) % 16 != 0)
return mRA->getSuccessUEs();
return successUEs;
}
// get failed ues count record from monitor ra function
// return: failed ues count
unsigned long Cell::getFailedUEs(){
if(ues.size() == 0 && (frameIndex * 10 + subframeIndex) % 16 != 0)
return mRA->getFailedUEs();
return failedUEs;
}
// get estimate ues from monitor ra function
// return: estimate ues count
double Cell::getEstimateUEs(){
return estimateUEs;
}
// is this cell has stored RAR
// return: true if has stored RAR, otherwise is false
bool Cell::hasRAR(){
if(rars[subframeIndex].size())
return true;
return false;
}
// Get gNB celltype
celltype::CellType Cell::getCellType(){
return this->cellType;
}
// get IPRACHConfig, typically used by UE
// kind of SI
// return: IPRACHConfig
IPRACHConfig* Cell::getPRACHConfig(){
return prachConfig;
}
// get IAvailiableRAO, typically used by UE
// kind of SI
// return: IAvailiableRAO
IAvailiableRAO* Cell::getAvailiableRAO(){
return availiableRAO;
}
// destructor
Cell::~Cell(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("cell destructor");
delete mRA;
delete prachConfig;
delete availiableRAO;
}
<file_sep>/main/src/AvailiableRAO.h
#ifndef AVAILIABLE_RAO
#define AVAILIABLE_RAO
#include <stdio.h>
#include "IAvailiableRAO.h"
#include "IPRACHConfig.h"
#include "include_log.h"
class AvailiableRAO : public IAvailiableRAO{
private:
int nSSB;
int msg1FDM;
int nPreambles;
// ssb periodicity for rate matching purpose
// correspoding to TS 38.331 ssb-periodicityServingCell
int ssbPeriod;
int totalRAOPerSubframe;
int totalRAOPerFrame;
int totalNeedRAO; // for all ssb
int associationPeriod;
int associationFrame;
int startRAO;
int endRAO;
double ssbPerRAO;
IPRACHConfig *prachConfig;
// preamble format?//
public:
AvailiableRAO(int nSSB, double ssbPerRAO, int msg1FDM, int nPreambles, int ssbPeriod, IPRACHConfig *prachConfig);
void setNumberofSSB(int nSSB);
void setMsg1FDM(int msg1FDM);
void setNumberofPreambles(int nPreambles);
void setSSBPeriod(int ssbPeriod);
void setSSBPerRAO(double ssbPerRAO);
void updateStartandEndRAOofSubframe(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex);
void updateAssociationFrame();
int getNumberofSSB();
int getMsg1FDM();
int getNumberofPreambles();
int getSSBPeriod();
int getStartNumberofPreamble(int ssbIndex);
int getStartNumberofRAO(int ssbIndex);
int getStartRAOofSubframe();
int getEndRAOofSubframe();
int getTotalNeedRAO();
int getTotalRAOPerSubframe();
double getSSBPerRAO();
bool isRASubframe(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex);
~AvailiableRAO();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/Cell.h
#ifndef CELL
#define CELL
#include <QPainter>
#include "includefile.h"
#include "include_log.h"
#include "IDrawable.h"
#include "Beam.h"
#include "UE.h"
#include "CommonMath.h"
//#include "PRACHConfig.h"
#include "PRACHConfigFR1Paired.h"
#include "AvailiableRAO.h"
#include "random_access.h"
#include "MonitorRAFunction.h"
namespace celltype{
enum CellType{
Macro,
Femto
};
}
class Beam;
class UE;
class Cell : public IDrawable{
public:
Cell(int x, int y,int cellIndex, int nBeams, celltype::CellType cellType, int prachConfigIndex, int nPreambles, int cellBW, int ssbSCS, double preambleSCS);
virtual void draw(QPainter &painter) = 0;
void setCellType(celltype::CellType cellType);
void setX(int x);
void setY(int y);
void setnBeams(int nBeams);
void setCellSupportDistance(int supportDistance);
void setBeamStartAngle(int diffX, int diffY);
void setCellIndex(int cellIndex);
void detectUE(UE *ue);
void broadcastSI();
void deregisterCell(UE *ue);
void updateSubframe();
void resetFrame();
void setMsg1FDM(int msg1FDM);
void setSSBPerRAO(double ssbPerRAO);
void setPrachConfigIndex(int prachConfigIndex);
void setRaResponseWindow(const int raResponseWindw);
void receivePreamble(const int raoIndex, const int preambleIndex);
void transmitRAR();
void receiveMsg3(Msg3& msg3);
void transmitCR();
void restoreMonitorRA2Initial();
virtual void initializeBeams() = 0;
virtual void updateBeamsAngle(int diffX, int diffY) = 0;
int getX();
int getY();
int getnBeams();
int getCellSupportDistance();
int getCellIndex();
int getSubframeIndex();
int getFrameIndex();
int getMsg1FDM();
int getRaResponseWindow();
int getPrachConfigIndex();
int getTau();
double getBeamStartAngle();
double getSSBPerRAO();
double getCellSpanAngle();
double getPreambleSCS();
double getTotalChannelCapacity();
unsigned long getSuccessUEs();
unsigned long getFailedUEs();
double getEstimateUEs();
bool hasRAR();
celltype::CellType getCellType();
IPRACHConfig *getPRACHConfig();
IAvailiableRAO *getAvailiableRAO();
virtual ~Cell();
protected:
int x;
int y;
int cellIndex;
int cellSupportDistance;
int nBeams;
int cellPixelSize;
int subframeIndex;
int frameIndex;
int raResponseWindow;
int nPreambles;
int cellBW;
int ssbSCS;
int startBeamIndex;
int endBeamIndex;
unsigned long successUEs;
unsigned long failedUEs;
double estimateUEs;
double cellAngle;
double startAngle;
double endAngle;
double beamStartAngle;
double preambleSCS;
celltype::CellType cellType;
vector<Beam*> beams;
vector<UE*> ues;
vector<vector<RAR*>> rars;
vector<Msg3*> msg3s;
PRACHConfig *prachConfig;
AvailiableRAO *availiableRAO;
private:
bool checkUEisExist(UE *ue);
bool isBeamAllowedPBCH(const int beamIndex);
void updateSSBStartAndEndIndex();
MonitorRAFunction *mRA;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/IAvailiableRAO.h
#ifndef IAVAILIABLE_RAO
#define IAVAILIABLE_RAO
class IAvailiableRAO{
public:
virtual int getNumberofPreambles() = 0;
virtual int getStartNumberofPreamble(int ssbIndex) = 0;
virtual int getStartNumberofRAO(int ssbIndex) = 0;
virtual int getStartRAOofSubframe() = 0;
virtual int getEndRAOofSubframe() = 0;
virtual int getTotalNeedRAO() = 0;
virtual int getTotalRAOPerSubframe() = 0;
virtual int getMsg1FDM() = 0;
virtual double getSSBPerRAO() = 0;
virtual bool isRASubframe(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex) = 0;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/CommonMath.h
#ifndef COMMON_MATH
#define COMMON_MATH
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
bool isInArea(int x, int y, int startAngle, int endAngle, double startB, double startC, double endB, double endC);
bool isInArea(const int x1, const int y1, const int x2, const int y2, const double startAngle, const double endAngle, const double distance);
double calculateDistance(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
int XgetY(int x, double B, double C);
int getRnd(int start, int end);
#endif
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig27.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_27_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_27_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell* cell;
extern UE* ue;
void testPrachIndex27_17(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_16(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_15(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_14(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 5){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_13(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 8;l++){
subframeExpect->push_back(l);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_12(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_11(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_10(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_9(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(0);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 4;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 8){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 2;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 4){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
for(int k = 4;k < 8;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 2){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
printExpects(expected);
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int j = 0;j < 10;j++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int j = 0;j < 10;j++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 5;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 27;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 1){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) < 5){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
//printf("%d\t%d\n", j, j %(associationFrame * 10));
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(1);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex27(){
testPrachIndex27_1();
testPrachIndex27_2();
testPrachIndex27_3();
testPrachIndex27_4();
testPrachIndex27_5();
testPrachIndex27_6();
testPrachIndex27_7();
testPrachIndex27_9();
testPrachIndex27_10();
testPrachIndex27_11();
testPrachIndex27_12();
testPrachIndex27_13();
testPrachIndex27_14();
testPrachIndex27_15();
testPrachIndex27_16();
testPrachIndex27_17();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/Model.h
#ifndef MODEL
#define MODEL
#include "includefile.h"
#include "IPaintSubject.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ctime>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "Cell.h"
#include "MacroCell.h"
#include "FemtoCell.h"
#include "UE.h"
#include "CommonMath.h"
#include "include_log.h"
#include "EraseRect.h"
namespace DrawMode{
enum Mode{
DrawCell,
EraseCell
};
};
namespace ArrivalMode{
enum Mode{
Uniform,
Beta
};
};
class Model : public IPaintSubject{
public:
Model();
void draw(QPainter &painter);
void drawCell(QPainter &painter);
void drawUE(QPainter &painter);
void setMouseXY(int x, int y);
int getMouseX();
int getMouseY();
void setMousePressed(bool isPressed);
bool isMousePressed();
int getPressedCount();
unsigned int getFR();
ArrivalMode::Mode getArrivalMode();
void notifyAll();
void registerPaintObservor(IPaintObservor *observor);
void traverseUEs();
void transmitDL();
void transmitUL();
void startSimulation();
void setSimulationTime(int simulationTime);
void setnBeams(const int nBeams);
void setCellType(const celltype::CellType type);
void setFR(const unsigned int FR);
void setArrivalRate(const unsigned int arrivalRate);
void setPrachConfigIndex(std::string s);
void setDrawMode(DrawMode::Mode mode);
void setNPreambles(const int nPreambles);
void setPreambleSCS(const double preambleSCS);
void setCellBW(const int cellBW);
void setArrivalMode(ArrivalMode::Mode mode);
void setTotalUE(const unsigned long totalUE);
void setSSBSCS(const int ssbSCS);
~Model();
private:
void run(bool isTimesUp, int timestamp);
void generateRandomUEs(int timestamp);
void recordUELatency(UE *ue);
void recordCellsInfo(bool isTimesUp);
void initializeOutFiles();
void closeOutFiles();
void plotResult();
void restoreCells2Initial();
void drawing(QPainter &painter);
void erasing(QPainter &painter);
void detectCellInEraseArea();
int generateBetaUEs(const int timestamp);
unsigned long ueIndex;
unsigned long participateUEs;
unsigned long arrivalUEs;
int remainingUEs;
int cellIndex;
int ueArrivalRate;
int mouseX;
int mouseY;
int prachConfigIndex;
vector<Cell*> cells;
vector<UE*> UEs;
vector<IPaintObservor*> observors;
Cell *tempCell;
UE *ue;
EraseRect eraseRect;
celltype::CellType cellType;
bool mousePressed;
int countPressedReleased;
int simulationTime;
int simulationCounter;
int nBeams;
int nPreambles;
int cellBW;
int ssbSCS;
double preambleSCS;
std::string outputFolderName;
std::string outputFileExtension;
std::string outputFileUE;
std::string outputFileCell;
std::string filenameUE;
std::string filenameCell;
unsigned int FR;
ofstream outFileUE;
ofstream outFileCell;
std::string curTime;
DrawMode::Mode mode;
ArrivalMode::Mode arrivalMode;
unsigned long totalUE;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/IPaintSubject.h
#ifndef PAINT_SUBJECT
#define PAINT_SUBJECT
#include "IPaintObservor.h"
class IPaintSubject{
public:
virtual void notifyAll() = 0;
virtual void registerPaintObservor(IPaintObservor *observor) = 0;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/IDrawable.h
#ifndef IDRAWABLE
#define IDRAWABLE
#include <QPainter>
class IDrawable{
public:
virtual void draw(QPainter& painter) = 0;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/mainGUI.cpp
#include "mainGUI.h"
#include "include_log.h"
// Constructor
// Initialize Model and UI
MainGUI::MainGUI(QWidget *parent):
QWidget(parent){
setWindowTitle(QString::fromStdString(sProjectName));
resize(widthWindow, heightWindow);
this->model = new Model();
// canvas setting
canvas = new SimulationCanvas(this, model);
canvas->show();
canvas->setStyleSheet("QWidget{background:white;}");
canvas->setMinimumSize(widthWindow, heightWindow / 2);
sp = canvas->sizePolicy();
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::MinimumExpanding);
sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Expanding);
canvas->setSizePolicy(sp);
initialRadioButton();
initialPrachConfig();
initialArrivalRateArea();
initialSimulationTimeArea();
initialDrawingButtonArea();
initialNumberofPreambeArea();
initialPreambleSCSArea();
initialCellBandwithArea();
initialArrivalPattern();
initialTotalUEArea();
initialSSBSCSArea();
initialSystemArea();
initialMainLayout();
connectSignals();
}
// Initialize radio button
void MainGUI::initialRadioButton(){
// gNBType setting
rBtnMacrogNB = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sMarcogNB), this);
rBtnFemtogNB = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sFemtogNB), this);
rBtnMacrogNB->setChecked(true);
layoutgNBType = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutgNBType->addWidget(rBtnMacrogNB);
layoutgNBType->addWidget(rBtnFemtogNB);
groupgNBType = new QGroupBox(QString::fromStdString(sgNBType), this);
groupgNBType->setLayout(layoutgNBType);
// FR setting
rBtnFR1 = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sFR1), this);
rBtnFR2 = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sFR2), this);
rBtnFR1->setChecked(true);
layoutFR = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutFR->addWidget(rBtnFR1);
layoutFR->addWidget(rBtnFR2);
groupFR = new QGroupBox(QString::fromStdString(sFR), this);
groupFR->setLayout(layoutFR);
// Number of SSB setting
rBtn4Beams = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sBeam4), this);
rBtn8Beams = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sBeam8), this);
rBtn64Beams = new QRadioButton(QString::fromStdString(sBeam64), this);
rBtn4Beams->setChecked(true);
layoutBeams = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutBeams->addWidget(rBtn4Beams);
layoutBeams->addWidget(rBtn8Beams);
layoutBeams->addWidget(rBtn64Beams);
groupBeams = new QGroupBox(QString::fromStdString(sNumberOfBeams), this);
groupBeams->setLayout(layoutBeams);
}
void MainGUI::initialPrachConfig(){
listPrachConfig = new QListWidget(this);
int count = 0;
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig16));
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig19));
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig22));
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig25));
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig27));
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig101));
listPrachConfig->insertItem(count++, QString::fromStdString(sPrachConfig106));
listPrachConfig->setCurrentRow(0);
}
// configuration ArrivalRate Area
void MainGUI::initialArrivalRateArea(){
// Label setting
labelArrivalRate = new QLabel(this);
labelUnitArrivalRate = new QLabel(this);
labelArrivalRate->setText(QString::fromStdString(sArrivalRate));
labelUnitArrivalRate->setText(QString::fromStdString(sUnitArrivalRate));
// LineEdit setting
lEditArrivalRate = new QLineEdit(this);
//lEditArrivalRate->setMaximumSize(50, 50);
lEditArrivalRate->setValidator(new QIntValidator(lEditArrivalRate));
lEditArrivalRate->setText(QString::number(10));
lEditArrivalRate->setAlignment(Qt::AlignRight);
//sp = lEditArrivalRate->sizePolicy();
//sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Preferred);
//sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Maximum);
//lEditArrivalRate->setSizePolicy(sp);
// Arrival rate area setting
layoutArrivalRate = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutArrivalRate->addWidget(labelArrivalRate);
layoutArrivalRate->addWidget(lEditArrivalRate);
layoutArrivalRate->addWidget(labelUnitArrivalRate);
}
// configuration simulation time Area
void MainGUI::initialSimulationTimeArea(){
// Label setting
labelSimulationTime = new QLabel(this);
labelUnitSimulationTime = new QLabel(this);
labelSimulationTime->setText(QString::fromStdString(sSimulationTime));
//labelSimulationTime->setMinimumSize(200, 20);
labelUnitSimulationTime->setText(QString::fromStdString(sUnitSimulationTime));
// LineEdit setting
lEditSimulationTime = new QLineEdit(this);
lEditSimulationTime->setValidator(new QIntValidator(lEditSimulationTime));
//lEditSimulationTime->setMaximumSize(50, 50);
lEditSimulationTime->setAlignment(Qt::AlignRight);
//sp = lEditSimulationTime->sizePolicy();
//sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Preferred);
//sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Maximum);
//lEditSimulationTime->setSizePolicy(sp);
// Simulation time area setting
layoutSimulationTime = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutSimulationTime->addWidget(labelSimulationTime);
layoutSimulationTime->addWidget(lEditSimulationTime);
layoutSimulationTime->addWidget(labelUnitSimulationTime);
}
// configurate draw cell erase cell area
void MainGUI::initialDrawingButtonArea(){
btnClear = new QPushButton(this);
btnClear->setText(QString::fromStdString(sBtnClear));
btnDrawCell = new QPushButton(this);
btnDrawCell->setText(QString::fromStdString(sBtnDrawCell));
btnDrawCell->setEnabled(false);
layoutDrawing = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutDrawing->addWidget(btnDrawCell);
layoutDrawing->addWidget(btnClear);
}
// initialize number of preamble area
void MainGUI::initialNumberofPreambeArea(){
labelNumberofRAPreamble = new QLabel(this);
labelNumberofRAPreamble->setText(QString::fromStdString(sNumberofPreamble));
lEditNumberofPreamble = new QLineEdit(this);
lEditNumberofPreamble->setValidator(new QIntValidator(lEditNumberofPreamble));
//lEditSimulationTime->setMaximumSize(50, 50);
lEditNumberofPreamble->setAlignment(Qt::AlignRight);
lEditNumberofPreamble->setText(QString::number(64));
layoutNumberofPreamble = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutNumberofPreamble->addWidget(labelNumberofRAPreamble);
layoutNumberofPreamble->addWidget(lEditNumberofPreamble);
}
// initialize area for preamble SCS
void MainGUI::initialPreambleSCSArea(){
labelPreambleSCS = new QLabel(this);
labelPreambleSCS->setText(QString::fromStdString(sPreambleSCS));
comboPreambleSCS = new QComboBox(this);
comboPreambleSCS->setEditable(false);
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(0, QString::number(1.25));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(1, QString::number(5));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(2, QString::number(15));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(3, QString::number(30));
//sp = comboPreambleSCS->sizePolicy();
//sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Minimum);
//comboPreambleSCS->setSizePolicy(sp);
layoutPreambleSCS = new QHBoxLayout;
//layoutPreambleSCS->setAlignment(Qt::AlignTop);
layoutPreambleSCS->addWidget(labelPreambleSCS);
layoutPreambleSCS->addWidget(comboPreambleSCS);
}
// initialize area for cell BW configuration
void MainGUI::initialCellBandwithArea(){
labelCellBW = new QLabel(this);
labelCellBW->setText(QString::fromStdString(sCellBW));
labelCellBW->setMinimumSize(110, 30);
labelCellBW->setMaximumSize(110, 30);
sp = labelCellBW->sizePolicy();
sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Maximum);
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Minimum);
labelCellBW->setSizePolicy(sp);
labelBWUnit = new QLabel(this);
labelBWUnit->setText(QString::fromStdString(sBWUnit));
labelBWUnit->setMaximumSize(30, 50);
sp = labelBWUnit->sizePolicy();
sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Preferred);
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Maximum);
labelBWUnit->setSizePolicy(sp);
comboCellBW = new QComboBox(this);
comboCellBW->setEditable(false);
comboCellBW->insertItem(0, QString::number(5));
comboCellBW->insertItem(1, QString::number(10));
comboCellBW->insertItem(2, QString::number(25));
comboCellBW->insertItem(3, QString::number(50));
comboCellBW->insertItem(4, QString::number(100));
comboCellBW->insertItem(5, QString::number(200));
comboCellBW->insertItem(6, QString::number(400));
layoutCellBW = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutCellBW->addWidget(labelCellBW);
layoutCellBW->addWidget(comboCellBW);
layoutCellBW->addWidget(labelBWUnit);
labelCellBW->setVisible(false);
labelBWUnit->setVisible(false);
comboCellBW->setVisible(false);
}
// initialize area for arrival pattern
void MainGUI::initialArrivalPattern(){
labelArrivalPattern = new QLabel(this);
labelArrivalPattern->setText(QString::fromStdString(sArrivalPattern));
comboArrivalPattern = new QComboBox(this);
comboArrivalPattern->insertItem(0, "Uniform");
comboArrivalPattern->insertItem(1, "Beta");
comboArrivalPattern->setMinimumSize(130, 20);
sp = comboArrivalPattern->sizePolicy();
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Minimum);
comboArrivalPattern->setSizePolicy(sp);
layoutArrivalPattern = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutArrivalPattern->addWidget(labelArrivalPattern);
layoutArrivalPattern->addWidget(comboArrivalPattern);
}
// handle total number of ue area
void MainGUI::initialTotalUEArea(){
labelTotalUE = new QLabel(this);
labelTotalUE->setText(QString::fromStdString(sTotalUE));
lEditTotalUE = new QLineEdit(this);
lEditTotalUE->setValidator(new QIntValidator(lEditTotalUE));
lEditTotalUE->setAlignment(Qt::AlignRight);
lEditTotalUE->setText(QString::number(10000));
labelTotalUE->setVisible(false);
lEditTotalUE->setVisible(false);
layoutTotalUE = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutTotalUE->addWidget(labelTotalUE);
layoutTotalUE->addWidget(lEditTotalUE);
//layoutTotalUE->setVisible(false);
}
// handle ssb scs area
void MainGUI::initialSSBSCSArea(){
labelSSBSCS = new QLabel(this);
labelSSBSCS->setText(QString::fromStdString(sSSBSCS));
labelUnitSCS = new QLabel(this);
labelUnitSCS->setText(QString::fromStdString(sSCSUnit));
comboSSBSCS = new QComboBox(this);
comboSSBSCS->insertItem(0, "15");
comboSSBSCS->insertItem(1, "30");
comboSSBSCS->setMinimumSize(60, 20);
sp = comboArrivalPattern->sizePolicy();
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Minimum);
comboArrivalPattern->setSizePolicy(sp);
layoutSSBSCS = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutSSBSCS->addWidget(labelSSBSCS);
layoutSSBSCS->addWidget(comboSSBSCS);
layoutSSBSCS->addWidget(labelUnitSCS);
}
// initial area for button start or load, save config area
void MainGUI::initialSystemArea(){
// initialize load config button
btnLoadConfig = new QPushButton(this);
btnLoadConfig->setText(QString::fromStdString(sBtnLoadConfig));
// initialize save config button
btnSaveConfig = new QPushButton(this);
btnSaveConfig->setText(QString::fromStdString(sBtnSaveConfig));
// initialize start button
btnStart = new QPushButton(this);
btnStart->setText(QString::fromStdString(sBtnStart));
btnStart->setMaximumSize(50, 50);
sp = btnStart->sizePolicy();
sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Preferred);
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Maximum);
btnStart->setSizePolicy(sp);
// initialize system layout for button start, save, load area
layoutSystem = new QHBoxLayout;
layoutSystem->addWidget(btnLoadConfig);
layoutSystem->addWidget(btnSaveConfig);
layoutSystem->addWidget(btnStart);
}
// Configuration Main Layout
void MainGUI::initialMainLayout(){
// Configuration area setting
widgetSetting = new QWidget(this);
widgetSetting->setMaximumSize(widthWindow, heightWindow / 2);
sp = widgetSetting->sizePolicy();
sp.setHorizontalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Maximum);
sp.setVerticalPolicy(QSizePolicy::Fixed);
widgetSetting->setSizePolicy(sp);
layoutSetting = new QGridLayout(widgetSetting);
layoutSetting->addWidget(groupFR, 1, 0);
layoutSetting->addWidget(groupgNBType, 2, 0);
layoutSetting->addWidget(groupBeams, 3, 0);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutSSBSCS, 4, 0);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutCellBW, 5, 0);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutArrivalPattern, 5, 0);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutArrivalRate, 6, 0);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutTotalUE, 6, 0);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutDrawing, 7, 0);
layoutSetting->addWidget(listPrachConfig, 1, 1, 3, 1);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutPreambleSCS, 4, 1);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutNumberofPreamble, 5, 1);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutSimulationTime, 6, 1);
layoutSetting->addLayout(layoutSystem, 7, 1);
// Main Area Setting
layoutMain = new QGridLayout(this);
layoutMain->addWidget(canvas, 1, 0);
layoutMain->addWidget(widgetSetting, 2, 0);
}
// connect all singals
void MainGUI::connectSignals(){
connect(btnStart, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleButtonStartClick()));
connect(rBtn4Beams, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handle4BeamsRadBtnClick()));
connect(rBtn8Beams, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handle8BeamsRadBtnClick()));
connect(rBtn64Beams, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handle64BeamsRadBtnClick()));
connect(rBtnMacrogNB, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleMacroRadBtnClick()));
connect(rBtnFemtogNB, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleFemtoRadBtnClick()));
connect(rBtnFR1, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleFR1RadBtnClick()));
connect(rBtnFR2, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleFR2RadBtnClick()));
connect(listPrachConfig, SIGNAL(currentRowChanged(int)), this, SLOT(handleListPrachIndexChange(int)));
connect(btnDrawCell, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleButtonDrawCellClick()));
connect(btnClear, SIGNAL(clicked()), this, SLOT(handleButtonClearClick()));
connect(lEditNumberofPreamble, SIGNAL(textChanged(const QString&)), this, SLOT(handleNumberofPreambleChanged(const QString&)));
connect(comboPreambleSCS, SIGNAL(currentIndexChanged(const QString&)), this, SLOT(handlePreambleSCSChanged(const QString&)));
connect(comboCellBW, SIGNAL(currentIndexChanged(const QString&)), this, SLOT(handleCellBWChanged(const QString&)));
connect(comboArrivalPattern, SIGNAL(currentIndexChanged(const QString&)), this, SLOT(handleArrivalPatternChanged(const QString&)));
connect(comboSSBSCS, SIGNAL(currentIndexChanged(const QString&)), this, SLOT(handleSSBSCSChanged(const QString&)));
}
// handle start button click event
void MainGUI::handleButtonStartClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("start button click");
model->setSimulationTime(lEditSimulationTime->text().toInt());
if(model->getArrivalMode() == ArrivalMode::Uniform)
model->setArrivalRate(lEditArrivalRate->text().toInt());
else
model->setTotalUE(lEditTotalUE->text().toInt());
model->startSimulation();
}
// handle radio button 4 beams click event
void MainGUI::handle4BeamsRadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("4 beams\n");
model->setnBeams(beams4);
}
// handle radio button 8 beams click event
void MainGUI::handle8BeamsRadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("8 beams\n");
model->setnBeams(beams8);
}
// handle radio button 64 beams click event
void MainGUI::handle64BeamsRadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("64 beams\n");
model->setnBeams(beams64);
}
// handle radio button marco click event
void MainGUI::handleMacroRadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("Macro gNB selected\n");
model->setCellType(celltype::Macro);
}
// handle radio button femto click event
void MainGUI::handleFemtoRadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("Femto gNB selected\n");
model->setCellType(celltype::Femto);
}
// handle FR1 radio button click event
void MainGUI::handleFR1RadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("FR1 selected\n");
if(model->getFR() == 1){
comboPreambleSCS->removeItem(1);
comboPreambleSCS->removeItem(0);
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(0, QString::number(1.25));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(1, QString::number(5));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(2, QString::number(15));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(3, QString::number(30));
comboPreambleSCS->setCurrentIndex(0);
comboSSBSCS->removeItem(1);
comboSSBSCS->removeItem(0);
comboSSBSCS->insertItem(0, QString::number(15));
comboSSBSCS->insertItem(1, QString::number(30));
comboSSBSCS->setCurrentIndex(0);
}
model->setFR(iFR1);
}
// handle FR2 radio button click event
void MainGUI::handleFR2RadBtnClick(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("FR2 selected\n");
if(model->getFR() == 0){
comboPreambleSCS->removeItem(3);
comboPreambleSCS->removeItem(2);
comboPreambleSCS->removeItem(1);
comboPreambleSCS->removeItem(0);
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(0, QString::number(60));
comboPreambleSCS->insertItem(1, QString::number(120));
comboPreambleSCS->setCurrentIndex(0);
comboSSBSCS->removeItem(1);
comboSSBSCS->removeItem(0);
comboSSBSCS->insertItem(0, QString::number(120));
comboSSBSCS->insertItem(1, QString::number(240));
comboSSBSCS->setCurrentIndex(0);
}
model->setFR(iFR2);
}
// handle prach configuration index list widget select row change event
void MainGUI::handleListPrachIndexChange(int selectedRow){
model->setPrachConfigIndex(listPrachConfig->item(selectedRow)->text().toStdString());
}
// handle button draw cell click
void MainGUI::handleButtonDrawCellClick(){
model->setDrawMode(DrawMode::DrawCell);
btnClear->setEnabled(true);
btnDrawCell->setEnabled(false);
}
// handle button clear click
void MainGUI::handleButtonClearClick(){
model->setDrawMode(DrawMode::EraseCell);
btnDrawCell->setEnabled(true);
btnClear->setEnabled(false);
}
// handle lineedit number of preamble changed
void MainGUI::handleNumberofPreambleChanged(const QString& text){
model->setNPreambles(text.toInt());
}
// handle preamble scs changed
void MainGUI::handlePreambleSCSChanged(const QString& text){
model->setPreambleSCS(text.toDouble());
}
// handle cell BW changed
void MainGUI::handleCellBWChanged(const QString& text){
model->setCellBW(text.toInt());
}
// handle arrival pattern changed
void MainGUI::handleArrivalPatternChanged(const QString& text){
//SPDLOG_INFO("{0}", text.fromStdString());
if(!text.toStdString().compare("Uniform")){
model->setArrivalMode(ArrivalMode::Uniform);
labelArrivalRate->setVisible(true);
labelUnitArrivalRate->setVisible(true);
lEditArrivalRate->setVisible(true);
labelTotalUE->setVisible(false);
lEditTotalUE->setVisible(false);
}
else{
model->setArrivalMode(ArrivalMode::Beta);
labelArrivalRate->setVisible(false);
labelUnitArrivalRate->setVisible(false);
lEditArrivalRate->setVisible(false);
labelTotalUE->setVisible(true);
lEditTotalUE->setVisible(true);
}
}
// handle ssb scs changed
void MainGUI::handleSSBSCSChanged(const QString& text){
model->setSSBSCS(text.toInt());
}
// destructor
MainGUI::~MainGUI(){
delete model;
delete layoutMain;
delete layoutArrivalRate;
delete layoutSimulationTime;
delete layoutSSBSCS;
delete layoutTotalUE;
delete layoutCellBW;
delete layoutArrivalPattern;
delete layoutPreambleSCS;
delete layoutNumberofPreamble;
delete layoutDrawing;
delete layoutSystem;
delete layoutSetting;
delete layoutgNBType;
delete layoutFR;
delete layoutBeams;
delete labelArrivalRate;
delete labelSimulationTime;
delete labelUnitArrivalRate;
delete labelUnitSimulationTime;
delete labelNumberofRAPreamble;
delete labelPreambleSCS;
delete labelCellBW;
delete labelBWUnit;
delete labelArrivalPattern;
delete labelTotalUE;
delete labelSSBSCS;
delete labelUnitSCS;
delete comboPreambleSCS;
delete comboCellBW;
delete comboArrivalPattern;
delete comboSSBSCS;
delete btnStart;
delete btnSaveConfig;
delete btnLoadConfig;
delete btnClear;
delete btnDrawCell;
delete rBtnMacrogNB;
delete rBtnFemtogNB;
delete rBtnFR1;
delete rBtnFR2;
delete rBtn4Beams;
delete rBtn8Beams;
delete rBtn64Beams;
delete listPrachConfig;
delete groupgNBType;
delete groupFR;
delete groupBeams;
delete lEditArrivalRate;
delete lEditSimulationTime;
delete lEditNumberofPreamble;
delete lEditTotalUE;
delete widgetSetting;
delete canvas;
}
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtest.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "general_definition.h"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig16.cpp"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig19.cpp"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig22.cpp"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig25.cpp"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig27.cpp"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig101.cpp"
#include "RAOtestPrachConfig106.cpp"
int main(){
testPrachIndex16();
testPrachIndex27();
testPrachIndex101();
testPrachIndex106();
testPrachIndex19();
testPrachIndex22();
testPrachIndex25();
printf("test correct\n");
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/project_test/src_test/RAOtestPrachConfig106.cpp
#ifndef PRACH_INDEX_106_TEST
#define PRACH_INDEX_106_TEST
#include "general_definition.h"
extern Cell *cell;
extern UE *ue;
void testPrachIndex106_23(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 96;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_22(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 24;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_21(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 4;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 12;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_20(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_19(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 24;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_18(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 12;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_17(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 2;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 6;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k * 2);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_16(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
for(int k = 40;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
for(int k = 72;k < 80;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_15(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 5;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
for(int k = 40;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 40;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_14(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 2;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 40;k < 48;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_13(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 8.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 12;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 12;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 8;k < 16;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(k);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_12(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 6;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(4 + k * 16);
subframeExpect->push_back(5 + k * 16);
subframeExpect->push_back(6 + k * 16);
subframeExpect->push_back(7 + k * 16);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_11(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(4 + k * 16);
subframeExpect->push_back(5 + k * 16);
subframeExpect->push_back(6 + k * 16);
subframeExpect->push_back(7 + k * 16);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_10(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 5;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
subframeExpect->push_back(20);
subframeExpect->push_back(21);
subframeExpect->push_back(22);
subframeExpect->push_back(23);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(20);
subframeExpect->push_back(21);
subframeExpect->push_back(22);
subframeExpect->push_back(23);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_9(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 4.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 2;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(20);
subframeExpect->push_back(21);
subframeExpect->push_back(22);
subframeExpect->push_back(23);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(4);
subframeExpect->push_back(5);
subframeExpect->push_back(6);
subframeExpect->push_back(7);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_8(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 12;l++){
subframeExpect->push_back(2 + l * 8);
subframeExpect->push_back(3 + l * 8);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_7(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int l = 0;l < 6;l++){
subframeExpect->push_back(2 + l * 8);
subframeExpect->push_back(3 + l * 8);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_6(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
subframeExpect->push_back(18);
subframeExpect->push_back(19);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_5(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1.0 / 2.0;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int k = 0;k < 10;k++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(2);
subframeExpect->push_back(3);
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
subframeExpect->push_back(10);
subframeExpect->push_back(11);
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_4(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 8;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 24;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(1 + k * 4);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_3(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 4;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 12;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(1 + k * 4);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_2(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 2;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 6;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(1 + k * 4);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106_1(){
int prachConfigIndex = 106;
int msg1FDM = 1;
double ssbPerRAO = 1;
initialize(prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
int simulationTime = 100;
int associationFrame = 1;
vector<vector<int>> expected;
vector<int> *subframeExpect;
int round = getRound(simulationTime, associationFrame);
for(int i = 0;i < round;i++){
int j = i * associationFrame * 10;
for(int l = 0;l < 10;l++){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
for(int k = 0;k < 3;k++){
subframeExpect->push_back(1 + k * 4);
}
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
}
while(j % (associationFrame * 10) != 0){
subframeExpect = new vector<int>;
expected.push_back(*subframeExpect);
j++;
if(j >= simulationTime)
break;
}
}
validation(expected, simulationTime, prachConfigIndex, msg1FDM, ssbPerRAO);
destory();
}
void testPrachIndex106(){
testPrachIndex106_1();
testPrachIndex106_2();
testPrachIndex106_3();
testPrachIndex106_4();
testPrachIndex106_5();
testPrachIndex106_6();
testPrachIndex106_7();
testPrachIndex106_8();
testPrachIndex106_9();
testPrachIndex106_10();
testPrachIndex106_11();
testPrachIndex106_12();
testPrachIndex106_13();
testPrachIndex106_14();
testPrachIndex106_15();
testPrachIndex106_16();
testPrachIndex106_17();
testPrachIndex106_18();
testPrachIndex106_19();
testPrachIndex106_20();
testPrachIndex106_21();
testPrachIndex106_22();
testPrachIndex106_23();
}
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/IPaintObservor.h
#ifndef PAINT_OBSERVOR
#define PAINT_OBSERVOR
class IPaintObservor{
public:
virtual void updateCanvas() = 0;
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/FemtoCell.cpp
#include "FemtoCell.h"
// Constructor
// initialize macro cell
// x: gNB x position
// y: gNB y position
// cellType: gNB CellType, Macro or Femto //FIXME maybe reduntant
FemtoCell::FemtoCell(int x, int y, int cellIndex, int nBeams, celltype::CellType cellType, int prachConfigIndex, int nPreambles, int cellBW, int ssbSCS, double preambleSCS):Cell(x, y, cellIndex, nBeams, cellType, prachConfigIndex, nPreambles, cellBW, ssbSCS, preambleSCS){
this->cellAngle = 360; //FIXME
this->cellSupportDistance = 100;
}
// Draw Femto Cell
// painter: QPainter use for painting
void FemtoCell::draw(QPainter &painter){
painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(0, 0, 0, 255), Qt::SolidPattern));
painter.drawEllipse(x - cellPixelSize / 2,
y - cellPixelSize / 2,
cellPixelSize,
cellPixelSize);
painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(128, 128, 255, 32), Qt::SolidPattern));
Beam *beam;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < beams.size();i++){
beam = beams.at(i);
beam->draw(painter);
}
}
// initialize gNB's beams
// nBeams: number of beams
void FemtoCell::initializeBeams(){
double spanAngle = (double)cellAngle / (double)nBeams;
for(int i = 0;i < nBeams;i++){
Beam *beam = new Beam(this, cellIndex, i, cellSupportDistance, spanAngle);
beams.push_back(beam);
}
}
// calculate beam start angle based on first mouse click coordinate and
// second mouse click coordinate
// diffX: the difference of x1 and x2
// diffY: the difference of y1 and y2
void FemtoCell::updateBeamsAngle(int diffX, int diffY){
Cell::setBeamStartAngle(diffX, diffY);
Beam *beam;
double spanAngle = cellAngle / getnBeams();
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < beams.size();i++){
beam = beams.at(i);
beam->setStartAngle(beamStartAngle + i * spanAngle);
}
}
// destructor
FemtoCell::~FemtoCell(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("Femto cell destructor");
for(auto it = beams.begin();it != beams.end();it++){
delete (*it);
}
}
<file_sep>/main/src/Beam.h
#ifndef BEAM
#define BEAM
#include "includefile.h"
#include "include_log.h"
#include <QPainter>
#include "Cell.h"
#include "UE.h"
#include <math.h>
#include "CommonMath.h"
class Cell;
class Beam : public IDrawable{
private:
int beamIndex;
double spanAngle;
int lengthBeam;
int cellIndex;
double startAngle;
Cell *parent;
public:
Beam(Cell *parent, int cellIndex, int beamIndex, int lengthBeam, double spanAngle);
void draw(QPainter &painter);
void setBeamIndex(int beamIndex);
void setSpanAngle(double spanAngle);
void setStartAngle(int beamIndex, double spanAngle);
void setStartAngle(double startAngle);
void setLengthBeam(int lengthBeam);
void setCellIndex(int cellIndex);
void detectUE(UE *ue, double power);
int getX();
int getY();
int getBeamIndex();
double getSpanAngle();
double getStartAngle();
int getEndAngle();
int getLengthBeam();
int getCellIndex();
~Beam();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/CommonMath.cpp
#include "CommonMath.h"
#include <random>
std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
// detect point x and y is in two line's area
// two line from startAngle to endAngle
// two line with x + By + C = 0
// x: point x, relative point
// y: point y, relative point
// startAngle: angle of first line
// endAngle: angle of second line
// startB: first line's coefficient B
// startC: first line's coefficient C
// endB: second line's coefficient B
// endC: second line's coefficient C
bool isInArea(int x, int y, int startAngle, int endAngle, double startB, double startC, double endB, double endC){
//printf("x: %d\ty: %d\n", x, y);
if(startAngle >= 0
&& startAngle < 180
&& endAngle > 0
&& endAngle <= 180){
//printf("1\n");
if(x + y * startB + startC <= 0
&& x + y * endB + endC >= 0)
return true;
}
else if(startAngle > 0
&& startAngle <= 180
&& endAngle > 180
&& endAngle < 360){
//printf("2\n");
if(x + y * startB + startC <= 0
&& x + y * endB + endC <= 0)
return true;
}
else if(startAngle > 180
&& startAngle < 360
&& endAngle > 180
&& endAngle <= 360){
//printf("3\n");
if(x + y * startB + startC >= 0
&& x + y * endB + endC <= 0)
return true;
}
else if(startAngle > 180
&& startAngle <= 360
&& endAngle > 0
&& endAngle < 180){
//printf("4\n");
if(x + y * startB + startC >= 0
&& x + y * endB + endC >= 0)
return true;
}
return false;
}
// test first point is in second point cover area
// the area is covered from start angle to
// (start angle + span angle) and 0 to distance
// x1: first point of x
// y1: first point of y
// x2: second point of x
// y2: second point of y
// startAngle: the cover area of second point start angle
// spanAngle: the cover area of second point cover angle
// distance: the cover area of second point cover length
bool isInArea(const int x1, const int y1, const int x2, const int y2, const double startAngle, const double spanAngle, const double distance){
const double endAngle = spanAngle + startAngle;
const double angle = atan2(y2 - y1, x1 - x2) * 180 / M_PI;
//printf("start Angle: %f, endAngle: %f\n", startAngle, endAngle);
//printf("dif angle: %f\n", angle);
if((startAngle <= angle && angle <= endAngle)
|| (startAngle <= (angle + 360) && (angle + 360) <= endAngle)){
const double difDistance = calculateDistance(x1, y1, x2, y2);
if(distance >= difDistance)
return true;
}
return false;
}
// calculate distance between two x, y point
// x1: first point x
// y1: first point y
// x2: second point x
// y2: second point y
// return: the distance bewteen two point
double calculateDistance(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2){
return sqrt(pow((x2 - x1), 2) + pow((y2 - y1), 2));
}
// use point x get y from linear equation x + By + C = 0
// x: point x, relative point
// B: linear equation coefficient B
// C: linear equation coefficient C
int XgetY(int x, double B, double C){
return ((-1.0) * ((double)x + C)) / B;
}
// get a random number between start and end interval
// start: the lower bound of random number
// end: the upper bound of random number
int getRnd(int start, int end){
std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(start, end);
return distribution(gen);
}
<file_sep>/main/src/UE.cpp
#include "UE.h"
using namespace std;
// constructor
// x: point x of ue
// y: point y of ue
// id: ue ID
UE::UE(int x, int y, unsigned long id) : UE(x, y, id, false){
}
// constructor
// x: point x of ue
// y: point y of ue
// id: ue ID
// isTest: if this class is used by testing, this value is true,
// otherwise false
UE::UE(int x, int y, unsigned long id, bool isTest){
setXY(x, y);
this->id = id;
beamIndex = -1;
cellIndex = -1;
beamStrength = -1;
powerRamp = 0;
UEPixelSize = 6;
candidateCell = NULL;
startRAO = 0;
endRAO = 0;
raStartRAO = -1;
raEndRAO = -1;
selectRAOIndex = -1;
selectPreambleIndex = -1;
uplinkResourceIndex = -1;
tc_rnti = -1;
preambleTransmitted = false;
rarReceived = false;
msg3Transmitted = false;
raSuccess = false;
this->isTest = isTest;
collided = false;
raFrame = -1;
raSubframe = -1;
msg3Frame = -1;
msg3Subframe = -1;
}
// set ue's point x and y
// x: point x of ue
// y: point y of ue
void UE::setXY(int x, int y){
this->x = x;
this->y = y;
}
// set cell index, beam index, beam strength
// if new beam strength is higher than old beam strength
// update information to new beam
// cellIndex: cell index related to the beam
// beamIndex: beam index
// beamstrength: beam strength, power
void UE::setBeam(int cellIndex, int beamIndex, int beamStrength){
if(beamStrength > this->beamStrength){
// new beam is better
SPDLOG_TRACE("new beam is better than original one");
this->cellIndex = cellIndex;
this->beamIndex = beamIndex;
this->beamStrength = beamStrength;
return;
}
// old beam is better
SPDLOG_TRACE("old beam is better");
}
// receive SI
// if received SI's cell is better than original cell,
// deregister the original cell and change candidate cell
// to the received SI's cell
// if original cell is better,
// deregister the received SI's cell since when detect UE procedure
// will store UE context in cell
int UE::receiveSI(Cell *cell){
if(cell->getCellIndex() == this->cellIndex){
// TODO: set ssb-perrach-OccasionAndCBRA-preambles
// TODO: set CRE(future work)
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} receive cell index {1}, beam index {2} system information",
id,
cell->getCellIndex(),
beamIndex);
if(candidateCell && candidateCell->getCellIndex() != cellIndex){
candidateCell->deregisterCell(this);
}
// storing cell's configuration
this->candidateCell = cell;
prachConfig = cell->getPRACHConfig();
availiableRAO = cell->getAvailiableRAO();
startRAO = beamIndex / availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO();
int nRAO = 1 / availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO();
if(nRAO > 0)
nRAO -= 1;
endRAO = startRAO + nRAO;
return 0;
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE: {0} Other cell is better, doesn't need to receive cell index {1} SI", id, cell->getCellIndex());
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE: {0} deregister from cell: {1}",
id,
cell->getCellIndex());
cell->deregisterCell(this);
return 1;
}
// do the RA procedure
// if is testing, UE won't send preamble
void UE::doRA(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} doing RA", id);
if(isTest || !preambleTransmitted){
checkRA();
if(raStartRAO != -1 && raEndRAO != -1){
SPDLOG_TRACE("current subframe is for UE {0} RA", id);
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0}: ra start RAO: {1}\tra end RAO: {2}",
id,
raStartRAO,
raEndRAO);
// store raos index with subframeRAOStart to subframeRAOEnd
storeRAOsforRA(availiableRAO->getStartRAOofSubframe(),
availiableRAO->getEndRAOofSubframe());
SPDLOG_TRACE("number of rao: %d", raos.size());
SPDLOG_TRACE("rao index: ");
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < raos.size();i++)
SPDLOG_TRACE("{:4d}", raos[i]);
if(!isTest)
transmitMsg1();
else
SPDLOG_TRACE("is testing");
}
else
SPDLOG_TRACE("current subframe is not for UE {0} RA", id);
}
else if (preambleTransmitted && rarReceived && !msg3Transmitted){
// if preamble is transmitted and rar received
transmitMsg3();
}
else if(preambleTransmitted && rarReceived && msg3Transmitted && raSuccess)
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} RA already success, wait for remove from simulation", id);
else{
SPDLOG_ERROR("preamble transmitted: {0}, msg3 transmitted: {1}, ra success: {2}",
preambleTransmitted,
msg3Transmitted,
raSuccess);
SPDLOG_ERROR("something wrong!!!");
}
}
// receive RAR
// rars: cell transmits rar
// cellIndex: cell index
void UE::receiveRAR(const vector<RAR*>& rars, const int cellIndex){
SPDLOG_TRACE("rar cell index: {0}, select cell index: {1}",
cellIndex, candidateCell->getCellIndex());
if(cellIndex != candidateCell->getCellIndex()
|| (!preambleTransmitted || rarReceived || msg3Transmitted))
return;
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} receiving RAR", id);
int index = searchRAR(rars, raos[selectRAOIndex], selectPreambleIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("rar index: {0}", index);
SPDLOG_TRACE("select rao index: {0}, searched rao index: {1}",
raos[selectRAOIndex],
rars[index]->raoIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("select preamble index: {0}, searched preamble index: {1}",
selectPreambleIndex,
rars[index]->preambleIndex);
uplinkResourceIndex = rars[index]->uplinkResourceIndex;
tc_rnti = rars[index]->tc_rnti;
rarReceived = true;
msg3Frame = candidateCell->getFrameIndex();
msg3Subframe = candidateCell->getSubframeIndex() + 1;
if(msg3Subframe >= 10){
msg3Frame++;
msg3Subframe = 0;
}
SPDLOG_TRACE("receive complete");
}
// set active frame index and subframe index
// frameIndex: active frame index
// subframeIndex: active subframe index
void UE::setActiveTime(const int frameIndex, const int subframeIndex){
activeFrame = frameIndex;
activeSubframe = subframeIndex;
}
// check current timing can do RA or not
// if RA can be performed, update raStartRAO and raEndRAO
// otherwise, raStartRAO and raEndRAO is -1
void UE::checkRA(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("checking ra availiable");
int frameIndex = candidateCell->getFrameIndex();
int subframeIndex = candidateCell->getSubframeIndex();
SPDLOG_TRACE("frame: {0}, subframe: {1}", frameIndex, subframeIndex);
raos.clear();
if(availiableRAO->isRASubframe(frameIndex, subframeIndex)){
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0}: frame index: {1}, subframe Index: {2} is for RA",
id,
frameIndex,
subframeIndex);
updateRAOforRA();
}
else{
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0}: frame index: {1}, subframe index: {2} not for RA",
id,
frameIndex,
subframeIndex);
raStartRAO = -1;
raEndRAO = -1;
}
}
// call by checkRA
// update RAOs for RA
// is current timing contain RAOs for UE to perform RA
// update raos
// this procedure will do twice if subframeStartRAO is larger than
// ue startRAO
void UE::updateRAOforRA(){
const int subframeStartRAO = availiableRAO->getStartRAOofSubframe();
const int subframeEndRAO = availiableRAO->getEndRAOofSubframe();
const int totalNeedRAO = availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO();
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0}: ssb per rao: {1}, msg1FDM: {2}, nBeams: {3}, start RAO: {4}, end RAO: {5}",
id,
availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO(),
availiableRAO->getMsg1FDM(),
candidateCell->getnBeams(),
startRAO,
endRAO);
SPDLOG_TRACE("subframe start RAO: {0}, subframe end RAO: {1}",
availiableRAO->getStartRAOofSubframe(),
availiableRAO->getEndRAOofSubframe());
updateRAOforRA(startRAO,
endRAO,
subframeStartRAO,
subframeEndRAO,
totalNeedRAO);
//TODO: still testing
if(raStartRAO == -1 && raEndRAO == -1){
updateRAOforRA(startRAO + totalNeedRAO,
endRAO + totalNeedRAO,
subframeStartRAO,
subframeEndRAO,
totalNeedRAO);
}
}
// call by updateRAOforRA
// the second time to update
// check if subframeStartRAO is larger than ue's start RAO once time
// startRAO: start rao
// endRAO: end rao
// subframeStartRAO: subframe start rao
// subframeEndRAO: subframe end rao
// totalNeedRAO: totalNeedRAO for all ssb
//
// will call by the condition like this
//
// |----totalNeedRAO----|----totalNeedRAO----|-----------------------------|
// startRAO--------endRAO--subframeStartRAO-------------------subframeEndRAO
void UE::updateRAOforRA(const int startRAO, const int endRAO, const int subframeStartRAO, const int subframeEndRAO, const int totalNeedRAO){
raStartRAO = startRAO;
raEndRAO = endRAO;
if((subframeStartRAO <= startRAO && startRAO <= subframeEndRAO)
|| (subframeStartRAO <= endRAO && endRAO <= subframeEndRAO)){
if(endRAO >= subframeEndRAO)
raEndRAO = subframeEndRAO;
if(startRAO <= subframeStartRAO)
raStartRAO = subframeStartRAO;
}
else if(startRAO <= subframeStartRAO && endRAO >= subframeEndRAO){
raStartRAO = subframeStartRAO;
raEndRAO = subframeEndRAO;
}
else{
raStartRAO = -1;
raEndRAO = -1;
}
}
// store raos for RA
// raStartRAO and raEndRAO only stored the range
// raos stores the each of RAO can perform RA
// subframeStartRAO: subframe start RAO
// subframeEndRAO: subframe end RAO
void UE::storeRAOsforRA(const int subframeStartRAO, const int subframeEndRAO){
int nRAO = 1 / availiableRAO->getSSBPerRAO();
const int totalNeedRAO = availiableRAO->getTotalNeedRAO();
const int totalRAOPerSubframe = availiableRAO->getTotalRAOPerSubframe();
SPDLOG_TRACE("raStartRAO: {0}, raEndRAO: {1}", raStartRAO, raEndRAO);
for(int i = 0;i < raEndRAO - raStartRAO + 1;i++){
raos.push_back(raStartRAO + i);
}
// if subframe contains the number of RAOs larger than totalNeedRAO
// means that all ssb can map to this subframe more than one time
if(totalRAOPerSubframe > totalNeedRAO){
while(raEndRAO + totalNeedRAO <= subframeEndRAO){
raStartRAO += totalNeedRAO;
raEndRAO += totalNeedRAO;
for(int i = 0;i < raEndRAO - raStartRAO + 1;i++)
raos.push_back(raStartRAO + i);
}
if(raStartRAO + totalNeedRAO <= subframeEndRAO){
raStartRAO += totalNeedRAO;
if(raStartRAO + nRAO < subframeEndRAO){
raEndRAO = raStartRAO + nRAO;
}
else if(raStartRAO + nRAO > subframeEndRAO){
raEndRAO = subframeEndRAO;
}
for(int i = 0;i < raEndRAO - raStartRAO + 1;i++)
raos.push_back(raStartRAO + i);
}
}
}
// transmit msg1 aka preamble
// ue random select a preamble from availiable resource of current SSB
// and select a random RAO from availiable resource of current SSB
void UE::transmitMsg1(){
const int startPreamble = availiableRAO->getStartNumberofPreamble(beamIndex);
const int nPreambles = availiableRAO->getNumberofPreambles();
raFrame = candidateCell->getFrameIndex();
raSubframe = candidateCell->getSubframeIndex();
raSSBPerRAO = candidateCell->getSSBPerRAO();
raMsg1FDM = candidateCell->getMsg1FDM();
SPDLOG_TRACE("start preambe number: {0}, number of preamble: {1}",
startPreamble,
nPreambles);
selectRAOIndex = getRnd(0, raos.size() - 1);
selectPreambleIndex = getRnd(startPreamble, startPreamble + nPreambles - 1);
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} select rao: {1}, select preamble: {2}",
id,
raos[selectRAOIndex],
selectPreambleIndex);
candidateCell->receivePreamble(raos[selectRAOIndex],
selectPreambleIndex);
preambleTransmitted = true;
}
// transmit Msg3
void UE::transmitMsg3(){
const int frame = candidateCell->getFrameIndex();
const int subframe = candidateCell->getSubframeIndex();
if(frame != msg3Frame || subframe != msg3Subframe){
SPDLOG_TRACE("current frame {0} subframe {1} can not transmit msg3",
frame,
subframe);
return;
}
Msg3 *msg3 = new Msg3;
msg3->uplinkResourceIndex = uplinkResourceIndex;
msg3->tc_rnti = tc_rnti;
msg3->ueIndex = id;
msg3->power = beamStrength + powerRamp;
candidateCell->receiveMsg3(*msg3);
msg3Transmitted = true;
}
// get ue's point x
// return: point x of ue
int UE::getX(){
return this->x;
}
// get ue's point y
// return: point y of ue
int UE::getY(){
return this->y;
}
// get ue's id
// return: ue's id
unsigned long UE::getID(){
return this->id;
}
// get ue's best beam index
// return: ue's best beam index
int UE::getBeamIndex(){
return this->beamIndex;
}
// get ue active frame index
// return: ue active frame index
int UE::getActiveFrame(){
return activeFrame;
}
// get ue active subframe index
// return: ue active subframe index
int UE::getActiveSubframe(){
return activeSubframe;
}
// get ue departed frame index
// return: ue departed frame index
int UE::getDepartedFrame(){
return departedFrame;
}
// get frame that ue perform RA
// return: ue perform RA frame
int UE::getRAFrame(){
return raFrame;
}
// get subframe that ue perform RA
// return: ue perform RA subframe
int UE::getRASubframe(){
return raSubframe;
}
// get msg1-FDM when ue perform RA
// return: msg1-FDM when ue perform RA
int UE::getRAMsg1FDM(){
return raMsg1FDM;
}
// get ue selected preamble index
// return: ue selected preamble index
int UE::getSelectPreambleIndex(){
return selectPreambleIndex;
}
// get ue selected rao index
// return: ue selected rao index
int UE::getSelectRAOIndex(){
return raos[selectRAOIndex];
}
// get ssb-perRAO when ue perform RA
// return: ssb-perRAO when ue perform RA
double UE::getRASSBPerRAO(){
return raSSBPerRAO;
}
// get ue departed subframe index
// return: ue departed subframe index
int UE::getDepartedSubframe(){
return departedSubframe;
}
// get ue's best cell index
// return: ue's best cell index
int UE::getCellIndex(){
return this->cellIndex;
}
// get beam strength
// return: best beam's strength
int UE::getBeamStrength(){
return this->beamStrength;
}
// receive CR
// if received CR and contained ue ID the same as itself
// RA is success
// otherwise
// RA failed, and perform RA from preamble transmission again
// CRs: CR transmitted by cell
// cellIndex: cell index
bool UE::receiveCR(const vector<Msg3*>& CRs, const int cellIndex){
if(cellIndex != candidateCell->getCellIndex() || !msg3Transmitted)
return false;
int index = searchMsg3(CRs, tc_rnti);
SPDLOG_TRACE("contention resolution index: {0}", index);
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE TC-RNTI: {0], searched TC-RNTI: {1}",
tc_rnti,
CRs[index]->tc_rnti);
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE id: {0}, searched UE id: {1}",
id,
CRs[index]->ueIndex);
if(tc_rnti == CRs[index]->tc_rnti
&& id == CRs[index]->ueIndex){
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} RA success!!!", id);
departedFrame = candidateCell->getFrameIndex();
departedSubframe = candidateCell->getSubframeIndex();
raSuccess = true;
}
else{
SPDLOG_TRACE("UE {0} RA failed", id);
raSuccess = false;
preambleTransmitted = false;
rarReceived = false;
msg3Transmitted = false;
collided = true;
raFrame = -1;
raSubframe = -1;
msg3Frame = -1;
msg3Subframe = -1;
powerRamp += 5;
}
return true;
}
// test whether ue has binded to a cell
bool UE::isBindCell(){
if(candidateCell)
return true;
return false;
}
// test whether ue has transmitted a preamble
bool UE::isPreambleTransmit(){
return preambleTransmitted;
}
// test whether ue has received a RAR
bool UE::isRarReceived(){
return rarReceived;
}
// test whether ue msg3 is already transmitted
bool UE::isMsg3Transmitted(){
return msg3Transmitted;
}
// test whether ue RA already success
bool UE::isRASuccess(){
return raSuccess;
}
// test whether ue has been collided with other ue
bool UE::isCollided(){
return collided;
}
// draw ue
// painter: QPainter
void UE::draw(QPainter &painter){
if(collided)
painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(200, 0, 128, 255), Qt::SolidPattern));
else
painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(200, 128, 255, 255), Qt::SolidPattern));
painter.drawEllipse(x - UEPixelSize / 2,
y - UEPixelSize / 2,
UEPixelSize,
UEPixelSize);
}
// get stored RAOs
// typicallly testing use this method
// other cell may NOT using this method
vector<int>& UE::getRAOs(){
return raos;
}
// destructor
UE::~UE(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("ue deleted");
}
<file_sep>/main/src/mainGUI.h
#ifndef WIDGET_H
#define WIDGET_H
#include <QWidget>
#include <QPushButton>
#include <QLabel>
#include <QHBoxLayout>
#include <QVBoxLayout>
#include <QGridLayout>
#include <QLineEdit>
#include <QComboBox>
#include <QRadioButton>
#include <QGroupBox>
#include <QString>
#include <QSizePolicy>
#include <QIntValidator>
#include <QListWidget>
#include <string>
#include "Model.h"
#include "Cell.h"
#include "SimulationCanvas.h"
class MainGUI : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
MainGUI(QWidget *parent = 0);
~MainGUI();
private:
void initialRadioButton();
void initialPrachConfig();
void initialArrivalRateArea();
void initialSimulationTimeArea();
void initialDrawingButtonArea();
void initialNumberofPreambeArea();
void initialPreambleSCSArea();
void initialCellBandwithArea();
void initialArrivalPattern();
void initialTotalUEArea();
void initialSSBSCSArea();
void initialSystemArea(); // for start save area
void initialMainLayout();
void connectSignals();
QLabel *labelArrivalRate;
QLabel *labelSimulationTime;
QLabel *labelUnitArrivalRate;
QLabel *labelUnitSimulationTime;
QLabel *labelNumberofRAPreamble;
QLabel *labelPreambleSCS;
QLabel *labelCellBW;
QLabel *labelBWUnit;
QLabel *labelArrivalPattern;
QLabel *labelTotalUE;
QLabel *labelSSBSCS;
QLabel *labelUnitSCS;
QPushButton *btnStart;
QPushButton *btnSaveConfig;
QPushButton *btnLoadConfig;
QPushButton *btnClear;
QPushButton *btnNumberofPreamble;
QPushButton *btnDrawCell;
QRadioButton *rBtnMacrogNB;
QRadioButton *rBtnFemtogNB;
QRadioButton *rBtnFR1;
QRadioButton *rBtnFR2;
QRadioButton *rBtn4Beams;
QRadioButton *rBtn8Beams;
QRadioButton *rBtn64Beams;
QListWidget *listPrachConfig;
QGroupBox *groupgNBType;
QGroupBox *groupFR;
QGroupBox *groupBeams;
QLineEdit *lEditArrivalRate;
QLineEdit *lEditSimulationTime;
QLineEdit *lEditNumberofPreamble;
QLineEdit *lEditTotalUE;
QComboBox *comboPreambleSCS;
QComboBox *comboCellBW;
QComboBox *comboArrivalPattern;
QComboBox *comboSSBSCS;
QGridLayout *layoutSetting;
QGridLayout *layoutMain;
QHBoxLayout *layoutgNBType;
QHBoxLayout *layoutFR;
QHBoxLayout *layoutBeams;
QHBoxLayout *layoutArrivalRate;
QHBoxLayout *layoutSimulationTime;
QHBoxLayout *layoutSystem; // for button start, save...
QHBoxLayout *layoutDrawing;
QHBoxLayout *layoutNumberofPreamble;
QHBoxLayout *layoutPreambleSCS;
QHBoxLayout *layoutCellBW;
QHBoxLayout *layoutArrivalPattern;
QHBoxLayout *layoutTotalUE;
QHBoxLayout *layoutSSBSCS;
QWidget *widgetSetting;
SimulationCanvas *canvas; //fixed this
QSizePolicy sp;
Model *model;
std::string sProjectName = "project";
std::string sgNBType = "gNB Type";
std::string sNumberOfBeams = "Number of SSB ";
std::string sArrivalRate = "UE Arrival Rate: ";
std::string sFR = "FR";
std::string sSimulationTime = "Simulation Time: ";
std::string sMarcogNB = "Marco gNB";
std::string sFemtogNB = "Femto gNB";
std::string sFR1 = "FR1";
std::string sFR2 = "FR2";
std::string sBeam4 = "4";
std::string sBeam8 = "8";
std::string sBeam64 = "64";
std::string sPrachConfig16 = "Index:16; Format0; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe: 1; time domain RAO:1";
std::string sPrachConfig19 = "Index:19; Format0; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe: 1, 6; time domain RAO:1";
std::string sPrachConfig22 = "Index:22; Format0; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe: 1, 4, 7; time domain RAO:1";
std::string sPrachConfig25 = "Index:25; Format0; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8; time domain RAO:1";
std::string sPrachConfig27 = "Index:27; Format0; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe:0..9; time domain RAO: 1";
std::string sPrachConfig101 = "Index:101; FormatA1; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe: 1; time domain RAO: 12";
std::string sPrachConfig106 = "Index:106; FormatA1; FR1; x:1,y:0; RA subframe:0..9; time domaint RAO: 12";
std::string sUnitms = "ms";
std::string sUnitArrivalRate = "per ms";
std::string sUnitSimulationTime = "second(s)";
std::string sBtnStart = "Start";
std::string sBtnSaveConfig = "Save Config";
std::string sBtnLoadConfig = "Load Config";
std::string sBtnClear = "Erase Cell";
std::string sBtnDrawCell = "Draw Cell";
std::string sBtnSetNumberofPreamble = "Set";
std::string sNumberofPreamble = "Number of CBRA Preamble:";
std::string sPreambleSCS = "Preamble Subcarrier Spacing:";
std::string sCellBW = "Cell Bandwidth:";
std::string sBWUnit = "MHz";
std::string sArrivalPattern = "Arrival Pattern:";
std::string sTotalUE = "Total Number of UE:";
std::string sSSBSCS = "SSB Subcarrier Spacing:";
std::string sSCSUnit = "kHz";
int widthWindow = 540;
int heightWindow = 700;
//unsigned int FR1 = 0;
//unsigned int FR2 = 1;
unsigned int beams4 = 4;
unsigned int beams8 = 8;
unsigned int beams64 = 64;
unsigned int iFR1 = 0;
unsigned int iFR2 = 1;
private slots:
void handleButtonStartClick();
void handle4BeamsRadBtnClick();
void handle8BeamsRadBtnClick();
void handle64BeamsRadBtnClick();
void handleMacroRadBtnClick();
void handleFemtoRadBtnClick();
void handleFR1RadBtnClick();
void handleFR2RadBtnClick();
void handleListPrachIndexChange(int selectedRow);
void handleButtonDrawCellClick();
void handleButtonClearClick();
void handleNumberofPreambleChanged(const QString& text);
void handlePreambleSCSChanged(const QString& text);
void handleCellBWChanged(const QString& text);
void handleArrivalPatternChanged(const QString& text);
void handleSSBSCSChanged(const QString& text);
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/PRACHConfigFR1Paired.cpp
#include "PRACHConfigFR1Paired.h"
// constructor
// prachConfigIndex: corresponding to TS 38.331 prach-ConfigurationIndex
PRACHConfigFR1::PRACHConfigFR1(int prachConfigIndex) : PRACHConfig(prachConfigIndex){
}
// config ra parameters
void PRACHConfigFR1::configRA(){
switch(prachConfigIndex){
case 16:
nPRACHSlot = 1;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 1;
raSubframes.clear();
raSubframes.push_back(1);
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
case 19:
nPRACHSlot = 1;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 1;
raSubframes.clear();
raSubframes.push_back(1);
raSubframes.push_back(6);
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
case 22:
nPRACHSlot = 1;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 1;
raSubframes.clear();
raSubframes.push_back(1);
raSubframes.push_back(4);
raSubframes.push_back(7);
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
case 25:
nPRACHSlot = 1;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 1;
raSubframes.clear();
for(int i = 0;i < 5;++i){
raSubframes.push_back(2 * i);
}
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
case 27:
nPRACHSlot = 1;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 1;
raSubframes.clear();
for(int i = 0;i < 10;i++)
raSubframes.push_back(i);
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
case 101:
nPRACHSlot = 2;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 6;
raSubframes.clear();
raSubframes.push_back(1);
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
case 106:
nPRACHSlot = 2;
nTimeDomainRAOPerPrachSlot = 6;
raSubframes.clear();
for(int i = 0;i < 10;i++)
raSubframes.push_back(i);
prachConfigPeriod = 10;
x = 1;
y = 0;
break;
default:
SPDLOG_CRITICAL("prach configuration %d not support\n", prachConfigIndex);
exit(1);
}
}
// destructor
PRACHConfigFR1::~PRACHConfigFR1(){
}
<file_sep>/main/src/Model.cpp
#include "Model.h"
// Initialize
Model::Model(){
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 0;
ueIndex = 0;
cellIndex = 0;
ueArrivalRate = 10;
tempCell = NULL;
mousePressed = false;
cellType = celltype::Macro;
countPressedReleased = 0;
tempCell = NULL;
simulationTime = 0;
simulationCounter = 0;
nBeams = 4;
FR = 0;
prachConfigIndex = 16;
outputFolderName = "./result/";
outputFileExtension = ".csv";
outputFileUE = "UE";
outputFileCell = "Cell";
mode = DrawMode::DrawCell;
arrivalMode = ArrivalMode::Uniform;
nPreambles = 64;
preambleSCS = 1.25;
totalUE = 0;
ssbSCS = 15;
participateUEs = 0;
arrivalUEs = 0;
}
// Set mouse XY position
void Model::setMouseXY(int x, int y){
mouseX = x;
mouseY = y;
if(mode == DrawMode::DrawCell){
if(isMousePressed() && countPressedReleased == 1){
// do when mouse first pressed
tempCell->setX(mouseX);
tempCell->setY(mouseY);
}
else if(countPressedReleased > 1){
// do things when mouse click second time
tempCell->updateBeamsAngle(x - tempCell->getX(),
tempCell->getY() - y);
//tempCell->updateBeamsAngle(x - tempCell->getX(),
// y - tempCell->getY());
}
if(countPressedReleased >= 1)
notifyAll();
}
else{
eraseRect.setXY(mouseX, mouseY);
notifyAll();
}
}
// Get mouse X position
int Model::getMouseX(){
return mouseX;
}
// Get mouse y position
int Model::getMouseY(){
return mouseY;
}
// Set mouse is pressed or not
void Model::setMousePressed(bool isPressed){
mousePressed = isPressed;
countPressedReleased++;
if(mousePressed){
if(countPressedReleased == 1 && mode == DrawMode::DrawCell){
if(cellType == celltype::Macro)
tempCell = new MacroCell(mouseX, mouseY, cellIndex++, nBeams, cellType, prachConfigIndex, nPreambles, cellBW, 15, preambleSCS);
else
tempCell = new FemtoCell(mouseX, mouseY, cellIndex++, nBeams, cellType, prachConfigIndex, nPreambles, cellBW, 15, preambleSCS);
tempCell->initializeBeams();
}
else if(countPressedReleased == 3){
// TODO
// do mouse pressed second time
}
if(mode == DrawMode::EraseCell){
detectCellInEraseArea();
}
}
else if(!mousePressed
&& countPressedReleased == 4
&& mode == DrawMode::DrawCell){
// mouse release second time
tempCell->updateBeamsAngle(this->mouseX - tempCell->getX(),
tempCell->getY() - this->mouseY);
//tempCell->findCellCoverAreaEquation();
countPressedReleased = 0;
cells.push_back(tempCell);
tempCell = NULL;
notifyAll();
}
if(mode == DrawMode::EraseCell)
countPressedReleased = 0;
}
// Get mouse is pressed or not
bool Model::isMousePressed(){
return mousePressed;
}
// Draw Cells and UEs
void Model::draw(QPainter &painter){
drawing(painter);
if(mode == DrawMode::EraseCell){
erasing(painter);
}
}
// get number of mouse pressed count
int Model::getPressedCount(){
return countPressedReleased;
}
// get FR mode
// 0: FR1
// 1: FR2
unsigned int Model::getFR(){
return FR;
}
// get arrival mode
// return: arrival mode
ArrivalMode::Mode Model::getArrivalMode(){
return arrivalMode;
}
// notify all IPaintObservor
void Model::notifyAll(){
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < observors.size();i++){
IPaintObservor *o = observors.at(i);
o->updateCanvas();
}
}
// register a IPaintObservor
void Model::registerPaintObservor(IPaintObservor *observor){
observors.push_back(observor);
}
// traverse all UEs and detect them is in cell or not
void Model::traverseUEs(){
UE *ue;
Cell *cell;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < UEs.size();i++){
//printf("%lu\n", i);
ue = UEs.at(i);
//printf("ues size: %lu\n", UEs.size());
if(ue->isRASuccess()){
recordUELatency(ue);
UEs.erase(UEs.begin() + i);
delete ue;
--i;
if(remainingUEs)
--remainingUEs;
continue;
}
//printf("ues size: %lu\n", UEs.size());
for(unsigned int j = 0;j < cells.size();j++){
cell = cells.at(j);
cell->detectUE(ue);
}
}
}
// transmit cells downlink
// first broadcast all cells' system information
// for ue to deregister from the cell that SINR is not the best one
// since when traverse all UEs, cell will first store all detected UE
// then when ue receive SI, it will deregister from the cell
// that it does not select
// second, cell will then transmit RAR and CR later
void Model::transmitDL(){
Cell *cell;
for(auto it = cells.begin();it != cells.end();it++){
(*it)->broadcastSI();
}
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < cells.size();i++){
cell = cells.at(i);
// cell->broadcastSI();
cell->transmitRAR();
cell->transmitCR();
}
}
// transmit all UEs' uplink aka performing RA
void Model::transmitUL(){
UE *ue;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < UEs.size();i++){
ue = UEs.at(i);
if(ue->isBindCell()){
//printf("UE %lu doing doRA\n", ue->getID());
ue->doRA();
//printf("UE %lu complete doRA\n", ue->getID());
}
}
}
// start the simulation
// if simulation time or no cell is in the canvas
// it won't start the simulation
// otherwise, frame, subframe number, ueIndex counter,
// remaining UEs will be reset
// then, run the simulation for simulationTime in ms
// finally, if there are UEs remain after simulationTime,
// simulation will then proceed until all UEs success
void Model::startSimulation(){
if(!TESTING){
initializeOutFiles();
if(!outFileUE || !outFileCell){
SPDLOG_CRITICAL("ue output file create failed!\n");
exit(1);
}
}
//////////////////////// testing ////////////////////////
//simulationTime = 16;
//////////////////////// testing ////////////////////////
ueIndex = 0;
remainingUEs = 0;
bool isTimesUp = false;
if(simulationTime == 0 || cells.size() == 0){
SPDLOG_WARN("no cell in simulation or simualtion time is 0");
return;
}
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < cells.size();i++){
cells.at(i)->resetFrame();
}
for(int i = 0;i < simulationTime;i++){
run(isTimesUp, i);
}
isTimesUp = true;
if(UEs.size() > 0 && !TESTING){
for(auto it = UEs.begin();it != UEs.end();it++){
//if((*it)->isBindCell()){
remainingUEs++;
//}
}
int fade = 0;
while(remainingUEs){
run(isTimesUp, 0);
SPDLOG_TRACE("remaining UEs: {0}", remainingUEs);
if(fade < 5)
fade++;
if(fade == 5){
remainingUEs = 0;
for(auto it = UEs.begin();it != UEs.end();it++){
//if((*it)->isBindCell()){
remainingUEs++;
//}
}
}
}
}
SPDLOG_INFO("simulation: {0} complete", simulationCounter++);
if(!TESTING){
recordCellsInfo(isTimesUp);
restoreCells2Initial();
plotResult();
closeOutFiles();
participateUEs = 0;
arrivalUEs = 0;
}
}
// set the simulation time
// simulationTime: the simulation time for simulation
// it will be stored in ms
void Model::setSimulationTime(int simulationTime){
// model store simulation time in msec
this->simulationTime = simulationTime * 1000;
SPDLOG_TRACE("{0}", this->simulationTime);
}
// set number of beams
// nBeams: number of beams
void Model::setnBeams(const int nBeams){
this->nBeams = nBeams;
}
// set cell type
// type: cell type
void Model::setCellType(const celltype::CellType type){
cellType = type;
}
// set UE arrival rate
// arrivalRate: ue arrival rate
void Model::setArrivalRate(const unsigned int arrivalRate){
SPDLOG_TRACE("arrival rate: {0}", arrivalRate);
ueArrivalRate = arrivalRate;
}
// set prach configuration index
// s: input from GUI's combobox item text
void Model::setPrachConfigIndex(string s){
//cout << s << endl;
int spaceIndex = s.find(";");
int colonIndex = s.find(":");
string sPrachConfigIndex = s.substr(colonIndex + 1, spaceIndex - colonIndex - 1);
prachConfigIndex = stoi(sPrachConfigIndex);
SPDLOG_TRACE("prach configuration index: {0}", prachConfigIndex);
//cout << prachConfigIndex << endl;
}
// set drawing mode
// mode: draw cell mode or erase cell mode
void Model::setDrawMode(DrawMode::Mode mode){
this->mode = mode;
SPDLOG_TRACE("mode: {0}", this->mode);
}
// set number of preambles
// nPreambles: number of preambles
void Model::setNPreambles(const int nPreambles){
this->nPreambles = nPreambles;
SPDLOG_TRACE("nPreambles: {0}", this->nPreambles);
}
// set preamble SCS
// preambleSCS: preamble SCS
void Model::setPreambleSCS(const double preambleSCS){
this->preambleSCS = preambleSCS;
SPDLOG_TRACE("praemble SCS: {0}", this->preambleSCS);
}
// set cell BW
// cellBW: cell BW
void Model::setCellBW(const int cellBW){
this->cellBW = cellBW;
SPDLOG_TRACE("cell BW: {0}", this->cellBW);
}
// set arrival mode
// mode: arrival mode
void Model::setArrivalMode(ArrivalMode::Mode mode){
arrivalMode = mode;
SPDLOG_TRACE("arrival mode: {0}", arrivalMode);
}
// set total arrival ue
// totalUE: total arrival ue
void Model::setTotalUE(const unsigned long totalUE){
this->totalUE = totalUE;
SPDLOG_TRACE("total ue: {0}", this->totalUE);
}
// set ssb scs
// ssbSCS: ssb scs
void Model::setSSBSCS(const int ssbSCS){
this->ssbSCS = ssbSCS;
SPDLOG_INFO("ssb scs: {0}", this->ssbSCS);
}
// set FR
// FR: FR
void Model::setFR(const unsigned int FR){
this->FR = FR;
}
// run the simulation
// first, traverse each UEs stored in model to detect
// whether UE is in the cell
// second, transmit cell's DL
// third, transmit UE's UL
// isTimesUp: when simulationTime is 0, set this value to true
// for proceeding remaining UEs RA
void Model::run(bool isTimesUp, int timestamp){
SPDLOG_INFO("=================info=================");
recordCellsInfo(isTimesUp);
if(!isTimesUp)
generateRandomUEs(timestamp);
SPDLOG_INFO("frame: {0}, subframe: {1}",
cells.at(0)->getFrameIndex(),
cells.at(0)->getSubframeIndex());
traverseUEs();
notifyAll();
transmitDL();
SPDLOG_TRACE("downlink transmit complete");
transmitUL();
SPDLOG_TRACE("uplink transmit complete");
for(unsigned int j = 0;j < cells.size();j++){
cells.at(j)->updateSubframe();
}
SPDLOG_INFO("=================info=================");
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
}
// generate random number UEs based on ueArrivalRate
// first random select a cell
// second random select an angle
// third random select a distance from the cell centor
// notice that random generated angle has a 5 degree tolerance
// and random generated distance has a 10 tolerance
// for decreasing the probability of cell cannot detect ue
// then calculate random x, y point based on distance and angle
void Model::generateRandomUEs(int timestamp){
Cell *cell;
SPDLOG_TRACE("generating ues\n");
int nUE;
if(arrivalMode == ArrivalMode::Uniform)
nUE = ueArrivalRate;
else
nUE = generateBetaUEs(timestamp);
participateUEs += nUE;
arrivalUEs += nUE;
SPDLOG_INFO("generating number of ue: {0}", nUE);
for(int i = 0;i < nUE;i++){
int rndCellIndex = getRnd(0, cells.size() - 1);
cell = cells[rndCellIndex];
double cellStartAngle = cell->getBeamStartAngle();
double cellSpanAngle = cell->getCellSpanAngle();
int rndAngle = getRnd(cellStartAngle + 5,
cellStartAngle + cellSpanAngle - 5);
//printf("%d\n", cell->getCellSupportDistance());
int rndDistance = getRnd(10, cell->getCellSupportDistance() / 2);
int rndX = rndDistance * cos(rndAngle * M_PI / 180.0);
int rndY = rndDistance * sin(rndAngle * M_PI / 180.0);
UE *ue = new UE(cell->getX() + rndX,
cell->getY() - rndY,
ueIndex++);
ue->setActiveTime(cell->getFrameIndex(), cell->getSubframeIndex());
UEs.push_back(ue);
}
}
// generate ues based on beta distribution
// timestamp: current time
// return: number of ue
int Model::generateBetaUEs(const int timestamp){
int alpha = 3;
int beta = 4;
int output = round(totalUE * pow(timestamp, alpha - 1)
* pow((simulationTime - timestamp), beta - 1)
/ pow(simulationTime, alpha + beta - 1)
* 60);
return output;
}
// record ue active and departed frame and subframe index to a file
void Model::recordUELatency(UE *ue){
int cellIndexUE = ue->getCellIndex();
auto it = cells.begin();
for(it;it != cells.end();it++)
if((*it)->getCellIndex() == cellIndexUE)
break;
outFileUE << ue->getID() << ","
<< ue->getCellIndex() << ","
<< (*it)->getnBeams() << ","
<< ue->getBeamIndex() << ","
<< ue->getRASSBPerRAO() << ","
<< ue->getRAMsg1FDM() << ","
<< ue->getActiveFrame() << ","
<< ue->getActiveSubframe() << ","
<< ue->getRAFrame() << ","
<< ue->getRASubframe() << ","
<< ue->getDepartedFrame() << ","
<< ue->getDepartedSubframe() << ","
<< ue->getSelectRAOIndex() << ","
<< ue->getSelectPreambleIndex() << ","
<< ue->isCollided() << endl;
}
// record each cells information every 160ms
void Model::recordCellsInfo(bool isTimesUp){
auto it = cells.begin();
const int frame = (*it)->getFrameIndex();
const int subframe = (*it)->getSubframeIndex();
if((frame * 10 + subframe) % 160 != 0 && (!isTimesUp || UEs.size() != 0))
return;
for(;it != cells.end();it++){
outFileCell << (*it)->getCellIndex() << ","
<< (*it)->getPreambleSCS() << ","
<< (*it)->getnBeams() << ","
<< (*it)->getFrameIndex() << ","
<< (*it)->getSubframeIndex() << ","
<< (*it)->getSSBPerRAO() << ","
<< (*it)->getMsg1FDM() << ","
<< (*it)->getPrachConfigIndex() << ","
<< (*it)->getTau() << ","
<< (*it)->getTotalChannelCapacity() << ","
<< arrivalUEs << ","
<< (*it)->getSuccessUEs() << ","
<< (*it)->getEstimateUEs() << ","
<< (*it)->getFailedUEs() << ","
<< participateUEs << endl;
participateUEs -= (*it)->getSuccessUEs();
arrivalUEs = 0;
}
}
// initialize output files
void Model::initializeOutFiles(){
time_t t = time(nullptr);
tm tm = *localtime(&t);
stringstream ss;
ss << put_time(&tm, "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S");
curTime = ss.str();
outputFolderName = outputFolderName + curTime
+ "_prach-" + to_string(cells[0]->getPrachConfigIndex())
+ "_simu-" + to_string(simulationTime / 1000);
if(arrivalMode == ArrivalMode::Uniform){
outputFolderName = outputFolderName + "_uniform"
+ "_arrival-" + to_string(ueArrivalRate);
}
else{
outputFolderName = outputFolderName + "_beta"
+ "_totalUE-" + to_string(totalUE);
}
outputFolderName += "/";
string command = "mkdir " + outputFolderName;
system(command.c_str());
filenameUE = outputFolderName + outputFileUE + outputFileExtension;
filenameCell = outputFolderName + outputFileCell + outputFileExtension;
outFileUE = ofstream(filenameUE);
outFileUE << "\"UE ID\",\"Cell ID\",\"Total Beams\",\"Beam Index\",\"SSB per RAO\",\"msg1-FDM\",\"Active Frame\",\"Active Subframe\",\"RA Frame\",\"RA Subframe\",\"Departed Frame\",\"Departed Subframe\",\"Selected RAO Undex\",\"Selected Preamble\",\"Collided\"" << endl;
outFileCell = ofstream(filenameCell);
outFileCell << "\"Cell ID\",\"Preamble SCS\",\"Total Beams\",\"Current Frame\",\"Current Subframe\",\"SSB per RAO\",\"msg1-FDM\",\"prach-ConfigurationIndex\",\"Tau\",\"Total Channel Capacity\",\"Arrival UEs\",\"Success UEs\",\"Estimate UEs\",\"Failed UEs\",\"Participate UEs\"" << endl;
}
// close output files
void Model::closeOutFiles(){
outFileUE.close();
outFileCell.close();
outputFolderName = "./result/";
}
// plot result done recently
void Model::plotResult(){
string command = "python3 ./scripts/plot_result.py";
system(command.c_str());
}
// restore the cell's ssb per rao and msg1-fdm to initial status
void Model::restoreCells2Initial(){
for(auto it = cells.begin();it != cells.end();it++){
(*it)->restoreMonitorRA2Initial();
}
}
// draw cell/ue
// painter: QPainter
void Model::drawing(QPainter &painter){
Cell *cell;
UE *ue;
for(unsigned int i = 0;i < cells.size();i++){
cell = cells.at(i);
cell->draw(painter);
}
if(countPressedReleased >= 1
&& countPressedReleased < 4
&& mode == DrawMode::DrawCell){
tempCell->draw(painter);
}
//painter.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(200, 128, 255, 255), Qt::SolidPattern));
for(decltype(UEs.size()) i = 0;i < UEs.size();i++){
ue = UEs[i];
ue->draw(painter);
}
}
// erase cell
// painter: QPainter
void Model::erasing(QPainter &painter){
eraseRect.draw(painter);
}
// detect cell is in erase area
// if cell is in erase area, delete
void Model::detectCellInEraseArea(){
for(decltype(cells.size()) i = 0;i < cells.size();++i){
SPDLOG_INFO("i: {0}", i);
SPDLOG_INFO("cell size: {0}", cells.size());
if(eraseRect.isInside(cells[i]->getX(),
cells[i]->getY())){
SPDLOG_INFO("cell {0} is in erase area", cells[i]->getCellIndex());
Cell *cell = cells[i];
cells.erase(cells.begin() + i);
delete cell;
--i;
}
}
}
// destructor
Model::~Model(){
SPDLOG_TRACE("model destructor");
for(auto it = cells.begin();it != cells.end();it++){
delete (*it);
}
}
<file_sep>/main/src/EraseRect.h
#ifndef ERASE_RECT
#define ERASE_RECT
#include <QPainter>
#include "IDrawable.h"
#include "include_log.h"
class EraseRect : IDrawable{
private:
int x;
int y;
const int size = 50;
public:
EraseRect();
~EraseRect();
void setXY(int x, int y);
bool isInside(int objectX, int objectY);
void draw(QPainter &painter);
};
#endif
<file_sep>/main/src/MacroCell.h
#ifndef MACROCELL
#define MACROCELL
#include "Cell.h"
#include "CommonMath.h"
class MacroCell : public Cell{
public:
MacroCell(int x, int y, int cellIndex, int nBeams, celltype::CellType cellType, int prachConfigIndex, int nPreambles, int cellBW, int ssbSCS, double preambleSCS);
void draw(QPainter &painter);
void initializeBeams();
void setBeamStartAngle(int diffX, int diffY);
void updateBeamsAngle(int diffX, int diffY);
~MacroCell();
};
#endif
|
d3f38f9cf5d532994e24985accb0b8c1a71ea045
|
[
"C",
"Python",
"C++",
"Shell"
] | 53
|
Python
|
tim90721/Project
|
251b095bdb85cc2d4a290af650dc18e6c43c8f4f
|
60850cfc1f18c72087e7fc67d46924a7fe1f2bb2
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package AmazonPages;
import CommonBase.AppDriver;
public class TodaysDeal extends AppDriver{
public TodaysDeal() throws Throwable {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
}
<file_sep>URL = http://www.amazon.in
Search_Text = //input[@id='twotabsearchtextbox']
Go_Btn = //input[@value='Go']
Amazon_Pay = //a[text()='Amazon Pay']<file_sep>package StepDefinition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;
import AmazonPages.BrowsingHistory;
import cucumber.api.java.en.And;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;
public class BrowsingHistorySteps extends BrowsingHistory{
public BrowsingHistorySteps() throws Throwable {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
@Given ("^I want to open a \"(.*)\" browser$")
public void want_to_open_browser(String browser) throws Throwable{
openBrowser(browser);
}
@And ("^I want to launch the application$")
public void want_to_launch () throws Throwable{
navigateURL(ObjectXpath.getProperty("URL"));
}
@And ("^I want to enter a value to \"(.*)\" as \"(.*)\"$")
public void want_enter_textvalue (String xpath, String textValue) throws Throwable{
enterText(xpath, textValue);
}
@And ("^I want to click \"(.*)\"$")
public void want_click (String label) throws Throwable{
//getIDCick(label);
//clickButton(label);
BrowsingHistory bH = PageFactory.initElements(driver, BrowsingHistory.class);
bH.Amazon_Pay.click();
}
@Then ("^I want to highlight elements$")
public void want_highlight_element () throws Throwable{
listOfElements();
}
}
<file_sep># gitSession
git training
|
80964341fc396d11371558f7cae4e9bc6bb9ce83
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java",
"INI"
] | 4
|
Java
|
sharmipriya/gitSession
|
983c322317dcd6c7b5c6675c36b8984ff928c20e
|
aacd71d00188ce6be63b448a7bcc6807ec54b269
|
refs/heads/main
|
<repo_name>mgiota/myFlix-client-1<file_sep>/src/components/main-view/main-view.jsx
import React from 'react';
import Axios from 'axios';
import { MovieCard } from '../movieCard/movieCard';
import { MovieView } from '../movieView/movieView';
export class MainView extends React.Component {
constructor() {
super();
this.state = {
movies: [
{ _id: 1, Title: 'Inception', Description: 'desc1...', ImagePath: '...'},
{ _id: 2, Title: 'The Shawshank Redemption', Description: 'desc2...', ImagePath: '...'},
{ _id: 3, Title: 'Gladiator', Description: 'desc3...', ImagePath: '...'}
],
selectedMovie: null
}
}
setSelectedMovie(newSelectedMovie) {
this.setState({
selectedMovie: newSelectedMovie
});
}
render() {
const { movies, selectedMovie } = this.state;
if(movies.length === 0) return <div className="main-view">The list is empty</div>;
// If there is no selected movie, return the home page
if (selectedMovie) return (
<div className="main-view">
<MovieView movie={selectedMovie} onBackClick={ newSelectedMovie => {this.setSelectedMovie(newSelectedMovie)}}/>
</div>
)
return (
<div className="main-view">
{
movies.map(
movie => <MovieCard key={movie._id} movie={movie} onMovieClick={ movie => {this.setSelectedMovie(movie)} }/>
)
}
</div>
);
}
}<file_sep>/src/components/registration/registration.jsx
import React, { useState } from 'react';
import Proptypes from 'prop-types';
import Form from 'react-bootstrap/Form';
import Button from 'react-bootstrap/Button';
export function RegistrationView(props) {
const [username, setUsername] = useState('');
const [password, setPassword] = useState('');
const [email, setEmail] = useState('');
const [birthdate, setBirthdate] = useState('');
const handleSubmit = (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
console.log(username, password, email, birthdate);
props.onRegister(username);
}
return (
<Form>
<Form.Group controlId='registerUsername'>
<Form.Label>Username:</Form.Label>
<Form.Control type='text' onChange={e => setUsername(e.target.value)} />
</Form.Group>
<Form.Group controlId='registerPassword'>
<Form.Label>Password:</Form.Label>
<Form.Control type='password' onChange={e => setPassword(e.target.value)} />
</Form.Group>
<Form.Group controlId='registerEmail'>
<Form.Label>Email:</Form.Label>
<Form.Control type='text' onChange={e => setEmail(e.target.value)} />
</Form.Group>
<Form.Group controlId='registerBirthdate'>
<Form.Label>Birthdate:</Form.Label>
<Form.Control type='text' onChange={e => setBirthdate(e.target.value)} />
</Form.Group>
<Button variant='primary' type='submit' onClick={handleSubmit}>
Submit
</Button>
<Button variant='primary' onClick={props.toggleRegister}>
Existing User
</Button>
</Form>
)
// return (
// <form>
// <label>
// Username:
// <input type="text" value={username} onChange={e => setUsername(e.target.value)}/>
// </label>
// <label>
// Password:
// <input type="text" value={password} onChange={e => setPassword(e.target.value)}/>
// </label>
// <label>
// Email:
// <input type="text" value={email} onChange={e => setEmail(e.target.value)}/>
// </label>
// <label>
// Birthdate:
// <input type="text" value={birthdate} onChange={e => setBirthdate(e.target.value)}/>
// </label>
// <button type='button' onClick={handleSubmit}>Submit</button>
// </form>
// )
}
RegistrationView.Proptypes = {
onRegister: Proptypes.func.isRequired
};<file_sep>/src/index.jsx
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import { MainView } from './component/main-view/main-view';
import './index.scss';
class MyFlixApplication extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<MainView />
);
}
}
const container = document.getElementsByClassName('app-container')[0];
ReactDOM.render(React.createElement(MyFlixApplication), container);
|
a8fd4d07ea984a46de7e3f29c7fd0b2c3301c507
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 3
|
JavaScript
|
mgiota/myFlix-client-1
|
62388fc7bcfa4b8b52986cf57649e27a9597d67a
|
bb3764c0af42b3ece1301574e19c3ad7a4b8e9f8
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>pandaapo/rpc-client<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/panda/rpc/App.java
package com.panda.rpc;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
/**
* Hello world!
*
*/
public class App
{
public static void main( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringConfig.class);
RpcProxyClient rpcProxyClient = context.getBean(RpcProxyClient.class);
IHelloService iHelloService = rpcProxyClient.clientProxy(IHelloService.class, "localhost",8080, "v2.0");
iHelloService.sayHello(1629);
}
}
|
993217986ffd8c5f5a41cad76f190a9338a3d5c7
|
[
"Java"
] | 1
|
Java
|
pandaapo/rpc-client
|
e07202e7cc13f7ce707cf3e5d15f6be1f2842167
|
f20199e33d7afe9f9fc8821f05e4f55be9cc834e
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep>const state = {
posts: [
{
id: 3,
title: "Blog 3",
body: "This is Blog 3"
},
{
id: 2,
title: "Blog 2",
body: "This is Blog 2"
},
{
id: 1,
title: "Blog 1",
body: "This is Blog 1"
}
],
postId: 0
}
const getters = {}
const actions = {}
const mutations = {}
export default {
state,
getters,
actions,
mutations
}<file_sep>module.exports = {
jwtSecret: process.env.JWT_SECRET || '3839ce90-2044-4208-9163-8296998dc9e9'
};
|
42bfa368babe4ee4c4044b6216d6bc8aea91a2d9
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 2
|
JavaScript
|
jsparks0089/blog
|
0e24593c1823c2501ed5864a47f9c39cf1030c96
|
168e939f93b3e6f4565a8330f6d80c5d534c1a07
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>oldmill1/twitauth<file_sep>/public/js/app.js
(function($) {
var users = $("#users li");
var links = users.find( "a" );
var user_ids = new Array();
var main = $("#main");
users.each( function() {
var id = $(this).attr("id");
if ( id != undefined ) {
user_ids.push(id);
}
});
var app = {
print_tweet: function(status, screen_name, status_id) {
buttons = "<div id='actions' class='well'><a href='' id='"+status_id+"' class='retweet btn btn-primary'>ReTweet</button></div>";
text = "<li class='tweet-view'><h2>" + status + "</h2><p>" + screen_name + "</p>"+buttons+"</li>";
main.find("ul").prepend(text);
},
}; // app
links.click( function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
$(".alert").hide();
main.prepend("<img class='working' src='/twitauth/public/img/load.gif' />");
id = $(this).parent().attr("id");
console.log(id );
var data = {
'id': id,
'action': 'userdata'
};
$.post(
'/twitauth/app.php',
data,
function( response ) {
// todo: check if status exists before going deeper
$(".working").hide();
console.dir( response );
var status = response[0].status.text;
var status_id = response[0].status.id_str;
var screen_name = response[0].screen_name;
app.print_tweet( status, screen_name, status_id );
},
'json'
);
});
/*
$("a").on("click", function(event){
alert($(this).text());
});*/
$("a.retweet").live("click", function(e){
var data = {
'id': $(this).attr('id'),
'action': 'retweet',
};
$.post(
'/twitauth/app.php',
data,
function ( response ) {
console.log('tweeted!');
console.dir(response);
},
'json'
);
$(this).addClass("retweeted");
$(this).text("Retweeted!");
e.preventDefault();
});
})( jQuery ); <file_sep>/depreciated.php
<?php
/*
* Similiar to get followers, instead gets data for just 1 follower
*
* @param $id string
*/
function get_data( $id ) {
global $tmhOAuth;
$code = $tmhOAuth->request( 'POST', $tmhOAuth->url('1/users/lookup.json', ''), array( 'user_id' => $id ) );
if ( $code == 200 ) {
$data = json_decode($tmhOAuth->response['response']);
return $data;
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
}
/**
* Get extended information for the users who's IDs are passed
*
* @param $ids array A list of IDs
* @return $data array Similiar to what's stored in $user, but for followers of $user
*/
function get_followers( $ids ) {
global $tmhOAuth;
if ( $_SESSION['followers'] != null ) {
return $_SESSION['followers'];
} else {
$user_ids = implode(",", $ids);
$code = $tmhOAuth->request( 'POST', $tmhOAuth->url('1/users/lookup.json', ''), array( 'user_id' => $user_ids ) );
if ( $code == 200 ) {
$data = json_decode($tmhOAuth->response['response'], true);
$_SESSION['followers'] = $data;
return $data;
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
}
}
<file_sep>/app.php
<?php
require 'tmhOAuth.php';
require 'tmhUtilities.php';
$username = "";
$tmhOAuth = new tmhOAuth(array(
'consumer_key' => 'uq1haQ4HWEBiu4ZXQ7Qw',
'consumer_secret' => '<KEY>',
));
$here = tmhUtilities::php_self();
session_start();
if ( gettype($_SESSION['user']) == "object" ) {
$user = $_SESSION['user'];
}
if ( gettype($_SESSION['ids']) == "array" ) {
$ids = $_SESSION['ids'];
}
function outputError($tmhOAuth) {
echo 'Error: ' . $tmhOAuth->response['response'] . PHP_EOL;
tmhUtilities::pr($tmhOAuth);
}
// reset request?
if ( isset($_REQUEST['wipe'])) {
session_destroy();
header("Location: {$here}");
}
// got an access token?
elseif ( isset($_SESSION['access_token']) ) {
$tmhOAuth->config['user_token'] = $_SESSION['access_token']['oauth_token'];
$tmhOAuth->config['user_secret'] = $_SESSION['access_token']['oauth_token_secret'];
if ( $_SESSION['user'] == null ) :
$code = $tmhOAuth->request('GET', $tmhOAuth->url('1/account/verify_credentials'));
if ($code == 200) {
$user = json_decode($tmhOAuth->response['response']);
$username = $user->screen_name;
$_SESSION['user'] = $user;
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
endif;
}
// being called back by Twitter, with request token ("oauth token") in hand
elseif ( isset($_REQUEST['oauth_verifier']) ) {
$tmhOAuth->config['user_token'] = $_SESSION['oauth']['oauth_token'];
$tmhOAuth->config['user_secret'] = $_SESSION['oauth']['oauth_token_secret'];
// request for an access token, we've got the user's permission already
$code = $tmhOAuth->request('POST', $tmhOAuth->url('oauth/access_token', ''), array(
'oauth_verifier' => $_REQUEST['oauth_verifier']
));
if ( $code == 200 ) {
$_SESSION['access_token'] = $tmhOAuth->extract_params($tmhOAuth->response['response']);
unset($_SESSION['oauth']);
header("Location: {$here}");
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
}
// get a request token from Twitter, get back an "oauth token" on 200
elseif ( isset( $_REQUEST['authenticate'] ) || isset( $_REQUEST['authorize']) ) {
$callback = isset($_REQUEST['oob']) ? 'oob' : $here;
$params = array(
'oauth_callback' => $callback
);
$code = $tmhOAuth->request('POST', $tmhOAuth->url('oauth/request_token', ''), $params);
if ( $code == 200 ) {
$_SESSION['oauth'] = $tmhOAuth->extract_params($tmhOAuth->response['response']);
$authurl = $tmhOAuth->url("oauth/authenticate", ""). "?oauth_token={$_SESSION['oauth']['oauth_token']}";
header( "Location: " . $authurl );
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
}
/**
* Wrapper for user/lookup. Lookup users via user ids.
* Goes well with friends/ids. (I.e., get all the ids of your friends then get user data about them.)
* Doesn't matter if you give it multiple ids (array) or just a single id (int).
*
* @param array/int Either a comma-seperated array or just a single id.
* @return $data array Information regarding the user or users
*
*/
function get_userdata_for( $lookup )
{
global $tmhOAuth;
if ( is_array( $lookup ) ) {
if ( $_SESSION['followers'] != null ) {
return $_SESSION['followers'];
} else {
$user_ids = implode(",", $lookup );
}
} else {
$user_ids = $lookup;
}
$code = $tmhOAuth->request( 'POST', $tmhOAuth->url('1/users/lookup.json', ''), array( 'user_id' => $user_ids ) );
if ( $code == 200 ) {
$data = json_decode($tmhOAuth->response['response'], true);
if ( $_SESSION['followers'] == null ) {
$_SESSION['followers'] = $data;
}
return $data;
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
}
/**
* Returns an array of user IDs;
* The ID's are users that are following the $user passed in
*
* @param $user object The user to get followers for
* @return $ids array Containg IDs of Twitter users
*/
function get_followers_ids( $user ) {
global $tmhOAuth;
if ( $_SESSION['ids'] == null ) :
$ids = array();
$code = $tmhOAuth->request( 'GET', $tmhOAuth->url('1/followers/ids.json', ''), array( 'user_id' => $user->id ) );
if ( $code == 200 ) {
$data = json_decode($tmhOAuth->response['response'], true);
$ids = array_merge( $ids, $data['ids']);
$_SESSION['ids'] = $ids;
var_dump($_SESSION['ids']);
return $ids;
} else {
outputError($tmhOAuth);
}
endif;
}
/*
* POST/AJAX API
*/
if ( !empty( $_POST ) && !is_null( $_POST ) ) {
extract( $_POST ); //imports $id;
if ( $_POST['action'] == 'userdata' ) {
$data = get_userdata_for($id);
exit(json_encode($data));
} elseif ( $_POST['action'] == 'retweet' ) {
$retweet = retweet( $id );
exit(json_encode($retweet));
}
}
/**
* Retweets a tweet.
*
* @param $tweet tweet_id
* @return $data the retweeted tweet
*
* todo: add custom text before (or after) the original tweet
*/
function retweet( $tweet_id )
{
global $tmhOAuth;
$request_url = $tmhOAuth->url("1/statuses/retweet/$tweet_id");
$params = array(
// retweet params
);
$code = $tmhOAuth->request( 'POST', $request_url, $params );
if ( $code != 200 ) {
// we have a problem...
outputError($tmhOAuth);
} elseif ( $code == 200 ) {
// succesfully retweeted
$data = $tmhOAuth->response['response'];
exit(json_encode($data));
}
}
<file_sep>/index.php
<?php include 'app.php'; ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>twitauth <?php echo $username; ?></title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="author" content="">
<!-- Le styles -->
<link href="public/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="public/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="public/css/bootstrap-responsive.css" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Le HTML5 shim, for IE6-8 support of HTML5 elements -->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://html5shim.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<!-- Le fav and touch icons -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="public/ico/favicon.ico">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="public/ico/apple-touch-icon-144-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="public/ico/apple-touch-icon-114-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="public/ico/apple-touch-icon-72-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="public/ico/apple-touch-icon-57-precomposed.png">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h1 class="page-header">twitauth</h1>
<?php
if ( ! isset( $user ) ) : ?>
<p>Welcome to twitauth. To get started, <a href="?authenticate">begin here</a>.</p>
<p>You may wish to <a href="?wipe">start over</a> if you're having trouble.</p>
<?php else : ?>
<p><img src="<?php echo $user->profile_image_url; ?>" /></p>
<p>Welcome <strong><?php echo $user->screen_name; ?></strong>. <a href="?wipe">Sign Out</a></p>
<br />
<div class="row">
<div class="span3">
<div class="well">
<ul id="users" class="nav nav-list">
<?php
$ids = get_followers_ids( $user );
$followers = get_userdata_for( $_SESSION['ids'] );
echo "<li class='nav-header'>My Followers (".count($followers).")</li>";
foreach ( $followers as $follower ) :
?>
<li id="<?php echo $follower['id']; ?>">
<a href="http://www.twitter.com/<?php echo $follower['screen_name']; ?>"><?php echo $follower['screen_name']; ?></a>
</li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="span9" id="main">
<p class='alert alert-info'>Please click a username on the left to get more info.</p>
<ul>
<li class="tweet-view">
<a href=""></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<?php endif; ?>
</div> <!-- /container -->
<!-- Le javascript
================================================== -->
<!-- Placed at the end of the document so the pages load faster -->
<script src="public/js/jquery.js"></script>
<script src="public/js/app.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
|
3564c0879598763c2b63e6f2fe875097b36d6f20
|
[
"JavaScript",
"PHP"
] | 4
|
JavaScript
|
oldmill1/twitauth
|
19c75abf4a1d18c0976c2d9d543364d62515d029
|
d32771cb74b6673ab232e5a3190d9d1196557441
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>mtheusbrito/desenvolvimento<file_sep>/Projeto/app/src/main/java/com/example/matheus/projeto/ListaRegras.java
package com.example.matheus.projeto;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ListView;
import java.util.List;
import adapter.RegraAdapter;
import dao.RegraDAO;
import model.Regra;
import utils.Mensagem;
public class ListaRegras extends AppCompatActivity implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener, DialogInterface.OnClickListener {
List<Regra> regraList;
private ListView lista;
private RegraAdapter regraAdapter;
private RegraDAO regraDAO;
private android.app.AlertDialog alertDialog;
private android.app.AlertDialog alertconfirmacao;
private int idposition;
//QBF8J-9RVTC-XVLBL
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_lista_regras);
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
alertDialog = Mensagem.criarAlertDialogRegras(this);
alertconfirmacao = Mensagem.criarDialogConfirmacao(this);
regraDAO = new RegraDAO(this);
regraList = regraDAO.listaRegras();
regraAdapter = new RegraAdapter(this, regraList);
lista = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_regra);
lista.setAdapter(regraAdapter);
lista.setOnItemClickListener(this);
}
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int i) {
Integer id = regraList.get(idposition).get_id();
switch (i) {
case 0:
break;
case 1:
alertconfirmacao.show();
break;
case DialogInterface.BUTTON_POSITIVE:
regraList.remove(idposition);
regraDAO.removeRegra(id);
lista.invalidateViews();
break;
case DialogInterface.BUTTON_NEGATIVE:
alertDialog.dismiss();
break;
}
}
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int i, long l) {
idposition = i;
alertDialog.show();
}
}
<file_sep>/Projeto/app/src/main/java/com/example/matheus/projeto/AddRegra.java
package com.example.matheus.projeto;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.design.widget.TextInputLayout;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.text.Editable;
import android.text.TextWatcher;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.WindowManager;
import android.widget.EditText;
import dao.RegraDAO;
import model.Regra;
import utils.Mensagem;
public class AddRegra extends AppCompatActivity {
private EditText editDescricao, editValor;
private RegraDAO regraDAO;
private Regra regra;
private TextInputLayout inputLayoutDescricao, inputLayoutValor;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_add_regra);
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
regraDAO = new RegraDAO(this);
editDescricao = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edtdescricao);
editValor = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edtValor);
inputLayoutDescricao = (TextInputLayout) findViewById(R.id.inputLayoutDescricao);
inputLayoutValor = (TextInputLayout) findViewById(R.id.inputLayoutValor);
editDescricao.addTextChangedListener(new MyTextWatcher(editDescricao));
editValor.addTextChangedListener(new MyTextWatcher(editValor));
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_default, menu);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem menuItem) {
int id = menuItem.getItemId();
switch (id) {
case R.id.action_salvar:
this.cadastrar();
break;
}
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(menuItem);
}
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
regraDAO.fechar();
super.onDestroy();
}
private boolean verificaCampoDescricao() {
if (editDescricao.getText().toString().trim().isEmpty()) {
inputLayoutDescricao.setError(getString(R.string.campo_obrigatorio));
requesFocus(editDescricao);
return false;
} else {
inputLayoutDescricao.setErrorEnabled(false);
}
return true;
}
private boolean verificaCampoValor() {
if (editValor.getText().toString().trim().isEmpty()) {
inputLayoutValor.setError(getString(R.string.campo_obrigatorio));
requesFocus(editValor);
return false;
} else {
inputLayoutValor.setErrorEnabled(false);
}
return true;
}
private void requesFocus(View view) {
if (view.requestFocus()) {
getWindow().setSoftInputMode(WindowManager.LayoutParams.SOFT_INPUT_STATE_ALWAYS_VISIBLE);
}
}
private void cadastrar() {
if (!verificaCampoDescricao()) {
return;
}
if (!verificaCampoValor()) {
return;
}
String descricao = editDescricao.getText().toString();
String valor = editValor.getText().toString();
regra = new Regra();
regra.setDescricao(descricao);
regra.setValor(valor);
regraDAO.salvar(regra);
Mensagem.Msg(this, getString(R.string.cadastrado));
finish();
}
public class MyTextWatcher implements TextWatcher {
private View view;
private MyTextWatcher(View view) {
this.view = view;
}
public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence charSequence, int i, int i1, int i2) {
}
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence charSequence, int i, int i1, int i2) {
}
public void afterTextChanged(Editable editable) {
switch (view.getId()) {
case R.id.edtdescricao:
verificaCampoDescricao();
break;
case R.id.edtValor:
verificaCampoValor();
break;
}
}
}
}
<file_sep>/Projeto/app/src/main/java/com/example/matheus/projeto/MenuActivity.java
package com.example.matheus.projeto;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.design.widget.CollapsingToolbarLayout;
import android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.GridView;
import adapter.MenuAdapter;
public class MenuActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
Toolbar toolbar;
CollapsingToolbarLayout collapsingToolbarLayoutAndroid;
CoordinatorLayout rootLayoutAndroid;
GridView gridView;
public static String[] items = {
"Adicionar Filho", "Adicionar Regra",
"Administrar", "Lista de Regras"
};
public static int[] image = {
R.mipmap.ic_02, R.mipmap.ic_03,
R.mipmap.ic_04, R.mipmap.ic_05,
};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.gridview_menu);
toolbar = (Toolbar)findViewById(R.id.toolbar) ;
gridView = (GridView) findViewById(R.id.grid_view_menu);
gridView.setAdapter(new MenuAdapter(this,items,image));
iniciarInstancias();
gridView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int i, long l) {
switch (i) {
case 0:
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), AddFilho.class);
startActivity(intent);
break;
case 1:
Intent intent1 = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), AddRegra.class);
startActivity(intent1);
break;
case 2:
Intent intent2 = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), ListaFilhos.class);
startActivity(intent2);
break;
case 3:
Intent intent3 = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), ListaRegras.class);
startActivity(intent3);
break;
}
}
});
}
private void iniciarInstancias() {
rootLayoutAndroid = (CoordinatorLayout)findViewById(R.id.android_coordinator_layout);
collapsingToolbarLayoutAndroid = (CollapsingToolbarLayout)findViewById(R.id.android_collapsingtoolbarLayout);
collapsingToolbarLayoutAndroid.setTitle("Mesada");
}
}<file_sep>/Projeto/app/src/main/java/com/example/matheus/projeto/ListaFilhos.java
package com.example.matheus.projeto;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ListView;
import java.util.List;
import adapter.FilhoAdapter;
import dao.FilhoDAO;
import model.Filho;
import utils.Mensagem;
public class ListaFilhos extends AppCompatActivity implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener, DialogInterface.OnClickListener {
private ListView lista;
private List<Filho> filhoList;
private FilhoAdapter filhoAdapter;
private FilhoDAO filhoDAO;
private android.app.AlertDialog alertDialog;
private android.app.AlertDialog alertConfirmacao;
private int idposition;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_lista_filhos);
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
alertDialog = Mensagem.criarAlertDialog(this);
alertConfirmacao = Mensagem.criarDialogConfirmacao(this);
filhoDAO = new FilhoDAO(this);
filhoList = filhoDAO.listaFilhos();
filhoAdapter = new FilhoAdapter(this, filhoList);
lista = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_filho);
lista.setAdapter(filhoAdapter);
lista.setOnItemClickListener(this);
}
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialogInterface, int which) {
Integer id = filhoList.get(idposition).get_id();
switch (which) {
case 0:
Intent intent = new Intent(this, Adm.class);
intent.putExtra("FILHO_ID", id);
startActivity(intent);
break;
case 1:
alertConfirmacao.show();
break;
case DialogInterface.BUTTON_POSITIVE:
filhoList.remove(idposition);
filhoDAO.removeFilho(id);
lista.invalidateViews();
break;
case DialogInterface.BUTTON_NEGATIVE:
alertConfirmacao.dismiss();
break;
case 2:
Intent it = new Intent(this, BonusActivity.class);
it.putExtra("FILHO_ID", id);
startActivity(it);
break;
}
}
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int position, long l) {
idposition = position;
alertDialog.show();
}
}
|
ff27535432165d4a0df49a759517a3463eb8f9db
|
[
"Java"
] | 4
|
Java
|
mtheusbrito/desenvolvimento
|
f6ed161c3a303c158f88c05dcc8edc18d1a2ebbc
|
f070a3728b1edf6bfb61575899aa3ce14ba5bf99
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep># ergasies_feb21
Το αρχείο ergasiespython.txt είναι το text ASCII file που γίνεται import στις εργασίες 9,12,13
<file_sep>import string
import collections
f = open('ergasiespython.txt', 'r') #open file
data = f.read() #save file's data in data
print(data)
list1=[]
for i in range(len(data)):
x=ord(data[i])
if x%2 == 1 : #create list with the odd ascii numbers
list1.append(x)
print(list1) #print the list with the odd ascii numbers
def count_letters(text_file):
alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation #letters,digits,special characters
alphabet_set = set(alphabet)
counts = collections.Counter(c for c in text_file if c in alphabet_set)
list = [] #This list will contain the letters and their probability
for letter in alphabet: #Calculating probability
total = sum(counts.values())
prob = counts[letter] / total
if counts[letter] != 0: #Discard the letters with zero probability
list.append(letter)
list.append("%.2f" % round(prob, 2)) #Rounding and using only two decimal places
return list
counts = count_letters(data)
#print (counts) #The original list containing all letters and probabilities
for i in counts:
a = ''.join(list(i)) #Seperate the data and their probabilities in 2 lines
if len(a)==1: #Only get the line with the data's character
print(a + ':')
else: #Only get the line with the probabilities
b= list(i)[-2: ] #Get the last 2 digits of the probability
c=(''.join(b))
#print(c + "%") #Printing and converting the probability to the 100% scale
star='*'
print(star * int(c)) #Print as many stars as the probability value. For example: 8% = 8 stars
#f.close()
<file_sep>"""
Επειδή η πλειοψηφία των κατοπτρικών χαρακτήρων έχουν τιμή(int) 130 και πάνω,
αντιστοιχούν στον extended ASCII code, δηλαδή στα διάφορα σύμβολα,
οπότε είναι λογικό στο τελικό αποτέλεσμα να βρίσκονται τα σύμβολα αυτά ή ακόμη και
κουτάκια που στην ουσία παραμπέμπουν και αυτά στα ίδια σύμβολα.
"""
f = open('ergasiespython.txt', 'r') #open file
data = f.read() #save file's data in data
#print(data)
list1=[]
for i in range(len(data)):
x = 255 - ord(data[i]) #pername sto x ton katoptriko tou ascii tou kathe stoixeiou tou txt
list1.append(x) #dimiourgia listas me ta katoptrika ascii
print(list1)
list1=list1[::-1] #allazw twra tin seira twn dedomenwn apo kanoniki se anapodi
for i in list1: #gia na ta ektipwsw kateutheian me antestrammeni seira meta
print("".join(chr(i)),end='') #metatropi tou ascii se text kai ektiposi telikou zitoumenou
<file_sep>import random
term = int(input("Give the sequence's term you'd like: "))
# The Fibonacci sequence
n0, n1 = 0, 1 # first two terms
# 1os oros:0, 2os:1, 3os:1, 4os:2, 5os:3 kai ta loipa...
count = 2
if term == 1:
print("Term", term, "equals to:", n0)
print('Your p:', n0, ',', 'is not prime!')
elif term == 2 or term==3:
print("Term", term, "equals to:", n1)
print('Your p:', n1, ',', 'is not prime!')
elif term <= 0:
print('Please enter a value greater than 0!')
else:
while count < term:
p = n0 + n1
n0 = n1
n1 = p
count += 1
print('Term', term, 'equals to:', p)
x = 0
for i in range(20):
a = (random.randint(1, 2000)) #random number from 1 to 2.000, you can change the range
#print(a)
#if ((a ** p)-a) % p == 0:
if (a**p) % p == a%p:
x += 1
#print(x)
if x == 20:
print('Your p:', p, ',', 'is prime!')
else:
print('Your p:', p, ',', 'is not prime!')
<file_sep>f = open('ergasiespython.txt', 'r') #open file
data = f.read() #save file's data in data
alphabet = '~`!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{};:"",./<>?\|123456789' #creating an alphabet in order to replace them later
for i in data:
if i in alphabet or i=="'" or i=="" : #if u find a symbol from our alphabet replace it with space
data=data.replace(i," ")
print(data)
list1=data.split(" ") #creating a list with the words of the txt and the spaces of the aplhabet
#print(list1)
while ('' in list1): #we want to be left only with the words of the txt
for stoixeio in list1: #double loop to search all the lenght of the list
if stoixeio=='' : #so we search if there are spaces on the list to remove them
list1.pop(list1.index(stoixeio)) #remove the spaces from the list
#print(list1)
for i in range (0, len(list1)-1): #double loop to go through all the lenght of every word
for j in range(i, len(list1)): #and the next word
if (len(list1[i]) + len(list1[j])) == 20: #if word1 and word2 have character length=20 print the pair
print('Character length=20:',"'", list1[i],"'", 'and',"'", list1[j],"'", '!Pair found!')
|
47073f8eb05b42a15cb37999b59f1901715ff196
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python"
] | 5
|
Markdown
|
Vasiliki011/ergasies_feb21
|
fc9dc8652826820bd51c500598d12f0bb1f4cc00
|
5b1cac09cae21a5ed22b97b2330c696a872e5eb0
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>chrome.browserAction.onClicked.addListener(function (tab) {
window.alert(
`An Achewood companion.
- Left Arrow / J: previous comic
- Right Arrow / K: next comic
- A: view alt text
- R: random comic`
);
});
chrome.tabs.onUpdated.addListener(function (tabId, changeInfo, tab) {
console.log(tabId, changeInfo, tab);
if (changeInfo.status === "complete" && tab.active) {
chrome.tabs.executeScript(null, { file: "app.js" });
}
});
<file_sep>let url = window.location.origin;
window.addEventListener("keydown", function (e) {
if (e.key === "ArrowLeft" || e.key.match(/^j$/i)) {
const previousComic = document
.querySelector(".left a")
.getAttribute("href");
window.location = `${url}/${previousComic}`;
} else if (e.key === "ArrowRight" || e.key.match(/^k$/i)) {
const nextComic = document.querySelector(".right a").getAttribute("href");
window.location = `${url}/${nextComic}`;
} else if (e.key.match(/^a$/i)) {
const altText = document
.querySelector("#comic_body img.comic")
.getAttribute("title");
window.alert(altText);
} else if (e.key.match(/^r$/i)) {
window.location = "http://www.ohnorobot.com/random.php?comic=636";
}
});
<file_sep># GOLDEN TABLOID
This is an extension to make reading [Achewood][achewood] easier.
Available now for [Chrome][chrome] and [Firefox][firefox].
## Features
- Navigate forward/backward with your left and right arrow keys (mice begone)
- Press `A` to view the alt text for a comic
- Press `R` to view a random comic
Pull requests are welcome, always, forever.
[achewood]: http://www.achewood.com/
[chrome]: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/golden-tabloid/dpmaginmjlogipoijfhmbjoihmgckkjh?hl=en-US&gl=US
[firefox]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/golden-tabloid/
## Changelog
### v0.0.5 – April 29th 2020
- Fixed the random comic function. Pressing `R` now loads a random comic as expected.
- Ran prettier to clean up some formatting, but it's still nothing fancy.
|
e31dadff76eaa098033e6e4d92e69698134bb2c7
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 3
|
JavaScript
|
whymog/golden-tabloid
|
89955394d72de036e17078f6282bed3e48617bc4
|
d06c47b8b04630dbf8dfc74121094fb544180afc
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>sbsrouteur/weewx-opensensemap<file_sep>/install.py
# installer for OpenSensMap Rest uploader
# Copyright 2021-
# Distributed under the terms of the MIT License
from weecfg.extension import ExtensionInstaller
def loader():
return OpenSenseMapInstaller()
class OpenSenseMapInstaller(ExtensionInstaller):
def __init__(self):
super(OpenSenseMapInstaller, self).__init__(
version="0.1",
name='OpenSenseMap',
description='Upload weather data to OpenSenseMap.',
author="sbsrouteur",
author_email="<EMAIL>",
restful_services='user.opensensemap.OpenSenseMap',
config={
'StdRESTful': {
'OpenSenseMap': {
'SensorId': 'INSERT_SENSORBOX_ID_HERE',
'AuthKey': 'INSERT_AUTH_KEY_HERE',
'UsUnits':'False',
'enable':'True',
'Sensors':{
'outTemp':{
'SensorId':'ENTER_OUT_TEMP_SENSOR_ID'
},
'outHumidity':{
'SensorId':'ENTER_OUT_Humidity_SENSOR_ID'
}
}
}}},
files=[('bin/user', ['bin/user/opensensemap.py'])]
)
<file_sep>/README.md
# weewx-opensensemap
weewx extension that sends data to OpenSenseMap
Copyright 2021- sbsRouteur
Distributed under the terms of the MIT License
Installation instructions:
1) download
`wget -O weewx-opensensemap.zip https://github.com/sbsrouteur/weewx-opensensemap/releases/download/V0.3/weewx-opensensemap-0.3.zip`
2) run the installer:
`wee_extension --install weewx-opensensemap.zip`
3) modify weewx.conf:
```
[StdRESTful]
[[OpenSenseMap]]
SensorId=INSERT_SENSORBOX_ID_HERE,
AuthKey=INSERT_AUTH_KEY_HERE,
UsUnits=False,
[[Sensors]]
[[outTemp]]
SensorId=ENTER_OUT_TEMP_SENSOR_ID
Unit=degree_C #Optional Unit override
Format=%0.3f #Optional Format override
[[outHumidity]]
SensorId=ENTER_OUT_Humidity_SENSOR_ID
```
1) restart weewx
```
sudo /etc/init.d/weewx stop
sudo /etc/init.d/weewx start
```
<file_sep>/bin/user/opensensemap.py
# Copyright 2021- sbsRouteur
"""
This is a weewx extension that uploads data to OpenSenseMap.
https://opensensemap.org
Minimal Configuration:
[StdRESTful]
[[OpenSenseMap]]
SensorBoxID = OpenSenseMap_ID
AuthKey = OpenSenseMap_AuthSecret
USUnits = False
[[Sensors]]
[[outTemp]]
SensorId = SENSOR_ID
Unit = °C
....
"""
try:
# Python 3
import queue
except ImportError:
# Python 2
import Queue as queue
import json
import calendar
import re
import sys
import time
import six
from six.moves import urllib
try:
# Python 3
from urllib.parse import urlencode
except ImportError:
# Python 2
from urllib import urlencode
import weewx
import weewx.restx
import weewx.units
from weeutil.weeutil import startOfDayUTC
from weeutil.weeutil import to_bool
VERSION = "0.3"
if weewx.__version__ < "3":
raise weewx.UnsupportedFeature("weewx 3 is required, found %s" %
weewx.__version__)
try:
# Test for new-style weewx logging by trying to import weeutil.logger
import weeutil.logger
import logging
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def logdbg(msg):
log.debug(msg)
def loginf(msg):
log.info(msg)
def logerr(msg):
log.error(msg)
except ImportError:
# Old-style weewx logging
import syslog
def logmsg(level, msg):
syslog.syslog(level, 'OpenSenseMap: %s' % msg)
def logdbg(msg):
logmsg(syslog.LOG_DEBUG, msg)
def loginf(msg):
logmsg(syslog.LOG_INFO, msg)
def logerr(msg):
logmsg(syslog.LOG_ERR, msg)
class OpenSenseMap(weewx.restx.StdRESTful):
def __init__(self, engine, config_dict):
"""This service recognizes standard restful options plus the following:
SensorBoxId: OpenSenseMap Box identifier
AuthKey : Box Auth Secret Key
password: <PASSWORD>
Sensor : Dictionnary of Sensors
Key : WeewxValueName
SensorID : SensorID for API
"""
super(OpenSenseMap, self).__init__(engine, config_dict)
site_dict = weewx.restx.get_site_dict(config_dict, 'OpenSenseMap', 'SensorId',
'AuthKey','UsUnits')
if site_dict is None:
return
Sensors=config_dict['StdRESTful']['OpenSenseMap']['Sensors']
if Sensors is None:
raise ("Missing sensors collection option")
site_dict['manager_dict'] = weewx.manager.get_manager_dict(
config_dict['DataBindings'], config_dict['Databases'], 'wx_binding')
self.archive_queue = queue.Queue()
self.archive_thread = OpenSenseMapThread(self.archive_queue,Sensors, **site_dict)
self.archive_thread.start()
self.bind(weewx.NEW_ARCHIVE_RECORD, self.new_archive_record)
self.LogginID = site_dict['SensorId'][0:2]+"xxxxxxxx"+site_dict['SensorId'][-4:]
loginf("OpenSenseMap v%s: Data for station %s will be posted"% (VERSION,self.LogginID))
print("OpenSenseMap v%s: Data for station %s will be posted"% (VERSION,self.LogginID))
def new_archive_record(self, event):
self.archive_queue.put(event.record)
class OpenSenseMapThread(weewx.restx.RESTThread):
_SERVER_URL = 'https://ingress.opensensemap.org'
"""_DATA_MAP = {'tempf': ('outTemp', '%.1f'), # F
'humidity': ('outHumidity', '%.0f'), # percent
'winddir': ('windDir', '%.0f'), # degree [0-360]
'windspeedmph': ('windSpeed', '%.1f'), # mph
'windgustmph': ('windGust', '%.1f'), # mph
'baromin': ('barometer', '%.3f'), # inHg
'rainin': ('hourRain', '%.2f'), # in
'dailyRainin': ('dayRain', '%.2f'), # in
'monthlyrainin': ('monthRain', '%.2f'), # in
'tempfhi': ('outTempMax', '%.1f'), # F (for the day)
'tempflo': ('outTempMin', '%.1f'), # F (for the day)
'Yearlyrainin': ('yearRain', '%.2f'), # in
'dewptf': ('dewpoint', '%.1f'), # F
'solarradiation': ('radiation', '%.1f'), # MJ/m^2
'UV': ('UV', '%.0f'), # index
'soiltempf': ('soilTemp1', '%.1f'), # F
'soiltempf2': ('soilTemp2', '%.1f'), # F
'soiltempf3': ('soilTemp3', '%.1f'), # F
'soiltempf4': ('soilTemp4', '%.1f'), # F
'soilmoisture': ('soilMoist1', '%.1f'), # %
'soilmoisture2': ('soilMoist2', '%.1f'), # %
'soilmoisture3': ('soilMoist3', '%.1f'), # %
'soilmoisture4': ('soilMoist4', '%.1f'), # %
'leafwetness': ('leafWet1', '%.1f'), # %
'leafwetness': ('leafWet1', '%.1f'), # %
'tempf2': ('extraTemp1', '%.1f'), # F
'tempf3': ('extraTemp2', '%.1f'), # F
'tempf4': ('extraTemp3', '%.1f'), # F
'humidity2': ('extraHumid1', '%.0f'), # %
'humidity3': ('extraHumid2', '%.0f'), # %
}
"""
def __init__(self, q, Sensors,
SensorId, AuthKey, UsUnits,
manager_dict,
server_url=_SERVER_URL, skip_upload=False,
post_interval=None, max_backlog=sys.maxsize, stale=None,
log_success=True, log_failure=True,
timeout=60, max_tries=3, retry_wait=5):
super(OpenSenseMapThread, self).__init__(q,
protocol_name='OpenSenseMap',
manager_dict=manager_dict,
post_interval=post_interval,
max_backlog=max_backlog,
stale=stale,
log_success=log_success,
log_failure=log_failure,
max_tries=max_tries,
timeout=timeout,
retry_wait=retry_wait,
skip_upload=skip_upload)
self.SensorId = SensorId
self.AuthKey = AuthKey
self.server_url = server_url
self.Sensors = Sensors
self.UseUSUnits = to_bool(UsUnits)
def get_record(self, record, dbm):
rec = super(OpenSenseMapThread, self).get_record(record, dbm)
# put everything into the right units
if not self.UseUSUnits :
rec = weewx.units.to_METRIC(rec)
return rec
def check_response(self, response):
for line in response:
if not line.decode().startswith('"Measurements saved in box"'):
raise weewx.restx.FailedPost("Server response: %s" % line.decode())
else:
return
def format_url(self, record):
logdbg("record: %s" % record)
url = self.server_url + '/boxes/'+ self.SensorId + '/data'
if weewx.debug >= 2:
loginf('url: %s' % re.sub(r"s\/.*\/", "s/XXXXXXXXXXXXXX/", url))
return url
def get_post_body(self, record): # @UnusedVariable
"""Return any POST payload.
The returned value should be a 2-way tuple. First element is the Python
object to be included as the payload. Second element is the MIME type it
is in (such as "application/json").
Return a simple 'None' if there is no POST payload. This is the default.
"""
Values={}
f = weewx.units.Formatter()
for SensorName in self.Sensors:
Sensor=self.Sensors[SensorName]
if SensorName in record and not record[SensorName] is None:
ug = weewx.units._getUnitGroup(SensorName)
if self.UseUSUnits:
un=weewx.units.USUnits[ug]
else:
un=weewx.units.MetricUnits[ug]
if 'Unit' in Sensor:
RecordValue=weewx.units.convert((record[SensorName],un),Sensor['Unit'])[0]
else:
RecordValue=record[SensorName]
if 'Format' in Sensor:
FormattedValue=Sensor['Format']%(RecordValue)
else:
FormattedValue=f.get_format_string(un)%(RecordValue)
Values[Sensor['SensorId']]=FormattedValue
RetVal = json.dumps(Values, ensure_ascii=False)
print('OpenSenseMap : Body Encoded as **%s**'% (RetVal))
return RetVal, 'application/json'
def handle_exception(self, e, count):
"""Check exception from HTTP post. This simply logs the exception."""
loginf("%s: Failed upload attempt %d: %s" % (self.protocol_name, count, e))
def get_request(self, url):
"""Get a request object. This can be overridden to add any special headers."""
_request = urllib.request.Request(url)
_request.add_header("User-Agent", "weewx/%s" % weewx.__version__)
_request.add_header("Authorization", self.AuthKey)
return _request
# Do direct testing of this extension like this:
# PYTHONPATH=WEEWX_BINDIR python WEEWX_BINDIR/user/OpenSenseMap.py
if __name__ == "__main__":
import optparse
import weewx.manager
weewx.debug = 2
try:
# WeeWX V4 logging
weeutil.logger.setup('OpenSenseMap', {})
except NameError:
# WeeWX V3 logging
syslog.openlog('OpenSenseMap', syslog.LOG_PID | syslog.LOG_CONS)
syslog.setlogmask(syslog.LOG_UPTO(syslog.LOG_DEBUG))
usage = """%prog --id=StationID --AuthKey=AuthKey [--version] [--help]"""
parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage=usage)
parser.add_option('--version', dest='version', action='store_true',
help='display driver version')
parser.add_option('--id', metavar='OpenSenseMap_ID', help='Your SensorBox ID')
parser.add_option('--AuthKey', metavar='OpenSenseMap_AuthSecret', help='Auth Key to upload')
#parser.add_option('--pw', dest='pw', metavar='PASSWORD', help='your password')
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
manager_dict = {
'manager': 'weewx.manager.DaySummaryManager',
'table_name': 'archive',
'schema': None,
'database_dict': {
'SQLITE_ROOT': '/home/weewx/archive',
'database_name': 'weewx.sdb',
'driver': 'weedb.sqlite'
}
}
if options.version:
print("meteotemplate uploader version %s" % VERSION)
exit(0)
if options.id == None:
print("Wrong params run : "+ usage )
exit(0)
else:
print("uploading to station %s" % options.id)
Sensors={'windSpeed':{'SensorId':'603b5c4d2c4a41001b8db744','Unit':"km_per_hour",'Format':'%.2f'},}
q = queue.Queue()
t = OpenSenseMapThread(q,Sensors,options.id,options.AuthKey,False, manager_dict)
t.start()
q.put({'dateTime': int(time.time() + 0.5),
'usUnits': weewx.US,
'outTemp': 51.26,
'inTemp': 75.8,
'outHumidity': 72,
'windSpeed': 8,
'windDir':331})
q.put(None)
t.join(20)
|
4e6fdf8202b61825464fe14064d161bc996bc0e9
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python"
] | 3
|
Python
|
sbsrouteur/weewx-opensensemap
|
996b9a53bf782b015dfdec43051831855833b602
|
1329e05150e84259e7b685ee85d647587bc8878a
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>/* Encrypts the text with the Caesar algorithm */
/* Build: gcc ../../vendor/cs50.c caesar.c -o caesar */
/*
Usage example:
caesar 13
plaintext: hello
ciphertext: uryyb
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../../vendor/cs50.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void print_cipher_character(int letter_code, int key, int max_letter_code);
int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Wrong arguments number");
return 1;
}
for (int i = 0, length = strlen(argv[1]); i < length; i++)
{
int letter_code = argv[1][i];
if (letter_code < 48 || letter_code > 57)
{
printf("Usage: ./caesar key");
return 1;
}
}
int key = atoi(argv[1]);
string plaintext = get_string("plaintext: ");
printf("ciphertext: ");
for (int i = 0, length = strlen(plaintext); i < length; i++)
{
int letter_code = (int)plaintext[i];
if ((letter_code >= 65 && letter_code <= 90))
{
print_cipher_character(letter_code, key, 90);
}
else if ((letter_code >= 97 && letter_code <= 122))
{
print_cipher_character(letter_code, key, 122);
}
else
{
printf("%c", plaintext[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}
void print_cipher_character(int letter_code, int key, int max_letter_code)
{
int cipher_index = letter_code + key % 26;
if (cipher_index > max_letter_code)
{
cipher_index -= 26;
}
printf("%c", (char)cipher_index);
}<file_sep># CS50 Mashup
A small web application that combines Google Maps API, Google News API and database with geo data.
Map tags displaying current local news according to geodata.
Autocomplete implemented with Twitter Typeahead.js.
### Screenshots:
<img src="/pset8/readme/screen1.jpg" alt="Screenshot 1" width="400"/>
<img src="/pset8/readme/screen2.jpg" alt="Screenshot 2" width="400"/><file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
$id = get_user_id();
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET") {
render("buy_form.php", ["title" => "Buy"]);
} else if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["symbol"])) {
apologize("Symbol can't be empty.");
}
if (empty($_POST["shares"])) {
apologize("Shares can't be empty.");
}
if (!preg_match("/^\d+$/", $_POST["shares"])) {
apologize("Shares must be positive integer.");
}
$cash_query = CS50::query("SELECT cash FROM users WHERE id = ?", $id);
if (count($cash_query) != 1) {
apologize("User not finded.");
}
$stock = lookup($_POST["symbol"]);
if (!$stock) {
apologize("Symbol not finded.");
}
$cost = $stock["price"] * $_POST["shares"];
$cash = $cash_query[0]["cash"] - $cost;
if ($cash < 0) {
apologize("You don't have enought money.");
}
CS50::query(
"UPDATE users SET cash = ? WHERE id = ?",
$cash,
$id
);
CS50::query(
"INSERT INTO portfolios (user_id, symbol, shares) VALUES(?, ?, ?) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE shares = shares + VALUES(shares)",
$id,
strtoupper($_POST["symbol"]),
$_POST["shares"]
);
CS50::query(
"INSERT INTO history (user_id, action, symbol, shares, price, time) VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())",
$id,
"buy",
strtoupper($_POST["symbol"]),
$_POST["shares"],
$stock["price"]
);
$report = [
"shares" => $_POST["shares"],
"symbol" => $_POST["symbol"],
"cost" => $cost,
"cash" => $cash
];
render(
"buy_report.php",
[
"title" => "Buy report",
"report" => $report
]
);
}
<file_sep><div class="container">
<table class ="tab">
<tr class="tab-title">
<td>action</td>
<td>symbol</td>
<td>shares</td>
<td>price</td>
<td>date</td>
<td>time</td>
</tr>
<?php foreach ($positions as $position): ?>
<tr>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["action"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["symbol"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["shares"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["price"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["date"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["time"]) ?></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach ?>
</table>
</div>
<file_sep>/* Encrypts the text with a key */
/*
Usage example:
substitution VCHPRZGJNTLSKFBDQWAXEUYMOI
plaintext: Hello
ciphertext: Jrssb
*/
/* Build: gcc ../../vendor/cs50.c substitution.c -o substitution */
#include "../../vendor/cs50.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Wrong arguments number");
return 1;
}
string key = argv[1];
int key_length = strlen(argv[1]);
if (key_length != 26)
{
printf("key must contain 26 characters");
return 1;
}
for (int i = 0; i < key_length; i++)
{
if (!isalpha(key[i]))
{
printf("Your input is not alphabetical.\n");
return 1;
}
for (int j = 0; j < key_length; j++)
{
if (tolower(key[i]) == tolower(key[j]) && i != j)
{
printf("Your key must containing each letter exactly once.\n");
return 1;
}
}
}
string plaintext = get_string("plaintext: ");
printf("ciphertext: ");
for (int i = 0, text_length = strlen(plaintext); i < text_length; i++)
{
if (isalpha(plaintext[i]))
{
int key_index = (tolower(plaintext[i]) - 97);
if (islower(plaintext[i]))
{
printf("%c", (char)tolower((int)key[key_index]));
}
else
{
printf("%c", (char)toupper((int)key[key_index]));
}
}
else
{
printf("%c", plaintext[i]);
}
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
$id = get_user_id();
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET") {
$portfolios = CS50::query("SELECT * FROM portfolios WHERE user_id = ?", $id);
if (count($portfolios) == 0) {
render(
"report.php",
[
"title" => "Sell",
"header" => "Empty",
"message" => "You don't have stocks to sell."
]
);
}
$positions = [];
foreach ($portfolios as $portfolio) {
$stock = lookup($portfolio["symbol"]);
if (!$stock) {
apologize("Symbol not finded.");
}
$positions[] = [
"name" => $stock["name"],
"price" => $stock["price"],
"shares" => number_format($portfolio["shares"], 2, '.', ''),
"symbol" => $portfolio["symbol"]
];
}
render(
"sell_form.php",
[
"title" => "Sell",
"positions" => $positions
]
);
} else if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["symbol"])) {
apologize("Symbol not selected.");
}
$symbol = $_POST["symbol"];
if (empty($_POST["shares"])) {
apologize("Shares not selected.");
}
$sell_shares = $_POST["shares"];
if ($sell_shares <= 0) {
apologize("Shares value invalid.");
}
$stock = lookup($symbol);
if (!$stock) {
apologize("Symbol not finded.");
}
$price = $stock["price"];
if ($price <= 0) {
apologize("Price invalid.");
}
$portfolio = CS50::query(
"SELECT * FROM portfolios WHERE user_id = ? AND symbol = ?",
$id,
$symbol
);
if (count($portfolio) != 1) {
apologize("Price invalid.");
}
$user = CS50::query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", $id);
if (count($user) != 1) {
apologize("User is not found.");
}
$shares_left = $portfolio[0]["shares"] - $sell_shares;
if ($shares_left < 0) {
apologize("You trying sell more shares than have.");
}
$cash_gain = $sell_shares * $price;
$cash = $user[0]["cash"] + $cash_gain;
$cash_update_result = CS50::query(
"UPDATE users SET cash = ? WHERE id = ?",
$cash,
$id
);
if ($cash_update_result == 0) {
apologize("Transaction failed.");
}
if ($shares_left > 0) {
CS50::query(
"UPDATE portfolios SET shares = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND symbol = ?",
$shares_left,
$id,
$symbol
);
} else {
CS50::query(
"DELETE FROM portfolios WHERE user_id = ? AND symbol = ?",
$id,
$symbol
);
}
CS50::query(
"INSERT INTO history (user_id, action, symbol, shares, price, time) VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP())",
$id,
"sell",
strtoupper($symbol),
$sell_shares,
$price
);
render(
"sell_report.php",
[
"title" => "Index",
"shares" => $sell_shares,
"cash_gain" => $cash_gain,
"cash_updated" => $cash
]
);
}
<file_sep>#!/usr/bin/env php
<?php
require(__DIR__ . "/../includes/config.php");
if ($argc!=2){
print("usage example: import ../db/us.txt");
exit(1);
}
$file = $argv[1];
if (!file_exists($file)){
print("File {$file} not finded");
exit(1);
}
$handle = fopen($file, "r");
if (!$handle)
{
print("Can't open file {$file}");
exit(1);
}
$added = 0;
$lines = 0;
while(1){
$line = fgets ($handle);
if (!$line) { break; }
$lines++;
$place = explode("\t",$line);
if (count($place)==12) {
$rows = CS50::query(
"INSERT INTO places (country_code, postal_code, place_name, admin_name1, admin_code1, admin_name2, admin_code2, admin_name3, admin_code3, latitude, longitude, accuracy) VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
$place[0], $place[1], $place[2], $place[3], $place[4], $place[5],
$place[6], $place[7], $place[8], $place[9], $place[10], $place[11]
);
if ($rows == 1){
$added++;
}
}
}
fclose($handle);
print("Readed {$lines} lines\n");
print("Added to DB {$added} places\n");
?><file_sep>/* Assesses the difficulty of reading the text */
/* Build: gcc ../../vendor/cs50.c readability.c -o readability */
/*
Usage example:
input: Simple text.
output: Before Grade 1
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../../vendor/cs50.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
string s = get_string("Text: ");
int letters = 0;
int words = 0;
int sentences = 0;
for (int i = 0, length = strlen(s); i < length; i++)
{
int letter_code = (int)s[i];
if ((letter_code >= 97 && letter_code <= 122) || (letter_code >= 65 && letter_code <= 90))
{
letters++;
}
else if (letter_code == 32)
{
words++;
}
else if (letter_code == 33 || letter_code == 46 || letter_code == 63)
{
sentences++;
}
}
if (letters > 0)
{
words++;
}
float L = (letters * 100) / words;
float S = (sentences * 100) / words;
int grade = round(0.0588 * L - 0.296 * S - 15.8);
if (grade < 1)
{
printf("Before Grade 1\n");
}
else if (grade > 16)
{
printf("Grade 16+\n");
}
else
{
printf("Grade %i\n", grade);
}
}<file_sep>/* The application restores jpg images from a copy of the card */
/* Usage: recover card.raw */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
typedef uint8_t BYTE;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Usage: recover file\n");
return 1;
}
char *infile = argv[1];
char outfile[8];
FILE *outptr;
FILE *inptr;
BYTE buffer[512];
int files = 0;
int is_outfile_exist = 0;
inptr = fopen(infile, "r");
if (inptr == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open %s.\n", infile);
return 1;
}
while (fread(buffer, sizeof(BYTE), 512, inptr))
{
if (buffer[0] == 0xff && buffer[1] == 0xd8 && buffer[2] == 0xff && (buffer[3] & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
{
if (is_outfile_exist)
{
fclose(outptr);
}
sprintf(outfile, "%03i.jpg", files);
outptr = fopen(outfile, "w");
if (outptr == NULL)
{
fclose(inptr);
fprintf(stderr, "Could not create %s.\n", outfile);
return 1;
}
is_outfile_exist = 1;
files++;
}
if (is_outfile_exist)
{
fwrite(buffer, sizeof(BYTE) * 512, 1, outptr);
}
}
if (files > 0)
{
fclose(outptr);
}
fclose(inptr);
return 0;
}<file_sep><?php
/* Search matches in db for autocomplete location */
require(__DIR__ . "/../includes/config.php");
$query_limit = 20;
function send_search_result($places = [])
{
header("Content-type: application/json");
print(json_encode($places, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT));
exit;
}
if (!isset($_GET['geo'], $_GET['geo'])) {
http_response_code(400);
exit;
}
/* First, we look for a match of a key with one field. If nothing is found, we expand the search, looking for less exact matches. */
$key = trim($_GET['geo']);
$rows = CS50::query(
"SELECT * FROM places WHERE
country_code=? OR postal_code=? OR place_name LIKE ? OR admin_name1 LIKE ? OR admin_code1=?
LIMIT {$query_limit};",
$key,
$key,
$key . "%",
$key . "%",
$key
);
if (count($rows) > 0) {
send_search_result($rows);
}
$key = trim(str_replace(", ", "*, ", $_GET["geo"])) . "*";
$rows = CS50::query(
"SELECT * FROM places WHERE
MATCH(country_code, postal_code, place_name, admin_name1, admin_code1)
AGAINST(? IN BOOLEAN MODE)
LIMIT {$query_limit};",
$key
);
send_search_result($rows);<file_sep>/* Draws a pyramids of a given height */
/* Build: gcc ../../vendor/cs50.c mario.c -o mario */
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../../vendor/cs50.h"
int main(void)
{
int height;
do
{
height = get_int("Height: ");
} while (height < 1 || height > 8);
int line_length = (height * 2) + 2;
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j <= line_length; j++)
{
if ((j >= (height - i - 1) && j < height) || (j <= (height + 2 + i) && (j >= (height + 2))))
{
printf("#");
}
else
{
printf(" ");
}
}
if (i != height - 1)
{
printf("\n");
}
}
}<file_sep>#include "helpers.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
// Convert image to grayscale
void grayscale(int height, int width, RGBTRIPLE image[height][width])
{
RGBTRIPLE pixel;
int average;
for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < height; j++)
{
pixel = image[j][i];
average = round((pixel.rgbtBlue + pixel.rgbtGreen + pixel.rgbtRed) / 3);
pixel.rgbtBlue = average;
pixel.rgbtGreen = average;
pixel.rgbtRed = average;
image[j][i] = pixel;
}
}
return;
}
// Reflect image horizontally
void reflect(int height, int width, RGBTRIPLE image[height][width])
{
RGBTRIPLE pixel, tmp;
int middle = round(width / 2);
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < middle; j++)
{
pixel = image[i][j];
tmp = image[i][width - j];
image[i][width - j] = pixel;
image[i][j] = tmp;
}
}
return;
}
RGBTRIPLE blur_pixel(int i, int j, int height, int width, RGBTRIPLE image[height][width])
{
int r = 0;
int g = 0;
int b = 0;
int pixels = 0;
RGBTRIPLE point;
for (int y = i - 1; y <= i + 1; y++)
{
for (int x = j - 1; x <= j + 1; x++)
{
if (y >= 0 && y < height && x >= 0 && x < width)
{
point = image[y][x];
r += point.rgbtRed;
g += point.rgbtGreen;
b += point.rgbtBlue;
pixels++;
}
}
}
point.rgbtRed = round(r / pixels);
point.rgbtGreen = round(g / pixels);
point.rgbtBlue = round(b / pixels);
return point;
}
// Blur image
void blur(int height, int width, RGBTRIPLE image[height][width])
{
RGBTRIPLE pixel, tmp;
//so that blurry pixels do not affect the rest, save them first in a temporary image
RGBTRIPLE tmp_image[height][width];
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
{
tmp_image[i][j] = blur_pixel(i, j, height, width, image);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
{
image[i][j] = tmp_image[i][j];
}
}
return;
}
int sobel(int gx, int gy)
{
int color = round(sqrt(pow(gx, 2) + pow(gy, 2)));
if (color > 255)
{
return 255;
}
return color;
}
RGBTRIPLE edge_pixel(int i, int j, int height, int width, RGBTRIPLE image[height][width])
{
int rate_x[9] = {-1, 0, 1, -2, 0, 2, -1, 0, 1};
int rate_y[9] = {-1, -2, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1};
int rate_index = 0;
int gx_r = 0;
int gx_g = 0;
int gx_b = 0;
int gy_r = 0;
int gy_g = 0;
int gy_b = 0;
RGBTRIPLE point;
for (int y = i - 1; y <= i + 1; y++)
{
for (int x = j - 1; x <= j + 1; x++)
{
if (y >= 0 && y < height && x >= 0 && x < width)
{
point = image[y][x];
gx_r += point.rgbtRed * rate_x[rate_index];
gx_g += point.rgbtGreen * rate_x[rate_index];
gx_b += point.rgbtBlue * rate_x[rate_index];
gy_r += point.rgbtRed * rate_y[rate_index];
gy_g += point.rgbtGreen * rate_y[rate_index];
gy_b += point.rgbtBlue * rate_y[rate_index];
}
rate_index++;
}
}
point.rgbtRed = sobel(gx_r, gy_r);
point.rgbtGreen = sobel(gx_g, gy_g);
point.rgbtBlue = sobel(gx_b, gy_b);
return point;
}
// Detect edges
void edges(int height, int width, RGBTRIPLE image[height][width])
{
RGBTRIPLE pixel, tmp;
//so that modified pixels do not affect the rest, save them first in a temporary image
RGBTRIPLE tmp_image[height][width];
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
{
tmp_image[i][j] = edge_pixel(i, j, height, width, image);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < width; j++)
{
image[i][j] = tmp_image[i][j];
}
}
return;
}
<file_sep>### Problem sets from Harvard's online course CS50<file_sep><div class="container">
<h3>Sold</h3>
<p><?= "You successfully sold {$shares} shares." ?></p>
<p><?= "{$cash_gain}$ obtained." ?></p>
<p><?= "Current cash: {$cash_updated}$." ?></p>
</div>
<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET")
{
render("change_password.php", ["title" => "change password"]);
}
else if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
if (empty($_POST["new_password"]))
{
apologize("You must provide new password.");
}
else if (empty($_POST["old_password"]))
{
apologize("You must provide old password.");
}
else if ($_POST["new_password"]!=$_POST["confirmation"])
{
apologize("Password must be equal to confirmation.");
}
$id = get_user_id();
$rows = CS50::query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", $id);
if (count($rows) == 1)
{
$user = $rows[0];
if (password_verify($_POST["old_password"], $user["hash"]))
{
$new_hash = password_hash($_POST["new_password"], PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
$update_query_result = CS50::query(
"UPDATE users SET hash = ? WHERE id = ?",
$new_hash,
$id
);
if (count($update_query_result) == 1) {
render(
"report.php",
[
"title" => "Password changed!",
"header" => "Success!",
"message"=> "Password was successfuly changed."
]
);
}
}
}
apologize("Failed to change password.");
}
?>
<file_sep># CS50 Finance(PHP version)
A small web application for stock trading with several features:
* getting stock price through Alphavantage API
* storing user data in the database
* "buy"/"sell" shares
* transactions history
* user registration
* password change/restore
### Screenshots:
<img src="/pset7/readme/screen1.jpg" alt="Screenshot 1" width="400"/>
<img src="/pset7/readme/screen2.jpg" alt="Screenshot 2" width="400"/><file_sep>/* App determine the minimum number of coins required to issue change */
/* Build command: gcc ../../vendor/cs50.c cash.c -o cash */
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../../vendor/cs50.h"
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
float dollars;
do
{
dollars = get_float("Change owed: ");
} while (dollars < 0);
int cents = round(dollars * 100);
int coins = 0;
while (cents > 0)
{
if (cents >= 25)
{
cents -= 25;
}
else if (cents >= 10)
{
cents -= 10;
}
else if (cents >= 5)
{
cents -= 5;
}
else
{
cents -= 1;
}
coins++;
}
printf("%i\n", coins);
}<file_sep><div class="container">
<h1>Bought</h1>
<p><?= "You successfully bought ".htmlspecialchars($report["shares"])." shares of ".htmlspecialchars($report["symbol"])."." ?></p>
<p><?= "Cash spended: ".htmlspecialchars($report["cost"])."$." ?></p>
<p><?= "Current balance: ".htmlspecialchars($report["cash"])."$." ?></p>
</div>
<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET")
{
render("restore_password.php", ["title" => "Settings"]);
}
else if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
if (empty($_POST["username"]))
{
apologize("You must provide your username.");
}
if (empty($_POST["email"]))
{
apologize("You must provide your email.");
}
$user = CS50::query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?", $_POST["username"]);
if (count($user) != 1)
{
apologize("Username invalid.");
}
$user_email = $user[0]["email"];
if ($user_email !== $_POST["email"])
{
apologize("Email invalid.");
}
if (empty($user_email) || $user_email == NULL)
{
apologize("Your account dont have email for restore.");
}
$pwd = bin2hex(openssl_random_pseudo_bytes(4));
$pwd_hash = password_hash($pwd, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
$subject = "Password reseted!";
$message = "Your password was reseted. New password: <PASSWORD>}";
$is_mail_delivered = mail($user_email, $subject, $message);
if (!$is_mail_delivered )
{
apologize("Failed to deliver mail.");
}
CS50::query(
"UPDATE users SET hash = ? WHERE id = ?",
$pwd_hash,
$user[0]["id"]
);
render(
"report.php",
[
"title" => "Password reseted!",
"header" => "Password reseted!",
"message"=> "Password was reseted, new password sent to your email."
]
);
}
?><file_sep><div class="container">
<table class ="tab">
<tr class="tab-title">
<td>symbol</td>
<td>shares</td>
<td>price</td>
</tr>
<?php foreach ($positions as $position): ?>
<tr>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["symbol"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["shares"]) ?></td>
<td><?= htmlspecialchars($position["price"])."$" ?></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach ?>
<tr>
<td>cash:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="al-right"> <?= htmlspecialchars($cash)."$"?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>total:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="al-right"> <?= htmlspecialchars($total)."$"?></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<file_sep><div class="container">
<form action="sell.php" method="post">
<select class="form-item" name="symbol">
<option disabled>Choose symbol</option>
<?php foreach ($positions as $position): ?>
<option value="<?= htmlspecialchars($position["symbol"]) ?>">
<?= htmlspecialchars($position["name"])." (".htmlspecialchars($position["shares"])."x".htmlspecialchars($position["price"])."$)" ?>
</option>
<?php endforeach ?>
</select>
<input class="form-item" type="number" name="shares" min="0"value="0">
<input class="form-item" type="submit" value="Sell">
</form>
</div><file_sep>-- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump
-- version 4.0.8
-- http://www.phpmyadmin.net
--
-- Host: 127.0.0.1:3306
-- Generation Time: Mar 08, 2021 at 04:16 AM
-- Server version: 5.1.71-community-log
-- PHP Version: 5.5.4
SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET time_zone = "+00:00";
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
--
-- Database: `pset7`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- Table structure for table `history`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `history` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`user_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
`action` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`symbol` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`shares` decimal(65,4) unsigned NOT NULL,
`price` decimal(65,4) unsigned NOT NULL,
`time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=27 ;
--
-- Dumping data for table `history`
--
INSERT INTO `history` (`id`, `user_id`, `action`, `symbol`, `shares`, `price`, `time`) VALUES
(18, 20, 'buy', 'IBM', '20.0000', '122.5200', '2021-03-07 22:21:28'),
(19, 20, 'buy', 'FREE', '15.0000', '12.6000', '2021-03-07 22:21:39'),
(20, 20, 'sell', 'IBM', '4.0000', '122.5200', '2021-03-07 22:22:03'),
(21, 20, 'sell', 'IBM', '1.0000', '122.5200', '2021-03-07 22:22:13'),
(22, 20, 'buy', 'IBM', '10.0000', '122.5200', '2021-03-07 22:22:25'),
(23, 20, 'buy', 'IBM', '2.0000', '122.5200', '2021-03-07 23:40:30'),
(24, 20, 'sell', 'FREE', '1.0000', '12.6000', '2021-03-07 23:41:18'),
(25, 20, 'buy', 'IBM', '2.0000', '122.5200', '2021-03-08 00:10:48'),
(26, 20, 'sell', 'FREE', '4.0000', '12.6000', '2021-03-08 00:10:59');
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- Table structure for table `portfolios`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `portfolios` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`user_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
`symbol` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`shares` decimal(65,4) unsigned NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `user_id` (`user_id`,`symbol`),
UNIQUE KEY `user_id_2` (`user_id`,`symbol`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=25 ;
--
-- Dumping data for table `portfolios`
--
INSERT INTO `portfolios` (`id`, `user_id`, `symbol`, `shares`) VALUES
(20, 20, 'IBM', '29.0000'),
(21, 20, 'FREE', '10.0000');
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- Table structure for table `users`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `users` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`username` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`hash` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`cash` decimal(65,4) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.0000',
`email` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=21 ;
--
-- Dumping data for table `users`
--
INSERT INTO `users` (`id`, `username`, `hash`, `cash`, `email`) VALUES
(1, 'andi', '$2y$10$c.e4DK7pVyLT.stmHxgAleWq4yViMmkwKz3x8XCo4b/u3r8g5OTnS', '10000.0000', NULL),
(2, 'caesar', '$2y$10$0p2dlmu6HnhzEMf9UaUIfuaQP7tFVDMxgFcVs0irhGqhOxt6hJFaa', '10000.0000', NULL),
(3, 'eli', '$2y$10$COO6EnTVrCPCEddZyWeEJeH9qPCwPkCS0jJpusNiru.XpRN6Jf7HW', '11500.0000', NULL),
(4, 'hdan', '$2y$10$o9a4ZoHqVkVHSno6j.k34.wC.qzgeQTBHiwa3rpnLq7j2PlPJHo1G', '10000.0000', NULL),
(5, 'jason', '$2y$10$ci2zwcWLJmSSqyhCnHKUF.AjoysFMvlIb1w4zfmCS7/WaOrmBnLNe', '10000.0000', NULL),
(6, 'john', '$2y$10$dy.LVhWgoxIQHAgfCStWietGdJCPjnNrxKNRs5twGcMrQvAPPIxSy', '10000.0000', NULL),
(7, 'levatich', '$2y$10$fBfk7L/QFiplffZdo6etM.096pt4Oyz2imLSp5s8HUAykdLXaz6MK', '10000.0000', NULL),
(8, 'rob', '$2y$10$3pRWcBbGdAdzdDiVVybKSeFq6C50g80zyPRAxcsh2t5UnwAkG.I.2', '10000.0000', NULL),
(9, 'skroob', '$2y$10$jhQWywLaQojJo8tGWOAWauTXue5De2WtTymKEp.aSy.DExXo/vbU6', '1129.4700', NULL),
(10, 'zamyla', '$2y$10$UOaRF0LGOaeHG4oaEkfO4O7vfI34B1W23WqHr9zCpXL68hfQsS3/e', '10000.0000', NULL),
(20, 'test', '$2y$10$qYcyifCabWUmsecZQUaGQuiuiRrd4zw14XIYJmFFkvlX7G/mEPmui', '6320.9200', '');
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
<file_sep>// Helper functions for music
#include "helpers.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// Converts a fraction formatted as X/Y to eighths
int duration(string fraction)
{
int numerator = (int)fraction[0] - 48;
int denominator = (int)fraction[2]- 48;
int duration = numerator * (8/denominator);
return duration;
}
// Calculates frequency (in Hz) of a note
int frequency(string note)
{
const string BASE_NOTES[] = {"C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "A", "B"};
// Difference semitons from A to note from BASE_NOTES
const int semitones_from_A[] = {-9, -7, -5, -4, -2, 0, 2};
const int A4_FREQUENCY = 440;
int note_letter = toupper(note[0]);
int current_letter;
int is_note_finded = 0;
int semitones = 0;
for (int i = 0, n = sizeof(BASE_NOTES) / sizeof(string); i < n; i++)
{
current_letter = (int) BASE_NOTES[i][0];
if (current_letter == note_letter)
{
is_note_finded = 1;
semitones = semitones_from_A[i];
}
}
if (!is_note_finded)
{
printf("Incorect note input\n");
}
if (note[1] == '#')
{
semitones++;
}
if (note[1] == 'b')
{
semitones--;
}
int octave;
if (isdigit(note[1]))
{
octave = (int)note[1] - 48;
}
else
{
octave = (int)note[2] - 48;
}
double frequency = A4_FREQUENCY;
double exponent = (double) abs(semitones)/12;
if (semitones>=0)
{
frequency *= pow(2.0, exponent);
}else
{
frequency /= pow(2.0, exponent);
}
if (octave>4)
{
frequency*=pow(2.0, (double)(octave-4));
}
else
{
frequency/=pow(2.0, (double)(4-octave));
}
return (int)frequency;
}
// Determines whether a string represents a rest
bool is_rest(string s)
{
if (s[0]=='\0' || s[0]=='\r' || s[0]=='\n')
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
<file_sep><h3><?= htmlspecialchars($header) ?></h3>
<p><?= htmlspecialchars($message) ?></p>
<file_sep>/* global google */
/* global _ */
/**
* scripts.js
*
* Computer Science 50
* Problem Set 8
*
* Global JavaScript.
*/
// Google Map
let map;
// markers for map
let markers = [];
//remember last marker for close window instead of reopening
let prevMarker = false;
// info window
let info = new google.maps.InfoWindow();
let news = [];
let newsStart = 0;
let newsLimit = 5;
// execute when the DOM is fully loaded
$(function () {
// styles for map
// https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/styling
let styles = [
// hide Google's labels
{
featureType: "all",
elementType: "labels",
stylers: [
{ visibility: "off" }
]
},
// hide roads
{
featureType: "road",
elementType: "geometry",
stylers: [
{ visibility: "off" }
]
}
];
// options for map
// https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/reference#MapOptions
let options = {
center: { lat: 42.3770, lng: -71.1256 },
disableDefaultUI: true,
mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP,
maxZoom: 14,
panControl: true,
styles: styles,
zoom: 13,
zoomControl: true
};
// get DOM node in which map will be instantiated
let canvas = $("#map-canvas").get(0);
// instantiate map
map = new google.maps.Map(canvas, options);
// configure UI once Google Map is idle (i.e., loaded)
google.maps.event.addListenerOnce(map, "idle", configure);
});
function getMarkerClickHandler(marker) {
return () => {
if (prevMarker == marker) {
if (isInfoWindowOpen()) {
hideInfo();
} else {
info.open(map, marker);
}
} else {
hideInfo();
info.setContent("<div id='info'><img alt='loading' src='img/ajax-loader.gif'/><div>");
info.open(map, marker);
newsStart = 0;
loadArticles(marker.postal_code, refreshInfowindowData);
}
prevMarker = marker;
};
}
function addMarker(place) {
let myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(place.latitude, place.longitude);
let marker = new google.maps.Marker({
position: myLatlng,
title: place.place_name,
postal_code: place.postal_code,
});
marker.addListener("click", getMarkerClickHandler(marker));
marker.setMap(map);
markers.push(marker);
}
/**
* Configures application.
*/
function configure() {
// update UI after map has been dragged
google.maps.event.addListener(map, "dragend", function () {
update();
});
// update UI after zoom level changes
google.maps.event.addListener(map, "zoom_changed", function () {
update();
});
// configure typeahead
// https://github.com/twitter/typeahead.js/blob/master/doc/jquery_typeahead.md
$("#q").typeahead({
autoselect: true,
highlight: true,
minLength: 1
},
{
source: search,
templates: {
empty: "<p class='tip'>No places found yet</p>",
suggestion: _.template("<p class='tip'><%- place_name %>, <%- admin_name1 %>, <%- postal_code %></p>")
}
});
// re-center map after place is selected from drop-down
$("#q").on("typeahead:selected", function (eventObject, suggestion, name) {
// ensure coordinates are numbers
let latitude = (_.isNumber(suggestion.latitude)) ? suggestion.latitude : parseFloat(suggestion.latitude);
let longitude = (_.isNumber(suggestion.longitude)) ? suggestion.longitude : parseFloat(suggestion.longitude);
// set map's center
map.setCenter({ lat: latitude, lng: longitude });
// update UI
update();
});
// hide info window when text box has focus
$("#q").focus(function (eventData) {
hideInfo();
});
document.addEventListener("contextmenu", function (event) {
event.returnValue = true;
if (event.preventDefault != undefined)
event.preventDefault();
if (event.stopPropagation != undefined)
event.stopPropagation();
}, true);
// update UI
update();
// give focus to text box
$("#q").focus();
}
function hideInfo() {
newsStart = 0;
info.close();
}
function removeMarkers() {
markers.forEach(marker => {
marker.setMap(null);
});
markers = [];
}
/**
* Searches database for typeahead's suggestions.
*/
function search(query, cb) {
// get places matching query (asynchronously)
let parameters = {
geo: query
};
$.getJSON("search.php", parameters)
.done(function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) {
// call typeahead's callback with search results (i.e., places)
cb(data);
})
.fail(function (jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) {
console.log(errorThrown.toString());
});
}
/**
* Updates UI's markers.
*/
function update() {
// get map's bounds
let bounds = map.getBounds();
let ne = bounds.getNorthEast();
let sw = bounds.getSouthWest();
// get places within bounds (asynchronously)
let parameters = {
ne: ne.lat() + "," + ne.lng(),
q: $("#q").val(),
sw: sw.lat() + "," + sw.lng()
};
$.getJSON("update.php", parameters)
.done(function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) {
removeMarkers();
for (let i = 0, len = data.length; i < len; i++) {
addMarker(data[i]);
}
})
.fail(function (jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) {
console.log(errorThrown.toString());
});
}
function loadArticles(geo, cb) {
let parameters = {
geo: geo
};
$.getJSON("articles.php", parameters)
.done(function (data, textStatus, jqXHR) {
cb(data);
})
.fail(function (jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) {
cb([]);
});
}
function getInfowindowContent(data, start) {
let content = "<ul class='info-list'>";
for (let i = start, len = data.length; i < len && i < start + newsLimit; i++) {
const article = data[i];
content += `<li><a href='${article.link}' target='_blank'>${article.title}</a></li>`;
}
content += "</ul>"
if (data.length > start + newsLimit) {
content += "<button onclick='moreNews()' type='button' class='btn btn-primary info-list-btn'>More</button>";
} else {
content += "<button onclick='hideInfo()' type='button' class='btn btn-danger info-list-btn'>Close</button>";
}
return content;
}
function refreshInfowindowData(data, start = 0) {
news = data;
let content = getInfowindowContent(data, start);
info.setContent(content);
}
function moreNews() {
if (newsStart < news.length - newsLimit) {
newsStart += newsLimit;
} else {
newsStart = 0;
}
if (info) {
refreshInfowindowData(news, newsStart);
}
}
function isInfoWindowOpen() {
let map = info.getMap();
return (map !== null && typeof map !== "undefined");
}<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
$id = get_user_id();
$user_history = CS50::query("SELECT * FROM history WHERE user_id = ?", $id);
if (count($user_history)> 0){
$positions = [];
foreach ($user_history as $row)
{
$splitTimeStamp = explode(" ", $row["time"]);
$positions[] = [
"action" => $row["action"],
"symbol" => $row["symbol"],
"shares" => number_format($row["shares"], 2, '.', ''),
"price" => number_format($row["price"], 2, '.', ''),
"date" => $splitTimeStamp[0],
"time" => $splitTimeStamp[1]
];
}
render(
"history.php",
[
"title" => "History",
"positions" => $positions
]
);
}
render(
"report.php",
[
"title" => "History",
"header" => "History",
"message"=> "History is empty."
]
);
?><file_sep>-- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump
-- version 4.0.8
-- http://www.phpmyadmin.net
--
-- Host: 127.0.0.1:3306
-- Generation Time: Mar 22, 2021 at 11:48 PM
-- Server version: 5.1.71-community-log
-- PHP Version: 5.5.4
SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET time_zone = "+00:00";
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
--
-- Database: `pset8`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- Table structure for table `places`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `places` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`country_code` char(2) NOT NULL,
`postal_code` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`place_name` varchar(180) NOT NULL,
`admin_name1` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`admin_code1` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`admin_name2` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`admin_code2` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`admin_name3` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`admin_code3` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`latitude` decimal(7,4) NOT NULL,
`longitude` decimal(7,4) NOT NULL,
`accuracy` tinyint(4) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `country_code` (`country_code`),
KEY `postal_code` (`postal_code`),
KEY `place_name` (`place_name`),
KEY `admin_name1` (`admin_name1`),
KEY `admin_code1` (`admin_code1`),
KEY `admin_name2` (`admin_name2`),
KEY `admin_code2` (`admin_code2`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
<file_sep>/* Determines the type of payment card by number */
/* Usage example: input: 4003600000000014 output:VISA */
/* Build: gcc ../../vendor/cs50.c credit.c -o credit */
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../../vendor/cs50.h"
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
long long number;
do
{
number = get_long_long("Number: ");
} while (number <= 999999999999 || number >= 10000000000000000);
int digit;
int last_summ_digit;
int first_digit;
int second_digit;
int count = 0;
int summ = 0;
long long n = number;
while (n >= 0)
{
//get digits from end of card number
if (n > 10)
{
digit = n % 10;
n = floor(n / 10);
}
else
{
digit = n;
n = -1;
}
//count summ of digits
if (count % 2 == 0)
{
summ += digit;
}
else
{
digit *= 2;
if (digit < 10)
{
summ += digit;
}
else
{
summ = summ + floor(digit / 10) + (digit % 10);
}
}
count++;
last_summ_digit = summ % 10;
}
first_digit = number / (pow(10, (count - 1)));
second_digit = number / (pow(10, (count - 2))) - first_digit * 10;
if (last_summ_digit == 0 && count == 15 && first_digit == 3 &&
(second_digit == 4 || second_digit == 7))
{
printf("AMEX\n");
}
else if (last_summ_digit == 0 && count == 16 && first_digit == 5 && (second_digit >= 1 && second_digit <= 5))
{
printf("MASTERCARD\n");
}
else if (last_summ_digit == 0 && (count == 13 || count == 16) && first_digit == 4)
{
printf("VISA\n");
}
else
{
printf("INVALID\n");
}
}<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET")
{
render("quote_form.php", ["title" => "Search symbol"]);
}
else if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
if (empty($_POST["symbol"]))
{
apologize("You must provide symbol.");
}
$stock = lookup($_POST["symbol"]);
if (!$stock) {
apologize("Symbol not finded.");
}
$price = number_format($stock["price"], 2, '.', '');
render(
"quote.php",
[
"title" => "Symbol information",
"name" => $stock["name"],
"price" =>$price
]
);
}
?>
<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
$id = get_user_id();
$user_cash = CS50::query("SELECT cash FROM users WHERE id = ?", $id);
if (count($user_cash) == 0){
apologize("User not finded.");
}
$cash = number_format($user_cash[0]["cash"], 2, '.', '');
$portfolios = CS50::query("SELECT * FROM portfolios WHERE user_id = ?", $id);
if (count($portfolios) == 0){
render(
"report.php",
[
"title" => "Portfolio",
"header" => "Portfolio",
"message"=> "Your portfolio is empty. Current balance: {$cash}$"
]
);
}
$total=0;
$positions = [];
foreach ($portfolios as $portfolio)
{
$stock = lookup($portfolio["symbol"]);
if (!$stock)
{
apologize("Symbol not finded.");
}
$positions[] = [
"name" => $stock["name"],
"price" => $stock["price"],
"shares" => $portfolio["shares"],
"symbol" => $portfolio["symbol"]
];
$total+=$stock["price"]*$portfolio["shares"];
}
$total+=$cash;
render(
"portfolio.php",
[
"positions" => $positions,
"title" => "Portfolio",
"cash"=>$cash,
"total"=>$total
]
);
?>
<file_sep><?php
require("../includes/config.php");
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET")
{
render("register_form.php", ["title" => "Register"]);
}
else if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
if (empty($_POST["username"]))
{
apologize("You must provide your username.");
}
else if (empty($_POST["password"]))
{
apologize("You must provide your password.");
}
else if ($_POST["password"]!=$_POST["confirmation"])
{
apologize("Password must be equal to confirmation.");
}
//email must be empty or valid
if (!empty($_POST["email"]) && !filter_var($_POST["email"], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
apologize("Invalid email.");
}
$insert_query_result = CS50::query(
"INSERT IGNORE INTO users (username, hash, cash, email) VALUES(?, ?, 10000.0000, ?)",
$_POST["username"],
password_hash($_POST["<PASSWORD>"], PASSWORD_DEFAULT),
$_POST["email"]
);
if($insert_query_result == 0){
apologize("Username already exists");
}
$rows = CS50::query("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID() AS id");
if (count($rows) == 1){
$_SESSION["id"] = $rows[0]["id"];
redirect("index.php");
}
}
?>
|
95ca261a2fa68c8d79387b38f68003370d57b02d
|
[
"SQL",
"Markdown",
"JavaScript",
"PHP",
"C"
] | 31
|
C
|
lytsy/cs50
|
17a88d5c2efa58227f785e51d2a0a491df88265f
|
1efe60ab6203d58fbfb4d54679400811ab534d33
|
refs/heads/2.1.x
|
<repo_name>denpamusic/php-bitcoinrpc<file_sep>/src/Responses/Response.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\Message;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
abstract class Response implements ResponseInterface
{
use Message;
/**
* Response instance.
*
* @var \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
protected $response;
/**
* Data container.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $container = [];
/**
* Constructs new json response.
*
* @param \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface $response
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(ResponseInterface $response)
{
$this->response = $response;
$this->container = json_decode((string) $response->getBody(), true);
}
/**
* Gets raw response.
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
public function response(): ResponseInterface
{
return $this->response;
}
/**
* Sets response.
*
* @param \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface $response
*
* @return self
*/
public function setResponse(ResponseInterface $response): self
{
$this->response = $response;
return $this;
}
/**
* Checks if response has error.
*
* @return bool
*/
public function hasError(): bool
{
return isset($this->container['error']);
}
/**
* Gets error object.
*
* @return array|null
*/
public function error(): ?array
{
return $this->container['error'] ?? null;
}
/**
* Checks if response has result.
*
* @return bool
*/
public function hasResult(): bool
{
return isset($this->container['result']);
}
/**
* Gets result array.
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function result()
{
return $this->container['result'] ?? null;
}
/**
* Get response status code.
*
* @return int
*/
public function getStatusCode(): int
{
return $this->response->getStatusCode();
}
/**
* Return an instance with the specified status code and, optionally, reason phrase.
*
* @param int $code
* @param string $reasonPhrase
*
* @return self
*/
public function withStatus($code, $reasonPhrase = ''): self
{
$new = clone $this;
return $new->setResponse(
$this->response->withStatus($code, $reasonPhrase)
);
}
/**
* Gets the response reason phrase associated with the status code.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getReasonPhrase(): string
{
return $this->response->getReasonPhrase();
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/FunctionsTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests;
use Denpa\Bitcoin;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadConfigurationException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\Handler as ExceptionHandler;
class FunctionsTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Test satoshi to btc converter.
*
* @param int $satoshi
* @param string $bitcoin
*
* @return void
*
* @dataProvider satoshiBtcProvider
*/
public function testToBtc(int $satoshi, string $bitcoin): void
{
$this->assertEquals($bitcoin, Bitcoin\to_bitcoin($satoshi));
}
/**
* Test bitcoin to satoshi converter.
*
* @param int $satoshi
* @param string $bitcoin
*
* @return void
*
* @dataProvider satoshiBtcProvider
*/
public function testToSatoshi(int $satoshi, string $bitcoin): void
{
$this->assertEquals($satoshi, Bitcoin\to_satoshi($bitcoin));
}
/**
* Test bitcoin to ubtc/bits converter.
*
* @param int $ubtc
* @param string $bitcoin
*
* @return void
*
* @dataProvider bitsBtcProvider
*/
public function testToBits(int $ubtc, string $bitcoin): void
{
$this->assertEquals($ubtc, Bitcoin\to_ubtc($bitcoin));
}
/**
* Test bitcoin to mbtc converter.
*
* @param float $mbtc
* @param string $bitcoin
*
* @return void
*
* @dataProvider mbtcBtcProvider
*/
public function testToMbtc(float $mbtc, string $bitcoin): void
{
$this->assertEquals($mbtc, Bitcoin\to_mbtc($bitcoin));
}
/**
* Test float to fixed converter.
*
* @param float $float
* @param int $precision
* @param string $expected
*
* @return void
*
* @dataProvider floatProvider
*/
public function testToFixed(
float $float,
int $precision,
string $expected
): void {
$this->assertSame($expected, Bitcoin\to_fixed($float, $precision));
}
/**
* Test url parser.
*
* @param string $url
* @param string $scheme
* @param string $host
* @param int|null $port
* @param string|null $user
* @param string|null $password
*
* @return void
*
* @dataProvider urlProvider
*/
public function testSplitUrl(
string $url,
string $scheme,
string $host,
?int $port,
?string $user,
?string $pass
): void {
$parts = Bitcoin\split_url($url);
$this->assertEquals($parts['scheme'], $scheme);
$this->assertEquals($parts['host'], $host);
foreach (['port', 'user', 'pass'] as $part) {
if (!is_null(${$part})) {
$this->assertEquals($parts[$part], ${$part});
}
}
}
/**
* Test url parser with invalid url.
*
* @return array
*/
public function testSplitUrlWithInvalidUrl(): void
{
$this->expectException(BadConfigurationException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Invalid url');
Bitcoin\split_url('cookies!');
}
/**
* Test exception handler helper.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testExceptionHandlerHelper(): void
{
$this->assertInstanceOf(ExceptionHandler::class, Bitcoin\exception());
}
/**
* Provides url strings and parts.
*
* @return array
*/
public function urlProvider(): array
{
return [
['https://localhost', 'https', 'localhost', null, null, null],
['https://localhost:8000', 'https', 'localhost', 8000, null, null],
['http://localhost', 'http', 'localhost', null, null, null],
['http://localhost:8000', 'http', 'localhost', 8000, null, null],
['http://testuser@127.0.0.1:8000/', 'http', '127.0.0.1', 8000, 'testuser', null],
['http://testuser:testpass@localhost:8000', 'http', 'localhost', 8000, 'testuser', '<PASSWORD>'],
];
}
/**
* Provides satoshi and bitcoin values.
*
* @return array
*/
public function satoshiBtcProvider(): array
{
return [
[1000, '0.00001000'],
[2500, '0.00002500'],
[-1000, '-0.00001000'],
[100000000, '1.00000000'],
[150000000, '1.50000000'],
[2100000000000000, '21000000.00000000'],
];
}
/**
* Provides satoshi and ubtc/bits values.
*
* @return array
*/
public function bitsBtcProvider(): array
{
return [
[10, '0.00001000'],
[25, '0.00002500'],
[-10, '-0.00001000'],
[1000000, '1.00000000'],
[1500000, '1.50000000'],
];
}
/**
* Provides satoshi and mbtc values.
*
* @return array
*/
public function mbtcBtcProvider(): array
{
return [
[0.01, '0.00001000'],
[0.025, '0.00002500'],
[-0.01, '-0.00001000'],
[1000, '1.00000000'],
[1500, '1.50000000'],
];
}
/**
* Provides float values with precision and result.
*
* @return array
*/
public function floatProvider(): array
{
return [
[1.2345678910, 0, '1'],
[1.2345678910, 2, '1.23'],
[1.2345678910, 4, '1.2345'],
[1.2345678910, 8, '1.23456789'],
];
}
}
<file_sep>/src/functions.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadConfigurationException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\Handler as ExceptionHandler;
if (!function_exists('to_bitcoin')) {
/**
* Converts from satoshi to bitcoin.
*
* @param int $satoshi
*
* @return string
*/
function to_bitcoin(int $satoshi): string
{
return bcdiv((string) $satoshi, (string) 1e8, 8);
}
}
if (!function_exists('to_satoshi')) {
/**
* Converts from bitcoin to satoshi.
*
* @param string|float $bitcoin
*
* @return string
*/
function to_satoshi($bitcoin): string
{
return bcmul(to_fixed($bitcoin, 8), (string) 1e8);
}
}
if (!function_exists('to_ubtc')) {
/**
* Converts from bitcoin to ubtc/bits.
*
* @param string|float $bitcoin
*
* @return string
*/
function to_ubtc($bitcoin): string
{
return bcmul(to_fixed($bitcoin, 8), (string) 1e6, 4);
}
}
if (!function_exists('to_mbtc')) {
/**
* Converts from bitcoin to mbtc.
*
* @param string|float $bitcoin
*
* @return string
*/
function to_mbtc($bitcoin): string
{
return bcmul(to_fixed($bitcoin, 8), (string) 1e3, 4);
}
}
if (!function_exists('to_fixed')) {
/**
* Brings number to fixed precision without rounding.
*
* @param string $number
* @param int $precision
*
* @return string
*/
function to_fixed(string $number, int $precision = 8): string
{
$number = bcmul($number, (string) pow(10, $precision));
return bcdiv($number, (string) pow(10, $precision), $precision);
}
}
if (!function_exists('split_url')) {
/**
* Splits url into parts.
*
* @param string $url
*
* @return array
*/
function split_url(string $url): array
{
$allowed = ['scheme', 'host', 'port', 'user', 'pass'];
$parts = (array) parse_url($url);
$parts = array_intersect_key($parts, array_flip($allowed));
if (!$parts || empty($parts)) {
throw new BadConfigurationException(
['url' => $url],
'Invalid url'
);
}
return $parts;
}
}
if (!function_exists('exception')) {
/**
* Gets exception handler instance.
*
* @return \Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\Handler
*/
function exception(): ExceptionHandler
{
return ExceptionHandler::getInstance();
}
}
set_exception_handler([ExceptionHandler::getInstance(), 'handle']);
<file_sep>/tests/TestCase.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\BitcoindResponse;
use GuzzleHttp\Client as GuzzleClient;
use GuzzleHttp\Exception\RequestException;
use GuzzleHttp\Handler\MockHandler;
use GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack;
use GuzzleHttp\Middleware;
use GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Response;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\UriInterface;
use stdClass;
abstract class TestCase extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
{
/**
* Set-up test environment.
*
* @return void
*/
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->history = [];
}
/**
* Block header response.
*
* @var array
*/
protected static $getBlockResponse = [
'hash' => '000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f',
'confirmations' => 449162,
'height' => null,
'version' => 1,
'versionHex' => '00000001',
'merkleroot' => '4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b',
'time' => 1231006505,
'mediantime' => 1231006505,
'nonce' => 2083236893,
'bits' => '1d00ffff',
'difficulty' => 1,
'chainwork' => '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100010001',
'nextblockhash' => '00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048',
'tx' => [
'bedb088c480e5f7424a958350f2389c839d17e27dae13643632159b9e7c05482',
'59b36164c777b34aee28ef623ec34700371d33ff011244d8ee22d02b0547c13b',
'ead6116a07f2a6911ac93eb0ae00ce05d49c7bb288f2fb9c338819e85414cf2c',
null,
],
'test1' => [
'test2' => [
'test4' => [
'amount' => 3,
],
],
'test3' => [
'test5' => [
'amount' => 4,
],
],
],
];
/**
* Transaction error response.
*
* @var array
*/
protected static $rawTransactionError = [
'code' => -5,
'message' => 'No information available about transaction',
];
/**
* Balance response.
*
* @var float
*/
protected static $balanceResponse = 0.1;
/**
* Get error 500 message.
*
* @return string
*/
protected function error500(): string
{
return 'Server error: `POST /` '.
'resulted in a `500 Internal Server Error` response';
}
/**
* Get Closure mock.
*
* @param array $with
*
* @return callable
*/
protected function mockCallable(array $with = []): callable
{
$callable = $this->getMockBuilder(stdClass::class)
->setMethods(['__invoke'])
->getMock();
$callable->expects($this->once())
->method('__invoke')
->with(...$with);
return $callable;
}
/**
* Get Guzzle mock client.
*
* @param array $queue
* @param \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack $handler
*
* @return \GuzzleHttp\Client
*/
protected function mockGuzzle(
array $queue = [],
HandlerStack $handler = null
): GuzzleClient {
$handler = $handler ?: $this->bitcoind->getClient()->getConfig('handler');
if ($handler) {
$middleware = Middleware::history($this->history);
$handler->push($middleware);
$handler->setHandler(new MockHandler($queue));
}
return new GuzzleClient([
'handler' => $handler,
]);
}
/**
* Make block header response.
*
* @param int $code
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
protected function getBlockResponse(int $code = 200): ResponseInterface
{
$json = json_encode([
'result' => self::$getBlockResponse,
'error' => null,
'id' => 0,
]);
return new Response($code, [], $json);
}
/**
* Get getbalance command response.
*
* @param int $code
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
protected function getBalanceResponse(int $code = 200): ResponseInterface
{
$json = json_encode([
'result' => self::$balanceResponse,
'error' => null,
'id' => 0,
]);
return new Response($code, [], $json);
}
/**
* Make raw transaction error response.
*
* @param int $code
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
protected function rawTransactionError(int $code = 500): ResponseInterface
{
$json = json_encode([
'result' => null,
'error' => self::$rawTransactionError,
'id' => 0,
]);
return new Response($code, [], $json);
}
/**
* Return exception with response.
*
* @return callable
*/
protected function requestExceptionWithResponse(): callable
{
$exception = function ($request) {
return new RequestException(
'test',
$request,
new BitcoindResponse($this->rawTransactionError())
);
};
return $exception;
}
/**
* Return exception without response.
*
* @return callable
*/
protected function requestExceptionWithoutResponse(): callable
{
$exception = function ($request) {
return new RequestException('test', $request);
};
return $exception;
}
/**
* Make request body.
*
* @param string $method
* @param int $id
* @param mixed $params,...
*
* @return array
*/
protected function makeRequestBody(
string $method,
int $id,
...$params
): array {
return [
'method' => $method,
'params' => (array) $params,
'id' => $id,
];
}
/**
* Get request url from history.
*
* @param int $index
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\UriInterface|null
*/
protected function getHistoryRequestUri(int $index = 0): ?UriInterface
{
if (isset($this->history[$index])) {
return $this->history[$index]['request']->getUri();
}
}
/**
* Get request body from history.
*
* @param int $index
*
* @return mixed
*/
protected function getHistoryRequestBody(int $index = 0)
{
if (isset($this->history[$index])) {
return json_decode(
$this->history[$index]['request']->getBody()->getContents(),
true
);
}
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Traits/HandlesAsync.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits;
use Exception;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
trait HandlesAsync
{
/**
* Handles async request success.
*
* @param \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface $response
* @param callable|null $callback
*
* @return void
*/
protected function onSuccess(ResponseInterface $response, ?callable $callback = null): void
{
if (!is_null($callback)) {
$callback($response);
}
}
/**
* Handles async request failure.
*
* @param \Exception $exception
* @param callable|null $callback
*
* @return void
*/
protected function onError(Exception $exception, ?callable $callback = null): void
{
if (!is_null($callback)) {
$callback($exception);
}
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/Exceptions/BadConfigurationExceptionTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadConfigurationException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\TestCase;
class BadConfigurationExceptionTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Set-up test environment.
*
* @return void
*/
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->config = ['test' => 'value'];
}
/**
* Test trowing exception.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testThrow(): void
{
$this->expectException(BadConfigurationException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Test message');
$this->expectExceptionCode(1);
throw new BadConfigurationException($this->config, 'Test message', 1);
}
/**
* Test config getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetConfig(): void
{
$exception = new BadConfigurationException($this->config);
$this->assertEquals($this->config, $exception->getConfig());
}
/**
* Test constructor parameters getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetConstructionParameters(): void
{
$exception = new FakeBadConfigurationException($this->config);
$this->assertEquals(
[
$exception->getConfig(),
$exception->getMessage(),
$exception->getCode(),
],
$exception->getConstructorParameters()
);
}
}
class FakeBadConfigurationException extends BadConfigurationException
{
public function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return parent::getConstructorParameters();
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/ClientTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Client as BitcoinClient;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Config;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\BitcoindResponse;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\Response;
use GuzzleHttp\Client as GuzzleHttp;
use GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Response as GuzzleResponse;
class ClientTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Set-up test environment.
*
* @return void
*/
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->bitcoind = new BitcoinClient();
}
/**
* Test client getter and setter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testClientSetterGetter(): void
{
$bitcoind = new BitcoinClient('http://old_client.org');
$this->assertInstanceOf(BitcoinClient::class, $bitcoind);
$base_uri = $bitcoind->getClient()->getConfig('base_uri');
$this->assertEquals($base_uri->getHost(), 'old_client.org');
$oldClient = $bitcoind->getClient();
$this->assertInstanceOf(GuzzleHttp::class, $oldClient);
$newClient = new GuzzleHttp(['base_uri' => 'http://new_client.org']);
$bitcoind->setClient($newClient);
$base_uri = $bitcoind->getClient()->getConfig('base_uri');
$this->assertEquals($base_uri->getHost(), 'new_client.org');
}
/**
* Test preserve method name case config option.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testPreserveCaseOption(): void
{
$bitcoind = new BitcoinClient(['preserve_case' => true]);
$bitcoind->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBlockResponse()]));
$bitcoind->getBlockHeader();
$request = $this->getHistoryRequestBody();
$this->assertEquals($this->makeRequestBody(
'getBlockHeader',
$request['id']
), $request);
}
/**
* Test client config getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetConfig(): void
{
$this->assertInstanceOf(Config::class, $this->bitcoind->getConfig());
}
/**
* Test simple request.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRequest(): void
{
$response = $this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBlockResponse()]))
->request(
'getblockheader',
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
);
$request = $this->getHistoryRequestBody();
$this->assertEquals($this->makeRequestBody(
'getblockheader',
$request['id'],
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
), $request);
$this->assertEquals(self::$getBlockResponse, $response->get());
}
/**
* Test multiwallet request.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testMultiWalletRequest(): void
{
$wallet = 'testwallet.dat';
$response = $this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBalanceResponse()]))
->wallet($wallet)
->request('getbalance');
$this->assertEquals(self::$balanceResponse, $response->get());
$this->assertEquals(
$this->getHistoryRequestUri()->getPath(),
"/wallet/$wallet"
);
}
/**
* Test async multiwallet request.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testMultiWalletAsyncRequest(): void
{
$wallet = 'testwallet2.dat';
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBalanceResponse()]))
->wallet($wallet)
->requestAsync('getbalance', []);
$this->bitcoind->wait();
$this->assertEquals(
$this->getHistoryRequestUri()->getPath(),
"/wallet/$wallet"
);
}
/**
* Test async request.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testAsyncRequest(): void
{
$onFulfilled = $this->mockCallable([
$this->callback(function (BitcoindResponse $response) {
return $response->get() == self::$getBlockResponse;
}),
]);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBlockResponse()]))
->requestAsync(
'getblockheader',
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f',
function ($response) use ($onFulfilled) {
$onFulfilled($response);
}
);
$this->bitcoind->wait();
$request = $this->getHistoryRequestBody();
$this->assertEquals($this->makeRequestBody(
'getblockheader',
$request['id'],
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
), $request);
}
/**
* Test magic request.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testMagic(): void
{
$response = $this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBlockResponse()]))
->getBlockHeader(
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
);
$request = $this->getHistoryRequestBody();
$this->assertEquals($this->makeRequestBody(
'getblockheader',
$request['id'],
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
), $request);
}
/**
* Test magic request.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testAsyncMagic(): void
{
$onFulfilled = $this->mockCallable([
$this->callback(function (BitcoindResponse $response) {
return $response->get() == self::$getBlockResponse;
}),
]);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->getBlockResponse()]))
->getBlockHeaderAsync(
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f',
function ($response) use ($onFulfilled) {
$onFulfilled($response);
}
);
$this->bitcoind->wait();
$request = $this->getHistoryRequestBody();
$this->assertEquals($this->makeRequestBody(
'getblockheader',
$request['id'],
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
), $request);
}
/**
* Test bitcoind exception.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testBitcoindException(): void
{
$this->expectException(Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage(self::$rawTransactionError['message']);
$this->expectExceptionCode(self::$rawTransactionError['code']);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->rawTransactionError(200)]))
->getRawTransaction(
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b'
);
}
/**
* Test request exception with error code.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRequestExceptionWithServerErrorCode(): void
{
$this->expectException(Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage(self::$rawTransactionError['message']);
$this->expectExceptionCode(self::$rawTransactionError['code']);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->rawTransactionError(200)]))
->getRawTransaction(
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b'
);
}
/**
* Test request exception with empty response body.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRequestExceptionWithEmptyResponseBody(): void
{
$this->expectException(Exceptions\ConnectionException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage($this->error500());
$this->expectExceptionCode(500);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([new GuzzleResponse(500)]))
->getRawTransaction(
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b'
);
}
/**
* Test async request exception with empty response body.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testAsyncRequestExceptionWithEmptyResponseBody(): void
{
$rejected = $this->mockCallable([
$this->callback(function (Exceptions\ClientException $exception) {
return $exception->getMessage() == $this->error500() &&
$exception->getCode() == 500;
}),
]);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([new GuzzleResponse(500)]))
->requestAsync(
'getrawtransaction',
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b',
null,
function ($exception) use ($rejected) {
$rejected($exception);
}
);
$this->bitcoind->wait();
}
/**
* Test request exception with response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRequestExceptionWithResponseBody(): void
{
$this->expectException(Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage(self::$rawTransactionError['message']);
$this->expectExceptionCode(self::$rawTransactionError['code']);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->requestExceptionWithResponse()]))
->getRawTransaction(
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b'
);
}
/**
* Test async request exception with response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testAsyncRequestExceptionWithResponseBody(): void
{
$onRejected = $this->mockCallable([
$this->callback(function (Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException $exception) {
return $exception->getMessage() == self::$rawTransactionError['message'] &&
$exception->getCode() == self::$rawTransactionError['code'];
}),
]);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->requestExceptionWithResponse()]))
->requestAsync(
'getrawtransaction',
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b',
null,
function ($exception) use ($onRejected) {
$onRejected($exception);
}
);
$this->bitcoind->wait();
}
/**
* Test request exception with no response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRequestExceptionWithNoResponseBody(): void
{
$this->expectException(Exceptions\ClientException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('test');
$this->expectExceptionCode(0);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->requestExceptionWithoutResponse()]))
->getRawTransaction(
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b'
);
}
/**
* Test async request exception with no response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testAsyncRequestExceptionWithNoResponseBody(): void
{
$rejected = $this->mockCallable([
$this->callback(function (Exceptions\ClientException $exception) {
return $exception->getMessage() == 'test' &&
$exception->getCode() == 0;
}),
]);
$this->bitcoind
->setClient($this->mockGuzzle([$this->requestExceptionWithoutResponse()]))
->requestAsync(
'getrawtransaction',
'4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b',
null,
function ($exception) use ($rejected) {
$rejected($exception);
}
);
$this->bitcoind->wait();
}
/**
* Test setting different response handler class.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testSetResponseHandler(): void
{
$fake = new FakeClient();
$guzzle = $this->mockGuzzle([
$this->getBlockResponse(),
], $fake->getClient()->getConfig('handler'));
$response = $fake
->setClient($guzzle)
->request(
'getblockheader',
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f'
);
$this->assertInstanceOf(FakeResponse::class, $response);
}
}
class FakeClient extends BitcoinClient
{
/**
* Gets response handler class name.
*
* @return string
*/
protected function getResponseHandler(): string
{
return 'Denpa\\Bitcoin\\Tests\\FakeResponse';
}
}
class FakeResponse extends Response
{
//
}
<file_sep>/src/Exceptions/Handler.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\Singleton;
use GuzzleHttp\Exception\RequestException;
use Throwable;
class Handler
{
use Singleton;
/**
* Exception namespace.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $namespace = null;
/**
* Handler functions array.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $handlers = [];
/**
* Constructs exception handler.
*
* @return void
*/
protected function __construct()
{
$this->registerHandler([$this, 'namespaceHandler']);
$this->registerHandler([$this, 'requestExceptionHandler']);
}
/**
* Handle namespace change.
*
* @param \Throwable $exception
*
* @return \Throwable|null
*/
protected function namespaceHandler(Throwable $exception): ?Throwable
{
if ($this->namespace && $exception instanceof ClientException) {
return $exception->withNamespace($this->namespace);
}
return null;
}
/**
* Handle request exception.
*
* @param \Throwable $exception
*
* @return \Throwable|null
*/
protected function requestExceptionHandler(Throwable $exception): ?Throwable
{
if ($exception instanceof RequestException) {
if (
$exception->hasResponse() &&
$exception->getResponse()->hasError()
) {
return new BadRemoteCallException($exception->getResponse());
}
return new ConnectionException(
$exception->getRequest(),
$exception->getMessage(),
$exception->getCode()
);
}
return null;
}
/**
* Registers new handler function.
*
* @param callable $handler
*
* @return self
*/
public function registerHandler(callable $handler): self
{
$this->handlers[] = $handler;
return $this;
}
/**
* Handles exception.
*
* @param \Throwable $exception
*
* @return void
*/
public function handle(Throwable $exception): void
{
foreach ($this->handlers as $handler) {
$result = $handler($exception);
if ($result instanceof Throwable) {
$exception = $result;
}
}
throw $exception;
}
/**
* Sets exception namespace.
*
* @param string $namespace
*
* @return self
*/
public function setNamespace($namespace): self
{
$this->namespace = $namespace;
return $this;
}
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# Simple Bitcoin JSON-RPC client based on GuzzleHttp
[](https://packagist.org/packages/denpa/php-bitcoinrpc)
[](https://packagist.org/packages/denpa/php-bitcoinrpc)
[](https://github.com/denpamusic/php-bitcoinrpc/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
[](https://codeclimate.com/github/denpamusic/php-bitcoinrpc)
[](https://codeclimate.com/github/denpamusic/php-bitcoinrpc/coverage)
## Installation
Run ```php composer.phar require denpa/php-bitcoinrpc``` in your project directory or add following lines to composer.json
```javascript
"require": {
"denpa/php-bitcoinrpc": "^2.1"
}
```
and run ```php composer.phar install```.
## Requirements
PHP 8.0 or higher
_For PHP 5.6 and 7.0 use [php-bitcoinrpc v2.0.x](https://github.com/denpamusic/php-bitcoinrpc/tree/2.0.x)._
## Usage
Create new object with url as parameter
```php
/**
* Don't forget to include composer autoloader by uncommenting line below
* if you're not already done it anywhere else in your project.
**/
// require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Client as BitcoinClient;
$bitcoind = new BitcoinClient('http://rpcuser:rpcpassword@localhost:8332/');
```
or use array to define your bitcoind settings
```php
/**
* Don't forget to include composer autoloader by uncommenting line below
* if you're not already done it anywhere else in your project.
**/
// require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Client as BitcoinClient;
$bitcoind = new BitcoinClient([
'scheme' => 'http', // optional, default http
'host' => 'localhost', // optional, default localhost
'port' => 8332, // optional, default 8332
'user' => 'rpcuser', // required
'password' => '<PASSWORD>', // required
'ca' => '/etc/ssl/ca-cert.pem', // optional, for use with https scheme
'preserve_case' => false, // optional, send method names as defined instead of lowercasing them
]);
```
Then call methods defined in [Bitcoin Core API Documentation](https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#bitcoin-core-apis) with magic:
```php
/**
* Get block info.
*/
$block = $bitcoind->getBlock('000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f');
$block('hash')->get(); // 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f
$block['height']; // 0 (array access)
$block->get('tx.0'); // 4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b
$block->count('tx'); // 1
$block->has('version'); // key must exist and CAN NOT be null
$block->exists('version'); // key must exist and CAN be null
$block->contains(0); // check if response contains value
$block->values(); // array of values
$block->keys(); // array of keys
$block->random(1, 'tx'); // random block txid
$block('tx')->random(2); // two random block txid's
$block('tx')->first(); // txid of first transaction
$block('tx')->last(); // txid of last transaction
/**
* Send transaction.
*/
$result = $bitcoind->sendToAddress('mmXgiR6KAhZCyQ8ndr2BCfEq1wNG2UnyG6', 0.1);
$txid = $result->get();
/**
* Get transaction amount.
*/
$result = $bitcoind->listSinceBlock();
$bitcoin = $result->sum('transactions.*.amount');
$satoshi = \Denpa\Bitcoin\to_satoshi($bitcoin);
```
To send asynchronous request, add Async to method name:
```php
$bitcoind->getBlockAsync(
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f',
function ($response) {
// success
},
function ($exception) {
// error
}
);
```
You can also send requests using request method:
```php
/**
* Get block info.
*/
$block = $bitcoind->request('getBlock', '000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f');
$block('hash'); // 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f
$block['height']; // 0 (array access)
$block->get('tx.0'); // 4a5e1e4baab89f3a32518a88c31bc87f618f76673e2cc77ab2127b7afdeda33b
$block->count('tx'); // 1
$block->has('version'); // key must exist and CAN NOT be null
$block->exists('version'); // key must exist and CAN be null
$block->contains(0); // check if response contains value
$block->values(); // get response values
$block->keys(); // get response keys
$block->first('tx'); // get txid of the first transaction
$block->last('tx'); // get txid of the last transaction
$block->random(1, 'tx'); // get random txid
/**
* Send transaction.
*/
$result = $bitcoind->request('sendtoaddress', 'mmXgiR6KAhZCyQ8ndr2BCfEq1wNG2UnyG6', 0.06);
$txid = $result->get();
```
or requestAsync method for asynchronous calls:
```php
$bitcoind->requestAsync(
'getBlock',
'000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f',
function ($response) {
// success
},
function ($exception) {
// error
}
);
```
## Multi-Wallet RPC
You can use `wallet($name)` function to do a [Multi-Wallet RPC call](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/API_reference_(JSON-RPC)#Multi-wallet_RPC_calls):
```php
/**
* Get wallet2.dat balance.
*/
$balance = $bitcoind->wallet('wallet2.dat')->getbalance();
echo $balance->get(); // 0.10000000
```
## Exceptions
* `Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadConfigurationException` - thrown on bad client configuration.
* `Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException` - thrown on getting error message from daemon.
* `Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\ConnectionException` - thrown on daemon connection errors (e. g. timeouts)
## Helpers
Package provides following helpers to assist with value handling.
#### `to_bitcoin()`
Converts value in satoshi to bitcoin.
```php
echo Denpa\Bitcoin\to_bitcoin(100000); // 0.00100000
```
#### `to_satoshi()`
Converts value in bitcoin to satoshi.
```php
echo Denpa\Bitcoin\to_satoshi(0.001); // 100000
```
#### `to_ubtc()`
Converts value in bitcoin to ubtc/bits.
```php
echo Denpa\Bitcoin\to_ubtc(0.001); // 1000.0000
```
#### `to_mbtc()`
Converts value in bitcoin to mbtc.
```php
echo Denpa\Bitcoin\to_mbtc(0.001); // 1.0000
```
#### `to_fixed()`
Trims float value to precision without rounding.
```php
echo Denpa\Bitcoin\to_fixed(0.1236, 3); // 0.123
```
## License
This product is distributed under MIT license.
## Donations
If you like this project, please consider donating:<br>
**BTC**: 3L6dqSBNgdpZan78KJtzoXEk9DN3sgEQJu<br>
**Bech32**: bc1qyj8v6l70c4mjgq7hujywlg6le09kx09nq8d350
❤Thanks for your support!❤
<file_sep>/src/Traits/SerializableContainer.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits;
trait SerializableContainer
{
/**
* Returns array containing all the necessary state of the object.
*
* @return array
*/
public function __serialize(): array
{
return [
'container' => $this->toContainer(),
];
}
/**
* Restores the object state from the given data array.
*
* @param array $serialized
*/
public function __unserialize(array $serialized)
{
$this->container = $serialized['container'];
}
/**
* Serializes the object to a value that can be serialized by json_encode().
*
* @return array
*/
public function jsonSerialize(): array
{
return $this->toContainer();
}
}
<file_sep>/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
---
name: Bug report
about: Create a report to help improve php-bitcoinrpc
---
**Describe the bug**
A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
**To Reproduce**
What code caused the problem.
Feel free to omit any sensitive information.
**Expected behavior**
A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
**Logs**
If applicable, attach log files.
Feel free to omit any sensitive information.
**Cryptocurrency**
Describe used software and network:
* Software: Bitcoin Core v0.17.0
* Network: mainnet or testnet
**Environment**
Describe your runtime environment:
* PHP: 7.0 (run `php -v` to get php version)
* Web Server (if applicable): nginx/1.15.3
* System: Ubuntu 18.04.01 LTS
**Additional information**
Add any other information about the problem here.
<file_sep>/src/Traits/Message.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits;
use Psr\Http\Message\StreamInterface;
trait Message
{
/**
* Retrieves the HTTP protocol version as a string.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getProtocolVersion(): string
{
return $this->response->getProtocolVersion();
}
/**
* Return an instance with the specified HTTP protocol version.
*
* @param float|string $version
*
* @return self
*/
public function withProtocolVersion($version): self
{
$new = clone $this;
return $new->setResponse(
$this->response->withProtocolVersion($version)
);
}
/**
* Retrieves all message header values.
*
* @return array
*/
public function getHeaders(): array
{
return $this->response->getHeaders();
}
/**
* Checks if a header exists by the given case-insensitive name.
*
* @param string $name
*
* @return bool
*/
public function hasHeader($name): bool
{
return $this->response->hasHeader($name);
}
/**
* Retrieves a message header value by the given case-insensitive name.
*
* @param string $name
*
* @return array
*/
public function getHeader($name): array
{
return $this->response->getHeader($name);
}
/**
* Retrieves a comma-separated string of the values for a single header.
*
* @param string $name
*
* @return string
*/
public function getHeaderLine($name): string
{
return $this->response->getHeaderLine($name);
}
/**
* Returns an instance with the provided value replacing the specified header.
*
* @param string $name
* @param string|array $value
*
* @return self
*/
public function withHeader($name, $value): self
{
$new = clone $this;
return $new->setResponse($this->response->withHeader($name, $value));
}
/**
* Returns an instance with the specified header appended with the given value.
*
* @param string $name
* @param string|array $value
*
* @return self
*/
public function withAddedHeader($name, $value): self
{
$new = clone $this;
return $new->setResponse($this->response->withAddedHeader($name, $value));
}
/**
* Returns an instance without the specified header.
*
* @param string $name
*
* @return self
*/
public function withoutHeader($name): self
{
$new = clone $this;
return $new->setResponse($this->response->withoutHeader($name));
}
/**
* Gets the body of the message.
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\StreamInterface
*/
public function getBody(): StreamInterface
{
return $this->response->getBody();
}
/**
* Returns an instance with the specified message body.
*
* @param \Psr\Http\Message\StreamInterface $body
*
* @return self
*/
public function withBody(StreamInterface $body): self
{
$new = clone $this;
return $new->setResponse($this->response->withBody($body));
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Responses/BitcoindResponse.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\Collection;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\ImmutableArray;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\SerializableContainer;
class BitcoindResponse extends Response implements
\ArrayAccess,
\Countable,
\JsonSerializable
{
use Collection;
use ImmutableArray;
use SerializableContainer;
/**
* Gets array representation of response object.
*
* @return array
*/
public function toArray(): array
{
return (array) $this->result();
}
/**
* Gets root container of response object.
*
* @return array
*/
public function toContainer(): array
{
return $this->container;
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/Exceptions/ClientExceptionTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\ClientException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\TestCase;
class ClientExceptionTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Test exception namespace setter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testWithNamespace(): void
{
$exception = (new FakeClientException())
->withNamespace('Test\\Exceptions');
$this->assertInstanceOf(
\Test\Exceptions\FakeClientException::class,
$exception
);
}
/**
* Test namespace setter with nonexistent namespace.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testWithNamespaceWithNonexistentClass(): void
{
$exception = (new FakeClientException())
->withNamespace('Test\\Nonexistents');
$this->assertInstanceOf(FakeClientException::class, $exception);
}
/**
* Test exception class name getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetClassName(): void
{
$exception = new FakeClientException();
$this->assertEquals($exception->getClassName(), 'FakeClientException');
}
}
class FakeClientException extends ClientException
{
// original ClientException is an abstract class
public function getClassName(): string
{
return parent::getClassName();
}
protected function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return [];
}
}
namespace Test\Exceptions;
class FakeClientException extends \Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Exceptions\FakeClientException
{
// same as above in different namespace
}
<file_sep>/tests/Exceptions/ConnectionExceptionTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\ConnectionException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\TestCase;
use GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Request;
class ConnectionExceptionTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Set-up test environment.
*
* @return void
*/
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->request = $this
->getMockBuilder(Request::class)
->disableOriginalConstructor()
->getMock();
}
/**
* Test trowing exception.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testThrow(): void
{
$this->expectException(ConnectionException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Test message');
$this->expectExceptionCode(1);
throw new ConnectionException($this->request, 'Test message', 1);
}
/**
* Test request getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetRequest(): void
{
$exception = new ConnectionException($this->request);
$this->assertInstanceOf(Request::class, $exception->getRequest());
}
/**
* Test constructor parameters getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetConstructionParameters(): void
{
$exception = new FakeConnectionException($this->request);
$this->assertEquals(
[
$exception->getRequest(),
$exception->getMessage(),
$exception->getCode(),
],
$exception->getConstructorParameters()
);
}
}
class FakeConnectionException extends ConnectionException
{
public function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return parent::getConstructorParameters();
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/ConfigTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Config;
class ConfigTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Set up test.
*
* @return void
*/
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->config = new Config([
'user' => 'testuser',
'password' => '<PASSWORD>',
'ca' => __FILE__,
]);
}
/**
* Test CA file getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetCa(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(__FILE__, $this->config->getCa());
}
/**
* Test authentication array getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetAuth(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(['testuser', 'testpass'], $this->config->getAuth());
}
/**
* Test dsn getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetDsn(): void
{
$this->assertEquals('http://127.0.0.1:8332', $this->config->getDsn());
}
/**
* Test config setter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testSet(): void
{
$this->config->set(['password' => '<PASSWORD>']);
$this->assertEquals('<PASSWORD>', $this->config->get('password'));
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Client.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\HandlesAsync;
use GuzzleHttp\Client as GuzzleHttp;
use GuzzleHttp\ClientInterface;
use GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack;
use GuzzleHttp\Middleware;
use GuzzleHttp\Promise;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Throwable;
class Client
{
use HandlesAsync;
/**
* Http Client.
*
* @var \GuzzleHttp\Client
*/
protected $client;
/**
* Client configuration.
*
* @var \Denpa\Bitcoin\Config
*/
protected $config;
/**
* Array of GuzzleHttp promises.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $promises = [];
/**
* URL path.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $path = '/';
/**
* JSON-RPC Id.
*
* @var int
*/
protected $rpcId = 0;
/**
* Constructs new client.
*
* @param array|string $config
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct($config = [])
{
if (is_string($config)) {
$config = split_url($config);
}
// init configuration
$provider = $this->getConfigProvider();
$this->config = new $provider($config);
// construct client
$this->client = new GuzzleHttp([
'base_uri' => $this->config->getDsn(),
'auth' => $this->config->getAuth(),
'verify' => $this->config->getCa(),
'timeout' => (float) $this->config['timeout'],
'connect_timeout' => (float) $this->config['timeout'],
'handler' => $this->getHandler(),
]);
}
/**
* Wait for all promises on object destruction.
*
* @return void
*/
public function __destruct()
{
$this->wait();
}
/**
* Gets client config.
*
* @return \Denpa\Bitcoin\Config
*/
public function getConfig(): Config
{
return $this->config;
}
/**
* Gets http client.
*
* @return \GuzzleHttp\ClientInterface
*/
public function getClient(): ClientInterface
{
return $this->client;
}
/**
* Sets http client.
*
* @param \GuzzleHttp\ClientInterface
*
* @return self
*/
public function setClient(ClientInterface $client): self
{
$this->client = $client;
return $this;
}
/**
* Sets wallet for multi-wallet rpc request.
*
* @param string $name
*
* @return self
*/
public function wallet(string $name): self
{
$this->path = "/wallet/$name";
return $this;
}
/**
* Makes request to Bitcoin Core.
*
* @param string $method
* @param mixed $params
*
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
public function request(string $method, ...$params): ResponseInterface
{
try {
$response = $this->client
->post($this->path, $this->makeJson($method, $params));
if ($response->hasError()) {
// throw exception on error
throw new BadRemoteCallException($response);
}
return $response;
} catch (Throwable $exception) {
throw exception()->handle($exception);
}
}
/**
* Makes async request to Bitcoin Core.
*
* @param string $method
* @param mixed $params
* @param callable|null $fulfilled
* @param callable|null $rejected
*
* @return \GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise
*/
public function requestAsync(
string $method,
$params = [],
?callable $fulfilled = null,
?callable $rejected = null
): Promise\Promise {
$promise = $this->client
->postAsync($this->path, $this->makeJson($method, $params));
$promise->then(function ($response) use ($fulfilled) {
$this->onSuccess($response, $fulfilled);
});
$promise->otherwise(function ($exception) use ($rejected) {
try {
exception()->handle($exception);
} catch (Throwable $exception) {
$this->onError($exception, $rejected);
}
});
$this->promises[] = $promise;
return $promise;
}
/**
* Settle all promises.
*
* @return void
*/
public function wait(): void
{
if (!empty($this->promises)) {
Promise\settle($this->promises)->wait();
}
}
/**
* Makes request to Bitcoin Core.
*
* @param string $method
* @param array $params
*
* @return \GuzzleHttp\Promise\Promise|\Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
public function __call(string $method, array $params = [])
{
if (strtolower(substr($method, -5)) == 'async') {
return $this->requestAsync(substr($method, 0, -5), ...$params);
}
return $this->request($method, ...$params);
}
/**
* Gets config provider class name.
*
* @return string
*/
protected function getConfigProvider(): string
{
return 'Denpa\\Bitcoin\\Config';
}
/**
* Gets response handler class name.
*
* @return string
*/
protected function getResponseHandler(): string
{
return 'Denpa\\Bitcoin\\Responses\\BitcoindResponse';
}
/**
* Gets Guzzle handler stack.
*
* @return \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack
*/
protected function getHandler(): HandlerStack
{
$stack = HandlerStack::create();
$stack->push(
Middleware::mapResponse(function (ResponseInterface $response) {
$handler = $this->getResponseHandler();
return new $handler($response);
}),
'bitcoind_response'
);
return $stack;
}
/**
* Construct json request.
*
* @param string $method
* @param mixed $params
*
* @return array
*/
protected function makeJson(string $method, $params = []): array
{
return [
'json' => [
'method' => $this->config['preserve_case'] ?
$method : strtolower($method),
'params' => (array) $params,
'id' => $this->rpcId++,
],
];
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Exceptions/ClientException.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
use Exception;
abstract class ClientException extends Exception
{
/**
* Returns class name in provided namespace.
*
* @param string $namespace
*
* @return \Exception
*/
public function withNamespace($namespace): Exception
{
$classname = $this->getClassName();
$class = $namespace."\\$classname";
if (class_exists($class)) {
return new $class(...$this->getConstructorParameters());
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Gets exception class name.
*
* @return string
*/
protected function getClassName(): string
{
$pos = ($pos = strrpos(static::class, '\\')) !== false ? $pos + 1 : 0;
return substr(static::class, $pos);
}
/**
* Returns array of parameters.
*
* @return array
*/
abstract protected function getConstructorParameters();
}
<file_sep>/src/Traits/Singleton.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits;
trait Singleton
{
/**
* Singleton instance.
*
* @var self
*/
protected static $instance = null;
/**
* Gets singleton instance.
*
* @return self
*/
public static function getInstance(): self
{
if (is_null(self::$instance)) {
self::$instance = new self();
}
return self::$instance;
}
/**
* Clears singleton instance.
*
* @return void
*/
public static function clearInstance(): void
{
self::$instance = null;
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/Exceptions/HandlerTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\Handler as ExceptionHandler;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\TestCase;
use Exception;
class HandlerTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Cleans-up test environment.
*
* @return void
*/
protected function tearDown(): void
{
parent::tearDown();
// Remove all added handlers.
ExceptionHandler::clearInstance();
}
/**
* Test singleton instantiation.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testSingleton(): void
{
$this->assertInstanceOf(
ExceptionHandler::class,
ExceptionHandler::getInstance()
);
}
/**
* Test handler registration.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRegisterHandler(): void
{
ExceptionHandler::getInstance()->registerHandler(function ($exception) {
$this->assertEquals('Test message', $exception->getMessage());
});
$this->expectException(Exception::class);
ExceptionHandler::getInstance()->handle(new Exception('Test message'));
}
/**
* Test exception namespace setter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testSetNamespace(): void
{
$this->expectException(BadConfigurationException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Test message');
ExceptionHandler::getInstance()->setNamespace('Denpa\\Bitcoin\\Tests\\Exceptions');
ExceptionHandler::getInstance()->handle(
new Exceptions\BadConfigurationException(['foo' => 'bar'], 'Test message')
);
}
}
class BadConfigurationException extends Exceptions\BadConfigurationException
{
//
}
<file_sep>/SECURITY.md
# Security Policy
## Supported Versions
Currently there are two supported branches:
- 2.1.x for php 7.1 and above
- 2.0.x for php 7.0 and below
Please be sure to keep your PHP installation up-to-date with recommended versions.
| Version | Supported | PHP version | Support Ends |
| ------- | ------------------ | ----------- | ------------ |
| 2.2.x | :x: | >=7.2 | (WIP) |
| 2.1.x | :white_check_mark: | >=7.1 | 01 Jun 2020 |
| 2.0.x | :white_check_mark: | <=7.0 | 01 Jun 2020 |
| < 2.0 | :x: | <=5.6 | 01 Jun 2018 |
## Reporting a Vulnerability
Please report found vulnerabilities directly to my email: <EMAIL>
You can use my public key [0xBF7537E8](https://pgp.denpa.pro/) (Fingerprint=B371 A23C C449 703F F1BF 0927 9CF6 463C BF75 37E8) to send me an encrypted message.
<file_sep>/tests/Responses/BitcoindResponseTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Responses;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\BitcoindResponse;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\TestCase;
use GuzzleHttp\Psr7\BufferStream;
use GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Response;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
class BitcoindResponseTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Set up test.
*
* @return void
*/
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->guzzleResponse = $this->getBlockResponse();
$this->response = new BitcoindResponse($this->guzzleResponse);
$this->response = $this->response->withHeader('X-Test', 'test');
}
/**
* Test casting response to string.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testResponseToString(): void
{
$response = $this->response;
$this->assertSame((string) $response('difficulty'), '1');
$this->assertSame((string) $response('confirmations'), '449162');
$this->assertSame(
(string) $response('tx'),
json_encode(self::$getBlockResponse['tx'])
);
}
/**
* Test response with result.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testResult(): void
{
$this->assertTrue($this->response->hasResult());
$this->assertEquals(
null,
$this->response->error()
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse,
$this->response->result()
);
}
/**
* Test response without result.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testNoResult(): void
{
$response = new BitcoindResponse($this->rawTransactionError());
$this->assertFalse($response->hasResult());
}
/**
* Test raw response getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRawResponse(): void
{
$response = $this->response->response();
$this->assertInstanceOf(ResponseInterface::class, $response);
$this->assertInstanceOf(Response::class, $response);
}
/**
* Test getter for status code.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testStatusCode(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(200, $this->response->getStatusCode());
}
/**
* Test getter for reason phrase.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testReasonPhrase(): void
{
$this->assertEquals('OK', $this->response->getReasonPhrase());
}
/**
* Test changing status for response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testWithStatus(): void
{
$response = $this->response->withStatus(444, 'test');
$this->assertEquals(444, $response->getStatusCode());
$this->assertEquals('test', $response->getReasonPhrase());
}
/**
* Test error in response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testError(): void
{
$response = new BitcoindResponse($this->rawTransactionError());
$this->assertTrue($response->hasError());
$this->assertEquals(
null,
$response->result()
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$rawTransactionError,
$response->error()
);
}
/**
* Test no error in response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testNoError(): void
{
$this->assertFalse($this->response->hasError());
}
/**
* Test getting values through ArrayAccess.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testArrayAccessGet(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['hash'],
$this->response['hash']
);
}
/**
* Test setting values through ArrayAccess.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testArrayAccessSet(): void
{
$this->expectException(\BadMethodCallException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Cannot modify immutable object');
$this->response['hash'] = 'test';
}
/**
* Test unsetting values through ArrayAccess.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testArrayAccessUnset(): void
{
$this->expectException(\BadMethodCallException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Cannot modify immutable object');
unset($this->response['hash']);
}
/**
* Test checking value through ArrayAccess.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testArrayAccessIsset(): void
{
$this->assertTrue(isset($this->response['hash']));
$this->assertFalse(isset($this->response['cookie']));
}
/**
* Test setting key through invokation.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testInvoke(): void
{
$response = $this->response;
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['hash'],
$response('hash')->get()
);
}
/**
* Test getting value by key.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGet(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['hash'],
$this->response->get('hash')
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['tx'][0],
$this->response->get('tx.0')
);
}
/**
* Test getting first element of array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testFirst(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['tx'][0],
$this->response->key('tx')->first()
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['tx'][0],
$this->response->first('tx')
);
$this->assertEquals(
reset(self::$getBlockResponse),
$this->response->first()
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['hash'],
$this->response->key('hash')->first()
);
}
/**
* Test getting last element of array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testLast(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['tx'][3],
$this->response->key('tx')->last()
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['tx'][3],
$this->response->last('tx')
);
$this->assertEquals(
end(self::$getBlockResponse),
$this->response->last()
);
$this->assertEquals(
self::$getBlockResponse['hash'],
$this->response->key('hash')->last()
);
}
/**
* Test method used to check if array has key.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testHas(): void
{
$response = $this->response;
$this->assertTrue($response->has('hash'));
$this->assertTrue($response->has('tx.0'));
$this->assertTrue($response('tx')->has(0));
$this->assertFalse($response->has('tx.3'));
$this->assertFalse($response->has('cookies'));
$this->assertFalse($response->has('height'));
}
/**
* Test method used to check if array has key pointing to non-null value.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testExists(): void
{
$this->assertTrue($this->response->exists('hash'));
$this->assertTrue($this->response->exists('tx.0'));
$this->assertTrue($this->response->exists('tx.3'));
$this->assertTrue($this->response->exists('height'));
$this->assertFalse($this->response->exists('cookies'));
}
/**
* Test method used to check if array has value.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testContains(): void
{
$this->assertTrue($this->response->contains('00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048'));
$this->assertTrue($this->response->contains('bedb088c480e5f7424a958350f2389c839d17e27dae13643632159b9e7c05482', 'tx'));
$this->assertFalse($this->response->contains('cookies'));
}
/**
* Test method used to check if array has value on non-array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testContainsOnNonArray(): void
{
$this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('method contains() should be called on array');
$this->response->key('version')->contains('test');
}
/**
* Test getting array keys.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testKeys(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
array_keys(self::$getBlockResponse),
$this->response->keys()
);
$this->assertEquals(
array_keys(self::$getBlockResponse['tx']),
$this->response->keys('tx')
);
}
/**
* Test getting array keys on non array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testKeysOnNonArray(): void
{
$this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('method keys() should be called on array');
$this->response->keys('version');
}
/**
* Test getting array values.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testValues(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
array_values(self::$getBlockResponse),
$this->response->values()
);
$this->assertEquals(
array_values(self::$getBlockResponse['tx']),
$this->response->values('tx')
);
}
/**
* Test getting array values on non array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testValuesOnNonArray(): void
{
$this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('method values() should be called on array');
$this->response->values('version');
}
/**
* Test getting random elements from array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testRandom(): void
{
$tx1 = $this->response->random(1, 'tx');
$tx2 = $this->response->random(1, 'tx');
$this->assertContains($tx1, self::$getBlockResponse['tx']);
$this->assertContains($tx2, self::$getBlockResponse['tx']);
$random = $this->response->random();
$this->assertContains($random, self::$getBlockResponse);
$random2 = $this->response->random(2);
$this->assertCount(2, $random2);
foreach ($random2 as $key => $value) {
$this->assertTrue((self::$getBlockResponse[$key] ?? null) == $value);
}
$random3 = $this->response->random(1, 'merkleroot');
$this->assertEquals(self::$getBlockResponse['merkleroot'], $random3);
$random4 = $this->response->random(6, 'tx');
$this->assertEquals(self::$getBlockResponse['tx'], $random4);
$response = $this->response;
$random5 = $response('tx')->random(6);
$this->assertEquals(self::$getBlockResponse['tx'], $random5);
}
/**
* Test counting number of elements in array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testCount(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
count(self::$getBlockResponse),
count($this->response)
);
$this->assertEquals(
count(self::$getBlockResponse),
$this->response->count()
);
$this->assertEquals(
4,
$this->response->count('tx')
);
}
/**
* Test count on non array.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testCountOnNonArray(): void
{
$this->expectException(\InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('method count() should be called on array');
$this->response->count('hash');
}
/**
* Test getting protocol version.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testProtocolVersion(): void
{
$response = $this->response->withProtocolVersion('1.1');
$protocolVersion = $response->getProtocolVersion();
$this->assertEquals('1.1', $protocolVersion);
}
/**
* Test setting response header.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testWithHeader(): void
{
$response = $this->response->withHeader('X-Test', 'bar');
$this->assertTrue($response->hasHeader('X-Test'));
$this->assertEquals('bar', $response->getHeaderLine('X-Test'));
}
/**
* Test adding header to response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testWithAddedHeader(): void
{
$response = $this->response->withAddedHeader('X-Bar', 'baz');
$this->assertTrue($response->hasHeader('X-Test'));
$this->assertTrue($response->hasHeader('X-Bar'));
}
/**
* Test removing headers from response.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testWithoutHeader(): void
{
$response = $this->response->withoutHeader('X-Test');
$this->assertFalse($response->hasHeader('X-Test'));
}
/**
* Test getting response header.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetHeader(): void
{
$response = $this->response->withHeader('X-Bar', 'baz');
$expected = [
'X-Test' => ['test'],
'X-Bar' => ['baz'],
];
$this->assertEquals($expected, $response->getHeaders());
foreach ($expected as $name => $value) {
$this->assertEquals($value, $response->getHeader($name));
}
}
/**
* Test setting response body.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testBody(): void
{
$stream = new BufferStream();
$stream->write('cookies');
$response = $this->response->withBody($stream);
$this->assertEquals('cookies', $response->getBody()->__toString());
}
/**
* Test serialization.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testSerialize(): void
{
$serializedContainer = serialize($this->response->__serialize());
$serialized = sprintf(
'O:%u:"%s":1:{%s}',
strlen(BitcoindResponse::class),
BitcoindResponse::class,
substr($serializedContainer, 5, (strlen($serializedContainer) - 6))
);
$this->assertEquals(
$serialized,
serialize($this->response)
);
}
/**
* Test unserialization.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testUnserialize(): void
{
$container = $this->response->toContainer();
$this->assertEquals(
$container,
unserialize(serialize($this->response))->toContainer()
);
}
/**
* Test serialization to JSON.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testJsonSerialize(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(
json_encode($this->response->toContainer()),
json_encode($this->response)
);
}
/**
* Test sum of array values.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testSum(): void
{
$response = $this->response;
$this->assertEquals(7, $response('test1.*.*')->sum('amount'));
$this->assertEquals(7, $response('test1.*.*.amount')->sum());
$this->assertEquals(7, $response->sum('test1.*.*.amount'));
}
/**
* Test array flattening.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testFlatten(): void
{
$response = $this->response;
$this->assertEquals([3, 4], $response('test1.*.*')->flatten('amount'));
$this->assertEquals([3, 4], $response('test1.*.*.amount')->flatten());
$this->assertEquals([3, 4], $response->flatten('test1.*.*.amount'));
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/Exceptions/BadRemoteCallExceptionTest.php
<?php
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions\BadRemoteCallException;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\Response;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Tests\TestCase;
class BadRemoteCallExceptionTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* Set-up test environment.
*
* @return void
*/
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->response = $this
->getMockBuilder(Response::class)
->disableOriginalConstructor()
->getMock();
$this->response
->expects($this->once())
->method('error')
->willReturn(['message' => 'Test message', 'code' => 1]);
}
/**
* Test trowing exception.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testThrow(): void
{
$this->expectException(BadRemoteCallException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Test message');
$this->expectExceptionCode(1);
throw new BadRemoteCallException($this->response);
}
/**
* Test response getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetResponse(): void
{
$exception = new BadRemoteCallException($this->response);
$this->assertInstanceOf(Response::class, $exception->getResponse());
}
/**
* Test constructor parameters getter.
*
* @return void
*/
public function testGetConstructionParameters(): void
{
$exception = new FakeBadRemoteCallException($this->response);
$this->assertEquals(
[
$exception->getResponse(),
],
$exception->getConstructorParameters()
);
}
}
class FakeBadRemoteCallException extends BadRemoteCallException
{
public function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return parent::getConstructorParameters();
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Exceptions/BadRemoteCallException.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\Response;
class BadRemoteCallException extends ClientException
{
/**
* Response object.
*
* @var \Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\Response
*/
protected $response;
/**
* Constructs new bad remote call exception.
*
* @param \Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\Response $response
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(Response $response)
{
$this->response = $response;
$error = $response->error();
parent::__construct($error['message'], $error['code']);
}
/**
* Gets response object.
*
* @return \Denpa\Bitcoin\Responses\Response
*/
public function getResponse(): Response
{
return $this->response;
}
/**
* Returns array of parameters.
*
* @return array
*/
protected function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return [
$this->getResponse(),
];
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Config.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\Collection;
use Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits\ImmutableArray;
class Config implements \ArrayAccess, \Countable
{
use Collection;
use ImmutableArray;
/**
* Default configuration.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $config = [
'scheme' => 'http',
'host' => '127.0.0.1',
'port' => 8332,
'user' => null,
'password' => <PASSWORD>,
'ca' => null,
'timeout' => false,
'preserve_case' => false,
];
/**
* Constructs new configuration.
*
* @param array $config
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(array $config = [])
{
$this->set($config);
}
/**
* Gets CA file from config.
*
* @return string|null
*/
public function getCa(): ?string
{
if (isset($this->config['ca']) && is_file($this->config['ca'])) {
return $this->config['ca'];
}
return null;
}
/**
* Gets authentication array.
*
* @return array
*/
public function getAuth(): array
{
return [
$this->config['user'],
$this->config['password'],
];
}
/**
* Gets DSN string.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getDsn(): string
{
$scheme = $this->config['scheme'] ?? 'http';
return $scheme.'://'.
$this->config['host'].':'.
$this->config['port'];
}
/**
* Merge config.
*
* @param array $config
*
* @return self
*/
public function set(array $config = []): self
{
// use same var name as laravel-bitcoinrpc
$config['password'] = $config['password'] ?? $config['pass'] ?? null;
if (is_null($config['password'])) {
// use default value from getDefaultConfig()
unset($config['password']);
}
$this->config = array_merge($this->config, $config);
return $this;
}
/**
* Gets config as array.
*
* @return array
*/
protected function toArray(): array
{
return $this->config;
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Traits/Collection.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits;
use InvalidArgumentException;
trait Collection
{
/**
* Current key.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $current;
/**
* Gets data by using key with dotted notation.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function get(?string $key = null)
{
$key = $this->constructKey($key);
if (is_null($key)) {
$array = $this->toArray();
return $this->count() == 1 ? end($array) : $array;
}
return $this->parseKey($key, function ($part, $result) {
if (isset($result[$part])) {
return $result[$part];
}
});
}
/**
* Checks if key exists.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return bool
*/
public function exists(?string $key = null): bool
{
$key = $this->constructKey($key);
return $this->parseKey($key, function ($part, $result) {
return array_key_exists($part, $result);
});
}
/**
* Checks if key exists and not null.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return bool
*/
public function has(?string $key = null): bool
{
$key = $this->constructKey($key);
return $this->parseKey($key, function ($part, $result) {
return isset($result[$part]);
});
}
/**
* Gets first element.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function first(?string $key = null)
{
$value = $this->get($key);
if (is_array($value)) {
return reset($value);
}
return $value;
}
/**
* Gets last element.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function last(?string $key = null)
{
$value = $this->get($key);
if (is_array($value)) {
return end($value);
}
return $value;
}
/**
* Checks if response contains value.
*
* @param mixed $needle
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return bool
*/
public function contains($needle, ?string $key = null): bool
{
$value = $this->get($key);
if (!is_array($value)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException(
'method contains() should be called on array'
);
}
return in_array($needle, $value);
}
/**
* Sets current key.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return self
*/
public function key(?string $key = null): self
{
$new = clone $this;
$new->current = $key;
return $new;
}
/**
* Gets response keys.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return array
*/
public function keys(?string $key = null): array
{
$value = $this->get($key);
if (!is_array($value)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException(
'method keys() should be called on array'
);
}
return array_keys($value);
}
/**
* Gets response values.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return array
*/
public function values(?string $key = null): array
{
$value = $this->get($key);
if (!is_array($value)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException(
'method values() should be called on array'
);
}
return array_values($value);
}
/**
* Gets random value.
*
* @param int $number
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function random(int $number = 1, ?string $key = null)
{
$value = $this->get($key);
if (is_array($value)) {
$keys = array_keys($value);
$keysLength = count($keys);
shuffle($keys);
if ($number > $keysLength) {
$number = $keysLength;
}
for ($result = [], $count = 0; $count < $number; $count++) {
$result[$keys[$count]] = $value[$keys[$count]];
}
return count($result) > 1 ? $result : current($result);
}
return $value;
}
/**
* Counts response items.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return int
*/
public function count(?string $key = null): int
{
if (is_null($this->constructKey($key))) {
return count($this->toArray());
}
$value = $this->get($key);
if (!is_array($value)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException(
'method count() should be called on array'
);
}
return count($value);
}
/**
* Flattens multi-dimensional array.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return array
*/
public function flatten(?string $key = null): array
{
$array = new \RecursiveIteratorIterator(
new \RecursiveArrayIterator((array) $this->get($key))
);
$tmp = [];
foreach ($array as $value) {
$tmp[] = $value;
}
return $tmp;
}
/**
* Gets sum of values.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return float
*/
public function sum(?string $key = null): float
{
return array_sum($this->flatten($key));
}
/**
* Gets response item by key.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return self
*/
public function __invoke(?string $key = null): self
{
return $this->key($key);
}
/**
* Converts response to string on current key.
*
* @return string
*/
public function __toString(): string
{
$value = $this->get();
if (is_array($value) || is_object($value)) {
return json_encode($value);
}
return (string) $value;
}
/**
* Constructs full key.
*
* @param string|null $key
*
* @return string|null
*/
protected function constructKey(?string $key = null): ?string
{
if (!is_null($key) && !is_null($this->current)) {
return $this->current.'.'.$key;
}
if (is_null($key) && !is_null($this->current)) {
return $this->current;
}
return $key;
}
/**
* Parses dotted notation.
*
* @param array|string $key
* @param callable $callback
* @param array|null $result
*
* @return mixed
*/
protected function parseKey($key, callable $callback, ?array $result = null)
{
$parts = is_array($key) ? $key : explode('.', trim($key, '.'));
$result = $result ?: $this->toArray();
while (!is_null($part = array_shift($parts))) {
if ($part == '*') {
array_walk($result, function (&$value) use ($parts, $callback) {
$value = $this->parseKey($parts, $callback, $value);
});
return $result;
}
if (!$return = $callback($part, $result)) {
return $return;
}
$result = $result[$part];
}
return $return;
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Traits/ImmutableArray.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Traits;
use BadMethodCallException;
trait ImmutableArray
{
/**
* Assigns a value to the specified offset.
*
* @param mixed $offset
* @param mixed $value
*
* @return void
*/
public function offsetSet($offset, $value): void
{
throw new BadMethodCallException('Cannot modify immutable object');
}
/**
* Whether or not an offset exists.
*
* @param mixed $offset
*
* @return bool
*/
public function offsetExists($offset): bool
{
return isset($this->toArray()[$offset]);
}
/**
* Unsets the offset.
*
* @param mixed $offset
*
* @return void
*/
public function offsetUnset($offset): void
{
throw new BadMethodCallException('Cannot modify immutable object');
}
/**
* Returns the value at specified offset.
*
* @param mixed $offset
*
* @return mixed
*/
public function offsetGet($offset): mixed
{
return $this->toArray()[$offset] ?? null;
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Exceptions/BadConfigurationException.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
class BadConfigurationException extends ClientException
{
/**
* Configuration container.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $config;
/**
* Constructs new bad configuration exception.
*
* @param array $config
* @param mixed $args,...
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(array $config, ...$args)
{
$this->config = $config;
parent::__construct(...$args);
}
/**
* Gets config data.
*
* @return array
*/
public function getConfig(): array
{
return $this->config;
}
/**
* Returns array of parameters.
*
* @return array
*/
protected function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return [
$this->getConfig(),
$this->getMessage(),
$this->getCode(),
];
}
}
<file_sep>/src/Exceptions/ConnectionException.php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Denpa\Bitcoin\Exceptions;
use GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Request;
class ConnectionException extends ClientException
{
/**
* Request object.
*
* @var \GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Request
*/
protected $request;
/**
* Constructs new connection exception.
*
* @param \GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Request $request
* @param mixed $args,...
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(Request $request, ...$args)
{
$this->request = $request;
parent::__construct(...$args);
}
/**
* Gets request object.
*
* @return \GuzzleHttp\Psr7\Request
*/
public function getRequest(): Request
{
return $this->request;
}
/**
* Returns array of parameters.
*
* @return array
*/
protected function getConstructorParameters(): array
{
return [
$this->getRequest(),
$this->getMessage(),
$this->getCode(),
];
}
}
|
6a2e9a7f713421f26f46299be51450bbb6a8f958
|
[
"Markdown",
"PHP"
] | 29
|
PHP
|
denpamusic/php-bitcoinrpc
|
3162c0206960173dd3c03c0ca76ee879bbb8486d
|
de15416a12c17d3cb866e7dad52f2df046b82ea2
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>GabrielProgrammer/BD<file_sep>/BD/NetBeansProjects/Gabriel/src/gabriel/Funcionario.java
/*
* To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
* To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/
package gabriel;
/**
*
* @author aluno
*/
public class Funcionario extends Pessoa {
private int codFuncionario;
private String cartTrabalho;
private String tipodesangue;
private String planoSaude;
private float salario;
private String banco;
private int numerobanco;
private int ag;
private int cc;
/**
* @return the codFuncionario
*/
public int getCodFuncionario() {
return codFuncionario;
}
/**
* @param codFuncionario the codFuncionario to set
*/
public void setCodFuncionario(int codFuncionario) {
this.codFuncionario = codFuncionario;
}
/**
* @return the cartTrabalho
*/
public String getCartTrabalho() {
return cartTrabalho;
}
/**
* @param cartTrabalho the cartTrabalho to set
*/
public void setCartTrabalho(String cartTrabalho) {
this.cartTrabalho = cartTrabalho;
}
/**
* @return the tipodesangue
*/
public String getTipodesangue() {
return tipodesangue;
}
/**
* @param tipodesangue the tipodesangue to set
*/
public void setTipodesangue(String tipodesangue) {
this.tipodesangue = tipodesangue;
}
/**
* @return the planoSaude
*/
public String getPlanoSaude() {
return planoSaude;
}
/**
* @param planoSaude the planoSaude to set
*/
public void setPlanoSaude(String planoSaude) {
this.planoSaude = planoSaude;
}
/**
* @return the salario
*/
public float getSalario() {
return salario;
}
/**
* @param salario the salario to set
*/
public void setSalario(float salario) {
this.salario = salario;
}
/**
* @return the banco
*/
public String getBanco() {
return banco;
}
/**
* @param banco the banco to set
*/
public void setBanco(String banco) {
this.banco = banco;
}
/**
* @return the numerobanco
*/
public int getNumerobanco() {
return numerobanco;
}
/**
* @param numerobanco the numerobanco to set
*/
public void setNumerobanco(int numerobanco) {
this.numerobanco = numerobanco;
}
/**
* @return the ag
*/
public int getAg() {
return ag;
}
/**
* @param ag the ag to set
*/
public void setAg(int ag) {
this.ag = ag;
}
/**
* @return the cc
*/
public int getCc() {
return cc;
}
/**
* @param cc the cc to set
*/
public void setCc(int cc) {
this.cc = cc;
}
}
<file_sep>/BD/NetBeansProjects/Gabriel/src/gabriel/Item.java
/*
* To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
* To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/
package gabriel;
/**
*
* @author aluno
*/
public class Item {
private String quantidade;
private int codProduto;
private int valorunitario;
/**
* @return the quantidade
*/
public String getQuantidade() {
return quantidade;
}
/**
* @param quantidade the quantidade to set
*/
public void setQuantidade(String quantidade) {
this.quantidade = quantidade;
}
/**
* @return the codProduto
*/
public int getCodProduto() {
return codProduto;
}
/**
* @param codProduto the codProduto to set
*/
public void setCodProduto(int codProduto) {
this.codProduto = codProduto;
}
/**
* @return the valorunitario
*/
public int getValorunitario() {
return valorunitario;
}
/**
* @param valorunitario the valorunitario to set
*/
public void setValorunitario(int valorunitario) {
this.valorunitario = valorunitario;
}
}
|
a82c929928d355a32a1addb7a849a2e93c65fb89
|
[
"Java"
] | 2
|
Java
|
GabrielProgrammer/BD
|
fd9464152c1e170ace8ef7faf7d48846353e0846
|
cbb02473ba8813cc84954883b2088576716b6e86
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>var js = function(dbot) {
var dbot = dbot;
var commands = {
'~js': function(data, params) {
var q = data.message.valMatch(/^~js (.*)/, 2);
dbot.say(data.channel, eval(q[1]));
}
};
return {
'onLoad': function() {
return commands;
}
};
};
exports.fetch = function(dbot) {
return js(dbot);
};
<file_sep>var fs = require('fs');
var adminCommands = function(dbot) {
var dbot = dbot;
var commands = {
'join': function(data, params) {
dbot.instance.join(params[1]);
dbot.say(dbot.admin, 'Joined ' + params[1]);
},
'opme': function(data, params) {
dbot.instance.send('MODE #42 +o ', dbot.admin);
},
'part': function(data, params) {
dbot.instance.part(params[1]);
},
'reload': function(data, params) {
dbot.db = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync('db.json', 'utf-8'));
dbot.reloadModules();
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Reloaded that shit.');
},
'say': function(data, params) {
var c = params[1];
var m = params.slice(2).join(' ');
dbot.say(c, m);
},
'load': function(data, params) {
dbot.moduleNames.push(params[1]);
dbot.reloadModules();
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Loaded new module: ' + params[1]);
},
'unload': function(data, params) {
if(dbot.moduleNames.include(params[1])) {
dbot.moduleNames[params[1]] = undefined;
dbot.reloadModules();
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Turned off module: ' + params[1]);
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Module ' + params[1] + ' isn\'t loaded... Idiot...');
}
},
'ban': function(data, params) {
if(dbot.db.bans.hasOwnProperty(params[2])) {
dbot.db.bans[params[2]].push(params[1]);
} else {
dbot.db.bans[params[2]] = [ params[1] ];
}
dbot.say(data.channel, params[1] + ' banned from ' + params[2]);
},
'unban': function(data, params) {
if(dbot.db.bans.hasOwnProperty(params[2]) && dbot.db.bans[params[2]].include(params[1])) {
dbot.db.bans[params[2]].splice(dbot.db.bans[params[2]].indexOf(params[1]), 1);
dbot.say(data.channel, params[1] + ' unbanned from ' + params[2]);
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'It appears ' + params[1] + 'wasn\'t banned from that command, you fool.');
}
},
'modehate': function(data, params) {
dbot.db.modehate.push(params[1]);
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Now modehating on ' + params[1]);
},
'unmodehate': function(data, params) {
dbot.db.modehate.splice(dbot.db.modehate.indexOf(params[1]), 1);
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No longer modehating on ' + params[1]);
},
'lock': function(data, params) {
dbot.db.locks.push(params[1]);
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Locked ' + params[1] + ' quotes.');
}
};
return {
'listener': function(data) {
if(data.channel == dbot.name) data.channel = data.user;
params = data.message.split(' ');
if(commands.hasOwnProperty(params[0]) && data.user == dbot.admin) {
commands[params[0]](data, params);
dbot.save();
}
},
'on': 'PRIVMSG'
};
};
exports.fetch = function(dbot) {
return adminCommands(dbot);
};
<file_sep>var puns = function(dbot) {
var dbot = dbot;
return {
'listener': function(data) {
if(data.user == 'reality') {
dbot.instance.say(data.channel, dbot.db.quoteArrs['realityonce'].random());
} else if(dbot.db.quoteArrs.hasOwnProperty(data.user.toLowerCase())) {
dbot.say(data.channel, data.user + ': ' + dbot.db.quoteArrs[data.user.toLowerCase()].random());
} else if(dbot.instance.inChannel(data.channel)) {
dbot.instance.say('aisbot', '.karma ' + data.user);
dbot.waitingForKarma = data.channel;
}
},
'on': 'JOIN'
};
}
exports.fetch = function(dbot) {
return puns(dbot);
};
<file_sep>var quotes = function(dbot) {
var quotes = dbot.db.quoteArrs;
var addStack = [];
var rmAllowed = true;
var commands = {
'~q': function(data, params) {
var q = data.message.valMatch(/^~q ([\d\w\s]*)/, 2);
if(q) {
q[1] = q[1].trim();
key = q[1].toLowerCase();
if(quotes.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
dbot.say(data.channel, q[1] + ': ' + quotes[key].random());
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Nobody loves ' + q[1]);
}
}
},
'~qsearch': function(data, params) {
if(params[2] === undefined) {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Next time provide a search parameter. Commence incineration.');
} else {
params[1].trim();
key = params[1].toLowerCase();
if(!quotes.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'That category has no quotes in it. Commence incineration.');
} else {
var matches = [];
quotes[key].each(function(quote) {
if(quote.indexOf(params[2]) != -1) {
matches.push(quote);
}
}.bind(this));
if(matches.length == 0) {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No results found.');
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, params[1] + ' (' + params[2] + '): ' + matches.random() + ' [' + matches.length + ' results]');
}
}
}
},
'~rmlast': function(data, params) {
if(rmAllowed == true || data.user == dbot.admin) {
var q = data.message.valMatch(/^~rmlast ([\d\w\s]*)/, 2);
if(q) {
q[1] = q[1].trim()
key = q[1].toLowerCase();
if(quotes.hasOwnProperty(q[1])) {
if(!dbot.db.locks.include(q[1])) {
var quote = quotes[key].pop();
rmAllowed = false;
dbot.say(data.channel, '\'' + quote + '\' removed from ' + q[1]);
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, q[1] + ' is locked. Commence incineration.');
}
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No quotes exist under ' + q[1]);
}
} else {
var last = addStack.pop();
if(last) {
if(!dbot.db.locks.include(last)) {
quotes[last].pop();
rmAllowed = false;
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Last quote removed from ' + last + '.');
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, last + ' is locked. Commence incineration.');
}
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No quotes were added recently.');
}
}
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No spamming that shit. Try again in a few minutes...');
}
},
'~qcount': function(data, params) {
var q = data.message.valMatch(/^~qcount ([\d\w\s]*)/, 2);
if(q) {
q[1] = q[1].trim();
key = q[1].toLowerCase();
if(quotes.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
dbot.say(data.channel, q[1] + ' has ' + quotes[key].length + ' quotes.');
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No quotes under ' + q[1]);
}
}
},
'~qadd': function(data, params) {
var q = data.message.valMatch(/^~qadd ([\d\w\s]*)=(.+)$/, 3);
if(q) {
key = q[1].toLowerCase();
if(!Object.isArray(quotes[key])) {
quotes[key] = [];
} else {
if (q[2] in quotes[key]) {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Quote already in DB. Initiate incineration.');
return;
}
}
quotes[key].push(q[2]);
addStack.push(q[1]);
rmAllowed = true;
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Quote saved in \'' + q[1] + '\' (' + quotes[key].length + ')');
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Invalid syntax. Initiate incineration.');
}
},
'~qset': function(data, params) {
var q = data.message.valMatch(/^~qset ([\d\w\s]*)=(.+)$/, 3);
if(q) {
q[1] = q[1].trim();
key = q[1].toLowerCase();
if(!quotes.hasOwnProperty(key) || (quotes.hasOwnProperty(key) &&
quotes[key].length == 1)) {
quotes[key] = [q[2]];
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Quote saved as ' + q[1]);
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'No replacing arrays, you whore.');
}
}
},
'~rq': function(data, params) {
var rQuote = Object.keys(quotes).random();
dbot.say(data.channel, rQuote + ': ' + quotes[rQuote].random());
},
'~reality': function(data, params) {
dbot.say(data.channel, dbot.db.quoteArrs['realityonce'].random());
},
'~d': function(data, params) {
dbot.say(data.channel, data.user + ': ' + dbot.db.quoteArrs['depressionbot'].random());
},
'~link': function(data, params) {
if(params[1] === undefined || !quotes.hasOwnProperty(params[1])) {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Syntax error. Commence incineration.');
} else {
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Link to "'+params[1]+'" - http://nc.no.de:443/quotes/'+params[1]);
}
}
};
return {
'onLoad': function() {
dbot.timers.addTimer(1000 * 60 * 3, function() {
rmAllowed = true;
});
return commands;
},
// For automatic quote retrieval
'listener': function(data, params) {
if(data.user == 'reality') {
var once = data.message.valMatch(/^I ([\d\w\s,'-]* once)/, 2);
} else {
var once = data.message.valMatch(/^reality ([\d\w\s,'-]* once)/, 2);
}
if(once) {
if((dbot.db.bans.hasOwnProperty('~qadd') &&
dbot.db.bans['~qadd'].include(data.user)) ||
dbot.db.bans['*'].include(data.user)) {
dbot.say(data.channel, data.user + ' is banned from using this command. Commence incineration.');
} else {
dbot.db.quoteArrs['realityonce'].push('reality ' + once[1] + '.');
addStack.push('realityonce');
rmAllowed = true;
dbot.instance.say(data.channel, '\'reality ' + once[1] + '.\' saved.');
}
}
},
'on': 'PRIVMSG'
};
};
exports.fetch = function(dbot) {
return quotes(dbot);
};
<file_sep>var timers = function() {
var timers = [];
return {
'addTimer': function(interval, callback) { // Because who puts the callback first. Really.
timers.push(setInterval(callback, interval));
},
'clearTimers': function() {
for(var i;i<timers.length;i++) {
clearInterval(timers[i]);
}
}
};
};
exports.create = function() {
return timers();
}
<file_sep>var kick = function(dbot) {
var dbot = dbot;
return {
'listener': function(data) {
if(data.kickee == dbot.name) {
dbot.instance.join(data.channel);
dbot.say(data.channel, 'Thou shalt not kick ' + dbot.name);
dbot.db.kicks[dbot.name] += 1;
} else {
if(dbot.db.modehate.include(data.user)) {
dbot.instance.send('KICK ' + data.channel + ' ' + data.user + ' :gtfo (MODEHATE)');
if(!dbot.db.kicks.hasOwnProperty(data.user)) {
dbot.db.kicks[data.user] = 1;
} else {
dbot.db.kicks[data.user] += 1;
}
}
if(!dbot.db.kicks.hasOwnProperty(data.kickee)) {
dbot.db.kicks[data.kickee] = 1;
} else {
dbot.db.kicks[data.kickee] += 1;
}
if(!dbot.db.kickers.hasOwnProperty(data.user)) {
dbot.db.kickers[data.user] = 1;
} else {
dbot.db.kickers[data.user] += 1;
}
dbot.say(data.channel, data.kickee + '-- (' + data.kickee + ' has been kicked ' + dbot.db.kicks[data.kickee] + ' times)');
}
},
on: 'KICK'
};
};
exports.fetch = function(dbot) {
return kick(dbot);
};
|
b8af097b4a1bb73ab099804706dadf5b0a357379
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 6
|
JavaScript
|
wasmith/depressionbot
|
3d79363b592c0d70c9d6cdc570b6c7d97d4c35fc
|
78f33b3a189c4d8e89f6107168ba4780ec0c5fa5
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>jobsonp/android-google-weather<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/adapter/CityListItemSimpleAdapter.java
/**
*
*/
package com.android.weather.adapter;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import com.android.weather.R;
import com.android.weather.db.DatabaseManager;
import com.android.weather.view.NeedShowWethInfoCityListActivity;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.sax.StartElementListener;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.view.animation.AlphaAnimation;
import android.view.animation.Animation;
import android.view.animation.AnimationSet;
import android.view.animation.DecelerateInterpolator;
import android.view.animation.RotateAnimation;
import android.view.animation.ScaleAnimation;
import android.view.animation.TranslateAnimation;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.CheckBox;
import android.widget.CompoundButton;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener;
import android.widget.Toast;
/**
* @author Himi
*
*/
public class CityListItemSimpleAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
private LayoutInflater mInflater;
private List<HashMap<String, Object>> list;
private int layoutID;
private String flag[];
private int ItemIDs[];
private Context context = null;
private DatabaseManager dbManager;
public CityListItemSimpleAdapter(Context context, List<HashMap<String, Object>> list,
int layoutID, String flag[], int ItemIDs[]) {
this.mInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
this.list = list;
this.layoutID = layoutID;
this.flag = flag;
this.ItemIDs = ItemIDs;
this.context = context;
this.dbManager = new DatabaseManager(context);
}
@Override
public int getCount() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return list.size();
}
@Override
public Object getItem(int arg0) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return 0;
}
@Override
public long getItemId(int arg0) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return 0;
}
@Override
public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
convertView = mInflater.inflate(layoutID, null);
for (int i = 0; i < flag.length; i++) {//备注1
if (convertView.findViewById(ItemIDs[i]) instanceof ImageView) {
ImageView iv = (ImageView) convertView.findViewById(ItemIDs[i]);
iv.setBackgroundResource((Integer) list.get(position).get(
flag[i]));
} else if (convertView.findViewById(ItemIDs[i]) instanceof TextView) {
TextView tv = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(ItemIDs[i]);
tv.setText((String) list.get(position).get(flag[i]));
}else{
//...备注2
}
}
addListener(convertView);
return convertView;
}
/**
*
* 备注3
*/
public void addListener(View convertView) {
final Button btn1 = (Button)convertView.findViewById(R.id.button1);//旋转按钮
final Button delBtn = (Button)convertView.findViewById(R.id.delbutton);//删除按钮
final ImageView imageview = (ImageView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.imageview1);//list图片
final TextView tview = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.storeListview);
btn1.setOnClickListener(
new View.OnClickListener() {
int count = 0;
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(NeedShowWethInfoCityListActivity.dcity, "click", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
// AnimationSet aniSet = new AnimationSet(true);
// aniSet.setInterpolator(new DecelerateInterpolator());
if(count == 0){//显示删除按钮
RotateAnimation rotate = new RotateAnimation(0, 90, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF,0.5f, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0.5f);
TranslateAnimation translate = new TranslateAnimation(Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 1f,Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0f, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0f,Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0f);
// AlphaAnimation alpha = new AlphaAnimation(0f, 1f);
rotate.setDuration(800);
rotate.setFillAfter(true);
translate.setDuration(10);
translate.setFillAfter(true);
// alpha.setDuration(800);
// alpha.setFillAfter(true);
btn1.startAnimation(rotate);
delBtn.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
imageview.setVisibility(View.GONE);
delBtn.startAnimation(translate);
// delBtn.startAnimation(alpha);
count += 1;
}else if(count==1){//隐藏删除按钮
RotateAnimation rotate = new RotateAnimation(90, 0, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF,0.5f, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0.5f);
TranslateAnimation translate = new TranslateAnimation(Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0f,Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 1f, Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0f,Animation.RELATIVE_TO_SELF, 0f);
// AlphaAnimation alpha = new AlphaAnimation(1f, 0f);
AlphaAnimation imagealpha = new AlphaAnimation(0f, 1f);
rotate.setDuration(800);
rotate.setFillAfter(true);
// alpha.setDuration(400);
// alpha.setFillAfter(true);
translate.setDuration(400);
translate.setFillAfter(true);
imagealpha.setDuration(400);
imagealpha.setFillAfter(true);
btn1.startAnimation(rotate);
// delBtn.startAnimation(alpha);
delBtn.startAnimation(translate);
delBtn.setVisibility(View.GONE);
imageview.startAnimation(imagealpha);
imageview.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
count = 0;
}
}
});
delBtn.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
long i = dbManager.delete("storecity.db", "storecity", "city=?", tview.getText().toString());
if(i!=-1){
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setClass(NeedShowWethInfoCityListActivity.dcity, NeedShowWethInfoCityListActivity.class);
NeedShowWethInfoCityListActivity.dcity.startActivity(intent);
// DBCityList.dcity.setContentView(R.layout.db_city_list);//不行
Toast.makeText(NeedShowWethInfoCityListActivity.dcity, "delete success", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
});
// ((Button)convertView.findViewById(R.id.delbutton)).setOnClickListener(
// new OnClickListener() {
//
// @Override
// public void onClick(View v) {
// // TODO Auto-generated method stub
//
// }
// });
}
}<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/utils/HttpDownloader.java
package com.android.weather.utils;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.util.ByteArrayBuffer;
import org.apache.http.util.EncodingUtils;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
public class HttpDownloader {
/*
* 仔细看这个XML的头部，<?xml version="1.0"?>，
* 跟标准的XML头部相比缺少了类似encoding=UTF-8这样的编码声明。于是怀疑正是由于这一点导致SAX或者DOM解析器把本不是UTF
* -8的字符编码当作UTF-8来处理，于是导致了乱码和异常。经过google搜索证实当使用hl=zh-cn时返回的是GBK编码的XML，
* 并且有许多用到这个API的php代码都做了GBK->UTF-8的转换处理。
*
*
* 问题到了这里其实就很简单了，既然是GBK编码SAX和DOM默认当UTF-8来处理，
* 并且我们不可能去更改GOOGLE的Servlet让他返回一个在XML头部带encoding
* =GBK的XML。那么我们只有两个办法，要嘛就把返回的XML从GBK编码转码到UTF
* -8，要嘛就让SAX和DOM解析器把XML当GBK来处理。第二种方法我找了半天没找到SAX和DOM有这个功能的函数，于是着手从第一种办法来解决。
*/
/**
* 下载文本文件 返回文本中的字符串 换版本了 先前的那个从网上获取weather
* xml文件中的中文显示乱码，从google获取的xml文件是GBK编码
*
* @param urlStr
* @return
*/
public String downText(String urlStr) {
URL url;
BufferedInputStream bis = null;
try {
// url = new URL(urlStr.replace(" ", "%20"));
// URLConnection urlconn = url.openConnection();
// urlconn.connect();
// InputStream is = urlconn.getInputStream();
bis = new BufferedInputStream(
getInputStreamFromUrl(urlStr));
ByteArrayBuffer buf = new ByteArrayBuffer(50);
int read_data = -1;
while ((read_data = bis.read()) != -1) {
buf.append(read_data);
}
// String resps = EncodingUtils.getString(buf.toByteArray(), "GBK");
String resp = EncodingUtils.getString(buf.toByteArray(), "GBK");
return resp;
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
return "";
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
System.out.println("ex");
e.printStackTrace();
return "";
} finally{
if(bis!=null){
try {
bis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
/**
* 从网络上获取图片
* @param url
* @return
*/
public Bitmap getImageByURL(String url) {
BufferedInputStream bis = null;
Bitmap bm = null;
try {
URL imgURL = new URL(url);
URLConnection conn = imgURL.openConnection();
conn.connect();
InputStream input = conn.getInputStream();
// HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
// HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url);
// InputStream input = client.execute(get).getEntity().getContent();
bis = new BufferedInputStream(input);
bm = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(bis);
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
if(bis!=null){
try {
bis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
return bm;
}
/**
* 根据URL得到输入流
*
* @param urlStr
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public InputStream getInputStreamFromUrl(String urlStr) throws IOException {
// URL url = new URL(urlStr);
// HttpURLConnection urlConn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
// InputStream input = urlConn.getInputStream();
HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpGet get = new HttpGet(urlStr);
InputStream input = client.execute(get).getEntity().getContent();
return input;
}
}
<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/utils/WeatherIconResourceMap.java
package com.android.weather.utils;
import java.util.HashMap;
import com.android.weather.R;
public class WeatherIconResourceMap {
private HashMap<String, Integer> drawableIdHash =null;
public WeatherIconResourceMap(HashMap<String, Integer> drawableIdHash) {
super();
this.drawableIdHash = drawableIdHash;
setDrawableIdHash();
}
private void setDrawableIdHash(){
drawableIdHash.put("chance_of_rain", R.drawable.chance_of_rain);
drawableIdHash.put("chance_of_snow", R.drawable.chance_of_snow);
drawableIdHash.put("chance_of_storm", R.drawable.chance_of_storm);
drawableIdHash.put("chance_of_tstorm", R.drawable.chance_of_tstorm);
drawableIdHash.put("cloudy", R.drawable.cloudy);
drawableIdHash.put("dust", R.drawable.dust);
drawableIdHash.put("flurries", R.drawable.flurries);
drawableIdHash.put("fog", R.drawable.fog);
drawableIdHash.put("haze", R.drawable.haze);
drawableIdHash.put("icy", R.drawable.icy);
drawableIdHash.put("mist", R.drawable.mist);
drawableIdHash.put("mostly_cloudy", R.drawable.mostly_cloudy);
drawableIdHash.put("mostly_sunny", R.drawable.mostly_sunny);
drawableIdHash.put("partly_cloudy", R.drawable.partly_cloudy);
drawableIdHash.put("rain", R.drawable.rain);
drawableIdHash.put("sleet", R.drawable.sleet);
drawableIdHash.put("smoke", R.drawable.smoke);
drawableIdHash.put("snow", R.drawable.snow);
drawableIdHash.put("storm", R.drawable.storm);
drawableIdHash.put("sunny", R.drawable.sunny);
drawableIdHash.put("thunderstorm", R.drawable.thunderstorm);
drawableIdHash.put("cn_fog", R.drawable.cn_fog);
drawableIdHash.put("cn_heavyrain", R.drawable.cn_heavyrain);
drawableIdHash.put("cn_lightrain", R.drawable.cn_lightrain);
drawableIdHash.put("cn_cloudy", R.drawable.cn_cloudy);
}
public int getIconResourceId(String wStr){
System.out.println(wStr);
return drawableIdHash.get(wStr);
}
}
<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/utils/AppConstants.java
package com.android.weather.utils;
public class AppConstants {
public static final String [] city ={
"北京",//
"上海",//
"天津",//
"重庆",//
"唐山",//
"石家庄",//
"大连",//
"哈尔滨",//
"海口",//
"长春",//
"长沙",//
"成都",//
"福州",//
"广州",//
"贵阳",//
"杭州",//
"合肥",//
"呼和浩特",//
"济南",//
"昆明",//
"拉萨",//
"兰州",//
"南昌",//
"南京",//
"南宁",//
"青岛",//
"深圳",//
"沈阳",//
"太原",//
"乌鲁木齐",//
"武汉",//
"西安",//
"西宁",//
"厦门",//
"徐州",//
"银川",//
"郑州"//
};
}
<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/utils/GoogleWeatherHandler.java
package com.android.weather.utils;
import java.util.List;
import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
import android.util.Log;
import com.android.weather.model.CurrentWeatherInfo;
import com.android.weather.model.WeatherInfo;
public class GoogleWeatherHandler extends DefaultHandler{
private List<WeatherInfo> weatherInfos = null;
private WeatherInfo weatherInfo = null;
private CurrentWeatherInfo currentWeatherInfo= null;
private String tagName="";
public GoogleWeatherHandler(List<WeatherInfo> weatherInfos,
CurrentWeatherInfo currentWeatherInfo) {
super();
this.weatherInfos = weatherInfos;
this.currentWeatherInfo = currentWeatherInfo;
}
@Override
public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)
throws SAXException {
super.characters(ch, start, length);
}
@Override
public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.startDocument();
}
@Override
public void endDocument() throws SAXException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.endDocument();
}
@Override
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName,
Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.startElement(uri, localName, qName, attributes);
String data = attributes.getValue(0);
tagName = localName;
if(weatherInfo==null){//获取当天的详细天气信息
if(localName.equals("postal_code")){
currentWeatherInfo.setPostalCode(data);
}else if(localName.equals("condition")){
currentWeatherInfo.setCondition(data);
}else if(localName.equals("temp_f")){
currentWeatherInfo.setTempF(data);
}else if(localName.equals("temp_c")){
currentWeatherInfo.setTempC(data);
}else if(localName.equals("humidity")){
currentWeatherInfo.setHumidity(data);
}else if(localName.equals("icon")){
String[] str = data.split("/");
String name = str[str.length-1];
String[] a = name.split("\\.");
String preName = a[0];
currentWeatherInfo.setIconName(preName);
}else if(localName.equals("wind_condition")){
currentWeatherInfo.setWindCondition(data);
}
}
if(localName.equals("forecast_conditions")){//开始解析今后四天的天气信息包含当天的信息
weatherInfo = new WeatherInfo();
}else if(localName.equals("day_of_week")){
weatherInfo.setDayOfWeek(data);
}else if(localName.equals("low")){
weatherInfo.setLowC(data);
}else if(localName.equals("high")){
weatherInfo.setHighC(data);
}else if(weatherInfo!=null&&localName.equals("icon")){//因为之前没对象的话，也有icon标签 所以要过滤
String[] str = data.split("/");
String name = str[str.length-1];
String[] a = name.split("\\.");
String preName = a[0];
weatherInfo.setIconName(preName);
}else if(weatherInfo!=null&&localName.equals("condition")){
weatherInfo.setCondition(data);
}
}
@Override
public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName)
throws SAXException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.endElement(uri, localName, qName);
tagName="";
if(localName.equals("forecast_conditions")){
weatherInfos.add(weatherInfo);
}
}
}
<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/custom/widget/EditCancel.java
package com.android.weather.custom.widget;
import com.android.weather.R;
import com.android.weather.db.DatabaseHelper;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.text.Editable;
import android.text.TextWatcher;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.ImageButton;
import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
public class EditCancel extends RelativeLayout {
EditText eText;
ImageButton imageBtn;
DatabaseHelper helper;
public EditCancel(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.edit_cancel_symbol, this, true);
eText = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.edit);
imageBtn = (ImageButton)findViewById(R.id.imagebtn);
// init();
}
public ImageButton getImageBtn() {
return imageBtn;
}
public EditText geteText() {
return eText;
}
/*
private void init(){
eText = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.edit);
imageBtn = (ImageButton)findViewById(R.id.imagebtn);
helper = new DatabaseHelper(EditCancel.this.getContext(), "city.db3");
//为输入框添加监听文字变化的监听器
eText.addTextChangedListener(tw);
imageBtn.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
hideCancelBtn();
eText.setText("");
}
});
}
public void setEditText(String content){
eText.setText(content);
}
// 当输入框状态改变时，会调用相应的方法
TextWatcher tw = new TextWatcher() {
@Override
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int before, int count) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(s.length()!=0){
SQLiteDatabase db = helper.getReadableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = db.query("city", new String[]{"city","province"}, "city like '"+s+"%' or pinyin like '"+s+"%'", null, null, null, null);
while(cursor.moveToNext()){
String name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("city"));
System.out.println("name is "+ name);
}
}
}
@Override
public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int count,
int after) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
// 在文字改变后调用
@Override
public void afterTextChanged(Editable s) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(s.length()==0){
hideCancelBtn();
}else{
showCancelBtn();
}
}
};
//显示按钮
public void showCancelBtn(){
imageBtn.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
}
//隐藏按钮
public void hideCancelBtn(){
imageBtn.setVisibility(View.GONE);
}
*/
}
<file_sep>/trunk/GoogleWeather/src/com/android/weather/model/CurrentWeatherInfo.java
package com.android.weather.model;
/**
* 用于解析从google weather 获取的天气信息--xml数据
* @author Administrator
*
*/
public class CurrentWeatherInfo {
private String condition;//当前天气状况
private String postalCode;//行政区名称
private String humidity;//湿度
private String tempF;//华氏温度
private String tempC;//摄氏温度
private String iconName;
private String windCondition;//风向风速状况
public String getCondition() {
return condition;
}
public void setCondition(String condition) {
this.condition = condition;
}
public String getPostalCode() {
return postalCode;
}
public void setPostalCode(String postalCode) {
this.postalCode = postalCode;
}
public String getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public void setHumidity(String humidity) {
this.humidity = humidity;
}
public String getTempF() {
return tempF;
}
public void setTempF(String tempF) {
this.tempF = tempF;
}
public String getTempC() {
return tempC;
}
public void setTempC(String tempC) {
this.tempC = tempC;
}
public String getIconName() {
return iconName;
}
public void setIconName(String iconName) {
this.iconName = iconName;
}
public String getWindCondition() {
return windCondition;
}
public void setWindCondition(String windCondition) {
this.windCondition = windCondition;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "CurrentWeatherInfo [condition=" + condition + ", postalCode="
+ postalCode + ", humidity=" + humidity + ", tempF=" + tempF
+ ", tempC=" + tempC + ", iconName=" + iconName
+ ", windCondition=" + windCondition + "]";
}
}
|
b4e603b2c22a714b1043f7e29054a5ce97942ba4
|
[
"Java"
] | 7
|
Java
|
jobsonp/android-google-weather
|
8ac40338ea997374d64e1a5cd863fc0eb2d1d57e
|
9cdb9e5bd018031126f0b53b9f69397bad8045dd
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.Suspend;
/**
* Suspend the VM.
*
* @goal suspend
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class SuspendMojo extends AbstractVBoxesMojo {
@Override
protected void execute(VBox box) throws Exception {
new Suspend(box).call();
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.mediaregistry;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.AbstractTest;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class MediaRegistryTest extends AbstractTest {
public MediaRegistryTest(final String name) throws Exception {
super(name);
}
@Test
public void testName() throws Exception {
final MediaRegistry sut = getBox().getMediaRegistry();
assertTrue(sut.getDVDImages().getDVDImage() != null);
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.util;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.Arrays;
import static junit.framework.Assert.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class FileUtils2Test {
@Test
@Ignore
public void testCopyURLToFile() throws Exception {
final URL u = new URL("http://www.alexecollins.com/sites/default/files/alex.e.collins_2.png");
final int s = 117741;
final File f = File.createTempFile("alex", "jpg");
assert f.delete();
System.out.println(f.getCanonicalPath());
final Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
FileUtils2.copyURLToFile(u, f);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
t.start();
Thread.sleep(150);
t.stop();
Thread.sleep(100);
assertTrue(f.length() > 0);
assertTrue(f.length() < s) ;
FileUtils2.copyURLToFile(u, f);
assertEquals(s, f.length());
}
@Ignore
@Test
public void testSignature() throws Exception {
final File f = new File("test");
FileUtils.touch(f);
final byte[] x = FileUtils2.getSignature(f);
assertArrayEquals(x, FileUtils2.getSignature(f));
assert f.renameTo(new File("test1"));
final byte[] y = FileUtils2.getSignature(f);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(x));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(y));
assertFalse(Arrays.equals(x, y));
assert f.delete();
}
}<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
/**
* Delete a definition.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class DeleteDefinition implements Callable<Void> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DeleteDefinition.class);
private final Work work;
private final VBox box;
public DeleteDefinition(Work work, VBox box) {
checkNotNull(work, "work");
checkNotNull(box, "box") ;
this.work = work;
this.box = box;
}
public Void call() throws Exception {
// make sure the machine is gone, but attempt to be idempotent
final File file = new File(box.getSrc().toURL().getFile());
if (file.exists()) {
new Clean(work,box).call();
FileUtils.forceDelete(file);
LOGGER.info("deleted definition '" + box.getName() + "'");
}
return null;
}
}
<file_sep>Local Repository
===
Boxes and download are stored locally in your home directory in ~/.vbox/.
If your using Maven, you can purge this using:
mvn vbox:purge-local-repository<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
/**
* A context for a box to be created in, usually project coordinates.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class Context {
private final String name;
public Context(String name) {
checkNotNull(name, "name");
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
<file_sep>VirtualBox Java API
===
[](https://travis-ci.org/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin)
Overview
===
This project provides support for creating, starting and stopping VirtualBox VMs. This is aimed at development and integration testing of projects by allowing you to package a complete software stack onto a single machine, install your code and perform your tests.
Some typical scenarios would be:
* Provide a dev stack and a touch of a button.
* Install all apps onto a VBox and test it.
It provides:
1. A Java API for programmatic control of boxes.
2. A set of Maven Mojos.
3. A set of matching Ant tasks.
Goals
===
To provide support for:
* Multiple host and guest OS, not least including Linux, Windows and OS-X
* Unattended install and provisioning of guest OSs.
* Multiple VMs per project.
* *Not* to be a replacement for VeeWee, Vagrant, Chef or Puppet.
Usage
===
The main mojos/tasks are split into three groups:
Managing Definitions
---
Task that work on a single definition:
* list-definitions - list available template definitions
* create-definition - creates a box from template definition
* delete-definition - delete the definition
* list-predefined-patches - list built-in patches
* patch-definition - patch a definition with one or more patches
Provisioning Tasks
---
Task related to setting up one or more boxes:
* clean - deletes boxes
* create - creates boxes, generally not used as provision will create the box if it doesn't exist
* provision - provisions boxes, creating them if needs be
Runtime Tasks
---
Tasks related to the usage of boxes:
* start - start boxes
* stop - stops boxes
* suspend - suspend the boxes
* resume - resume boxes
Examples
===
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Y4ZXD7psIuM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
* [Five minute demo](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4ZXD7psIuM)
* [Ant and Maven examples](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin/tree/master/vbox-examples/)
* [Example Maven project](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin-example)
Maven
===
Quick Start
---
Add this to your pom.xml:
<plugin>
<groupId>com.alexecollins.vbox</groupId>
<artifactId>vbox-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>clean</goal>
<goal>provision</goal>
<goal>start</goal>
<goal>stop</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
Execute this:
mvn vbox:create-definition -Dvbox.name=CentOS_6_5
Execute:
mvn verify
Maven searches for VM definitions under src/main/vbox.
Example can be [found here](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin/tree/master/vbox-examples/maven).
Ant
===
Quick Start
---
Add this to your build.xml:
<project name="vbox-ant-tasks" default="build" xmlns:vbox="antlib:com.alexecollins.vbox.ant">
<target name="build">
<property name="context" value="ant-project:1.0.0"/>
<property name="app" location="src/vbox/app1"/>
<vbox:purge-local-repository/>
<vbox:list-definitions/>
<vbox:delete-definition dir="${app}"/>
<vbox:create-definition name="CentOS_6_5" dir="${app}"/>
<vbox:patch-definition dir="${app}">
<archPatch/>
<predefinedPatch name="CentOS_6_5--tomcat6"/>
</vbox:patch-definition>
<vbox:clean dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:create dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:provision dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:start dir="${app}"/>
<!-- ... -->
<vbox:stop dir="${app}"/>
</target>
</project>
Add the vbox-ant-tasks-*.jar to Ant's class path.
Ant tasks do not currently allow you to do multiple VMs in a single command. You'll need to use multiple ones.
An example can be [found here](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin/tree/master/vbox-examples/ant).
Definitions
===
Definitions can be found in src/test/vbox. Typically you'd create a series of definitions in src/main/vbox, alongside supporting files, for example an Ubuntu server might be named "UbuntuServer":
* src/main/vbox/
* UbuntuServer/ - The name of the server.
* MediaRegistry.xml - A list of media to get (e.g. from a URL or fileshare). Similar to a fragment of VirtualBox.xml file.
* VirtualBox.xml - The configuration of the server (e.g. disk etc.). Intentionally similar to one of Virtual Box's .vbox XML files.
* Manifest.xml - A list of all files used by the server (e.g. preseed.cfg, AutoUnattend.xml etc.). Optional.
* Provisioning.xml - The steps required to get the box ready (e.g. install Apache, set-up DNS etc.). Intentionally similar to an Ant script.
* Profile.xml - Information about the box, such as if it is headless, and how to determine if it's stared successfully.
The Ubuntu example downloads (by setting the DVDImage location to the URL) and attaches it. It then uses a preseed.cfg to create the VM.
You'll want to include an additional files, either a preseed.cfg for an Ubuntu VM, or an AutoUnattend.xml for a Windows. These files tell the installer how to set-up the OS. To expose them to the VM you can either:
* Mount a floppy (esp. for Windows).
* Access the files by HTTP. When provisioning starts up, all the files in your definition dir are available on http://${server.ip}:${server.port}/.
Typically you'll want to make sure you VMs has:
* SSH access (or similar).
* ACPI support for graceful shutdown (many minimal installs don't).
Tokens
---
The following tokens are recognised in some XML documents:
* ${vbox.name} - Then name of the guest OS.
* ${server.ip} - The IP of the host.
* ${server.port} - The port the web server is running on.
* ${vbox.additions} - The path the VirtualBox Guest Additions on the host OS.
Authentication
---
By default the username is "vbox" and the default password "<PASSWORD>".
Supported Host OS Types
---
* Mac OS-X
* Windows 7
Unlisted OSs should all work.
Supported Guest OS Types/Supplied Definitions
---
* CentOS_6_5
* UbuntuServer_12_10
* WindowsServer2008
Unlisted OSs may work.
32 Bit vs 64 Bit
===
Currently the definitions are all 32 bit. I _think_ you'll want to use the same bits on the guest as the host. It'll be faster.
If you want use 64 bit you typically need to:
- Ensure hardware virtualizaiton is enabled on the host (see (http://www.parallels.com/uk/products/novt))
- Append "_64" to the OS type, e.g. "RedHat_64".
- Enable IO ACPI (as a side-effect, it'll be much faster, if your host OS is 64 bit).
- Use a 64 ISO (note that Windows will install the appropriate kernel for you, but you cannot change it once it's installed).
To save time, a patch is provided that will detect the host arch and apply a patch to the guest, e.g.:
<patches>
<archPatch/>
</patches>
The patch will make the appropriate changes and choose an ISO for you.
Patches
===
A patch is a way of modifying a definition. Typically a patch will take a base definition and add support for new features. An example would be installing Tomcat onto a server. Patches are applied after a definition in created, but before the machine is created (in fact, applying a patch after a machine is created will change its (signature)[signatures.md] and result in its rebuild.
There are two types of patch _predefined_, _user defined_ and _custom_.
Predefined Patches
---
Predefined patches can be listed with the Maven plugin:
mvn vbox:list-predefined-patches
Typically a predefined patch has a name which is the concatenation of the template used to create it, two dashes, and a short description. E.g.:
CentOS_6_5--tomcat6
To apply a patch you need to add it to your XML. For example, you can get it to create patches as follows:
<execution>
<id>create-definition</id>
<goals><goal>create-definition</goal></goals>
<configuration>
<templateName>CentOS_6_5</templateName>
<name>app1</name>
</configuration>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>patch-definition</id>
<goals><goal>patch-definition</goal></goals>
<configuration>
<patches>
<predefinedPatch>
<name>CentOS_6_5--tomcat6</name>
</predefinedPatch>
</patches>
</configuration>
</execution>
User Defined Patches
---
As pre-defined patches might not cover all cases you can also use user defined ones. The format is unified diff, so you can use diff to create the patch, e.g:
$ diff -ruN app1 app2 > patches/user-defined.patch
diff -ruN app1/Provisioning.xml app2/Provisioning.xml
--- app1/Provisioning.xml 2013-02-03 14:54:29.000000000 +0000
+++ app2/Provisioning.xml 2013-02-03 14:33:34.000000000 +0000
@@ -22,6 +22,5 @@
</Target>
<Target name="cleanup">
<Exec>vboxmanage storageattach ${vbox.name} --storagectl "Floppy Controller" --port 0 --device 0 --medium none</Exec>
- <PortForward hostport="10022" guestport="22"/>
</Target>
</Provisioning>
And XML to configure it.
<patches>
<userDefinedPatch>
<file>src/vbox/patches/user-defined.patch</file>
<!-- default level is 1 -->
<level>1</level>
</userDefinedPatch>
</patches>
Note that patches are level 1 by default.
Custom Patches
---
You can create a custom patch if you want. This is an advanced topic. Simple implement com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.Patch and add that and the appropriate information to your POM. E.g.
package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven.patch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.Patch;
public class NoopPatch implements Patch {
public void apply(VBox box) throws Exception {
// nop
}
public String getName() {
return "NoopPatch";
}
}
And add the standard Maven implementation detail:
<patches>
<noopPatch implementation="com.alexecollins.vbox.patch.demo.NoopPatch"/>
</patches>Known Issues
===
* US keyboard layouts only.
* Limited sub-set of vbox set-up supported.
Troubleshooting
===
* Sometimes VirtualBox gets in a state if VMs are not cleanly removed. Kill all VBox processes you can see.
* Host and guest firewalls can prevent OSs getting web resources. Disable the firewall.
References
===
* [VBoxManage](http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html)
* [Ubuntu/Debian preseed.cfg](https://help.ubuntu.com/12.10/installation-guide/i386/preseed-using.html)
* [VeeWee](https://github.com/jedi4ever/veewee)
* [Oracle blog on VirtualBox networking](https://blogs.oracle.com/fatbloke/entry/networking_in_virtualbox1)
* [Enforcer Plugin Custom Rule](http://maven.apache.org/enforcer/enforcer-api/writing-a-custom-rule.html)
* [Patch Format](http://www.markusbe.com/2009/12/how-to-read-a-patch-or-diff-and-understand-its-structure-to-apply-it-manually/#how-to-read-a-unified-diff)
<file_sep>Goals
===
To provide support for:
* Multiple host and guest OS, not least including Linux, Windows and OS-X
* Unattended install and provisioning of guest OSs.
* Multiple VMs per project.
* *Not* to be a replacement for VeeWee, Vagrant, Chef or Puppet.
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.PurgeLocalRepository;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* Purge the local repository.
*
* @goal purge-local-repository
* @phase clean
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class PurgeLocalRepositoryMojo extends AbstractVBoxMojo {
public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException {
try {
new PurgeLocalRepository().call();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new MojoExecutionException("failed to execute", e);
}
}
}
<file_sep>Definitions
===
Definitions can be found in src/test/vbox. Typically you'd create a series of definitions in src/main/vbox, alongside supporting files, for example an Ubuntu server might be named "UbuntuServer":
* src/main/vbox/
* UbuntuServer/ - The name of the server.
* MediaRegistry.xml - A list of media to get (e.g. from a URL or fileshare). Similar to a fragment of VirtualBox.xml file.
* VirtualBox.xml - The configuration of the server (e.g. disk etc.). Intentionally similar to one of Virtual Box's .vbox XML files.
* Manifest.xml - A list of all files used by the server (e.g. preseed.cfg, AutoUnattend.xml etc.). Optional.
* Provisioning.xml - The steps required to get the box ready (e.g. install Apache, set-up DNS etc.). Intentionally similar to an Ant script.
* Profile.xml - Information about the box, such as if it is headless, and how to determine if it's stared successfully.
The Ubuntu example downloads (by setting the DVDImage location to the URL) and attaches it. It then uses a preseed.cfg to create the VM.
You'll want to include an additional files, either a preseed.cfg for an Ubuntu VM, or an AutoUnattend.xml for a Windows. These files tell the installer how to set-up the OS. To expose them to the VM you can either:
* Mount a floppy (esp. for Windows).
* Access the files by HTTP. When provisioning starts up, all the files in your definition dir are available on http://${server.ip}:${server.port}/.
Typically you'll want to make sure you VMs has:
* SSH access (or similar).
* ACPI support for graceful shutdown (many minimal installs don't).
Tokens
---
The following tokens are recognised in some XML documents:
* ${vbox.name} - Then name of the guest OS.
* ${server.ip} - The IP of the host.
* ${server.port} - The port the web server is running on.
* ${vbox.additions} - The path the VirtualBox Guest Additions on the host OS.
Authentication
---
By default the username is "vbox" and the default password "<PASSWORD>".
Supported Host OS Types
---
* Mac OS-X
* Windows 7
Unlisted OSs should all work.
Supported Guest OS Types/Supplied Definitions
---
* CentOS_6_5
* UbuntuServer_12_10
* WindowsServer2008
Unlisted OSs may work.
<file_sep>package de.innotek.virtualbox_settings;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.AbstractTest;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class VirtualBoxTest extends AbstractTest {
public VirtualBoxTest(final String name) throws Exception {
super(name);
}
@Test
public void testGetMachine() throws Exception {
final VirtualBox sut = getBox().getVirtualBox();
assert sut.getMachine() != null;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
/**
* Suspends a VMs.
*
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class Suspend implements Callable<Void> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Suspend.class);
private final VBox box;
public Suspend(VBox box) {
this.box = box;
}
public Void call() throws Exception {
final String state = box.getProperties().getProperty("VMState");
if (!state.equals("saved")) {
LOGGER.info("suspending "+ box.getName());
box.suspend();
box.awaitState(15000l, "saved");
LOGGER.info("suspended "+ box.getName());
} else {
LOGGER.info("not suspending " + box.getName() + ", already suspended");
}
return null; //To change body of implemented methods use File | Settings | File Templates.
}
}<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.util;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class Bytes2Test {
@Test
public void testSearchAndReplace() throws Exception {
byte[] s = "${search}".getBytes();
byte[] r = "replace".getBytes();
byte[] src = "${search} and ${search} is ${search}".getBytes();
final byte[] actuals = Bytes2.searchAndReplace(src, s, r);
//System.out.println("<"+new String(actuals)+">");
assertArrayEquals("replace and replace is replace".getBytes(), actuals);
}
@Test
public void testSearchAndReplace2() throws Exception {
byte[] s = "${search}".getBytes();
byte[] r = "repl".getBytes(); // shorted
byte[] src = "${search} and ${search} is ${search}".getBytes();
final byte[] actuals = Bytes2.searchAndReplace(src, s, r);
//System.out.println("<"+new String(actuals)+">");
assertArrayEquals("repl and repl is repl".getBytes(), actuals);
}}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.TestContext;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import com.google.common.io.Files;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBException;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public abstract class AbstractTest {
@Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{0}")
public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
{"TinyCore_4_x"},
{"UbuntuServer_12_10" },
{"CentOS_6_5"}
// ,{"WindowsServer2008" }
});
}
private final String name;
private final File src;
private final File target;
private final TestContext context = new TestContext();
private final Work work = new Work(context);
public AbstractTest(final String name) throws Exception {
this.name = name;
System.out.println("name=" + name);
src = Files.createTempDir();
final CreateDefinition definition = new CreateDefinition(context, getName(), src);
definition.call();
target = work.targetOf(getBox());
}
@After
public void tearDown() throws Exception {
context.destroy();
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public VBox getBox() throws IOException, JAXBException, SAXException, URISyntaxException {
return new VBox(context, src.toURI());
}
public File getTarget() {
return target;
}
public Work getWork() {
return work;
}
public File getSrc() {
return src;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant.patch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.ant.AbstractTask;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.ArchPatch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.Patch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.UserDefinedPatch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.PatchDefinition;
import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public class PatchDefinitionTask extends AbstractTask {
private List<Patch> patches = new ArrayList<Patch>();
public ArchPatch createArchPatch() {
ArchPatch patch = new ArchPatch();
patches.add(patch);
return patch;
}
public com.alexecollins.vbox.ant.patch.PredefinedPatch createPredefinedPatch() {
com.alexecollins.vbox.ant.patch.PredefinedPatch patch = new com.alexecollins.vbox.ant.patch.PredefinedPatch();
patches.add(patch);
return patch;
}
public UserDefinedPatch createUserDefinedPatch() {
UserDefinedPatch patch = new UserDefinedPatch();
patches.add(patch);
return patch;
}
@Override
public void execute() throws BuildException {
if (dir == null) {
throw new BuildException("dir is null");
}
try {
new PatchDefinition(work(), new VBox(context(), dir.toURI()), patches).call();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new BuildException(e);
}
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class CleanTaskIT extends AbstractTaskTest {
@Test
public void testExecute() throws Exception {
final CreateDefinitionTask defn = new CreateDefinitionTask();
defn.setName("CentOS_6_5");
defn.setDir(dir);
defn.execute();
final CleanTask sut = new CleanTask();
sut.setDir(dir);
sut.execute();
}
}
<file_sep><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.alexecollins.vbox</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-vbox-plugin-example</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>com.alexecollins.vbox</groupId>
<artifactId>vbox-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>@project.version@</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>clean</id>
<goals>
<goal>delete-definition</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>create-definition</id>
<goals>
<goal>create-definition</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<templateName>CentOS_6_5</templateName>
<name>cent-os-6-5.test</name>
</configuration>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>patch-definition</id>
<goals>
<goal>patch-definition</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<patches>
<archPatch/>
<predefinedPatch>
<name>CentOS_6_5--tomcat6</name>
</predefinedPatch>
</patches>
</configuration>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>default</id>
<goals>
<goal>clean</goal>
<goal>provision</goal>
<goal>start</goal>
<goal>stop</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.TestContext;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import com.google.common.io.Files;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.File;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertFalse;
import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertTrue;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class DeleteDefinitionIT {
@Test
public void testCall() throws Exception {
final File tmp = Files.createTempDir();
final File target = new File(tmp, "test");
final VBox box = new CreateDefinition(new TestContext(), "CentOS_6_5", target).call();
System.out.println("src="+box.getSrc());
assertTrue(target.exists());
new DeleteDefinition(new Work(new TestContext()), box).call();
assertFalse(target.exists());
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven.patch;
/**
* A user-defined patch from a file.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public class UserDefinedPatch extends com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.UserDefinedPatch {
}<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant;
import java.io.File;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public abstract class AbstractTaskTest {
final File dir = new File("build/vbox/CentOS_6_5");
}
<file_sep>VirtualBox Java API
===
[](https://travis-ci.org/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin)
<file_sep>#! /bin/sh
set -ue
yum -y install acpid kernel-headers kernel-devel gcc gcc-c++ make kernel-devel-$(uname -r)
mkdir /media/cdrom
mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom
/media/cdrom/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
umount /dev/sr0
rm -R /media/cdrom
yum -y install tomcat6
chkconfig tomcat6 on
poweroff now
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch;
import com.alexecollins.util.Bytes2;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.google.common.io.Resources;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
/**
* A pre-defined patch based on unified diff format.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public class PredefinedPatch implements Patch {
private static final Map<String,List<String>> nameToArgs = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
static {
try {
for (String l : Resources.readLines(PredefinedPatch.class.getResource("manifest.txt"), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))) {
final Matcher m = Pattern.compile("([^()]*)\\(([^()]*)\\)").matcher(l);
if (!m.find()) {throw new IllegalStateException(l + " invalid");}
nameToArgs.put(m.group(1), (m.group(2).length() > 0 ? Arrays.<String>asList(m.group(2).split(",")) : Collections.<String>emptyList()));
}
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
}
/**
* The full patch name.
*
* E.g.
* CentOS_6_5--tomcat6
*/
private String name;
/**
* Thing that need to be mapped.
*/
private Map<String,String> properties = Collections.emptyMap();
public PredefinedPatch() {}
public PredefinedPatch(String name, Map<String, String> properties) {
this.name = name;
this.properties = properties;
}
public void apply(VBox box) throws Exception {
if (name == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("name is null");}
if (!nameToArgs.containsKey(name)) {throw new IllegalArgumentException(name +" not in " + nameToArgs);}
if (properties == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException(properties + " is null");}
for (String arg : nameToArgs.get(name)) {
if (!properties.containsKey(arg)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("properties " + properties.keySet() + " missing '" + arg + "' (requires " + nameToArgs.get(name) + ")");
}
}
final URL resource = getClass().getResource("/com/alexecollins/vbox/core/patch/" + name + ".patch");
if (resource == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("unable to find patch name " + name);
}
byte[] patch = Resources.toByteArray(resource);
for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : properties.entrySet()) {
LoggerFactory.getLogger(PredefinedPatch.class).info("substituting " + e);
patch = Bytes2.searchAndReplace(patch, ("${" +e.getKey() +"}").getBytes("UTF-8"), e.getValue().getBytes("UTF-8"));
}
new UnifiedPatch(patch, 1).apply(box);
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public static Map<String, List<String>> list() {
return nameToArgs;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Map<String, String> getProperties() {
return properties;
}
public void setProperties(Map<String, String> properties) {
this.properties = properties;
}
}
<file_sep>Troubleshooting
===
* Sometimes VirtualBox gets in a state if VMs are not cleanly removed. Kill all VBox processes you can see.
* Host and guest firewalls can prevent OSs getting web resources. Disable the firewall.
<file_sep>Signatures
===
Each box has a signature which is derived from the files that make up its definition. If those files change, the signature changes. When creating or provisioning a box, the signature is checked first. If it has changed, the box is deleted and re-built.<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
/**
* A repository for storing VMs in.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class Repo {
private static Repo INSTANCE;
private final File path;
private Repo(File path) throws IOException {
checkNotNull(path, "path");
this.path = path;
if (!path.exists() && !path.mkdirs()) {throw new IllegalStateException("failed to create " + path);}
if (!getDownloadsDir().exists()) {
FileUtils.forceMkdir(getDownloadsDir());
}
if (!getContextsDir().exists()) {
FileUtils.forceMkdir(getContextsDir());
}
}
public static Repo getInstance() {
if (INSTANCE == null) {
try {
INSTANCE = new Repo(new File(System.getProperty("user.home"), ".vbox"));
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
}
return INSTANCE;
}
public File getPath() {
return path;
}
public File pathOf(Context context, VBox box) {
return new File(pathOf(context), box.getName().replaceAll("/", "_"));
}
public File getDownloadsDir() {
return new File(getPath(), "downloads");
}
public File getContextsDir() {
return new File(path, "contexts");
}
public File pathOf(Context context) {
return new File(getContextsDir(), context.getName().replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z]", "_"));
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
public class Snapshot {
public static final Snapshot POST_CREATION = new Snapshot("post-creation");
public static final Snapshot POST_PROVISIONING = new Snapshot("post-provisioning");
private final String name;
private Snapshot(String name) {
if (name == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException();}
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
Snapshot snapshot = (Snapshot) o;
return name.equals(snapshot.name);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return name.hashCode();
}
public static Snapshot valueOf(String name) {
return new Snapshot(name) ;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.util;
import org.junit.Test;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
public class DurationUtilsTest {
@Test
public void testForString() throws Exception {
assert 0 == DurationUtils.millisForString("");
assert 1000 == DurationUtils.millisForString("1 second");
assert 2000 == DurationUtils.millisForString("2 seconds");
assert 60000 == DurationUtils.millisForString("1 minute");
assert 120000 == DurationUtils.millisForString("2 minutes");
assert 122000 == DurationUtils.millisForString("2 minutes 2 seconds");
}
@Test
public void testPrettyDuration() throws Exception {
assertEquals("1 minute(s)", DurationUtils.prettyPrint(60000));
assertEquals("30 second(s)", DurationUtils.prettyPrint(30000));
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant.patch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.Patch;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public class PredefinedPatch implements Patch {
/**
* The full patch name.
*
* E.g.
* CentOS_6_5--tomcat6
*/
private String name;
/**
* Thing that need to be mapped.
*/
private Map<String,String> properties = new HashMap<String, String>();
public void apply(VBox box) throws Exception {
new com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.PredefinedPatch(name, properties).apply(box);
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setProperties(String properties) {
for (String pair : properties.split(",")) {
final int i = pair.indexOf('=');
this.properties.put(pair.substring(0,i), pair.substring(i+1));
}
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.util;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.TestContext;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.File;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
public class ImageUtilsTestTest {
@Test
public void testCreateImage() throws Exception {
final File dest = new File("src.iso");
ImageUtils.createImage(new Work(new TestContext()), new File("src"), dest);
assertTrue(dest.exists());
FileUtils.forceDelete(dest);
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.util.FileUtils2;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public abstract class AbstractTask implements Callable<Void> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractTask.class);
protected final Work work;
protected final VBox box;
protected AbstractTask(Work work, VBox box) {
this.work = work;
this.box = box;
}
void verifySignature() throws Exception {
if (box.exists()) {
final byte[] sig = getSignature();
final File sigFile = getSignatureFile();
if (!sigFile.exists() || !Arrays.equals(FileUtils.readFileToByteArray(sigFile), sig)) {
LOGGER.info(box.getName() + " signature has changed, and therefore the source files have probably changed");
new Clean(work ,box).call();
}
}
}
File getSignatureFile() {
return new File(work.targetOf(box), "signature");
}
byte[] getSignature() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
return FileUtils2.getSignature(new File(box.getSrc().toURL().getFile()));
}
/**
* Complete the variables.
*/
public String subst(String line) throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
line = line.replaceAll("\\$\\{vbox\\.additions\\}", VBox.findGuestAdditions().getPath().replaceAll("\\\\", "/"));
line = line.replaceAll("\\$\\{vbox\\.name\\}", box.getName());
return line;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
/**
* Stop the box. Firstly by sending a ACPID message. If that fails, forcibly terminating it.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class Stop implements Callable<Void> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stop.class);
private final VBox box;
public Stop(VBox box) {
this.box = box;
}
public Void call() throws Exception {
if (box.getProperties().getProperty("VMState").equals("running")) {
LOGGER.info("stopping '" + box.getName() + "'");
box.pressPowerButton();
try {
box.awaitState(30000l, "poweroff");
} catch (TimeoutException e) {
LOGGER.warn("failed to power down in 30 second(s) forcing power off");
box.powerOff();
box.awaitState(2000, "poweroff");
}
LOGGER.info("stopped '" + box.getName() + "'");
} else {
LOGGER.info("not stopping '" + box.getName() + "', already off");
}
return null;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch;
import com.alexecollins.util.ExecUtils;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
/**
* A patch based on the unified diff format.
*
* This is a very common patching algo and should suite almost all purposes.
*
* Typically you'd create a patch using:
*
* <code>
* diff -ruN app0 app1 > my-patch.patch
* </code>
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public class UnifiedPatch implements Patch {
private byte[] patch;
private int level; // you'll almost always want to set this to 1
public UnifiedPatch(byte[] patch, int level) {
if (patch == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException();}
this.patch = patch;
this.level = level;
}
public void apply(VBox definition) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, IOException {
if (definition == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException();}
if (patch == null) {throw new IllegalStateException();}
ExecUtils.exec(patch, new File(definition.getSrc().toURL().getFile()), "patch", "-f", "-p", String.valueOf(level));
}
public String getName() {
return "UnifiedPatch";
}
}
<file_sep>Usage
===
The main mojos/tasks are split into three groups:
Managing Definitions
---
Task that work on a single definition:
* list-definitions - list available template definitions
* create-definition - creates a box from template definition
* delete-definition - delete the definition
* list-predefined-patches - list built-in patches
* patch-definition - patch a definition with one or more patches
Provisioning Tasks
---
Task related to setting up one or more boxes:
* clean - deletes boxes
* create - creates boxes, generally not used as provision will create the box if it doesn't exist
* provision - provisions boxes, creating them if needs be
Runtime Tasks
---
Tasks related to the usage of boxes:
* start - start boxes
* stop - stops boxes
* suspend - suspend the boxes
* resume - resume boxes
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.ssh.PresetUserInfo;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.profile.Profile;
import com.jcraft.jsch.Channel;
import com.jcraft.jsch.JSch;
import com.jcraft.jsch.Session;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
/**
* Connect to a box.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class Ssh implements Callable<Void> {
private final VBox box;
public Ssh(VBox box) {
this.box = box;
}
public Void call() throws Exception {
final JSch jsch = new JSch();
final Profile.SSH x = box.getProfile().getSSH();
final Session session = jsch.getSession(x.getAuth().getUsername(), x.getHostname(), x.getPort());
session.setUserInfo(new PresetUserInfo(x.getAuth().getPassword(), null));
session.connect(30000);
final Channel channel=session.openChannel("shell");
channel.setInputStream(System.in);
channel.setOutputStream(System.out);
channel.connect(3000);
try {
while (channel.isConnected()) {
Thread.sleep(250); // bit rubbish way of doing this
}
} finally {
channel.disconnect();
}
return null;
}
}
<file_sep>Patches
===
A patch is a way of modifying a definition. Typically a patch will take a base definition and add support for new features. An example would be installing Tomcat onto a server. Patches are applied after a definition in created, but before the machine is created (in fact, applying a patch after a machine is created will change its (signature)[signatures.md] and result in its rebuild.
There are two types of patch _predefined_, _user defined_ and _custom_.
Predefined Patches
---
Predefined patches can be listed with the Maven plugin:
mvn vbox:list-predefined-patches
Typically a predefined patch has a name which is the concatenation of the template used to create it, two dashes, and a short description. E.g.:
CentOS_6_5--tomcat6
To apply a patch you need to add it to your XML. For example, you can get it to create patches as follows:
<execution>
<id>create-definition</id>
<goals><goal>create-definition</goal></goals>
<configuration>
<templateName>CentOS_6_5</templateName>
<name>app1</name>
</configuration>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>patch-definition</id>
<goals><goal>patch-definition</goal></goals>
<configuration>
<patches>
<predefinedPatch>
<name>CentOS_6_5--tomcat6</name>
</predefinedPatch>
</patches>
</configuration>
</execution>
User Defined Patches
---
As pre-defined patches might not cover all cases you can also use user defined ones. The format is unified diff, so you can use diff to create the patch, e.g:
$ diff -ruN app1 app2 > patches/user-defined.patch
diff -ruN app1/Provisioning.xml app2/Provisioning.xml
--- app1/Provisioning.xml 2013-02-03 14:54:29.000000000 +0000
+++ app2/Provisioning.xml 2013-02-03 14:33:34.000000000 +0000
@@ -22,6 +22,5 @@
</Target>
<Target name="cleanup">
<Exec>vboxmanage storageattach ${vbox.name} --storagectl "Floppy Controller" --port 0 --device 0 --medium none</Exec>
- <PortForward hostport="10022" guestport="22"/>
</Target>
</Provisioning>
And XML to configure it.
<patches>
<userDefinedPatch>
<file>src/vbox/patches/user-defined.patch</file>
<!-- default level is 1 -->
<level>1</level>
</userDefinedPatch>
</patches>
Note that patches are level 1 by default.
Custom Patches
---
You can create a custom patch if you want. This is an advanced topic. Simple implement com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.Patch and add that and the appropriate information to your POM. E.g.
package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven.patch;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.Patch;
public class NoopPatch implements Patch {
public void apply(VBox box) throws Exception {
// nop
}
public String getName() {
return "NoopPatch";
}
}
And add the standard Maven implementation detail:
<patches>
<noopPatch implementation="com.alexecollins.vbox.patch.demo.NoopPatch"/>
</patches><file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.Stop;
/**
* Stop all the boxes defined in src/main/vbox.
*
* @goal stop
* @phase post-integration-test
* @see StartMojo
*/
public class StopMojo extends AbstractVBoxesMojo {
protected void execute(VBox box) throws Exception {
new Stop(box).call();
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.CreateDefinition;
import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
/**
* Create a definition from the named template.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class CreateDefinitionTask extends AbstractTask {
private String name;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void execute() throws BuildException {
if (name == null) {
throw new BuildException("name is null");
}
if (dir == null) {
throw new BuildException("dir is null");
}
try {
new CreateDefinition(context(), name, dir).call();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new BuildException(e);
}
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant;
import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
import org.apache.tools.ant.Task;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* Purge the local repo of old files.
*
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class PurgeLocalRepositoryTask extends Task {
@Override
public void execute() throws BuildException {
try {
new com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.PurgeLocalRepository().call();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new BuildException(e);
}
}
}
<file_sep>Ant
===
Quick Start
---
Add this to your build.xml:
<project name="vbox-ant-tasks" default="build" xmlns:vbox="antlib:com.alexecollins.vbox.ant">
<target name="build">
<property name="context" value="ant-project:1.0.0"/>
<property name="app" location="src/vbox/app1"/>
<vbox:purge-local-repository/>
<vbox:list-definitions/>
<vbox:delete-definition dir="${app}"/>
<vbox:create-definition name="CentOS_6_5" dir="${app}"/>
<vbox:patch-definition dir="${app}">
<archPatch/>
<predefinedPatch name="CentOS_6_5--tomcat6"/>
</vbox:patch-definition>
<vbox:clean dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:create dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:provision dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:start dir="${app}"/>
<!-- ... -->
<vbox:stop dir="${app}"/>
</target>
</project>
Add the vbox-ant-tasks-*.jar to Ant's class path.
Ant tasks do not currently allow you to do multiple VMs in a single command. You'll need to use multiple ones.
An example can be [found here](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin/tree/master/vbox-examples/ant).
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.ant;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.Ssh;
import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class SshTask extends AbstractTask {
@Override
public void execute() throws BuildException {
if (dir == null) {
throw new BuildException("dir is null");
}
try {
new Ssh(new VBox(context(), dir.toURI())).call();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new BuildException(e);
}
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.provisioning;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.AbstractTest;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class ProvisionsTest extends AbstractTest {
public ProvisionsTest(final String name) throws Exception {
super(name);
}
@Test
public void testGetPortForwardOrKeyboardPutScanCodesOrSleep() throws Exception {
final Provisioning sut = getBox().getProvisioning();
assertTrue(sut.getTarget().size() > 0);
for (Provisioning.Target target : sut.getTarget()) {
assert target.getName() != null;
}
}
}
<file_sep>Maven
===
Quick Start
---
Add this to your pom.xml:
<plugin>
<groupId>com.alexecollins.vbox</groupId>
<artifactId>vbox-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.0.0</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>clean</goal>
<goal>provision</goal>
<goal>start</goal>
<goal>stop</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
Execute this:
mvn vbox:create-definition -Dvbox.name=CentOS_6_5
Execute:
mvn verify
Maven searches for VM definitions under src/main/vbox.
Example can be [found here](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin/tree/master/vbox-examples/maven).
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.ssh;
import com.jcraft.jsch.UserInfo;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public abstract class AbstractUserInfo implements UserInfo {
protected String passphrase;
protected String password;
public String getPassphrase() {
return passphrase;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task.Ssh;
/**
* Connect to the box.
*
* @goal ssh
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 3.0.0
*/
public class SshMojo extends AbstractVBoxesMojo {
@Override
protected void execute(VBox box) throws Exception {
new Ssh(box).call();
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.maven.patch;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
* @since 2.0.0
*/
public class ArchPatch extends com.alexecollins.vbox.core.patch.ArchPatch {
}
<file_sep>Vs. Vagrant
===
You might ask yourself "why would I use this rather than vagrant". The answer is "you almost certainly wouldn't", I know I would use Vagrant instead. This isn't intended for production use. It's more of an investigation and learning tool for me to learn about Virtual machines, networking (which is a pain) and provisioning.
Here are a few differences:
| Vagarant | VBox Java API |
|-----------------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------|
| State | Mature & Common | Immature |
| Language | Ruby | Java |
| Configuration | Ruby | XML |
| Base Boxes | VeeWee | In Built |
| Provisioning | Chef or Puppet | SSH / Patches |
| Interface | Command Line | Ant or Maven |<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class ScanCodesTest {
@Test
public void testGetScanCode() throws Exception {
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x01, 0x81}, ScanCodes.forKey("Esc"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x02, 0x82}, ScanCodes.forKey("1"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x2a, 0x02, 0x82, 0xaa}, ScanCodes.forKey("!"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x1c, 0x9c}, ScanCodes.forKey("Enter"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x2a, 0x27, 0xa7, 0xaa}, ScanCodes.forKey(":"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x1e, 0x9e}, ScanCodes.forKey("a"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x2a, 0x1e, 0x9e, 0xaa}, ScanCodes.forKey("A"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x31, 0xb1}, ScanCodes.forKey("n"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x26, 0xa6}, ScanCodes.forKey("l"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x35, 0xb5}, ScanCodes.forKey("/"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x22, 0xa2}, ScanCodes.forKey("g"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{57, 185}, ScanCodes.forKey(" "));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{13, 141}, ScanCodes.forKey("="));
}
@Test
public void testText() {
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x02, 0x82, 0x2a, 0x02, 0x82, 0xaa}, ScanCodes.forString("1!"));
assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0x39, 0xb9}, ScanCodes.forString(" "));
}
}
<file_sep>package com.alexecollins.util;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.hatlak.iso9660.ISO9660RootDirectory;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.hatlak.iso9660.impl.CreateISO;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.hatlak.iso9660.impl.ISO9660Config;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.hatlak.iso9660.impl.ISOImageFileHandler;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.hatlak.joliet.impl.JolietConfig;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.hatlak.rockridge.impl.RockRidgeConfig;
import de.tu_darmstadt.informatik.rbg.mhartle.sabre.StreamHandler;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
/**
* Utils for creating disk images.
*
* @author <EMAIL>
*/
public class ImageUtils {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ImageUtils.class);
/**
* Create an image based on file extension.
*/
public static void createImage(final Work work, final File src, final File dest) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, IOException {
if (work == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("work is null or is not directory");}
if (src == null || !src.isDirectory()) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("src is null or is not directory");}
if (dest == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("dest must not be null and end in '.iso'");}
if (dest.getName().endsWith(".img")) {
createFloppyImage(work, src, dest);
} else if (dest.getName().endsWith(".iso")) {
createDVDImage(src, dest);
} else {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unknown file extension on " + dest);
}
}
private static void createFloppyImage(Work work, final File source, final File dest) throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
// http://wiki.osdev.org/Disk_Images
if (dest == null || !dest.getName().endsWith(".img")) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("dest must not be null and end in '.iso'");}
final String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
if (os.contains("Windows")) {
final File f = new File(work.getCacheDir(), "bfi10.zip");
if (!f.exists())
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL("ftp://dl.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/nu2files/bfi10.zip"), f);
assert f.exists();
ZipUtils.unzip(f, f.getParentFile());
ExecUtils.exec(new File(f.getParentFile(), "bfi.exe").getCanonicalPath(), "-f=" + dest.getCanonicalPath(), source.getCanonicalPath());
} else if (os.contains("Mac")) {
// http://www.jedi.be/blog/2009/11/17/commandline-creation-of-msdos-floppy-on-macosx/
ExecUtils.exec("dd", "bs=512", "count=2880", "if=/dev/zero", "of=" + dest.getPath());
final String dev = ExecUtils.exec("hdid", "-nomount", dest.getPath()).trim();
try {
ExecUtils.exec("newfs_msdos", dev);
} finally {
ExecUtils.exec("hdiutil", "detach", dev);
}
final String out = ExecUtils.exec("hdid", dest.getPath());
final Matcher m = Pattern.compile(" *(.*)").matcher(out);
if (!m.find()) {
throw new IllegalStateException("failed to find mount point in " + out);
}
final File device = new File(m.group(1).trim());
try {
FileUtils.copyDirectory(source, device);
} finally {
ExecUtils.exec("hdiutil", "detach", device.getPath());
}
} else {
LOGGER.warn("unsupported OS " + os + ", hoping it's *NIX and executing some un-tested code, email me at <EMAIL> if you see this message and you have any problems");
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11202706/create-a-virtual-floppy-image-without-mount
ExecUtils.exec("dd", "if=/dev/zero", "of=" + dest.getPath(), "count=1440","bs=1k");
ExecUtils.exec("mkfs.msdos", dest.getPath());
for (File f : source.listFiles()) {
ExecUtils.exec("mcopy", "-s", "-i", dest.getPath(), f.getPath(), "::/");
}
}
}
/**
* Create an ISO image for src.
*/
private static void createDVDImage(final File src, final File dest) {
if (dest == null || !dest.getName().endsWith(".iso")) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("dest must not be null and end in '.iso'");}
final ISO9660RootDirectory root = new ISO9660RootDirectory();
try {
root.addContentsRecursively(src);
final StreamHandler streamHandler = new ISOImageFileHandler(dest);
CreateISO iso = new CreateISO(streamHandler, root);
iso.process(new ISO9660Config(), new RockRidgeConfig(), new JolietConfig(), null);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException("failed to create image", e);
}
}
/*
private static void createFloppyImage1(final File source, final File dest) throws Exception {
final FileDisk disk = FileDisk.create(dest, (long) 1440 * 1024);
final FatFileSystem fs = SuperFloppyFormatter.get(disk).format();
for (final File file : source.listFiles()) {
if (file.isFile()) {
final FatLfnDirectoryEntry fe = fs.getRoot().addFile(file.getName());
final FatFile floppyFile = fe.getFile();
final FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
final FileChannel fci = fis.getChannel();
final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
long counter = 0;
long len = 0;
// http://www.kodejava.org/examples/49.html
// Here we start to read the source file and write it
// to the destination file. We repeat this process
// until the read method of input stream channel return
// nothing (-1).
while (true) {
// read a block of data and put it in the buffer
final int read = fci.read(buffer);
// did we reach the end of the channel? if yes
// jump out the while-loop
if (read == -1) {
break;
}
// flip the buffer
buffer.flip();
// write to the destination channel
floppyFile.write(counter * 1024, buffer);
counter++;
len += read;
// clear the buffer and user it for the next read
// process
buffer.clear();
}
if (len != file.length()) {
throw new AssertionError("expected to copy " + file.length() + ", copied " + len);
}
floppyFile.flush();
fis.close();
} else if (file.isDirectory()) {
fs.getRoot().addDirectory(file.getName());
} else {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
}
fs.close();
disk.close();
}
*/
}
<file_sep>#! /bin/sh
set -ue
apt-get -y install acpid linux-headers-$(uname -r) build-essential
mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
/media/cdrom/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
eject /dev/cdrom
poweroff now
<file_sep>32 Bit vs 64 Bit
===
Currently the definitions are all 32 bit. I _think_ you'll want to use the same bits on the guest as the host. It'll be faster.
If you want use 64 bit you typically need to:
- Ensure hardware virtualizaiton is enabled on the host (see (http://www.parallels.com/uk/products/novt))
- Append "_64" to the OS type, e.g. "RedHat_64".
- Enable IO ACPI (as a side-effect, it'll be much faster, if your host OS is 64 bit).
- Use a 64 ISO (note that Windows will install the appropriate kernel for you, but you cannot change it once it's installed).
To save time, a patch is provided that will detect the host arch and apply a patch to the guest, e.g.:
<patches>
<archPatch/>
</patches>
The patch will make the appropriate changes and choose an ISO for you.
<file_sep>Known Issues
===
* US keyboard layouts only.
* Limited sub-set of vbox set-up supported.
<file_sep>Overview
===
This project provides support for creating, starting and stopping VirtualBox VMs. This is aimed at development and integration testing of projects by allowing you to package a complete software stack onto a single machine, install your code and perform your tests.
Some typical scenarios would be:
* Provide a dev stack and a touch of a button.
* Install all apps onto a VBox and test it.
It provides:
1. A Java API for programmatic control of boxes.
2. A set of Maven Mojos.
3. A set of matching Ant tasks.
<file_sep>References
===
* [VBoxManage](http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html)
* [Ubuntu/Debian preseed.cfg](https://help.ubuntu.com/12.10/installation-guide/i386/preseed-using.html)
* [VeeWee](https://github.com/jedi4ever/veewee)
* [Oracle blog on VirtualBox networking](https://blogs.oracle.com/fatbloke/entry/networking_in_virtualbox1)
* [Enforcer Plugin Custom Rule](http://maven.apache.org/enforcer/enforcer-api/writing-a-custom-rule.html)
* [Patch Format](http://www.markusbe.com/2009/12/how-to-read-a-patch-or-diff-and-understand-its-structure-to-apply-it-manually/#how-to-read-a-unified-diff)
<file_sep><project name="vbox-ant-tasks" default="build" xmlns:vbox="antlib:com.alexecollins.vbox.ant">
<target name="build">
<property name="context" value="ant-project:1.0.0"/>
<property name="app" location="src/vbox/app1"/>
<vbox:purge-local-repository/>
<vbox:list-definitions/>
<vbox:delete-definition dir="${app}"/>
<vbox:create-definition name="CentOS_6_5" dir="${app}"/>
<vbox:patch-definition dir="${app}">
<archPatch/>
<predefinedPatch name="CentOS_6_5--tomcat6"/>
</vbox:patch-definition>
<vbox:clean dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:create dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:provision dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:start dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:status dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:suspend dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<vbox:resume dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
<!-- ... -->
<vbox:stop dir="${app}" context="${context}"/>
</target>
</project><file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.ssh;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* @author alexec (<EMAIL>)
*/
public class PresetUserInfo extends AbstractUserInfo {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PresetUserInfo.class);
public PresetUserInfo(String password, String passphrase) {
this.password = <PASSWORD>;
this.passphrase = passphrase;
}
public boolean promptPassword(String message) {
return true;
}
public boolean promptPassphrase(String message) {
return true;
}
public boolean promptYesNo(String message) {
return true;
}
public void showMessage(String message) {
LOGGER.info(message);
}
}<file_sep><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>vbox-examples</artifactId>
<groupId>com.alexecollins.vbox</groupId>
<version>3.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<relativePath>..</relativePath>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<artifactId>maven-example</artifactId>
<name>Maven Example</name>
<profiles>
<profile>
<id>run-its</id>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>com.alexecollins.vbox</groupId>
<artifactId>vbox-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>delete-definition</goal>
<goal>create-definition</goal>
<goal>patch-definition</goal>
<goal>provision</goal>
<goal>start</goal>
<goal>stop</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<name>app1.test</name>
<templateName>CentOS_6_5</templateName>
<patches>
<archPatch />
<predefinedPatch>
<name>CentOS_6_5--tomcat6</name>
</predefinedPatch>
</patches>
<names>app1.test</names>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</profile>
</profiles>
</project><file_sep>package com.alexecollins.vbox.core.task;
import au.com.bytecode.opencsv.CSVReader;
import com.alexecollins.util.DurationUtils;
import com.alexecollins.util.ExecUtils;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.ScanCodes;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Snapshot;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.VBox;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.core.Work;
import com.alexecollins.vbox.provisioning.Provisioning;
import org.apache.commons.lang.ArrayUtils;
import org.mortbay.jetty.Server;
import org.mortbay.jetty.handler.ResourceHandler;
import org.mortbay.resource.Resource;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
public class Provision extends AbstractTask {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Provision.class);
private final Server server;
private final Set<String> targets;
public Provision(Work work, VBox box, Set<String> targets) throws IOException {
super(work, box);
this.targets = targets;
server = new Server(Provision.findFreePort());
}
public Void call() throws Exception {
if (box.exists()) {
new Stop(box).call();
}
verifySignature();
final Snapshot snapshot = Snapshot.POST_PROVISIONING;
if (box.exists()) {
box.powerOff();
if (box.getSnapshots().contains(snapshot)) {
LOGGER.info("restoring '" + box.getName() + "' from snapshot " + snapshot);
box.restoreSnapshot(Snapshot.POST_PROVISIONING);
return null;
}
}
// if the box doesn't exist, create it
if (!box.exists()) {
new Create(work, box).call();
}
LOGGER.info("provisioning '" + box.getName() + "'");
// TODO startServer(box);
try {
final List<Provisioning.Target> targets = box.getProvisioning().getTarget();
for (Provisioning.Target target : targets) {
if (this.targets.contains(target.getName()) || this.targets.equals(Collections.<String>singleton("*"))) {
if (target.equals(targets.get(0)) && !box.getProperties().getProperty("VMState").equals("running")) {
LOGGER.info("starting box");
box.start();
}
executeTarget(box, target);
if (target.equals(targets.get(targets.size() - 1))) {
if (box.getProperties().getProperty("VMState").equals("running")) {
LOGGER.info("stopping box");
box.pressPowerButton();
box.awaitState((long) 10000, "poweroff");
}
box.takeSnapshot(snapshot);
}
} else {
LOGGER.info("skipping target " + target.getName());
}
}
} finally {
// TODO uncomment - stopServer();
}
return null;
}
private void executeTarget(final VBox box, final Provisioning.Target target) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException, ExecutionException {
LOGGER.info("executing target " + target.getName());
for (Object o : target.getPortForwardOrAwaitPortOrAwaitState()) {
LOGGER.debug("executing " + o);
if (o instanceof Provisioning.Target.PortForward)
portForward(box.getName(), (Provisioning.Target.PortForward) o);
else if (o instanceof Provisioning.Target.KeyboardPutScanCodes)
keyboardPutScanCodes(box.getName(), ((Provisioning.Target.KeyboardPutScanCodes) o));
else if (o instanceof Provisioning.Target.Sleep) {
final Provisioning.Target.Sleep s = (Provisioning.Target.Sleep) o;
final long seconds = s.getMinutes() * 60 + s.getSeconds();
LOGGER.info("sleeping for " + seconds + " second(s)");
Thread.sleep(seconds * 1000);
} else if (o instanceof Provisioning.Target.Exec) {
try {
ExecUtils.exec(new CSVReader(new StringReader(subst(((Provisioning.Target.Exec) o).getValue())), ' ').readNext());
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
if (((Provisioning.Target.Exec) o).isFailonerror())
throw e;
else
LOGGER.info("ignoring error " + e.getMessage());
}
} else if (o instanceof Provisioning.Target.AwaitPort) {
awaitPort((Provisioning.Target.AwaitPort) o);
} else if (o instanceof Provisioning.Target.AwaitState) {
box.awaitState( DurationUtils.millisForString(((Provisioning.Target.AwaitState) o).getTimeout()), ((Provisioning.Target.AwaitState) o).getState());
} else
throw new AssertionError("unexpected provision");
}
// snapshots are expensive in terms of disk space
// box.takeSnapshot(Snapshot.valueOf("post-provision-" + target.getName()));
}
private void awaitPort(final Provisioning.Target.AwaitPort ap) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {
awaitPort(ap.getHost(), ap.getPort(), ap.getTimeout());
}
public static void awaitPort(String host, int port, String timeout) throws IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {
final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
final String desc = host + ":" + port;
while (true) {
final long remaining = start + DurationUtils.millisForString(timeout) - System.currentTimeMillis();
LOGGER.info("awaiting " + desc + " for " + DurationUtils.prettyPrint(remaining));
try {
new Socket(host, port).close();
LOGGER.info("port available");
return;
} catch (ConnectException e) {
// nop
}
if (remaining < 0) {
throw new TimeoutException("timed out waiting for " + desc);
}
Thread.sleep(Math.min(10000l, remaining));
}
}
void stopServer() throws Exception {
if (server.isRunning()) {
LOGGER.info("stopping local web server");
server.stop();
}
}
void startServer(final VBox box) throws Exception {
LOGGER.info("starting local web server on port " + getServerPort());
final ResourceHandler rh = new ResourceHandler();
rh.setBaseResource(Resource.newResource(box.getSrc().toURL()));
LOGGER.info("serving " + rh.getResourceBase());
server.setHandler(rh);
server.start();
final URL u = new URL("http://" + InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostAddress() + ":" + getServerPort() + "/VirtualBox.xml");
LOGGER.info("testing server by getting " + u);
final HttpURLConnection c = (HttpURLConnection) u.openConnection();
c.connect();
if (200 != c.getResponseCode()) throw new IllegalStateException(c.getResponseCode() + " " +c.getResponseMessage());
c.disconnect();
}
private static int findFreePort() throws IOException {
final ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(0);
final int port = server.getLocalPort();
server.close();
return port;
}
public void keyboardPutScanCodes(String name, Provisioning.Target.KeyboardPutScanCodes ksc) throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
{
final String keys = ksc.getKeys();
if (keys != null) {
LOGGER.info("typing keys " + keys);
final List<Integer> sc = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for (String key : keys.split(",")) {
for (int c : ScanCodes.forKey(key)) {
sc.add(c);
}
}
keyboardPutScanCodes(name, ArrayUtils.toPrimitive(sc.toArray(new Integer[sc.size()])));
}
}
{
String line;
line = ksc.getLine();
if (line != null) {
line = subst(line);
LOGGER.info("typing line '" + line + "'");
keyboardPutScanCodes(name, ArrayUtils.addAll(ScanCodes.forString(line), ScanCodes.forKey("Enter")));
}
}
{
String text = ksc.getValue();
if (text != null && text.length() > 0) {
text = subst(text);
LOGGER.info("typing text '" + text + "'");
keyboardPutScanCodes(name, ArrayUtils.addAll(ScanCodes.forString(text), ScanCodes.forKey("Enter")));
}
}
}
@Override
public String subst(String line) throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
line = line.replaceAll("\\$\\{server\\.ip\\}", InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostAddress());
line = line.replaceAll("\\$\\{server\\.port\\}", String.valueOf(getServerPort()));
return super.subst(line);
}
private void keyboardPutScanCodes(String name, int[] scancodes) throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
LOGGER.debug("typing " + Arrays.toString(scancodes));
while (scancodes.length > 0) {
final List<String> command = new ArrayList<String>();
command.addAll(Arrays.asList("vboxmanage", "controlvm", name, "keyboardputscancode"));
int i = 0;
for (int scancode : scancodes) {
command.add((scancode > 0xf ? "" : "0") + Integer.toHexString(scancode));
i++;
// split on enter
if (i >= 16 || scancode == 156) {
break;
}
}
ExecUtils.exec(command.toArray(new String[command.size()]));
Thread.sleep(scancodes[i - 1] == 156 ? 2000 : 100); // a short sleep to let the OS digest
scancodes = ArrayUtils.subarray(scancodes, i, scancodes.length);
}
}
private void portForward(String name, Provisioning.Target.PortForward pf) throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
final int hostPort = pf.getHostport();
final int guestPort = pf.getGuestport();
LOGGER.info("adding port forward hostport=" + hostPort + " guestport=" + guestPort);
ExecUtils.exec("vboxmanage", "setextradata", name, "VBoxInternal/Devices/e1000/0/LUN#0/Config/" + guestPort + "/HostPort", String.valueOf(hostPort));
ExecUtils.exec("vboxmanage", "setextradata", name, "VBoxInternal/Devices/e1000/0/LUN#0/Config/" + guestPort + "/GuestPort", String.valueOf(guestPort));
ExecUtils.exec("vboxmanage", "setextradata", name, "VBoxInternal/Devices/e1000/0/LUN#0/Config/" + guestPort + "/Protocol", "TCP");
}
public int getServerPort() {
return server.getConnectors()[0].getPort();
}
}<file_sep>Examples
===
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Y4ZXD7psIuM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
* [Five minute demo](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4ZXD7psIuM)
* [Ant and Maven examples](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin/tree/master/vbox-examples/)
* [Example Maven project](https://github.com/alexec/maven-vbox-plugin-example)
|
63c21574bb11406a57cb5ce99cef55f07881c7d9
|
[
"Markdown",
"Maven POM",
"Java",
"Ant Build System",
"Shell"
] | 59
|
Java
|
manniru/maven-vbox-plugin
|
24eacc394eda9be9738f71dd211a43c6ded73181
|
9ecf419168590db1859fbe4b823fa104df746c7d
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>sav6622/jfes<file_sep>/examples/examples.h
/**
\file examples.h
\author <NAME> (http://github.com/NeonMercury)
\date October, 2015
\brief Header file for declarations of examples entry points.
*/
#ifndef EXAMPLE_1_H_INCLUDE_GUARD
#define EXAMPLE_1_H_INCLUDE_GUARD
/** Entry point for example_1. */
int example_1_entry(int argc, char **argv);
/** Entry point for example_2. */
int example_2_entry(int argc, char **argv);
/** Entry point for example_3. */
int example_3_entry(int argc, char **argv);
/**
Helper function. Saves file content.
\param[in] filename Filename to get content.
\param[out] content Pointer to content buffer.
\param[in] content_size Content buffer size.
\return Zero, if function failed. Anything otherwise.
*/
int set_file_content(const char *filename, char *content, long content_size);
/**
Helper function. Loads file content.
\param[in] filename Filename to get content.
\param[out] content Pointer to content buffer.
\param[in, out] max_content_size Maximal content buffer size. Returns file size.
\return Zero, if function failed. Anything otherwise.
*/
int get_file_content(const char *filename, char *content, long *max_content_size);
#endif<file_sep>/README.md
# JFES
*Based on [jsmn](https://github.com/zserge/jsmn) project.*
Json For Embedded Systems (JFES) is a minimalistic [json](http://www.json.org/) engine, written in plain C. It can be easily integrated into the code for embedded systems.
## Features
* compatible with C99
* no dependencies (I'm seriously!)
* highly portable
* you can use it only like json parser
* incremental single-pass parsing
## API
### Initializing
Before use you need to initialize `jfes_config_t` object.
```
/** JFES config structure. */
typedef struct jfes_config {
jfes_malloc_t jfes_malloc; /**< Memory allocation function. */
jfes_free_t jfes_free; /**< Memory deallocation function. */
} jfes_config_t;
```
Below you can see prototypes of memory management functions:
```
/** Memory allocator function type. */
typedef void *(__cdecl *jfes_malloc_t)(jfes_size_t);
/** Memory deallocator function type. */
typedef void (__cdecl *jfes_free_t)(void*);
```
As you can see, these functions has the same prototype with C functions from standard library.
So, you can initialize JFES configuration with this code:
```
#include <stdlib.h>
/* ...some useful stuff... */
jfes_config_t config;
config.jfes_malloc = malloc;
config.jfes_free = free;
```
But, if you need to use your own memory management functions, use them.
### Parser (optional)
If you need only to parse *.json file without allocating any values (like [jsmn](https://github.com/zserge/jsmn)), you can only parse json string and separate it on tokens.
In this case, you need to use only two functions:
```
/**
JFES parser initialization.
\param[out] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_init_parser(jfes_parser_t *parser, jfes_config_t *config);
/******************************************************************/
/**
Run JSON parser. It parses a JSON data string into and
array of tokens, each describing a single JSON object.
\param[in] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in] json JSON data string.
\param[in] length JSON data length.
\param[out] tokens Tokens array to fill.
\param[in, out] max_tokens_count Maximal count of tokens in tokens array.
Will contain tokens count.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_parse_tokens(jfes_parser_t *parser, const char *json,
jfes_size_t length, jfes_token_t *tokens, jfes_size_t *max_tokens_count);
```
You can see parsing example below.
### Loading *.json into value
You can load any json data into `jfes_value_t`.
```
/** JSON value structure. */
struct jfes_value {
jfes_value_type_t type; /**< JSON value type. */
jfes_value_data_t data; /**< Value data. */
};
```
Value type (`jfes_value_type_t`) can be one of this:
* `jfes_boolean`
* `jfes_integer`
* `jfes_double`
* `jfes_string`
* `jfes_array`
* `jfes_object`
And `jfes_value_data_t` is:
```
/** JFES value data union. */
typedef union jfes_value_data {
int bool_val; /**< Boolean JSON value. */
int int_val; /**< Integer JSON value. */
double double_val; /**< Double JSON value. */
jfes_string_t string_val; /**< String JSON value. */
jfes_array_t *array_val; /**< Array JSON value. */
jfes_object_t *object_val; /**< Object JSON value. */
} jfes_value_data_t;
```
You can easily load json string into the value with this code:
```
jfes_config_t config;
config.jfes_malloc = malloc;
config.jfes_free = free;
jfes_value_t value;
jfes_parse_to_value(&config, json_data, json_size, &value);
/* Do something with value */
jfes_free_value(&config, &value);
```
That's all!
### Value modification
You can modify or create `jfes_value_t` with any of these functions:
```
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_boolean_value(jfes_config_t *config, int value);
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_integer_value(jfes_config_t *config, int value);
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_double_value(jfes_config_t *config, double value);
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_string_value(jfes_config_t *config, const char *value, jfes_size_t length);
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_array_value(jfes_config_t *config);
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_object_value(jfes_config_t *config);
jfes_value_t *jfes_get_child(jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
jfes_object_map_t *jfes_get_mapped_child(jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
jfes_status_t jfes_place_to_array(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item);
jfes_status_t jfes_place_to_array_at(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item, jfes_size_t place_at);
jfes_status_t jfes_remove_from_array(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_size_t index);
jfes_status_t jfes_set_object_property(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
jfes_status_t jfes_remove_object_property(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
```
### Serializing to json string
You can serialize any `jfes_value_t` to string with one line (actually, three lines, but two of them is for help):
```
char dump[1024];
jfes_size_t dump_size = 1024;
jfes_value_to_string(&value, beauty_dump, &dump_size, 1);
beauty_dump[dump_size] = '\0'; /* If you need null-terminated string. */
```
`dump_size` will store dump size.
If you pass fourth argument as 1, dump will be beautified. And if zero, dump will be ugly.
## Examples
You can find examples [here](https://github.com/NeonMercury/jfes/tree/master/examples).
## Licence
**The MIT License (MIT)**
[See full text.](https://github.com/NeonMercury/jfes/blob/master/LICENSE)
<file_sep>/main.c
/**
\file main.c
\author <NAME> (http://github.com/NeonMercury)
\date October, 2015
\brief Examples loader.
*/
#include "jfes.h"
#include "examples/examples.h"
/* Only for file functions. */
#include <stdio.h>
/** Entry point. */
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
return example_3_entry(argc, argv);
}
int set_file_content(const char *filename, char *content, long content_size) {
if (!filename || !content || content_size <= 0) {
return 0;
}
FILE *f = fopen(filename, "w");
if (!f) {
return 0;
}
fwrite(content, content_size, sizeof(char), f);
fclose(f);
return 1;
}
int get_file_content(const char *filename, char *content, long *max_content_size) {
if (!filename || !content || !max_content_size || *max_content_size <= 0) {
return 0;
}
FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
if (!f) {
return 0;
}
fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
long fsize = ftell(f);
fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
long read_size = fsize;
if (*max_content_size < read_size) {
read_size = *max_content_size;
}
fread(content, read_size, sizeof(char), f);
fclose(f);
*max_content_size = read_size;
return 1;
}<file_sep>/jfes.c
/**
\file jfes.c
\author <NAME> (http://github.com/NeonMercury)
\date October, 2015
\brief Json For Embedded Systems library source code.
*/
#include "jfes.h"
/** Needs for the buffer in jfes_(int/double)_to_string. */
#define JFES_MAX_DIGITS 64
/** Stream helper. */
typedef struct jfes_stringstream {
char *data; /**< String data. */
jfes_size_t max_size; /**< Maximal data size. */
jfes_size_t current_index; /**< Current index to the end of the data. */
} jfes_stringstream_t;
/**
Memory comparing function.
\param[in] p1 Pointer to the first buffer.
\param[in] p2 Pointer to the second buffer.
\param[in] count Number of bytes to compare.
\return Zero if all bytes are equal.
*/
static int jfes_memcmp(const void *p1, const void *p2, jfes_size_t count) {
int delta = 0;
unsigned char *ptr1 = (unsigned char *)p1;
unsigned char *ptr2 = (unsigned char *)p2;
while (count-- > 0 && delta == 0) {
delta = *(ptr1++) - *(ptr2++);
}
return delta;
}
/**
Copies memory. Doesn't support overlapping.
\param[out] dst Output memory block.
\param[in] src Input memory block.
\param[in] count Bytes count to copy.
\return Pointer to the destination memory.
*/
static const void *jfes_memcpy(const void *dst, const void *src, jfes_size_t count) {
unsigned char *destination = (unsigned char *)dst;
unsigned char *source = (unsigned char *)src;
while (count-- > 0) {
*(destination++) = *(source++);
}
return dst;
}
/**
Allocates jfes_string.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[out] str String to be allocated.
\param[in] size Size to allocate.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
static jfes_status_t jfes_allocate_string(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_string_t *str, jfes_size_t size) {
if (!config || !str || size == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
str->size = size;
str->data = config->jfes_malloc(str->size);
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Deallocates jfes_string.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[out] str String to be deallocated.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
static jfes_status_t jfes_free_string(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_string_t *str) {
if (!config || !str) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (str->size > 0) {
str->size = 0;
config->jfes_free(str->data);
str->data = JFES_NULL;
}
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Creates string object.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[out] str String to be created.
\param[in] string Initial string value.
\param[in] size Initial string length.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
static jfes_status_t jfes_create_string(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_string_t *str, const char *string, jfes_size_t size) {
if (!config || !str || !string || size == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_status_t status = jfes_allocate_string(config, str, size + 1);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
jfes_memcpy(str->data, string, size);
str->data[size] = '\0';
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Finds length of the null-terminated string.
\param[in] data Null-terminated string.
\return Length if the null-terminated string.
*/
static jfes_size_t jfes_strlen(const char *data) {
if (!data) {
return 0;
}
const char *p = data;
while (*p++);
return (jfes_size_t)(p - data) - 1;
}
/**
Analyzes input string on the subject of whether it is null.
\param[in] data Input string.
\param[in] length Length if the input string.
\return Zero, if input string not null. Otherwise anything.
*/
static int jfes_is_null(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length != 4) {
return 0;
}
return jfes_memcmp(data, "null", 4) == 0;
}
/**
Analyzes input string on the subject of whether it is boolean.
\param[in] data Input string.
\param[in] length Length if the input string.
\return Zero, if input string not boolean. Otherwise anything.
*/
static int jfes_is_boolean(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length < 4) {
return 0;
}
return jfes_memcmp(data, "true", 4) == 0 ||
jfes_memcmp(data, "false", 5) == 0;
}
/**
Analyzes input string on the subject of whether it is an integer.
\param[in] data Input string.
\param[in] length Length if the input string.
\return Zero, if input string not an integer. Otherwise anything.
*/
static int jfes_is_integer(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length == 0) {
return 0;
}
int offset = 0;
if (data[0] == '-') {
offset = 1;
}
for (jfes_size_t i = offset; i < length; i++) {
if (data[i] < (int)'0' || data[i] > (int)'9') {
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
/**
Analyzes input string on the subject of whether it is an double.
\param[in] data Input string.
\param[in] length Length if the input string.
\return Zero, if input string not an double. Otherwise anything.
*/
static int jfes_is_double(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length == 0) {
return 0;
}
int offset = 0;
if (data[0] == '-') {
offset = 1;
}
int dot_already_been = 0;
int exp_already_been = 0;
for (jfes_size_t i = offset; i < length; i++) {
if (data[i] < (int)'0' || data[i] > (int)'9') {
if (data[i] == '.' && !dot_already_been) {
dot_already_been = 1;
continue;
}
else if ((data[i] == 'e' || data[i] == 'E') && i + 2 < length &&
(data[i + 1] == '+' || data[i + 1] == '-') && !exp_already_been) {
exp_already_been = 1;
i++;
continue;
}
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
/**
Analyzes string and returns its boolean value.
\param[in] data String to analysis.
\param[in] length String length.
\return 1, if data == 'true'. Otherwise 0.
*/
static int jfes_string_to_boolean(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length < 4) {
return 0;
}
if (jfes_memcmp(data, "true", 4) == 0) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/**
Analyses string and returns its integer value.
\param[in] data String to analysis.
\param[in] length String length.
\return Integer representation of the input data.
*/
static int jfes_string_to_integer(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length == 0) {
return 0;
}
int result = 0;
int sign = 1;
jfes_size_t offset = 0;
if (data[0] == '-') {
sign = -1;
offset = 1;
}
for (jfes_size_t i = offset; i < length; i++) {
char c = data[i];
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
result = result * 10 + (c - '0');
}
}
return result * sign;
}
/**
Analyses string and returns its double value.
\param[in] data String to analysis.
\param[in] length String length.
\return Double representation of the input data.
*/
static double jfes_string_to_double(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length == 0) {
return 0.0;
}
double result = 0.0;
double sign = 1.0;
int after_dot = 0;
int exp = 0;
int direction = 0;
jfes_size_t index = 0;
if (data[0] == '-') {
sign = -1.0;
index = 1;
}
for (; index < length; index++) {
char c = data[index];
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
result = result * 10.0 + (c - '0');
if (after_dot) {
exp--;
}
}
else if (c == '.') {
after_dot = 1;
continue;
}
else if (index + 2 < length && (c == 'e' || c == 'E')) {
index++;
if (data[index] == '+') {
direction = 1;
index++;
}
else if (data[index] == '-') {
direction = -1;
index++;
}
break;
}
}
if (index < length) {
if (jfes_is_integer(data + index, length - index)) {
int new_exp = jfes_string_to_integer(data + index, length - index);
exp += direction * new_exp;
}
}
while (exp < 0) {
result /= 10.0;
exp++;
}
while (exp > 0) {
result *= 10.0;
exp--;
}
return sign * result;
}
/**
Returns boolean value as string.
\param[in] value Value to stringify.
\return String representation of given value.
*/
char *jfes_boolean_to_string(int value) {
static char *true_value = "true";
static char *false_value = "false";
return value ? true_value : false_value;
}
/**
Returns integer value as string.
\param[in] value Value to stringify.
\return String representation of given value.
*/
char *jfes_integer_to_string(int value) {
static char buf[JFES_MAX_DIGITS + 3];
char *p = &buf[0] + JFES_MAX_DIGITS + 2;
*--p = '\0';
int sign = 1;
if (value < 0) {
sign = -1;
}
do {
*--p = '0' + sign * (value % 10);
value /= 10;
} while (value != 0);
if (sign < 0) {
*--p = '-';
}
return p;
}
/**
Returns double value as string.
\param[in] value Value to stringify.
\return String representation of given value.
*/
char *jfes_double_to_string(double value) {
static char buf[JFES_MAX_DIGITS + 2];
static double precision_eps = 0.000000001;
int int_value = (int)value;
double fractional_value = value - int_value;
if (fractional_value < 0) {
fractional_value = -fractional_value;
}
double precision = precision_eps;
while (precision < 1.0) {
fractional_value *= 10;
if (fractional_value - (int)fractional_value < precision_eps) {
break;
}
precision *= 10.0;
}
int fractional_int = (int)fractional_value;
char *int_value_s = jfes_integer_to_string(int_value);
jfes_size_t value_length = jfes_strlen(int_value_s);
jfes_memcpy(&buf[0], int_value_s, value_length);
buf[value_length] = '.';
char *fractional_value_s = jfes_integer_to_string(fractional_int);
jfes_size_t fractional_value_length = jfes_strlen(fractional_value_s);
jfes_memcpy(&buf[value_length + 1], fractional_value_s, fractional_value_length);
buf[value_length + 1 + fractional_value_length] = '\0';
return &buf[0];
}
/**
Initialize jfes_stringstream object.
\param[out] stream Object to initialize.
\param[in] data Pointer to the memory.
\param[in] max_size Size of allocated memory.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_initialize_stringstream(jfes_stringstream_t *stream, char *data, jfes_size_t max_size) {
if (!stream || !data || max_size == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
stream->data = data;
stream->max_size = max_size;
stream->current_index = 0;
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Adds given data to the given stream.
\param[out] stream Stringstream object.
\param[in] data Data to add.
\param[in] data_length Optional. Child key length. You can pass 0,
if key string is zero-terminated.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_add_to_stringstream(jfes_stringstream_t *stream, char *data, jfes_size_t data_length) {
if (!stream || !data) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (stream->current_index >= stream->max_size) {
return jfes_no_memory;
}
if (data_length == 0) {
data_length = jfes_strlen(data);
}
jfes_status_t status = jfes_success;
jfes_size_t size_to_add = data_length;
if (stream->current_index + size_to_add > stream->max_size) {
size_to_add = stream->max_size - stream->current_index;
status = jfes_no_memory;
}
jfes_memcpy(stream->data + stream->current_index, data, size_to_add);
stream->current_index += size_to_add;
return status;
}
/**
Allocates a fresh unused token from the token pool.
\param[in, out] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in, out] tokens Tokens array.
\param[in] max_tokens Maximal tokens count.
\return Pointer to an allocated token from token pool.
*/
static jfes_token_t *jfes_allocate_token(jfes_parser_t *parser, jfes_token_t *tokens, jfes_size_t max_tokens) {
if (!parser || !tokens || max_tokens == 0 || parser->next_token >= max_tokens) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_token_t *token = &tokens[parser->next_token++];
token->start = token->end = -1;
token->size = 0;
return token;
}
/**
Analyzes the source string and returns most likely type.
\param[in] data Source string bytes.
\param[in] length Source string length.
\return Most likely token type or `jfes_undefined`.
*/
static jfes_token_type_t jfes_get_token_type(const char *data, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!data || length == 0) {
return jfes_undefined;
}
jfes_token_type_t type = jfes_undefined;
if (jfes_is_null(data, length)) {
return jfes_null;
}
if (jfes_is_boolean(data, length)) {
return jfes_boolean;
}
else if (jfes_is_integer(data, length)) {
return jfes_integer;
}
else if (jfes_is_double(data, length)) {
return jfes_double;
}
return jfes_undefined;
}
/**
Fills token type and boundaries.
\param[in, out] token Pointer to the token to fill.
\param[in] type Token type.
\param[in] start Token boundary start.
\param[in] end Token boundary end.
*/
static void jfes_fill_token(jfes_token_t *token, jfes_token_type_t type, int start, int end) {
if (token) {
token->type = type;
token->start = start;
token->end = end;
token->size = 0;
}
}
/**
Fills next available token with JSON primitive.
\param[in, out] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in] json JSON data string.
\param[in] length JSON data length.
\param[out] tokens Tokens array to fill.
\param[in] max_tokens_count Maximal count of tokens in tokens array.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
static jfes_status_t jfes_parse_primitive(jfes_parser_t *parser, const char *json, jfes_size_t length,
jfes_token_t *tokens, jfes_size_t max_tokens_count) {
if (!parser || !json || length == 0 || !tokens || max_tokens_count == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
int found = 0;
char c = '\0';
jfes_size_t start = parser->pos;
while (length && json[parser->pos] != '\0') {
c = json[parser->pos];
if (c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == ' ' ||
c == ',' || c == ']' || c == '}'
#ifndef JFES_STRICT
|| c == ':'
#endif
) {
found = 1;
break;
}
parser->pos++;
}
#ifdef JFES_STRICT
if (!found) {
parser->pos = start;
return jfes_error_part;
}
#endif
jfes_token_t *token = jfes_allocate_token(parser, tokens, max_tokens_count);
if (!token) {
parser->pos = start;
return jfes_no_memory;
}
jfes_size_t token_length = parser->pos - start;
jfes_token_type_t type = jfes_get_token_type(json + start, token_length);
jfes_fill_token(token, type, start, parser->pos);
parser->pos--;
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Fills next available token with JSON string.
\param[in, out] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in] json JSON data string.
\param[in] length JSON data length.
\param[out] tokens Tokens array to fill.
\param[in] max_tokens_count Maximal count of tokens in tokens array.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
static jfes_status_t jfes_parse_string(jfes_parser_t *parser, const char *json, jfes_size_t length,
jfes_token_t *tokens, jfes_size_t max_tokens_count) {
if (!parser || !json || length == 0 || !tokens || max_tokens_count == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_size_t start = parser->pos++;
while (parser->pos < length && json[parser->pos] != '\0') {
char c = json[parser->pos];
if (c == '\"') {
jfes_token_t *token = jfes_allocate_token(parser, tokens, max_tokens_count);
if (!token) {
parser->pos = start;
return jfes_no_memory;
}
jfes_fill_token(token, jfes_string, start + 1, parser->pos);
return jfes_success;
}
else if (c == '\\' && parser->pos + 1 < length) {
parser->pos++;
switch (json[parser->pos]) {
case '\"': case '/': case '\\': case 'b': case 'f':
case 'r': case 'n': case 't':
break;
case 'u':
parser->pos++;
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < 4 && parser->pos < length && json[parser->pos] != '\0'; i++, parser->pos++) {
char symbol = json[parser->pos];
if ((symbol < (int)'0' || symbol > (int)'9') &&
(symbol < (int)'A' || symbol > (int)'F') &&
(symbol < (int)'a' || symbol > (int)'f')) {
parser->pos = start;
return jfes_invalid_input;
}
}
parser->pos--;
break;
default:
parser->pos = start;
return jfes_invalid_input;
}
}
parser->pos++;
}
parser->pos = start;
return jfes_error_part;
}
int jfes_status_is_good(jfes_status_t status) {
return status == jfes_success;
}
int jfes_status_is_bad(jfes_status_t status) {
return !jfes_status_is_good(status);
}
jfes_status_t jfes_init_parser(jfes_parser_t *parser, jfes_config_t *config) {
if (!parser || !config) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
parser->config = config;
return jfes_reset_parser(parser);
}
jfes_status_t jfes_reset_parser(jfes_parser_t *parser) {
if (!parser) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
parser->pos = 0;
parser->next_token = 0;
parser->superior_token = -1;
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_parse_tokens(jfes_parser_t *parser, const char *json,
jfes_size_t length, jfes_token_t *tokens, jfes_size_t *max_tokens_count) {
if (!parser || !json || length == 0 || !tokens || !max_tokens_count || *max_tokens_count == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_reset_parser(parser);
jfes_token_t *token = JFES_NULL;
jfes_size_t count = parser->next_token;
while (parser->pos < length && json[parser->pos] != '\0') {
char c = json[parser->pos];
switch (c) {
case '{': case '[':
{
count++;
token = jfes_allocate_token(parser, tokens, *max_tokens_count);
if (!token) {
return jfes_no_memory;
}
if (parser->superior_token != -1) {
tokens[parser->superior_token].size++;
}
token->type = (c == '{' ? jfes_object : jfes_array);
token->start = parser->pos;
parser->superior_token = parser->next_token - 1;
}
break;
case '}': case ']':
{
jfes_token_type_t type = (c == '}' ? jfes_object : jfes_array);
int i = 0;
for (i = (int)parser->next_token - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
token = &tokens[i];
if (token->start != -1 && token->end == -1) {
parser->superior_token = -1;
token->end = parser->pos + 1;
break;
}
}
if (i == -1) {
return jfes_invalid_input;
}
while (i >= 0) {
token = &tokens[i];
if (token->start != -1 && token->end == -1) {
parser->superior_token = i;
break;
}
i--;
}
}
break;
case '\"':
{
jfes_status_t status = jfes_parse_string(parser, json, length, tokens, *max_tokens_count);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
count++;
if (parser->superior_token != -1 && tokens != JFES_NULL) {
tokens[parser->superior_token].size++;
}
}
break;
case '\t': case '\r': case '\n': case ' ':
break;
case ':':
parser->superior_token = parser->next_token - 1;
break;
case ',':
{
if (parser->superior_token != -1 &&
tokens[parser->superior_token].type != jfes_array &&
tokens[parser->superior_token].type != jfes_object) {
for (int i = parser->next_token - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
if (tokens[i].type == jfes_array || tokens[i].type == jfes_object) {
if (tokens[i].start != -1 && tokens[i].end == -1) {
parser->superior_token = i;
break;
}
}
}
}
}
break;
#ifdef JFES_STRICT
case '-': case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
case 't': case 'f': case 'n':
if (parser->superior_token != -1) {
jfes_token_t *token = &tokens[parser->superior_token];
if (token->type == jfes_object || (token->type == jfes_string && token->size != 0)) {
return jfes_invalid_input;
}
}
#else
default:
#endif
{
jfes_status_t status = jfes_parse_primitive(parser, json, length, tokens, *max_tokens_count);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
count++;
if (parser->superior_token != -1) {
tokens[parser->superior_token].size++;
}
}
break;
#ifdef JFES_STRICT
default:
return jfes_invalid_input;
#endif
}
parser->pos++;
}
for (int i = (int)parser->next_token - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
if (tokens[i].start != -1 && tokens[i].end == -1) {
return jfes_error_part;
}
}
*max_tokens_count = count;
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Creates jfes value node from tokens sequence.
\param[in] tokens_data Pointer to the jfes_tokens_data_t object.
\param[out] value Pointer to the value to create node.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_create_node(jfes_tokens_data_t *tokens_data, jfes_value_t *value) {
if (!tokens_data || !value) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (tokens_data->current_token >= tokens_data->tokens_count) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_malloc_t jfes_malloc = tokens_data->config->jfes_malloc;
jfes_free_t jfes_free = tokens_data->config->jfes_free;
jfes_token_t *token = &tokens_data->tokens[tokens_data->current_token];
tokens_data->current_token++;
value->type = (jfes_value_type_t)token->type;
switch (token->type) {
case jfes_null:
break;
case jfes_boolean:
value->data.bool_val = jfes_string_to_boolean(tokens_data->json_data + token->start,
token->end - token->start);
break;
case jfes_integer:
value->data.int_val = jfes_string_to_integer(tokens_data->json_data + token->start,
token->end - token->start);
break;
case jfes_double:
value->data.double_val = jfes_string_to_double(tokens_data->json_data + token->start,
token->end - token->start);
break;
case jfes_string:
jfes_create_string(tokens_data->config, &value->data.string_val,
tokens_data->json_data + token->start, token->end - token->start);
break;
case jfes_array:
value->data.array_val = jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_array_t));
if (token->size > 0) {
value->data.array_val->count = token->size;
value->data.array_val->items = jfes_malloc(token->size * sizeof(jfes_value_t*));
jfes_status_t status = jfes_success;
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < token->size; i++) {
jfes_value_t *item = jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
value->data.array_val->items[i] = item;
status = jfes_create_node(tokens_data, item);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
value->data.array_val->count = i + 1;
jfes_free_value(tokens_data->config, value);
return status;
}
}
}
break;
case jfes_object:
value->data.object_val = jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_object_t));
if (token->size > 0) {
value->data.object_val->count = token->size;
value->data.object_val->items = jfes_malloc(token->size * sizeof(jfes_object_map_t*));
jfes_status_t status = jfes_success;
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < token->size; i++) {
jfes_object_map_t *item = jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_object_map_t));
value->data.object_val->items[i] = item;
jfes_token_t *key_token = &tokens_data->tokens[tokens_data->current_token++];
jfes_size_t key_length = key_token->end - key_token->start;
jfes_create_string(tokens_data->config, &item->key,
tokens_data->json_data + key_token->start, key_length);
item->value = jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
status = jfes_create_node(tokens_data, item->value);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
value->data.object_val->count = i + 1;
jfes_free_value(tokens_data->config, value);
return status;
}
}
}
break;
default:
return jfes_unknown_type;
}
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_parse_to_value(jfes_config_t *config, const char *json,
jfes_size_t length, jfes_value_t *value) {
if (!config || !json || length == 0 || !value) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_parser_t parser;
jfes_status_t status = jfes_init_parser(&parser, config);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
jfes_size_t tokens_count = 1024;
jfes_token_t *tokens = JFES_NULL;
status = jfes_no_memory;
while (status == jfes_no_memory && tokens_count <= JFES_MAX_TOKENS_COUNT) {
jfes_reset_parser(&parser);
tokens = parser.config->jfes_malloc(tokens_count * sizeof(jfes_token_t));
long current_tokens_count = tokens_count;
status = jfes_parse_tokens(&parser, json, length, tokens, ¤t_tokens_count);
if (jfes_status_is_good(status)) {
tokens_count = current_tokens_count;
break;
}
tokens_count *= 2;
parser.config->jfes_free(tokens);
}
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
jfes_tokens_data_t tokens_data = {
config,
json, length,
tokens, tokens_count, 0
};
status = jfes_create_node(&tokens_data, value);
parser.config->jfes_free(tokens);
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_free_value(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value) {
if (!config || !value) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (value->type == jfes_array) {
if (value->data.array_val->count > 0) {
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.array_val->count; i++) {
jfes_value_t *item = value->data.array_val->items[i];
jfes_free_value(config, item);
config->jfes_free(item);
}
config->jfes_free(value->data.array_val->items);
}
config->jfes_free(value->data.array_val);
}
else if (value->type == jfes_object) {
if (value->data.object_val->count > 0) {
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.object_val->count; i++) {
jfes_object_map_t *object_map = value->data.object_val->items[i];
config->jfes_free(object_map->key.data);
jfes_free_value(config, object_map->value);
config->jfes_free(object_map->value);
config->jfes_free(object_map);
}
config->jfes_free(value->data.object_val->items);
}
config->jfes_free(value->data.object_val);
}
else if (value->type == jfes_string) {
if (value->data.string_val.size > 0) {
config->jfes_free(value->data.string_val.data);
}
}
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_null_value(jfes_config_t *config) {
if (!config) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_null;
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_boolean_value(jfes_config_t *config, int value) {
if (!config) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_boolean;
result->data.bool_val = value;
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_integer_value(jfes_config_t *config, int value) {
if (!config) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_integer;
result->data.int_val = value;
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_double_value(jfes_config_t *config, double value) {
if (!config) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_double;
result->data.double_val = value;
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_string_value(jfes_config_t *config, const char *value, jfes_size_t length) {
if (!config || !value) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
if (length == 0) {
length = jfes_strlen(value);
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_string;
jfes_status_t status = jfes_create_string(config, &result->data.string_val, value, length);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
config->jfes_free(result);
return JFES_NULL;
}
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_array_value(jfes_config_t *config) {
if (!config) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_array;
result->data.array_val = (jfes_array_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_array_t));
result->data.array_val->count = 0;
result->data.array_val->items = JFES_NULL;
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_object_value(jfes_config_t *config) {
if (!config) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_value_t *result = (jfes_value_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_value_t));
result->type = jfes_object;
result->data.object_val = (jfes_object_t*)config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_object_t));
result->data.object_val->count = 0;
result->data.object_val->items = JFES_NULL;
return result;
}
jfes_value_t *jfes_get_child(jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length) {
jfes_object_map_t *mapped_item = jfes_get_mapped_child(value, key, key_length);
if (mapped_item) {
return mapped_item->value;
}
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_object_map_t *jfes_get_mapped_child(jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length) {
if (!value || !key || value->type != jfes_object) {
return JFES_NULL;
}
if (key_length == 0) {
key_length = jfes_strlen(key);
}
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.object_val->count; i++) {
jfes_object_map_t *item = value->data.object_val->items[i];
if ((item->key.size - 1) != key_length ||
jfes_memcmp(item->key.data, key, key_length) != 0) {
continue;
}
return item;
}
return JFES_NULL;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_place_to_array(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item) {
if (!config || !value || !item || value->type != jfes_array) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
return jfes_place_to_array_at(config, value, item, value->data.array_val->count);
}
jfes_status_t jfes_place_to_array_at(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item, jfes_size_t place_at) {
if (!config || !value || !item || value->type != jfes_array) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (place_at > value->data.array_val->count) {
place_at = value->data.array_val->count;
}
jfes_value_t **items_array = config->jfes_malloc((value->data.array_val->count + 1) * sizeof(jfes_value_t*));
jfes_size_t offset = 0;
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.array_val->count; i++) {
if (i == place_at) {
offset = 1;
}
items_array[i + offset] = value->data.array_val->items[i];
}
items_array[place_at] = item;
value->data.array_val->count++;
config->jfes_free(value->data.array_val->items);
value->data.array_val->items = items_array;
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_remove_from_array(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_size_t index) {
if (!config || !value || value->type != jfes_array) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (index >= value->data.array_val->count) {
return jfes_not_found;
}
jfes_value_t *item = value->data.array_val->items[index];
jfes_free_value(config, item);
config->jfes_free(item);
for (jfes_size_t i = index; i < value->data.array_val->count - 1; i++) {
value->data.array_val->items[i] = value->data.array_val->items[i + 1];
}
value->data.array_val->count--;
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_set_object_property(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value,
jfes_value_t *item, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length) {
if (!config || !value || !item || !key || value->type != jfes_object) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (key_length == 0) {
key_length = jfes_strlen(key);
}
jfes_object_map_t *object_map = jfes_get_mapped_child(value, key, key_length);
if (object_map) {
jfes_free_value(config, object_map->value);
config->jfes_free(object_map->value);
}
else {
jfes_object_map_t **items_map = config->jfes_malloc((value->data.object_val->count + 1) * sizeof(jfes_object_map_t*));
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.object_val->count; i++) {
items_map[i] = value->data.object_val->items[i];
}
items_map[value->data.object_val->count] = config->jfes_malloc(sizeof(jfes_object_map_t));
object_map = items_map[value->data.object_val->count];
jfes_status_t status = jfes_create_string(config, &object_map->key, key, key_length);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
config->jfes_free(items_map);
return status;
}
config->jfes_free(value->data.object_val->items);
value->data.object_val->items = items_map;
value->data.object_val->count++;
}
object_map->value = item;
return jfes_success;
}
jfes_status_t jfes_remove_object_property(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value,
const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length) {
if (!config || !value || value->type != jfes_object || !key) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
if (key_length == 0) {
key_length = jfes_strlen(key);
}
jfes_object_map_t *mapped_item = jfes_get_mapped_child(value, key, key_length);
if (!mapped_item) {
return jfes_not_found;
}
jfes_free_value(config, mapped_item->value);
config->jfes_free(mapped_item->value);
jfes_free_string(config, &mapped_item->key);
jfes_size_t i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < value->data.object_val->count; i++) {
jfes_object_map_t *item = value->data.object_val->items[i];
if (item == mapped_item) {
config->jfes_free(item);
mapped_item = JFES_NULL;
break;
}
}
/* We found item to remove and set it to JFES_NULL. Next we need to shift other items. */
if (!mapped_item) {
for (; i < value->data.object_val->count - 1; i++) {
value->data.object_val->items[i] = value->data.object_val->items[i + 1];
}
}
value->data.object_val->count--;
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Dumps JFES value to memory.
\param[in] value JFES value to dump.
\param[out] data Allocated memory to store.
\param[in, out] max_size Maximal size of data. Will store data length.
\param[in] beautiful Beautiful JSON.
\param[in] indent Indent. Works only when beautiful is true.
\param[in] indent_string String to indent JSON.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_value_to_stream_helper(jfes_value_t *value, jfes_stringstream_t *stream,
int beautiful, jfes_size_t indent, const char *indent_string);
/**
Dumps JFES array value to memory.
\param[in] value JFES value to dump.
\param[out] data Allocated memory to store.
\param[in, out] max_size Maximal size of data. Will store data length.
\param[in] beautiful Beautiful JSON.
\param[in] indent Indent. Works only when beautiful is true.
\param[in] indent_string String to indent JSON.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_array_value_to_stream_helper(jfes_value_t *value, jfes_stringstream_t *stream,
int beautiful, jfes_size_t indent, const char *indent_string) {
if (!value || !stream || value->type != jfes_array) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
int with_indent = 1;
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "[", 0);
if (beautiful) {
if (value->data.array_val->count > 0 &&
(value->data.array_val->items[0]->type == jfes_object || value->data.array_val->items[0]->type == jfes_array)) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\n", 0);
}
else {
with_indent = 0;
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, " ", 0);
}
}
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.array_val->count; i++) {
jfes_value_t *item = value->data.array_val->items[i];
if (beautiful && with_indent) {
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < indent + 1; i++) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, (char*)indent_string, 0);
}
}
jfes_status_t status = jfes_value_to_stream_helper(item, stream, beautiful, indent + 1, indent_string);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
if (i < value->data.array_val->count - 1) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, ",", 0);
}
if (beautiful) {
if ((i < value->data.array_val->count - 1 &&
(value->data.array_val->items[i + 1]->type == jfes_array ||
value->data.array_val->items[i + 1]->type == jfes_object))
||
(i == value->data.array_val->count - 1 && with_indent)
||
(value->data.array_val->items[i]->type == jfes_array ||
value->data.array_val->items[i]->type == jfes_object)) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\n", 0);
with_indent = 1;
}
else {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, " ", 0);
with_indent = 0;
}
}
}
if (beautiful && with_indent) {
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < indent; i++) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, (char*)indent_string, 0);
}
}
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "]", 0);
}
/**
Dumps JFES object value to memory.
\param[in] value JFES value to dump.
\param[out] data Allocated memory to store.
\param[in, out] max_size Maximal size of data. Will store data length.
\param[in] beautiful Beautiful JSON.
\param[in] indent Indent. Works only when beautiful is true.
\param[in] indent_string String to indent JSON.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_object_value_to_stream_helper(jfes_value_t *value, jfes_stringstream_t *stream,
int beautiful, jfes_size_t indent, const char *indent_string) {
if (!value || !stream || value->type != jfes_object) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "{", 0);
if (beautiful) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\n", 0);
}
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < value->data.array_val->count; i++) {
jfes_object_map_t *object_map = value->data.object_val->items[i];
if (beautiful) {
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < indent + 1; i++) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, (char*)indent_string, 0);
}
}
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\"", 0);
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, object_map->key.data, object_map->key.size - 1);
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\":", 0);
if (beautiful) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, " ", 0);
}
jfes_status_t status = jfes_value_to_stream_helper(object_map->value, stream, beautiful, indent + 1, indent_string);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
if (i < value->data.array_val->count - 1) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, ",", 0);
}
if (beautiful) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\n", 0);
}
}
if (beautiful) {
for (jfes_size_t i = 0; i < indent; i++) {
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, (char*)indent_string, 0);
}
}
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "}", 0);
}
jfes_status_t jfes_value_to_stream_helper(jfes_value_t *value, jfes_stringstream_t *stream,
int beautiful, jfes_size_t indent, const char *indent_string) {
if (!value || !stream) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
switch (value->type) {
case jfes_null:
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "null", 0);
case jfes_boolean:
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, jfes_boolean_to_string(value->data.bool_val), 0);
case jfes_integer:
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, jfes_integer_to_string(value->data.int_val), 0);
case jfes_double:
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, jfes_double_to_string(value->data.double_val), 0);
case jfes_string:
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\"", 0);
jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, value->data.string_val.data, value->data.string_val.size - 1);
return jfes_add_to_stringstream(stream, "\"", 0);
case jfes_array:
return jfes_array_value_to_stream_helper(value, stream, beautiful, indent, indent_string);
case jfes_object:
return jfes_object_value_to_stream_helper(value, stream, beautiful, indent, indent_string);
default:
break;
}
return jfes_success;
}
/**
Dumps JFES value to memory stream.
\param[in] value JFES value to dump.
\param[out] data Allocated memory to store.
\param[in, out] max_size Maximal size of data. Will store data length.
\param[in] beautiful Beautiful JSON.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_value_to_stream(jfes_value_t *value, jfes_stringstream_t *stream, int beautiful) {
return jfes_value_to_stream_helper(value, stream, beautiful, 0, " ");
}
jfes_status_t jfes_value_to_string(jfes_value_t *value, char *data, jfes_size_t *max_size, int beautiful) {
if (!data || !max_size || *max_size == 0) {
return jfes_invalid_arguments;
}
jfes_stringstream_t stream;
jfes_status_t status = jfes_initialize_stringstream(&stream, data, *max_size);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
status = jfes_value_to_stream(value, &stream, beautiful);
if (jfes_status_is_bad(status)) {
return status;
}
*max_size = stream.current_index;
return jfes_success;
}<file_sep>/jfes.h
/**
\file jfes.h
\author <NAME> (http://github.com/NeonMercury)
\date October, 2015
\brief Json For Embedded Systems library headers.
*/
#ifndef JFES_H_INCLUDE_GUARD
#define JFES_H_INCLUDE_GUARD
/** Strict JSON mode. **/
//#define JFES_STRICT
/** Maximal tokens count */
#define JFES_MAX_TOKENS_COUNT 8192
/** NULL define for the jfes library. */
#ifndef JFES_NULL
#define JFES_NULL ((void*)0)
#endif
/** size_t type for the jfes library. */
typedef unsigned int jfes_size_t;
/** JFES return statuses. */
typedef enum jfes_status {
jfes_unknown = 0x00, /**< Unknown status */
jfes_success = 0x01, /**< Last operation finished sucessfully. */
jfes_invalid_arguments = 0x02, /**< Invalid arguments were passed to the function. */
jfes_no_memory = 0x03, /**< Not enough tokens were provided. */
jfes_invalid_input = 0x04, /**< Invalid character in JSON string. */
jfes_error_part = 0x05, /**< The string is not a full JSON packet. More bytes expected. */
jfes_unknown_type = 0x06, /**< Unknown token type. */
jfes_not_found = 0x07, /**< Something was not found. */
} jfes_status_t;
/** Memory allocator function type. */
typedef void *(__cdecl *jfes_malloc_t)(jfes_size_t);
/** Memory deallocator function type. */
typedef void (__cdecl *jfes_free_t)(void*);
/** JFES string type. */
typedef struct jfes_string {
char *data; /**< String bytes. */
jfes_size_t size; /**< Allocated bytes count. */
} jfes_string_t;
/** JFES token types */
typedef enum jfes_token_type {
jfes_undefined = 0x00, /**< Undefined token type. */
jfes_null = 0x01, /**< Null token type. */
jfes_boolean = 0x02, /**< Boolean token type. */
jfes_integer = 0x03, /**< Integer token type. */
jfes_double = 0x04, /**< Double token type. */
jfes_string = 0x05, /**< String token type. */
jfes_array = 0x06, /**< Array token type. */
jfes_object = 0x07, /**< Object token type. */
} jfes_token_type_t;
/** Json value type is the same as token type. */
typedef jfes_token_type_t jfes_value_type_t;
/** JFES token structure. */
typedef struct jfes_token {
jfes_token_type_t type; /**< Token type. */
int start; /**< Token start position. */
int end; /**< Token end position. */
jfes_size_t size; /**< Token children count. */
} jfes_token_t;
/** JFES config structure. */
typedef struct jfes_config {
jfes_malloc_t jfes_malloc; /**< Memory allocation function. */
jfes_free_t jfes_free; /**< Memory deallocation function. */
} jfes_config_t;
/** JFES tokens data structure. */
typedef struct jfes_tokens_data {
jfes_config_t *config; /**< JFES configuration. */
const char *json_data; /**< JSON string. */
jfes_size_t json_data_length; /**< JSON string length. */
jfes_token_t *tokens; /**< String parsing result in tokens. */
jfes_size_t tokens_count; /**< Tokens count. */
jfes_size_t current_token; /**< Index of current token. */
} jfes_tokens_data_t;
/** JFES parser structure. */
typedef struct jfes_parser {
jfes_size_t pos; /**< Current offset in json string. */
jfes_size_t next_token; /**< Next token to allocate. */
int superior_token; /**< Superior token node. */
jfes_config_t *config; /**< Pointer to jfes config. */
} jfes_parser_t;
/** JSON value structure. */
typedef struct jfes_value jfes_value_t;
/** JFES `key -> value` mapping structure. */
typedef struct jfes_object_map {
jfes_string_t key; /**< Object key. */
jfes_value_t *value; /**< Oject value. */
} jfes_object_map_t;
/** JSON array structure. */
typedef struct jfes_array {
jfes_value_t **items; /**< JSON items in array. */
jfes_size_t count; /**< Items count in array. */
} jfes_array_t;
/** JSON object structure. */
typedef struct jfes_object {
jfes_object_map_t **items; /**< JSON items in object. */
jfes_size_t count; /**< Items count in object. */
} jfes_object_t;
/** JFES value data union. */
typedef union jfes_value_data {
int bool_val; /**< Boolean JSON value. */
int int_val; /**< Integer JSON value. */
double double_val; /**< Double JSON value. */
jfes_string_t string_val; /**< String JSON value. */
jfes_array_t *array_val; /**< Array JSON value. */
jfes_object_t *object_val; /**< Object JSON value. */
} jfes_value_data_t;
/** JSON value structure. */
struct jfes_value {
jfes_value_type_t type; /**< JSON value type. */
jfes_value_data_t data; /**< Value data. */
};
/**
JFES status analizer function.
\param[in] status Status variable.
\return Zero, if status not equals jfes_success. Otherwise anything else.
*/
int jfes_status_is_good(jfes_status_t status);
/**
JFES status analizer function.
\param[in] status Status variable.
\return Zero, if status equals jfes_success. Otherwise anything else.
*/
int jfes_status_is_bad(jfes_status_t status);
/**
JFES parser initialization.
\param[out] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_init_parser(jfes_parser_t *parser, jfes_config_t *config);
/**
Resets all parser fields, except memory allocation functions.
\param[out] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_reset_parser(jfes_parser_t *parser);
/**
Run JSON parser. It parses a JSON data string into and
array of tokens, each describing a single JSON object.
\param[in] parser Pointer to the jfes_parser_t object.
\param[in] json JSON data string.
\param[in] length JSON data length.
\param[out] tokens Tokens array to fill.
\param[in, out] max_tokens_count Maximal count of tokens in tokens array.
Will contain tokens count.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_parse_tokens(jfes_parser_t *parser, const char *json,
jfes_size_t length, jfes_token_t *tokens, jfes_size_t *max_tokens_count);
/**
Run JSON parser and fills jfes_value_t object.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] json JSON data string.
\param[in] length JSON data length.
\param[out] value Output value;
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_parse_to_value(jfes_config_t *config, const char *json,
jfes_size_t length, jfes_value_t *value);
/**
Free all resources, captured by object.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in,out] value Object to free.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_free_value(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value);
/**
Allocates new null value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_null_value(jfes_config_t *config);
/**
Allocates new boolean value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Value to pass it to the object.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_boolean_value(jfes_config_t *config, int value);
/**
Allocates new integer value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Value to pass it to the object.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_integer_value(jfes_config_t *config, int value);
/**
Allocates new double value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Value to pass it to the object.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_double_value(jfes_config_t *config, double value);
/**
Allocates new string value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Value to pass it to the object.
\param[in] length Optional. String length. You can pass 0,
if string is zero-terminated.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_string_value(jfes_config_t *config, const char *value, jfes_size_t length);
/**
Allocates new array value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_array_value(jfes_config_t *config);
/**
Allocates new object value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\return Allocated JFES value or JFES_NULL, if something went wrong.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_create_object_value(jfes_config_t *config);
/**
Finds child value, if given parent value is object.
\param[in] value Parent object value.
\param[in] key Child key.
\param[in] key_length Optional. Child key length. You can pass 0,
if key string is zero-terminated.
\return Child value by given key or JFES_NULL, if nothing was found.
*/
jfes_value_t *jfes_get_child(jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
/**
Finds child value, if given parent value is object.
\param[in] value Parent object value.
\param[in] key Child key.
\param[in] key_length Optional. Child key length. You can pass 0,
if key string is zero-terminated.
\return Mapped child value with given key or JFES_NULL, if nothing was found.
*/
jfes_object_map_t *jfes_get_mapped_child(jfes_value_t *value, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
/**
Adds new item to the given array value.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Array value.
\param[in] item Item to add. Must be allocated on heap.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_place_to_array(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item);
/**
Adds new item to the given array value on the given place.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Array value.
\param[in] item Item to add. Must be allocated on heap.
\param[in] place_at Index to place.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_place_to_array_at(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_value_t *item, jfes_size_t place_at);
/**
Removes an item with fiven index from array.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Array value.
\param[in] index Index to remove.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_remove_from_array(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value, jfes_size_t index);
/**
Adds new item to the given object.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Array value.
\param[in] item Item to add. Must be allocated on heap.
\param[in] key Child key.
\param[in] key_length Optional. Child key length. You can pass 0,
if key string is zero-terminated.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_set_object_property(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value,
jfes_value_t *item, const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
/**
Removes object child with the given key.
\param[in] config JFES configuration.
\param[in] value Array value.
\param[in] key Child key.
\param[in] key_length Optional. Child key length. You can pass 0,
if key string is zero-terminated.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_remove_object_property(jfes_config_t *config, jfes_value_t *value,
const char *key, jfes_size_t key_length);
/**
Dumps JFES value to memory.
\param[in] value JFES value to dump.
\param[out] data Allocated memory to store.
\param[in, out] max_size Maximal size of data. Will store data length.
\param[in] beautiful Beautiful JSON.
\return jfes_success if everything is OK.
*/
jfes_status_t jfes_value_to_string(jfes_value_t *value, char *data, jfes_size_t *max_size, int beautiful);
#endif
|
b7823b7da8fb4ed3aedde13c15c33f61679a9f86
|
[
"Markdown",
"C"
] | 5
|
C
|
sav6622/jfes
|
5571f911316d1bc827c7f16d0764b0ab2bc2c9ab
|
60ae5ad6d327d50145a27555eabf9d2e30fd694f
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>const Validator = require("validator");
const isEmpty = require("./isEmpty");
module.exports = function validateTodoInput(data) {
let errors = {};
data.name = !isEmpty(data.name) ? data.name : "";
data.description = !isEmpty(data.description) ? data.description : "";
data.creator = !isEmpty(data.creator) ? data.creator : "";
data.duration = !isEmpty(data.duration) ? data.duration : "";
if (Validator.isEmpty(data.name)) {
errors.name = "Name field is required.";
}
if (Validator.isEmpty(data.description)) {
errors.description = "Description field is required";
}
if (Validator.isEmpty(data.creator)) {
errors.description = "Creator field is required";
}
if (Validator.isEmpty(data.duration)) {
errors.description = "Duration field is required";
}
return {
errors: errors,
isValid: isEmpty(errors),
};
};
|
3dee00d43c4073dd46dcf4fc6a4b107ffbebff38
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 1
|
JavaScript
|
UJKEM/Todo-Hackathon
|
868685335420d8e50fe9f1a2a1e90a28220dc498
|
c6cf28379a1c000dfa88fc183bd2f04bcee8f01d
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>kannanGc/Stock-trading-app<file_sep>/backbone/assets/js/script_backBone.js
$(function(){
var app = app || {Utils: {}};
// Defining routers
var appRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
routes: {
"": "indexRoute",
"fetchRoute": "fetchDetailsRoute",
"addRoute": "addDetailsRoute",
"updateRoute":"updateDetailsRoute"
}
});
// Method to return the filtered data
app.Utils.filterCollection = function(collection, filterValue) {
if (filterValue == "") return collection.models;
return collection.filter(function(data) {
return _.some(_.values(data.toJSON()), function(value) {
if (_.isNumber(value)) value = value.toString();
if (_.isString(value)) {
if( value.toLowerCase().indexOf(filterValue.toLowerCase()) != -1){
return true;
}else{
return false;
}
}
return false;
});
});
}
Backbone.Collection.prototype.filterValues = function(filterValues) {
return app.Utils.filterCollection(this, filterValues);
}
// Method to get the filtered data and append the filtered data in the table.
var FilterView = Backbone.View.extend({
el: "#container",
events: {
"keyup #search" : "filter"
},
filter: function(e) {
$(".stockBody").html("");
stockCollections.model.tempModels = stocks.filterValues($(e.target).val());
if(stockCollections.model.tempModels.length == 0){
$(".addDetailsAnc").show();
searchValue = $("#search").val()
$(".inputVal").html(searchValue);
$(".addDetailsInput").val(searchValue);
}else{
$(".addDetailsAnc").hide();
}
stockCollections.renderUpdated();
}
});
// updating the stock collection when clicking ADD button and append the updated data in table
var addDetailsView = Backbone.View.extend({
el: "#addDetails",
events: {
'click #addButton' : 'addDetailsFromForm'
},
addDetailsFromForm: function(){
var companyNameAddDetails = $(".addDetailsInput").val();
var currenctPriceAddDetails = $(".addDetailsCurrenctPrice").val();
var purchasepriceAddDetails = $(".addDetailsPurchaseprice").val();
var netProfiltAddDetails = $(".addDetailsNetProfit").val();
var json = {"companyName":companyNameAddDetails
,"currentPrice":currenctPriceAddDetails,
"purchasePrice":currenctPriceAddDetails,
"netProfit":netProfiltAddDetails};
stockCollections.model.add(json);
location.href="#updateRoute";
}
});
// Method to render data in table and event binding for DELETE button in the table.
var StockView = Backbone.View.extend({
el: ".stockBody",
template: _.template($('#stockTemplate').html()),
render: function(eventName) {
_.each(this.model.models, function(stock){
var stockTemplate = this.template(stock.toJSON());
$(this.el).append(stockTemplate);
}, this);
$("#preLoader").hide();
return this;
},
renderUpdated: function(eventName) {
_.each(this.model.tempModels, function(stock){
var stockTemplate = this.template(stock.toJSON());
$(this.el).append(stockTemplate);
}, this);
return this;
},
events: {
'click .deleteAnc' : 'deleteModel'
},
deleteModel: function(e){
var textContent = e.target.parentElement.parentElement.children[0].textContent.trim();
stockCollections.model.remove(stockCollections.model.where({companyName: textContent}));
$(".stockBody").html("");
stockCollections.render();
}
});
app.Router = new appRouter();
// router for index page
app.Router.on('route:indexRoute', function() {
$("#tableHolder,#addDetails").hide();
$("#landingInfoDiv").show();
});
// router for add details page
app.Router.on('route:addDetailsRoute', function() {
$("#tableHolder,#landingInfoDiv").hide();
$(".addDetailsPurchaseprice,.addDetailsNetProfit,.addDetailsCurrenctPrice").val("");
$("#addDetails").show();
});
// router for table view page
app.Router.on('route:fetchDetailsRoute', function() {
$("#tableHolder,#preLoader").show();
$("#landingInfoDiv,#addDetails").hide();
$(".stockBody").html("");
var stock = Backbone.Model.extend();
var StockList = Backbone.Collection.extend({
model: stock,
url: 'https://api.myjson.com/bins/e2ltp',
});
stocks = new StockList();
stockCollections = new StockView({model: stocks});
stocks.fetch({
success: function(response) {
stockCollections.render();
}
});
});
// router for updated details page.
app.Router.on('route:updateDetailsRoute', function() {
$("#tableHolder").show();
$("#addDetails,.addDetailsAnc,#landingInfoDiv").hide();
$("#search").val("");
stockCollections.render();
});
//variable declaration
Backbone.history.start();
var filterView = new FilterView();
var addView = new addDetailsView();
var stocks,searchValue;
});<file_sep>/README.md
# Stock-trading-app
test tetst
|
db2b2c2ede8c6fa985b1f49e43b7f6c31c35e4b3
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 2
|
JavaScript
|
kannanGc/Stock-trading-app
|
d8148c20ae1bf2914b3ccc511c8ee1b58c657c89
|
8deddb10cdb7ea9e9677795fba41a2f0a702b04d
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>nevoalm/securenative-java<file_sep>/src/main/java/models/ActionType.java
package models;
public class ActionType {
public enum type {
ALLOW,
BLOCK,
REDIRECT,
MFA
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/models/EventOptions.java
package models;
import java.util.Map;
public class EventOptions {
private String ip;
private String userAgent;
private String remoteIP;
private User user;
private String device;
private String cookieName;
private String eventType;
private Map params;
public EventOptions(String ip, String remoteIP, String userAgent, String device, User user, String cookieName, String eventType, Map params) {
this.ip = ip;
this.remoteIP = remoteIP;
this.userAgent = userAgent;
this.device = device;
this.user = user;
this.cookieName = cookieName;
this.eventType = eventType;
this.params = params;
}
public EventOptions(String ip, String userAgent,String eventType) {
this.ip = ip;
this.userAgent = userAgent;
this.eventType = eventType;
}
public String getIp() {
return ip;
}
public void setIp(String ip) {
this.ip = ip;
}
public String getUserAgent() {
return userAgent;
}
public void setUserAgent(String userAgent) {
this.userAgent = userAgent;
}
public String getRemoteIP() {
return remoteIP;
}
public void setRemoteIP(String remoteIP) {
this.remoteIP = remoteIP;
}
public User getUser() {
return user;
}
public void setUser(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
public String getDevice() {
return device;
}
public void setDevice(String device) {
this.device = device;
}
public String getCookieName() {
return cookieName;
}
public void setCookieName(String cookieName) {
this.cookieName = cookieName;
}
public String getEventType() {
return eventType;
}
public void setEventType(String eventType) {
this.eventType = eventType;
}
public Map getParams() {
return params;
}
public void setParams(Map params) {
this.params = params;
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/snlogic/VerifyWebHookMiddleware.java
package snlogic;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class VerifyWebHookMiddleware implements Filter {
@Autowired
private ISDK sn;
@Autowired
private Utils utils;
private final String HEADER_KEY = "X-SECURENATIVE";
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) {
}
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException {
HttpServletRequest req = (HttpServletRequest) servletRequest;
HttpServletResponse res = (HttpServletResponse) servletResponse;
String payload = req.getReader().lines().collect(Collectors.joining(System.lineSeparator()));
if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(payload)) {
res.sendError(500, "empty request");
}
try {
String digest = "sha1=" + utils.calculateRFC2104HMAC(payload,sn.getApiKey());
String checksum = req.getHeader(HEADER_KEY);
if (checksum == null || digest != checksum) {
res.sendError(500,"Request body digest did not match ");
}
}
catch (Exception e){
System.out.println("Error");
}
}
@Override
public void destroy() {
}
}
<file_sep>/src/test/java/snlogic/UtilsTest.java
package snlogic;
import models.ClientFingurePrint;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
public class UtilsTest {
Utils utils;
HttpServletRequest request;
@Before
public void setup() {
request = mock(HttpServletRequest.class);
utils = new Utils();
}
@Test
public void getCookieWhenRequestNullExpectNullTest(){
String cookie = utils.getCookie(null, "");
Assert.assertEquals(cookie,null);
}
@Test
public void getCookieWhenCookieNameEmpytExpectDefaultTest(){
Cookie[] cookies = {new Cookie("_sn","value")};
when(request.getCookies()).thenReturn(cookies);
String cookie = utils.getCookie(request, "");
Assert.assertEquals(cookie,"value");
}
@Test
public void parseClientFPWhenJsonValid(){
String validJson = "{\"cid\": \"cid\",\"fp\": \"fp\" }";
ClientFingurePrint clientFingurePrint = utils.parseClientFP(validJson);
Assert.assertEquals(clientFingurePrint.getCid(),"cid");
Assert.assertEquals(clientFingurePrint.getFp(),"fp");
}
@Test
public void parseClientFPWhenInvalidJson(){
String validJson = "{\"cid\": \"cid\",\"fp\": \"fp\", }";
ClientFingurePrint clientFingurePrint = utils.parseClientFP(validJson);
Assert.assertEquals(clientFingurePrint,null);
}
@Test
public void remoteIpFromRequestWhenRequestNullExpectEmptyString(){
Assert.assertEquals(utils.remoteIpFromRequest(null),"");
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/snlogic/VerifyRequestMiddleware.java
package snlogic;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import models.ActionResult;
import models.ActionType;
import models.EventOptions;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
public class VerifyRequestMiddleware implements Filter {
private SecureNative sn;
private Utils utils;
public VerifyRequestMiddleware(SecureNative sn) {
this.sn = sn;
}
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig){
}
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
HttpServletRequest req = (HttpServletRequest) servletRequest;
HttpServletResponse res = (HttpServletResponse) servletResponse;
String cookie = utils.getCookie(req, null);
if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(cookie)){
ActionResult response = this.sn.verify(new EventOptions(utils.remoteIpFromRequest(req), req.getHeader("user-agent"), EventTypes.types.get(EventTypes.EventKey.VERIFY)), req);
if (ActionType.type.BLOCK == response.getAction()){
res.sendRedirect(String.valueOf(500));
}
if (ActionType.type.REDIRECT == response.getAction()){
res.sendRedirect("/error");
}
}
filterChain.doFilter(req,res);
}
@Override
public void destroy() {}
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# securenative-java
SDK + agent for Secure Native paltform
Installation
Add the dependency to your pom.xml
Option Type Optional Default Value Description
apiKey string false none SecureNative api key
apiUrl string true https://api.securenative.com/v1/collector Default api base address
interval number true 1000 Default interval for SDK to try to persist events
maxEvents number true 1000 Max in-memory events queue
timeout number true 1500 API call timeout in ms
autoSend Boolean true true Should api auto send the events
Event tracking
WebHook
Use verifyWebhook middleware to ensure that webhook is comming from SecureNative
<file_sep>/src/main/java/snlogic/EventManager.java
package snlogic;
import models.ActionResult;
import models.EventOptions;
import models.SnEvent;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
public interface EventManager {
SnEvent buildEvent(final HttpServletRequest request, final EventOptions options);
ActionResult sendSync(SnEvent event, String requestUrl);
void sendAsync(SnEvent event,String url);
}
<file_sep>/src/test/java/snlogic/SnEventManagerTest.java
package snlogic;
import models.EventOptions;
import models.SecureNativeOptions;
import models.SnEvent;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
public class SnEventManagerTest {
EventManager snEventManager;
HttpServletRequest request;
Utils utils;
@Before
public void setup() {
request = mock(HttpServletRequest.class);
utils = mock(Utils.class);
}
@Test(expected = Exception.class)
public void buildEventMangerWithNullOptions() throws Exception {
snEventManager = new SnEventManager("1234", null);
}
@Test(expected = Exception.class)
public void buildEventMangerWithNullApiKey() throws Exception {
snEventManager = new SnEventManager(null, new SecureNativeOptions());
}
@Test
public void buildEventTest() throws Exception {
snEventManager = new SnEventManager("key",new SecureNativeOptions());
when(request.getRemoteAddr()).thenReturn("address");
when(request.getHeader("header")).thenReturn("header");
when(utils.getCookie(any(),anyString())).thenReturn("cookie");
when(request.getCookies()).thenReturn(new Cookie[]{new Cookie("k","v"),new Cookie("_sn","X3NuX3ZhbHVl")});
when(utils.base64decode(anyString())).thenReturn("base");
SnEvent snEvent = snEventManager.buildEvent(request, new EventOptions("ip", "userAgent","eventType"));
Assert.assertEquals("eventType", snEvent.getEvent());
}
}
|
5ed2de7f0fdccafceb22afdcc0228ae6801f720c
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java"
] | 8
|
Java
|
nevoalm/securenative-java
|
b514602213e229c2321baf47767b36329fa10377
|
2f8d1dca053eba1effecc7a1457255ef5fce2fc6
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
const { check, validationResult } = require('express-validator/check');
const { matchedData, sanitize } = require('express-validator/filter');
// Article model
let Article = require('../models/article');
// User model
let User = require('../models/user');
// Add route
router.get('/add', ensureAuthenticated, (req, res) => {
res.render('add_article', {
title: 'Add article'
});
});
// Add submit POST route
router.post('/add', ensureAuthenticated,
[
check('title').trim().isLength({min:1}).withMessage('Title required'),
check('body').trim().isLength({min:1}).withMessage('Body required')
],
(req, res) => {
const errors = validationResult(req);
if(!errors.isEmpty()) {
res.render('add_article', {
title: 'Add Article',
errors: errors.mapped()
});
} else {
let article = new Article({
title: req.body.title,
author: req.user.id,
body: req.body.body
});
article.save(err => {
if(err) {
console.log(err);
} else {
req.flash('success', 'Article Added');
res.redirect('/');
}
});
}
});
router.get('/edit/:id', ensureAuthenticated, (req, res) => {
Article.findById(req.params.id, (err, article) => {
if(err) throw err;
if(article.author !== req.user.id) {
req.flash('danger', 'Not authorized');
return res.redirect('/');
}
res.render('edit_article', {
title: 'Edit Article',
article: article
})
});
});
// Update submit POST route
router.post('/edit/:id', ensureAuthenticated, (req, res) => {
let article = {
title: req.body.title,
author: req.user.id,
body: req.body.body
};
let query = {_id:req.params.id};
Article.update(query, article, err => {
if(err) {
console.log(err);
return;
} else {
req.flash('success', 'Article Updated');
res.redirect('/');
}
});
});
router.delete('/:id', (req, res) => {
if(!req.user._id) {
res.status(401).end();
}
let query = {_id: req.params.id};
Article.findById(req.params.id, (err, article) => {
if(err) throw err;
if(article.author !== req.user.id) {
res.status(401).end();
} else {
Article.deleteOne(query, err => {
if(err) {
console.log(err);
} else {
res.send('Success');
}
});
}
});
});
// Get single article
router.get('/:id', (req, res) => {
Article.findById(req.params.id, (err, article) => {
if(err) throw err;
User.findById(article.author, (err, user) => {
if(err) throw err;
res.render('article', {
article: article,
author: user.name
});
});
});
});
// Access control
function ensureAuthenticated(req, res, next) {
if(req.isAuthenticated()) {
return next();
} else {
req.flash('danger', 'Please login');
res.redirect('/users/login');
}
}
module.exports = router;
|
445c6e455a67981c7f30002ceebbd08d32b6d347
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 1
|
JavaScript
|
dcgab/nodekb
|
c7b5da516793f37b5ddb5edcd9ba5ecb4208339e
|
cd3cc1675f350bb32d4d02654cc51aa428769f42
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>Wojtec/test-restapi<file_sep>/src/controllers/user.js
const { generateAccessToken } = require('../services/auth');
/**
*
* USER CONTROLLERS
*
* */
const clients = [{
id: 1, username: 'test', password: '<PASSWORD>', role: 'user',
}, {
id: 2, username: 'test2', password: '<PASSWORD>', role: 'admin',
}];
// Verify user with clients normal will be data base
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const verifyUser = ({ username, password }) => {
const user = clients.find((u) => u.username === username && u.password === password);
if (user) {
// eslint-disable-next-line no-shadow
const { password, ...onlyUser } = user;
return onlyUser;
}
};
// login user with verification and function to generate access token
const login = (req, res, next) => {
try {
const data = req.body;
const user = verifyUser(data);
if (!user) res.status(401).send({ message: 'Username or password is not valid.' });
const accessToken = generateAccessToken(user);
res.status(200).send(accessToken);
next();
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
module.exports = {
verifyUser,
login,
};
<file_sep>/src/controllers/policies.js
const { getPolicies } = require('../actions');
/**
*
* POLICIES CONTROLLERS
*
* */
// Get policies with query limit example: /api/v1/policies?limit=10
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const getPoliciesData = async (req, res, next) => {
try {
const policies = [];
const { limit } = req.query;
const data = await getPolicies();
const limitData = data.slice(0, limit || 10);
limitData.map((p) => {
const { clientId, ...withoutClientId } = p;
return policies.push(withoutClientId);
});
return res.status(200).json(policies);
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
// Get policies by Id example:/api/v1/policies/e8fd159b-57c4-4d36-9bd7-a59ca13057bb
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const getPoliciesById = async (req, res, next) => {
try {
const { id } = req.params;
const data = await getPolicies();
const findById = data.find((p) => p.id === id);
if (!findById) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error' });
return res.status(200).json(findById);
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
module.exports = {
getPoliciesData,
getPoliciesById,
};
<file_sep>/README.md
# Mandatory points
* Authentication and authorization. The authentication model must be based on https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750.
* Include tests (at least 1 unit test, 1 integration test and one end to end tests).
* Using JavaScript ES6.
* Deliver the codebase on github or any source control tool. It would be great if we can see incremental steps at the commits history.
* Use Latest Node.js LTS version.
* DON'T USE A DB. The API REST youyr must to deliver is a middleware, so is very important to propagate the request to the data source INSURANCE API REST and to manage the error handling and the asynchronism.
* Configuration of a linter and some specific rules to maintain code coherence style. For example https://github.com/airbnb/javascript/tree/master/packages/eslint-config-airbnb-base.
## Contact
If you have any questions about project you can contact with me by email.
Email: `<EMAIL>`
Name: `Wojtek`
## Installation
To get started with test-restApi you need to clone project from git repository.
In your terminal:
```
git clone https://github.com/Wojtec/test-restAPI.git
```
## Run application
Open project in your code editor and install all dependencies
Make sure that you are in correct path `/test-restAPI#` in your terminal and write :
```
npm install
```
```
npm start
```
Server should be listening on `http://localhost:3000`
To use application you will need some API testing tool for example `Postman` Available on [Postman](https://docs.api.getpostman.com/)
## Tests
To run tests make sure that you have Jest and supertest installed in your devDependiency.
Start test writing in your terminal:
```
npm test
```
Test includes :
7 unit tests
````csharp
Verify User
✓ Unit test for verify user (31 ms)
Auth middleware
✓ should populate req.user with token (9 ms)
✓ should return catch error (1 ms)
Consuming API
✓ readToken function reading token from file (23 ms)
✓ Should handle a readFile error from readToken (1 ms)
✓ Should handle a refreshToken catch error (1 ms)
✓ Should handle a loginApi catch error (329 ms)
````
21 integration tests
````csharp
Endpoints tests
GET /api/v1/login
✓ Should return token (70 ms)
✓ Should return 401 username or password not valid (11 ms)
GET /api/v1/policies
✓ Should return all policies 10 by default (438 ms)
✓ Should return 401 Unauthorized error. (3 ms)
✓ Should return 401 Unauthorized error.Token is not valid (2 ms)
✓ Should return policies limited by query string (453 ms)
✓ Should return policies matched to object schema (304 ms)
GET /api/v1/policies/:id
✓ Should return policie by id (252 ms)
✓ Should return 401 Unauthorized (9 ms)
✓ Should return 404 Not Found error (249 ms)
GET /api/v1/clients
✓ Should return 10 elements by default and status 200 (588 ms)
✓ Should return elements limited by query string (607 ms)
✓ Should return elements by name query string (476 ms)
✓ Should return elements by name and limit query string (475 ms)
✓ Should return 401 unauthorized error (3 ms)
GET /api/v1/clients/:id
✓ Should return client's details by id (685 ms)
✓ Should return 401 unauthorized error (11 ms)
✓ Should return 404 not Found error (469 ms)
✓ Should return client's policies (774 ms)
✓ Should return 401 unauthorized error (8 ms)
✓ Should return 404 not Found error (8 ms)
````
I didn't make automation tests because I don't use UI.
## Endpoints
#CLIENT_CREDENTIALS
For get role "user"
username: "test"
password: "<PASSWORD>"
For get role "admin"
username: "test2"
password: "<PASSWORD>"
#Login
Retrieve the auth token.
```
POST /api/v1/login
```
This endpoint will allow for the user login to the application and recive token if veryfication will be valid.
````csharp
{
"token": "<KEY>",
"type": "Bearer",
"expiresIn": 1600017164
}
````
In folder `/src/controllers/user.js` you can find middleware to this endpoint.
````csharp
const login = (req, res, next) => {
try{
// get data from request body
const data = req.body;
// verify user
const user = verifyUser(data);
// if user is not verified response 401 with message
if(!user) res.status(401).send({message: "Username or password is not valid."});
// if user is verified send user grant to generate token
const accessToken = generateAccessToken(user);
// response status 200 and sent object with access token
res.status(200).send(accessToken);
// next to call another function from this endpoint
next();
}catch(err){
// if is an error in block try catch error and send to error handler in /src/app.js
next(err)
}
}
````
In folder `/src/services/auth.js` you can find controller and middleware to `Authorization/Authentication`.
````csharp
//Generate access token
const generateAccessToken = (user) => {
//Create expiring time for token
const exp = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + (60 * 60);
//Create token
const token = jwt.sign(user, config.secret,{
algorithm: 'HS256',
expiresIn: exp
});
//Return a valid Bearer access token for the valid client_credentials provided.
return { token, type:"Bearer", expiresIn: exp };
}
````
````csharp
//Verify token access
const verifyToken = (req, res, next) => {
try{
//Get token from headers
const bearerHeader = req.headers['authorization'];
//Separate token from Bearer
const token = bearerHeader && bearerHeader.split(' ')[1];
//Check if token is true
if(!token) return res.status(401).send({message: 'Unauthorized'});
//Verify token
jwt.verify(token, config.secret, (err, user) => {
//Check if token is valid
if(err) return res.status(401).send({message: 'Token is not valid'});
//Set user payload from token
req.user = user;
//Call next function from endpoint
next();
})
}catch(err){
//If is error send to error handler in /src/app.js
next(err);
}
}
````
#Policies
Get the list of policies' client paginated and limited to 10 elements by default.
```
Get /api/v1/policies
```
This endpoint will allow for the user recive policies data.
````csharp
{
"id": "64cceef9-3a01-49ae-a23b-3761b604800b",
"amountInsured": "1825.89",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"inceptionDate": "2016-06-01T03:33:32Z",
"installmentPayment": true
}
````
In folder `/src/controllers/policies.js` you can find middleware to this endpoint.
````csharp
// Get policies with query limit example: /api/v1/policies?limit=10
const getPoliciesData = async (req, res, next) => {
try{
//Array for policies
let policies = [];
//Destructurise limit from query string
const { limit } = req.query;
//Consume Api policies route
const data = await getPolicies();
//Limit data by query string or by default 10
const limitData = data.slice(0, limit || 10);
//Change data content and push to array with policies
limitData.map(p => {
const { clientId, ...withoutClientId } = p;
return policies.push(withoutClientId)
})
//Return response with policies data json
return res.status(200).json(policies);
}catch(err){
//If is error send to handler error what is in /src/app.js
next(err);
}
}
````
#Policies by ID
Get the details of a policy's client.
```
Get /api/v1/policies/:id
```
This endpoint will allow for the user recive client policy details.
````csharp
{
"id": "64cceef9-3a01-49ae-a23b-3761b604800b",
"amountInsured": "1825.89",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"inceptionDate": "2016-06-01T03:33:32Z",
"installmentPayment": true,
"clientId": "e8fd159b-57c4-4d36-9bd7-a59ca13057bb"
}
````
In folder `/src/controllers/policies.js` you can find middleware to this endpoint.
````csharp
// Get policies by Id example:/api/v1/policies/e8fd159b-57c4-4d36-9bd7-a59ca13057bb
const getPoliciesById = async (req, res, next) => {
try{
//Get policy id from req.param
const { id } = req.params;
//Consume Api and get policies data
const data = await getPolicies();
//Find policy by id
const findById = data.find(p => p.id === id);
//If policy not exist return 404 not found error
if(!findById) return res.status(404).send({message: 'Not Found error'})
//Return policy details
return res.status(200).json(findById);
}catch(err){
//If is error send to handler error what is in /src/app.js
next(err);
}
}
````
#Clients
Get the list of clients details paginated and limited to 10 elements by default also an optional filter query to filter by client name.
```
Get /api/v1/clients
```
* Query string
```
Get /api/v1/clients?limit=10&name=Britney
```
This endpoint will allow for the user recive clients details paginated separeted by roles.
* User role.
````csharp
{
"id": "a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd",
"name": "Barnett",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"role": "user",
"policie": []
}
````
* Admin role.
````csharp
{
"id": "a0ece5db-cd14-4f21-812f-966633e7be86",
"name": "Britney",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"role": "admin",
"policie": [
{
"id": "7b624ed3-00d5-4c1b-9ab8-c265067ef58b",
"amountInsured": "399.89",
"inceptionDate": "2015-07-06T06:55:49Z"
}
]
}
````
In folder `/src/controllers/clients.js` you can find middleware to this endpoint.
````csharp
//Get clients by roles and filter by query limit and name example URL:/api/v1/clients?limit=5&name=Manning
const getClientsData = async (req, res, next) => {
try{
//After veryfication get role from request
const { role } = req.user;
//Get query data from query string
const { limit, name } = req.query;
//Consume Api and get clients data
const data = await getClients();
//Consume Api and get policies data
const dataPolicies = await getPolicies();
//Check is roles not exist throw 403 error
if(!role) return res.status(403).send({message: 'Forbidden error'})
//Check condition if is true run code for user
if(role === "user"){
//Filter client data and return array with only users clients
const dataByRole = data.filter(user => user.role === role);
//For each user client check if exsit policies
dataByRole.map(user => {
//Array policies with objects inside
const objPolice = [];
//Filter policies data and return array policies if client id === user id
const policies = dataPolicies.filter(u => u.clientId === user.id);
//Create new Array with data what is required
policies.map(p => {
objPolice.push({
id: p.id,
amountInsured: p.amountInsured,
inceptionDate: p.inceptionDate
})
})
//Create value policie in user object and assign destructured Array
user.policie = [...objPolice];
})
//Check if is query string
if(limit || name ){
//If is query string name filter users by name
const findByName = name ? dataByRole.filter(user => user.name === name) : dataByRole;
//If is query string limit slice data to number of limits
const limitData = findByName ? findByName.slice(0, limit) : dataByRole.slice(0, 10);
//If query string is true response 200 with data
return res.status(200).json(limitData);
}
//If endpoint is without query strings response with limit set by default 10 with status 200
const limitedByDefault = dataByRole.slice(0, 10);
return res.status(200).json(limitedByDefault);
}
//Check condition if is true run code for admin
if(role === "admin"){
//For each user in Array set new vale with policies
data.map(user => {
//New Array with objects policies
const objPolice = [];
//Check data policies and filter with user id
const policies = dataPolicies.filter(u => u.clientId === user.id);
//For each policie retrive required values
policies.map(p => {
//Push values to new Array
objPolice.push({
id: p.id,
amountInsured: p.amountInsured,
inceptionDate: p.inceptionDate
})
})
//Create value policie in user object and assign destructured Array
user.policie = [...objPolice];
})
//Check if is query string
if(limit || name ){
//If is query string name filter users by name
const findByName = name ? data.filter(user => user.name === name) : data;
//If is query string limit slice data to number of limits
const limitData = findByName ? findByName.slice(0, limit) : data.slice(0, 10);
//If query string is true response 200 with data
return res.status(200).json(limitData);
}
//If endpoint is without query strings response with status 200
return res.status(200).json(data);
}
}catch(err){
//If is error send to handler error what is in /src/app.js
next(err);
}
}
````
#Clients by ID
Get the client's details
```
Get /api/v1/clients/:id
```
Can be accessed by client with role user and admin.
* User role.
````csharp
{
"id": "a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd",
"name": "Barnett",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"role": "user",
"policies": []
}
````
* Admin role.
````csharp
{
"id": "a0ece5db-cd14-4f21-812f-966633e7be86",
"name": "Britney",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"role": "admin",
"policie": [
{
"id": "7b624ed3-00d5-4c1b-9ab8-c265067ef58b",
"amountInsured": "399.89",
"inceptionDate": "2015-07-06T06:55:49Z"
}
]
}
````
In folder `/src/controllers/clients.js` you can find middleware to this endpoint.
````csharp
//Get clients by roles and by ID with policies example URL: /api/v1/clients/a0ece5db-cd14-4f21-812f-966633e7be86
const getClientsById = async (req, res, next) => {
try{
//After veryfication get role from request
const { role } = req.user;
//Get client id from req.param
const { id } = req.params;
//Consume Api and get clients data
const dataClient = await getClients();
//Consume Api and get policies data
const dataPolicies = await getPolicies();
//Check is roles not exist throw 403 error
if(!role) return res.status(403).send({message: 'Forbidden error'})
//Check condition if is true run code for user
if(role === "user"){
//Filter client data and return array with only users clients
const dataByRole = dataClient.filter(user => user.role === role);
//If role not exist in data base return 404
if(!dataByRole) return res.status(404).send({message: "Not Found error."});
//Find client from data base by id
const findClientById = dataByRole.find(c => c.id === id);
//If client not exist in data base return 404
if(!findClientById) return res.status(404).send({message: "Not Found error."});
//Create new array for objects policies
const policies = []
//Filter data policies and return by client id
const findPoliciesById = dataPolicies.filter(c => c.clientId === id);
//Return new object data with value requeried
findPoliciesById.map(p => {
policies.push({
"id" : p.id,
"amountInsured" : p.amountInsured,
"inceptionDate": p.inceptionDate
})
})
//Create value policie in user object and assign destructured Array
findClientById.policies = [...policies];
//Assing to client data new array policies with objects and return response status 200
const clientData = Object.assign([findClientById]);
return res.status(200).json(clientData);
}
//Check condition if is true run code for admin
if(role === "admin"){
//Find client from data base by id
const findClientById = dataClient.find(c => c.id === id);
//If client not exist return 404 not found
if(!findClientById) return res.status(404).send({message: "Not Found error."});
//Create new array for objects policies
const policies = []
//Filter data policies and return by client id
const findPoliciesById = dataPolicies.filter(c => c.clientId === id);
//Return new object data with value requeried
findPoliciesById.map(p => {
policies.push({
"id" : p.id,
"amountInsured" : p.amountInsured,
"inceptionDate": p.inceptionDate
})
})
//Create value policie in user object and assign destructured Array
findClientById.policies = [...policies];
//Assing to client data new array policies with objects and return response status 200
const clientData = Object.assign([findClientById]);
return res.status(200).json(clientData);
}
}catch(err){
//If is error send to handler error what is in /src/app.js
next(err);
}
}
````
#Clients by ID and policies
Get the client's policies
```
Get /api/v1/clients/:id/policies
```
Can be accessed by client with role user and admin.
* User role.
````csharp
{
[] //Empty array becuase any user dont have policices assign
}
````
* Admin role.
````csharp
{
"id": "7b624ed3-00d5-4c1b-9ab8-c265067ef58b",
"amountInsured": "399.89",
"email": "<EMAIL>",
"inceptionDate": "2015-07-06T06:55:49Z",
"installmentPayment": true
}
````
In folder `/src/controllers/clients.js` you can find middleware to this endpoint.
````csharp
//Get policies by client Id example URL:/api/v1/clients/a74c83c5-e271-4ecf-a429-d47af952cfd4/policies
const getPoliciesByClientId = async (req, res, next) => {
try{
//After veryfication get role from request
const { role } = req.user;
//Get client id from req.param
const { id } = req.params;
//Consume Api and get clients data
const dataClient = await getClients();
//Consume Api and get policies data
const dataPolicies = await getPolicies();
//Check is roles not exist throw 403 error
if(!role) return res.status(403).send({message: 'Forbidden error'})
//Check condition if is true run code for user
if(role === "user"){
//Filter client data and return array with only users clients
const dataByRole = dataClient.filter(user => user.role === role);
//If role not exist in data base return 404
if(!dataByRole) return res.status(404).send({message: "Not Found error."});
//Create new array for objects policies
const policies = [];
//Find client from data base by id
const getClientById = dataByRole.find(user => user.id === id);
//If client not exist in data base return 404
if(!getClientById) return res.status(404).send({message: "Not Found error."});
//Filter data policies and return by client id
const getPoliciesByClientId = dataPolicies.filter(policies => policies.clientId === getClientById.id);
//Return new object data with value requeried
getPoliciesByClientId.map(policie => {
policies.push({
"id": policie.id,
"amountInsured": policie.amountInsured,
"email": policie.email,
"inceptionDate": policie.inceptionDate,
"installmentPayment": policie.installmentPayment
})
})
//Return response with status 200 and policie
return res.status(200).send(policies);
}
//Check condition if is true run code for user
if(role === "admin"){
//Filter client data and return array with only users clients
const getClientById = dataClient.find(user => user.id === id);
//If role not exist in data base return 404
if(!getClientById) return res.status(404).send({message: "Not Found error."});
//Create new array for objects policies
const policies = [];
//Filter data policies and return by client id
const getPoliciesByClientId = dataPolicies.filter(policies => policies.clientId === getClientById.id);
//Return new object data with value requeried
getPoliciesByClientId.map(policie => {
policies.push({
"id": policie.id,
"amountInsured": policie.amountInsured,
"email": policie.email,
"inceptionDate": policie.inceptionDate,
"installmentPayment": policie.installmentPayment
})
})
//Return response with status 200 and policie
return res.status(200).send(policies);
}
}catch(err){
//If is error send to handler error what is in /src/app.js
next(err);
}
}
````<file_sep>/src/services/auth.js
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const config = require('../config');
/**
*
* AUTHORIZATION SERVICE
*
* 1.Function generateAccessToken create new token with user payload.
* 2.Function verifyToken is checking Authorization header and verifying token
*
* */
// Generate access token
const generateAccessToken = (user) => {
const exp = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + (60 * 60);
const token = jwt.sign(user, config.secret, {
algorithm: 'HS256',
expiresIn: exp,
});
return { token, type: 'Bearer', expiresIn: exp };
};
// Verify token access
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const verifyToken = (req, res, next) => {
try {
const bearerHeader = req.headers.authorization;
const token = bearerHeader && bearerHeader.split(' ')[1];
if (!token) return res.status(401).send({ message: 'Unauthorized' });
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
jwt.verify(token, config.secret, (err, user) => {
if (err) return res.status(401).send({ message: 'Token is not valid' });
req.user = user;
next();
});
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
module.exports = {
verifyToken,
generateAccessToken,
};
<file_sep>/src/helpers/index.js
const fs = require('fs').promises;
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const actions = require('../actions');
/**
* HELPERS FUNCTIONS
*
* 1.Funciton readToken for read token from API integration is stored in apiData.json .
* 2.Function refreshToken is checking time of API token if is expired is generate new token.
*
* */
// Read token from file authData.json
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const readToken = async () => {
try {
const readFile = await fs.readFile('./apiData.json');
const data = JSON.parse(readFile);
const { token } = data;
return token;
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
};
// Check if API token is expired
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const refreshToken = async (token) => {
try {
const decodeToken = jwt.decode(token, { complete: true });
const { payload } = decodeToken;
if (Date.now() >= payload.exp * 1000) {
const newToken = await actions.loginApi();
return newToken;
}
return token;
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
};
module.exports = {
readToken,
refreshToken,
};
<file_sep>/src/routes/policies.js
const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
/**
*
* POLICIES ROUTES
*
* */
const { getPoliciesData, getPoliciesById } = require('../controllers/policies');
const { verifyToken } = require('../services/auth');
// Policies routes
router.get('/:id', verifyToken, getPoliciesById);
router.get('', verifyToken, getPoliciesData);
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>/src/config/index.js
/**
*
* SECRET WORD FOR JSON WEB TOKEN
*
**/
module.exports = {
'secret': process.env.JWT_SECRET || "cookie"
};<file_sep>/src/tests/integration.test.js
/* eslint-disable no-useless-concat */
/* eslint-disable no-undef */
const request = require('supertest');
const app = require('../app');
let TOKEN;
describe('Endpoints tests', () => {
/**
*
* TEST LOGIN ROUTE
*
* */
describe('GET /api/v1/login', () => {
it('Should return token', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.post('/api/v1/login')
.set('Accept', 'application/json')
.send({ username: 'test', password: '<PASSWORD>' });
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body).toMatchObject({
token: expect.any(String),
type: expect.any(String),
expiresIn: expect.any(Number),
});
TOKEN = res.body.token;
done();
});
it('Should return 401 username or password not valid', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.post('/api/v1/login')
.set('Accept', 'application/json')
.send({ username: 'te', password: 'te' });
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
});
/**
*
* TEST POLICIES ROUTE
*
* */
describe('GET /api/v1/policies', () => {
it('Should return all policies 10 by default', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/policies')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body.length).toBe(10);
done();
});
it('Should return 401 Unauthorized error.', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/policies')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + '');
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
it('Should return 401 Unauthorized error.Token is not valid', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/policies')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + 'aaa');
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
it('Should return policies limited by query string', async (done) => {
const limit = 5;
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/policies?limit=${limit}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body.length).toBe(limit);
done();
});
it('Should return policies matched to object schema', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/policies')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body).toContainEqual({
id: expect.any(String),
amountInsured: expect.any(String),
email: expect.any(String),
inceptionDate: expect.any(String),
installmentPayment: expect.any(Boolean),
});
done();
});
});
describe('GET /api/v1/policies/:id', () => {
it('Should return policie by id', async (done) => {
const id = '5a72ae47-d077-4f74-9166-56a6577e31b9';
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/policies/${id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body).toMatchObject({
id: expect.any(String),
clientId: expect.any(String),
amountInsured: expect.any(String),
email: expect.any(String),
inceptionDate: expect.any(String),
installmentPayment: expect.any(Boolean),
});
done();
});
it('Should return 401 Unauthorized', async (done) => {
const id = '5a72ae47-d077-4f74-9166-56a6577e31b9';
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/policies/${id}`)
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + 'asd');
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
it('Should return 404 Not Found error', async (done) => {
const id = '5a72ae47-d077-4f74-9166-56a6577e3';
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/policies/${id}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(404);
done();
});
});
/**
*
* TEST CLIENTS ROUTE
*
* */
describe('GET /api/v1/clients', () => {
it('Should return 10 elements by default and status 200', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.body.length).toBe(10);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
done();
});
it('Should return elements limited by query string', async (done) => {
const limit = 5;
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/clients?limit=${limit}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.body.length).toBe(limit);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
done();
});
it('Should return elements by name query string', async (done) => {
const name = 'Barnett';
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/clients?name=${name}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body).toEqual(expect.any(Array));
done();
});
it('Should return elements by name and limit query string', async (done) => {
const name = 'Barnett';
const limit = 5;
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/clients?name=${name}&limit=${limit}`)
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body).toEqual(expect.any(Array));
done();
});
it('Should return 401 unauthorized error', async (done) => {
const name = 'Barnett';
const limit = 5;
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get(`/api/v1/clients?name=${name}&limit=${limit}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
});
describe('GET /api/v1/clients/:id', () => {
it("Should return client's details by id", async (done) => {
expect.assertions(3);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients/a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body.length).toBe(1);
expect(res.body).toEqual(expect.any(Array));
done();
});
it('Should return 401 unauthorized error', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients/a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd');
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
it('Should return 404 not Found error', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients/a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2e')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(404);
done();
});
});
describe('GET /api/v1/clients/:id', () => {
it("Should return client's policies", async (done) => {
expect.assertions(2);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients/a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd/policies')
.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${TOKEN}`);
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(res.body).toEqual(expect.any(Array));
done();
});
it('Should return 401 unauthorized error', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients/a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd/policies');
expect(res.status).toBe(401);
done();
});
it('Should return 404 not Found error', async (done) => {
expect.assertions(1);
const res = await request(app)
.get('/api/v1/clients/a3b8d425-2b60-4ad7-becc-bedf2ef860bd/poicies');
expect(res.status).toBe(404);
done();
});
});
});
<file_sep>/src/controllers/clients.js
const { getClients } = require('../actions');
const { getPolicies } = require('../actions');
/**
*
* CLIENT CONTROLLERS
*
* */
// eslint-disable-next-line max-len
// Get clients by roles and filter by query limit and name example URL:/api/v1/clients?limit=5&name=Manning
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const getClientsData = async (req, res, next) => {
try {
const { role } = req.user;
const { limit, name } = req.query;
const data = await getClients();
const dataPolicies = await getPolicies();
if (!role) return res.status(403).send({ message: 'Forbidden error' });
if (role === 'user') {
const dataByRole = data.filter((user) => user.role === role);
// eslint-disable-next-line array-callback-return
dataByRole.map((user) => {
const objPolice = [];
const policies = dataPolicies.filter((u) => u.clientId === user.id);
policies.map((p) => objPolice.push({
id: p.id,
amountInsured: p.amountInsured,
inceptionDate: p.inceptionDate,
}));
// eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign
user.policie = [...objPolice];
});
if (limit || name) {
const findByName = name ? dataByRole.filter((user) => user.name === name) : dataByRole;
const limitData = findByName ? findByName.slice(0, limit) : dataByRole.slice(0, 10);
return res.status(200).json(limitData);
}
const limitedByDefault = dataByRole.slice(0, 10);
return res.status(200).json(limitedByDefault);
}
if (role === 'admin') {
// eslint-disable-next-line array-callback-return
data.map((user) => {
const objPolice = [];
const policies = dataPolicies.filter((u) => u.clientId === user.id);
policies.map((p) => objPolice.push({
id: p.id,
amountInsured: p.amountInsured,
inceptionDate: p.inceptionDate,
}));
// eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign
user.policie = [...objPolice];
});
if (limit || name) {
const findByName = name ? data.filter((user) => user.name === name) : data;
const limitData = findByName ? findByName.slice(0, limit) : data.slice(0, 10);
return res.status(200).json(limitData);
}
return res.status(200).json(data);
}
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
// eslint-disable-next-line max-len
// Get clients by roles and by ID with policies example URL: /api/v1/clients/a0ece5db-cd14-4f21-812f-966633e7be86
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const getClientsById = async (req, res, next) => {
try {
const { role } = req.user;
const { id } = req.params;
const dataClient = await getClients();
const dataPolicies = await getPolicies();
if (!role) return res.status(403).send({ message: 'Forbidden error' });
if (role === 'user') {
const dataByRole = dataClient.filter((user) => user.role === role);
if (!dataByRole) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error.' });
const findClientById = dataByRole.find((c) => c.id === id);
if (!findClientById) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error.' });
const policies = [];
const findPoliciesById = dataPolicies.filter((c) => c.clientId === id);
findPoliciesById.map((p) => policies.push({
id: p.id,
amountInsured: p.amountInsured,
inceptionDate: p.inceptionDate,
}));
findClientById.policies = [...policies];
const clientData = Object.assign([findClientById]);
return res.status(200).json(clientData);
}
if (role === 'admin') {
const findClientById = dataClient.find((c) => c.id === id);
if (!findClientById) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error.' });
const policies = [];
const findPoliciesById = dataPolicies.filter((c) => c.clientId === id);
findPoliciesById.map((p) => policies.push({
id: p.id,
amountInsured: p.amountInsured,
inceptionDate: p.inceptionDate,
}));
findClientById.policies = [...policies];
const clientData = Object.assign([findClientById]);
return res.status(200).json(clientData);
}
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
// eslint-disable-next-line max-len
// Get policies by client Id example URL:/api/v1/clients/a74c83c5-e271-4ecf-a429-d47af952cfd4/policies
// eslint-disable-next-line consistent-return
const getPoliciesByClientId = async (req, res, next) => {
try {
const { role } = req.user;
const { id } = req.params;
const dataClient = await getClients();
const dataPolicies = await getPolicies();
if (!role) return res.status(403).send({ message: 'Forbidden error' });
if (role === 'user') {
const dataByRole = dataClient.filter((user) => user.role === role);
if (!dataByRole) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error.' });
const policies = [];
const getClientById = dataByRole.find((user) => user.id === id);
if (!getClientById) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error.' });
// eslint-disable-next-line max-len
const getPoliciesByClient = dataPolicies.filter((p) => p.clientId === getClientById.id);
getPoliciesByClient.map((policie) => policies.push({
id: policie.id,
amountInsured: policie.amountInsured,
email: policie.email,
inceptionDate: policie.inceptionDate,
installmentPayment: policie.installmentPayment,
}));
return res.status(200).send(policies);
}
if (role === 'admin') {
const getClientById = dataClient.find((user) => user.id === id);
if (!getClientById) return res.status(404).send({ message: 'Not Found error.' });
const policies = [];
const getPoliciesByClient = dataPolicies.filter((p) => p.clientId === getClientById.id);
getPoliciesByClient.map((policie) => policies.push({
id: policie.id,
amountInsured: policie.amountInsured,
email: policie.email,
inceptionDate: policie.inceptionDate,
installmentPayment: policie.installmentPayment,
}));
return res.status(200).send(policies);
}
} catch (err) {
next(err);
}
};
module.exports = {
getClientsData,
getClientsById,
getPoliciesByClientId,
};
<file_sep>/src/app.js
require('dotenv').config();
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
// Routes
const userRoutes = require('./routes/user');
const policiesRoutes = require('./routes/policies');
const clientRoutes = require('./routes/clients');
// parse application/x-www-form-urlencoded
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
// parse application/json
app.use(bodyParser.json());
// user
app.use('/api/v1/login', userRoutes);
// Policies routes
app.use('/api/v1/policies', policiesRoutes);
// Clients routes
app.use('/api/v1/clients', clientRoutes);
// Error handler
// eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
res.status(500).send({ error: err.message });
});
// Export app to index.js for supertest
module.exports = app;
|
9bd7b1e83571688fb246f632dbe4800724d9d0bf
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 10
|
JavaScript
|
Wojtec/test-restapi
|
48a32ca02d5fac54e91115814990c8be27d57bc8
|
0ddbc8f5f4c4fb36e59843e8d864cd7d625554ca
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuição de Frequências (dados contínuos)"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# Distribuição de Frequências
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados contínuos podem assumir __diversos valores diferentes__\footnote{Aqui chamamos mais uma vez a atenção para a importância de distinguirmos os diferentes tipos de variáveis. Uma variável \emph{quantitativa contínua} é uma {\bf variável}! E portanto, {\bf pode variar} de um indivíduo para outro! No entanto, a variável \emph{quantitativa contínua} possui um conjunto de valores possíveis {\bf infinito} (um intervalo da reta real), e assim, podemos observar um número de unidades com valores distintos para uma certa variável contínua maior que no caso de uma variável nominal. {\bf Exercício:} compare os valores possíveis para as variáveis {\bf altura} e {\bf estado civil}.}, mesmo em amostras pequenas.
- Por essa razão, a menos que sejam em grande número, são apresentados na forma como foram coletados.
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Considere, como exemplo, que o pesquisador resolveu organizar as idades dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB em uma tabela.
- Pode escrever os dados na ordem em que foram coletados, como segue:
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
idade <- c(26, 32, 36, 20, 40, 28, 41, 43, 34, 23, 33, 27, 37, 44, 30)
idade.tab <- matrix(data = idade, nrow = 3)
knitr::kable(idade.tab, format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
- Quando em grande número, os dados contínuos podem ser organizados, para apresentação, em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências.
- Vamos entender como isso é feito por meio de novo exemplo.
\framebreak
- Foram propostas muitas maneiras de avaliar a capacidade de uma criança para o desempenho escolar.
- Algumas crianças estão "prontas" para aprender a escrever aos cinco anos, outras, aos oito anos.
- Imagine que um professor aplicou o _Teste de Desempenho Escolar_ (TDE) a 27 alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Fundamental.
- Os dados obtidos pelo professor estão apresentados em seguida.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde <- c(7, 18, 111, 25, 101, 85, 81, 75, 100, 95, 98, 108, 100, 94, 34, 99, 84, 90, 95, 102, 96, 105, 100, 107, 117, 96, 17)
tde.tab <- matrix(data = tde, nrow = 3)
knitr::kable(tde.tab, format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
- Para __conhecer o comportamento__ do desempenho escolar desses alunos, o professor deve organizar uma __distribuição de frequências__.
- No entanto, para isso, é preciso __agrupar os dados em faixas__, ou __classes__\footnote{Note que se procedermos da mesma forma que procedemos para os casos anteriores, a nossa tabela de distribuição de frequências apresentaria um grande número de valores com baixas frequências. Isso nos daria tanta informação quanto a tabela de dados brutos, e portanto, não nos ajudaria a conhecer o comportamento da variável.}.
+ Em quantas faixas ou classes podem ser agrupados os dados?
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma __regra prática__ é a seguinte: \structure{o número de classes deve ser aproximadamente igual à raiz quadrada do tamanho da amostra.}
$$
\mbox{Número de classes} = \sqrt{n}.
$$
- No exemplo, são 27 alunos.
+ O tamanho da amostra é, portanto, $n = 27$.
+ A raiz quadrada de 27 está entre $5 (\sqrt{25})$ e $6 (\sqrt{36})$. Portanto, podem ser organizadas __cinco classes__.
- Mas como?
\framebreak
- Observe cuidadosamente o conjunto de dados.
- Ache o __valor mínimo__, o __valor máximo__ e a __amplitude__.
###
- __Valor mínimo__ é o menor valor de um conjunto de dados.
- __Valor máximo__ é o maior valor de um conjunto de dados.
- __Amplitude__ é a diferença entre o valor máximo e o valor mínimo.
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Para os valores obtidos pelos 27 alunos no Teste de Desempenho Escolar, temos:
- Valor mínimo $= 7$;
- Valor máximo $= 117$;
- Amplitude $= 117 - 7 = 110$.
- Uma vez obtida a amplitude do conjunto de dados, é preciso calcular a \structure{amplitude das classes}.
\framebreak
- \structure{Amplitude de classe} é dada pela divisão da amplitude do conjunto de dados pelo número de classes.
- Para os dados do TDE, a amplitude ($110$) deve ser dividida pelo número de classes que já foi calculado ($5$):
$$
110 \div 5 = 22.
$$
\framebreak
- A __amplitude de classe__ será, então, $22$. Isso significa que:
- a primeira classe vai do valor mínimo, $7$ até $7 + 22 = 29$;
- a segunda classe vai de $29$ a $29 + 22 = 51$;
- a terceira classe vai de $51$ a $51 + 22 = 73$;
- a quarta classe vai de $73$ a $73 + 22 = 95$;
- a quinta classe vai de $95$ a $95 + 22 = 117$, inclusive.
- Os valores que delimitam as classes são denominados \structure{extremos}.
\framebreak
- \structure{Extremos de classe} são os valores que delimitam as classes.
- Uma questão importante é saber __como__ as classes devem ser escritas. Alguém pode pensar em escrever as classes como segue:
\begin{eqnarray*}
7 &-& 28\\
29 &-& 51, \mbox{etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
- No entanto, essa notação traz dúvidas.
\framebreak
- Como saber, por exemplo, para qual classe vai o valor $28,5$?
- Esse tipo de dúvida é evitado indicando as classes como segue:
\begin{eqnarray*}
7 &\vdash& 28\\
29 &\vdash& 51, \mbox{etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
- Usando essa notação, fica claro que o intervalo é \structure{fechado} à esquerda e \structure{aberto} à direita.
\framebreak
- Então, na classe $7\vdash 29$ estão \structure{incluídos} os valores iguais ao extremo inferior da classe, que é $7$ (o intervalo é fechado à esquerda), mas \structure{não estão incluídos} os valores iguais ao extremo superior da classe, que é $29$ (o intervalo é aberto à direita).
- A indicação de que o intervalo é fechado é dada pelo lado esquerdo do traço vertical do símbolo $\vdash$.
- A indicação de intervalo aberto é dada pela ausência de traço vertical no lado direito do símbolo $\vdash$.
- Uma alternativa a esta notação é dada por \structure{colchetes} e \structure{parênteses}.
\framebreak
- Considere \structure{$ei$} e \structure{$es$} os \structure{extremos inferior} e \structure{superio}r de uma classe qualquer, respectivamente.
- "$(ei; es]$", ou "$\dashv$" é um intervalo aberto à esquerda e fechado à direita;
- "$[ei; es)$", ou "$\vdash$" é um intervalo aberto à direita e fechado à esquerda;
- "$(ei; es)$", ou "$]ei; es[$", ou "--" é um intervalo aberto;
- "$[ei; es]$", ou "$\vdash\dashv$" é um intervalo fechado.
\framebreak
- Estabelecidas as classes, é preciso obter as \structure{frequências}.
- Para isso, contam-se quantos alunos estão na classe de $7$ a $29$ \structure{(exclusive)}\footnote{Ou, seja, sem incluir o extremo direito do intervalo de classe; neste caso, o valor 29.}, quantos estão na classe de $29$ a $51$ \structure{(exclusive)}, e assim por diante.
### Apuração
- Aqui uma abordagem poderia ser a criação de uma "nova variável" (transformada) de idade em classes na planilha de dados brutos, e então proceder com a apuração desta "nova variável" como no caso de uma variável qualitativa.
- Afinal de contas, as classes de idade são categorias.
+ Neste caso, categorias de uma variável qualitativa ordinal.
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- A distribuição de frequências pode então ser organizada como segue.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde.cat <- cut(x = tde,
breaks = c(7, 29, 51, 73, 95, 117),
labels = c("7 $\\vdash$ 29", "29 $\\vdash$ 51",
"51 $\\vdash$ 73", "73 $\\vdash$ 95",
"95 $\\vdash$ 117"),
include.lowest = F, right = FALSE)
tde.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(tde.cat)))["Freq"]
tde.tab <- data.frame("tde"= row.names(tde.tab), "freq" = tde.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(tde.tab, col.names = c("Classe TDE", "Frequência ($n_i$)"), align = "lc")
```
## Observações {.allowframebreaks}
- Embora a __regra prática__ apresentada aqui para a determinação do número de classes seja útil, ela não é a única forma de determinar classes em uma tabela de frequências para dados contínuos.
- O pesquisador pode especificar as classes de acordo com "convenções".
- É comum vermos as frequências da variável idade serem apresentadas em classes de amplitude 5 ou 10 anos.
- Ainda, podem ser especificadas classes com amplitudes distintas (Idade de 0 a 19 anos, 20 a 59 anos, 60 a 79 anos, 80 anos ou mais).
\framebreak
- Outro ponto importante é que nem sempre existe interesse em apresentar todas as classes possíveis.
- Em aluns casos, a primeira classe pode incluir todos os elementos menores que determinado valor.
- Diz-se, então, que o extremo inferior da primeira classe não está definido.
- Como exemplo, veja a distribuição de frequências das pessoas conforme a altura, com as seguintes classes:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& \mbox{Menos de } 150 \mbox{ cm}\\
&& 150\ \vdash 160 \mbox{cm}\\
&& 160\ \vdash 170 \mbox{cm, etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
\framebreak
- Do mesmo modo, todos os elementos iguais ou maiores que determinado valor podem ser agrupados na última classe.
- Diz-se, então, que o extremo superior da última classe não está definido.
- Muitos dados de idade publicados pelo __Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística__ (__IBGE__) estão em tabelas de distribuição de frequências com intervalos de classes diferentes (em relação a amplitude) e não possuem extremo superior definido.
- Veja o exemplo a seguir.
\framebreak
```{r fig-censo, fig.align='center', fig.cap = "População residente, segundo grupos de idade no Brasil (Censo 2010; https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=12).", cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.height="70%", out.width='30%', purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'ibge_idade_censo2010.png'))
```
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 4, 5 e 6 do Capítulo 3.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, pg. 37-38.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para os dados contínuos do seu levantamento estatístico, construa tabelas de frequências e compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle. Discuta como você definiu as classes e suas amplitudes.
## Próxima aula
- Distribuição de frequências: __frequências relativa, acumulada, relativa acumulada e porcentagem__.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-errorbar.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Organização dos dados"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# Introdução
## Introdução
- Agora que já discutimos alguns __conceitos básicos__ de estatística e as etapas gerais de um __levantamento estatístico__, vamos apresentar como é feito o __registro__ e a __organização de dados__ referentes a uma certa coleta de dados.
- Começaremos com a __planilha__ para o registro dos dados e a __tabela de dados brutos__ resultante.
- Logo em seguida, discutiremos como fazer a __apuração dos dados__.
# Coleta de dados
## Coleta de dados {.allowframebreaks}
::: {.block}
### Lembrando
A __estatística__ é a ciência que tem por objetivo orientar a _coleta_, o _resumo_, a _apresentação_, a _análise_ e a _interpretação_ de dados.
:::
- Para __coletar dados__, o pesquisador necessitará armazenar os dados coletados em algum lugar.
- Assim, se faz necessário organizar uma \structure{planilha}.
## Coleta de dados {.allowframebreaks}
- Com o advento da computação, grande parte dos profissionais da área de estatística registram dados em uma __planilha eletrônica__\footnote{Softwares como \emph{Calc} (OpenOffice), \emph{Microsoft Excel} (Office) e \emph{Google Sheets} (Google) são exemplos de \emph{softwares} que trabalham com planilhas eletrônicas.}.
- No entanto, os dados também podem ser registrados em meio físico como, por exemplo, fichas, cadernos ou cadernetas, ou seja, a chamada __planilha física__.
## Coleta de dados {.allowframebreaks}
- As planilhas eletrônicas podem ser construídas a partir de planilhas físicas ou serem alimentadas por algum __instrumento de coleta__ em meio eletrônico (formulário ou questionário)\footnote{O \emph{Google Forms}, por exemplo, cria e alimenta uma planilha eletrônica a partir do formulário de coleta.}.
- Vamos apresentar como se desenha uma planilha física para registro dos dados.
- \structure{Se você tiver possibilidade, pode experimentar como organizar os dados em uma planilha eletrônica.}
## Planilha {.allowframebreaks}
- __Planilha__ é o documento que armazena os dados coletados, distribuindo-os em linhas e colunas (ou seja, planilhas são "matrizes de dados").
- Em planilhas eletrônicas, geralmente, as linhas são numeradas e as colunas são indicadas por letras maiúsculas.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'planilha_eletro.png'))
```
## Planilha {.allowframebreaks}
__Exemplo:__ Um pesquisador está interessado em fazer um levantamento sobre alguns aspectos socioeconômicos dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB, um grupo de 15 pessoas\footnote{<NAME>. e <NAME>. {\bf Estatística Básica}, Saraiva, 2010.}.
- Temos a seguinte planilha para registrar os dados do grupo.
## Planilha {.allowframebreaks}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'planilha_fisica.png'))
```
## Tabela de dados brutos {.allowframebreaks}
- __Dados brutos__ são os dados na forma em que foram coletados, sem qualquer tipo de tratamento.
- Após a coleta de dados, o pesquisador tem em sua planilha o registro dos dados brutos.
\framebreak
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'dados_brutos.png'))
```
\framebreak
- O que podemos falar sobre as variáveis coletadas?
- Qual a informação podemos apresentar sobre os dados coletados?
Para responder tais perguntadas, precisaremos __resumir__ os dados de alguma forma.
# Apuração dos dados
## Apuração dos dados {.allowframebreaks}
- __Apuração__ é o processo de retirar os dados da planilha e organizá-los, para apresentação.
No exemplo apresentado anteriormente, foram coletadas as seguintes variáveis: estado civil, grau de instrução, número de filhos, salário, idade e região de procedência. Note que estas são variáveis de diferentes tipos.
- __Exercício:__ classifique cada uma destas variáveis em __qualitativa nominal__, __qualitativa ordinal__, __quantitativa discreta__ e __quantitativa contínua__.
## Apuração de dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
- Se quisermos saber quantos solteiros e quantos casados trabalham na seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB devemos escrever os valores possíveis da variável __estado civil__\footnote{{\bf Pergunta:} a ordem de escrita dos valores possíveis da variável {\bf estado civil} importa? Por que?}.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_0.png'))
```
## Apuração de dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
- Logo após, precisamos inspecionar cada registro da tabela de dados brutos e marcar um traço ao lado de __solteiro__, para cada indivíduo solteiro inspecionado, e um traço ao lado de __casado__ para cada indivíduo casado inspecionado.
- A cada quatro traços, corta-se com um traço, e este conjunto representa uma contagem de cinco indivíduos\footnote{No inglês, \emph{tally marks} (marcas de registro).}.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_1.png'))
```
## Apuração de dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
- Desta forma, verificamos que na seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB trabalham oito solteiros e sete casados.
- Duas outras formas alternativas de se fazer a apuração dos dados são apresentadas a seguir.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(cowplot)
library(ggplot2)
p1 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'apura_2.png'), scale = 0.9)
p2 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'apura_3.png'), scale = 0.9)
plot_grid(p1, p2)
```
\framebreak
### Comentário
É fácil apurar uma pequena massa de dados, como no caso do exemplo. Já uma grande massa de dados tornará a tarefa difícil e entediante. Além disso, com um grande volume de dados, a __probabilidade__ de incorrermos em erros aumenta! Necessitaremos do auxílio de __pacotes estatísticos__!
## Apuração de dados ordinais {.allowframebreaks}
- Para apurar dados de grau de instrução (variável qualitativa ordinal), o procedimento é similar ao adotado para apurar dados nominais.
- A diferença é que, para dados ordinais, __impõe-se uma ordem__.
+ Contudo, a apuração se faz por contagem.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_4.png'))
```
## Apuração de dados discretos {.allowframebreaks}
- Para apurar o número de filhos (variável quantitativa discreta), também devemos fazer uma contagem.
- Escrevemos os resultados respeitando a ordem numérica.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_5.png'))
```
## Apuração de dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Em geral, os dados contínuos são apresentados na forma como foram coletados, porque assumem valores diferentes, mesmo em amostras pequenas.
- É o caso da variável idade no exemplo considerado: os empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB tinham idades diferentes.
- No entanto, é possível organizar as idades por __faixas__, como veremos nas aulas seguintes.
## Para casa
1. Construa a planilha para o registro do levantamento dos dados planejado nas aulas anteriores.
2. Faça uma pequena coleta de dados incluindo pelo menos uma variável de cada tipo (_qualitativa nominal_, _qualitativa ordinal_, _quantitativa discreta_ e _quantitativa contínua_).
1. Organize uma planilha (física ou eletrônica) para o registro dos dados coletados.
2. Faça a coleta e preencha a planilha para obter os dados brutos.
3. Faça a apuração dos dados e comente brevemente sobre os resultados encontrados.
## Próxima aula
- Introdução ao `R`.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-bolha.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Fases do levantamento estatístico"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2020
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
## Introdução
O planejamento de um levantamento estatístico, em geral, abrange as seguintes fases:
1. Definição do Universo
2. Exame das informações disponíveis
3. Decisão sobre o tipo de levantamento
4. Obtenção das informações
5. Elaboração do questionário
6. Pesquisa de orientação
7. Coleta de dados
8. Apreciação ou crítica dos dados
9. Apuração
10. Análise de dados
11. Apresentação dos dados
12. Relatório final
## Definição do Universo
- O Universo (População) a ser investigado deve ser definido precisamente sob pena de comprometer o resultado do levantamento.
- Evitar expressões vagas como: municípios importantes, cidades populosas, municípios agrícolas, etc.
- Precisar também a época do levantamento para evitar seleções tendenciosas de dias, semanas ou meses.
## Exame das informações disponíveis
- Ao planejar uma pesquisa, deve-se como medida preliminar, reunir todo o material existente (mapas, apurações) relativo a levantamentos iguais ou assemelhados.
- Se houver algum relatório disponível, as informações obtidas podem ser valiosas para evitar dificuldades ao estudo da dinâmica do fenômeno.
## Decisão sobre o tipo de levantamento
- Os fatores __tempo__, __custo__ e __precisão__ determinam a realização de um levantamento censitário ou amostral.
## Obtenção das informações {.allowframebreaks}
Há várias maneiras de se oberem informações. Dentre elas:
::: {.block}
### Por via postal
__Potenciais desvantagens:__
* correios não atingem todas as localidades;
* dificuldade de transporte no interior, levando demora para realizar o projeto;
* extravio;
* entrega atrasada;
* incompreensão do informante sobre algum quesito do questionário;
* demora no preenchimento do questionário;
* falta de respostas;
* inexistência de cadastros atualizados.
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Por via postal
__Potenciais vantagens:__
* economia: dispensa agentes e supervisores, o que significa imensa economia de tempo e dinheiro;
* técnicas: o contato direto entre o órgão responsável pelo levantamento e o informante, evita a temível tendenciosidade de agentes mal instruídos;
* sociais: o informante preenche o questionário no momento que lhe for mais propício.
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Por telefone
- Sob o aspecto econômico e de presteza, seria o ideal para obter informações.
- Serve apenas para questões simples, de número reduzido de respostas imediatas.
- __Desvantagens:__ pode atingir apenas uma parcela de indivíduos não representativa da população.
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Entrevista direta
Quando exercida com indispensável habilidade, é o meio mais eficiente para obter informações com as seguintes __vantagens:__
* maior porcentagem de questionários preenchidos;
* garantia de melhor preenchimento;
* obtém úteis informações suplementares;
* orienta o informante sobre as questões.
__Desvantagens:__
* maior tempo para cobertura de determinada área geográfica, pois nem sempre o informante atenderá o agente na primeira entrevista;
* maior custo: treinamento do pessoal de campo e gasto com transporte.
* tendenciosidade tanto do agente quanto do informante.
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Entrevista direta
O êxito da entrevista depende, em grande parte, do agente, que deve:
* identificar-se, com documento hábil;
* expor os objetivos da pesquisa;
* explicar a importância da sua cooperação;
* explicar que as informações são confidenciais;
* usar linguagem comum;
* não fazer ameaças de multas, nem prometer recompensas;
* evitar perda de tempo;
* comprometer-se a voltar noutra oportunidade, se necessário.
:::
- __Pergunta:__ quais outras formas de obtenção de informações você conhece?
## Elaboração do questionário
- É obra das mais delicadas, pois é o instrumento que conterá as informações necessárias para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa.
- Duas condições são indispensáveis:
* ser especialista na matéria que vai constituir o objeto da pesquisa;
* possuir a necessária experiência na técnica de investigação estatística. Os aspectos material e técnico do questionário são muito importantes.
- Aspectos materiais: questionário em papel ou digital?
- __Pergunta:__ quais os meios digitais que você conhece para elaboração de questionários e coleta de dados?
## Pesquisa de orientação
Após termos os questionários prontos e os agentes habilitados, é conveniente realizar um levantamento experimental. Isto é importante, pois:
* familiarizará o agente com a técnica de investigação;
* testa o questionário;
* verifica a reação do informante ao questionário;
* obtém dados sobre o custo e o tempo de operação;
* verifica a falta de respostas.
## Coleta de dados {.allowframebreaks}
- A coleta de dados é aquela fase do trabalho estatístico que consiste na busca dos informes necessários à pesquisa que será desenvolvida.
- Podemos considerar dois tipos de coleta: __direta__ e __indireta__.
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Coleta direta
- Consiste no levantamento de __dados primários__ (ou __brutos__), isto é, dados que resultam da observação direta do fenômeno ou são obtidos mediante informações; não sofrem qualquer alteração.
- O agente coletador ou investigador vai proceder à observação nas fontes originárias ou vale-se de informações relativas às mesmas.
- Assim, os recenseamentos, os registros de nascimentos, casamentos, etc., constituem exemplos de coleta direta.
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Coleta direta
- A coleta direta pode ser:
* __continua, espontânea ou automática:__ quando os dados são obtidos em virtude de determinados imperativos legais, de modo permanente. Tal tipo de coleta prescinde da presença do agente, pois os dados são fornecidos diretamente pelo informante. São exemplos: dados relativos a casamento, óbitos, etc. __Pergunta:__ nos dias de hoje quais outros exemplos temos de coleta automática?
* __periódica ou reflexa:__ quando realizada em determinadas épocas. São exemplos: censos (demográficos, industriais e agrícolas); declarações de imposto de renda, etc.
* __ocasional:__ quando os dados são coletados eventualmente, em virtude de uma circunstância especial. São exemplos: levantamento determinado por motivo de uma epidemia, de uma enchente, de uma crise econômica, etc.
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Coleta indireta
- Muitas vezes os dados primários são de difícil obtenção.
- Em tais circunstâncias, a coleta passa a ser feita por dedução, baseada em dados coletados diretamente.
- Outras vezes os dados são conseguidos mediante informações ou através de conhecimento de fatos relacionados com o que se pretende pesquisar.
- Os dados assim obtidos são chamados de __dados elaborados__ (__secundários__), isto é, resultam da manipulação de dados primitivos.
- Tal modalidade de obtenção de dados é a coleta indireta.
- Exemplos: dados de casos de uma doença por município.
+ Através desta coleta, não sabemos quais indivíduos especificamente estão doentes, temos apenas a informação __agregada__ (__resumida__) por município.
:::
## Apreciação ou crítica dos dados
- Após a coleta, os dados são submetidos a um exame chamado apreciação ou crítica, cuja a finalidade é a eliminação de possíveis erros cometidos, quer em decorrência de respostas incorretas, quer derivadas de deficiências dos próprios agentes.
- Podemos considerar dois tipos de crítica:
* __Externa__ ou __preliminar__, feita pelos próprios agentes coletadores, a fim de evitar devoluções de questionários mal preenchidos ou portadores de erros grosseiros.
* __Interna__ ou __secundária __, executada pelo órgão responsável e corresponde a uma nova revisão mais minuciosa dos questionários. Se confirmada a existência de discrepâncias, caberá aos revisores decidir a respeito de uma possível devolução dos questionários para retificar.
## Apuração
- Após liberados os boletins de possíveis erros, são os mesmos separados e classificados em grupos para a __codificação__, __contagem__ e __síntese__ dos resultados.
- A tal estágio de trabalho estatístico dá-se o nome de __Apuração__ a qual, de acordo com o volume e natureza do levantamento efetuado, pode ser realizado de forma manual ou com o uso de computador.
## Análise dos dados
- Um dos aspectos mais importantes é o da avaliação da precisão do levantamento, seja ele censitário ou amostral.
+ Confiabilidade do instrumento de medida (no caso, o questionário), dos agentes de coleta de dados, e das respostas dos entrevistados.
- A referida avaliação para censos é efetuada através de amostragem.
- Feita essa avaliação, é realizada a __análise de dados__ utilizando-se procedimentos estatísticos adequados.
- Atualmente a maioria dos órgãos de pesquisa dispõe de equipamentos computacionais que facilitam a atuação do estatístico à medida em que pode se utilizar de _softwares_ estatísticos para efetivar a análise dos dados.
## Apresentação dos dados
- Analisados os resultados e convenientemente sintetizados, os dados podem ser apresentados em __tabelas__ ou __representados graficamente__, interpretados por especialistas e divulgados sob várias maneiras (anuários, boletins, revistas, meio eletrônico, etc.).
## Relatório final
- A cada pesquisa deve corresponder um relatório fazendo uma descrição geral da pesquisa:
+ região geográfica
+ natureza das informações coleadas
+ métodos de coleta de dados de amostragem
+ finalidade da pesquisa
+ custo
+ avaliação
+ planejamento
+ precisão
## Exercício
- Com base na questão de pesquisa elaborada na última aula, especifique as fases de 1 a 6 do levantamento estatístico referente à sua pesquisa, e compartilhe com os colegas no \structure{Fórum do Moodle}.
+ Se possível, tente implementar a fase 7 __(coleta de dados)__, mesmo que com poucas unidades observacionais.
+ Ainda, se você conseguir implementar a fase 7, tente implementar as fases 8 e 9!
## Avisos
\begin{columns}[c]
\column{2.7in}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{images/census_agent.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\column{1.6in}
\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{+2mm}
\item \structure{Para casa:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Continuação do exercício.
\item Ler os Cap. 3 de ``Estatística Descritiva I'' de Fernandez.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{columns}
\begin{itemize}
\item \structure{Próxima aula:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Organização dos dados
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
## Por hoje é só! Bons estudos!
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'lofi_02.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
plot(hp ~ mpg,
data = mtcars,
xlab = "Miles/(US) gallon",
ylab = "Gross horsepower")
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
library(ggplot2)
p <- ggplot(data = mtcars,
mapping = aes(x = mpg, y = hp))
p + geom_point() +
labs(x = "Miles/(US) gallon", y = "Gross horsepower")
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
plot(hp ~ mpg,
data = mtcars,
xlab = "Miles/(US) gallon",
ylab = "Gross horsepower")
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
library(ggplot2)
mtcars$am <- factor(mtcars$am, labels = c("Automatic", "Manual"))
cbPalette <- c("#29BF12", "#FFBF00")
p <- ggplot(data = mtcars,
mapping = aes(x = mpg, y = hp, color = am))
p + geom_point(size = 2) +
labs(x = "Miles/(US) gallon", y = "Gross horsepower", color = "Transmission") +
theme_dark() + theme(legend.position = "top") +
scale_colour_manual(values = cbPalette)
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------
## install.packages("ggplot2")
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------
## library(ggplot2)
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------------------
# install.packages("gapminder")
library(gapminder)
gapminder
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------------------
library(dplyr)
gapminder <- gapminder %>%
mutate(pop_m = pop/1e6)
gapminder07 <- gapminder %>%
filter(year == 2007)
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07)
p
# print(p)
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp))
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point() #<<
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Histograma
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = lifeExp)) +
geom_histogram()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Densidade estimada
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = lifeExp)) +
geom_density()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Densidade estimada (grupos)
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = lifeExp, fill = continent)) +
geom_density(alpha = 0.3)
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Gráfico de barras
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = continent)) +
geom_bar()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Boxplot
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = continent, y = pop_m)) +
geom_boxplot()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Gráfico de violino
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = continent, y = pop_m)) +
geom_violin()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
# Gráfico de linha
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder[which(gapminder$country == "Brazil"),],
mapping = aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_line(size = 1)
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="62%"----
# Gráfico de linha
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder[which(gapminder$continent == "Americas"),],
mapping = aes(x = factor(year), y = lifeExp, group = country, color = country)) +
geom_line(size = 1) + geom_point()
p
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="65%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.3) + geom_text(aes(label = country), color = "gray20")
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="65%"----
p + geom_smooth(method = "lm")
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="65%"----
p + geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = NULL), method = "lm")
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="65%"----
p + geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = NULL), method = "lm", formula = y ~ x + log(x), se = FALSE, color = "red")
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point() +
facet_grid(. ~ year) #<<
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = continent)) +
geom_point() +
facet_wrap(. ~ year) #<<
p
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
## gapminder$gdpPercap.cat <- cut(gapminder$gdpPercap,
## breaks = c(0, 1005, 3955,
## 12235, Inf),
## labels = c("Baixa-renda",
## "Renda média-baixa",
## "Renda média-alta",
## "Renda alta"))
## p <- ggplot(data = gapminder,
## mapping = aes(x = factor(year),
## y = lifeExp, fill = factor(year))) +
## geom_boxplot() +
## facet_grid(continent ~ gdpPercap.cat) #<<
## p
## ----echo=FALSE, eval=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="70%"----
gapminder$gdpPercap.cat <- cut(gapminder$gdpPercap,
breaks = c(0, 1005, 3955, 12235, Inf),
labels = c("Baixa-renda", "Renda média-baixa", "Renda média-alta", "Renda alta"))
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder,
mapping = aes(x = factor(year), y = lifeExp, fill = factor(year))) +
geom_boxplot() +
facet_grid(continent ~ gdpPercap.cat) #<<
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.3)
p
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
p + labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão")
## ----echo=FALSE, results='hide', fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
p <- p + labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão")
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"----
p + theme(legend.position = "none")
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"----
p + theme(legend.position = "top")
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="50%"----
## p + theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
## legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
## legend.direction = "horizontal",
## legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
## legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
## axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
## axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
## axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
## axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
## axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
## axis.line.y = element_blank(),
## panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
## panel.grid.major.x = element_blank())
## ----echo=FALSE, eval=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="70%"----
p + theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank())
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="60%"----
p + theme_bw()
## ----echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------------------
# install.packages("ggthemes")
library(ggthemes)
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"----
# Wall Street Journal
p + theme_wsj()
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"----
# The Economist
p + theme_economist()
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------
## ggsave("MeuPrimeiroGGPLOT.pdf")
## ggsave("MeuPrimeiroGGPLOT.png")
## ggsave("MeuPrimeiroGGPLOT.jpg",
## width = 4, height = 4)
## ----echo=TRUE, results='hide', fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
# Considerações finais: exemplos
# install.packages("jpeg")
# install.packages("grid")
library(jpeg)
library(grid)
img <- readJPEG("~/PintandoEBordando/ArquivosR/images/hans_rosling.jpg")
# start plotting
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
annotation_custom(rasterGrob(img, width = unit(1, "npc"),
height = unit(1, "npc")),
-Inf, Inf, -Inf, Inf) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0),
limits = c(min(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 0.9, max(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 1.05)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") +
theme_bw() +
theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank()
)
p
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE----
# Considerações finais: exemplos
# install.packages("jpeg")
# install.packages("grid")
library(jpeg)
library(grid)
img <- readJPEG("~/PintandoEBordando/ArquivosR/images/hans_rosling.jpg")
# start plotting
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
annotation_custom(rasterGrob(img, width = unit(1, "npc"),
height = unit(1, "npc")),
-Inf, Inf, -Inf, Inf) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0),
limits = c(min(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 0.9, max(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 1.05)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") +
theme_bw() +
theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank()
)
p
## ----echo=TRUE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', paged.print=FALSE----
# Considerações finais: exemplos - interatividade
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07, mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
geom_point() + labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)", y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") + theme_bw()
p
## ----echo=TRUE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
# Considerações finais: exemplos - interatividade
# install.packages("plotly")
library(plotly)
ggplotly(p)
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------
## install.packages("rmarkdown")
## ----echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-----------------
## library(rmarkdown)
## ---- message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------
summary(gapminder07$pop_m)
## ---- echo=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------
summary(gapminder07$pop_m)
## ---- eval=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------
## summary(gapminder07$pop_m)
## ---- echo=FALSE, results='asis'-----------------------------------------
library(knitr)
mod1 <- lm(lifeExp ~ gdpPercap, data = gapminder07)
kable(summary(mod1)$coef, format = "html")
<file_sep># MAT02018
Material de aula da disciplina "ESTATÍSTICA DESCRITIVA" do curso de Bacharelado em Estatística da UFRGS.
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuição de Frequências: `R`, construção de tabelas e um minuto de história"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
---
# Complementa`R`
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
- Nesta aula são apresentadas algumas poucas funções em `R` relacionadas a discussão das nossas aulas de \structure{Distribuição de Frequências}.
- Para tal, vamos utilizar o exemplo original de __Bussab e Moretin (2010)__\footnote{Bussab, W. O e Morettin, P. A. {\bf Estatística Básica}, Saraiva, 2010.} sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
- A planilha eletrônica correspondente encontra-se no arquivo `companhia_mb.xlsx` \structure{(no Moodle)}.
- Vamos começar __carregando os dados__ para o `R`.
+ Existem __várias formas__ de se carregar diferentes __arquivos de dados__ no `R`.
+ Como arquivo de interesse encontra-se no formato do __Excel (xlsx)__, vamos utilizar a função `read_excel` do pacote `readxl`.
+ Caso você não tenha o pacote, instale-o: `install.packages("readxl")`.
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
```{r carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
```
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
```
\framebreak
- Note que o objeto `dados` é uma tabela de dados bruto.
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- A função `table` retorna contagens dos valores de cada variável, e portanto, podemos utilizar esta função para a apuração dos dados, bem como para computar as frequências.
\footnotesize
```{r freqs, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
table(dados$`Estado Civil`)
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
table(dados$`N de Filhos`)
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- A função `cut` pode ser utilizada para criar uma nova variável que expressa a antiga variável em classes.
```{r freqs2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
dados$Idade.classes <- cut(x = dados$Idade,
breaks = c(20, 29, 39, 49),
include.lowest = TRUE,
right = FALSE)
table(dados$Idade.classes)
```
- Para casa: especifique de diferentes formas os argumentos `breaks`, `include.lowest`, `right` da função `table` e a avalie os seus resultados.
\framebreak
- Uma forma de calcular as frequência relativas é dividindo o __vetor__ de frequências pelo tamanho da amostra (ou conjunto de dados).
```{r freqs3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
table(dados$`Estado Civil`) / 36
table(
dados$`Grau de Instrução`)/length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`
)
```
\framebreak
- Uma outra forma de se obter as frequências relativas é utilizando a função `prop.table`.
```{r freqs4, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`))
```
\framebreak
- Para obter as porcentagens, basta multiplicar as frequências relativas por 100.
```{r porcentagem, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100
```
- Se você quiser, pode arredondar os resultados com a função `round`.
```{r porcentagem2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
round(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100,
digits = 2)
```
\framebreak
- As frequências acumuladas podem ser obtidas com uma função de somas cumulativas, a função `cumsum`.
```{r freqcum, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cumsum(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`))
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)))
```
\framebreak
```{r freqcum2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`)) * 100)
cumsum(
round(
prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100,
digits = 2))
```
\framebreak
- Você pode juntar as frequências absolutas, relativas, acumuladas e porcentagens em um `data.frame` para apresentar em forma de tabela.
\footnotesize
```{r freqtab, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
df.freq <- data.frame(
Idade = unique(dados$Idade.classes),
Freq = as.numeric(table(dados$Idade.classes)),
FreqRel = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
Porcentagem = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100),
FreqAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
FreqRelAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)))))
```
\framebreak
\footnotesize
```{r freqtabprint, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
df.freq
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Existem outras formas de construir uma tabela de frequências.
- Uma delas é utilizando a função `freq` do pacote `summarytools`.
\scriptsize
```{r freqtab2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("summarytools")
summarytools::freq(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
```
# Construção de tabelas
## Construção de tabelas
- Nesta seção são apresentadas as normas que devem ser seguidas na elaboração de tabelas.
- Tais normas devem ser empregadas em relatórios, documentos acadêmicos, científicos, etc.
- Estas normas são apresentadas na publicação \structure{Normas de apresentação tabular (IBGE, 1993)}, que encontra-se no Moodle.
## Tabelas
- __Tabela__ é uma forma não discursiva de apresentar informações, das quais o dado numérico se destaca como informação central.
```{r fig-tabela, fig.align='center',cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="85%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'tabelas_construcao', 'tabs_construcao_1.png'))
```
## Principais elementos das tabelas {.allowframebreaks}
- __Número__ é o identificador numérico da tabela, em um conjunto de tabelas.
+ Deve ser dado em algarismos arábicos e deve suceder a palavra __Tabela__.
- __Título__ explica o tipo de dado que a tabela contém.
+ Deve ser colocado acima dos dados, sem ponto final.
- __Cabeçalho__ especifica o conteúdo de cada coluna.
- __Indicador de linha__ especifica o conteúdo de cada linha.
- __Dado numérico__ é a quantificação do fato observado.
- __Moldura__ é o conjunto de traços que dão estrutura aos dados numéricos e aos termos necessários à sua compreensão.
\framebreak
+ Tabelas devem ser delimitadas, no alto e embaixo, por traços horizontais.
+ Tabelas __não__ devem ser delimitadas, à direita e à esquerda, por traços verticais.
+ O cabeçalho deve ser delimitado por traços horizontais.
+ Para maior clareza, podem ser feitos traços verticais no interior da tabela separando as colunas.
+ Podem ser feitos traços verticais no interior do cabeçalho para separar o que as colunas contém.
\framebreak
```{r fig-moldura, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'tabelas_construcao', 'tabs_construcao_3.png'))
```
\framebreak
- __Célula__ é o espaço na tabela resultante do cruzamento de uma linha com uma coluna.
+ Nenhuma célula deveria ficar em branco. Quando, por algum motivo, a célula não apresenta um dado numérico, esta não deve ficar em branco. Neste caso, são recomendados os sinais convencionais propostos pelo IBGE, tais como:
- ".." Nãos se aplica dado numérico.
- "..." Dado numérico não disponível.
- "x" Dado omitido a fim de evitar a individualização da informação.
- "0"; "0,0"; "0,00" Dado numérico igual a zero resultante de arredondamento de um dado numérico originalmente positivo.
\framebreak
```{r fig-elementos_tab, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'tabelas_construcao', 'tabs_construcao_2.png'))
```
## Elementos eventuais {.allowframebreaks}
- __Fonte__ identifica a pessoa física ou jurídica responsável pelos dados.
- A fonte deve ser colocada na primeira linha do rodapé da tabela, precedida da palavra __Fonte__.
- __Não__ se indica a fonte nos casos em que os dados foram obtidos pelo pesquisador, ou pelo grupo de pesquisadores, ou pela instituição que apresenta a tabela.
- __Notas__ são informações de natureza geral que servem para esclarecer o conteúdo das tabelas ou para explicar o método utilizado no levantamento dos dados.
- As notas devem ser colocadas no rodapé da tabela, logo após a fonte e numeradas, se for o caso.
\framebreak
```{r fig-elementos_tab2, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'tabelas_construcao', 'tabs_construcao_4.png'))
```
# Um minuto de história {.allowframebreaks}
- No livro __"The Seven Pillars of Statistical Wisdom"__, <NAME> apresenta __sete ideias básicas de estatística__ que foram revolucionárias quando introduzidas, e que permanecem como um avanço conceitual importante e profundo.
+ Segundo o autor, estas ideias básicas articulam o __núcleo intelectual central do raciocínio estatístico__.
- A primeira das sete ideias básicas apresentada no livro é a __agregação__, ou seja, a __compactação__/__redução__ dos dados para gerar informação. O que o autor nos mostra é que este princípio (o resumo estatístico) é tão antigo quanto a escrita.
\framebreak
- A seguir são apresentadas uma __tabuleta de argila suméria datada de cerca de 3000 aC__, uma reconstrução de uma destas tabuletas com números modernos.
+ A tabuleta apresenta contagens (frequências) de dois tipos de mercadoria, possivelmente o rendimento de duas safras em três anos.
\framebreak
```{r fig-sumerian, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'tabelas_construcao', 'Sumerian_tablet.png'))
```
\framebreak
- Versão moderna da tabuleta de argila suméria.
```{r fig-sumerian2, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'tabelas_construcao', 'sumerian_tablet_2.png'))
```
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios do Capítulo 4.6 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{<NAME>. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, pg. 39-40.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, monte um pequeno relatório de pesquisa apresentando tabelas de resultados. Utilize os passos de construção de tabelas apresentados nesta aula. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Avaliação I.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-mickey.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Medidas de forma"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Introdução
- Nas últimas semanas dedicamos a nossa atenção para resumir numericamente certas características da distribuição de frequências.
- No entanto, as medidas de localização e variabilidade nem sempre dão conta de descrever todas as características de uma distribuição.
- Nestas breves notas de aula, vamos discutir duas \structure{medidas de forma:} os coeficientes de \structure{assimetria} e \structure{curtose}.
- Além disso, vamos apresentar propriedades da média e variância.
# Assimetria {.allowframebreaks}
- A medida denominada \structure{coeficiente de assimetria} mede o grau de assimetria exibido pela distribuição dos dados.
- A figura abaixo apresenta uma \structure{distribuição assimétrica}.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
library(fGarch)
r <- rsnorm(1000, xi = 5)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(r, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(-2,5), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(r,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(-2,5))
abline(v = mean(r),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(0.3, 200, "Média")
```
\framebreak
- O histograma revela que há mais observações abaixo da média.
- Veja que a mediana (apresentada no _boxplot_) está posicionada à esquerda da média (logo, mais de 50% dos valores da distribuição estão abaixo da média).
- Também é possível notar que a classe modal (faixa de maior frequência; maior retângulo do histograma) está à esquerda da mediana (e portanto, à esquerda da média).
- Este comportamento é conhecido como \structure{assimetria positiva}^[Quando $\bar{x} > Md > Mo$ dizemos que uma distribuição é assimétrica positiva.].
## Assimetria {.allowframebreaks}
- Já quando a média é menor que a mediana os dados apresentam \structure{assimetria negativa}^[Quando $\bar{x} < Md < Mo$ dizemos que uma distribuição é assimétrica negativa.], como na figura a seguir.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
library(fGarch)
set.seed(2010)
r <- rsnorm(1000, xi = -5)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(r, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(-5,2), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(r,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(-5,2))
abline(v = mean(r),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(-0.3, 200, "Média")
```
## Assimetria {.allowframebreaks}
- O \structure{coeficiente de assimetria}^[Existem outras propostas de mensuração da assimetria na literatura. Nestas notas vamos nos ater a apenas uma proposta.] é calculado primeiro somando o __cubo dos desvios da média__ e, então, dividindo pelo produto do __cubo do desvio padrão__ pelo número de observações:
$$
b_1 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^3}}{ns^3}.
$$
- Quando \structure{$b_1 = 0$} os dados são simétricos em torno da média;
- Quando \structure{$b_1 > 0$} os dados apresentam assimetria positiva;
- Quando \structure{$b_1 < 0$} os dados apresentam assimetria negativa.
## Assimetria {.allowframebreaks}
- \structure{Exemplo:} considere mais uma vez que \structure{$x$} representa a largura de pétala de 30 flores do tipo Íris. Observando os gráficos de boxplot e histograma, é notável que a distribuição é assimétrica positiva.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
set.seed(1020)
x <- sample(x = iris$Petal.Width[iris$Species == "setosa"], size = 30, replace = FALSE)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(x, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(0.1,0.6), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(x,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(0.1,0.6))
abline(v = mean(x),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(0.3, 15, "Média")
```
## Assimetria {.allowframebreaks}
- Vamos utilizar uma planilha para auxiliar na organização das operações necessárias para o cálculo do coeficiente de assimetria \structure{$b_1$}.
\footnotesize
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
mat <- as.data.frame(x)
names(mat) <- c("$x_i$")
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$" <- mat$"$x_i$" - mean(mat$"$x_i$")
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})^2$" <- mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$"^2
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})^3$" <- mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$"^3
aux <- colSums(mat)
mat <- rbind(mat, aux)
aux <- c(rep(NA, 30), "Soma")
mat <- cbind(aux, mat)
names(mat)[1] <- "-"
options(knitr.kable.NA = '')
knitr::kable(mat, escape = FALSE,
align = 'c', digits = c(0, 1, 3, 3, 4),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "markdown")
# kable_styling(font_size = 9) %>%
# row_spec(6, bold = T)
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
Assim, temos
+ $\bar{x} = 7,8/30 = 0,26$;
+ $s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^2}}{n-1} = \frac{0,372}{29} = 0,0128$;
+ $s = \sqrt{s^2} = 0,1133$;
+ $b_1 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^3}}{ns^3} = \frac{0,0406}{30\times (0,1133)^3} = 0,93 > 0$, confirmando a assimetria positiva que o gráfico já indicava.
# Curtose {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{curtose} mede o \structure{alongamento da distribuição}.
- Sua definição é semelhante à da assimetria^[Mais uma vez, chamamos a atenção para o fato que existem outras propostas de medir a curtose, porém vamos discutir apenas uma delas.], com a ressalva de que a __quarta potência__ é usada em vez da terceira:
$$
b_2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^4}}{ns^4}.
$$
## Curtose {.allowframebreaks}
- Distribuições com um elevado grau de alongamento são chamadas de \structure{leptocúrticas} e têm valores de \structure{curtose acima de 3}.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
library(rmutil)
set.seed(2010)
m <- rnorm(1000)
p <- rt(1000, df = 8)
l <- rlaplace(1000, s = 0.25)
hist(l,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", breaks = 30, xlim = c(-3,3))
```
\framebreak
- Distribuições achatadas são chamadas \structure{platicúrticas} e têm valores para \structure{curtose inferiores a 3}.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
hist(p,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", breaks = 30, xlim = c(-3,3))
```
\framebreak
- No caso em que a \structure{curtose é igual a 3}, a distribuição é chamada \structure{mesocúrtica}.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
hist(m,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", breaks = 30, xlim = c(-3,3))
```
## Curtose {.allowframebreaks}
### Origem dos termos
```{r fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here("images", "student_lepto_plati.png"))
```
\footnotesize
_Student_ (em verdade, <NAME>) em seu artigo "_Errors of Routine Analysis_" de 1927, apresenta em uma nota de rodapé a explicação para os termos \structure{platicúrtica} e \structure{leptocúrtica}.
- Livre tradução: _Eu mesmo tenho em mente o significado das palavras da __memoria technica__ acima, onde a primeira figura representa o ornitorrinco (__platypus__), e a segunda cangurus, conhecidos por "lebrar" ("__lepping__"), e portanto, talvez, com igual razão, devam ser lebres!_
## Curtose {.allowframebreaks}
\normalsize
- \structure{Exemplo:} novamente considere os dados de 30 flores de iris. A variável \structure{$x$} agora representa o comprimento de pétala de 30 flores do tipo Íris. Observando o histograma de \structure{$x$}, a distribuição parece ser __leptocúrtica__.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
set.seed(1020)
x <- sample(x = iris$Petal.Length[iris$Species == "setosa"], size = 30, replace = FALSE)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(x, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(1,2), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(x,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(1,2))
abline(v = mean(x),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(1.6, 12, "Média")
```
\framebreak
- Vamos utilizar uma planilha para auxiliar na organização das operações necessárias para o cálculo do coeficiente de curtose \structure{$b_2$}.
\footnotesize
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
mat <- as.data.frame(x)
names(mat) <- c("$x_i$")
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$" <- mat$"$x_i$" - mean(mat$"$x_i$")
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})^2$" <- mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$"^2
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})^4$" <- mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$"^4
aux <- colSums(mat)
mat <- rbind(mat, aux)
aux <- c(rep(NA, 30), "Soma")
mat <- cbind(aux, mat)
names(mat)[1] <- "-"
options(knitr.kable.NA = '')
knitr::kable(mat, escape = FALSE,
align = 'c', digits = c(0, 1, 3, 3, 4),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "markdown")
# kable_styling(font_size = 9) %>%
# row_spec(6, bold = T)
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
Assim, temos
+ $\bar{x} = 44/30 = 1,47$;
+ $s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^2}}{n-1} = \frac{1,047}{29} = 0,0361$;
+ $s = \sqrt{s^2} = 0,19$;
+ $b_2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^4}}{ns^4} = \frac{0,1366}{30\times (0,19)^3} = 3,49 > 3$, confirmando o que o gráfico da distribuição já indicava (distribuição __leptocúrtica__).
# Propriedades da média e variância {.allowframebreaks}
- Sejam \structure{$x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$} valores observados da variável \structure{$x$}, tal que
$$
\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}, \quad s^2_x = \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^2}
$$
são a média, e a variância da variável $x$.
\framebreak
\footnotesize
- \structure{Exemplo (relembrando):} considere o peso em quilos de cinco ovelhas.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(SemiPar)
library(knitr)
data(pig.weights)
kable(t(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1][1:5]),
col.names = paste("Ovelha",1:5),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "markdown")
```
- Temos que o peso médio e a variância são
$$
\bar{peso} = 23,5; \quad s^2_{peso} = 0,875.s^2_{peso} = 0,875.
$$
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Defina a transformação linear \structure{$y_i$} de \structure{$x_i$}
$$
y_i = ax_i + b, i = 1, 2, \ldots, n,
$$
em que \structure{$a$} e \structure{$b$} \structure{são constantes}.
- Então, temos como \structure{propriedades da média e variância}:
$$
\bar{y} = a\bar{x} + b,\quad \mbox{e}\quad s^2_y = a^2s^2_x.
$$
\framebreak
- Logo, $s_y = \sqrt{s^2_y} = \sqrt{a^2s^2_x} = as_x$.
+ Ou seja, temos que a média e variância da variável transformada pode ser expressa em função da média, variância e as constantes \structure{$a$} e \structure{$b$} da variável original.
- Note também que a variância __não é influenciada pela constante__ \structure{$b$}.
\framebreak
- É fácil demonstrar tais propriedades, partindo da definição da média e variância e aplicando a transformação.
\footnotesize
\begin{eqnarray*}
\bar{y} &=& \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{y_i} \\
&=& \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{(ax_i + b)} \\
&=& \frac{1}{n}\left(a\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} + n\times b\right) \\
&=& a\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}}{n} + n\times \frac{b}{n}\\
&=& a\bar{x} + b,
\end{eqnarray*}
e
\framebreak
\begin{eqnarray*}
s^2_y &=& \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{(y_i - \bar{y})^2} \\
&=& \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left[ax_i + b - (a\bar{x} + b)\right]^2} \\
&=& \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left[ax_i - a\bar{x} + b - b)\right]^2} \\
&=& \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left[a(x_i - \bar{x})\right]^2} \\
&=& \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left[a^2(x_i - \bar{x})^2\right]} \\
&=& a^2\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^2}}{n-1} \\
&=& a^2s^2_x.
\end{eqnarray*}
\normalsize
\framebreak
```{r fig.margin = TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="5%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='right'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here("images", "ovelha.jpeg"))
```
- \structure{Exemplos (1):} considere um conjunto de 48 ovelhas. A distribuição do peso deste grupo de animais é apresentada a seguir.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="60%"}
library(SemiPar)
data(pig.weights)
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1],
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0,1,0.5), border = "white", main = "")
abline(v = mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(28, 15, "Média = 25 kg\n s = 2,47 kg")
```
\framebreak
```{r message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="5%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='right'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here("images", "ovelha3.jpg"))
```
- Suponha agora, que após a tosa, cada ovelha "perde" \structure{exatamente} 8 kg. Após a tosa, a distribuição do peso é mais uma vez apresentada.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="60%"}
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas depois da tosa",
ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(1,0,0,0.5), border = "white",
main = "")
abline(v = mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(20, 15, "Média = 17 kg\n s = 2,47 kg")
```
\framebreak
- Note que, se o peso antes da tosa é representado por $x$, então podemos escrever o peso após a tosa como $y = ax + b$, em que $a = 1$ e $b = - 8$.
- Percebemos que a média diminui __exatamente__ 8 kg em relação a média do peso antes da tosa^[$\bar{y} = (1)\bar{x} - 8 = 25 - 8 = 17$.].
+ Já a variância após a tosa é a mesma que a variância do peso antes da tosa^[$s^2_{y} = (1)^2s^2_{x} = (1)(2,47)^2 = (2,47)^2$.].
## Propriedades da média e variância {.allowframebreaks}
- Comparando as distribuições de $x$ (peso antes da tosa) e $y$ (peso após a tosa) percebemos que a forma da distribuição não muda, mas a distribuição é deslocada (em oito unidades) para a esquerda (constante $b$ negativa).
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%"}
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(1,0,0,0.5), border = "white",
main = "", xlim = c(8, 34))
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1],
col = rgb(0,0,1,0.5), border = "white", add = TRUE)
abline(v = c(mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8),
mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1])),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
legend("topright",
fill = c(rgb(1,0,0,0.5), rgb(0,0,1,0.5)), border = "white",
c("Depois da tosa", "Antes da tosa"), bty = "n")
```
\framebreak
- \structure{Exemplos (2):} considere mais uma vez o conjunto de 48 ovelhas (com o seu peso original; antes da tosa). Suponha que quando as ovelhas estão em gestação^[Considere um certo momento da gestação das ovelhas (o final da gestação, por exemplo).], o seu peso é __exatamente__ 1,5 vezes o seu peso original.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="60%"}
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas em gestação", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,1,0,0.5), border = "white", main = "")
abline(v = mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(40, 10, "Média = 37,5 kg\n s = 3,7 kg")
```
## Propriedades da média e variância {.allowframebreaks}
- Mais uma vez, representando o peso antes da tosa por $x$, podemos escrever o peso na gestação como $y = ax + b$, em que $a = 1,5$ e $b = 0$.
- Percebemos que a média é __exatamente__ 1,5 a média do peso antes da gestação^[$\bar{y} = (1,5)\bar{x} - 0 = (1,5)25 = 37,5$.].
- A variância do peso na gestação é a variância do peso original multiplicado por $1,5^2$ ($a^2$)^[$s^2_{y} = (1,5)^2s^2_{x} = (1,5)^2(2,47)^2 = 13,73$.].
## Propriedades da média e variância {.allowframebreaks}
- Comparando as distribuições de $x$ (peso original) e $y$ (peso na gestação) percebemos que a distribuição do peso é deslocada para a direita ($a > 0$) e a dispersão aumenta ($|a| > 1$).
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"}
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,1,0,0.5), border = "white",
main = "", xlim = c(18, 52))
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1],
col = rgb(0,0,1,0.5), border = "white", add = TRUE)
abline(v = c(mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]),
mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5)),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
legend("topright",
fill = c(rgb(0,0,1,0.5), rgb(0,1,0,0.5)), border = "white",
c("Antes da gestação", "Na gestação"), bty = "n")
```
# Padronização {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma transformação linear do tipo $y_i = ax_i + b$ merece destaque.
+ Se especificarmos $a = \frac{1}{s_x}$ e $b = - \frac{\bar{x}}{s_x}$ temos a seguinte transformação
$$
z_i = \left(\frac{1}{s_x}\right)x_i + \left(- \frac{\bar{x}}{s_x}\right) = \frac{x_i - \bar{x}}{s_x}, i = 1, \ldots, n.
$$
\framebreak
- Como se compartam $\bar{z}$ e $s_z$?
$$
\bar{z} = \frac{1}{s_x}\bar{x} - \frac{\bar{x}}{s_x} = 0,\quad\mbox{e}\quad s^2_z = \left(\frac{1}{s_x}\right)^2s^2_x = 1.
$$
\framebreak
- Esta transformação é também chamada de \structure{padronização} e a variável resultante $z$ é chamada de \structure{escore padronizado} de $x$.
- Como visto, esta transformação tem como propriedades média zero e variância um.
- O escore padronizado pode ser interpretado como o \structure{número de desvios padrões} que uma observação está da média.
+ Os dados abaixo da média (na escala original) têm escores $z$ padronizados negativos;
+ Os dados acima da média possuem $z$-escores positivos.
\framebreak
### Observações
1. Uma __regra geral__ para detecção de observações atípicas em uma distribuição é, após padronizar a variável, avaliar valores $z$ acima de 1,96 e valores de $z$ abaixo de -1,96 ($|z| > 1,96$)^[Esta regra geral tem sua justificativa nas propriedades da distribuição de probabilidades __normal padrão__ (média zero e variância um). Uma regra mais prática é considerar valores atípicos como $|z| > 2$, pois $1,96 \approx 2$.].
2. Com a padronização é possível produzir __uma escala comum__ para variáveis que foram medidas em escalas diferentes (por exemplo, peso em quilos e altura em metros). Isso permite que possamos combinar diversas variáveis, como é o caso de alguns indicadores.
## Padronização {.allowframebreaks}
```{r message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.height="85%", out.width="50%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here("images", "ESI0.png"))
```
## Padronização {.allowframebreaks}
- \structure{Exemplos (3):} veja como fica a distribuição do peso das 48 ovelhas quando padronizado.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
hist((pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]))/sd(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]),
xlab = "Peso padronizado de 48 ovelha", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0.25,0,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "")
abline(v = mean((pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]))/sd(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1])),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(1.5, 13, "Média = 0 kg\n s = 1 kg")
```
# Para casa {.allowframebreaks}
A tabela a seguir apresenta as __frequências absolutas__ dos 48 valores observados da variável __peso de porcos__:
```{r fig-porcovelha, fig.margin=TRUE, fig.cap="Eram porcos, e não ovelhas!", fig.width=1, fig.height=1, cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="50%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here("images", "porcovelha.jpg"))
```
\footnotesize
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(SemiPar)
library(knitr)
data(pig.weights)
library(kableExtra)
pesodf <- data.frame(table(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]))
names(pesodf)[1] <- "Peso"
pesodf$Peso <- as.numeric(levels(pesodf$Peso))
kable(pesodf,
escape = FALSE,
align = 'c',
col.names = c("Peso ($x_i$)", "Frequência ($n_i$)"),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "markdown")
```
\normalsize
## Exercício
- Quem são os valores de mínimo e máximo da variável peso?
+ Qual é a amplitude de variação?
- Qual é a média da variável peso?
- Qual é o desvio padrão da variável peso?
- Quem é a mediana da variável peso?
- Considerando que o porco é classificado como __baixo peso__ se este possui peso __menor ou igual a 23__, qual é o percentual de porcos com baixo peso?
- Utilizando gráficos ou medidas resumo, avalie a assimetria e a curtose da distribuição do peso.
# Complementa`R`
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
```{r fig.align='right', message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="15%", purl=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'teclado.png'))
```
###
Esta seção é complementar. São apresentadas algumas poucas funções em `R` relacionadas a discussão da aula. Para tal, vamos utilizar o exemplo original de [@bussab_estatistica_2017] sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. A planilha eletrônica correspondente encontra-se no arquivo `companhia_mb.xlsx`. Vamos começar carregando os dados para o `R`. Existem várias formas de se carregar __arquivos de dados__ em diferentes no `R`. Como arquivo de interesse encontra-se no formato do Excel (xlsx), vamos utilizar a função `read_excel` do pacote `readxl`^[Caso você não tenha o pacote, instale-o:`install.packages("readxl")`.].
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
```
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Note que o objeto `dados` é uma tabela de dados bruto.
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- As funções `skewness` e `kurtosis` do pacote `e1071` calcula, respectivamente, o coeficiente de assimetria e curtose, sendo que este último retorna $b_2 - 3$.
- Assim, o ponto de referência para classificar uma distribuição como mesocúrtica ($b_2 - 3 = 0$), platicúrtica ($b_2 - 3 < 0$), ou leptocúrtica ($b_2 - 3 > 0$) é o zero.
\footnotesize
```{r exetremos, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("e1071")
library(e1071)
skewness(dados$Idade)
kurtosis(dados$Idade)
skewness(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
kurtosis(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
skewness(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
kurtosis(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
```
\normalsize
## Próxima aula
- Distribuições bivariadas.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-final01.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------
## # install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "data/companhia_mb.xlsx")
## ----carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
## ----carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
library(readxl)
companhia_mb <- read_excel("data/companhia_mb.xlsx")
View(companhia_mb)
## ----freqs, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------------------------------
dados$`Grau de Instrução`
# dados's
# dados$escolaridade <- dados$`Grau de Instrução`
# names(dados)[3] <- "escola"
dados$Idade
table(dados$`Estado Civil`)
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
table(dados$`N de Filhos`)
## ----freqs2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------------
dados$Idade.classes <- cut(x = dados$Idade,
breaks = c(20, 29, 39, 49),
labels = c("20 a 28 anos", "29 a 38 anos", "39 a 49 anos"),
include.lowest = TRUE,
right = FALSE)
table(dados$Idade.classes)
## ----freqs3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------------
table(dados$`Estado Civil`) / 36
table(
dados$`Grau de Instrução`)/length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`
)
## ----freqs4, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------------
prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`))
## ----porcentagem, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------------------------
prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100
## ----porcentagem2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------
round(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100,
digits = 2)
## ----freqcum, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------------------------
cumsum(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`))
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)))
## ----freqcum2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------------
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`)) * 100)
cumsum(
round(
prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100,
digits = 2))
## ----freqtab, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------------------------
df.freq <- data.frame(
Idade = unique(dados$Idade.classes),
Freq = as.numeric(table(dados$Idade.classes)),
FreqRel = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
Porcentagem = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100),
FreqAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
FreqRelAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)))))
## ----freqtabprint, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------
df.freq
## ----freqtab2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# install.packages("summarytools")
summarytools::freq(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-mickey.jpg'))
<file_sep>## ----carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------
## # install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
## ----carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
## ----carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
## ----medias, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------
mean(dados$Idade)
mean(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
## ----medias2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------
mean(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
## ----medianas, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------
median(dados$Idade)
median(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
median(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
## ----freqs, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------
table(dados$`Estado Civil`)
## ----modas, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------
which.max(table(dados$`Região de Procedência`))
which.max(table(dados$`N de Filhos`))
<file_sep>## ----serie_arroz, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------
library(dplyr)
library(lubridate)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
arroz_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "CEPEA_20201116161703.xls"),
skip = 3)
arroz_df$Data <- dmy(arroz_df$Data)
arroz_res <- arroz_df %>%
group_by(year(Data), month(Data)) %>%
summarize(preco = mean(`À vista R$`)) %>%
rename(Ano = `year(Data)`, Mes = `month(Data)`, Preco = preco) %>%
filter(Ano %in% c(2020) & Mes %in% 3:6) %>%
transform(Preco_kg = Preco/50, Quantidade = c(800, 1000, 900, 1050), Mes = paste("Mês", 0:3)) %>%
transform(Valor_total = Quantidade * Preco_kg) %>%
select(Mes, Quantidade, Preco_kg, Valor_total)
arroz_res %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 0, 2, 2),
caption = "Evolução das compras mensais de arroz",
col.names = c("Período ($t$)", "Quantidade ($kg$)", "Preço ($u.m./kg$)", "Valor total ($u.m.$)"),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ",")) %>%
footnote(general = "u.m. = unidade monetária.",
general_title = "Nota: ",
footnote_as_chunk = T,
title_format = c("italic"))
## ----serie_relativos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------
arroz_res %>%
transform(Quantidade = Quantidade / Quantidade[1] * 100,
Preco_kg = Preco_kg / Preco_kg[1] * 100,
Valor_total = Valor_total / Valor_total[1] * 100) %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 1, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Evolução das compras mensais de arroz (relativos ao mês 0)",
col.names = c("Período ($t$)", "Quantidade", "Preço", "Valor total"))
## ----cinco_produtos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------
prod <- c("Arroz (kg)", "Leite (L)", "Pão francês (u)", "Cigarro (maço)", "Cerveja (garrafa)")
mes0 <- c(1.98, 1.99, 0.9, 7, 5.99)
mes1 <- c(2.1, 2.08, 0.95, 7.50, 6.99)
cinco_df <- data.frame(prod, mes0, mes1)
cinco_df %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Preços vigentes de cinco produtos",
col.names = c("Produtos", "Mês 0 ($u.m.$)", "Mês 1 ($u.m.$)"))
## ----cinco_relativos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------
cinco_df <- cinco_df %>%
transform(rel = mes1/mes0)
cinco_df %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 2, 2, 3),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Relativos de preços (cinco produtos)",
col.names = c("Produtos", "Mês 0 ($u.m.$)", "Mês 1 ($u.m.$)", "$p_1^i/p_0^i$"))
<file_sep>---
title: "Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Conceitos Básicos"
author: "<NAME>, Dep. de Estatística - UFRGS"
date: '`r paste(stringr::str_to_title(format(Sys.Date(), "%B")), format(Sys.Date(), "%Y"), sep = " de ")`'
output:
tufte::tufte_book:
citation_package: natbib
latex_engine: xelatex
tufte::tufte_html:
self_contained: true
tufte::tufte_handout:
citation_package: natbib
latex_engine: xelatex
bibliography: skeleton.bib
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE}
library(tufte)
# invalidate cache when the tufte version changes
knitr::opts_chunk$set(tidy = FALSE, cache.extra = packageVersion('tufte'))
options(htmltools.dir.version = FALSE)
```
# Introdução
## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento
Em alguma fase de seu trabalho, o pesquisador depara-se com o problema de __analisar__ e __entender__ um __conjunto de dados__ relevante ao seu particular objeto de estudos. Ele necessitará trabalhar os dados para __transformá-los em informações__, para compará-los com outros resultados, ou ainda para __julgar sua adequação__ a __alguma teoria__.
Uma representação
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(cowplot)
library(ggplot2)
p1 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'model.jpg'), scale = 0.9)
p2 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'decisionloops2.jpg'), scale = 0.9)
plot_grid(p1, p2)
```
Uma representação mais ousada!
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Data-Wisdom.jpg'))
```
## O Método Científico
De modo bem geral, podemos dizer que a essência da Ciência é a __observação__ e que seu objetivo básico é a __inferência__.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'metodo.png'))
```
De modo bem geral, podemos dizer que a essência do Aprendizado (da Evolução).
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'metodo_cientifico_bebes.png'))
```
# Conceitos básicos
## O que é a estatística?
A __estatística__^[Do grego _statistós_, de _statízo_, __"estabelecer"__, __"verificar"__, acrescido do sufixo _ica_.] é a ciência que tem por objetivo orientar a coleta, o resumo, a apresentação, a análise e a interpretação de dados. Podem ser identificadas duas grandes áreas de atuação desta ciência:
+ a __estatística descritiva__, envolvida com o resumo e a apresentação dos dados.
+ a __estatística inferencial__, que ajuda a concluir sobre conjuntos maiores de dados (populações) quando apenas partes desses conjuntos (as amostras) foram estudadas.
<!-- - Mais do que uma sequência de métodos, a estatística é uma forma de pensar ou de ver a realidade variável, já que seu conhecimento não apenas fornece um conjunto de técnicas de análise de dados, mas condiciona toda uma postura crítica sobre sua interpretação e a elaboração de conclusões sobre os dados. -->
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Descritiva_Inferencia.png'))
```
## O que é a estatística descritiva?
A __Estatística Descritiva__ corresponde aos procedimentos relacionados com a __coleta__, __elaboração__, __tabulação__, __análise__, __interpretação__ e __apresentação__ dos __dados__. Isto é, inclui as técnicas que dizem respeito à sintetização e à descrição de dados numéricos. Estas técnicas podem ser utilizadas em pelo menos dois contextos:
+ Análise da __consistência dos dados__.
+ __Análise Exploratória de Dados__ (_Exploratory Data Analysis_ - EDA)^[<NAME>. _Exploratory data analysis_, Reading:Addison-Wesley, 1977.].
Tais métodos tanto podem ser gráficos como envolver análise computacional.
## Estatística descritiva: alguns exemplos
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, results='asis'}
library(summarytools)
descr(tobacco, style = 'rmarkdown')
```
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, results='asis'}
freq(tobacco$gender, style = 'rmarkdown', headings = F)
```
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE}
# Considerações finais: exemplos
# install.packages("jpeg")
# install.packages("grid")
library(jpeg)
library(grid)
library(gapminder)
library(dplyr)
gapminder <- gapminder %>%
mutate(pop_m = pop/1e6)
gapminder07 <- gapminder %>%
filter(year == 2007)
img <- readJPEG(here::here("images", "hans_rosling.jpg"))
# start plotting
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
annotation_custom(rasterGrob(img, width = unit(1, "npc"),
height = unit(1, "npc")),
-Inf, Inf, -Inf, Inf) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0),
limits = c(min(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 0.9, max(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 1.05)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") +
theme_bw() +
theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank()
)
p
```
## Unidades experimentais e observacionais
__Unidade experimental__ ou __unidade de observação__ é a menor unidade a fornecer informação.
+ __Ex:__ alunos, pacientes, animais, plantas, carros, hospitais, escolas, cidades, universidades, países, _tweets_, etc.
### Crash course de inferência causal
- __Qual o melhor tratamento para o choque séptico?__
Dois tipos de estudo podem ser conduzidos para responder a esta questão de pesquisa:
1. Em um __experimento aleatorizado__ (_randomized trial_), uma moeda justa é lançada repetidamente para designar o tratamento de cada paciente.
2. Um __estudo observacional__ é uma investigação empírica em que o objetivo é elucidar relações de causa e efeito, em que não é factível o uso de experimentação controlada, no sentido de ser capaz de impor procedimentos ou tratamentos cujos os efeitos se deseja descobrir.
### Experimentos: exemplo
- "O chá servido sobre o leite parecia ficar com gosto diferente do que apresentava ao receber o leite sobre ele"^[<NAME>. _Uma senhora toma chá ... como a estatística revolucionou a ciência no século XX_, Zahar, 2009.].
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'uma_senhora_toma_cha.jpg'))
```
### Estudos observacionais: exemplo
- "O __Ministério da Saúde__ adverte: __fumar pode causar câncer de pulmão__”.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'smokingAndLungCancer2.jpg'))
```
```{exercise}
1. Elabore uma questão de pesquisa de seu interesse (anote a sua questão em algum lugar).
2. Discuta a respeito da sua questão de pesquisa com os colegas.
```
## Dados e variáveis
::: {.block}
### Dados
São as informações obtidas de uma unidade experimental ou observacional.
\
- __Ex:__ "Vitor tem 25 anos e é fumante". Os dados são "25 anos" e "fumante".
:::
::: {.block}
### Variável
É toda característica que, observada em uma unidade (experimental ou observacional), pode variar de um indivíduo para outro.
\
- __Ex:__ idade, sexo, altura, nível de hemoglobina no sangue, espaçamento entre plantas, doses de um medicamento, tipo de medicamento, cultivares, número de caracteres, velocidade da rede, tempo gasto na rede social, nível de monóxido de carbono em emissões do escape de automóveis, etc.
:::
É importante __identificar que tipo de variável__ está sendo estudada, uma vez que são recomendados __procedimentos estatísticos diferentes__ em cada situação.
## Tipos de variáveis
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'classe_var.png'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_quanti.png'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas discretas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_discreta.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas contínuas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_continua.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_quali.png'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas ordinais
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_ordinal.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas nominais
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_nominal.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (1)
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'cor_predio2.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (1)
### Variáveis quantitativas
- 3 andares
- 14,85 metros de altura
### Variáveis qualitativas
- Multicolorido
- Cheira "bem"
## Exemplos (2)
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'rolling-stones.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (2)
### Variáveis quantitativas
- 4 integrantes
- 56 anos
### Variáveis qualitativas
- Inglaterra
- Rock
## Exercício
1. Com base na questão de pesquisa elaborada no exercício anterior, liste variáveis que você teria interesse em coletar e analisar para responder a sua questão de pesquisa.
2. Classifique as variáveis de acordo com a classificação discutida anteriormente.
3. Discuta a respeito das suas variáveis com os colegas.
## População
- __População__ ou __universo__: esse termo é usado em estatística com um sentido bem mais amplo do que na linguagem coloquial.
- É entendido aqui como o __conjunto de todos os elementos__ que apresentam uma ou mais características __em comum__.
- __Exemplo 1:__ a população de colegiais de oito anos de Belo Horizonte.
+ Estes colegiais têm em comum a idade e o local onde vivem.
- __Exemplo 2:__ a população de indústrias brasileiras.
+ Estas indústrias têm em comum o fato de que foram criadas no Brasil.
- Este conjunto por vezes é denominado por $U$ (de __conjunto universo__).
- O __tamanho da população__ é a sua quantidade de elementos, que anotamos por $N$.
- Uma população pode ser __finita__ (limita em tamanho; $N < \infty$) ou __infinita__ ($N =\infty$).
+ __Exemplo de pop. finita:__ torcedores do São Raimundo de Santarém, residentes de Porto Alegre.
+ __Exemplo de pop. infinita:__ equipamentos (de um certo tipo) fabricados em série.
## Censo e amostra
- Quando o estudo é realizado com toda a população de interesse, chamemos este estudo de __censo__.
- Por motivos de tempo, custo, logística, entre outros, geralmente não é possível realizar um censo.
+ Nestes casos, estudamos apenas uma parcela da população, que chamamos de __amostra__.
### Censo vs. amostra
À primeira vista, uma coleta de dados realizada em toda a população é preferível a uma realizada apenas numa parte da população. Na prática, entretanto, o oposto é frequentemente verdadeiro porque:
1. Um censo é impossível quando a população é infinita.
2. Os ensaios (testes) podem ser destrutivos \structure{(como nos testes de segurança dos carros)}.
3. Rapidez: estudar toda a população pode despender de muito tempo, não sendo compatível com a urgência do estudo \structure{(como quando estudamos os casos de um surto de uma nova doença)}.
Para uma consideração mais completa ver Vargas (2000)\footnote{<NAME>. \emph{Estatística: uma linguagem para dialogar com a incerteza}, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. Série B, 2000.}.
## Amostra
- __Amostra__ é qualquer fração de uma população.
+ Como sua finalidade é representar a população, deseja-se que a amostra escolhida apresente as mesmas características da população de origem, isto é, que seja uma amostra __"representativa"__ ou __"não-tendenciosa"__.
- Tanto o número de indivíduos selecionados para a amostra quanto a técnica de seleção são extremamente importantes para que os resultados obtidos no estudo sejam generalizados para a população.
## Amostra representativa
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='65%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Gato_caindo.jpg'))
```
- Ver a discussão sobre __representatividade da amostra__ na [apresentação](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGGGDpb04Yc&t=592s) do __Prof. <NAME>__.
## Amostragem
- A seleção da amostra pode ser feita de várias maneiras.
- Esta dependerá:
+ Do grau de conhecimento que temos da população.
+ Da quantidade de recursos disponíveis.
- A seleção da amostra tenta fornecer um subconjunto de valores o __mais parecido possível__ com a população que lhe dá origem.
+ __Amostra representativa__ da população.
## Amostra aleatória simples
- A amostragem mais usada é a __amostra casual simples__ (ou aleatória simples).
+ Os indivíduos (unidades) da amostra são selecionados ao acaso, __com__ ou __sem reposição__.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'simpleSample.png'))
```
## Amostra estratificada
- Eventualmente, se tivermos informações adicionais a respeito da população de interesse, podemos utilizar outros esquemas de amostragem mais sofisticados.
+ __Amostragem estratificada__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estratificada.png'))
```
## Amostra sistemática
- Em outros casos, pode existir uma relação numerada dos itens da população que nos permitiria utilizar a chamada __amostragem sistemática__ em que selecionamos os indivíduos de forma pré-determinada.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'SystematicSampling.jpg'))
```
## Amostragem
- Outros esquemas de amostragem poderiam ser citados e todos fazem parte da chamada __teoria da amostragem__, cujos detalhes não serão aprofundados.
## Parâmetros, estatísticas e estimativas
- __Parâmetro__ é um valor que resume, na população, a informação relativa a uma variável.
+ __Ex:__ média populacional, prevalência populacional, coeficiente de variação populacional, taxa de mortalidade populacional, etc.
- __Estatística__ (além de ser o nome da ciência/área do conhecimento) é a denominação dada a uma quantidade, calculada com base nos elementos de uma amostra, que descreve a informação contida nesse conjunto de dados.
+ __Ex:__ A média, a porcentagem, o desvio padrão, o coeficiente de correlação, calculados em uma amostra, são estatísticas.
## Parâmetros, estatísticas e estimativas
- Os parâmetros são difíceis de se obter, pois implicam o estudo de toda a população e costumam ser substituídos por valores calculados em amostras representativas da população-alvo.
+ Se tivesse sido examinada uma amostra de 10 estudantes matriculados na disciplina MAT02218, e 40% fossem do torcedores do América Mineiro, esse valor constituiria uma estimativa do parâmetro "percentual de torcedores do América Mineiro matriculados naquela disciplina".
- A __estimativa__ é um valor numérico de uma estatística, usado para realizar inferências sobre o parâmetro.
+ Da mesma forma, o valor numérico da média para a estatura desses 10 alunos, digamos 173 cm, é uma estimativa para a média de altura populacional.
- __P:__ neste exemplo, quem é a população (alvo)?
## Próxima aula
- Organização dos dados
<!-- - Distribuição de frequências -->
## Para casa
\begin{columns}[c]
\column{2.3in}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{images/stats_cats.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\column{2.3in}
\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{+2mm}
\item Conhecer o Moodle da disciplina.
\item Ler os Cap. 1 e 2 de "Estatística Descritiva I" de Fernandez.
\end{itemize}
\end{columns}
## Por hoje é só! Bons estudos!
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'lofi_01.jpg'))
```
<!-- # Introduction -->
<!-- The Tufte handout style is a style that <NAME> uses in his books and handouts. Tufte's style is known for its extensive use of sidenotes, tight integration of graphics with text, and well-set typography. This style has been implemented in LaTeX and HTML/CSS^[See Github repositories [tufte-latex](https://github.com/tufte-latex/tufte-latex) and [tufte-css](https://github.com/edwardtufte/tufte-css)], respectively. We have ported both implementations into the [**tufte** package](https://github.com/rstudio/tufte). If you want LaTeX/PDF output, you may use the `tufte_handout` format for handouts, and `tufte_book` for books. For HTML output, use `tufte_html`. These formats can be either specified in the YAML metadata at the beginning of an R Markdown document (see an example below), or passed to the `rmarkdown::render()` function. See @R-rmarkdown for more information about **rmarkdown**. -->
<!-- ```yaml -->
<!-- --- -->
<!-- title: "An Example Using the Tufte Style" -->
<!-- author: "<NAME>" -->
<!-- output: -->
<!-- tufte::tufte_handout: default -->
<!-- tufte::tufte_html: default -->
<!-- --- -->
<!-- ``` -->
<!-- There are two goals of this package: -->
<!-- 1. To produce both PDF and HTML output with similar styles from the same R Markdown document; -->
<!-- 1. To provide simple syntax to write elements of the Tufte style such as side notes and margin figures, e.g. when you want a margin figure, all you need to do is the chunk option `fig.margin = TRUE`, and we will take care of the details for you, so you never need to think about `\begin{marginfigure} \end{marginfigure}` or `<span class="marginfigure"> </span>`; the LaTeX and HTML code under the hood may be complicated, but you never need to learn or write such code. -->
<!-- If you have any feature requests or find bugs in **tufte**, please do not hesitate to file them to https://github.com/rstudio/tufte/issues. For general questions, you may ask them on StackOverflow: http://stackoverflow.com/tags/rmarkdown. -->
<!-- # Headings -->
<!-- This style provides first and second-level headings (that is, `#` and `##`), demonstrated in the next section. You may get unexpected output if you try to use `###` and smaller headings. -->
<!-- `r newthought('In his later books')`^[[Beautiful Evidence](http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/books_be)], Tufte starts each section with a bit of vertical space, a non-indented paragraph, and sets the first few words of the sentence in small caps. To accomplish this using this style, call the `newthought()` function in **tufte** in an _inline R expression_ `` `r ` `` as demonstrated at the beginning of this paragraph.^[Note you should not assume **tufte** has been attached to your R session. You should either `library(tufte)` in your R Markdown document before you call `newthought()`, or use `tufte::newthought()`.] -->
<!-- # Figures -->
<!-- ## Margin Figures -->
<!-- Images and graphics play an integral role in Tufte's work. To place figures in the margin you can use the **knitr** chunk option `fig.margin = TRUE`. For example: -->
<!-- ```{r fig-margin, fig.margin = TRUE, fig.cap = "MPG vs horsepower, colored by transmission.", fig.width=3.5, fig.height=3.5, cache=TRUE, message=FALSE} -->
<!-- library(ggplot2) -->
<!-- mtcars2 <- mtcars -->
<!-- mtcars2$am <- factor( -->
<!-- mtcars$am, labels = c('automatic', 'manual') -->
<!-- ) -->
<!-- ggplot(mtcars2, aes(hp, mpg, color = am)) + -->
<!-- geom_point() + geom_smooth() + -->
<!-- theme(legend.position = 'bottom') -->
<!-- ``` -->
<!-- Note the use of the `fig.cap` chunk option to provide a figure caption. You can adjust the proportions of figures using the `fig.width` and `fig.height` chunk options. These are specified in inches, and will be automatically scaled down to fit within the handout margin. -->
<!-- ## Arbitrary Margin Content -->
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<!-- ```{marginfigure} -->
<!-- We know from _the first fundamental theorem of calculus_ that for $x$ in $[a, b]$: -->
<!-- $$\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x).$$ -->
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<!-- ``` -->
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Medidas de variabilidade"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Estatísticas de ordem
- A \structure{média} e o \structure{desvio padrão} são bastante conhecidos e muito usados para descrever um conjunto de dados.
- No entanto, não são as únicas.
- Também podem ser adotadas as medidas de posição relativa, mais conhecidas como \structure{estatísticas de ordem}.
- Uma destas medidas é a \structure{mediana}.
- Falaremos também dos \structure{quartis}, \structure{decis} e \structure{percentis}.
- Os quartis serão utilizados também para calcularmos a \structure{amplitude entre quartis}, que pode ser utilizada como uma medida de dispersão.
## Quartis {.allowframebreaks}
- \structure{Quartis} são pontos que dividem um \structure{conjunto de dados ordenado} em \structure{quatro partes} iguais (quatro quartos).
- Denotamos os quartis por $Q_1$, $Q_2$ e $Q_3$:
- $Q_1$ é o \structure{primeiro quartil}. É o valor que tem 25% dos dados iguais ou menores do que ele.
- $Q_2$ é o \structure{segundo quartil}. É o valor que tem 50% dos dados iguais ou menores do que ele^[Note que o segundo quartil é também a mediana de um conjunto de dados.].
- $Q_3$ é o \structure{terceiro quartil}. É o valor que tem 75% dos dados iguais ou menores do que ele.
## Quartis {.allowframebreaks}
Uma forma de encontrar as posições de $Q_1$ e $Q_3$^[Já aprendemos a encontrar a posição de $Q_2$, a mediana.] na __série ordenada de dados__, como foi visto para o caso da mediana ($Q_2$).
+ posição de $Q_1$: $\frac{n+1}{4}$
+ posição de $Q_3$: $\frac{3(n+1)}{4}$
No caso do conjunto de dados conter um número par de elementos, $Q_1$ e $Q_3$ são obtidos tomando-se a média dos valores vizinhos as suas posições.
## Separatrizes {.allowframebreaks}
- Da mesma forma que obtemos valores que dividem o conjunto de dados em quatro, podemos generalizar esta ideia para mais grupos.
- \structure{Decis} dividem o conjunto de dados em dez partes iguais.
+ Para obter os decis, organizamos os dados em ordem crescente e depois dividimos o conjunto em dez subconjuntos com igual número de elementos.
+ Os decis são os valores que separam esses subconjuntos.
- \structure{Percentis} dividem o conjunto de dados em cem partes iguais.
+ Para obter os percentis, organizamos os dados em ordem crescente e depois dividimos o conjunto em cem subconjuntos com igual número de elementos.
+ Os percentis são os valores que separam esses subconjuntos.
\framebreak
### Comentários
- Os quartis, decis e percentis são conhecidos como as \structure{separatrizes}.
- Se divimos o conjunto de dados ordenado em três partes iguais, temos os \structure{tercis}.
- Se divimos o conjunto de dados ordenado em cinco partes iguais, temos os \structure{quintis}.
- O cálculo dos decis e percentis é mais adequado quando o tamanho da amostra (ou população) é grande.
# Amplitude entre quartis {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{amplitude entre quartis} (ou \structure{distância interquartílica}) é definida como a __diferença entre o terceiro e o primeiro quartil__:
$$
DIQ = Q_3 - Q_1.
$$
- Note que entre $Q_1$ e $Q_3$ estão 50% dos valores mais centrais da distribuição.
\framebreak
- \structure{Exemplo:}
```{r fig.align='center', echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'quartis.png'))
```
- Temos que $Q_1 = 4,9$, $Q_3 = 5,25$, e portanto, a amplitude entre quartis é
$$
Q_3 - Q_1 = 5,25 - 4,9 = 0,35.
$$
## Diagrama de caixa {.allowframebreaks}
- Existe uma forma de apresentar graficamente uma distribuição de uma variável contínua através de algumas medidas resumo, tais como: o mínimo, o máximo e os quartis.
- Tal gráfico é conhecido como \structure{diagrama de caixa}^[Também chamado pelo nome em inglês, o _boxplot_.].
## Diagrama de caixa {.allowframebreaks}
Para construir o diagrama de caixa, siga os seguintes passos:
1. Desenhe um retângulo (caixa, ou _box_) com comprimento igual a amplitude entre quartis (distância interquartílica).
2. Trace uma linha para representar a mediana, na posição (medida pela distância) que ela ocupa entre o primeiro e o terceiro quartil.
3. Trace linhas perpendiculares à mediana, saindo do meio do retângulo; a linha abaixo da caixa terá comprimento igual à distância entre o primeiro quartil e o valor mínimo; a linha acima da caixa, comprimento igual à distância entre o terceiro quartil e o valor máximo^[Existem variações na construção destas linhas do diagrama de caixa, também conhecidas por cerquilhas. Esta forma apresentada não é a mais usual. É comum traçar a linha abaixo da caixa partindo de $Q_1 - 1,5\times DIQ$ e chegando em $Q_1$, e a linha acima da caixa partindo de $Q_3$ e chegando em $Q_3 + 1,5\times DIQ$. Quando o diagrama de caixas é construído desta forma, alguns autores sugerem que os valores fora destas cerquilhas sejam consideradas discrepantes (_outliers_). É claro que este é apenas um critério prático, e classificar uma observação como discrepante, ou anômala, depende do contexto.].
## Diagrama de caixa {.allowframebreaks}
```{r fig.align='center', echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", out.height='70%', purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'resumo-cinco-numeros-box-plot.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
- O diagrama de caixa é bastante utilizado para comparar a distribuição de uma certa variável em diferentes grupos.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='70%'}
plot(Sepal.Length ~ Species, data = iris, col = "lightsalmon", xlab = "Espécies", ylab = "Comprimento de sépala")
```
\framebreak
- \structure{Sua vez:} para cada gráfico a seguir (cada gráfico apresenta o diagrama de caixa de uma certa variável para três espécies de íris), aponte o grupo de maior e menor variabilidade.
+ Como você chegou nestas conclusões?
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='100%'}
par(mfrow = c(2,2))
plot(Sepal.Length ~ Species, data = iris, col = "lightsalmon", xlab = "Espécies", ylab = "Comprimento de sépala")
plot(Sepal.Width ~ Species, data = iris, col = "lightsalmon", xlab = "Espécies", ylab = "Largura de sépala")
plot(Petal.Length ~ Species, data = iris, col = "lightsalmon", xlab = "Espécies", ylab = "Comprimento de pétala")
plot(Petal.Width ~ Species, data = iris, col = "lightsalmon", xlab = "Espécies", ylab = "Largura de pétala")
par(mfrow = c(1,1))
```
# Complementa`R`
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
```{r fig.align='right', message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="15%", purl=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'teclado.png'))
```
###
Esta seção é complementar. São apresentadas algumas poucas funções em `R` relacionadas a discussão da aula. Para tal, vamos utilizar o exemplo original de [@bussab_estatistica_2017] sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. A planilha eletrônica correspondente encontra-se no arquivo `companhia_mb.xlsx`. Vamos começar carregando os dados para o `R`. Existem várias formas de se carregar __arquivos de dados__ em diferentes no `R`. Como arquivo de interesse encontra-se no formato do Excel (xlsx), vamos utilizar a função `read_excel` do pacote `readxl`^[Caso você não tenha o pacote, instale-o:`install.packages("readxl")`.].
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
```
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Note que o objeto `dados` é uma tabela de dados bruto.
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- As funções `min`, `max` e `range` retornam, respectivamente, o mínimo, o máximo e a variação de um conjunto de dados.
\footnotesize
```{r exetremos, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
min(dados$Idade)
max(dados$Idade)
range(dados$Idade)
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Utilizando a função `diff` podemos computar a amplitude de variação do conjunto de dados.
\footnotesize
```{r amplitude, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
diff(range(dados$Idade))
```
\normalsize
- O argumento `na.rm = TRUE` para remover os dados ausentes do conjunto antes de calcular os extremos.
\footnotesize
```{r extremos2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
min(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
max(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- A variância de um conjunto de dados pode ser obtida utilizando a função `var`. O desvio padrão pode ser computado de duas formas (pelo menos): através da função `sd`, ou computando a raiz quadrada da variância utilizando a função `sqrt`.
\footnotesize
```{r var, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
var(dados$Idade)
sd(dados$Idade)
sqrt(var(dados$Idade))
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- O coeficiente de variação pode ser computado dividindo o desvio padrão pela média
\footnotesize
```{r cv, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
sd(dados$Idade)/mean(dados$Idade)
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Os quartis (e demais separatrizes) podem ser obtidos pela função `quantile` da seguinte forma.
\footnotesize
```{r quantis, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
quantile(dados$Idade,
probs = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.75))
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- O diagrama de caixa (boxplot) pode ser obtido pela função `boxplot`
\footnotesize
```{r boxplot, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width='70%', fig.align='center'}
boxplot(dados$Idade,
ylab = "Idade", col = "gold", border = "purple")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Se quisermos comparar as idades de solteiros e casados utilizando o boxplot, podemos utilizar a seguinte sintaxe:
\footnotesize
```{r boxplot2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width='70%', fig.align='center'}
boxplot(Idade ~ `Estado Civil`, data = dados,
ylab = "Idade", col = "gold", border = "purple")
```
\normalsize
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 5, 9 e 10 do Capítulo 9.7 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 153-154.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, calcule os quartis, a amplitude entre quartis e construa um diagrama de caixa, de acordo com a classificação das variáveis. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Medidas de forma;
- Propriedades de média e variância;
- Valores padronizados ($z$-escores).
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-barras01.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuições bidimensionais"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Variáveis quantitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando as variáveis envolvidas são ambas quantitativas, podemos "categorizá-las".
- Ou seja, agrupar as observações em __intervalos de classe__ para cada uma das variáveis^[Da mesma forma que foi apresentado e discutido nas notas de aula de _Distribuição de Frequências_.] e assim, analisá-las como variáveis qualitativas, apresentando a distribuição conjunta em tabelas de dupla entrada^[Se as variáveis de interesse não apresentam um número muito grande de valores distintos, uma alternativa seria não agrupar em intervalos de classe, e simplesmente utilizar uma tabela de dupla entrada considerando os próprios valores da variável.].
- Mas, além desse tipo de análise, as variáveis quantitativas são passíveis de procedimentos analíticos e gráficos mais refinados.
- O __gráfico de dispersão__ é provavelmente o mais comum destes procedimentos .
## Variáveis quantitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- __Exemplo:__ suponha que vinte e cinco pacientes são atendidos em uma clínica oftalmológica e os seguintes valores são registrados para __pressão intraocular__ (PIO) e __idade__.
\footnotesize
```{r pio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
idade <- c(35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 50, 50, 52,
54, 55, 55, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61,
63, 65, 67, 71, 77)
pio <- c(15, 17, 16, 18, 15, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16,
19, 18, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19, 23, 19, 22,
23, 24, 23, 24, 22)
pio_df <- data.frame(id = 1:length(pio), idade, pio)
kable(x = pio_df,
caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
col.names = c("ID", "Idade", "PIO"),
align = 'c', format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- A figura abaixo apresenta a distribuição conjunta das variáveis idade e pressão intraocular por meio de um gráfico de dispersão.
```{r pontos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="80%"}
p <- ggplot(data = pio_df,
mapping = aes(x = idade, y = pio)) +
geom_point(colour = I("purple4"), size = 2) +
labs(x = "Idade (anos)", y = "PIO") +
theme_bw()
p
```
\framebreak
- O gráfico de dispersão é construído pelo conjunto de pontos \alert{$\{(x_i, y_i); i = 1, 2, \ldots, n\}$} em que $x$ representa a variável do eixo horizontal (no exemplo, a variável idade) e $y$ representa a variável do eixo vertical (no exemplo, a variável pressão intraocular).
- Note que cada ponto corresponde aos valores observados para um indivíduo específico.
- Através do diagrama de dispersão é possível observar que, em geral, valores de idade mais altos são associados com valores de pressão intraocular mais altos (as variáveis parecem relacionadas).
\framebreak
- __Perguntas:__
+ Qual o tipo da relação entre as variáveis Idade e PIO?
+ Qual a força desta relação?
## Tipos de relação {.allowframebreaks}
- A relação entre duas variáveis quantitativas pode ser descrito como __positivo (direta)__ ou __negativo (inversa)__, e __linear__ ou __não-linear__.
```{r pos_neg, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="80%"}
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, .9), c(.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Relação direta") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.9), c(-.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Relação inversa") +
theme_bw()
library(cowplot)
plot_grid(p1, p2, labels = c('', ''), label_size = 5, ncol = 2)
```
\framebreak
- O gráfico de dispersão da esquerda mostra uma relação direta ou positiva entre as variáveis $X$ e $Y$, tendência destacada pela declividade positiva da elipse tracejada.
- Perceba também, que o gráfico foi dividido em quatro __"quadrantes"__.
- A grande maioria dos pontos está situada no primeiro e terceiro quadrantes.
- Nesses quadrantes as __coordenadas dos pontos têm o mesmo sinal__, e, portanto, o __produto__ delas será sempre __positivo__.
- __Somando-se o produto das coordenadas dos pontos__, o resultado será um __número positivo__, pois existem mais produtos positivos do que negativos.
\framebreak
- De forma análoga, o gráfico de dispersão da direita mostra uma relação inversa ou negativa, tendência também destacada pela declividade negativa da elipse tracejada, e procedendo-se como anteriormente, a __soma dos produtos das coordenadas__ será __negativa__.
\framebreak
\footnotesize
- A gráfico a seguir apresenta um exemplo de __ausência de associação__ entre as variáveis.
- A soma dos produtos das coordenadas será zero, pois cada resultado positivo tem um resultado negativo simétrico, anulando-se na soma^[Note que a soma dos produtos das coordenadas depende, e muito, do número de pontos.
Além disso, a unidade de medida também pode influenciar. E é por isso, que logo em seguida, vamos considerar uma medida de correlação __padronizada__.].
```{r cor_nula, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="60%", out.width="60%"}
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Ausência de relação") +
theme_bw()
p
```
\normalsize
## Tipos de relação {.allowframebreaks}
- A __"força" da relação__ se refere à proximidade dos pontos na nuvem.
- Se pudéssemos traçar uma curva ou uma reta subjacente, teríamos a força da relação associada a proximidade dos pontos com respeito a esta curva.
\framebreak
```{r linear, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"}
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, .9), c(.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação linear positiva forte") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação linear positiva fraca") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = runif(n = 1000, min = 0.1, max = 2))
x$Y <- 1/x$X^2 + rnorm(1000, sd = 1)
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ I(1/x^2), se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação não-linear negativa forte") +
theme_bw()
plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, labels = c('', '', ''), label_size = 1, ncol = 3)
```
# Coeficiente de correlação linear {.allowframebreaks}
- A __força de uma associação__ entre duas variáveis quantitativas pode ser medida por um __coeficiente de correlação__.
- O __coeficiente de correlação produto-momento__ é uma medida da intensidade de __associação linear__ existente entre duas variáveis quantitativas.
- Também é conhecido como __coeficiente de correlação de Pearson__, pois sua fórmula de cálculo foi proposta por \structure{Karl Pearson} em \structure{1896}.
- O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson é denominado por $\rho$ na população e $r$ na amostra.
## Definição {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados $n$ pares __(na amostra)__ de valores \alert{$(x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), \ldots, (x_n, y_n)$}, chamaremos de coeficiente de correlação entre as duas variáveis $X$ e $Y$ a
$$
r = \frac{1}{n-1}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left(\frac{x_i - \bar{x}}{s_x}\right)\left(\frac{y_i - \bar{y}}{s_y}\right)},
$$
em que $\bar{x}$ e $\bar{y}$ são as médias de $X$ e $Y$, e $s_x$ e $s_y$ são os desvios padrões de $X$ e $Y$.
- Ou seja, o coeficiente de correlação é __a média dos produtos dos valores padronizados das variáveis__.
## Propriedades {.allowframebreaks}
- O coeficiente de correlação pode variar entre $-1$ e $1$.
- __Valores negativos__ de $r$ indicam uma __correlação__ do tipo __inversa (_negativa_)__;
+ __Interpretação:__ quando $x$ aumenta, $y$ em média diminui (ou vice-versa).
- __Valores positivos__ para $r$ ocorrem quando a __correlação__ é __direta (_positiva_)__;
+ __Interpretação:__ $x$ e $y$ variam no mesmo sentido.
\framebreak
- O valor máximo (tanto $r = 1$ como $r = -1$) é obtido quando todos os pontos do diagrama de dispersão estão em uma linha reta inclinada (__correlação perfeita__).
- Quando não existe correlação ($r = 0$) entre $x$ e $y$, os pontos se distribuem em nuvens circulares.
- Quando os pontos formam uma nuvem cujo eixo principal é uma curva (__relação não-linear__), o valor de $r$ __não mede corretamente a associação__ entre as variáveis.
\framebreak
- Da definição do coeficiente de correlação obtemos a seguinte formulação alternativa^[E dependendo da situação, mais prática.]:
$$
r = \frac{1}{n - 1}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left(\frac{x_i - \bar{x}}{s_x}\right)\left(\frac{y_i - \bar{y}}{s_y}\right)} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{x_iy_i} - n\bar{x}\bar{y}}{\sqrt{\left(\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i^2 - n\bar{x}^2}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^n{y_i^2 - n\bar{y}^2}\right)}}.
$$
- O numerador da expressão acima, que mede o total da concentração dos pontos pelos quatro quadrantes, dá origem a uma medida bastante usada e que definimos a seguir.
## Propriedades {.allowframebreaks}
Dado $n$ pares (na amostra) de valores \alert{$(x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), \ldots, (x_n, y_n)$}, chamaremos de \structure{covariância} entre as duas variáveis $X$ e $Y$ a
$$
cov_{xy} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i-\bar{x})(y_i-\bar{y})}}{n-1},
$$
ou seja, a média ("estimada") dos produtos dos valores centrados das variáveis.
- Com essa definição, obtemos a seguinte relação
$$
r = \frac{cov_{xy}}{s_x\times s_y}.
$$
## Exemplos {.allowframebreaks}
```{r exemplos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="80%", out.width="80%"}
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0,5") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .8), c(.8, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0,8") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, 1), c(1, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p4 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = rnorm(n = 100))
x$Y <- 0.5* x$X
p5 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = rnorm(n = 100))
x$Y <- 2* x$X
p6 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -1), c(-1, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p7 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -1") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.7), c(-.7, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p8 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -0,7") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.3), c(-.3, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p9 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -0,3") +
theme_bw()
plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8, p9,
labels = rep('', 9),
label_size = 5, ncol = 3)
```
\framebreak
- Retomando o exemplo da pressão intraocular (PIO) e idade de 25 pacientes atendidos em uma clínica oftalmológica, podemos organizar a seguinte tabela para calcularmos o coeficiente de correlação entre estas duas variáveis.
\scriptsize
```{r pio_coef, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
idade <- c(35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 50, 50, 52,
54, 55, 55, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61,
63, 65, 67, 71, 77)
pio <- c(15, 17, 16, 18, 15, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16,
19, 18, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19, 23, 19, 22,
23, 24, 23, 24, 22)
pio_df <- data.frame(id = 1:length(pio), idade, pio)
pio_df$idade_centrada <- pio_df$idade - mean(pio_df$idade)
pio_df$pio_centrada <- pio_df$pio - mean(pio_df$pio)
pio_df$idade_z <- (pio_df$idade - mean(pio_df$idade))/sd(pio_df$idade)
pio_df$pio_z <- (pio_df$pio - mean(pio_df$pio))/sd(pio_df$pio)
pio_df$zi_zp <- pio_df$idade_z * pio_df$pio_z
aux <- colSums(pio_df)
pio_df <- rbind(pio_df, aux)
aux <- c(rep(NA, 25), "Soma")
pio_df <- cbind(aux, pio_df)
pio_df$idade_z[26] <- NA
pio_df$pio_z[26] <- NA
options(knitr.kable.NA = '')
kable(x = pio_df,
escape = FALSE,
caption = "Cálculo do coeficiente de correlação.",
col.names = c(" " ,"ID", "Idade ($x$)", "PIO ($y$)", "$x- \\bar{x}$", "$y- \\bar{y}$", "$\\frac{x- \\bar{x}}{s_x} = z_x$", "$\\frac{y- \\bar{y}}{s_y} = z_y$", "$z_x\\cdot z_y$"),
align = 'c', digits = c(0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
E assim, temos que:
- $\bar{x} = 1372/25 = 54,88$ anos e $s_x = 9,87$ anos.
- $\bar{y} = 486/25 = 19,44$ mmHg e $s_y = 2,73$ mmHg.
- O __coeficiente de correlação__ é $r = 20,28/25 = 0,81$, uma __relação direta (positiva)__^[Maior a idade $\Rightarrow$ Maior a pressão intraocular.] e __relativamente forte__.
## Próxima aula
- Distribuições bivariadas: uma variável qualitativa e uma variável quantitativa.
- Complementa`R`.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-final03.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
mb_df %>%
select(N ,`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
# slice_head(n = 10) %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.", format = "pandoc")
## ----tab_dupla, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------
library(kableExtra)
tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
addmargins()
row.names(tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(tab, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----percent_tot_geral, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table() %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação ao total geral das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----percent_tot_coluna, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de colunas das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----barras, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"---------------------
library(ggplot2)
library(viridis)
library(reshape2)
mb_gg <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>% melt()
p <- ggplot(data = mb_gg, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`, fill = `Região de Procedência`, y = value)) +
geom_bar(position = "fill", stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_viridis(discrete = T) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
theme_bw() + ylab("Frequências relativas") +
theme(legend.position = "bottom")
p
## ----gremio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------
tab <- matrix(c(10, 9, 4, 17, 7, 5),
byrow = T, ncol = 3, dimnames = list(c("Sem Maicon", "Com Maicon"),
c("Vitórias", "Empates", "Derrotas")))
prop.tab <- addmargins(prop.table(addmargins(tab, margin = 1), margin = 1), margin = 2) * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[3] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 2,
caption = "Resultados dos jogos do Grêmio em 2019.")
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Apresentações"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
# header-includes:
# - \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# O professor
## Olá!
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='80%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'hi_my_name_is.png'))
```
## Olá! {.allowframebreaks}
\ttfamily
- Desde __outubro de 2017__ eu sou Professor do __Departamento de Estatística__ e faço parte do Corpo Docente do __Programa de Pós Graduação em Epidemiologia__ da __Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do sul__ (UFRGS). Além disso, eu atuo como pesquisador no __Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)__.
- Eu me formei __Bacharel em Estatística__ pelo Departamento de Estatística da UFRGS em __2007__, e __Mestre__ (__2010__) e __Doutor__ (__2014__) __em Estatística__ pelo __Programa de Pós Graduação em Estatística__ da __Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais__.
- A minha dissertação de mestrado, intitulada _Técnicas estatísticas para avaliação de novos marcadores de risco: aplicações envolvendo o Modelo de Cox_, foi orientada pelos Professores <NAME> e <NAME>.
- A minha tese de doutorado, intitulada _Análise hierárquica de múltiplos sistemas reparáveis_, foi orientada pelos Professores <NAME> e <NAME>.
- Os meus interesses de pesquisa são __Inferência causal em epidemiologia__, __Análise de mediação__, __Modelos de predição de risco__ e __Análise de sobrevivência__.
- Em estatística aplicada eu tenho interesse na __epidemiologia do Diabetes Mellitus__.
# A disciplina
## Objetivos
- Trabalhar o instrumental da __Estatística Descritiva__ evidenciando sua importância como primeira abordagem na análise de dados, explorando sua potencialidade no campo da aplicação às demais ciências.
- Aprofundar os conceitos fundamentais da __Estatística Descritiva__, estabelecendo, via \structure{procedimentos computacionais}, o vínculo do aluno com a \structure{linguagem estatística}.
- Iniciar o estudante nas técnicas da construção de __indicador__ de preços e de indicador de concentração, bem como nos procedimentos clássicos de __análise de séries temporais__.
- Desenvolver a __análise exploratória de dados__ enfatizando sua importância como ferramenta inicial na interpretação de dados.
## Organização
- __Disciplina:__ Estatística Descritiva
- __Turma:__ U
- __Modalidade:__ Ensino presencial
- __Professor:__ <NAME>
+ e-mail: `<EMAIL>` ou `<EMAIL>`
+ Sala: B215 do Instituto de Matemática e Estatística
## Aulas e material didático
- __Aulas__ (teóricas e práticas)
+ Exposição e __discussão__ dos conteúdos
- __Faremos leituras semanais de artigos e capítulos de livros__
+ Exemplos
- __Notas de aula__
+ Slides
+ Arquivos de rotinas em `R`
- __Exercícios__
+ Listas de exercícios
+ Para casa
- __Canais de comunicação:__
+ Durante as aulas
+ Moodle: aulas, materiais, listas de exercícios e __fórum geral__
+ Sala de aula virtual: notas das avaliações
+ e-mail do professor
## Aulas e material didático
- __Aulas:__ terças e quintas, das 10hs 30min às 12hs 10min, na Sala F115 do Instituto de Química - Campus do Vale
+ _10hs 30min:_ chegada
+ _10hs 40min:_ início
+ _12hs:_ fim/dúvidas
+ _12hs 10min:_ saída
## Aulas e material didático
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images','covid-recomendacoes.jpg'))
```
## Aulas e material didático
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='10%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images','Rlogo.png'))
```
- Exemplos e exercícios com o apoio do computador:
+ `R` e `RStudio`
```{r, echo=FALSE, eval=TRUE}
x <- rnorm(n = 100, mean = 10, sd = 1)
```
```{r, echo=TRUE, eval=TRUE, fig.align='center', out.width='50%'}
hist(x, col = 'black', border = 'white')
```
## Conteúdo programático {.allowframebreaks}
- __Área 1__
+ Introdução/Conceitos básicos
+ Variáveis e medidas
+ Tabelas de distribuição de frequências
+ Análise gráfica de dados
- __Área 2__
+ Medidas de tendência central
+ Medidas de variabilidade
+ Medidas de forma
+ Distribuições bidimensionais
- __Área 3__
+ Números índices
+ Taxas de crescimento populacional
+ Séries temporais __(introdução)__
## Avaliação
- Serão realizadas quatro atividades de avaliação (pelo menos uma em de cada área):
+ duas provas ($P_1$ e $P_2$) presenciais e individuais;
+ dois trabalhos em grupo ($T_1$ e $T_2$).
- Cada atividade de avaliação vale 10 pontos
- Será realizada uma prova presencial e individual como atividade de recuperação ($PR$)
+ Para os alunos que não atingirem o conceito mínimo
+ __Esta prova abrange todo o conteúdo da disciplina__
## Avaliação
$$
MF = \frac{P_1 + P_2 + T_1 + T_2}{4}
$$
+ __A:__ $9 \leq MF \leq 10$
+ __B:__ $7,5 \leq MF < 9$
+ __C:__ $6 \leq MF < 7,5$
+ __D:__ $MF < 6$
+ __FF:__ se o aluno tiver frequência inferior a 75% da carga horária prevista no plano da disciplina
## Avaliação
+ Se $MF < 6$ e frequência mínima de 75% o aluno poderá realizar a prova de recuperação e neste caso
$$
MF' = MF \times 0,4 + PR \times 0,6
$$
- __C:__ $MF' \geq 6$
- __D:__ $MF' < 6$
## Referências bibliográficas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='right', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='15%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here('images','ctanlion.png'))
```
### Principais
\footnotesize
<NAME>. __Fundamentos de Estatística__, Atlas, 2019.
<NAME>. e <NAME>. __Estatística Básica__, Saraiva, 2010.
<NAME>. __Noções de Probabilidade e Estatística__, Edusp, 2008.
### Complementares
\footnotesize
<NAME>. __Estatística Básica__, Cengage, 2018.
<NAME>. __Bioestatística: princípios e aplicações__, Artmed, 2003.
<NAME>. __Estatística descritiva II__, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. Série B, 1994.
<NAME>. __Estatística descritiva I__, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. Série B, 1994.
<NAME>. __Números índices__, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. <NAME>, 1992.
# A Estatística
## Estatística em toda parte {.allowframebreaks}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat1.jpg'))
```
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat2.jpg'))
```
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat3.png'))
```
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat4.jpg'))
```
## O que é Estatística?
- Essa pergunta já vem sendo feita (e diversas vezes) há muito tempo.
- A persistência da pergunta e a variedade das respostas durante os anos sugerem que a Estatística não se caracteriza como um objeto singular.
- Ainda, a Estatística apresenta diferentes faces para diferentes áreas da ciência.
# A Estatística Descritiva
## Estatística descritiva
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Descritiva_Inferencia.png'))
```
## Estatística descritiva
- A __Estatística Descritiva__ corresponde aos procedimentos relacionados com a __coleta__, __elaboração__, __tabulação__, __análise__, __interpretação__ e __apresentação dos dados__.
- Isto é, inclui as técnicas que dizem respeito à sintetização e à descrição de dados numéricos.
- Tais métodos tanto podem ser gráficos como envolver análise computacional.
## Próxima aula
- Introdução e conceitos básicos de Estatística.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Sejam tod@s bem-vind@s!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-8.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Medidas de variabilidade"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Introdução
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- As medidas de tendência central são insuficientes para representar adequadamente conjuntos de dados, pois nada revelam sobre sua \structure{variabilidade}.
- Tome como exemplo as notas de 5 avaliações realizadas por 2 alun@s.
+ \structure{Alun@ A:} 6, 6, 6, 6, 6.
- __Total de pontos:__ 30; __Média:__ 6.
+ \alert{Alun@ B:} 7, 5, 6, 4, 8.
- __Total de pontos:__ 30; __Média:__ 6.
\framebreak
- Para mostrar a diversidade de desempenho de ambos, necessita-se de um valor que meça a \structure{dispersão} ou a \structure{variabilidade} dos valores nos dois casos.
- Nestas notas de aula vamos apresentar algumas das medidas mais utilizadas para descrever a variabilidade de um conjunto de dados.
# Amplitude de variação
## Amplitude de variação {.allowframebreaks}
- A medida mais simples de dispersão é a \structure{amplitude de variação ($a$)}, que é a diferença entre os valores extremos do conjunto de dados.
$$
a = Max(x) - Min(x),
$$
em que $Min(x)$ e $Max(x)$ representam os valores de \structure{mínimo} e \structure{máximo} de um conjunto de dados, respectivamente.
\framebreak
- \structure{Exemplo:} suponha que observamos a __largura da pétala__ (em centímetros) de 10 flores
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
set.seed(1309)
petal.width.sample <- sample(iris$Petal.Width, 10, replace = F)
knitr::kable(matrix(petal.width.sample,
ncol = 5), format = "pandoc")
```
- Note que,
+ $Min(x) =$ `r min(petal.width.sample)`;
+ $Max(x) =$ `r max(petal.width.sample)`;
- Logo, a amplitude é $a =$ `r max(petal.width.sample)` - `r min(petal.width.sample)` $=$ `r max(petal.width.sample) - min(petal.width.sample)`
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Comentário
- Os valores de mínimo e máximo de um conjunto de dados podem ser utilizados para a __verificação de inconsistências nos dados__ com respeito a variável de interesse.
- \alert{Exemplos:}
+ $Max(\mbox{idade}) = 170$ (anos).
+ $Min(\mbox{temperatura}) = -20^{\circ}$ (na série histórica de temperaturas na cidade de Porto Alegre).
:::
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Duas limitações
1. A amplitude de variação só utiliza os valores extremos do conjunto de dados.
2. Quando avaliada em amostras, frequentemente _subestima_ a amplitude populacional.
:::
# Variância
## Variância {.allowframebreaks}
- As principais medidas de dispersão envolvem os \structure{desvios em relação a média:} $x_1 - \bar{x}, x_2 - \bar{x}, \ldots, x_n - \bar{x}$.
- Ou seja, os desvios da média são obtidos pela subtração de $\bar{x}$ de cada uma das $n$ observações da amostra, conforme mostra a figura a seguir.
```{r fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="60%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'media_centro_gravidade.png'))
```
\framebreak
- Um desvio será positivo se a observação for maior que a média (à direita da média no eixo das medidas) e negativo se a observação for menor que a média.
- Se todos os desvios forem pequenos em magnitude, todos os $x_i$ estarão próximos à média e haverá pouca dispersão.
- Por outro lado, se alguns desvios forem grandes, alguns $x_i$ estarão distantes de $\bar{x}$, indicando maior dispersão.
\framebreak
- Uma forma simples de combinar os desvios em uma única quantidade é calcular a sua média.
- No entanto, temos que a soma dos desvios é igual a zero, conforme mostramos a seguir
\begin{align*}
\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})} &= \sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} - \sum_{i=1}^n{\bar{x}}\\
&= \sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} - n\bar{x} \\
&= \sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} - n\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}\right) = 0.
\end{align*}
\framebreak
- Como podemos evitar desvios negativos e positivos ao neutralizar um ao outro quando eles são combinados?
- Uma possibilidade é trabalhar com os \alert{valores absolutos} e calcular o \structure{desvio médio absoluto $\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{|x_i - \bar{x}|}$.
- Porém, a operação em valor absoluto conduz a dificuldades teóricas, e uma alternativa é considerar o \structure{quadrado dos desvios $(x_i - \bar{x})^2$ (também conhecidos como desvios quadráticos).
- E dessa forma temos a definição da \structure{variância}.
\framebreak
- A \structure{variância} é a média dos desvios quadráticos com respeito a média.
- É representada pelo símbolo $\sigma^2$ __na população__ e por $s^2$ __na amostra__.
::: {.block}
### Observação
Note que, por definição \alert{(a média de dos quadrados dos desvios)}, \structure{a variância é uma medida não negativa}.
:::
\framebreak
- Na população calculamos a variância da seguinte forma:
$$
\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N{(x_i - \mu)^2}}{N}.
$$
- Na amostra, calculamos a variância da seguinte forma:
$$
s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^2}}{n - 1}.
$$
\framebreak
- \structure{Exemplo:} considere mais uma vez valores observados da largura da pétala em centímetros (de 4 flores)
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
set.seed(1309)
petal.width.sample <- sample(iris$Petal.Width, 4, replace = F)
knitr::kable(x = matrix(petal.width.sample,
ncol = 4, byrow = T),
escape = FALSE,
align = "c", format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
- Note que $\bar{x} = 1.15$, e assim a variância da largura da pétala é
\begin{eqnarray*}
s^2 &=& \frac{(1.3 - 1.15)^2 + (1.3 - 1.15)^2 + (0.2 - 1.15)^2 + (1.8 - 1.15)^2}{4-1}\\
&=& \frac{(0.15)^2 + (0.15)^2 + (-0.95)^2 + (0.65)^2}{3}\\
&=& \frac{1.37}{3}\approx 0.46 cm^2.
\end{eqnarray*}
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Observações
1. Note que unidade de medida da variável em questão fica expressa ao quadrado na variância.
2. A variância é uma medida de variabilidade em torno da média.
+ Se todas as observações são iguais, não há variabilidade nos dados e $s^2 = 0$.
+ Se os dados são muito dispersos com respeito a média, então a variabilidade é grande e $s^2$ assume um valor alto.
+ Se os dados são pouco dispersos em torno da média, então a variabilidade é pequena e $s^2$ assume um valor baixo.
:::
\framebreak
- Uma forma alternativa de calcularmos a variância é dada pela expressão^[__Sua vez:__ demonstre o resultado da expressão alternativa. Dica: desenvolva o quadrado da soma, reescreva o somatório e perceba que $\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} = n\bar{x}$ e $n\bar{x}^2 = (\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i})^2/n$].
$$
s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i^2} - \frac{\left(\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}\right)^2}{n}}{n - 1}.
$$
## Variância {.allowframebreaks}
- Esta expressão nos auxilia no cálculo de $s^2$ quando estamos usando uma planilha eletrônica que comporta fórmulas, ou um software como `R` que realiza operações vetoriais.
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
mat <- as.data.frame(c(7, 5, 6, 4, 8))
names(mat) <- c("$x_i$")
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$" <- mat$"$x_i$" - mean(mat$"$x_i$")
mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})^2$" <- mat$"$(x_i-\\bar{x})$"^2
mat$"$x_i^2$" <- mat$"$x_i$"^2
aux <- colSums(mat)
mat <- rbind(mat, aux)
aux <- c(rep(NA, 5), "Soma")
mat <- cbind(aux, mat)
names(mat)[1] <- "-"
options(knitr.kable.NA = '')
knitr::kable(mat, escape = FALSE,
align = 'c')
# kable_styling(font_size = 9) %>%
# row_spec(6, bold = T)
```
\framebreak
- Assim, temos
+ $\bar{x} = 30/5 = 6$;
+ $s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{(x_i - \bar{x})^2}}{n-1} = \frac{10}{4} = 2,5$.
- Ou, pela fórmula alternativa,
+ $s^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i^2} - \frac{\left(\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}\right)^2}{n}}{n-1} = \frac{190 - \frac{30^2}{5}}{4} = 2,5$.
# Desvio padrão
## Desvio padrão {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma dificuldade com a variância, como medida descritiva da dispersão, é o fato de não poder ser apresentada com a __mesma unidade__ com que a variável foi medida.
- A solução é extrair a raiz quadrada positiva da variância, já que, com isso, se volta à unidade original da variável.
- Essa nova medida de variabilidade é denominada \structure{desvio padrão}.
\framebreak
- O desvio padrão populacional é definido como
$$
\sigma= \sqrt{\sigma^2}.
$$
- E o desvio padrão amostral^[Também é denotado por $DP$ (de desvio padrão) ou $SD$ (do inglês _standard deviation_).] é definido como
$$
s = \sqrt{s^2}.
$$
- \structure{Sua vez:} calcule o desvio padrão para os exemplos anteriores.
# Coeficiente de variação
## Coeficiente de variação {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando se analisa a mesma variável em duas amostras, pode-se comparar os desvios padrão observados e verificar onde a variação (variabilidade) é maior.
::: {.block}
### Exemplo (espessura das sementes)
+ Amostra 1 apresenta desvio padrão igual 1,29mm;
+ Amostra 2 apresenta desvio padrão igual 0,51mm;
- Logo a Amostra 2 apresenta uma menor variabilidade da espessura das sementes em relação a Amostra 1.
:::
\framebreak
- No entanto, o mesmo não pode ser feito em se tratando de variáveis que foram mensuradas em diferentes unidades de medida.
- Se as sementes do exemplo anterior foram também pesadas, e o desvio padrão foi 0,009g para a Amostra 1, __não se pode afirmar__ que o peso das sementes é uma característica com __menor dispersão__ ("menos variável") do que a sua espessura.
\framebreak
- Para comparar variabilidades, neste caso, deve-se usar o \structure{coeficiente de variação ($CV$)}, que é uma medida de dispersão __independente da unidade de mensuração__ da variável.
- O coeficiente de variação é definido como a razão entre o desvio padrão e a média da variável
$$
CV = \frac{s}{\bar{x}}\quad \mbox{ou}\quad CV = 100\%\times \frac{s}{\bar{x}}.
$$
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Exemplo (continuação)
- Suponha que a média da espessura das sementes tenha sido observada em 5 e a média do peso das sementes tenha sido 0,05.
- Para a espessura, temos que $CV_{esp} = \frac{1,29}{5} = 0,258$, e para o peso, temos que $CV_{peso} = \frac{0,009}{0,05} = 0,18$.
- Concluímos que o peso possui menor variabilidade que a espessura neste conjunto de dados.
:::
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 1 a 4, 6 a 8 do Capítulo 9.7 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 135-136.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, calcule a amplitude de variação, a variância, o desvio padrão e coeficiente de variação, de acordo com a classificação das variáveis. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Medidas de variabilidade (continuação):
+ Amplitude entre quartis;
- Separatrizes: quantis, quartis, decis, percentis;
+ Gráfico de _boxplot_.
+ Complementa`R`.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-barras02.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE----
# Considerações finais: exemplos
# install.packages("jpeg")
# install.packages("grid")
library(jpeg)
library(grid)
library(gapminder)
library(dplyr)
gapminder <- gapminder %>%
mutate(pop_m = pop/1e6)
gapminder07 <- gapminder %>%
filter(year == 2007)
img <- readJPEG(here::here("images", "hans_rosling.jpg"))
# start plotting
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
annotation_custom(rasterGrob(img, width = unit(1, "npc"),
height = unit(1, "npc")),
-Inf, Inf, -Inf, Inf) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0),
limits = c(min(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 0.9, max(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 1.05)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") +
theme_bw() +
theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank()
)
p
<file_sep>## ----carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
library(stringr)
library(janitor)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
set.seed(123)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"] <- sample(x = c("fundamental incompleto", "fundamental completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"]), replace = T)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"] <- sample(x = c("médio incompleto", "médio completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"]), replace = T)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"] <- sample(x = c("superior incompleto", "superior completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"]), replace = T)
dados$`Estado Civil` <- str_to_title(dados$`Estado Civil`)
dados$`Grau de Instrução` <- str_to_title(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
dados$`Região de Procedência` <- str_to_title(dados$`Região de Procedência`)
dados$`Grau de Instrução` <- factor(dados$`Grau de Instrução`,
levels = c("Fundamental Incompleto", "Fundamental Completo", "Médio Incompleto", "Médio Completo", "Superior Incompleto", "Superior Completo"))
## ----fig-stripchart, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'-------
p <- ggplot(dados, aes(x = `N de Filhos`)) +
geom_dotplot(fill = "steelblue") +
labs(x = "Número de filhos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_classic() +
theme(axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank())
p
## ----fig-hist, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'-------------
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_histogram(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`, y = ..density..),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), fill = "steelblue", color = "white") +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Densidade de frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----fig-hist2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='60%'------------
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_histogram(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`, y = I(36 * ..density..)),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), fill = "steelblue", color = "white") +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Densidade de frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----fig-freqpoly, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'---------
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_freqpoly(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), color = I("#DA70D6"), size = 1) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4)) +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-girafa.jpg'))
<file_sep>## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='80%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'hi_my_name_is.png'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images','covid-recomendacoes.jpg'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='10%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images','Rlogo.png'))
## ---- echo=FALSE, eval=TRUE-------------------------------------------------------------------
x <- rnorm(n = 100, mean = 10, sd = 1)
## ---- echo=TRUE, eval=TRUE, fig.align='center', out.width='50%'-------------------------------
hist(x, col = 'black', border = 'white')
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='right', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='15%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here('images','ctanlion.png'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat1.jpg'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat2.jpg'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat3.png'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estat4.jpg'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Descritiva_Inferencia.png'))
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-8.jpg'))
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuição de Frequências: frequências relativa, acumulada, relativa acumulada e porcentagem"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
---
# Frequências relativa, acumulada, relativa acumulada e porcentagem
## Frequência relativa {.allowframebreaks}
- É fácil entender as informações apresentadas em distribuições de frequências\footnote{A distribuição de frequências nos apresenta quantos indivíduos apresentaram determinada característica (valor da variável) no conjunto de dados que estamos observando.}.
- Entretanto, as frequências dependem do \structure{tamanho da amostra}:
+ um em dez, é mais importante que um em um milhão.
- Para ter a visão do tamanho de uma categoria \structure{em relação} ao tamanho da amostra, calculamos a frequência relativa.
## Frequência relativa {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{frequência relativa} de uma categoria é o resultado da divisão da frequência dessa categoria pelo número de dados __(tamanho)__ da amostra.
$$
\mbox{Frequência relativa} = \frac{\mbox{Frequência da categoria}}{\mbox{Tamanho da amostra}}.
$$
## Frequência relativa {.allowframebreaks}
### Observações
1. Usaremos a \structure{notação $f_i = \frac{n_i}{n}$} para indicar a __frequência relativa__ de cada classe, ou categoria, da variável.
2. A soma das frequências relativas em uma distribuição de frequências é, obrigatoriamente, igual a 1.
+ É fácil ver que $\sum_i{f_i} = \sum_i{\frac{n_i}{n}} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_i{n_i} = \frac{1}{n}n = 1$, em que $\sum_i{}$ representa a soma (somatório).
3. Se a tabela de frequências absolutas estiver em uma planilha eletrônica é possível utilizar o recurso da fórmula para dividir os valores de uma coluna (as frequências) por uma constante (o tamanho da amostra) para obter as frequências relativas. No `R` a ideia é semelhante (veremos na próxima aula).
## Porcentagem {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{porcentagem} da categoria é a frequência relativa dessa categoria multiplicada por 100.
$$
\mbox{Porcentagem} = \mbox{Frequência relativa} \times 100.
$$
- Ou seja, \structure{$\mbox{Porcentagem}_i = f_i \times 100$} é a porcentagem da $i$-ésima categoria.
\framebreak
### Observações
- A __porcentagem__ é a razão expressa como fração de 100.
- Você não deve confundir __porcentagem__ com __por cento__.
- __Porcentagem__ significa uma parcela ou uma porção; não é, portanto, acompanhada de número.
- Por exemplo: a porcentagem de alunos reprovados em matemática foi pequena.
- __Por cento__ é a expressão que acompanha um número específico e é indicado com o símbolo \structure{\%}.
- Por exemplo: só 2% dos alunos foram reprovados em matemática.
## Exemplo {.allowframebreaks}
- Vamos ver como calcular as frequências relativas e a porcentagem para o exemplo dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
\footnotesize
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
civil <- c(rep("Solteiro", 8), rep("Casado", 7))
civil.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(civil, order = "freq")))["Freq"]
civil.tab <- data.frame("estado_civil"= row.names(civil.tab), "freq" = civil.tab$Freq)
civil.tab$freqrel <- c("$\\frac{8}{15} = 0,533$", "$\\frac{7}{15} = 0,467$", "1,000")
civil.tab$porc <- c("$0,533 \\times 100 = 53,3\\%$", "$0,467 \\times 100 = 46,7\\%$", "100,0\\%")
knitr::kable(civil.tab,
col.names = c("Estado civil", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Frequência relativa ($f_i$)", "Porcentagem"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c', 'c'))
```
\framebreak
### Observação
- As frequências relativas, e as porcentagens, de forma mais convencional, nos permitem fazer comparações entre grupos.
- Por exemplo, 30% dos alunos da Turma A preferem consultar o arquivo das notas de aula no formato PDF, enquanto que 50% dos alunos da Turma B preferem consultar o as notas de aula no formato PDF.
- Ou seja, não foi necessário expressarmos o tamanho de cada turma.
## Frequência acumulada {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{frequência acumulada} da categoria é a frequência dessa categoria somada às frequências de todas as anteriores.
- Assim, temos que
$$
n_{AC_i} = \sum_{k=1}^i{n_k},
$$
em que \structure{$n_{AC_i}$} é a frequência acumulada até a $i$-ésima categoria.
\framebreak
- Mais uma vez retomamos o exemplo da Companhia MB para apresentarmos como é calculada a frequência acumulada.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
filhos.tab$freqcum <- c("6", "$6 + 4 = 10$", "$6 + 4 + 4 = 14$", "$6 + 4 + 4 + 1= 15$", "-")
knitr::kable(filhos.tab,
col.names = c("Nº de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Frequência acumulada"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c'))
```
- Assim, é possível concluir que 14 empregados da seção de orçamento tem __2 filhos ou menos__ (até dois filhos).
\framebreak
### Observações
1. A __frequência acumulada__ é __apropriada__ para __variáveis__ qualitativas __ordinais__, quantitativas __discretas__ e __contínuas__.
+ No entanto, __não faz sentido__ apresentar a frequência acumulada de uma __variável__ qualitativa __nominal__.
2. A frequência acumulada da primeira classe é sempre igual à frequência dessa classe, por não existirem classes anteriores à primeira.
3. A última classe tem frequência acumulada igual ao total porque, para obter a frequência acumulada da última classe, somam-se as frequências de todas as outras classes.
4. Se a tabela de frequências absolutas estiver em uma planilha eletrônica é possível utilizar o recurso da fórmula para somar recursivamente os valores de uma coluna (as frequências) para obter as frequências acumuladas. No `R` a ideia é semelhante (como veremos na próxima aula).
## Frequência relativa acumulada {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{frequência relativa acumulada} da categoria é a frequência relativa dessa categoria somada às frequências relativas de todas as anteriores.
- Assim, temos que
$$
f_{AC_i} = \sum_{k=1}^i{f_k} = \sum_{k=1}^i{n_k/n} = \frac{\sum_{k=1}^i{n_k}}{n} = \frac{n_{AC_i}}{n},
$$
em que \structure{$f_{AC_i}$} é a frequência relativa acumulada até a $i$-ésima categoria.
\framebreak
- No exemplo da Companhia MB, temos:
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
filhos.tab$freqrel <- filhos.tab$freq/15
filhos.tab$freqrelcum <- c(cumsum(filhos.tab$freqrel[-length(filhos.tab$freqrel)]), NA)
knitr::kable(filhos.tab,
col.names = c("Nº de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)",
"Freq. relativa ($f_i$)", "Freq. relativa acumulada"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c', 'c'), digits = 3, format.args = list(decimal.mark = ','))
```
- E assim, é possível concluir que 93% dos empregados da seção de orçamento tem __2 filhos ou menos__ (até dois filhos)\footnote{{\bf Exercício:} qual a porcentagem de empregados da seção de orçamentos com mais de um filho?}.
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 7, 8 e 9 do Capítulo 3.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, pg. 39-40.} (disponível no Sabi+). Utilize frequências relativas, acumuladas e percentuais, quando considerar adequado.
2. Para as variáveis do seu levantamento estatístico, construa tabelas de frequências (agora com frequências relativas, acumuladas e percentuais, quando considerar adequado) e compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle. Discuta como você definiu as classes e suas amplitudes.
## Próxima aula
- Introdução ao `R`.
<!-- - Complementa`R`: -->
<!-- + Distribuição de frequências no `R` -->
<!-- + Construção de tabelas (para publicação e apresentação) -->
<!-- + Um minuto de história (da estatística) -->
<!-- - Atividade de Avaliação I (apresentação e instruções) -->
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-corda-bamba.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Construção de gráficos (continuação)"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# Apresentação gráfica de dados quantitativos
## Diagrama de pontos
- O \structure{diagrama de pontos} é usado para comparar as frequências de dados discretos, desde que \structure{em pequeno número}\footnote{Também pode ser usado para comparar frequências de categorias de dados qualitativos.}.
- Utilizaremos os dados da variável \structure{``Número de filhos''} dos 36 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB para exemplificarmos a construção do diagrama de pontos. A tabela de frequências é apresentada a seguir.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
dados$`N de Filhos`[is.na(dados$`N de Filhos`)] <- sample(x = 0:5, size = sum(is.na(dados$`N de Filhos`)), replace = T)
df_filho <- dados %>%
group_by(`N de Filhos`) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
# mutate(freq = round(100 * (n / sum(n)), 0)) %>%
adorn_totals("row")
knitr::kable(df_filho,
col.names = c("Número de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)"),
align = c('l', 'c'))
```
## Diagrama de pontos {.allowframebreaks}
Para construir o diagrama de pontos seguimos os seguintes passos:
1. Trace o eixo das abscissas;
2. Faça a escala, de maneira a cobrir todo o intervalo de observações;
3. Desenhe um ponto para cada uma das observações;
4. Escreva a escala e o título.
\framebreak
```{r fig-stripchart, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'}
p <- ggplot(dados, aes(x = `N de Filhos`)) +
geom_dotplot(fill = "steelblue") +
labs(x = "Número de filhos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_classic() +
theme(axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank())
p
```
\framebreak
### Observação
- O diagrama de pontos pode ser substituído pelo gráfico de barras, ou ainda, pelo histograma (caso da variável idade, que pode ser considerada discreta).
- O \structure{histograma} será apresentado a seguir.
## Histograma {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados contínuos, desde que já estejam em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências\footnote{Mais uma vez lembramos que estamos apresentando os passos para a construção de gráficos sem que seja necessário o conhecimento de recursos computacionais. Os \emph{softwares} estatísticos possuem funções próprias para a construção de gráficos, sem que seja necessário a realização destes passos.}, podem ser apresentados em um \structure{histograma}.
- O \structure{histograma} é um gráfico de \structure{barras contíguas} as bases proporcionais aos intervalos de classe e a área de cada retângulo proporcional à respectiva frequência.
- Pode-se usar tanto a frequência absoluta, \structure{$n_i$}, como a relativa, \structure{$f_i$}.
- Indiquemos a \structure{amplitude} do \structure{$i$}-ésimo intervalo\footnote{Estamos utilizando o \emph{índice} $i$ para indexar os intervalos de classe ($C_1, C_2, \ldots, C_i, \ldots, C_I$).} por \structure{$\Delta_i$}.
## Histograma {.allowframebreaks}
- Para que a \structure{área do retângulo} respectivo seja proporcional a $f_i$, a sua \structure{altura} deve ser proporcional a \structure{$f_i/\Delta_i$} (ou \structure{$n_i/\Delta_i$}), que é chamada \structure{densidade de frequência} da $i$-ésima classe.
- Quanto mais dados tivermos em cada classe, mais alto deve ser o retângulo.
- Com essa convenção, a __área total__ do histograma será __igual a 1__\footnote{Considere $a_i$ a área do $i$-ésimo retângulo do histograma. Então a área total é $\sum_i{a_i} = \sum_i{\Delta_i\times f_i/\Delta_i} = \sum_i{f_i} = 1$ (por que?).}.
## Histograma {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando os intervalos das classes forem todos iguais a \structure{$\Delta$}, a densidade de frequência da $i$-ésima classe passa a ser \structure{$f_i/\Delta$} (ou \structure{$n_i/\Delta$}).
- Vamos ver como fica o histograma para a variável \structure{``salário''} (x sal. mínimo) dos 36 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
- As frequências absolutas e relativas das classes são apresentadas a seguir, considerando amplitude de classe \structure{$\Delta = 4$}.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
dados$salario <- cut(x = dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`,
breaks = c(4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24),
include.lowest = T,
right = FALSE)
df_salario <- dados %>%
group_by(salario) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = round((n / sum(n)), 2)) %>%
mutate(freq_delta = freq/4) %>%
mutate(n_delta = n/4) %>%
adorn_totals("row")
df_salario[dim(df_salario)[1], 4:5] <- NA
knitr::kable(df_salario,
col.names = c("Faixa salarial",
"Frequência ($n_i$)",
"Freq. relativa ($f_i$)",
"$f_i/\\Delta$ ($\\Delta = 4$)",
"$n_i/\\Delta$ ($\\Delta = 4$)"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'c'))
```
\framebreak
- Note que as colunas $f_i/\Delta$ e $n_i/\Delta$ são o resultado da divisão dos valores das colunas $f_i$ e $n_i$, respectivamente, por 4, o valor da amplitude de classe ($\Delta$).
- Estas colunas (separadamente) serão utilizadas para marcarmos as alturas das barras do histograma.
- A seguir é apresentado o histograma para $f_i/\Delta$.
\framebreak
```{r fig-hist, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'}
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_histogram(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`, y = ..density..),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), fill = "steelblue", color = "white") +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Densidade de frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
```
\framebreak
- Veja que salários mais altos são pouco frequentes na seção de orçamentos, e a maior parte dos empregados recebe até doze salários mínimos. A seguir apresentamos o histograma utilizando $n_i/\Delta$ como altura das barras.
```{r fig-hist2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='60%'}
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_histogram(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`, y = I(36 * ..density..)),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), fill = "steelblue", color = "white") +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Densidade de frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
```
- É fácil ver que as duas versões do histograma possuem a \structure{mesma forma} (__mesma distribuição__), e portanto devemos obter as mesmas conclusões.
\framebreak
Passos para a construção do histograma:
1. Trace o sistema de eixos cartesianos.
2. Marque os extremos de classes no eixo das abscissas.
3. No eixo das ordenadas, escreva os valores das razões das frequências relativas (ou absolutas) divididas pelas amplitudes de classes ($f_i/\Delta_i$ ou $n_i/\Delta_i$).
4. Para cada classe da distribuição de frequências, trace um retângulo com base igual ao intervalo de classe e altura igual a $f_i/\Delta_i$ ou $n_i/\Delta_i$ relativa a classe.
5. Coloque título e fonte, se houver.
\framebreak
- __Exercício:__ construa o histograma da variável __Salário__ do exemplo __adaptado__ de [@bussab_estatistica_2017] (15 empregados da seção de orçamentos) que encontra-se na planilha física das __notas de aula "Organização dos dados"__ utilizando como extremos das classes os seguintes valores: $4; 5; 6; 7,5$ e $9,5$.
```{r, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'quadro_preto.jpg'))
```
## Polígono de frequências {.allowframebreaks}
- O \structure{polígono de frequências} é constituído por segmentos de retas que unem os pontos cujas coordenadas são o \structure{ponto médio} (ou ponto central) e a frequência de cada classe.
- Para fechá-lo toma-se uma \structure{classe anterior a primeira} e uma \structure{posterior a última}, uma vez que ambas possuem frequência zero.
\framebreak
- Se considerarmos o exemplo anterior, temos a seguinte tabela de frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
dados$salario <- cut(x = dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`, breaks = c(0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28), include.lowest = T, right = FALSE)
df_salario <- dados %>%
count(salario, .drop = FALSE) %>%
adorn_totals("row")
extremos <- seq(0, 28, by = 4)
df_salario$pm <- c((extremos[-length(extremos)] + extremos[-length(extremos)] + 4) / 2, NA)
knitr::kable(df_salario,
col.names = c("Faixa salarial", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Ponto central da classe"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c'))
```
\framebreak
- Veja que criamos duas classes mais extremas que apresentam frequência zero.
- Além disso, computamos uma coluna com o ponto central de cada classe.
+ \structure{Ponto central de classe} é a __média aritmética__ dos dois extremos de classe.
- Assim, se a classe tem como extremos \structure{$4$} e \structure{$8$}, então o ponto central é
$$
\textcolor{blue}{\frac{4 + 8}{2} = 6.}
$$
\framebreak
Os passos para a construção do polígono de frequências são apresentados a seguir:
1. Trace o sistema de eixos cartesianos.
2. Marque os pontos centrais de cada classe no eixo das abscissas.
3. No eixo das ordenadas, coloque as frequências.
4. Faça um ponto (pode ser apresentado em destaque ou apenas para auxiliar na costrução) para representar cada classe. Esses pontos terão abscissa igual ao ponto central de classe. A ordenada será igual à frequência da classe.
5. Marque, no eixo das abscissas, um ponto que corresponda ao ponto central de uma classe anterior à primeira.
6. Marque, no eixo das abscissas, um ponto que corresponda ao ponto central de uma classe posterior à última.
7. Una todos os pontos por segmentos de reta.
8. Coloque o título.
\framebreak
```{r fig-freqpoly, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'}
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_freqpoly(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), color = I("#DA70D6"), size = 1) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4)) +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
```
\framebreak
### Observações
- Quando construímos o polígono de frequências de uma variável contínua, assim como no caso do histograma, estamos interessados na forma da distribuição.
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 3 a 6 do Capítulo 5.4 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 75-76.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, construa gráficos para os dados quantitativos. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Construção de gráficos com o `ggplot2`.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-girafa.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Medidas de tendência central (continuação)"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Introdução
- Nestas notas de aula, vamos apresentar outros tipos de \structure{médias}:
- A \structure{média ponderada};
- A \structure{média Geométrica};
- A \structure{média harmônica}.
- Tais conceitos/métodos serão apresentados em um contexto muito simples e pouco realista.
- Estes métodos serão retomados em um contexto mais apropriado quando discutirmos as questões associadas ao tópico de __Números Índices__.
# Média ponderada
## Média ponderada {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{média (aritmética) ponderada} é a soma dos produtos dos dados (\structure{$x$}) pelos respectivos \structure{pesos} (\structure{$p$}), dividida pela soma dos pesos.
- A \structure{média ponderada} é muito usada para notas escolares e de concursos quando se dá maior peso (o que corresponde maior importância) a determinada(s) prova(s).
\framebreak
- Para entender como se calcula a média ponderada, imagine que a avaliação referente a uma disciplina de Estatística será realizada de acordo com o nível de exigência de cada atividade (tabela a seguir).
```{r fig.align='center', echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'media_ponderada1.png'))
```
- De certa forma, uma boa nota na prova é mais importante do que participar das discussões fórum do Moodle desta disciplina.
\framebreak
- Assim, um aluno qualquer tem o seguinte desempenho no semestre.
```{r fig.align='center', echo=FALSE, out.width="50%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'media_ponderada3.png'))
```
- O desempenho deste aluno na prova não foi tão bom.
+ O que poderíamos falar a respeito da sua aprovação?
- Como vimos anteriormente, a média aritmética nos fornece uma medida resumo do desempenho deste aluno.
- Porém, neste caso a soma simples das notas das avaliações não é possível, pois a prova vale três vezes a nota da discussão no fórum.
- É preciso pesar (ponderar) os valores das notas.
\framebreak
- Utilizando \structure{$p_i$} para denotar o peso referente a cada valor \structure{$x_i$}, a média aritmética é definida por
$$
\bar{x}_p = \frac{\sum_i{x_ip_i}}{\sum_i{p_i}}.
$$
\framebreak
- Retomando o nosso exemplo, teríamos que a média ponderada das atividades de avaliação seria
\begin{eqnarray*}
\bar{x}_p &=& \frac{(\mbox{Nota}_1)\times(\mbox{Peso}_1) + (\mbox{Nota}_2)\times(\mbox{Peso}_2) + (\mbox{Nota}_3)\times(\mbox{Peso}_3)}{(\mbox{Peso}_1) + (\mbox{Peso}_2) + (\mbox{Peso}_3)}\\
&=& \frac{(10)\times(1) + (8)\times(2) + (6)\times(3)}{(1) + (2) + (3)}\\
&=& \frac{44}{6} = 7,33.
\end{eqnarray*}
::: {.block}
### Observação
- Se consideramos o __mesmo peso__ para cada dado observado, percebemos que a média aritmética é um caso particular da média ponderada quando $p_i = p$.
:::
\framebreak
- __Sua vez:__ imagine que a avaliação no semestre de "Estatística Descritiva" é feita considerando que as "Avaliações da Área 1" têm peso 1 (cada uma) e as "Avaliações da Área 2 e 3" tem peso 2.
- Digamos que um aluno apresentou notas 8 e 5 para as duas avaliações da área 1, e 5 e 6 para as atividades das áreas 2 e 3.
+ Calcule a média ponderada das notas.
+ Se para atingir a aprovação é necessária uma média 6, este aluno seria aprovado?
+ Calcule a média aritmética simples (considerando o mesmo peso para as três avaliações).
+ Compare os resultados.
# Média geométrica {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{média geométrica} é dada pela raiz \structure{$n$}-ésima do produtório^[O produtório será denotado pela letra grega $\Pi$ e indica que os elementos do conjunto devem ser multiplicados: $\prod_{i=1}^n{x_i} = x_1\times x_2\times \ldots \times x_n$.] de um conjunto de \structure{$n$} elementos^[Em nosso contexto, estes elementos podem ser observações de uma variável.].
- Representando o conjunto de elementos por \structure{$x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n$}, a média geométrica é dada por
$$
G = \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}{x_i}} = \sqrt[n]{x_1\cdot x_2\cdot \ldots \cdot x_n}.
$$
## Média geométrica {.allowframebreaks}
- A média geométrica é utilizada, basicamente, quando há variações percentuais em sequência.
- \structure{Exemplo:} suponha que uma certa loja teve aumento de 20% nas vendas em um mês, 12% no mês seguinte, e 7% no terceiro mês.
+ A média geométrica nos fornece o aumento médio nos três meses observados.
+ Assim, se representamos por $x$ a variação nas vendas mensais desta loja, temos \structure{$x_1 = 1,2$ (20\%)}, \structure{$x_2 = 1,12$ (12\%)} e \structure{$x_3 = 1,07$ (7\%)}.
\framebreak
- A média geométrica deste conjunto de observações é dada por
$$
G = \sqrt[3]{1,2\times 1,12\times 1,07} = \sqrt[3]{1,43808} \approx 1,13.
$$
- Assim, a média percentual de aumento de vendas da loja nos três meses observados foi de aproximadamente 13%.
\framebreak
- Note que a raiz \structure{$n$}-ésima de um valor \structure{$\sqrt[n]{a}$} pode ser escrita como uma potência fracionária \structure{$a^{1/n}$}.
+ Assim, a média geométrica pode ser reescrita da seguinte forma
$$
G = \left(\prod_{i=1}^{n}{x_i}\right)^{1/n}.
$$
\framebreak
- Tomando o logaritmo^[Logaritmo natural.] nos dois lados da expressão acima, temos
$$
\log{G} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{\log{x_i}}.
$$
- Ou seja, o __logaritmo da média geométrica__ é igual a __média aritmética da log-transformada__ da variável \structure{$x$}.
+ Consequentemente, temos que \structure{$G = \exp{[\bar{x}_{(\log)}]}$}, em que \structure{$\bar{x}_{(\log)}$} é a __média aritmética da log-transformada__ de \structure{$x$}.
# Média harmônica {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{média harmônica} de um conjunto de \structure{$n$} elementos é o __inverso da média aritmética dos inversos__ desses elementos.
- Representando o conjunto de elementos por \structure{$x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n$}, a média harmônica é dada por
$$
H = \frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^n{\frac{1}{x_i}}} = \frac{n}{\frac{1}{x_1} + \frac{1}{x_2} + \ldots + \frac{1}{x_n}}.
$$
\framebreak
- Como exemplo, considere as notas das três avaliações apresentadas da __Seção da Média ponderada__. A média harmônica das três avaliações é dada por
$$
H = \frac{3}{\frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{6}} = \frac{3}{0,3916667} \approx 7,65.
$$
- Note que a média aritmética simples é 8. Se substituíssemos a nota 10 por uma nota 9, e a nota 6 por uma nota 7, a média aritmética simples continuaria 8, porém a média harmônica seria 7,92.
+ Ou seja, a média harmônica tende a aumentar quando os valores são mais próximos.
## Para casa
- Resolver os exercícios 4 a 11 do Capítulo 8.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 136-138.} (disponível no Sabi+).
## Próxima aula
- Médias ponderada, geométrica e harmônica.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-barras03.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----pio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------------------------
idade <- c(35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 50, 50, 52,
54, 55, 55, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61,
63, 65, 67, 71, 77)
pio <- c(15, 17, 16, 18, 15, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16,
19, 18, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19, 23, 19, 22,
23, 24, 23, 24, 22)
pio_df <- data.frame(id = 1:length(pio), idade, pio)
kable(x = pio_df,
caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
col.names = c("ID", "Idade", "PIO"),
align = 'c', format = "pandoc")
## ----pontos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="80%"--------------------------------
p <- ggplot(data = pio_df,
mapping = aes(x = idade, y = pio)) +
geom_point(colour = I("purple4"), size = 2) +
labs(x = "Idade (anos)", y = "PIO") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----pos_neg, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="80%"-------------------------------
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, .9), c(.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Relação direta") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.9), c(-.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Relação inversa") +
theme_bw()
library(cowplot)
plot_grid(p1, p2, labels = c('', ''), label_size = 5, ncol = 2)
## ----cor_nula, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="60%", out.width="60%"------------
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Ausência de relação") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----linear, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"-------------------------------
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, .9), c(.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação linear positiva forte") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação linear positiva fraca") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = runif(n = 1000, min = 0.1, max = 2))
x$Y <- 1/x$X^2 + rnorm(1000, sd = 1)
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ I(1/x^2), se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação não-linear negativa forte") +
theme_bw()
plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, labels = c('', '', ''), label_size = 1, ncol = 3)
## ----exemplos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="80%", out.width="80%"------------
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0,5") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .8), c(.8, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0,8") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, 1), c(1, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p4 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = rnorm(n = 100))
x$Y <- 0.5* x$X
p5 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = rnorm(n = 100))
x$Y <- 2* x$X
p6 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -1), c(-1, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p7 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -1") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.7), c(-.7, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p8 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -0,7") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.3), c(-.3, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p9 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -0,3") +
theme_bw()
plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8, p9,
labels = rep('', 9),
label_size = 5, ncol = 3)
## ----pio_coef, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------
idade <- c(35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 50, 50, 52,
54, 55, 55, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61,
63, 65, 67, 71, 77)
pio <- c(15, 17, 16, 18, 15, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16,
19, 18, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19, 23, 19, 22,
23, 24, 23, 24, 22)
pio_df <- data.frame(id = 1:length(pio), idade, pio)
pio_df$idade_centrada <- pio_df$idade - mean(pio_df$idade)
pio_df$pio_centrada <- pio_df$pio - mean(pio_df$pio)
pio_df$idade_z <- (pio_df$idade - mean(pio_df$idade))/sd(pio_df$idade)
pio_df$pio_z <- (pio_df$pio - mean(pio_df$pio))/sd(pio_df$pio)
pio_df$zi_zp <- pio_df$idade_z * pio_df$pio_z
aux <- colSums(pio_df)
pio_df <- rbind(pio_df, aux)
aux <- c(rep(NA, 25), "Soma")
pio_df <- cbind(aux, pio_df)
pio_df$idade_z[26] <- NA
pio_df$pio_z[26] <- NA
options(knitr.kable.NA = '')
kable(x = pio_df,
escape = FALSE,
caption = "Cálculo do coeficiente de correlação.",
col.names = c(" " ,"ID", "Idade ($x$)", "PIO ($y$)", "$x- \\bar{x}$", "$y- \\bar{y}$", "$\\frac{x- \\bar{x}}{s_x} = z_x$", "$\\frac{y- \\bar{y}}{s_y} = z_y$", "$z_x\\cdot z_y$"),
align = 'c', digits = c(0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "pandoc")
<file_sep>## ----mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------------------
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
mb_df %>%
select(N ,`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
# slice_head(n = 10) %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.")
## ----tab_dupla, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------
library(kableExtra)
tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
addmargins()
row.names(tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(tab, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----percent_tot_geral, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table() %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação ao total geral das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----percent_tot_coluna, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de colunas das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----barras, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%"---------------------
library(ggplot2)
library(viridis)
library(reshape2)
mb_gg <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>% melt()
p <- ggplot(data = mb_gg, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`, fill = `Região de Procedência`, y = value)) +
geom_bar(position = "fill", stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_viridis(discrete = T) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
theme_bw() + ylab("Frequências relativas") +
theme(legend.position = "bottom")
p
## ----gremio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------------
tab <- matrix(c(10, 9, 4, 17, 7, 5),
byrow = T, ncol = 3, dimnames = list(c("Sem Maicon", "Com Maicon"),
c("Vitórias", "Empates", "Derrotas")))
prop.tab <- addmargins(prop.table(addmargins(tab, margin = 1), margin = 1), margin = 2) * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[3] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 2,
caption = "Resultados dos jogos do Grêmio em 2019.")
## ----pio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------
idade <- c(35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 50, 50, 52,
54, 55, 55, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61,
63, 65, 67, 71, 77)
pio <- c(15, 17, 16, 18, 15, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16,
19, 18, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19, 23, 19, 22,
23, 24, 23, 24, 22)
pio_df <- data.frame(id = 1:length(pio), idade, pio)
kable(x = pio_df,
caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
col.names = c("ID", "Idade", "PIO"),
align = 'c')
## ----pontos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%"---------------------
p <- ggplot(data = pio_df,
mapping = aes(x = idade, y = pio)) +
geom_point(colour = I("purple4"), size = 2) +
labs(x = "Idade (anos)", y = "PIO") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----pos_neg, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%", out.width="100%"----
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, .9), c(.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Relação direta") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.9), c(-.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Relação inversa") +
theme_bw()
library(cowplot)
plot_grid(p1, p2, labels = c('', ''), label_size = 5, ncol = 2)
## ----cor_nula, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%", out.width="100%"----
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", col = "blue") +
stat_ellipse(type = "norm", col = "red") +
labs(title = "Ausência de relação") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----linear, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%", out.width="100%"----
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, .9), c(.9, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação linear positiva forte") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 1000, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação linear positiva fraca") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = runif(n = 1000, min = 0.1, max = 2))
x$Y <- 1/x$X^2 + rnorm(1000, sd = 1)
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", formula = y ~ I(1/x^2), se = FALSE, color = "red") +
labs(caption = "Relação não-linear negativa forte") +
theme_bw()
plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, labels = c('', '', ''), label_size = 1, ncol = 3)
## ----exemplos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%", out.width="100%"----
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0,5") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .8), c(.8, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 0,8") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, 1), c(1, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p4 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = rnorm(n = 100))
x$Y <- 0.5* x$X
p5 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
x <- data.frame(X = rnorm(n = 100))
x$Y <- 2* x$X
p6 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = 1") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -1), c(-1, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p7 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -1") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.7), c(-.7, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p8 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -0,7") +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.3), c(-.3, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 100, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p9 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
labs(title = "r = -0,3") +
theme_bw()
plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8, p9,
labels = rep('', 9),
label_size = 5, ncol = 3)
## ----pio_coef, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------------
idade <- c(35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 50, 50, 52,
54, 55, 55, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 61,
63, 65, 67, 71, 77)
pio <- c(15, 17, 16, 18, 15, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16,
19, 18, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19, 23, 19, 22,
23, 24, 23, 24, 22)
pio_df <- data.frame(id = 1:length(pio), idade, pio)
pio_df$idade_centrada <- pio_df$idade - mean(pio_df$idade)
pio_df$pio_centrada <- pio_df$pio - mean(pio_df$pio)
pio_df$idade_z <- (pio_df$idade - mean(pio_df$idade))/sd(pio_df$idade)
pio_df$pio_z <- (pio_df$pio - mean(pio_df$pio))/sd(pio_df$pio)
pio_df$zi_zp <- pio_df$idade_z * pio_df$pio_z
aux <- colSums(pio_df)
pio_df <- rbind(pio_df, aux)
aux <- c(rep(NA, 25), "Soma")
pio_df <- cbind(aux, pio_df)
pio_df$idade_z[26] <- NA
pio_df$pio_z[26] <- NA
options(knitr.kable.NA = '')
kable(x = pio_df,
escape = FALSE,
caption = "Cálculo do coeficiente de correlação.",
col.names = c(" " ,"ID", "Idade ($x$)", "PIO ($y$)", "$x- \\bar{x}$", "$y- \\bar{y}$", "$\\frac{x- \\bar{x}}{s_x} = z_x$", "$\\frac{y- \\bar{y}}{s_y} = z_y$", "$z_x\\cdot z_y$"),
align = 'c', digits = c(0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
## ----sal_grupo, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------
mb_df_arrange <- mb_df %>%
dplyr::select("N" ,`Salario (x Sal Min)`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
arrange(`Grau de Instrução`)
mb_df_arrange %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c',
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ",")) %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"), background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"), background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"), background = "lightyellow")
## ----sal_grupo_res, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------
tab <- mb_df_arrange %>%
group_by(`Grau de Instrução`) %>%
summarize(n = n(),
`Média` = mean(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`D. Padrão` = sd(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Variância` = var(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Min` = min(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Q1` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.25),
`Q2` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.5),
`Q3` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.75),
`Max` = max(`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
)
tab2 <- mb_df_arrange %>%
summarize(n = n(),
`Média` = mean(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`D. Padrão` = sd(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Variância` = var(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Min` = min(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Q1` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.25),
`Q2` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.5),
`Q3` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.75),
`Max` = max(`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
)
tab2$`Grau de Instrução` <- "Global"
tab2 <- tab2[c(names(tab2)[10],names(tab2)[-10])]
tab <- rbind(tab, tab2)
kable(tab,
caption = "Medidas-resumo para a variável salário, segundo o grau de instrução, na Companhia MB.",
align = 'c', digits = c(0,0,rep(2,8)),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ",")) %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(1, background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(2, background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(3, background = "lightyellow")
## ----sal_bp, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.height="100%", out.width="100%"----
mb_df_arrange$cor <- NULL
mb_df_arrange$cor <- ifelse(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental", "lightsalmon", ifelse(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio", "lightblue", "lightyellow"))
bp <- ggplot(data = mb_df_arrange,
mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`,
y = `Salario (x Sal Min)`)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = c("lightsalmon", "lightblue", "lightyellow")) +
theme_bw()
bp
## ----iris, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------------
set.seed(1000)
iris_ex_1 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "setosa") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex_2 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "versicolor") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex_3 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "virginica") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex <- rbind(iris_ex_1, iris_ex_2)
iris_ex <- rbind(iris_ex, iris_ex_3)
iris_ex %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c', col.names = c("comprimento da sépala", "largura da sépala", "comprimento da pétala", "largura da pétala", "espécie"),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
<file_sep>---
# title: "Estatística Descritiva"
title: "Organização dos dados"
author: "<NAME>, Dep. de Estatística - UFRGS"
date: '`r paste(stringr::str_to_title(format(Sys.Date(), "%B")), format(Sys.Date(), "%Y"), sep = " de ")`'
output:
tufte::tufte_handout:
citation_package: natbib
latex_engine: xelatex
tufte::tufte_html:
self_contained: true
tufte::tufte_book:
citation_package: natbib
latex_engine: xelatex
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(tufte)
# invalidate cache when the tufte version changes
knitr::opts_chunk$set(tidy = FALSE, cache.extra = packageVersion('tufte'))
options(htmltools.dir.version = FALSE)
```
# Introdução
Agora que já discutimos alguns __conceitos básicos__ de estatística e as etapas gerais de um __levantamento estatístico__, vamos apresentar como é feito o __registro__ e a __organização de dados__ referentes a uma certa coleta de dados. Começaremos com a __planilha__ para o registro dos dados e a __tabela de dados brutos__ resultante. Logo em seguida, discutiremos como fazer a __apuração dos dados__.
<!-- e o obtenção da __distribuição de frequências__. -->
# Coleta de dados
- __Lembrando:__ a __estatística__ é a ciência que tem por objetivo orientar a _coleta_, o _resumo_, a _apresentação_, a _análise_ e a _interpretação_ de dados.
Para _coletar dados_, o pesquisador necessitará armazenar os dados coletados em algum lugar. Assim, se faz necessário organizar uma _planilha_. Com o advento da computação, grande parte dos profissionais da área de estatística registram dados em uma _planilha eletrônica_^[Softwares como _Calc_ (OpenOffice), _Microsoft Excel_ (Office) e _Google Sheets_ (Google) são exemplos de _softwares_ que trabalham com planilhas eletrônicas.]. No entanto, os dados também podem ser registrados em meio físico como, por exemplo, fichas, cadernos ou cadernetas, ou seja, a chamada _planilha física_.
As planilhas eletrônicas podem ser construídas a partir de planilhas físicas ou serem alimentadas por algum __instrumento de coleta__ em meio eletrônico (formulário ou questionário)^[O _Google Forms_, por exemplo, cria e alimenta uma planilha eletrônica a partir do formulário de coleta.]. Vamos apresentar como se desenha uma planilha física para registro dos dados. Se você tiver possibilidade, pode experimentar como organizar os dados em uma planilha eletrônica.
- __Planilha__ é o documento que armazena os dados coletados, distribuindo-os em linhas e colunas^[Ou seja, planilhas são "matrizes de dados".]. Em planilhas eletrônicas, geralmente, as linhas são numeradas e as colunas são indicadas por letras maiúsculas.
```{r fig-plan_eletro, fig.margin = TRUE, fig.cap = "Célula D2, no cruzamento da coluna D com a linha 2.", fig.width=1.5, fig.height=1.5, cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'planilha_eletro.png'))
```
__Exemplo:__ considere o exemplo adaptado de [@morettin_estatistica_2017]. Um pesquisador está interessado em fazer um levantamento sobre alguns aspectos socioeconômicos dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB, um grupo de 15 pessoas. Temos a seguinte planilha (Fig. 2) para registrar os dados do grupo.
```{r fig-plan_fis, fig.cap = "Planilha física para o registro dos dados do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.", cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'planilha_fisica.png'))
```
- __Dados brutos__ são os dados na forma em que foram coletados, sem qualquer tipo de tratamento.
Após a coleta de dados, o pesquisador tem em sua planilha o registro dos dados brutos (Fig. 3).
```{r fig-dados_brutos, fig.cap = "Planilha com o registro dos dados brutos do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. EF, EM e S representam Ensino Fundamental, Ensino Médio e Superior, respectivamente.", cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'dados_brutos.png'))
```
- O que podemos falar sobre as variáveis coletadas?
- Qual a informação podemos apresentar sobre os dados coletados?
Para responder tais perguntadas, precisaremos __resumir__ os dados de alguma forma. Na próxima seção discutiremos a etapa de __apuração dos dados__.
- __Exercício:__ construa a planilha para o registro do levantamento dos dados planejado nas aulas anteriores.
# Apuração dos dados
- __Apuração__ é o processo de retirar os dados da planilha e organizá-los, para apresentação.
No exemplo apresentado anteriormente, foram coletadas as seguintes variáveis: estado civil, grau de instrução, número de filhos, salário, idade e região de procedência. Note que estas são variáveis de diferentes tipos^[__Exercício:__ classifique cada uma destas variáveis em _qualitativa nominal_, _qualitativa ordinal_, _quantitativa discreta_ e _quantitativa contínua_.].
## Apuração de dados nominais
Se quisermos saber quantos solteiros e quantos casados trabalham na seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB devemos escrever os valores possíveis da variável _estado civil_^[__Pergunta:__ a ordem de escrita dos valores possíveis da variável _estado civil_ importa? Por que?].
```{r fig-apura_0, cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_0.png'))
```
Logo após, precisamos inspecionar cada registro da tabela de dados brutos e marcar um traço ao lado de _solteiro_, para cada indivíduo solteiro inspecionado, e um traço ao lado de _casado_ para cada indivíduo casado inspecionado. A cada quatro traços, corta-se com um traço, e este conjunto representa uma contagem de cinco indivíduos ^[No inglês, _tally marks_ (marcas de registro).].
```{r fig-apura_1, cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_1.png'))
```
Desta forma, verificamos que na seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB trabalham oito solteiros e sete casados. Duas outras formas alternativas de se fazer a apuração dos dados são apresentadas a seguir^[__Comentário:__ é fácil apurar uma pequena massa de dados, como no caso do exemplo. Já uma grande massa de dados tornará a tarefa difícil e entediante. Além disso, com um grande volume de dados, a _probabilidade_ de incorrermos em erros aumenta! Necessitaremos do auxílio de _pacotes estatísticos_!].
```{r fig-apura_2, cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', purl=FALSE}
library(cowplot)
library(ggplot2)
p1 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'apura_2.png'), scale = 0.9)
p2 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'apura_3.png'), scale = 0.9)
plot_grid(p1, p2)
```
## Apuração de dados ordinais
Para apurar dados de grau de instrução (variável qualitativa ordinal), o procedimento é similar ao adotado para apurar dados nominais. A diferença é que, para dados ordinais, __impõe-se uma ordem__. Contudo, a apuração se faz por contagem.
```{r fig-apura_4, cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_4.png'))
```
## Apuração de dados discretos
Para apurar o número de filhos (variável quantitativa discreta), também devemos fazer uma contagem. Escrevemos os resultados respeitando a ordem numérica.
```{r fig-apura_5, cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'apura_5.png'))
```
## Apuração de dados contínuos
Em geral, os dados contínuos são apresentados na forma como foram coletados, porque assumem valores diferentes, mesmo em amostras pequenas. É o caso da variável idade no exemplo considerado: os empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB tinham idades diferentes. No entanto, é possível organizar as idades por faixas, como veremos nas aulas seguintes.
# Exercícios
Faça uma pequena coleta de dados incluindo pelo menos uma variável de cada tipo (_qualitativa nominal_, _qualitativa ordinal_, _quantitativa discreta_ e _quantitativa contínua_).
1. Organize uma planilha (física ou eletrônica) para o registro dos dados coletados.
2. Faça a coleta e preencha a planilha para obter os dados brutos.
3. Faça a apuração dos dados e comente brevemente sobre os resultados encontrados.
# Complementa`R`
Esta seção é complementar. São apresentadas algumas poucas funções em `R` relacionadas a discussão da aula. Para tal, vamos utilizar o exemplo original de [@morettin_estatistica_2017] sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. A planilha eletrônica correspondente encontra-se no arquivo `companhia_mb.xlsx`. Vamos começar carregando os dados para o `R`. Existem várias formas de se carregar __arquivos de dados__ em diferentes no `R`. Como arquivo de interesse encontra-se no formato do Excel (xlsx), vamos utilizar a função `read_excel` do pacote `readxl`^[Caso você não tenha o pacote, instale-o:`install.packages("readxl")`.].
```{r carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
```
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
```
Note que o objeto `dados` é uma tabela de dados bruto.
```{r carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
```
A função `table` retorna contagens dos valores de cada variável, e portanto, podemos utilizar esta função para a apuração dos dados.
```{r apuracao, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
table(dados$`Estado Civil`) # apura dados nominais
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`) # apura dados ordinais
table(dados$`N de Filhos`) # apura dados discretos
dados$Idade # apura dados contínuos
```
<!-- # Distribuição de frequências --><file_sep>## ----carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------
## # install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
## ----carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------------------
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
## ----carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------------------
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
## ----freqs, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
table(dados$`Estado Civil`)
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
table(dados$`N de Filhos`)
## ----freqs2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dados$Idade.classes <- cut(x = dados$Idade, breaks = c(20, 29, 39, 49), include.lowest = TRUE)
table(dados$Idade.classes)
## ----freqs3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
table(dados$`Estado Civil`) / 36
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`) / length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
## ----freqs4, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`))
## ----porcentagem, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------------------------
prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100
## ----porcentagem2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------------------
round(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100, digits = 2)
## ----freqcum, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cumsum(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`))
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)))
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`)) * 100)
cumsum(round(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100, digits = 2))
## ----freqtab, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------------------------------
df.freq <- data.frame(Idade = unique(dados$Idade.classes),
Freq = as.numeric(table(dados$Idade.classes)),
FreqRel = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
Porcentagem = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100),
FreqAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
FreqRelAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)))))
df.freq
## ----freqtab2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# install.packages("summarytools")
summarytools::freq(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
<file_sep>## ----mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
library(ggplot2)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
## ----sal_grupo, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------------------------
mb_df_arrange <- mb_df %>%
dplyr::select("N" ,`Salario (x Sal Min)`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
arrange(`Grau de Instrução`)
mb_df_arrange[1:18,] %>%
kable(#caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c',
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "latex") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[1:18,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"), background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[1:18,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"), background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[1:18,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"), background = "lightyellow")
## ----sal_grupo2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------
mb_df_arrange[19:36,] %>%
kable(#caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c',
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "latex") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[19:36,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"), background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[19:36,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"), background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[19:36,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"), background = "lightyellow")
## ----sal_grupo_res, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------
tab <- mb_df_arrange %>%
group_by(`Grau de Instrução`) %>%
summarize(n = n(),
`Média` = mean(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`D. Padrão` = sd(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Variância` = var(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Min` = min(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Q1` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.25),
`Q2` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.5),
`Q3` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.75),
`Max` = max(`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
)
tab2 <- mb_df_arrange %>%
summarize(n = n(),
`Média` = mean(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`D. Padrão` = sd(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Variância` = var(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Min` = min(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Q1` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.25),
`Q2` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.5),
`Q3` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.75),
`Max` = max(`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
)
tab2$`Grau de Instrução` <- "Global"
tab2 <- tab2[c(names(tab2)[10],names(tab2)[-10])]
tab <- rbind(tab, tab2)
kable(tab,
caption = "Medidas-resumo para a variável salário, segundo o grau de instrução, na Companhia MB.",
align = 'c', digits = c(0,0,rep(2,8)),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "latex") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(1, background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(2, background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(3, background = "lightyellow")
## ----sal_bp, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"---------------------
mb_df_arrange$cor <- NULL
mb_df_arrange$cor <- ifelse(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental", "lightsalmon", ifelse(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio", "lightblue", "lightyellow"))
bp <- ggplot(data = mb_df_arrange,
mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`,
y = `Salario (x Sal Min)`)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = c("lightsalmon", "lightblue", "lightyellow")) +
theme_bw()
bp
## ----iris, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE-------------------------------------------------------------
set.seed(1000)
iris_ex_1 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "setosa") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex_2 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "versicolor") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex_3 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "virginica") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex <- rbind(iris_ex_1, iris_ex_2)
iris_ex <- rbind(iris_ex, iris_ex_3)
iris_ex %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c', col.names = c("comprimento da sépala", "largura da sépala", "comprimento da pétala", "largura da pétala", "espécie"),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "pandoc")
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuições bidimensionais"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Apresentação {.allowframebreaks}
- Até o presente momento vimos como organizar, resumir e apresentar informações referentes a uma __única variável__.
- Muito do interesse em se coletar diversas variáveis em um levantamento estatístico está em analisar o \structure{comportamento conjunto} de __duas ou mais variáveis__.
- Algumas questões de pesquisa, relacionadas a este objetivo, que podem ser listadas:
- As variáveis estão relacionadas \structure{(associadas, correlacionadas)}?
- Como caraterizar esta realação?
- Qual a força desta relação?
- Nestas breves notas de aula vamos apresentar formas de organização e apresentação de \structure{distribuições bidimensionais}^[Distribuições de duas variáveis. Nestas notas de aula nos concentraremos no caso de duas variáveis, mas tais ideias podem ser generalizados para o caso de mais que duas variáveis.] de frequências, assim como o cálculo e interpretação de medidas resumo.
# Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando consideramos duas variáveis^[Ou ainda, dois grupos em que as mesmas variáveis foram mensuradas, formando dois conjuntos de dados. Exemplo: a atividade física é mensurada (por algum instrumento de medida: questionário de hábitos de vida; acelerômetro) em dois grupos de indivíduos: fumantes e não-fumantes.], podemos ter três situações:
- As duas variáveis são qualitativas;
- As duas variáveis são quantitativas;
- Uma variável é qualitativa e outra é quantitativa.
- As técnicas de análise de dados nas três situações são diferentes.
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando as variáveis são qualitativas, os dados são resumidos e apresentados em __tabelas de dupla entrada__^[Também conhecidas como __tabelas de contingência__.].
- Quando as duas variáveis são quantitativas, __gráficos de dispersão__ são apropriados.
- Quando temos uma variável qualitativa e outra quantitativa, em geral, analisamos o que acontece com a variável quantitativa agrupada em classes^[Ou seja, a variável qualitativa é interpretada como uma variável de grupo de observações.].
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Contudo, em todas as situações, o objetivo é encontrar as possíveis relações __(associações)__ entre as duas variáveis.
- Essas relações podem ser detectadas por meio de métodos gráficos e medidas resumo.
- Interpretaremos a existência de associação como uma \structure{``mudança''} de opinião sobre o comportamento de uma variável na presença de informação sobre a segunda variável.
\framebreak
:::{.block}
### Exemplificando
Os clientes de um serviço de __Streaming__ têm a __comédia__ como gênero preferido de filme. Se estratificamos os clientes entre _jovens_ e _idosos_, esta preferência se mantém a mesma nos dois grupos?
+ Se a preferência por gênero de filme muda entre as faixas etárias, então temos uma __associação__ entre as variáveis __idade__ e __preferência por gênero de filme__.
Tal informação pode ser utilizada para a definição de campanhas de _marketing_ específicas para cada faixa etária, com sugestões "mais precisas".
:::
# Variáveis qualitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Considere como exemplo o conjunto de dados coletados de empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB [@bussab_estatistica_2017]. Suponha que queiramos analisar o comportamento conjunto das variáveis __grau de instrução__ e __região de procedência__.
\footnotesize
```{r mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
mb_df %>%
select(N ,`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
# slice_head(n = 10) %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.", format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- A __distribuição conjunta de frequências__ é apresentada logo a seguir, na tabela de dupla entrada:
\footnotesize
```{r tab_dupla, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(kableExtra)
tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
addmargins()
row.names(tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(tab,
caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.", align = "cccc", format = "latex") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
Note que cada elemento do corpo da tabela fornece a frequência observada das __realizações simultâneas__ de __Região de Procedência__ ($X$) e __Grau de Instrução__ ($Y$).
- Assim, observamos quatro indivíduos da capital com ensino fundamental, sete do interior com ensino médio, etc.
- A __linha dos totais__ fornece a \structure{distribuição (unidimensional)} da variável __Grau de Instrução__, ao passo que a __coluna dos totais__ fornece a \structure{distribuição} da variável __Região de Procedência__.
- As distribuições assim obtidas são chamadas tecnicamente de __distribuições marginais__, enquanto a tabela do slide anterior constitui a __distribuição conjunta__^[Podemos concluir que a partir da distribuição conjunta das variáveis ($n_{ij}$) é possível obter as distribuições marginais de cada uma das variáveis, somando os elementos da linha ($n_{i\cdot} = \sum_{j = 1}^J{n_{ij}},\ i = 1, \ldots, I$), ou da coluna ($n_{\cdot j} = \sum_{i = 1}^I{n_{ij}},\ j = 1, \ldots, J$). Por outro lado, não é possível obter a distribuição conjunta a partir das distribuições marginais.] de $X$ e $Y$.
## Variáveis qualitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Assim como no caso unidimensional, podemos ter interesse não só em __frequências absolutas__, mas também em __frequências relativas__ e __porcentagens__.
- Mas aqui existem três possibilidades de expressarmos a proporção de cada casela:
- Em relação ao total geral;
- Em relação ao total de cada linha;
- Em relação ao total de cada coluna.
- De acordo com o objetivo do problema em estudo, uma delas será a mais conveniente.
\framebreak
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'percent_linha.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'percent_coluna.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
- A tabela a seguir apresenta a distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas, expressas como
proporções do total geral.
- Ou seja, cada elemento da tabela abaixo é obtido pela divisão da frequência absoluta (apresenta na tabela anterior) pelo total de observações, $n = 36$ (e multiplicação por $100$).
\footnotesize
```{r percent_tot_geral, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table() %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0,
caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação ao total geral das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.",
align = "cccc",
format = "latex") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Podemos, então, afirmar que \structure{11\%} dos funcionários __vêm da capital e possuem o ensino fundamental__.
- Os totais nas margens fornecem as distribuições unidimensionais de cada uma das variáveis.
+ Por exemplo, 31% dos indivíduos vêm da capital, 33% do interior e 36% de outras regiões.
\framebreak
- A tabela seguinte apresenta a distribuição das proporções em relação ao total das colunas.
- Os elementos da coluna de _ensino fundamental_ foram obtidos por dividir as frequências absolutas ($4$, $3$ e $5$) por $12$, o total desta coluna.
\footnotesize
```{r percent_tot_coluna, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab,
digits = 0,
caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de colunas das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.",
align = "cccc",
format = "latex") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Podemos dizer que, entre os empregados com instrução até o ensino fundamental, 33% vêm da capital, ao passo que entre os empregados com ensino médio, 28% vêm da capital.
- Esse tipo de tabela serve para comparar a distribuição da procedência dos indivíduos conforme o grau de
instrução.
- Se tivéssemos interesse em comparar a distribuição do grau de instrução dos indivíduos conforme a procedência, então calcularíamos as frequências relativas em relação aos totais das linhas^[__Sua vez:__ construa a distribuição conjunta de frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de linhas.].
## Variáveis qualitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma forma alternativa de apresentação da distribuição conjunta de duas variáveis qualitativas é feita por meio de gráficos.
- Em geral, utiliza-se o \structure{gráfico de barras}.
\framebreak
```{r barras, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="90%"}
library(ggplot2)
library(viridis)
library(reshape2)
mb_gg <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 1) %>% melt()
mb_gg <- mb_gg %>%
group_by(`Região de Procedência`) %>%
mutate(value_pos = cumsum(value) - (0.5 * value)) %>%
mutate(value_lab = round(value * 100, 1))
p <- ggplot(data = mb_gg,
mapping = aes(x = `Região de Procedência`,
y = value)) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(fill = rev(`Grau de Instrução`)),
stat = "identity") +
geom_text(mapping = aes(y = value_pos, label = value_lab),
col = "white", vjust = 0) +
scale_fill_viridis(discrete = T) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
labs(y = "Frequências relativas", fill = "Grau de Instrução") +
theme_bw() + theme(legend.position = "bottom")
p
```
\framebreak
- Uma pergunta frequente de pesquisadores e usuários de Estatística é sobre a associação entre duas variáveis.
- Buscar explicar como se comporta uma variável em função da distribuição de outra tem sido o objetivo de vários estudos que utilizam a Estatística como ferramenta auxiliar.
- Em outras palavras, a distribuição de frequências da variável $Y$ muda de acordo com o nível (categoria) da variável $X$?
- Em caso afirmativo, diremos que as variáveis são __associadas__, ou dependem uma da outra.
- Caso contrário, diremos que as variáveis são __independentes__, e portanto, não há associação entre as variáveis.
\framebreak
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'associacao_mascara_covid.jpg'))
```
[Estudo da UFRGS mostra que uso de máscara reduz em 87% a chance de contrair covid-19](https://www.ufrgs.br/coronavirus/base/estudo-da-ufrgs-mostra-que-uso-de-mascara-reduz-em-87-a-chance-de-contrair-covid-19/)
\framebreak
- __Exemplo:__ em setembro de 2019, o jornalismo esportivo divulgava os resultados das partidas disputas pelo Grêmio.
+ Uma questão era observada pelos especialistas: sem o jogador Maicon, o Grêmio tinha apresentado um desempenho pior.
+ Na tabela a seguir são apresentadas as frequências relativas (em porcentagem) de 52 partidas disputadas até aquele momento.
\footnotesize
```{r gremio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
tab <- matrix(c(10, 9, 4, 17, 7, 5),
byrow = T, ncol = 3, dimnames = list(c("Sem Maicon", "Com Maicon"),
c("Vitórias", "Empates", "Derrotas")))
prop.tab <- addmargins(prop.table(addmargins(tab, margin = 1), margin = 1), margin = 2) * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[3] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 2,
caption = "Resultados dos jogos do Grêmio em 2019.",
align = "cccc",
format = "latex", format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Note que as frequências são relativas a linha.
- Assim, observamos que sem considerar que Maicon jogou, o jogo resulta em vitória do Grêmio em aproximadamente 52% das vezes.
- Mas, quando Maicon está em campo esta porcentagem muda para aproximadamente 59%.
- Quando ele não está em campo, a porcentagem de vitórias cai para 43%.
\framebreak
- Assim, poderíamos concluir que a presença de Maicon no jogo foi importante para o desempenho do time do Grêmio no ano de 2019.
- Em outras palavras, as variáveis _resultado do jogo do Grêmio_ e _escalação do time do Grêmio_ são associadas (ou dependentes), pois a distribuição de frequências da variável _resultado do jogo do Grêmio_ muda conforme o nível (categoria) da variável _escalação do time do Grêmio_^[Um caminho natural a partir deste resultado seria quantificar o grau de dependência entre estas variáveis. A medida resumo mais utilizada é __coeficiente de contingência__, mais conhecido como o $\chi^2$ de Pearson. Não apresentaremos nestas notas o coeficiente de contingência, mas recomendamos a leitura complementar deste.].
## Próxima aula
- Distribuições bivariadas: variáveis quantitativas.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-final02.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------
## # install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("companhia_mb.xlsx"))
## ----carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
## ----carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
## ----exetremos, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------
min(dados$Idade)
max(dados$Idade)
range(dados$Idade)
## ----amplitude, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------
diff(range(dados$Idade))
## ----extremos2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------
min(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
max(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
## ----var, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------------
var(dados$Idade)
sd(dados$Idade)
sqrt(var(dados$Idade))
## ----cv, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------
sd(dados$Idade)/mean(dados$Idade)
## ----quantis, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------
quantile(dados$Idade,
probs = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.75))
## ----boxplot, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width='70%', fig.align='center'-----------------
boxplot(dados$Idade,
ylab = "Idade", col = "gold", border = "purple")
## ----boxplot2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width='70%', fig.align='center'----------------
boxplot(Idade ~ `Estado Civil`, data = dados,
ylab = "Idade", col = "gold", border = "purple")
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Medidas de tendência central (continuação)"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Mediana
## Mediana {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{mediana}, geralmente representada por \structure{$md$}, é o valor de \structure{$x$}, em uma \structure{série ordenada de dados}, que divide a série em dois subgrupos de igual tamanho.
- Considere que observamos as notas de cinco alunos:
- André: nota 5,0;
- Carla: nota 5,5;
- Eliana: nota 8,5;
- Júlio: nota 7,0;
- Pedro: nota 8,0.
\framebreak
- Para obter a mediana desde conjunto de dados, primeiro ordenamos de maneira crescente as notas observadas:
$$
5,0; 5,5; \textcolor{blue}{7,0}; 8,0; 8,5
$$
- A mediana é o valor que está no centro, ou seja, \structure{$7,0$}^[A mediana é também definida por alguns autores como o __valor que ocupa a posição central__ de um __conjunto de dados ordenados__.].
- Como interpretação, temos que metade das notas da turma estão abaixo de 7, e metade estão acima de 7.
## Mediana {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma característica importante da mediana é a de que ela \structure{não é afetada} pelos extremos da série.
- No exemplo anterior, se observássemos a nota $3,5$ para o aluno André e $9,0$ para a aluna Eliana, a mediana continuaria sendo o valor $7,0$:
$$
3,5; 5,5; \textcolor{blue}{7,0}; 8,0; 9,0
$$
\framebreak
- Para calcular a mediana, \structure{ordenamos os dados} para que se possa identificar em que posição ela se localiza.
```{r fig.align='center', echo=FALSE, out.width="70%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'median_w5vxxo.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
- Em grandes conjuntos de dados, a \structure{posição da mediana}, ou seja, a posição central na versão ordenada deste conjunto, é encontrada facilmente por intermédio do seguinte cálculo:
$$
\frac{n + 1}{2}.
$$
- \structure{Exemplo:} em uma amostra de 35 medidas de estatura ($n = 35$), a mediana é o o valor que encontra-se no (35+1)/2 = 18 da __série dos dados ordenados__^[Lembre: para encontrarmos a mediana de uma distribuição é necessário ordenarmos os dados do conjunto observado.].
## Mediana
- Quando o conjunto contiver um __número par__ de elementos, a __mediana é a média dos dois valores centrais__ (do cojunto ordenado).
+ Assim, se observamos os seguintes valores para uma certa variável:
$$
1, 3, 7, 98
$$
- A mediana está na posição 2,5^[De maneira mais formal, a mediana está entre as posições 2 e 3 da série de dados ordenados.], e portanto, a mediana é a média dos valores centrais $md = (3+7)/2 = 5$^[__Sua vez!__ Calcule a mediana de altura da sua casa.].
## Mediana em tabelas de frequências com agrupamento simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Considere mais uma vez o exemplo do __número de carburadores__ em um conjunto de 32 modelos de automóveis.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
mtcars_pe <- mtcars[,-3]
freq_table_carb <- as.data.frame(table(mtcars_pe$carb))
freq_table_carb[,1] <- as.character(freq_table_carb[,1])
aux <- data.frame(Var1 = as.character("Total"), Freq = sum(freq_table_carb$Freq))
freq_table_carb <- rbind(freq_table_carb, aux)
names(freq_table_carb) <- c("Número de carburadores $(x_i)$", "$n_i$")
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l','c'), digits = c(0,0),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\framebreak
- Note que os valores já estão ordenados.
- Como o conjunto possui \structure{32} elementos, e portanto \structure{$n$ é par}, a fórmula \structure{$(n + 1)/2 = (32 + 1)/2$} nos diz que a mediana está entre as posições \structure{$16$} e \structure{$17$}.
- A mediana será a média dos valores destas duas posições.
- A frequência acumulada (\structure{$n_{ac}$}) pode nos ajudar.
\framebreak
\footnotesize
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
freq_table_carb$"$n_{ac}$" <- cumsum(freq_table_carb$"$n_i$")
freq_table_carb$"$n_{ac}$"[length(freq_table_carb$"$n_{ac}$")] <- NA
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l','c', 'c'), digits = c(0,0,0),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\normalsize
- Percebemos que ambas as posições assumem o valor 2, e assim, $md = (2 + 2)/2 = 2$.
\framebreak
- Uma forma alternativa para se obter a mediana quando os dados estão agrupados é usar a frequência acumulada relativa (\structure{$f_{ac}$}).
- O valor de \structure{$x$} para o qual \structure{$f_{ac} = 0,5$} é a mediana, pois metade dos valores é igual ou menor \structure{$f_{ac}^{-1}(x)$}.
\footnotesize
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
freq_table_carb$"$f_i$" <- freq_table_carb$`$n_i$`/sum(freq_table_carb$`$n_i$`[-length(freq_table_carb$"$n_{ac}$")])
freq_table_carb$"$f_{ac}$" <- cumsum(freq_table_carb$"$f_i$")
freq_table_carb$"$f_{ac}$"[length(freq_table_carb$"$n_{ac}$")] <- NA
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l','c', 'c', 'c', 'c'), digits = c(0,0,0,2,2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\normalsize
- Na tabela acima, `r round(freq_table_carb$"$f_{ac}$"[1]*100)`% são iguais ou menores que 1 e `r round(freq_table_carb$"$f_{ac}$"[2]*100)`% são iguais ou menores do que 2; logo, a mediana é 2.
## Mediana em tabelas de frequências com dados agrupados por intervalos {.allowframebreaks}
Quando os dados estiverem organizados em intervalos de classe, os valores individuais não podem ser identificados.
Nesse caso, pode-se \structure{estimar} a mediana usando a seguinte expressão:
$$
md = LIR_{md} +h\left(\frac{n/2 - n_{ac}^{(ant)}}{n_{md}}\right),
$$
em que
- $LIR_{md}$: limite inferior real do intervalo que contém a mediana;
- $h$: amplitude do intervalo;
- $n$: tamanho da amostra;
- $n_{ac}^{(ant)}$: frequência absoluta acumulada no intervalo anterior ao que contém a mediana;
- $n_{md}$: frequência absoluta simples no intervalo que contém a mediana.
\framebreak
- Assim, como nos casos anteriores, o primeiro passo é encontrar a posição do valor central do conjunto de dados ordenados pela fórmula $(n + 1)/2$, e em seguida, encontrar a classe em que a mediana se encontra utilizando a frequência acumulada.
- Como exemplo, utilizaremos os dados de idades de 30 crianças de uma escola.
\footnotesize
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
idade <- c("5,5 $\\vdash$ 6,5",
"6,5 $\\vdash$ 7,5",
"7,5 $\\vdash$ 8,5",
"8,5 $\\vdash$ 9,5",
"Total")
f <- c(1, 20, 7, 2, 30)
n <- c(1, 21, 28, 30, NA)
df <- data.frame(idade, f, n)
kable(x = df, col.names = c("Idade (anos)", "$n_i$", "$n_{ac}$"),
align = c('l','c', 'c'), digits = c(0,0,0))
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Neste exemplo, a mediana está entre as posições \structure{15} e \structure{16}, pois \structure{$(30 + 1)/2 = 15,5$}.
- Esse valor encontra-se no intervalo \structure{$6,5 \vdash 7,5$}, porque ali estão desde o 2º até o 20º valor deste conjunto de dados (ordenados).
- Então, estima-se a idade mediana como:
$$
md = 6,5 + 1,0\times \left(\frac{30/2 - 1}{20}\right) = 7,2.
$$
- Este resultado nos informa que metade das crianças desta escola, que coletamos informação, tem idade superior a 7,2 anos.
- __Sua vez!__ Calcule a mediana do __Teste de Desempenho Escolar__ (TDE; exercício da aula passada).
# Moda
## Moda {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{moda} é o \structure{valor mais frequente} (que apresenta a maior frequência) de uma série de valores^[Note que esta medida de tendência central se aplica a dados qualitativos, pois se refere às frequências da distribuição. Já a média se aplica apenas para dados quantitativos. Pense por um minuto na média da variável _cor dos olhos_. Faz algum sentido?].
- \structure{Exemplo:} considere que em uma certa quadra da cidade observamos as cores das faixadas das casas:
\footnotesize
$$
\color{yellow}{amarela}, \color{orange}{laranja}, \color{orange}{laranja}, \color{yellow}{amarela}, \color{green}{verde}, \color{yellow}{amarela}, \color{orange}{laranja}, \color{green}{verde}, \color{orange}{laranja}, \color{orange}{laranja}
$$
\normalsize
- A cor laranja é a __moda__ nesta quadra, pois apresenta a maior frequência (5).
## Moda {.allowframebreaks}
- \structure{Exemplo:} considere novamente o exemplo do número de carburadores.
+ Temos que 10 carros apresentam dois carburadores e 10 carros apresentam quatro carburadores.
+ Assim, temos \structure{duas modas}, ou dizemos que a distribuições do __número de carburadores__ é \structure{bimodal}, com uma moda em \structure{2} e outra em \structure{4}.
\framebreak
- Quando os dados estão apresentados em intervalos de classe, costuma-se indicar um \structure{intervalo modal}.
- No exemplo de __milhas por galão__ a classe \structure{$14,3 \vdash 18,2$} é o intervalo modal, pois apresenta maior frequência (10).
- __Sua vez!__ Encontre o intervalo modal do exemplo do __Teste de Desempenho Escolar__ (TDE; exercício da aula passada).
# Complementa`R`
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
```{r fig.align='right', message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="15%", purl=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'teclado.png'))
```
###
Esta seção é complementar. São apresentadas algumas poucas funções em `R` relacionadas a discussão da aula. Para tal, vamos utilizar o exemplo original de [@bussab_estatistica_2017] sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. A planilha eletrônica correspondente encontra-se no arquivo `companhia_mb.xlsx`. Vamos começar carregando os dados para o `R`. Existem várias formas de se carregar __arquivos de dados__ em diferentes no `R`. Como arquivo de interesse encontra-se no formato do Excel (xlsx), vamos utilizar a função `read_excel` do pacote `readxl`^[Caso você não tenha o pacote, instale-o:`install.packages("readxl")`.].
## Complementa`R` {.allowframebreaks}
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
```
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
```
\normalsize
- Note que o objeto `dados` é uma tabela de dados bruto.
\footnotesize
```{r carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
```
\normalsize
- A função `mean` calcula a média aritmética de um conjunto de dados.
\footnotesize
```{r medias, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
mean(dados$Idade)
mean(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
```
\normalsize
- No caso em que a variável possui __dados ausentes__, como é o caso da variável _número de filhos_, precisamos utilizar o argumento `na.rm = TRUE` para remover os dados ausentes do conjunto antes de calcular a média.
\footnotesize
```{r medias2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
mean(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
```
\normalsize
- A mediana de um conjunto de dados pode ser obtida utilizando a função `median`.
\footnotesize
```{r medianas, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
median(dados$Idade)
median(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
median(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
```
\normalsize
- A moda pode ser obtida observando-se a maior frequência em uma tabela de frequências.
\footnotesize
```{r freqs, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
table(dados$`Estado Civil`)
```
\normalsize
- Casado é a moda na seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. Outra possibilidade é recuperar a maior frequência do vetor de frequências utilizando a função `which.max`.
\footnotesize
```{r modas, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
which.max(table(dados$`Região de Procedência`))
which.max(table(dados$`N de Filhos`))
```
\normalsize
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 1 a 3 do Capítulo 8.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 135-136.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, calcule médias, modas e medianas, de acordo com a classificação das variáveis. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Médias ponderada, geométrica e harmônica.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-barras04.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>library(ggplot2)
library(UsingR)
# Diamonds
data("diamonds")
writexl::write_xlsx(x = diamonds, path = here::here("data", "diamonds.xlsx"))
# mpg
data("mpg")
writexl::write_xlsx(x = mpg, path = here::here("data", "mpg.xlsx"))
# msleep
data("msleep")
writexl::write_xlsx(x = msleep, path = here::here("data", "msleep.xlsx"))
# babies
data("babies")
writexl::write_xlsx(x = babies, path = here::here("data", "babies.xlsx"))
# House Sales in Tyne and Wear
housing <- readxl::read_excel(path = here::here("data", "Rogerson Chapter 2 Key.xlsx"),
sheet = "Housing Data")
writexl::write_xlsx(x = housing, path = here::here("data", "housing.xlsx"))
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuições bidimensionais"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Uma variável qualitativa e uma variável quantitativa {.allowframebreaks}
- Como mencionado anteriormente, é comum nessas situações analisar o que acontece com a variável quantitativa dentro de cada categoria da variável qualitativa.
- Essa análise pode ser conduzida por meio de medidas-resumo, histogramas ou _boxplots_.
- Consideremos novamente o exemplo dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB, mas agora com o interesse de avaliar a associação entre a variável _salário_ e _grau de instrução_.
\framebreak
\scriptsize
```{r mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
library(ggplot2)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r sal_grupo, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
mb_df_arrange <- mb_df %>%
dplyr::select("N" ,`Salario (x Sal Min)`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
arrange(`Grau de Instrução`)
mb_df_arrange[1:18,] %>%
kable(#caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c',
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "latex") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[1:18,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"), background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[1:18,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"), background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[1:18,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"), background = "lightyellow")
```
\framebreak
```{r sal_grupo2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
mb_df_arrange[19:36,] %>%
kable(#caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c',
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "latex") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[19:36,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"), background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[19:36,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"), background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(which(mb_df_arrange[19:36,]$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"), background = "lightyellow")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Vamos começar organizando em uma tabela as principais medidas resumo da variável salário para cada um dos grupos de escolaridade.
- Ou seja, vamos calcular a média, o desvio padrão e demais medidas resumo considerando apenas os indivíduos com ensino superior.
- Logo em seguida, calcularemos as mesmas medidas considerando apenas os indivíduos com ensino médio.
- E por fim, calcularemos as mesmas medidas considerando apenas os indivíduos com ensino fundamental.
\framebreak
- Assim, a variável grau de instrução define grupos de indivíduos, e descreveremos a distribuição da variável salário para cada um dos grupos.
\tiny
```{r sal_grupo_res, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
tab <- mb_df_arrange %>%
group_by(`Grau de Instrução`) %>%
summarize(n = n(),
`Média` = mean(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`D. Padrão` = sd(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Variância` = var(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Min` = min(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Q1` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.25),
`Q2` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.5),
`Q3` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.75),
`Max` = max(`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
)
tab2 <- mb_df_arrange %>%
summarize(n = n(),
`Média` = mean(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`D. Padrão` = sd(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Variância` = var(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Min` = min(`Salario (x Sal Min)`),
`Q1` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.25),
`Q2` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.5),
`Q3` = quantile(`Salario (x Sal Min)`, 0.75),
`Max` = max(`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
)
tab2$`Grau de Instrução` <- "Global"
tab2 <- tab2[c(names(tab2)[10],names(tab2)[-10])]
tab <- rbind(tab, tab2)
kable(tab,
caption = "Medidas-resumo para a variável salário, segundo o grau de instrução, na Companhia MB.",
align = 'c', digits = c(0,0,rep(2,8)),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "latex") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
row_spec(1, background = "lightsalmon") %>%
row_spec(2, background = "lightblue") %>%
row_spec(3, background = "lightyellow")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- Uma outra forma de apresentarmos a distribuição de salário por grupo de instrução é através do gráfico de _boxplot_.
- Novamente devemos construir cada uma das caixas considerando os dados dos indivíduos de cada um dos grupos.
\framebreak
```{r sal_bp, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"}
mb_df_arrange$cor <- NULL
mb_df_arrange$cor <- ifelse(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental", "lightsalmon", ifelse(mb_df_arrange$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio", "lightblue", "lightyellow"))
bp <- ggplot(data = mb_df_arrange,
mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`,
y = `Salario (x Sal Min)`)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = c("lightsalmon", "lightblue", "lightyellow")) +
theme_bw()
bp
```
\framebreak
- Estes resultados sugerem uma __dependência__ dos salários em relação ao grau de instrução: o salário aumenta conforme aumenta o nível de escolaridade do indivíduo.
- O salário médio de um funcionário é 11,12 (salários mínimos), já para um funcionário com curso superior o salário médio passa a ser 16,48, enquanto funcionários com o ensino fundamental completo recebem, em média, 7,84.
\framebreak
- Como nos casos anteriores, é conveniente poder contar com uma medida que quantifique o __grau de dependência__ entre as variáveis.
- Tal medida pode ser construída a partir das variâncias de grupo e a variância global.
- Sem usar a informação da variável categorizada^[Em nosso exemplo, a variável grau de instrução.], a variância calculada para a variável quantitativa^[Em nosso exemplo, a variável salário.] para todos os dados mede a dispersão dos dados globalmente.
- __Se a variância dentro de cada categoria for pequena e menor do que a global__, significa que a variável qualitativa __melhora a capacidade de previsão__^[Ao saber o grau de instrução conseguimos falar de maneira mais "precisa" sobre o salário dos empregados da Companhia MB?] da quantitativa __e portanto existe uma relação entre as duas variáveis__.
## Uma variável qualitativa e uma variável quantitativa {.allowframebreaks}
- Observe que, para as variáveis salário (denotaremos por $Y$) e grau de instrução, as variâncias de $Y$ dentro das três categorias são menores do que a global^[Lembrando: para o grupo ensino fundamental, $s^2_Y = 8,74$; para o grupo ensino médio, $s^2_Y = 13,80$; para o grupo ensino superior, $s^2_Y = 20,27$; e por fim, para todo o grupo de empregados, $s^2_Y = 21,04$.].
- Necessita-se, então, de uma medida resumo da variância entre as categorias da variável qualitativa.
- Vamos usar a __média das variâncias__ ponderada pelo número de observações em cada categoria, ou seja,
$$
\bar{s^2}_Y = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^k{s^2_j(Y)n_j}}{\sum_{j=1}^k{n_j}},
$$
em que $k$ é o número de categorias ($k = 3$ em nosso exemplo) e $s^2_j(Y)$ denota a variância de $Y$ dentro da categoria $j$, $j = 1, 2, \ldots, k$.
## Uma variável qualitativa e uma variável quantitativa {.allowframebreaks}
- Pode-se mostrar que a média das variâncias é menor ou igual a variância global^[$\bar{s^2}_Y \leq s^2_Y$.], de modo que podemos definir o __grau de associação__ entre as duas variáveis __como o ganho relativo na variância__, obtido pela introdução da variável qualitativa. Explicitamente,
$$
R^2 = \frac{s^2_Y - \bar{s^2}_Y}{s^2_Y} = 1 - \frac{\bar{s^2}_Y}{s^2_Y}.
$$
\framebreak
- Note que $0 \leq R^2 \leq 1$.
- Quanto maior a capacidade preditiva da variável de grupo, menor será a média das variâncias ($\bar{s^2}_Y$) em relação a variância global, e portanto a razão $\frac{\bar{s^2}_Y}{s^2_Y}$ será próxima de zero, enquanto que $R^2$ tenderá a 1.
- Já se a média das variâncias é próxima da variância global, então a razão $\frac{\bar{s^2}_Y}{s^2_Y}$ será próxima de um, enquanto que $R^2$ tenderá a 0. Concluímos então, que:
- $R^2$ alto (valores próximos de 1) indicam forte dependência (associação) entre a variável qualitativa e a variável quantitativa.
- $R^2$ baixo (valores próximos de 0) indicam fraca dependência (associação), ou ausência de associação, entre a variável qualitativa e a variável quantitativa.
\framebreak
- Retomando o exemplo da Companhia MB, temos que
$$
\bar{s^2}_Y = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^3{s^2_j(Y)n_j}}{\sum_{j=1}^3{n_j}} = \frac{12\times 8,74 + 18\times 13,8, + 6 \times 20,27}{12 + 18 + 6} = 13,19,
$$
de modo que
$$
R^2 = 1 - \frac{\bar{s^2}_Y}{s^2_Y} = 1 - \frac{13,19}{21,04} = 0,3731.
$$
e dizemos que 37,31% da variância global do salário é explicada pela variável grau de instrução^[Uma dependência relativamente forte, levando em consideração que dificilmente um $R^2$ próximo de 1 é observado.].
# Exercício {.allowframebreaks}
A tabela a seguir apresenta os dados referentes a uma amostra de 30 flores.
\scriptsize
```{r iris, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
set.seed(1000)
iris_ex_1 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "setosa") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex_2 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "versicolor") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex_3 <- iris %>%
filter(Species == "virginica") %>%
slice_head(n = 10)
iris_ex <- rbind(iris_ex_1, iris_ex_2)
iris_ex <- rbind(iris_ex, iris_ex_3)
iris_ex %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.",
align = 'c', col.names = c("comprimento da sépala", "largura da sépala", "comprimento da pétala", "largura da pétala", "espécie"),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","), format = "pandoc")
```
\normalsize
## Exercício {.allowframebreaks}
- Crie uma nova variável a partir da variável comprimento da pétala, atribuindo valores: __pequeno__ se o comprimento da pétala é menor ou igual que 4,5 e __normal__ se o comprimento da pétala é superior a 4,5. Chame esta variável de _comprimento da pétala categorizado_.
- Construa a tabela de dupla entrada da distribuição conjunta de frequências das variáveis _espécie_ e _comprimento da pétala categorizado_. Você diria que estas variáveis são associadas?
- Construa o gráfico de dispersão das variáveis _comprimento da sépala_ e _largura da sépala_. Calcule o coeficiente de regressão. O que você diria sobre a associação entre estas variáveis?
- Construa o gráfico de dispersão das variáveis _comprimento da sépala_ e _comprimento da pétala_. Calcule o coeficiente de regressão. O que você diria sobre a associação entre estas variáveis?
\framebreak
A partir dos seguintes exercícios, conclua a respeito da associação entre as variáveis _largura da pétala_ e _espécie_.
+ Organize uma tabela com o cálculo de diferentes medidas resumo para descrever a distribuição da variável _largura da pétala_ entre as diferentes _espécies_.
+ Construa um gráfico para apresentar a distribuição a distribuição da variável _largura da pétala_ entre as diferentes _espécies_.
+ Calcule o $R^2$ para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis _largura da pétala_ e _espécie_.
## Próxima aula
- Números índices.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-final04.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------
## # install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
## ----carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
## ----carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
## ----apuracao, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------
table(dados$`Estado Civil`) # apura dados nominais
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`) # apura dados ordinais
table(dados$`N de Filhos`) # apura dados discretos
dados$Idade # apura dados contínuos
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Construção de gráficos"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# Introdução
## Introdução
Nestas notas são apresentados, por meio de exemplos, os conceitos e métodos que devem ser utilizados na construção de gráficos. Serão apresentados:
- os aspectos básicos na construção de gráficos;
- os gráficos mais utilizados para apresentar \structure{distribuições univariadas};
- e uma discussão do apropriado uso de tais gráficos na descrição de dados qualitativos e quantitativos.
# Gráficos
## Gráficos {.allowframebreaks}
- Os dados apresentados em tabelas trazem informações sobre o assunto em estudo.
- No entanto, figuras sempre \structure{causam maior impacto}.
- Para chamar a atenção do leitor, os estatísticos expõem dados em gráficos bem editados e, em geral, \textcolor{red}{co}\textcolor{blue}{lo}\textcolor{green}{ri}\textcolor{orange}{dos}.
- Além disso, os gráficos possuem uma __capacidade de síntese__ que nem sempre uma tabela pode alcançar.
\framebreak
Os gráficos estatísticos devem ter:
- \structure{título}, escrito logo acima do gráfico;
- \structure{fonte} e \structure{notas}, se houver, escritas abaixo do gráfico.
# Apresentação gráfica de dados qualitativos
## Gráfico de barras {.allowframebreaks}
- Podemos construir um \structure{gráficos de barras}\footnote{Algumas referências fazem a distinção entre {\bf gráfico de barra} e {\bf gráfico de colunas}, em que o gráfico de barras refere-se a posição horizontal das barras e gráfico de colunas refere-se ao gráfico com barras verticais. Aqui trataremos os ``dois'' gráficos como {\bf gráfico de barras}.} para apresentar \structure{dados qualitativos} que estão em uma \structure{tabela de distribuição de frequências}.
- Cada categoria da variável é representada na forma de uma \structure{barra} __(um retângulo)__.
## Gráfico de barras {.allowframebreaks}
- Para exemplificarmos o uso do gráfico de barras, vamos utilizar o exemplo adaptado de [@bussab_estatistica_2017] sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB\footnote{Neste caso estamos considerando os 36 empregados, porém alterando as observações de algumas variáveis apenas para fins didáticos.}.
- Considere a variável \structure{``Grau de Instrução''}.
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
library(stringr)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
set.seed(123)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"] <- sample(x = c("fundamental incompleto", "fundamental completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"]), replace = T)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"] <- sample(x = c("médio incompleto", "médio completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"]), replace = T)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"] <- sample(x = c("superior incompleto", "superior completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"]), replace = T)
dados$`Estado Civil` <- str_to_title(dados$`Estado Civil`)
dados$`Grau de Instrução` <- str_to_title(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
dados$`Região de Procedência` <- str_to_title(dados$`Região de Procedência`)
dados$`Grau de Instrução` <- factor(dados$`Grau de Instrução`,
levels = c("Fundamental Incompleto", "Fundamental Completo", "Médio Incompleto", "Médio Completo", "Superior Incompleto", "Superior Completo"))
```
```{r fig-barras1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='75%'}
library(ggplot2)
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count", width = 0.5, aes(fill = I("steelblue"))) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Frequência",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p.barras
```
## Gráfico de barras {.allowframebreaks}
Passos para construir o gráfico de barras da distribuição da variável __Grau de Instrução__:
1. Trace o sistema de eixos cartesianos.
```{r fig-plano-cart, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="80%", out.height='80%', purl=FALSE, fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'plano-cartesiano.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
2. No eixo das abscissas (eixo horizontal), apresente os níveis da variável Grau de Instrução.
3. No eixo das ordenadas (eixo vertical), apresente as frequências dos níveis de Grau de Instrução\footnote{Observe que aqui é necessário ter sido realizada a apuração dos dados, e se possível a tabela de frequências. Os \emph{softwares} estatísticos acabam realizando estas tarefas conjuntamente, mas aqui estamos apresentando os passos para a construção sem que seja necessário o conhecimento de recursos computacionais.}.
4. Faça marcas no eixo das abscissas, de mesma largura e igualmente espaçadas, que serão as bases das barras (retângulos) que irão representar o número de empregados de cada nível da variável Grau de Instrução.
5. Desenhe as barras (retângulos) com bases nas abscissas e alturas dadas pelas frequências de cada categoria da variável Grau de Instrução.
6. Coloque legendas nos eixos, título no gráfico e fonte, quando houver.
- É possível desenhar linhas auxiliares (grades) no interior do gráfico para facilitar a leitura das alturas das barras.
## Gráfico de barras {.allowframebreaks}
- __Exercício:__ construa o gráfico de barras da variável __Grau de Instrução__ do exemplo __adaptado__ de [@bussab_estatistica_2017] (15 empregados da seção de orçamentos) que encontra-se na planilha física das __notas de aula "Organização dos dados"__.
```{r, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="100%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'quadro_preto.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
- O gráfico de barras também pode ser utilizado para apresentar as frequências relativas (ou porcentagens) de um conjunto de dados referentes a uma variável.
```{r fig-barras2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="80%", fig.align='center'}
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count",
width = 0.5,
aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..),
fill = I("lightsalmon"))) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Frequência relativa",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p.barras
```
\framebreak
- Uma forma de auxiliar o leitor na identificação das frequências é apresentar os valores destas no topo das barras\footnote{Em alguns casos, os valores das frequências são apresentados dentro das barras.}.
```{r fig-barras3, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="80%", fig.align='center'}
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count",
width = 0.5,
aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..),
fill = I("#77DD77"))) +
geom_text(aes(label = scales::percent( (..count..)/sum(..count..)),
y = (..count..)/sum(..count..) ), stat = "count", vjust = -.5) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 0.35), labels = scales::percent) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Porcentagem",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p.barras
```
## Gráfico de barras {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando as categorias da variável tiverem nomes extensos, ou a variável apresentar muitas categorias, é conveniente apresentar o gráfico de barras na posição horizontal.
```{r fig-barras4, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="65%", out.height='65%', fig.align='center'}
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count",
width = 0.5,
aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..),
fill = I("#DA70D6"))) +
geom_text(aes(label = scales::percent( (..count..)/sum(..count..)),
y = (..count..)/sum(..count..) ), stat = "count", hjust = -.5) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 0.35), labels = scales::percent) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Porcentagem",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
coord_flip() +
theme_bw()
p.barras
```
\framebreak
Os passos para a construção do gráfico de barras na posição horizontal são semelhantes aos da construção do gráfico de barras na vertical:
1. Trace o sistema de eixos cartesianos.
2. Represente as categorias da variável em estudo na ordenada (eixo vertical).
3. Represente as frequências (absolutas, relativas ou porcentagens) da variável em estudo no eixo das abscissas (eixo horizontal).
4. Construa as barras: as bases ficam no eixo das ordenadas e os comprimentos devem ser iguais às frequências das categorias que elas representam.
5. Escreva legendas, título e a fonte, se houver.
- Outra possibilidade é representar as frequências por bastões (segmentos de reta), ou ainda por outras formas. Uma forma bastante utilizada é conhecida com \structure{gráfico pirulito}.
\framebreak
```{r fig-barras5, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="100%", fig.align='center'}
library(dplyr)
df_barras <- dados %>%
group_by(`Grau de Instrução`) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = 100 * (n / sum(n)))
p.barras <- ggplot(data = df_barras,
mapping = aes(y = `Grau de Instrução`,
x = freq,
label = paste0(round(freq, 0), "%"))) +
geom_segment(aes(x = 0, y = `Grau de Instrução`, xend = freq, yend = `Grau de Instrução`), color = "grey50") +
geom_point(size = 7, color = "#FF5349") +
geom_text(color = "white", size = 2) +
labs(y = "Grau de Instrução",
x = "Porcentagem",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p.barras
```
\framebreak
### Observações
- O gráfico de barras é indicado para representar as frequências de variáveis qualitativas nominais, ordinais e variáveis quantitativas discretas.
- O gráfico de barras também pode ser utilizado para representar médias de grupos. No entanto, esta representação fará mais sentido após a discussão sobre medidas resumo (de tendência central e dispersão) e distribuições bivariadas.
## Gráfico de setores {.allowframebreaks}
- O \structure{gráfico de setores}\footnote{Este gráfico é popularmente conhecido como {\bf gráfico de pizza}, pois lembra a forma de uma pizza redonda cortada em fatias.} é usado para apresentar frequências ou frequências relativas de categorias que constituem partes de um todo (a soma das frequências relativas deve ser obrigatoriamente 100%).
- Como exemplo, considere mais uma vez os dados dos 36 empregados da seção de orçamento da Companhia MB. Veja a seguir a tabela de frequências da variável \structure{``Região de Procedência''}.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(janitor)
df_regiao <- dados %>%
group_by(`Região de Procedência`) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = round(100 * (n / sum(n)), 0)) %>%
adorn_totals("row")
knitr::kable(df_regiao,
col.names = c("Região de Procedência", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Porcentagem"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c'), digits = c(0,0,1))
```
## Gráfico de setores {.allowframebreaks}
- O gráfico de setores correspondente aos dados da tabela é apresentado a seguir.
```{r fig-setores, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE, out.width="80%", fig.align='center'}
#
# p.setores <- ggplot(data = df_regiao, aes(x = "", y = freq, fill = `Região de Procedência`)) +
# geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1) +
# coord_polar("y", start = 0) +
# theme_void() # remove background, grid, numeric labels
p.setores <- ggplot(df_regiao[1:3, ], aes("", freq, fill = `Região de Procedência`)) +
geom_bar(width = 1, size = 1, color = "white", stat = "identity") +
coord_polar("y") +
geom_text(aes(label = paste0(round(freq), "%")),
position = position_stack(vjust = 0.5)) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL, fill = NULL,
title = "Região de Procedência") +
guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc")) +
labs(caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_classic() +
theme(axis.line = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, color = "#666666"))
p.setores
```
\framebreak
Para a construção do gráfico de setores devemos seguir os seguintes passos:
1. Trace uma circunferência\footnote{Lembrando: uma circunferência possui 360º.}.
2. A área do círculo representará o total, ou seja, 100%.
3. Use a \structure{``regra de três''}: se 100% correspondem a 360º, 31% de empregados com origem na \structure{Capital} correspondem a um setor cujo ângulo central $g$ é dado por:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& 100\% \longrightarrow 360^{\text{o}}\\
&& 31\% \longrightarrow g\\
&&\Rightarrow g = \frac{31 \times 360}{100} = 111,6^{\text{o}}
\end{eqnarray*}
## Gráfico de setores {.allowframebreaks}
4. Proceda da mesma forma para calcular os outros ângulos.
+ Para \structure{Interior}:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& 100\% \longrightarrow 360^{\text{o}}\\
&& 33\% \longrightarrow g\\
&&\Rightarrow g = \frac{33 \times 360}{100} = 118,8^{\text{o}}
\end{eqnarray*}
+ Para \structure{Outra} região:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& 100\% \longrightarrow 360^{\text{o}}\\
&& 36\% \longrightarrow g\\
&&\Rightarrow g = \frac{36 \times 360}{100} = 129,6^{\text{o}}
\end{eqnarray*}
\framebreak
5. Marque os valores dos ângulos calculados na circunferência e trace os raios, separando os setores. Um \structure{transferidor} pode auxiliar bastante neste processo.
```{r fig-transferidor, echo=FALSE, out.width="85%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'transferidor.png'))
```
\framebreak
6. Para facilitar a distinção dos setores, use padrões de preenchimento ou cores diferentes.
7. Coloque legenda e título na figura.
\framebreak
### Observações
- O gráfico de setores é adequado para representar frequências de variáveis qualitativas nominais. Quando o número de categorias for muito grande é recomendado o uso de um gráfico de barras no lugar de gráfico de setores, pois a visualização das frequências fica prejudicada.
```{r fig-pizza-ruim, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="60%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='center'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'pizza-ruim.png'))
```
## Gráfico de setores {.allowframebreaks}
### Observações
- Assim como o gráfico de barras, o gráfico de setores apresenta variações na forma (veja a seguir). No entanto, todas estas versões apresentam a mesma informação.
## Gráfico de setores {.allowframebreaks}
```{r fig-variacoes-setores, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="90%", fig.align='center'}
#
# p.setores <- ggplot(data = df_regiao, aes(x = "", y = freq, fill = `Região de Procedência`)) +
# geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1) +
# coord_polar("y", start = 0) +
# theme_void() # remove background, grid, numeric labels
p1 <- ggplot(df_regiao[1:3, ], aes(x = 2, freq, fill = `Região de Procedência`)) +
geom_bar(width = 1, size = 1, color = "white", stat = "identity") +
coord_polar("y") +
geom_text(aes(label = paste0(round(freq), "%")),
position = position_stack(vjust = 0.5)) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL, fill = NULL,
title = "Região de Procedência") +
guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc")) +
theme_classic() +
theme(axis.line = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, color = "#666666")) +
xlim(0.5, 2.5)
p2 <- ggplot(dados, aes(y = "", fill = factor(`Região de Procedência`))) +
geom_bar(width = 1, size = 0.1, color = "white", position = "fill") +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc")) +
# geom_text(data = NULL, aes(label = paste(df_regiao$freq[1:3], "%"),
# x = df_regiao$freq[1:3]), hjust = -.5) +
scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
labs(fill = "Procedência", x = "") +
theme_classic() +
theme(legend.position = 'bottom',
legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank())
library(waffle)
library(hrbrthemes)
p3 <- ggplot(data = df_regiao[1:3,], aes(fill = `Região de Procedência`, values = n)) +
geom_waffle(n_rows = 10, size = 0.33, colour = "white", flip = TRUE) +
scale_fill_manual(
name = "Região de Procedência",
values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc"),
labels = c("Capital", "Interior", "Outra")
) +
coord_equal() +
# theme_ipsum_rc(grid = "") +
theme_enhance_waffle()
library(cowplot)
grid1 <- plot_grid(p1, p2, labels = c('A', 'B'), label_size = 10)
plot_grid(grid1, p3, labels = c('', 'C'), label_size = 10, ncol = 1)
```
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 1 e 2 do Capítulo 5.4 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 75.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, construa gráficos para os dados qualitativos. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Construção de gráficos para dados quantitativos.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-capediem.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----fig-stripchart, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'------------------------
p <- ggplot(dados, aes(x = `N de Filhos`)) +
geom_dotplot(fill = "steelblue") +
labs(x = "Número de filhos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_classic() +
theme(axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank())
p
## ----fig-hist, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'------------------------------
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_histogram(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`, y = ..density..),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), fill = "steelblue", color = "white") +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Densidade de frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----fig-hist2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='60%'-----------------------------
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_histogram(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`, y = I(36 * ..density..)),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), fill = "steelblue", color = "white") +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Densidade de frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
## ----fig-freqpoly, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='90%'--------------------------
p <- ggplot(data = dados) +
geom_freqpoly(mapping = aes(x = `Salario (x Sal Min)`),
breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4), color = I("#DA70D6"), size = 1) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(4, 24, by = 4)) +
labs(x = "Salário (x. sal. mínimo)",
y = "Frequência",
title = "Distribuição salarial da seção de orçamentos",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuição de Frequências"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# Introdução
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma contribuição importante da estatística no manejo das informações foi a criação de procedimentos para a organização e o resumo de grandes quantidades de dados.
- A descrição das variáveis é imprescindível como passo prévio para a adequada interpretação dos resultados de uma investigação, e a metodologia empregada faz parte da estatística descritiva.
- Os dados podem ser organizados em \structure{tabelas} ou \structure{gráficos}. Nestas notas de aula, vamos apresentar como organizar a informação em \structure{tabelas de frequências}.
# Distribuição de Frequências
## Distribuição de Frequências {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados nominais, ordinais e discretos, depois de apurados, devem ser organizados em \structure{tabelas de distribuição de frequências}.
- \structure{Frequência de uma categoria (ou valor)} é o número de vezes que essa categoria (ou valor) ocorre no conjunto de dados (uma amostra ou população)\footnote{{\bf Lembrando:} {\bf população} é o conjunto de todos os elementos que apresentam uma ou mais características em comum. Quando o estudo é realizado com toda a população de interesse, chamaremos este estudo de {\bf censo}. Por motivos de tempo, custo, logística, entre outros, geralmente não é possível realizar um censo. Nestes casos, estudamos apenas uma parcela da população, que chamamos de {\bf amostra}. Amostra é qualquer fração de uma população. Como sua finalidade é representar a população, deseja-se que a amostra escolhida apresente as mesmas características da população de origem, isto é, que seja uma amostra {\bf ``representativa''} ou {\bf ``não tendenciosa''}.}.
## Dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
- Para organizar os dados nominais em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências escreva, na __primeira coluna__, o __nome da variável__ em estudo e logo abaixo, na mesma coluna, as categorias (ou seja, os valores) da variável.
- Na __segunda coluna__, escreva __"Frequência"__, e logo abaixo as frequências das respectivas categorias.
\framebreak
- __Exemplo:__ reveja o exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
+ Anotamos o número de solteiros e casados para organizar os dados em uma tabela de frequências.
+ Para isso, devemos escrever o nome da variável (_Estado civil_) e, em coluna, as categorias (_solteiro_, _casado_).
+ As frequências são 8 empregados solteiros e 7 empregados casados que, somadas, dão um total de 15 empregados.
\framebreak
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
civil <- c(rep("Solteiro", 8), rep("Casado", 7))
library(summarytools)
civil.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(civil, order = "freq")))["Freq"]
civil.tab <- data.frame("estado_civil"= row.names(civil.tab), "freq" = civil.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(civil.tab, col.names = c("Estado civil", "Frequência"))
```
\framebreak
### Observações
1. É comum utilizar a última linha da tabela para expressar o total. Em geral, este deve coincidir com o tamanho do conjunto de dados. Em alguns casos, a variável não foi observada/coletada (_dados ausentes_) para uma ou mais unidades, e portanto, o total deve ser menor que o tamanho do conjunto de dados.
2. Usaremos a \structure{notação $n_i$} para indicar a frequência (absoluta) cada classe, ou categoria, da variável.
## Dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
### Exercício
- Construa a tabela de distribuição de frequências da variável _Região de procedência_ do exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
## Dados ordinais {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados ordinais devem ser organizados em tabelas de distribuição de frequências.
- Escreva, na primeira coluna, o nome da variável em estudo e, logo abaixo, os nomes das categorias em __ordem crescente__\footnote{Nos referimos a ordem das categorias e não das suas frequências.}.
- As frequências devem estar em outra coluna, mas nas linhas das respectivas categorias.
## Dados ordinais {.allowframebreaks}
- Retornando ao exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB, considere a variável _Grau de instrução_.
+ O nome da variável e suas categorias foram escritos na primeira coluna e, na segunda coluna, as respectivas frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
escola <- factor(x = c(rep("Ensino fundamental", 9), rep("Ensino médio", 5), "Superior"))
escola.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(escola)))["Freq"]
escola.tab <- data.frame("escola"= row.names(escola.tab), "freq" = escola.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(escola.tab, col.names = c("Grau de instrução", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Dados discretos {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados discretos também são organizados em tabelas de distribuição de frequências.
- Para isso, os valores que a variável pode assumir são colocados na primeira coluna, em __ordem crescente__.
- O número de vezes que cada valor se repete (a frequência) é escrito em outra coluna, nas linhas respectivas aos valores.
\framebreak
- Mais uma vez, retorne ao exemplo da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
+ O número de filhos dos empregados da seção é apresentado a seguir na distribuição de frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(filhos.tab, col.names = c("Número de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 1, 2 e 3 do Capítulo 3.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, pg. 37-38.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para os dados nominais, ordinais e discretos do seu levantamento estatístico, construa tabelas de frequências e compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Distribuição de frequências __(dados contínuos)__.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-forecast.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
library(fGarch)
r <- rsnorm(1000, xi = 5)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(r, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(-2,5), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(r,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(-2,5))
abline(v = mean(r),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(0.3, 200, "Média")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
library(fGarch)
set.seed(2010)
r <- rsnorm(1000, xi = -5)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(r, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(-5,2), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(r,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(-5,2))
abline(v = mean(r),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(-0.3, 200, "Média")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
set.seed(1020)
x <- sample(x = iris$Petal.Width[iris$Species == "setosa"], size = 30, replace = FALSE)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(x, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(0.1,0.6), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(x,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(0.1,0.6))
abline(v = mean(x),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(0.3, 15, "Média")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="100%", fig.cap='Uma distribuição leptocúrtica.'----
library(rmutil)
set.seed(2010)
m <- rnorm(1000)
p <- rt(1000, df = 8)
l <- rlaplace(1000, s = 0.25)
hist(l,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", breaks = 30, xlim = c(-3,3))
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="100%", fig.cap='Uma distribuição platicúrtica.'----
hist(p,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", breaks = 30, xlim = c(-3,3))
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="100%", fig.cap='Uma distribuição mesocúrtica.'----
hist(m,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", breaks = 30, xlim = c(-3,3))
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
set.seed(1020)
x <- sample(x = iris$Petal.Length[iris$Species == "setosa"], size = 30, replace = FALSE)
layout(mat = matrix(c(1, 2), 2, 1, byrow = TRUE), height = c(1, 8))
par(mar = c(0, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
boxplot(x, horizontal = TRUE, ylim = c(1,2), xaxt = "n" , col = rgb(0.8,0.8,0,0.5) , frame = F)
par(mar=c(4, 3.1, 1.1, 2.1))
hist(x,
xlab = "x", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0.25,0.25,0.5), border = "white", main = "", xlim = c(1,2))
abline(v = mean(x),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(1.6, 12, "Média")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------
library(SemiPar)
library(knitr)
data(pig.weights)
kable(t(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1][1:5]), col.names = paste("Ovelha",1:5), format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
library(SemiPar)
data(pig.weights)
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1],
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,0,1,0.5), border = "white", main = "")
abline(v = mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(28, 15, "Média = 25 kg\n s = 2,47 kg")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas depois da tosa",
ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(1,0,0,0.5), border = "white",
main = "")
abline(v = mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(20, 15, "Média = 17 kg\n s = 2,47 kg")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(1,0,0,0.5), border = "white",
main = "", xlim = c(8, 34))
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1],
col = rgb(0,0,1,0.5), border = "white", add = TRUE)
abline(v = c(mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1] - 8),
mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1])),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
legend("topright",
fill = c(rgb(1,0,0,0.5), rgb(0,0,1,0.5)), border = "white",
c("Depois da tosa", "Antes da tosa"), bty = "n")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas em gestação", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,1,0,0.5), border = "white", main = "")
abline(v = mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
text(40, 10, "Média = 37,5 kg\n s = 3,7 kg")
## ----echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results='asis', fig.align='center', out.width="80%"----------------
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5,
xlab = "Peso de 48 ovelhas", ylab = "Frequência",
col = rgb(0,1,0,0.5), border = "white",
main = "", xlim = c(18, 52))
hist(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1],
col = rgb(0,0,1,0.5), border = "white", add = TRUE)
abline(v = c(mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]),
mean(pig.weights$weight[pig.weights$num.weeks == 1]*1.5)),
lty = 2, col = "red", lwd = 2)
legend("topright",
fill = c(rgb(0,0,1,0.5), rgb(0,1,0,0.5)), border = "white",
c("Antes da gestação", "Na gestação"), bty = "n")
## ----carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------
## # install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
## ----carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------------
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
## ----carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------------------------------
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
## ----exetremos, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE----------------------------------------------------------------------
# install.packages("e1071")
library(e1071)
skewness(dados$Idade)
kurtosis(dados$Idade)
skewness(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
kurtosis(dados$`Salario (x Sal Min)`)
skewness(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
kurtosis(dados$`N de Filhos`, na.rm = TRUE)
<file_sep>## ----carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------------------------------------
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
library(stringr)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
set.seed(123)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"] <- sample(x = c("fundamental incompleto", "fundamental completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino fundamental"]), replace = T)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"] <- sample(x = c("médio incompleto", "médio completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "ensino médio"]), replace = T)
dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"] <- sample(x = c("superior incompleto", "superior completo"), size = length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`[dados$`Grau de Instrução` == "superior"]), replace = T)
dados$`Estado Civil` <- str_to_title(dados$`Estado Civil`)
dados$`Grau de Instrução` <- str_to_title(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
dados$`Região de Procedência` <- str_to_title(dados$`Região de Procedência`)
dados$`Grau de Instrução` <- factor(dados$`Grau de Instrução`,
levels = c("Fundamental Incompleto", "Fundamental Completo", "Médio Incompleto", "Médio Completo", "Superior Incompleto", "Superior Completo"))
## ----fig-barras1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width='75%'--------------------------
library(ggplot2)
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count", width = 0.5, aes(fill = I("steelblue"))) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Frequência",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p.barras
## ----fig-barras2, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="80%", fig.align='center'--------------------------
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count",
width = 0.5,
aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..),
fill = I("lightsalmon"))) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Frequência relativa",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p.barras
## ----fig-barras3, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="80%", fig.align='center'--------------------------
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count",
width = 0.5,
aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..),
fill = I("#77DD77"))) +
geom_text(aes(label = scales::percent( (..count..)/sum(..count..)),
y = (..count..)/sum(..count..) ), stat = "count", vjust = -.5) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 0.35), labels = scales::percent) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Porcentagem",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p.barras
## ----fig-barras4, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="65%", out.height='65%', fig.align='center'--------
p.barras <- ggplot(data = dados, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`)) +
geom_bar(stat = "count",
width = 0.5,
aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..),
fill = I("#DA70D6"))) +
geom_text(aes(label = scales::percent( (..count..)/sum(..count..)),
y = (..count..)/sum(..count..) ), stat = "count", hjust = -.5) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 0.35), labels = scales::percent) +
labs(x = "Grau de Instrução",
y = "Porcentagem",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
coord_flip() +
theme_bw()
p.barras
## ----fig-barras5, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="100%", fig.align='center'-------------------------
library(dplyr)
df_barras <- dados %>%
group_by(`Grau de Instrução`) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = 100 * (n / sum(n)))
p.barras <- ggplot(data = df_barras,
mapping = aes(y = `Grau de Instrução`,
x = freq,
label = paste0(round(freq, 0), "%"))) +
geom_segment(aes(x = 0, y = `Grau de Instrução`, xend = freq, yend = `Grau de Instrução`), color = "grey50") +
geom_point(size = 7, color = "#FF5349") +
geom_text(color = "white", size = 2) +
labs(y = "Grau de Instrução",
x = "Porcentagem",
title = "Escolaridade dos empregados da seção de orçamentos.",
caption = "Fonte: Companhia MB.") +
theme_bw()
p.barras
## ---- echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE---------------------------------------------------------------------------
library(janitor)
df_regiao <- dados %>%
group_by(`Região de Procedência`) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = round(100 * (n / sum(n)), 0)) %>%
adorn_totals("row")
knitr::kable(df_regiao,
col.names = c("Região de Procedência", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Porcentagem"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c'), digits = c(0,0,1))
## ----fig-variacoes-setores, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, out.width="90%", fig.align='center'----------------
#
# p.setores <- ggplot(data = df_regiao, aes(x = "", y = freq, fill = `Região de Procedência`)) +
# geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1) +
# coord_polar("y", start = 0) +
# theme_void() # remove background, grid, numeric labels
p1 <- ggplot(df_regiao[1:3, ], aes(x = 2, freq, fill = `Região de Procedência`)) +
geom_bar(width = 1, size = 1, color = "white", stat = "identity") +
coord_polar("y") +
geom_text(aes(label = paste0(round(freq), "%")),
position = position_stack(vjust = 0.5)) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL, fill = NULL,
title = "Região de Procedência") +
guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc")) +
theme_classic() +
theme(axis.line = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, color = "#666666")) +
xlim(0.5, 2.5)
p2 <- ggplot(dados, aes(y = "", fill = factor(`Região de Procedência`))) +
geom_bar(width = 1, size = 0.1, color = "white", position = "fill") +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc")) +
# geom_text(data = NULL, aes(label = paste(df_regiao$freq[1:3], "%"),
# x = df_regiao$freq[1:3]), hjust = -.5) +
scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
labs(fill = "Procedência", x = "") +
theme_classic() +
theme(legend.position = 'bottom',
legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
axis.title.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank())
library(waffle)
library(hrbrthemes)
p3 <- ggplot(data = df_regiao[1:3,], aes(fill = `Região de Procedência`, values = n)) +
geom_waffle(n_rows = 10, size = 0.33, colour = "white", flip = TRUE) +
scale_fill_manual(
name = "Região de Procedência",
values = c("#ffd700", "#254290", "#bcbcbc"),
labels = c("Capital", "Interior", "Outra")
) +
coord_equal() +
# theme_ipsum_rc(grid = "") +
theme_enhance_waffle()
library(cowplot)
grid1 <- plot_grid(p1, p2, labels = c('A', 'B'), label_size = 10)
plot_grid(grid1, p3, labels = c('', 'C'), label_size = 10, ncol = 1)
## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-capediem.jpg'))
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Medidas de tendência central"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
# Introdução
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- As \structure{medidas de tendência central} (ou \structure{de locação} ou também \structure{de posição}) são \structure{valores} calculados com o objetivo de representar os dados de uma forma ainda mais condensada do que usando uma tabela.
- Quando o desejo é representar, por meio de um valor único, determinado conjunto de informações que variam, parece razoável escolher um __valor central__, mesmo que esse valor seja uma abstração.
\framebreak
```{r, cache=TRUE, message=FALSE, echo=FALSE, out.width="20%", purl=FALSE, fig.align='right'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Revisao-de-Prova.jpg'))
```
- Assim, se um aluno realizou quatro provas objetivas com 20 questões cada uma, e o número de acertos, em cada prova, foi
$$
(14, 19, 16, 17)
$$
o professor poderá querer registrar o desempenho do aluno por um valor "central", a \structure{média aritmética}, por exemplo.
- A média aritmética de tais valores é \structure{$16,5$}.
- Embora seja uma quantidade de acertos que __não pode ocorrer na realidade__, ela está mostrando que o aluno __apresentou em geral um bom desempenho__.
\framebreak
- Há várias medidas de tendência central.
- As mais utilizadas em análise estatística são a \structure{média aritmética}, a \structure{mediana} e a \structure{moda}.
- Nestas notas apresentamos a definição destas medidas, e através de exemplos, como calculá-las e interpretá-las.
# Média aritmética
## Média aritmética {.allowframebreaks}
- A \structure{média aritmética}, ou simplesmente \structure{média}, é a medida de tendência central mais utilizada.
- Isto se deve, em parte, por ser uma medida fácil de calcular, que tem interpretação familiar e propriedades estatísticas que a tornam muito útil nas comparações entre populações.
- Quando calculada para a população, também é chamada de \structure{valor esperado} da variável, ou \structure{esperança matemática}.
- Pode-se também imaginar a média como \structure{centro de gravidade} de uma distribuição.
- Assim, na figura a seguir, os blocos azuis representam os valores observados para uma certa variável\footnote{Pense que estes blocos possuem um peso, de tal forma que a barra amarela se desequilibra conforme os blocos se movem em cima dela.}.
## Média aritmética {.allowframebreaks}
- Note que conforme estes valores estão posicionados (distribuídos), a média \textcolor{red}{(triângulo em vermelho)}, se desloca, de tal forma que este valor mantém o equilíbrio da distribuição \textcolor{yellow}{(representada pela barra amarela)}.
```{r fig-media, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="50%", purl=FALSE, out.height='50%'}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'media_centro_gravidade2.png'))
```
\framebreak
- Se um valor se afasta dos demais valores da distribuição, como ocorre na figura abaixo, a média também se deslocada para manter o equilíbrio da distribuição\footnote{{\bf Para pensar:} neste caso, a média é uma boa representação sumária da distribuição?}.
```{r fig-media2, fig.align='center', cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="50%", purl=FALSE, out.height='50%'}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'media_centro_gravidade.png'))
```
## Média aritmética {.allowframebreaks}
- Agora vamos definir a média aritmética.
- Seja \structure{$x$} uma variável de interesse e \structure{$x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n$} observações de \structure{$x$} em um conjunto de dados (amostra ou população) de tamanho \structure{$n$}.
- A média amostral é denotada por \structure{$\overline{x}$}, enquanto que a média populacional é, geralmente, denotada por \structure{$\mu$}\footnote{Na população, o número de elementos é presentado por $N$.}.
- Para dados que __não estão__ agrupados, a média é simplesmente a soma de todos os valores observados da variável dividido pelo número de observações\footnote{A letra grega $\Sigma$ (sigma) é usada como símbolo para indicar uma soma. Assim, $\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}$ indica o ``somatório de $x$ índice $i$, $i$ variando de $1$ a $n$''. Ou seja, estamos somando os $n$ elementos do conjunto $\{x_i; i = 1,\ldots, n\}$. Cada $x_i$ representa o valor da variável $x$ com respeito ao $i$-ésimo indivíduo. Por exemplo, se ``Harry'' apresentou o valor 19 anos para a variável idade (representada por $x$), e Harry foi o entrevistado de número 48 em um certo inquérito, temos que $x_{48} = 19$.}
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i} = \frac{x_1 + x_2 + \ldots + x_n}{n}.
$$
## Média aritmética (exemplo) {.allowframebreaks}
- Suponha que, ao estudar a quantidade de albumina no plasma de pessoas com determinada doença, um pesquisador obtenha, em 25 indivíduos, os seguintes valores (em g/100 ML):
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(knitr)
kable(x = matrix(data = c(5.1, 4.9, 4.9, 5.1, 4.7, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.1, 5.4,
5.2, 5.2, 4.9, 5.3, 5.0, 4.5, 5.4, 5.1, 4.7, 5.5,
4.8, 5.1, 5.3, 5.3, 5.0),
ncol = 5, byrow = T),
format = "pandoc",
escape = FALSE,
align = "c",
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ",")
)
```
\framebreak
- Considere que $x$ representa a variável __quantidade de albumina no plasma__, e portanto, $x_1 = 5,1; x_2 = 4,9; \ldots; x_{25} = 5,0$. A média, conforme a sua definição, é calculada
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{1}{25}\sum_{i=1}^{25}{x_i} = \frac{5,1 + 4,9 + \ldots + 5,0}{25} = \frac{126,5}{25} = 5,06.
$$
\framebreak
- Assim, temos que o valor médio da __quantidade de albumina no plasma__ neste grupo de indivíduos é \structure{$5,06$ g/100 mL}.
- Note que a média é uma característica da distribuição, e não de um ou outro indivíduo/observação em particular.
- As observações estão distribuídas em torno deste valor\footnote{Faça um diagrama de pontos com os valores do exemplo, e avalie se a média é o ponto de equilíbrio esta distribuição}.
- Note que a média \structure{é influenciada pelos valores extremos} da distribuição.
+ Se no lugar de \structure{$x_{20} = 5,5$} __(hipoteticamente)__ observássemos o valor \structure{$6,8$}, então teríamos que média seria \structure{$5,11$}.
## Média aritmética (exercício) {.allowframebreaks}
__Sua vez!__ (largura da pétala de íris): calcule a média para o seguinte conjunto de dados.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
set.seed(1309)
petal.width.sample <- sample(iris$Petal.Width, 10, replace = F)
kable(x = matrix(petal.width.sample, ncol = 5, byrow = T),
format = "pandoc",
align = "c", format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
# Cálculo da média para dados em agrupamento simples
## Média para dados em agrupamento simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Para dados que são apresentados em agrupamentos simples\footnote{Imagine que você não possui acesso a planilha de dados brutos, logo você não tem a informação a nível da observação. Mas, digamos que você tenha acesso a uma tabela de frequências (uma forma já resumida/agregada) da variável de interesse.},
- calcula-se a média do seguinte modo:
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{\sum_i{n_ix_i}}{\sum_i{n_i}},
$$
em que \structure{$n_i$} é a frequência absoluta do valor \structure{$x_i$}.
## Média para dados em agrupamento simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Nota-se que, no caso de haver um agrupamento de dados, cada valor de \structure{$x$} deve ser multiplicado pelo \structure{número de vezes em que ele ocorre}, para depois se obter a soma.
- Podemos utilizar uma calculadora, fórmulas de planilhas eletrônicas, ou ainda funções de um _software_ estatístico para nos auxiliar neste procedimento.
\framebreak
- \structure{Exemplo (número de carburadores):} suponha que, em uma amostra de 32 diferentes modelos de automóveis, coletamos a informação com respeito ao número de carburadores e organizamos os dados em uma tabela de frequência.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(knitr)
mtcars_pe <- mtcars[,-3]
freq_table_carb <- as.data.frame(table(mtcars_pe$carb))
freq_table_carb[,1] <- as.character(freq_table_carb[,1])
aux <- data.frame(Var1 = as.character("Total"), Freq = sum(freq_table_carb$Freq))
freq_table_carb <- rbind(freq_table_carb, aux)
names(freq_table_carb) <- c("Número de carburadores ($x_i$)", "Frequência ($n_i$)")
kable(freq_table_carb, align = c('l','c'))
```
\framebreak
- Multiplicando a primeira coluna (valores da variável \structure{$x$}) pela segunda coluna (frequências de \structure{$x$}) obtemos os elementos \structure{$n_ix_i$}.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
freq_table_carb$"$n_ix_i$" <- c(as.numeric(freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),1]) * freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),2], sum(as.numeric(freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),1]) * freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),2]))
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l','c', 'c'),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\framebreak
- E assim temos que o número médio de carburadores neste grupo de automóveis estudado é
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{(7\times 1 + 10 \times 2 + \ldots + 8 \times 1)}{(7 + 10 + \ldots + 8)} = \frac{(7 + 20 + \ldots + 8)}{(7 + 10 + \ldots + 8)} = \frac{90}{32} = 2,8.
$$
- Note que o número de carburadores, em cada carro, é um valor inteiro, porém, a média não precisa ser necessariamente um número inteiro\footnote{Lembramos novamente aqui que a média é uma característica da distribuição (do grupo e não de um indivíduo/unidade).}.
## Média para dados em agrupamento simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma forma alternativa para calcular a média, no caso de agrupamentos simples, consiste em notar que $1/\sum_i{n_i}$ é uma constante, e portanto, podemos reescrever
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}{n_i}}\sum_{i=1}{n_ix_i}= \sum_{i=1}{x_i\frac{n_i}{\sum_{i=1}{n_i}}}.
$$
- Como $\sum_i{n_i} = n$\footnote{Salve o caso em temos dados ausentes. Neste caso $n$ é o número de elementos com dados observados.} o cálculo da média é expresso em função dos seus valores e suas frequências relativas ($f_i$)
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{1}{\sum_{i=1}{n_i}}\sum_{i=1}{n_ix_i}= \sum_{i=1}{x_i\frac{n_i}{\sum_{i=1}{n_i}}} = \sum_{i=1}{x_i\frac{n_i}{n}} = \sum_{i=1}{x_if_i}.
$$
## Média para dados em agrupamento simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Utilizando esta forma alternativa para o caso do exemplo dos carburadores, calculamos as frequências relativas, e em seguida multiplicamos as colunas \structure{$x_i$} e \structure{$f_i$}.
- A soma da coluna resultante é o valor da média do número de carburadores.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
freq_table_carb[, 3] <- NULL
freq_table_carb$"$f_i$" <- freq_table_carb[,2] / sum(freq_table_carb[,2][-length(freq_table_carb[,2])])
freq_table_carb$"$f_ix_i$" <- c(as.numeric(freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),1]) * freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),3], sum(as.numeric(freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),1]) * freq_table_carb[-length(freq_table_carb[,1]),3]))
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l','c', 'c', 'c'), digits = c(0,0,2,2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
# Cálculo da média para dados em agrupamento por intervalo de classe
## Média para dados em agrupamento por intervalo de classe
- Quando os dados estão organizados em uma \structure{tabela com intervalos de classe}, é preciso haver um valor que represente cada intervalo.
- Este valor é o \structure{ponto médio} do intervalo de classe, denotado por \structure{$M$}\footnote{Lembre que já utilizamos o ponto médio (ou ponto central) do intervalo de classe na construção do {\bf polígono de frequências}.}.
- __Relembrando:__ o ponto médio é a média aritmética dos dois extremos de classe
$$
M = \frac{\mbox{limite inf. do int. de classe} + \mbox{limite sup. do int. de classe}}{2}.
$$
## Média para dados em agrupamento por intervalo de classe {.allowframebreaks}
- A média é calculada da mesma forma que no caso do agrupamento simples, substituindo \structure{$x_i$}
por \structure{$M_i$}:
$$
\overline{x} = \frac{\sum_i{n_iM_i}}{\sum_i{n_i}} = \sum_i{M_i\frac{n_i}{n}} = \sum_i{M_if_i},
$$
em que \structure{$M_i$}, \structure{$n_i$} e \structure{$f_i$} representam, respectivamente, o \structure{ponto médio}, a \structure{frequência absoluta} e a \structure{frequência relativa} da \structure{$i$}-ésima classe.
\framebreak
\structure{Exemplo (milhas por galão):} considere mais uma vez o exemplo do levantamento estatístico de 32 modelos de automóveis. Os dados referentes a variável _milhas por galão_, que é uma medida do desempenho do carro, foram organizados na tabela de frequências de intervalos de classe apresentada a seguir.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
freq_table_carb <- as.data.frame(table(cut(x = mtcars$mpg,
breaks = nclass.Sturges(mtcars$mpg),
labels = c("10,4 $\\vdash$ 14,3",
"14,3 $\\vdash$ 18,2",
"18,2 $\\vdash$ 22,1",
"22,1 $\\vdash$ 26,1",
"26,1 $\\vdash$ 30,0",
"30,0 $\\vdash$ 33,9"),
right = FALSE)))
freq_table_carb[,1] <- as.character(freq_table_carb[,1])
aux <- data.frame(Var1 = as.character("Total"), Freq = sum(freq_table_carb$Freq))
freq_table_carb <- rbind(freq_table_carb, aux)
names(freq_table_carb) <- c("Milhas por galão", "$n_i$")
freq_table_carb$"$f_i$" <- freq_table_carb$"$n_i$"/sum(freq_table_carb$"$n_i$"[-length(freq_table_carb[,2])])
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l', 'c', 'c'), digits = c(0, 0, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\framebreak
- Para obter a média da distribuição da variável __milhas por galão__, calculamos os pontos médios (\structure{$M_i$}) e multiplicamos estes pelas suas respectivas frequências relativas (\structure{$f_i$}).
- Logo após, somamos esta coluna (\structure{$M_if_i$}).
+ O resultado é a média de milhas por galão neste conjunto de 32 automóveis.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
freq_table_carb$"$M_i$" <- c(12.35, 16.25, 20.15, 24.1, 28.05, 31.95, NA)
freq_table_carb$"$M_if_i$" <- freq_table_carb$"$M_i$" * freq_table_carb$"$f_i$"
freq_table_carb$"$M_if_i$"[7] <- sum(freq_table_carb$"$M_if_i$"[-7])
freq_table_carb %>%
kable(align = c('l', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'c'), digits = c(0, 0, 2, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
```
\framebreak
\structure{Sua vez! (Teste de Desempenho Escolar):} calcule a média para os dados agrupados em intervalos de classe para o exemplo de desempenho escolar (TDE) referente a 27 alunos.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde <- c(7, 18, 111, 25, 101, 85, 81, 75, 100, 95, 98, 108, 100, 94, 34, 99, 84, 90, 95, 102, 96, 105, 100, 107, 117, 96, 17)
tde.cat <- cut(x = tde,
breaks = c(7, 29, 51, 73, 95, 117),
labels = c("7 $\\vdash$ 29", "29 $\\vdash$ 51",
"51 $\\vdash$ 73", "73 $\\vdash$ 95",
"95 $\\vdash$ 117"),
include.lowest = F, right = FALSE)
tde.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(tde.cat)))["Freq"]
tde.tab <- data.frame("tde"= row.names(tde.tab), "freq" = tde.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(tde.tab, col.names = c("Classe TDE", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 1 a 3 do Capítulo 8.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, p. 135-136.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para o seu levantamento estatístico, calcule médias, modas e medianas, de acordo com a classificação das variáveis. Compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle.
## Próxima aula
- Mediana e moda.
- Médias ponderada, geométrica e harmônica.
- Complementa`R`.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-barras05.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
# title: "Estatística Descritiva"
title: "Distribuição de Frequências"
author: "<NAME>, Dep. de Estatística - UFRGS"
date: '`r paste(stringr::str_to_title(format(Sys.Date(), "%B")), format(Sys.Date(), "%Y"), sep = " de ")`'
output:
tufte::tufte_handout:
citation_package: natbib
latex_engine: xelatex
tufte::tufte_html:
self_contained: true
tufte::tufte_book:
citation_package: natbib
latex_engine: xelatex
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(tufte)
# invalidate cache when the tufte version changes
knitr::opts_chunk$set(tidy = FALSE, cache.extra = packageVersion('tufte'))
options(htmltools.dir.version = FALSE)
```
# Introdução
Uma contribuição importante da estatística no manejo das informações foi a criação de procedimentos para a organização e o resumo de grandes quantidades de dados. A descrição das variáveis é imprescindível como passo prévio para a adequada interpretação dos resultados de uma investigação, e a metodologia empregada faz parte da estatística descritiva.
Os dados podem ser organizados em __tabelas__ ou __gráficos__. Nestas notas de aula, vamos apresentar como organizar a informação em __tabelas de frequências__.
# Distribuição de Frequências
Dados nominais, ordinais e discretos, depois de apurados, devem ser organizados em __tabelas de distribuição de frequências__.
- __Frequência de uma categoria (ou valor)__ é o número de vezes que essa categoria (ou valor) ocorre no conjunto de dados (uma amostra ou população)^[__Lembrando:__ __população__ é o conjunto de todos os elementos que apresentam uma ou mais características em comum. Quando o estudo é realizado com toda a população de interesse, chamemos este estudo de __censo__. Por motivos de tempo, custo, logística, entre outros, geralmente não é possível realizar um censo. Nestes casos, estudamos apenas uma parcela da população, que chamamos de __amostra__. Amostra é qualquer fração de uma população. Como sua finalidade é representar a população, deseja-se que a amostra escolhida apresente as mesmas características da população de origem, isto é, que seja uma amostra __"representativa"__ ou __"não-tendenciosa__.].
- __Distribuição de frequências__ é a maneira de apresentar categorias (ou intervalos, ou valores) dos dados apurados com as respectivas frequências.
## Dados nominais
Para organizar os dados nominais em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências escreva, na __primeira coluna__, o __nome da variável__ em estudo e logo abaixo, na mesma coluna, as categorias (ou seja, os valores) da variável. Na __segunda coluna__, escreva __"Frequência"__, e logo abaixo as frequências das respectivas categorias.
__Exemplo:__ reveja o exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. Anotamos o número de solteiros e casados para organizar os dados em uma tabela de frequências. Para isso, devemos escrever o nome da variável (_Estado civil_) e, em coluna, as categorias (_solteiro_, _casado_). As frequências são 8 empregados solteiros e 7 empregados casados que, somadas, dão um total de 15 empregados.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
civil <- c(rep("Solteiro", 8), rep("Casado", 7))
library(summarytools)
civil.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(civil, order = "freq")))["Freq"]
civil.tab <- data.frame("estado_civil"= row.names(civil.tab), "freq" = civil.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(civil.tab, col.names = c("Estado civil", "Frequência"))
```
__Observações:__
1. É comum utilizar a última linha da tabela para expressar o total. Em geral, este deve coincidir com o tamanho do conjunto de dados. Em alguns casos, a variável não foi observada/coletada (_dados ausentes_) para uma ou mais unidades, e portanto, o total deve ser menor que o tamanho do conjunto de dados.
2. Usaremos a __notação__ $n_i$ para indicar a frequência (absoluta) cada classe, ou categoria, da variável.
__Exercício:__
- Construa a tabela de distribuição de frequências da variável _Região de procedência_ do exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
## Dados ordinais
Dados ordinais devem ser organizados em tabelas de distribuição de frequências. Escreva, na primeira coluna, o nome da variável em estudo e, logo abaixo, os nomes das categorias em __ordem crescente__^[Nos referimos a ordem das categorias e não das suas frequências.]. As frequências devem estar em outra coluna, mas nas linhas das respectivas categorias.
Retornando ao exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB, considere a variável _Grau de instrução_. O nome da variável e suas categorias foram escritos na primeira coluna e, na segunda coluna, as respectivas frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
escola <- factor(x = c(rep("Ensino fundamental", 9), rep("Ensino médio", 5), "Superior"))
escola.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(escola)))["Freq"]
escola.tab <- data.frame("escola"= row.names(escola.tab), "freq" = escola.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(escola.tab, col.names = c("Grau de instrução", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Dados discretos
Dados discretos também são organizados em tabelas de distribuição de frequências. Para isso, os valores que a variável pode assumir são colocados na primeira coluna, em __ordem crescente__. O número de vezes que cada valor se repete (a frequência) é escrito em outra coluna, nas linhas respectivas aos valores.
Mais uma vez, retorne ao exemplo da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. O número de filhos dos empregados da seção é apresentado a seguir na distribuição de frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(filhos.tab, col.names = c("Número de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Dados contínuos
Dados contínuos podem assumir __diversos valores diferentes__^[Aqui chamamos mais uma vez a atenção para a importância de distinguirmos os diferentes tipos de variáveis. Uma variável _quantitativa contínua_ é uma __variável__! E portanto, __pode variar__ de um indivíduo para outro! No entanto, a variável _quantitativa contínua_ possui um conjunto de valores possíveis __infinito__ (um intervalo da reta real), e assim, podemos observar um número de unidades com valores distintos para uma certa variável contínua maior que no caso de uma variável nominal. __Exercício:__ compare os valores possíveis para as variáveis __altura__ e __estado civil__.], mesmo em amostras pequenas. Por essa razão, a menos que sejam em grande número, são apresentados na forma como foram coletados.
Considere, como exemplo, que o pesquisador resolveu organizar as idades dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB em uma tabela. Pode escrever os dados na ordem em que foram coletados, como segue:
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
idade <- c(26, 32, 36, 20, 40, 28, 41, 43, 34, 23, 33, 27, 37, 44, 30)
idade.tab <- matrix(data = idade, nrow = 3)
knitr::kable(idade.tab)
```
Quando em grande número, os dados contínuos podem ser organizados, para apresentação, em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências. Vamos entender como isso é feito por meio de novo exemplo.
Foram propostas muitas maneiras de avaliar a capacidade de uma criança para o desempenho escolar. Algumas crianças estão "prontas" para aprender a escrever aos cinco anos, outras, aos oito anos. Imagine que um professor aplicou o _Teste de Desempenho Escolar_ (TDE) a 27 alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Fundamental. Os dados obtidos pelo professor estão apresentados em seguida.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde <- c(7, 18, 111, 25, 101, 85, 81, 75, 100, 95, 98, 108, 100, 94, 34, 99, 84, 90, 95, 102, 96, 105, 100, 107, 117, 96, 17)
tde.tab <- matrix(data = tde, nrow = 3)
knitr::kable(tde.tab)
```
Para __conhecer o comportamento__ do desempenho escolar desses alunos, o professor deve organizar uma __distribuição de frequências__. No entanto, para isso, é preciso __agrupar os dados em faixas__, ou __classes__^[Note que se procedermos da mesma forma que procedemos para os casos anteriores, a nossa tabela de distribuição de frequências apresentaria um grande número de valores com baixas frequências. Isso nos daria tanta informação quanto a tabela de dados brutos, e portanto, não nos ajudaria a conhecer o comportamento da variável.]. Em quantas faixas ou classes podem ser agrupados os dados?
Uma __regra prática__ é a seguinte: o número de classes deve ser aproximadamente igual à raiz quadrada do tamanho da amostra.
$$
\mbox{Número de classes} = \sqrt{n}.
$$
No exemplo, são 27 alunos. O tamanho da amostra é, portanto, $n = 27$. A raiz quadrada de 27 está entre $5 (\sqrt{25})$ e $6 (\sqrt{36})$. Portanto, podem ser organizadas __cinco classes__. Mas como?
Observe cuidadosamente o conjunto de dados. Ache o __valor mínimo__, o __valor máximo__ e a __amplitude__.
- __Valor mínimo__ é o menor valor de um conjunto de dados.
- __Valor máximo__ é o maior valor de um conjunto de dados.
- __Amplitude__ é a diferença entre o valor máximo e o valor mínimo.
Para os valores obtidos pelos 27 alunos no Teste de Desempenho Escolar, temos:
- Valor mínimo $= 7$;
- Valor máximo $= 117$;
- Amplitude $= 117 - 7 = 110$.
Uma vez obtida a amplitude do conjunto de dados, é preciso calcular a __amplitude das classes__.
- __Amplitude de classe__ é dada pela divisão da amplitude do conjunto de dados pelo número de classes.
Para os dados do TDE, a amplitude ($110$) deve ser dividida pelo número de classes que já foi calculado ($5$):
$$
110 \div 5 = 22.
$$
A __amplitude de classe__ será, então, $22$. Isso significa que:
- a primeira classe vai do valor mínimo, $7$ até $7 + 22 = 29$;
- a segunda classe vai de $29$ a $29 + 22 = 51$;
- a terceira classe vai de $51$ a $51 + 22 = 73$;
- a quarta classe vai de $73$ a $73 + 22 = 95$;
- a quinta classe vai de $95$ a $95 + 22 = 117$, inclusive.
Os valores que delimitam as classes são denominados __extremos__.
- __Extremos de classe__ são os valores que delimitam as classes.
Uma questão importante é saber __como__ as classes devem ser escritas. Alguém pode pensar em escrever as classes como segue:
\begin{eqnarray*}
7\ &-& 28\\
29\ &-& 51, \mbox{etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
No entanto, essa notação traz dúvidas. Como saber, por exemplo, para qual classe vai o valor $28,5$? Esse tipo de dúvida é evitado indicando as classes como segue:
\begin{eqnarray*}
7\ &\vdash& 28\\
29\ &\vdash& 51, \mbox{etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
Usando essa notação, fica claro que o intervalo é __fechado__ à esquerda e __aberto__ à direita. Então, na classe $7\vdash 29$ estão __incluídos__ os valores iguais ao extremo inferior da classe, que é $7$ (o intervalo é fechado à esquerda), mas __não estão incluídos__ os valores iguais ao extremo superior da classe, que é $29$ (o intervalo é aberto à direita).
A indicação de que o intervalo é fechado é dada pelo lado esquerdo do traço vertical do símbolo $\vdash$. A indicação de intervalo aberto é dada pela ausência de traço vertical no lado direito do símbolo $\vdash$. Uma alternativa a esta notação é dada por __colchetes__ e __parênteses__. Considere $ei$ e $es$ os extremos inferior e superior de uma classe qualquer, respectivamente.
- "$(ei; es]$", ou "$\dashv$" é um intervalo aberto à esquerda e fechado à direita;
- "$[ei; es)$", ou "$\vdash$" é um intervalo aberto à direita e fechado à esquerda;
- "$(ei; es)$", ou "$]ei; es[$", ou "--" é um intervalo aberto;
- "$[ei; es]$", ou "$\vdash\dashv$" é um intervalo fechado.
Estabelecidas as classes, é preciso obter as __frequências__. Para isso, contam-se quantos alunos estão na classe de $7$ a $29$ (exclusive), quantos estão na classe de $29$ a $51$ (exclusive), e assim por diante^[Aqui uma abordagem poderia ser a criação de uma "nova variável" (transformada) de idade em classes na planilha de dados brutos, e então proceder com a apuração desta "nova variável" como no caso de uma variável qualitativa. Afinal de contas, as classes de idade são categorias. Neste caso, categorias de uma variável qualitativa nominal.]. A distribuição de frequências pode então ser organizada como segue.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde.cat <- cut(x = tde,
breaks = c(7, 29, 51, 73, 95, 117),
labels = c("7 $\\vdash$ 29", "29 $\\vdash$ 51",
"51 $\\vdash$ 73", "73 $\\vdash$ 95",
"95 $\\vdash$ 117"),
include.lowest = F, right = FALSE)
tde.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(tde.cat)))["Freq"]
tde.tab <- data.frame("tde"= row.names(tde.tab), "freq" = tde.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(tde.tab, col.names = c("Classe TDE", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
__OBSERVAÇÕES__
Embora a __regra prática__ apresentada aqui para a determinação do número de classes seja útil, ela não é a única forma de determinar classes em uma tabela de frequências para dados contínuos. O pesquisador pode especificar as classes de acordo com "convenções". É comum vermos as frequências da variável idade serem apresentadas em classes de amplitude 5 ou 10 anos. Ainda, podem ser especificadas classes com amplitudes distintas (Idade de 0 a 19 anos, 20 a 59 anos, 60 a 79 anos, 80 anos ou mais).
Outro ponto importante é que nem sempre existe interesse em apresentar todas as classes possíveis. Em aluns casos, a primeira classe pode incluir todos os elementos menores que determinado valor. Diz-se, então, que o extremo inferior da primeira classe não está definido. Como exemplo, veja a distribuição de frequências das pessoas conforme a altura, com as seguintes classes:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& \mbox{Menos de } 150 \mbox{ cm}\\
&& 150\ \vdash 160 \mbox{cm}\\
&& 160\ \vdash 170 \mbox{cm, etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
Do mesmo modo, todos os elementos iguais ou maiores que determinado valor podem ser agrupados na última classe. Diz-se, então, que o extremo superior da última classe não está definido.
Muitos dados de idade publicados pelo __Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística__ (__IBGE__) estão em tabelas de distribuição de frequências com intervalos de classes diferentes (em relação a amplitude) e não possuem extremo superior definido. Veja o exemplo a seguir.
```{r fig-censo, fig.align='center', fig.cap = "Distribuição da população residente, segundo grupos de idade no Brasil (Censo 2010). Disponível em https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=12.", cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width="30%", purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'ibge_idade_censo2010.png'))
```
# Frequências relativa, acumulada, relativa acumula e porcentagem
## Frequência relativa
É fácil entender as informações apresentadas em distribuições de frequências [A distribuição de frequências nos apresenta quantos indivíduos apresentaram determinada característica (valor da variável) no conjunto de dados que estamos observando.]. Entretanto, as frequências dependem do __tamanho da amostra:__ um em dez, é mais importante que um em um milhão. Para ter visão do tamanho de uma categoria __em relação__ ao tamanho da amostra, calculamos a frequência relativa.
- __Frequência relativa__ de uma categoria é o resultado da divisão da frequência dessa categoria pelo número de dados (tamanho) da amostra.
$$
\mbox{Frequência relativa} = \frac{\mbox{Frequência da categoria}}{\mbox{Tamanho da amostra}}.
$$
__Observações:__
1. Usaremos a __notação__ $f_i = \frac{n_i}{n}$ para indicar a frequência relativa de cada classe, ou categoria, da variável.
2. A soma das frequências relativas em uma distribuição de frequências é, obrigatoriamente, igual a 1^[É fácil ver que $\sum_i{f_i} = \sum_i{\frac{n_i}{n}} = \frac{1}{n}\sum_i{n_i} = \frac{1}{n}n = 1$, em que $\sum_i{}$ representa a soma (somatório).].
3. Se a tabela de frequências absolutas estiver em uma planilha eletrônica é possível utilizar o recurso da fórmula para dividir os valores de uma coluna (as frequências) por uma constante (o tamanho da amostra) para obter as frequências relativas. No `R` a ideia é semelhante (veja a Seção Complementa`R`).
## Porcentagem
- __Porcentagem da categoria__ é a frequência relativa dessa categoria multiplicada por 100.
$$
\mbox{Porcentagem} = \mbox{Frequência relativa} \times 100.
$$
Porcentagem é a razão expressa como fração de 100. Você não deve confundir __porcentagem__ com __por cento__. __Porcentagem__ significa uma parcela ou uma porção; não é, portanto, acompanhada de número. Por exemplo: a porcentagem de alunos reprovados em matemática foi pequena. __Por cento__ é a expressão que acompanha um número específico e é indicado com o símbolo %. Por exemplo: só 2% dos alunos foram reprovados em matemática.
Vamos ver como calcular as frequências relativas e a porcentagem para o exemplo dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
civil <- c(rep("Solteiro", 8), rep("Casado", 7))
civil.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(civil, order = "freq")))["Freq"]
civil.tab <- data.frame("estado_civil"= row.names(civil.tab), "freq" = civil.tab$Freq)
civil.tab$freqrel <- c("$\\frac{8}{15} = 0,533$", "$\\frac{7}{15} = 0,467$", "1,000")
civil.tab$porc <- c("$0,533 \\times 100 = 53,3\\%$", "$0,467 \\times 100 = 46,7\\%$", "100,0\\%")
knitr::kable(civil.tab,
col.names = c("Estado civil", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Frequência relativa ($f_i$)", "Porcentagem"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c', 'c'))
```
__Observação:__ as frequências relativas, e as porcentagens, de forma mais convencional, nos permitem fazer comparações entre grupos.Por exemplo, 30% dos alunos da Turma A preferem consultar o arquivo das notas de aula no formato PDF, enquanto que 50% dos alunos da Turma B preferem consultar o as notas de aula no formato PDF.
## Frequência acumulada
- __Frequência acumulada__ da categoria é a frequência dessa categoria somada às frequências de todas as anteriores.
Mais uma vez retomamos o exemplo da Companhia MB para apresentarmos como é calculada a frequência acumulada.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
filhos.tab$freqcum <- c("6", "$6 + 4 = 10$", "$6 + 4 + 4 = 14$", "$6 + 4 + 4 + 1= 15$", "-")
knitr::kable(filhos.tab,
col.names = c("Nº de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Frequência acumulada"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c'))
```
Assim, é possível concluir que 14 empregados da seção de orçamento tem __2 filhos ou menos__ (até dois filhos).
__Observações:__
1. A frequência acumulada é apropriada para variáveis qualitativas ordinais, quantitativas discretas e contínuas. No entanto, não faz sentido apresentar a frequência acumulada de uma variável qualitativa nominal.
2. A frequência acumulada da primeira classe é sempre igual à frequência dessa classe, por não existem classes anteriores à primeira.
3. A última classe tem frequência acumulada igual ao total porque, para obter a frequência acumulada da última classe, somam-se as frequências de todas as outras classes.
4. Se a tabela de frequências absolutas estiver em uma planilha eletrônica é possível utilizar o recurso da fórmula para somar recursivamente os valores de uma coluna (as frequências) para obter as frequências acumuladas. No `R` a ideia é semelhante (veja a Seção Complementa`R`).
## Frequência relativa acumulada
- __Frequência relativa acumulada__ da categoria é a frequência relativa dessa categoria somada às frequências relativas de todas as anteriores.
No exemplo da Companhia MB, temos:
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
filhos.tab$freqrel <- filhos.tab$freq/15
filhos.tab$freqrelcum <- c(cumsum(filhos.tab$freqrel[-length(filhos.tab$freqrel)]), NA)
knitr::kable(filhos.tab,
col.names = c("Nº de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)", "Freq. relativa ($f_i$)", "Freq. relativa acumulada"),
align = c('l', 'c', 'c', 'c'), digits = 3, )
```
E assim, é possível concluir que 93% dos empregados da seção de orçamento tem __2 filhos ou menos__ (até dois filhos)^[__Exercício:__ qual a porcentagem de empregados da seção de orçamentos com mais de um filho?].
# Exercícios
Faça uma pequena coleta de dados incluindo pelo menos uma variável de cada tipo (_qualitativa nominal_, _qualitativa ordinal_, _quantitativa discreta_ e _quantitativa contínua_).
1. Organize uma planilha (física ou eletrônica) para o registro dos dados coletados.
2. Faça a coleta e preencha a planilha para obter os dados brutos.
3. Faça a apuração dos dados.
4. Construa tabelas de frequências para cada uma das variáveis e comente brevemente sobre os resultados encontrados.
5. Faça os exercícios da Lista de Exercícios I (disponível no Moodle).
# Complementa`R`
Esta seção é complementar. São apresentadas algumas poucas funções em `R` relacionadas a discussão da aula. Para tal, vamos utilizar o exemplo original de [@morettin_estatistica_2017] sobre os dados dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB. A planilha eletrônica correspondente encontra-se no arquivo `companhia_mb.xlsx`. Vamos começar carregando os dados para o `R`. Existem várias formas de se carregar __arquivos de dados__ em diferentes no `R`. Como arquivo de interesse encontra-se no formato do Excel (xlsx), vamos utilizar a função `read_excel` do pacote `readxl`^[Caso você não tenha o pacote, instale-o:`install.packages("readxl")`.].
```{r carrega-dados0, echo=TRUE, eval=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = "companhia_mb.xlsx")
```
```{r carrega-dados1, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
# install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
dados <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
```
```{r carrega-dados2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
class(dados) # classe do objeto dados
dim(dados) # dimensão do objeto dados
```
Note que o objeto `dados` é uma tabela de dados bruto.
```{r carrega-dados3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
head(dados) # apresenta as primeiras linhas do objeto dados
```
A função `table` retorna contagens dos valores de cada variável, e portanto, podemos utilizar esta função para a apuração dos dados, bem como para computar as frequências.
```{r freqs, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
table(dados$`Estado Civil`)
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
table(dados$`N de Filhos`)
```
A função `cut` pode ser utilizada para criar uma nova variável que expressa a antiga variável em classes.
```{r freqs2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
dados$Idade.classes <- cut(x = dados$Idade,
breaks = c(20, 29, 39, 49),
include.lowest = TRUE,
right = FALSE)
table(dados$Idade.classes)
```
Uma forma de calcular as frequência relativas é dividindo o `vetor` de frequências pelo tamanho da amostra (ou conjunto de dados).
```{r freqs3, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
table(dados$`Estado Civil`) / 36
table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`) / length(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
```
Uma outra forma de se obter as frequências relativas é utilizando a função `prop.table`.
```{r freqs4, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`))
```
Para obter as porcentagens, basta multiplicar as frequências relativas por 100.
```{r porcentagem, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100
```
Se você quiser, pode arredondar os resultados com a função `round`.
```{r porcentagem2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
round(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100, digits = 2)
```
As frequências acumuladas podem ser obtidas com uma função de somas cumulativas, a função `cumsum`.
```{r freqcum, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cumsum(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`))
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)))
cumsum(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$`N de Filhos`)) * 100)
cumsum(round(x = prop.table(x = table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100, digits = 2))
```
Você pode juntar as frequências absolutas, relativas, acumuladas e porcentagens em `data.frame` para apresentar em forma de tabela.
```{r freqtab, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
df.freq <- data.frame(Idade = unique(dados$Idade.classes),
Freq = as.numeric(table(dados$Idade.classes)),
FreqRel = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
Porcentagem = as.numeric(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)) * 100),
FreqAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(table(dados$Idade.classes))),
FreqRelAcumulada = as.numeric(cumsum(prop.table(table(dados$Idade.classes)))))
df.freq
```
Existem outras formas de construir uma tabela de frequências. Uma delas é utilizando a função `freq` do pacote `summarytools`.
```{r freqtab2, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
# install.packages("summarytools")
summarytools::freq(dados$`Grau de Instrução`)
```<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Conceitos Básicos"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
---
# Conceitos básicos
## Dados e variáveis {.allowframebreaks}
::: {.block}
### Dados
São as informações obtidas de uma unidade experimental ou observacional.
:::
- __Ex:__ "Vitor tem 25 anos e é fumante". Os dados são "25 anos" e "fumante".
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Variável
É toda característica que, observada em uma unidade (experimental ou observacional), pode variar de um indivíduo para outro.
:::
- __Ex:__ idade, sexo, altura, nível de hemoglobina no sangue, espaçamento entre plantas, doses de um medicamento, tipo de medicamento, cultivares, número de caracteres, velocidade da rede, tempo gasto na rede social, nível de monóxido de carbono em emissões do escape de automóveis, etc.
## Tipos de variáveis
\footnotesize
- É importante __identificar que tipo de variável__ está sendo estudada, uma vez que são recomendados __procedimentos estatísticos diferentes__ em cada situação.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='80%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'classe_var.png'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas
\footnotesize
- A __variável quantitativa__ é expressa por números.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_quanti.png'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas discretas
\footnotesize
- A __variável discreta__ resulta do processo de contagem.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_discreta.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas contínuas
\footnotesize
- A __variável contínua__ resulta do processo de medição.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_continua.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas
\footnotesize
- A __variável quantitativa__ é expressa por palavras.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_quali.png'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas ordinais
\footnotesize
- A __variável ordinal__ tem duas ou mais categorias que são, necessariamente, organizadas segundo uma lógica.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_ordinal.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas nominais
\footnotesize
- A __variável nominal__ tem duas ou mais categorias, que podem ser apresentadas em qualquer ordem.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_nominal.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (1)
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'cor_predio2.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (1)
### Variáveis quantitativas
- 3 andares
- 14,85 metros de altura
### Variáveis qualitativas
- Multicolorido
- Cheira "bem"
## Exemplos (2)
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'rolling-stones.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (2)
### Variáveis quantitativas
- 4 integrantes
- 60 anos
### Variáveis qualitativas
- Inglaterra
- Rock
## População {.allowframebreaks}
::: {.block}
### População ou universo
Esse termo é usado em estatística com um sentido bem mais amplo do que na linguagem coloquial.
É entendido aqui como o __conjunto de todos os elementos__ que apresentam uma ou mais características __em comum__.
:::
- __Exemplo 1:__ a população de colegiais de oito anos de Belo Horizonte.
+ Estes colegiais têm em comum a idade e o local onde vivem.
- __Exemplo 2:__ a população de indústrias brasileiras.
+ Estas indústrias têm em comum o fato de que foram criadas no Brasil.
\framebreak
- Este conjunto por vezes é denominado por $U$ (de __conjunto universo__).
- O __tamanho da população__ é a sua quantidade de elementos, que anotamos por $N$.
- Uma população pode ser __finita__ (limita em tamanho; $N < \infty$) ou __infinita__ ($N =\infty$).
+ __Exemplo de pop. finita:__ torcedores do São Raimundo de Santarém, residentes de Porto Alegre.
+ __Exemplo de pop. infinita:__ equipamentos (de um certo tipo) fabricados em série.
## Censo e amostra {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando o estudo é realizado com toda a população de interesse, chamemos este estudo de __censo__.
- Por motivos de tempo, custo, logística, entre outros, geralmente não é possível realizar um censo.
+ Nestes casos, estudamos apenas uma parcela da população, que chamamos de __amostra__.
\framebreak
### Censo vs. amostra
À primeira vista, uma coleta de dados realizada em toda a população é preferível a uma realizada apenas numa parte da população. Na prática, entretanto, o oposto é frequentemente verdadeiro porque:
1. Um censo é impossível quando a população é infinita.
2. Os ensaios (testes) podem ser destrutivos \structure{(como nos testes de segurança dos carros)}.
3. Rapidez: estudar toda a população pode despender de muito tempo, não sendo compatível com a urgência do estudo \structure{(como quando estudamos os casos de um surto de uma nova doença)}.
Para uma consideração mais completa ver Vargas (2000)\footnote{<NAME>. \emph{Estatística: uma linguagem para dialogar com a incerteza}, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. Série B, 2000.}.
## Amostra
::: {.block}
### Amostra
É qualquer fração de uma população.
:::
- Como sua finalidade é representar a população, deseja-se que a amostra escolhida apresente as mesmas características da população de origem, isto é, que seja uma amostra __"representativa"__ ou __"não-tendenciosa"__.
- Tanto o número de indivíduos selecionados para a amostra quanto a técnica de seleção são extremamente importantes para que os resultados obtidos no estudo sejam generalizados para a população.
## Amostra representativa
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='65%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Gato_caindo.jpg'))
```
- Ver a discussão sobre __representatividade da amostra__ na [apresentação](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGGGDpb04Yc&t=592s) do __Prof. <NAME>__.
## Amostragem
- A seleção da amostra pode ser feita de várias maneiras.
- Esta dependerá:
+ Do grau de conhecimento que temos da população.
+ Da quantidade de recursos disponíveis.
- A seleção da amostra tenta fornecer um subconjunto de valores o __mais parecido possível__ com a população que lhe dá origem.
+ __Amostra representativa__ da população.
## Amostra aleatória simples
- A amostragem mais usada é a __amostra casual simples__ (ou aleatória simples).
+ Os indivíduos (unidades) da amostra são selecionados ao acaso, __com__ ou __sem reposição__.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'simpleSample.png'))
```
## Amostra estratificada
- Eventualmente, se tivermos informações adicionais a respeito da população de interesse, podemos utilizar outros esquemas de amostragem mais sofisticados.
+ __Amostragem estratificada__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estratificada.png'))
```
## Amostra sistemática
- Em outros casos, pode existir uma relação numerada dos itens da população que nos permitiria utilizar a chamada __amostragem sistemática__ em que selecionamos os indivíduos de forma pré-determinada.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'SystematicSampling.jpg'))
```
## Amostragem
- Outros esquemas de amostragem poderiam ser citados e todos fazem parte da chamada __teoria da amostragem__, cujos detalhes não serão aprofundados.
## Parâmetros, estatísticas e estimativas {.allowframebreaks}
::: {.block}
### Parâmetro
É um valor que resume, na população, a informação relativa a uma variável.
:::
- __Ex:__ média populacional, prevalência populacional, coeficiente de variação populacional, taxa de mortalidade populacional, etc.
::: {.block}
### Estatística
(além de ser o nome da ciência/área do conhecimento) é a denominação dada a uma quantidade, calculada com base nos elementos de uma amostra, que descreve a informação contida nesse conjunto de dados.
:::
- __Ex:__ A média, a porcentagem, o desvio padrão, o coeficiente de correlação, calculados em uma amostra, são estatísticas.
## Parâmetros, estatísticas e estimativas
- Os parâmetros são difíceis de se obter, pois implicam o estudo de toda a população e costumam ser substituídos por valores calculados em amostras representativas da população-alvo.
+ Se tivesse sido examinada uma amostra de 10 estudantes matriculados na disciplina MAT02218, e 40% fossem de torcedores do América Mineiro, esse valor constituiria uma estimativa do parâmetro "percentual de torcedores do América Mineiro matriculados naquela disciplina".
\framebreak
::: {.block}
### Estimativa
É um valor numérico de uma estatística, usado para realizar inferências sobre o parâmetro.
:::
- Da mesma forma, o valor numérico da média para a estatura desses 10 alunos, digamos 173 cm, é uma estimativa para a média de altura populacional.
- __P:__ neste exemplo, quem é a população (alvo)?
## Para casa
<!-- 1. Com base na \structure{questão de pesquisa} elaborada no "para casa" anterior: -->
<!-- - Liste as variáveis que você teria interesse em coletar e analisar para responder a sua questão de pesquisa. -->
<!-- - Classifique as variáveis de acordo com a classificação discutida na aula de hoje. -->
<!-- - Discuta a respeito das suas variáveis com os colegas \structure{(no Fórum Geral do Moodle)}. -->
<!-- 2. Leia o \structure{Capítulo 3 - ``Fases do levantamento estatístico''} do livro \structure{Estatística descritiva I}\footnote{<NAME>. {\bf Estatística descritiva I}, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. Série B, 1994.}. -->
- Assistir o vídeo: \structure{Statistical Thinking for Data Science} (no Moodle ou em <https://youtu.be/TGGGDpb04Yc>; você pode configurar o vídeo para apresentar legendas traduzidas para o português).
+ Leia a notícia sobre **quedas de gatos** na íntegra (Moodle).
## Próxima aula
- Fases do levantamento estatístico.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-pizza.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Introdução à Estatística"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
---
# Introdução
## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'dicing_with_death.jpg'))
```
## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento
- Em alguma fase de seu trabalho, o pesquisador depara-se com o problema de __analisar__ e __entender__ um __conjunto de dados__ relevante ao seu particular objeto de estudos.
- Ele necessitará trabalhar os dados para __transformá-los em informações__, para compará-los com outros resultados, ou ainda para __julgar sua adequação__ a __alguma teoria__.
<!-- ## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento -->
<!-- ### Uma representação -->
<!-- ```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE} -->
<!-- library(cowplot) -->
<!-- library(ggplot2) -->
<!-- p1 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'model.jpg'), scale = 0.9) -->
<!-- p2 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'decisionloops2.jpg'), scale = 0.9) -->
<!-- plot_grid(p1, p2) -->
<!-- ``` -->
<!-- ## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento -->
<!-- ### Uma representação mais ousada! -->
<!-- ```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE} -->
<!-- knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Data-Wisdom.jpg')) -->
<!-- ``` -->
## O Método Científico {.allowframebreaks}
- De modo bem geral, podemos dizer que a essência da Ciência é a __observação__ e que seu objetivo básico é a __inferência__.
- Os cientistas (sociais ou físicos) geralmente fazem uso do \structure{método científico} nas suas tentativas de compreender o mundo.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', out.height='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'metodo.png'))
```
\framebreak
Suponha que estamos interessados em descrever e explicar o __padrão dos casos de câncer__ em uma área metropolitana.
1. Observação/registro dos casos;
2. Descrição do padrão por meio da apresentação dos casos em um mapa.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'mapa_casos.jpg'))
```
\framebreak
3. O que explica o resultado observado?
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'mapa_clusters.jpg'))
```
4. Formulação de hipóteses/modelos explicativos.
\framebreak
(Exemplo) *Hipótese:* o padrão de casos de câncer está relacionado à distância das usinas de energia locais.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'cancer_distancia.png'))
```
5. Os dados fornecem evidências para avaliarmos as hipóteses formuladas.
6. A partir desta avaliação, modelos e hipóteses podem ser reconsiderados, ou conclusões teóricas podem ser elaboradas.
\framebreak
- Os métodos estatísticos ocupam um papel central no método científico, como visto no exemplo dos casos de câncer, pois nos permitem __sugerir__ e __testar__ hipóteses.
<!-- ## O Método Científico -->
<!-- - De modo bem geral, podemos dizer que a essência do Aprendizado (da Evolução). -->
<!-- ```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE} -->
<!-- knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'metodo_cientifico_bebes.png')) -->
<!-- ``` -->
# A Estatística
## O que é Estatística?
- Essa pergunta já vem sendo feita (e diversas vezes) há muito tempo.
- A persistência da pergunta e a variedade das respostas durante os anos sugerem que a Estatística não se caracteriza como um objeto singular.
- Ainda, a Estatística apresenta diferentes faces para diferentes áreas da ciência.
## Uma perspectiva histórica
- A Estatística mudou drasticamente desde os primeiros dias até o presente, passando de uma profissão que reivindicou uma objetividade extrema que os estatísticos apenas coletariam dados (e não os analisam) para uma profissão que busca parceria com cientistas em todas as etapas da investigação, do planejamento à análise.
- Primeiros censos ocorrem por volta do ano zero da era cristã.
+ Por muito tempo, o aspecto descritivo da Estatística manteve-se como a única faceta desta ciência .
- No século XVII, ocorrem as primeiras interpretações de dados.
+ Em 1693, foram publicados pela primeira vez, em Londres, os totais anuais de falecimentos, estratificados por sexo.
+ Primeiros estudos formais da teoria das probabilidades.
## Uma perspectiva histórica
__Pascal-Fermat (Séc. XVII)__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'pascal-fermat-mail-2.jpg'))
```
## Uma perspectiva histórica
__<NAME> (Séc. XIX)__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'florence-chart-2.jpg'))
```
## Uma perspectiva histórica
__Galton-Pearson (Séc. XIX e XX)__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'pearson-galton.jpg'))
```
## Uma perspectiva histórica
__<NAME>, o _Student_ (Séc. XX)__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'gosset-2.jpg'))
```
## Uma perspectiva histórica
__<NAME> (Séc. XX)__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Fisher-2.jpg'))
```
## Uma perspectiva histórica
\begin{center}
{\bf Essa história continua!}
Para saber mais, veja:
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'livros-hist.jpg'))
```
## O papel da estatística na pesquisa
- No \structure{planejamento}, auxilia na escolha de situações experimentais e na determinação da quantidade de indivíduos a serem examinados.
- Na \structure{análise}, indica técnicas para resumir e apresentar as informações, bem como para comparar as situações experimentais.
- Na \structure{elaboração das conclusões}, os vários métodos estatísticos permitem generalizar a partir dos resultados obtidos.
- De modo geral, não existe certeza sobre a correção das conclusões científicas; no entanto, os métodos estatísticos permitem determinar a margem de erro associada às conclusões, com base no conhecimento da variabilidade observada nos resultados.
## O que é a estatística?
- A __estatística__\footnote{Do grego \emph{statistós}, de \emph{statízo}, \textbf{``estabelecer''}, \textbf{``verificar''}, acrescido do sufixo \emph{ica}.} é a ciência que tem por objetivo orientar a coleta, o resumo, a apresentação, a análise e a interpretação de dados.
- Podem ser identificadas duas grandes áreas de atuação desta ciência:
+ a __estatística descritiva__, envolvida com o resumo e a apresentação dos dados.
+ a __estatística inferencial__, que ajuda a concluir sobre conjuntos maiores de dados (populações) quando apenas partes desses conjuntos (as amostras) foram estudadas.
<!-- - Mais do que uma sequência de métodos, a estatística é uma forma de pensar ou de ver a realidade variável, já que seu conhecimento não apenas fornece um conjunto de técnicas de análise de dados, mas condiciona toda uma postura crítica sobre sua interpretação e a elaboração de conclusões sobre os dados. -->
## O que é a estatística?
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Descritiva_Inferencia.png'))
```
# A Estatística Descritiva
## O que é a estatística descritiva?
- A __Estatística Descritiva__ corresponde aos procedimentos relacionados com a \structure{coleta}, \structure{elaboração}, \structure{tabulação}, \structure{análise}, \structure{interpretação} e \structure{apresentação} dos \structure{dados}.
- Isto é, inclui as técnicas que dizem respeito à sintetização e à descrição de dados numéricos.
- Estas técnicas podem ser utilizadas em pelo menos dois contextos
+ Análise da \structure{consistência dos dados}.
+ \structure{Análise Exploratória de Dados} (_Exploratory Data Analysis_ - EDA)\footnote{<NAME>. \emph{Exploratory data analysis}, Reading:Addison-Wesley, 1977.}.
- Tais métodos tanto podem ser gráficos como envolver análise computacional.
## Alguns exemplos
\footnotesize
Descriptive Statistics
tobacco
**N:** 1000
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, results='asis'}
library(summarytools)
descr(tobacco, style = 'rmarkdown', headings = F)
```
## Alguns exemplos
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, results='asis'}
freq(tobacco$gender, style = 'rmarkdown', headings = F)
```
## Alguns exemplos
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE}
# Considerações finais: exemplos
# install.packages("jpeg")
# install.packages("grid")
library(jpeg)
library(grid)
library(gapminder)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
gapminder <- gapminder %>%
mutate(pop_m = pop/1e6)
gapminder07 <- gapminder %>%
filter(year == 2007)
img <- readJPEG(here::here("images", "hans_rosling.jpg"))
# start plotting
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
annotation_custom(rasterGrob(img, width = unit(1, "npc"),
height = unit(1, "npc")),
-Inf, Inf, -Inf, Inf) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0),
limits = c(min(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 0.9, max(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 1.05)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") +
theme_bw() +
theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank()
)
p
```
# Conceitos básicos: introdução aos delineamentos de estudos
## Unidades experimentais e observacionais
- __Unidade experimental__ ou __unidade de observação__ é a menor unidade a fornecer informação.
+ __Ex:__ alunos, pacientes, animais, plantas, carros, hospitais, escolas, cidades, universidades, países, _tweets_, etc.
### Crash course de inferência causal
__Qual o melhor tratamento para o choque séptico?__
Dois tipos de estudo podem ser conduzidos para responder a esta questão de pesquisa:
1. Em um \structure{experimento aleatorizado} (_randomized trial_), uma moeda justa é lançada repetidamente para designar o tratamento de cada paciente.
2. Um \structure{estudo observacional} é uma investigação empírica em que o objetivo é elucidar relações de causa e efeito, em que não é factível o uso de experimentação controlada, no sentido de ser capaz de impor procedimentos ou tratamentos cujos os efeitos se deseja descobrir.
## Experimentos: exemplo
- "O chá servido sobre o leite parecia ficar com gosto diferente do que apresentava ao receber o leite sobre ele"\footnote{Salsburg, D. \emph{Uma senhora toma chá $\ldots$ como a estatística revolucionou a ciência no século XX}, Zahar, 2009.}.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'uma_senhora_toma_cha.jpg'))
```
## Estudos observacionais: exemplo
- "O __Ministério da Saúde__ adverte: __fumar pode causar câncer de pulmão__”\footnote{Salsburg, D. \emph{Uma senhora toma chá $\ldots$ como a estatística revolucionou a ciência no século XX}, Zahar, 2009.}.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'smokingAndLungCancer2.jpg'))
```
## Para casa
- Ler o capítulo 1 do livro _"Uma Senhora Toma Chá"_ \structure{(Moodle)}.
<!-- 1. Elabore uma questão de pesquisa de seu interesse (como você imagine ser possível de responder através da coleta/organização/análise de dados). -->
<!-- 2. Apresente a sua questão no Fórum Geral do Moodle. -->
<!-- 3. Discuta a respeito da sua questão de pesquisa com os colegas. Discuta as questões apresentadas pelos colegas. -->
## Próxima aula
- Introdução e conceitos básicos de Estatística (continuação).
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-ff.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuições bidimensionais"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2021
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Apresentação {.allowframebreaks}
- Até o presente momento vimos como organizar, resumir e apresentar informações referentes a uma única variável.
- Muito do interesse em se coletar diversas variáveis em um levantamento estatístico está em analisar o __comportamento conjunto__ de duas ou mais variáveis.
- Algumas questões de pesquisa, relacionadas a este objetivo, que podem ser listadas:
- As variáveis estão relacionadas (associadas, correlacionadas)?
- Como caraterizar esta realação?
- Qual a força desta relação?
\framebreak
- Nestas breves notas de aula vamos apresentar formas de organização e apresentação de distribuições bidimensionais^[Distribuições de duas variáveis. Nestas notas de aula nos concentraremos no caso de duas variáveis, mas tais ideias podem ser generalizados para o caso de mais duas variáveis.] de frequências, assim como o cálculo e interpretação de medidas resumo.
# Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Quando consideramos duas variáveis^[Ou ainda, dois grupos em que as mesmas variáveis foram mensuradas, formando dois conjuntos de dados. Exemplo: a atividade física é mensurada (por algum instrumento de medida: questionário de hábitos de vida; acelerômetro) em dois grupos de indivíduos: fumantes e não-fumantes.], podemos ter três situações:
- As duas variáveis são qualitativas;
- As duas variáveis são quantitativas;
- Uma variável é qualitativa e outra é quantitativa.
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- As técnicas de análise de dados nas três situações são diferentes.
- Quando as variáveis são qualitativas, os dados são resumidos e apresentados em __tabelas de dupla entrada__^[Também conhecidas como __tabelas de contingência__.].
- Quando as duas variáveis são quantitativas __gráficos de dispersão__ são apropriados.
- Quando temos uma variável qualitativa e outra quantitativa, em geral, analisamos o que acontece com a variável quantitativa agrupadas em classes^[Ou seja, a variável qualitativa é interpretada como uma variável de grupo de observações.].
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Contudo, em todas as situações, o objetivo é encontrar as possíveis relações (associações) entre as duas variáveis.
- Essas relações podem ser detectadas por meio de métodos gráficos e medidas resumo.
- Interpretaremos a existência de associação como uma "_mudança_" de opinião sobre o comportamento de uma variável na presença de informação sobre a segunda variável.
- Exemplificando, os clientes de um serviço de __Streaming__ têm a __comédia__ como gênero preferido de filme.
+ Se estratificamos os clientes entre _jovens_ e _idosos_, esta preferência se mantém a mesma nos dois grupos?
+ Se a preferência por gênero de filme muda entre as faixas etárias, então temos uma associação entre as variáveis idade e gênero de filme.
+ Tal informação pode ser utilizada para a definição de campanhas de _marketing_ específicas para cada faixa etária, com sugestões "mais precisas".
# Variáveis qualitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Considere como exemplo o conjunto de dados coletados de empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB [@bussab_estatistica_2017]. Suponha que queiramos analisar o comportamento conjunto das variáveis _grau de instrução_ e _região de procedência_.
\footnotesize
```{r mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
mb_df %>%
select(N ,`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
# slice_head(n = 10) %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.", format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
\normalsize
- A __distribuição conjunta de frequências__ é apresentada logo a seguir, na tabela de dupla entrada:
\footnotesize
```{r tab_dupla, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(kableExtra)
tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
addmargins()
row.names(tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(tab, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Note que cada elemento do corpo da tabela fornece a frequência observada das realizações simultâneas de _Região de Procedência_ ($V$) e _Grau de Instrução_ ($Y$).
- Assim, observamos quatro indivíduos da capital com ensino fundamental, sete do interior com ensino médio, etc.
- A linha dos totais fornece a distribuição (unidimensional) da variável _Grau de Instrução_, ao passo que a coluna dos totais fornece a distribuição da variável _Região de Procedência_.
- As distribuições assim obtidas são chamadas tecnicamente de __distribuições marginais__, enquanto a tabela acima constitui a __distribuição conjunta__ de $Y$ e $V$^[Podemos concluir que a partir da distribuição conjunta das variáveis é possível obter as distribuições marginais de cada uma das variáveis, somando os elementos da linha, ou da coluna. Por outro lado, não é possível obter a distribuição conjunta a partir das distribuições marginais.].
## Variáveis qualitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Assim como no caso unidimensional, podemos ter interesse não só em frequências absolutas, mas também em frequências relativas e porcentagens.
- Mas aqui existem três possibilidades de expressarmos a proporção de cada casela:
- Em relação ao total geral;
- Em relação ao total de cada linha;
- Em relação ao total de cada coluna.
- De acordo com o objetivo do problema em estudo, uma delas será a mais conveniente.
\framebreak
- A tabela a seguir apresenta a distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas, expressas como
proporções do total geral.
- Ou seja, cada elemento da tabela abaixo é obtido pela divisão da frequência absoluta (apresenta na tabela anterior) pelo total de observações, $n = 36$ (e multiplicação por $100$).
\footnotesize
```{r percent_tot_geral, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table() %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação ao total geral das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Podemos, então, afirmar que 11% dos empregados vêm da capital e têm o ensino fundamental.
- Os totais nas margens fornecem as distribuições unidimensionais de cada uma das variáveis.
+ Por exemplo, 31% dos indivíduos vêm da capital, 33% do interior e 36% de outras regiões.
\framebreak
- A tabela seguinte apresenta a distribuição das proporções em relação ao total das colunas.
- Os elementos da coluna de _ensino fundamental_ foram obtidos por dividir as frequências absolutas ($4$, $3$ e $5$) por $12$, o total desta coluna.
\footnotesize
```{r percent_tot_coluna, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de colunas das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Podemos dizer que, entre os empregados com instrução até o ensino fundamental, 33% vêm da capital, ao passo que entre os empregados com ensino médio, 28% vêm da capital.
- Esse tipo de tabela serve para comparar a distribuição da procedência dos indivíduos conforme o grau de
instrução.
- Se tivéssemos interesse em comparar a distribuição do grau de instrução dos indivíduos conforme a procedência, então calcularíamos as frequências relativas em relação aos totais das linhas^[__Sua vez:__ construa a distribuição conjunta de frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de linhas.].
## Variáveis qualitativas {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma forma alternativa de apresentação da distribuição conjunta de duas variáveis qualitativas é feita por meio de gráficos.
- Em geral, utiliza-se o gráfico de barras.
\framebreak
```{r barras, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="100%"}
library(ggplot2)
library(viridis)
library(reshape2)
mb_gg <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>% melt()
p <- ggplot(data = mb_gg, mapping = aes(x = `Grau de Instrução`, fill = `Região de Procedência`, y = value)) +
geom_bar(position = "fill", stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_viridis(discrete = T) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
theme_bw() + ylab("Frequências relativas") +
theme(legend.position = "bottom")
p
```
\framebreak
- Uma pergunta frequente de pesquisadores e usuários de Estatística é sobre a associação entre duas variáveis.
- Buscar explicar como se comporta uma variável em função da distribuição de outra tem sido o objetivo de vários estudos que utilizam a Estatística como ferramenta auxiliar.
- Em outras palavras, a distribuição de frequências da variável $Y$ muda de acordo com o nível (categoria) da variável $X$?
- Em caso afirmativo, diremos que as variáveis são __associadas__, ou dependem uma da outra.
- Caso contrário, diremos que as variáveis são __independentes__, e portanto, não há associação entre as variáveis.
\framebreak
- __Exemplo:__ em setembro de 2019, o jornalismo esportivo divulgava os resultados das partidas disputas pelo Grêmio.
+ Uma questão era observada pelos especialistas: sem o jogador Maicon, o Grêmio tinha apresentado um desempenho pior.
+ Na tabela a seguir são apresentadas as frequências relativas (em porcentagem) de 52 partidas disputadas até aquele momento.
\footnotesize
```{r gremio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
tab <- matrix(c(10, 9, 4, 17, 7, 5),
byrow = T, ncol = 3, dimnames = list(c("Sem Maicon", "Com Maicon"),
c("Vitórias", "Empates", "Derrotas")))
prop.tab <- addmargins(prop.table(addmargins(tab, margin = 1), margin = 1), margin = 2) * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[3] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 2,
caption = "Resultados dos jogos do Grêmio em 2019.")
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Note que as frequências são com relação a linha.
- Assim, observamos que sem considerar que Maicon jogou, o jogo resulta em vitória do Grêmio em aproximadamente 52% das vezes.
- Mas, quando Maicon está em campo esta porcentagem muda para aproximadamente 59%.
- Quando ele não está em campo, a porcentagem de vitórias cai para 43%.
- Assim, poderíamos concluir que a presença de Maicon no jogo foi importante para o desempenho do time do Grêmio no ano de 2019.
- Em outras palavras, as variáveis _resultado do jogo do Grêmio_ e _escalação do time do Grêmio_ são associadas (ou dependentes), pois a distribuição de frequências da variável _resultado do jogo do Grêmio_ muda conforme o nível (categoria) da variável _escalação do time do Grêmio_^[Um caminho natural a partir deste resultado seria quantificar o grau de dependência entre estas variáveis. A medida resumo mais utilizada é __coeficiente de contingência__, mais conhecido como o $\chi^2$ de Pearson. Não apresentaremos nestas notas o coeficiente de contingência, mas recomendamos a leitura complementar deste.].
## Próxima aula
- Distribuições bivariadas: variáveis quantitativas.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-final02.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----mb, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE---------------------------------------------
library(dplyr)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
mb_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "companhia_mb.xlsx"))
mb_df %>%
select(N ,`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
rename("ID" = "N") %>%
# slice_head(n = 10) %>%
kable(caption = "Tabela de dados brutos.", format = "pandoc")
## ----tab_dupla, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE--------------------------------------
library(kableExtra)
tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
addmargins()
row.names(tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(tab,
caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.", align = "cccc", format = "latex") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----percent_tot_geral, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE------------------------------
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table() %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0,
caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação ao total geral das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.",
align = "cccc",
format = "latex") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----percent_tot_coluna, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------
prop.tab <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>%
addmargins() * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab,
digits = 0,
caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação aos totais de colunas das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.",
align = "cccc",
format = "latex") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
## ----barras, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, fig.align='center', out.width="90%"----
library(ggplot2)
library(viridis)
library(reshape2)
mb_gg <- mb_df %>%
select(`Região de Procedência`, `Grau de Instrução`) %>%
table() %>%
prop.table(margin = 1) %>% melt()
mb_gg <- mb_gg %>%
group_by(`Região de Procedência`) %>%
mutate(value_pos = cumsum(value) - (0.5 * value)) %>%
mutate(value_lab = round(value * 100, 1))
p <- ggplot(data = mb_gg,
mapping = aes(x = `Região de Procedência`,
y = value)) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(fill = rev(`Grau de Instrução`)),
stat = "identity") +
geom_text(mapping = aes(y = value_pos, label = value_lab),
col = "white", vjust = 0) +
scale_fill_viridis(discrete = T) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
labs(y = "Frequências relativas", fill = "Grau de Instrução") +
theme_bw() + theme(legend.position = "bottom")
p
## ----gremio, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE-----------------------------------------
tab <- matrix(c(10, 9, 4, 17, 7, 5),
byrow = T, ncol = 3, dimnames = list(c("Sem Maicon", "Com Maicon"),
c("Vitórias", "Empates", "Derrotas")))
prop.tab <- addmargins(prop.table(addmargins(tab, margin = 1), margin = 1), margin = 2) * 100
row.names(prop.tab)[3] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- "Total"
kable(prop.tab, digits = 2,
caption = "Resultados dos jogos do Grêmio em 2019.",
align = "cccc",
format = "latex", format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","))
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Conceitos Básicos"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2020
header-includes:
- \titlegraphic{\hfill\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{logos/Logo-40-anos-estatistica.png}}
---
# Introdução
## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento
- Em alguma fase de seu trabalho, o pesquisador depara-se com o problema de __analisar__ e __entender__ um __conjunto de dados__ relevante ao seu particular objeto de estudos.
- Ele necessitará trabalhar os dados para __transformá-los em informações__, para compará-los com outros resultados, ou ainda para __julgar sua adequação__ a __alguma teoria__.
## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento
### Uma representação
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
library(cowplot)
library(ggplot2)
p1 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'model.jpg'), scale = 0.9)
p2 <- ggdraw() + draw_image(here::here('images', 'decisionloops2.jpg'), scale = 0.9)
plot_grid(p1, p2)
```
## Dados $\leadsto$ Conhecimento
### Uma representação mais ousada!
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Data-Wisdom.jpg'))
```
## O Método Científico
- De modo bem geral, podemos dizer que a essência da Ciência é a __observação__ e que seu objetivo básico é a __inferência__.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'metodo.png'))
```
## O Método Científico
- De modo bem geral, podemos dizer que a essência do Aprendizado (da Evolução).
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'metodo_cientifico_bebes.png'))
```
# Conceitos básicos
## O que é a estatística?
- A __estatística__\footnote{Do grego \emph{statistós}, de \emph{statízo}, \textbf{``estabelecer''}, \textbf{``verificar''}, acrescido do sufixo \emph{ica}.} é a ciência que tem por objetivo orientar a coleta, o resumo, a apresentação, a análise e a interpretação de dados.
- Podem ser identificadas duas grandes áreas de atuação desta ciência:
+ a __estatística descritiva__, envolvida com o resumo e a apresentação dos dados.
+ a __estatística inferencial__, que ajuda a concluir sobre conjuntos maiores de dados (populações) quando apenas partes desses conjuntos (as amostras) foram estudadas.
<!-- - Mais do que uma sequência de métodos, a estatística é uma forma de pensar ou de ver a realidade variável, já que seu conhecimento não apenas fornece um conjunto de técnicas de análise de dados, mas condiciona toda uma postura crítica sobre sua interpretação e a elaboração de conclusões sobre os dados. -->
## O que é a estatística?
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Descritiva_Inferencia.png'))
```
## O que é a estatística descritiva?
- A __Estatística Descritiva__ corresponde aos procedimentos relacionados com a \structure{coleta}, \structure{elaboração}, \structure{tabulação}, \structure{análise}, \structure{interpretação} e \structure{apresentação} dos \structure{dados}.
- Isto é, inclui as técnicas que dizem respeito à sintetização e à descrição de dados numéricos.
- Estas técnicas podem ser utilizadas em pelo menos dois contextos
+ Análise da \structure{consistência dos dados}.
+ \structure{Análise Exploratória de Dados} (_Exploratory Data Analysis_ - EDA)\footnote{<NAME>. \emph{Exploratory data analysis}, Reading:Addison-Wesley, 1977.}.
- Tais métodos tanto podem ser gráficos como envolver análise computacional.
## Estatística descritiva: alguns exemplos
\footnotesize
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, results='asis'}
library(summarytools)
descr(tobacco, style = 'rmarkdown')
```
## Estatística descritiva: alguns exemplos
```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE, results='asis'}
freq(tobacco$gender, style = 'rmarkdown', headings = F)
```
## Estatística descritiva: alguns exemplos
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE}
# Considerações finais: exemplos
# install.packages("jpeg")
# install.packages("grid")
library(jpeg)
library(grid)
library(gapminder)
library(dplyr)
gapminder <- gapminder %>%
mutate(pop_m = pop/1e6)
gapminder07 <- gapminder %>%
filter(year == 2007)
img <- readJPEG(here::here("images", "hans_rosling.jpg"))
# start plotting
p <- ggplot(data = gapminder07,
mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp,
color = continent, size = pop_m)) +
annotation_custom(rasterGrob(img, width = unit(1, "npc"),
height = unit(1, "npc")),
-Inf, Inf, -Inf, Inf) +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0),
limits = c(min(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 0.9, max(gapminder07$lifeExp) * 1.05)) +
geom_point() +
labs(x = "Renda per capita (US$)",
y = "Expectativa de vida (anos)",
color = "Continente", size = "População/1 milhão") +
theme_bw() +
theme(text = element_text(color = "gray20"),
legend.position = c("top"), # posição da legenda
legend.direction = "horizontal",
legend.justification = 0.1, # ponto de ancora para legend.position.
legend.text = element_text(size = 11, color = "gray10"),
axis.text = element_text(face = "italic"),
axis.title.x = element_text(vjust = -1),
axis.title.y = element_text(vjust = 2),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank(), # element_blank() é como removemos elementos
axis.line = element_line(color = "gray40", size = 0.5),
axis.line.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_line(color = "gray50", size = 0.5),
panel.grid.major.x = element_blank()
)
p
```
## Unidades experimentais e observacionais
- __Unidade experimental__ ou __unidade de observação__ é a menor unidade a fornecer informação.
+ __Ex:__ alunos, pacientes, animais, plantas, carros, hospitais, escolas, cidades, universidades, países, _tweets_, etc.
### Crash course de inferência causal
__Qual o melhor tratamento para o choque séptico?__
Dois tipos de estudo podem ser conduzidos para responder a esta questão de pesquisa:
1. Em um \structure{experimento aleatorizado} (_randomized trial_), uma moeda justa é lançada repetidamente para designar o tratamento de cada paciente.
2. Um \structure{estudo observacional} é uma investigação empírica em que o objetivo é elucidar relações de causa e efeito, em que não é factível o uso de experimentação controlada, no sentido de ser capaz de impor procedimentos ou tratamentos cujos os efeitos se deseja descobrir.
## Experimentos: exemplo
- "O chá servido sobre o leite parecia ficar com gosto diferente do que apresentava ao receber o leite sobre ele"\footnote{Salsburg, D. \emph{Uma senhora toma chá $\ldots$ como a estatística revolucionou a ciência no século XX}, Zahar, 2009.}.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', out.height='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'uma_senhora_toma_cha.jpg'))
```
## Estudos observacionais: exemplo
- "O __Ministério da Saúde__ adverte: __fumar pode causar câncer de pulmão__”\footnote{Salsburg, D. \emph{Uma senhora toma chá $\ldots$ como a estatística revolucionou a ciência no século XX}, Zahar, 2009.}.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'smokingAndLungCancer2.jpg'))
```
## Exercício
1. Elabore uma questão de pesquisa de seu interesse (anote a sua questão em algum lugar).
2. Discuta a respeito da sua questão de pesquisa com os colegas.
## Dados e variáveis
::: {.block}
### Dados
São as informações obtidas de uma unidade experimental ou observacional.
\
- __Ex:__ "Vitor tem 25 anos e é fumante". Os dados são "25 anos" e "fumante".
:::
::: {.block}
### Variável
É toda característica que, observada em uma unidade (experimental ou observacional), pode variar de um indivíduo para outro.
\
- __Ex:__ idade, sexo, altura, nível de hemoglobina no sangue, espaçamento entre plantas, doses de um medicamento, tipo de medicamento, cultivares, número de caracteres, velocidade da rede, tempo gasto na rede social, nível de monóxido de carbono em emissões do escape de automóveis, etc.
:::
É importante __identificar que tipo de variável__ está sendo estudada, uma vez que são recomendados __procedimentos estatísticos diferentes__ em cada situação.
## Tipos de variáveis
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'classe_var.png'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_quanti.png'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas discretas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_discreta.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis quantitativas contínuas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_continua.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_quali.png'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas ordinais
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_ordinal.jpg'))
```
## Variáveis qualitativas nominais
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='70%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'var_nominal.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (1)
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'cor_predio2.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (1)
### Variáveis quantitativas
- 3 andares
- 14,85 metros de altura
### Variáveis qualitativas
- Multicolorido
- Cheira "bem"
## Exemplos (2)
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='90%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'rolling-stones.jpg'))
```
## Exemplos (2)
### Variáveis quantitativas
- 4 integrantes
- 56 anos
### Variáveis qualitativas
- Inglaterra
- Rock
## Exercício
1. Com base na questão de pesquisa elaborada no exercício anterior, liste variáveis que você teria interesse em coletar e analisar para responder a sua questão de pesquisa.
2. Classifique as variáveis de acordo com a classificação discutida anteriormente.
3. Discuta a respeito das suas variáveis com os colegas.
## População
- __População__ ou __universo__: esse termo é usado em estatística com um sentido bem mais amplo do que na linguagem coloquial.
- É entendido aqui como o __conjunto de todos os elementos__ que apresentam uma ou mais características __em comum__.
- __Exemplo 1:__ a população de colegiais de oito anos de Belo Horizonte.
+ Estes colegiais têm em comum a idade e o local onde vivem.
- __Exemplo 2:__ a população de indústrias brasileiras.
+ Estas indústrias têm em comum o fato de que foram criadas no Brasil.
- Este conjunto por vezes é denominado por $U$ (de __conjunto universo__).
- O __tamanho da população__ é a sua quantidade de elementos, que anotamos por $N$.
- Uma população pode ser __finita__ (limita em tamanho; $N < \infty$) ou __infinita__ ($N =\infty$).
+ __Exemplo de pop. finita:__ torcedores do São Raimundo de Santarém, residentes de Porto Alegre.
+ __Exemplo de pop. infinita:__ equipamentos (de um certo tipo) fabricados em série.
## Censo e amostra
- Quando o estudo é realizado com toda a população de interesse, chamemos este estudo de __censo__.
- Por motivos de tempo, custo, logística, entre outros, geralmente não é possível realizar um censo.
+ Nestes casos, estudamos apenas uma parcela da população, que chamamos de __amostra__.
### Censo vs. amostra
À primeira vista, uma coleta de dados realizada em toda a população é preferível a uma realizada apenas numa parte da população. Na prática, entretanto, o oposto é frequentemente verdadeiro porque:
1. Um censo é impossível quando a população é infinita.
2. Os ensaios (testes) podem ser destrutivos \structure{(como nos testes de segurança dos carros)}.
3. Rapidez: estudar toda a população pode despender de muito tempo, não sendo compatível com a urgência do estudo \structure{(como quando estudamos os casos de um surto de uma nova doença)}.
Para uma consideração mais completa ver Vargas (2000)\footnote{<NAME>. \emph{Estatística: uma linguagem para dialogar com a incerteza}, Cadernos de matemática e estatística. Série B, 2000.}.
## Amostra
- __Amostra__ é qualquer fração de uma população.
+ Como sua finalidade é representar a população, deseja-se que a amostra escolhida apresente as mesmas características da população de origem, isto é, que seja uma amostra __"representativa"__ ou __"não-tendenciosa"__.
- Tanto o número de indivíduos selecionados para a amostra quanto a técnica de seleção são extremamente importantes para que os resultados obtidos no estudo sejam generalizados para a população.
## Amostra representativa
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='65%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Gato_caindo.jpg'))
```
- Ver a discussão sobre __representatividade da amostra__ na [apresentação](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGGGDpb04Yc&t=592s) do __Prof. <NAME>__.
## Amostragem
- A seleção da amostra pode ser feita de várias maneiras.
- Esta dependerá:
+ Do grau de conhecimento que temos da população.
+ Da quantidade de recursos disponíveis.
- A seleção da amostra tenta fornecer um subconjunto de valores o __mais parecido possível__ com a população que lhe dá origem.
+ __Amostra representativa__ da população.
## Amostra aleatória simples
- A amostragem mais usada é a __amostra casual simples__ (ou aleatória simples).
+ Os indivíduos (unidades) da amostra são selecionados ao acaso, __com__ ou __sem reposição__.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='60%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'simpleSample.png'))
```
## Amostra estratificada
- Eventualmente, se tivermos informações adicionais a respeito da população de interesse, podemos utilizar outros esquemas de amostragem mais sofisticados.
+ __Amostragem estratificada__
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='95%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'estratificada.png'))
```
## Amostra sistemática
- Em outros casos, pode existir uma relação numerada dos itens da população que nos permitiria utilizar a chamada __amostragem sistemática__ em que selecionamos os indivíduos de forma pré-determinada.
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'SystematicSampling.jpg'))
```
## Amostragem
- Outros esquemas de amostragem poderiam ser citados e todos fazem parte da chamada __teoria da amostragem__, cujos detalhes não serão aprofundados.
## Parâmetros, estatísticas e estimativas
- __Parâmetro__ é um valor que resume, na população, a informação relativa a uma variável.
+ __Ex:__ média populacional, prevalência populacional, coeficiente de variação populacional, taxa de mortalidade populacional, etc.
- __Estatística__ (além de ser o nome da ciência/área do conhecimento) é a denominação dada a uma quantidade, calculada com base nos elementos de uma amostra, que descreve a informação contida nesse conjunto de dados.
+ __Ex:__ A média, a porcentagem, o desvio padrão, o coeficiente de correlação, calculados em uma amostra, são estatísticas.
## Parâmetros, estatísticas e estimativas
- Os parâmetros são difíceis de se obter, pois implicam o estudo de toda a população e costumam ser substituídos por valores calculados em amostras representativas da população-alvo.
+ Se tivesse sido examinada uma amostra de 10 estudantes matriculados na disciplina MAT02218, e 40% fossem do torcedores do América Mineiro, esse valor constituiria uma estimativa do parâmetro "percentual de torcedores do América Mineiro matriculados naquela disciplina".
- A __estimativa__ é um valor numérico de uma estatística, usado para realizar inferências sobre o parâmetro.
+ Da mesma forma, o valor numérico da média para a estatura desses 10 alunos, digamos 173 cm, é uma estimativa para a média de altura populacional.
- __P:__ neste exemplo, quem é a população (alvo)?
## Próxima aula
- Organização dos dados
<!-- - Distribuição de frequências -->
## Para casa
\begin{columns}[c]
\column{2.3in}
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{images/stats_cats.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\column{2.3in}
\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{+2mm}
\item Conhecer o Moodle da disciplina.
\item Ler os Cap. 1 e 2 de "Estatística Descritiva I" de Fernandez.
\end{itemize}
\end{columns}
## Por hoje é só! Bons estudos!
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='100%', out.height='80%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'lofi_01.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Distribuição de Frequências"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
---
# Introdução
## Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma contribuição importante da estatística no manejo das informações foi a criação de procedimentos para a organização e o resumo de grandes quantidades de dados.
- A descrição das variáveis é imprescindível como passo prévio para a adequada interpretação dos resultados de uma investigação, e a metodologia empregada faz parte da estatística descritiva.
- Os dados podem ser organizados em \structure{tabelas} ou \structure{gráficos}. Nestas notas de aula, vamos apresentar como organizar a informação em \structure{tabelas de frequências}.
# Distribuição de Frequências
## Distribuição de Frequências {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados nominais, ordinais e discretos, depois de apurados, devem ser organizados em \structure{tabelas de distribuição de frequências}.
- \structure{Frequência de uma categoria (ou valor)} é o número de vezes que essa categoria (ou valor) ocorre no conjunto de dados (uma amostra ou população)\footnote{{\bf Lembrando:} {\bf população} é o conjunto de todos os elementos que apresentam uma ou mais características em comum. Quando o estudo é realizado com toda a população de interesse, chamaremos este estudo de {\bf censo}. Por motivos de tempo, custo, logística, entre outros, geralmente não é possível realizar um censo. Nestes casos, estudamos apenas uma parcela da população, que chamamos de {\bf amostra}. Amostra é qualquer fração de uma população. Como sua finalidade é representar a população, deseja-se que a amostra escolhida apresente as mesmas características da população de origem, isto é, que seja uma amostra {\bf ``representativa''} ou {\bf ``não tendenciosa''}.}.
## Dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
- Para organizar os dados nominais em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências escreva, na __primeira coluna__, o __nome da variável__ em estudo e logo abaixo, na mesma coluna, as categorias (ou seja, os valores) da variável.
- Na __segunda coluna__, escreva __"Frequência"__, e logo abaixo as frequências das respectivas categorias.
\framebreak
- __Exemplo:__ reveja o exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
+ Anotamos o número de solteiros e casados para organizar os dados em uma tabela de frequências.
+ Para isso, devemos escrever o nome da variável (_Estado civil_) e, em coluna, as categorias (_solteiro_, _casado_).
+ As frequências são 8 empregados solteiros e 7 empregados casados que, somadas, dão um total de 15 empregados.
\framebreak
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
civil <- c(rep("Solteiro", 8), rep("Casado", 7))
library(summarytools)
civil.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(civil, order = "freq")))["Freq"]
civil.tab <- data.frame("estado_civil"= row.names(civil.tab), "freq" = civil.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(civil.tab, col.names = c("Estado civil", "Frequência"))
```
\framebreak
### Observações
1. É comum utilizar a última linha da tabela para expressar o total. Em geral, este deve coincidir com o tamanho do conjunto de dados. Em alguns casos, a variável não foi observada/coletada (_dados ausentes_) para uma ou mais unidades, e portanto, o total deve ser menor que o tamanho do conjunto de dados.
2. Usaremos a \structure{notação $n_i$} para indicar a frequência (absoluta) cada classe, ou categoria, da variável.
## Dados nominais {.allowframebreaks}
### Exercício
- Construa a tabela de distribuição de frequências da variável _Região de procedência_ do exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
## Dados ordinais {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados ordinais devem ser organizados em tabelas de distribuição de frequências.
- Escreva, na primeira coluna, o nome da variável em estudo e, logo abaixo, os nomes das categorias em __ordem crescente__\footnote{Nos referimos a ordem das categorias e não das suas frequências.}.
- As frequências devem estar em outra coluna, mas nas linhas das respectivas categorias.
## Dados ordinais {.allowframebreaks}
- Retornando ao exemplo do grupo de 15 empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB, considere a variável _Grau de instrução_.
+ O nome da variável e suas categorias foram escritos na primeira coluna e, na segunda coluna, as respectivas frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
escola <- factor(x = c(rep("Ensino fundamental", 9), rep("Ensino médio", 5), "Superior"))
escola.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(escola)))["Freq"]
escola.tab <- data.frame("escola"= row.names(escola.tab), "freq" = escola.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(escola.tab, col.names = c("Grau de instrução", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Dados discretos {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados discretos também são organizados em tabelas de distribuição de frequências.
- Para isso, os valores que a variável pode assumir são colocados na primeira coluna, em __ordem crescente__.
- O número de vezes que cada valor se repete (a frequência) é escrito em outra coluna, nas linhas respectivas aos valores.
\framebreak
- Mais uma vez, retorne ao exemplo da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB.
+ O número de filhos dos empregados da seção é apresentado a seguir na distribuição de frequências.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
filhos <- c(rep(0, 6), rep(1, 4), rep(2, 4), 3)
filhos.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(filhos)))["Freq"]
filhos.tab <- data.frame("filhos"= row.names(filhos.tab), "freq" = filhos.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(filhos.tab, col.names = c("Número de filhos", "Frequência ($n_i$)"))
```
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Dados contínuos podem assumir __diversos valores diferentes__\footnote{Aqui chamamos mais uma vez a atenção para a importância de distinguirmos os diferentes tipos de variáveis. Uma variável \emph{quantitativa contínua} é uma {\bf variável}! E portanto, {\bf pode variar} de um indivíduo para outro! No entanto, a variável \emph{quantitativa contínua} possui um conjunto de valores possíveis {\bf infinito} (um intervalo da reta real), e assim, podemos observar um número de unidades com valores distintos para uma certa variável contínua maior que no caso de uma variável nominal. {\bf Exercício:} compare os valores possíveis para as variáveis {\bf altura} e {\bf estado civil}.}, mesmo em amostras pequenas.
- Por essa razão, a menos que sejam em grande número, são apresentados na forma como foram coletados.
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Considere, como exemplo, que o pesquisador resolveu organizar as idades dos empregados da seção de orçamentos da Companhia MB em uma tabela.
- Pode escrever os dados na ordem em que foram coletados, como segue:
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
idade <- c(26, 32, 36, 20, 40, 28, 41, 43, 34, 23, 33, 27, 37, 44, 30)
idade.tab <- matrix(data = idade, nrow = 3)
knitr::kable(idade.tab, format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
- Quando em grande número, os dados contínuos podem ser organizados, para apresentação, em uma tabela de distribuição de frequências.
- Vamos entender como isso é feito por meio de novo exemplo.
\framebreak
- Foram propostas muitas maneiras de avaliar a capacidade de uma criança para o desempenho escolar.
- Algumas crianças estão "prontas" para aprender a escrever aos cinco anos, outras, aos oito anos.
- Imagine que um professor aplicou o _Teste de Desempenho Escolar_ (TDE) a 27 alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Fundamental.
- Os dados obtidos pelo professor estão apresentados em seguida.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde <- c(7, 18, 111, 25, 101, 85, 81, 75, 100, 95, 98, 108, 100, 94, 34, 99, 84, 90, 95, 102, 96, 105, 100, 107, 117, 96, 17)
tde.tab <- matrix(data = tde, nrow = 3)
knitr::kable(tde.tab, format = "pandoc")
```
\framebreak
- Para __conhecer o comportamento__ do desempenho escolar desses alunos, o professor deve organizar uma __distribuição de frequências__.
- No entanto, para isso, é preciso __agrupar os dados em faixas__, ou __classes__\footnote{Note que se procedermos da mesma forma que procedemos para os casos anteriores, a nossa tabela de distribuição de frequências apresentaria um grande número de valores com baixas frequências. Isso nos daria tanta informação quanto a tabela de dados brutos, e portanto, não nos ajudaria a conhecer o comportamento da variável.}.
+ Em quantas faixas ou classes podem ser agrupados os dados?
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Uma __regra prática__ é a seguinte: \structure{o número de classes deve ser aproximadamente igual à raiz quadrada do tamanho da amostra.}
$$
\mbox{Número de classes} = \sqrt{n}.
$$
- No exemplo, são 27 alunos.
+ O tamanho da amostra é, portanto, $n = 27$.
+ A raiz quadrada de 27 está entre $5 (\sqrt{25})$ e $6 (\sqrt{36})$. Portanto, podem ser organizadas __cinco classes__.
- Mas como?
\framebreak
- Observe cuidadosamente o conjunto de dados.
- Ache o __valor mínimo__, o __valor máximo__ e a __amplitude__.
###
- __Valor mínimo__ é o menor valor de um conjunto de dados.
- __Valor máximo__ é o maior valor de um conjunto de dados.
- __Amplitude__ é a diferença entre o valor máximo e o valor mínimo.
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- Para os valores obtidos pelos 27 alunos no Teste de Desempenho Escolar, temos:
- Valor mínimo $= 7$;
- Valor máximo $= 117$;
- Amplitude $= 117 - 7 = 110$.
- Uma vez obtida a amplitude do conjunto de dados, é preciso calcular a \structure{amplitude das classes}.
\framebreak
- \structure{Amplitude de classe} é dada pela divisão da amplitude do conjunto de dados pelo número de classes.
- Para os dados do TDE, a amplitude ($110$) deve ser dividida pelo número de classes que já foi calculado ($5$):
$$
110 \div 5 = 22.
$$
\framebreak
- A __amplitude de classe__ será, então, $22$. Isso significa que:
- a primeira classe vai do valor mínimo, $7$ até $7 + 22 = 29$;
- a segunda classe vai de $29$ a $29 + 22 = 51$;
- a terceira classe vai de $51$ a $51 + 22 = 73$;
- a quarta classe vai de $73$ a $73 + 22 = 95$;
- a quinta classe vai de $95$ a $95 + 22 = 117$, inclusive.
- Os valores que delimitam as classes são denominados \structure{extremos}.
\framebreak
- \structure{Extremos de classe} são os valores que delimitam as classes.
- Uma questão importante é saber __como__ as classes devem ser escritas. Alguém pode pensar em escrever as classes como segue:
\begin{eqnarray*}
7 &-& 28\\
29 &-& 51, \mbox{etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
- No entanto, essa notação traz dúvidas.
\framebreak
- Como saber, por exemplo, para qual classe vai o valor $28,5$?
- Esse tipo de dúvida é evitado indicando as classes como segue:
\begin{eqnarray*}
7 &\vdash& 28\\
29 &\vdash& 51, \mbox{etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
- Usando essa notação, fica claro que o intervalo é \structure{fechado} à esquerda e \structure{aberto} à direita.
\framebreak
- Então, na classe $7\vdash 29$ estão \structure{incluídos} os valores iguais ao extremo inferior da classe, que é $7$ (o intervalo é fechado à esquerda), mas \structure{não estão incluídos} os valores iguais ao extremo superior da classe, que é $29$ (o intervalo é aberto à direita).
- A indicação de que o intervalo é fechado é dada pelo lado esquerdo do traço vertical do símbolo $\vdash$.
- A indicação de intervalo aberto é dada pela ausência de traço vertical no lado direito do símbolo $\vdash$.
- Uma alternativa a esta notação é dada por \structure{colchetes} e \structure{parênteses}.
\framebreak
- Considere \structure{$ei$} e \structure{$es$} os \structure{extremos inferior} e \structure{superio}r de uma classe qualquer, respectivamente.
- "$(ei; es]$", ou "$\dashv$" é um intervalo aberto à esquerda e fechado à direita;
- "$[ei; es)$", ou "$\vdash$" é um intervalo aberto à direita e fechado à esquerda;
- "$(ei; es)$", ou "$]ei; es[$", ou "--" é um intervalo aberto;
- "$[ei; es]$", ou "$\vdash\dashv$" é um intervalo fechado.
\framebreak
- Estabelecidas as classes, é preciso obter as \structure{frequências}.
- Para isso, contam-se quantos alunos estão na classe de $7$ a $29$ \structure{(exclusive)}\footnote{Ou, seja, sem incluir o extremo direito do intervalo de classe; neste caso, o valor 29.}, quantos estão na classe de $29$ a $51$ \structure{(exclusive)}, e assim por diante.
### Apuração
- Aqui uma abordagem poderia ser a criação de uma "nova variável" (transformada) de idade em classes na planilha de dados brutos, e então proceder com a apuração desta "nova variável" como no caso de uma variável qualitativa.
- Afinal de contas, as classes de idade são categorias.
+ Neste caso, categorias de uma variável qualitativa ordinal.
## Dados contínuos {.allowframebreaks}
- A distribuição de frequências pode então ser organizada como segue.
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
tde.cat <- cut(x = tde,
breaks = c(7, 29, 51, 73, 95, 117),
labels = c("7 $\\vdash$ 29", "29 $\\vdash$ 51",
"51 $\\vdash$ 73", "73 $\\vdash$ 95",
"95 $\\vdash$ 117"),
include.lowest = F, right = FALSE)
tde.tab <- as.data.frame(na.omit(summarytools::freq(tde.cat)))["Freq"]
tde.tab <- data.frame("tde"= row.names(tde.tab), "freq" = tde.tab$Freq)
knitr::kable(tde.tab, col.names = c("Classe TDE", "Frequência ($n_i$)"), align = "lc")
```
## Observações {.allowframebreaks}
- Embora a __regra prática__ apresentada aqui para a determinação do número de classes seja útil, ela não é a única forma de determinar classes em uma tabela de frequências para dados contínuos.
- O pesquisador pode especificar as classes de acordo com "convenções".
- É comum vermos as frequências da variável idade serem apresentadas em classes de amplitude 5 ou 10 anos.
- Ainda, podem ser especificadas classes com amplitudes distintas (Idade de 0 a 19 anos, 20 a 59 anos, 60 a 79 anos, 80 anos ou mais).
\framebreak
- Outro ponto importante é que nem sempre existe interesse em apresentar todas as classes possíveis.
- Em aluns casos, a primeira classe pode incluir todos os elementos menores que determinado valor.
- Diz-se, então, que o extremo inferior da primeira classe não está definido.
- Como exemplo, veja a distribuição de frequências das pessoas conforme a altura, com as seguintes classes:
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& \mbox{Menos de } 150 \mbox{ cm}\\
&& 150\ \vdash 160 \mbox{cm}\\
&& 160\ \vdash 170 \mbox{cm, etc.}\\
\end{eqnarray*}
\framebreak
- Do mesmo modo, todos os elementos iguais ou maiores que determinado valor podem ser agrupados na última classe.
- Diz-se, então, que o extremo superior da última classe não está definido.
- Muitos dados de idade publicados pelo __Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística__ (__IBGE__) estão em tabelas de distribuição de frequências com intervalos de classes diferentes (em relação a amplitude) e não possuem extremo superior definido.
- Veja o exemplo a seguir.
\framebreak
```{r fig-censo, fig.align='center', fig.cap = "População residente, segundo grupos de idade no Brasil (Censo 2010; https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=12).", cache=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.height="70%", out.width='30%', purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'ibge_idade_censo2010.png'))
```
## Para casa
1. Resolver os exercícios 1 a 6 do Capítulo 3.5 do livro __Fundamentos de Estatística__\footnote{Vieira, S. {\bf Fundamentos de Estatística}, Atlas, 2019, pg. 37-38.} (disponível no Sabi+).
2. Para os dados nominais, ordinais, discretos econtínuos do seu levantamento estatístico, construa tabelas de frequências e compartilhe no Fórum Geral do Moodle. Discuta como você definiu as classes e suas amplitudes.
## Próxima aula
- Distribuição de frequências: __frequências relativa, acumulada, relativa acumulada e porcentagem__.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-errorbar.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>---
title: "MAT02018 - Estatística Descritiva"
subtitle: "Números índices"
fontsize: 10pt
author: |
| <NAME>
| `<EMAIL>`
institute: |
| \textsc{Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul}
| \textsc{Instituto de Matemática e Estatística}
| \textsc{Departamento de Estatística}
date: |
| Porto Alegre, 2022
bibliography: estatistica-descritiva.bib
csl: associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas-ufrgs-initials.csl
link-citations: yes
---
```{r setup, include=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
options(knitr.kable.NA = '-')
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)
```
# Apresentação
- Neste conjunto de notas de aulas, faremos uma breve introdução ao tema de __números índices__, geralmente utilizados para descrever a situação econômica ao longo do tempo.
- Veremos que a construção dos números índices está fortemente ligada a conceitos de estatística descritiva já apresentados neste curso.
# Introdução {.allowframebreaks}
- Por **índice**, às vezes, quer-se dizer coisas bem diferentes.
- Em \structure{Estatística}, como em muitas outras áreas, é sinônimo de **variação relativa** na variável de interesse.
- Em \structure{Economia}, há índices de preços, quantidades e valor dos bens, de custo de vida, de (des)emprego, de bolsas de valores, de concentração dos mercados, de monopólio de empresas, de importação e exportação.
- Em \structure{Administração}, índices de produção, de liquidez (corrente e seco), velocidade de vendas, lucratividade e endividamento possibilitam avaliar a saúde financeira das empresas.
- Em \structure{Administração Pública}, diversos índices permitem avaliar a qualidade de vida, a permanência ou evasão escolar, o nível de criminalidade e o padrão de saúde das populações.
- E há mais, bem mais, em \structure{Engenharia}, \structure{Física}, \structure{Medicina} (índices de fertilidade, natalidade, morbidez, mortalidade etc.), nas chamadas ciências do comportamento (\structure{Psicologia}, \structure{Sociologia} etc.) e em \structure{Educação} (quociente de inteligência, coeficiente de aprovação etc.).
\framebreak
- No sentido mais simples do termo, podemos dizer que um __número índice__ é um quociente que expressa uma dada quantidade em comparação a uma __quantidade base__.
- Em outras palavras, são __valores relativos__.
- No entanto devemos considerar dois casos:
1. Quando o objetivo de comparação refere-se a __um único__ produto ou serviço \structure{(índice simples/elementar)}.
2. Quando se refere a um __conjunto__ de produtos e de serviços \structure{(índice agregativo/geral)}.
\framebreak
- No primeiro caso não temos propriamente um problema de números índices, já que não envolve a **questão da agregação** de bens e serviços.
- Trata-se somente de uma forma alternativa de se fazer comparações em termos relativos.
\framebreak
- __Exemplo (único produto):__ a evolução das compras mensais de arroz (em kg), bem como do preço pago por kg, por parte de um supermercado, é apresentada na tabela a seguir.
\footnotesize
```{r serie_arroz, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(dplyr)
library(lubridate)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
arroz_df <- read_excel(path = here::here("data", "CEPEA_20201116161703.xls"),
skip = 3)
arroz_df$Data <- dmy(arroz_df$Data)
arroz_res <- arroz_df %>%
group_by(year(Data), month(Data)) %>%
summarize(preco = mean(`À vista R$`)) %>%
rename(Ano = `year(Data)`, Mes = `month(Data)`, Preco = preco) %>%
filter(Ano %in% c(2020) & Mes %in% 3:6) %>%
transform(Preco_kg = Preco/50, Quantidade = c(800, 1000, 900, 1050), Mes = paste("Mês", 0:3)) %>%
transform(Valor_total = Quantidade * Preco_kg) %>%
select(Mes, Quantidade, Preco_kg, Valor_total)
arroz_res %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 0, 2, 2),
caption = "Evolução das compras mensais de arroz",
col.names = c("Período ($t$)", "Quantidade ($kg$)", "Preço ($u.m./kg$)", "Valor total ($u.m.$)"),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ",")) %>%
footnote(general = "u.m. = unidade monetária.",
general_title = "Nota: ",
footnote_as_chunk = T,
title_format = c("italic"))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Se desejarmos saber qual a evolução da quantidade, do preço e do valor total gasto em arroz com base de comparação o mês 0, basta tomarmos como divisor os respectivos valores do mês zero.
::: {.block}
### Relativos (notação)
- Utilizaremos a notação \structure{$p_t$ ($q_t$, $v_t$)} para indicar o \structure{preço (quantidade, valor)} no período \structure{$t$}.
+ Assim, o __relativo__ do preço __(quantidade, valor)__ pode ser definido como \structure{$p_t/p_0$ ($q_t/q_0$, $v_t/v_0$)} quando o período base for o período \structure{$t = 0$}.
- Por convenção, os resultados são multiplicados por 100.
:::
\framebreak
\footnotesize
```{r serie_relativos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
arroz_res %>%
transform(Quantidade = Quantidade / Quantidade[1] * 100,
Preco_kg = Preco_kg / Preco_kg[1] * 100,
Valor_total = Valor_total / Valor_total[1] * 100) %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 1, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Evolução das compras mensais de arroz (relativos ao mês 0)",
col.names = c("Período ($t$)", "Quantidade", "Preço", "Valor total"))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
A **interpretação** dos números apresentados na tabela acima é direta. Assim, se considerarmos a coluna referente a quantidade:
+ o número 125 significa que houve 25% de aumento (1,25 - 1,00 = 0,25) na compra de arroz no mês 1 relativamente ao mês 0;
+ no mês 2 verificamos 12,5% de aumento com relação ao mês 0, e assim por diante.
+ __sua vez:__ qual a variação percentual do mês 3 em relação ao mês 0?
\framebreak
- __Exemplo (conjunto de produtos):__ considere cinco produtos usualmente consumidos por uma pessoa.
+ Os preços vigentes em dois períodos distintos de tempo estão apresentados na tabela a seguir.
\footnotesize
```{r cinco_produtos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
prod <- c("Arroz (kg)", "Leite (L)", "Pão francês (u)", "Cigarro (maço)", "Cerveja (garrafa)")
mes0 <- c(1.98, 1.99, 0.9, 7, 5.99)
mes1 <- c(2.1, 2.08, 0.95, 7.50, 6.99)
cinco_df <- data.frame(prod, mes0, mes1)
cinco_df %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 2, 2),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Preços vigentes de cinco produtos",
col.names = c("Produtos", "Mês 0 ($u.m.$)", "Mês 1 ($u.m.$)"))
```
\normalsize
- Se desejamos saber qual foi a __variação de preços__ de um período com relação ao outro, duas soluções são possíveis e serão apresentadas nas próximas duas seções.
# Índice agregativo simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Representando por \structure{$p_0^i$} e \structure{$p_1^i$} os preços do produto \structure{$i$ ($i = 1, 2, \ldots, n$)}, respectivamente, no __período 0 (período-base)__ e __1 (período atual)__^[Se o produto 1 representa o arroz, então $p_0^1 = 1,98$ e $p_1^1 = 2,1$; se o produto 2 é o leite, então $p_0^2 = 1,99$ e $p_1^2 = 2,08$; e assim respectivamente para os demais produtos.], a expressão formal do __índice agregativo simples__ (também conhecido como \structure{Índice de Dutot}) é:
$$
I_{01}^{as} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n{p_1^i}}{\sum_{i=1}^n{p_0^i}},
$$
ou seja, somamos os preços dos produtos, sem ponderações, tanto para o período-base como para o período atual, e dividimos um pelo outro^[Note que $I_{01}^{as}$ é o __relativo das médias__ de preços do mês 1 com respeito ao mês 0.].
## Índice agregativo simples {.allowframebreaks}
- Aplicando a fórmula do $I^{as}$ aos valores dos preços dos cinco produtos, temos que $\sum_{i=1}^5{p_0^i} = 17,86$ e $\sum_{i=1}^5{p_1^i} = 19,62$, e o portanto, o índice agregativo simples é:
$$
I_{01}^{as} = \frac{17,86}{19,62} = 1,10,
$$
isto é, os preços do conjunto de cinco produtos apresentados no último exemplo acusaram 10% de aumento no mês atual com relação ao mês-base.
\framebreak
- Note que o $I^{as}$ é influenciado pela unidade de medida que estão expressos os preços.
- Se substituirmos apenas o preço da cerveja em u.m. por meia garrafa, teremos 2,99 u.m. para o mês 0 e 3,49 u.m. para o mês 1.
- Mantendo os mesmos preços para os demais produtos, o $I^{as}$ é:
$$
I_{01}^{as} = \frac{14,87}{16,13} = 1,08.
$$
- Notamos que o aumento apurado é 8% no mês atual com relação ao mês-base.
# Índice de preços de Sauerbeck {.allowframebreaks}
- A influência pela unidade de medida expressa no preço no índice agregativo simples é sanada pelo __índice de preços de Sauerbeck__.
- Este nada mais que a __média (aritmética simples) dos relativos__ de preços. Portanto temos:
$$
I_{01}^S = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{\left(\frac{p_1^i}{p_0^i}\right)}.
$$
\framebreak
- Na tabela a seguir calculamos os relativos dos preços do mês 1 em relação ao mês 0 para cada um dos cinco produtos do exemplo apresentado anteriormente.
\footnotesize
```{r cinco_relativos, echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
cinco_df <- cinco_df %>%
transform(rel = mes1/mes0)
cinco_df %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "pandoc",
align = 'c',
digits = c(0, 2, 2, 3),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Relativos de preços (cinco produtos)",
col.names = c("Produtos", "Mês 0 ($u.m.$)", "Mês 1 ($u.m.$)", "$p_1^i/p_0^i$"))
```
\normalsize
\framebreak
- Aplicando a fórmula do Índice de preços de Sauerbeck aos relativos de preços da última coluna da tabela acima, obtemos:
$$
I_{01}^S = \frac{5,4}{5} = 1,08,
$$
isto é, o aumento médio dos preços dos cinco produtos foi da ordem de 8% no mês atual relativamente ao mês-base.
\framebreak
### Observações
- O índice de preços de Sauerbeck não é afetado pelas unidades de medidas em que estão expressos os preços
+ __Sua vez:__ recalcule o $I^S_{01}$ utilizando o preço referente a meia garrafa de cerveja.
- Todos os produtos têm a mesma importância relativa dentro do conjunto de bens e serviços no cálculo do $I^S_{01}$.
- Poderemos obter diferentes resultados se utilizarmos outros conceitos de média.
+ __Sua vez:__ calcule a média harmônica ($H_{01}$) e a média geométrica ($G_{01}$) dos relativos de preços dos cinco produtos do exemplo. Utilize quatro casas decimais para concluir que $H_{01} \leq G_{01} \leq I^S_{01}$.
## Próxima aula
- Principais fórmulas de cálculo de números índices.
## Por hoje é só!
\begin{center}
{\bf Bons estudos!}
\end{center}
```{r echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE, purl=FALSE}
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'Statistically-Insignificant-final05.jpg'))
```
<file_sep>## ----echo=FALSE, fig.align='center', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, out.width='50%', out.height='50%', paged.print=FALSE----
knitr::include_graphics(here::here('images', 'lofi_02.jpg'))
<file_sep>library(ggplot2)
library(MASS)
set.seed(1000)
x <- data.frame(X = runif(n = 500, min = 0.1, max = 100))
x$Y <- log(x$X) + rnorm(500, sd = 0.5)
p2 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, 0), c(0, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 500, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p1 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, .5), c(.5, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 500, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p3 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
theme_bw()
rho <- cbind(c(1, -.3), c(-.3, 1))
x <- as.data.frame(mvrnorm(n = 500, mu = c(0,0), Sigma = rho))
names(x) <- c("X", "Y")
p4 <- ggplot(data = x, mapping = aes(x = X, y = Y)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
ylim(-3,3) + xlim(-3,3) +
theme_bw()
library(cowplot)
plot_grid(p2, p3, p4, p1,
labels = letters[1:4],
label_size = 12, ncol = 2)
library(dplyr)
library(lubridate)
library(readxl)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
prod <- c("Café",
"Açúcar",
"Arroz",
"Feijão",
"Batata",
"Cébola")
mes0 <- c(136, 89, 102, 186, 49, 68)
mes1 <- c(182, 95, 106, 250, 66, 78)
quantidade0 <- c(1, 1.5, 2, 3.5, 1.5, 1)
quantidade1 <- c(2.5, 1, 3.5, 4.5, 5, 3)
vinte_df <- data.frame(prod, mes0, quantidade0, mes1, quantidade1)
vinte_df <- vinte_df %>%
transform(pq0 = mes0 * quantidade0,
pq1 = mes1 * quantidade1) %>%
transform(w0 = pq0/sum(pq0),
w1 = pq1/sum(pq1)) %>%
transform(rel = mes1/mes0,
inv_rel = mes0/mes1) %>%
transform(relw0 = rel * w0,
inv_rel_w1 = inv_rel * w1)
vinte_df <- vinte_df[names(vinte_df)[c(1,2,3,8,4,5,9,10,12,11,13)]]
vinte_df %>%
kable(escape = F,
format = "latex",
align = c('l', rep('c', 10)),
digits = c(0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3),
format.args = list(decimal.mark = ","),
caption = "Preços, quantidades, importâncias relativas e relativos de preços de produtos de alimentação",
col.names = c("Produtos ($i$)", "$p_0^i$ ($u.m.$)", "$q_0^i$", "$w_0^i$", "$p_1^i$ ($u.m.$)", "$q_1^i$", "$w_1^i$", "$p_1/p_0$", "$(p_1/p_0)w_0$", "$p_0/p_1$", "$(p_0/p_1)w_1$"))
dist <- c(2375, 1400, 1250, 2325, 985, 2025)
preco <- c(430, 272, 252, 422, 207, 373)
plot(dist, preco,
xlab = "Distância (em milhas)",
ylab = "Preço (em dólares)",
pch = 16, col = "purple")
abline(v = seq(1000, 2400, by = 200), lty = 2, col = "lightgrey")
abline(h = seq(200, 400, by = 50), lty = 2, col = "lightgrey")
cor(dist, preco)
z_dist <- (dist - mean(dist)) / sd(dist)
z_preco <- (preco - mean(preco)) / sd(preco)
sum(z_dist * z_preco)/(length(z_dist) - 1)
prop.tab <- matrix(data = c(30, 35, 35, 100, 60, 25, 15, 100),
nrow = 2, byrow = T) %>%
prop.table(margin = 2) %>%
addmargins(margin = 1)
row.names(prop.tab)[3] <- "Total"
colnames(prop.tab)[4] <- c("Total")
kable(prop.tab, digits = 0, caption = "Distribuição conjunta das frequências relativas (em porcentagem) em relação ao total geral das variáveis grau de instrução e região de procedência.") %>%
add_header_above(c("Região de Procedência", "Grau de Instrução" = 3, " "))
|
9e8615839d1361b9690b32c59085ffeeccc91b07
|
[
"Markdown",
"R",
"RMarkdown"
] | 49
|
RMarkdown
|
rdosreis/MAT02018
|
4e8e0ba81bd19de67a6f68ef8866d5389b6f42b8
|
7dbb658308b75997b14fe010fdc3c029d22819ca
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep># Safari extension demo repo
Demonstrates UserDefaults in macOS app (in Swift) combined with localStorage in extension.
<file_sep>//
// SafariExtensionHandler.swift
// yeehah_extension
//
// Created by <NAME> on 22/05/2020.
//
import SafariServices
class SafariExtensionHandler: SFSafariExtensionHandler {
override func messageReceived(withName messageName: String, from page: SFSafariPage, userInfo: [String : Any]?) {
// This method will be called when a content script provided by your extension calls safari.extension.dispatchMessage("message").
NSLog("The extension received a message (\(messageName)) with userInfo (\(userInfo ?? [:]))")
if messageName == "UDGetItem" {
if let unwrappedUserInfo = userInfo as? [String : String] {
let key = unwrappedUserInfo["key"]!
let value = UserDefaults.standard.string(forKey: key)
page.dispatchMessageToScript(withName: "UDGetItem", userInfo: ["key": key, "value": value as Any])
NSLog("\(messageName) for \(key)")
}
}
if messageName == "UDSetItem" {
if let unwrappedUserInfo = userInfo as? [String : String] {
let key = unwrappedUserInfo["key"]!
let value = unwrappedUserInfo["value"]!
UserDefaults.standard.set(value, forKey: key)
page.dispatchMessageToScript(withName: "UDSetItem", userInfo: ["key": key, "value": value as Any])
NSLog("\(messageName) for \(key) with \(value)")
}
}
if messageName == "UDRemoveItem" {
if let unwrappedUserInfo = userInfo as? [String : String] {
let key = unwrappedUserInfo["key"]!
UserDefaults.standard.removeObject(forKey: key)
page.dispatchMessageToScript(withName: "UDRemoveItem", userInfo: ["key": key])
NSLog("\(messageName) for \(key)")
}
}
}
override func toolbarItemClicked(in window: SFSafariWindow) {
// This method will be called when your toolbar item is clicked.
NSLog("The extension's toolbar item was clicked")
// open url
let url = NSURL(string: "https://whotargets.me/en/")! as URL
window.openTab(with: url, makeActiveIfPossible: true)
// btw, this would open it in the default browser e.g. firefox
// NSWorkspace.shared.open(url)
}
override func validateToolbarItem(in window: SFSafariWindow, validationHandler: @escaping ((Bool, String) -> Void)) {
// This is called when Safari's state changed in some way that would require the extension's toolbar item to be validated again.
validationHandler(true, "")
}
override func popoverViewController() -> SFSafariExtensionViewController {
return SafariExtensionViewController.shared
}
}
|
0a54c7835c6bf36cd7030b0174818e5f5f7efc03
|
[
"Markdown",
"Swift"
] | 2
|
Markdown
|
skinofstars/yeehah-safari-extension
|
dc028f77b41022e5f84479bcdfac88967a5bc8e6
|
d459a37538677a7ba27d0e16eaf45ac71ec19177
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>alvtdev/BoilKettlePi<file_sep>/src/output.cpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 5/21/2017
*
* Output is a state machine that polls all other state machines for data and
* outputs them accordingly
*****************************************************************************/
#include "task.hpp"
#include "output.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fstream>
Output::Output(int ms, Temperature* t, Pressure* p, Sonar* s,
Calcgrav* cg, Heater* h) : Task(ms) {
this->t = t;
this->p = p;
this->s = s;
this->cg = cg;
this->h = h;
pollCountMax = (1000/ms);
outputTimeHours = 0;
outputTimeMinutes = 0;
outputTimeSeconds = 0;
}
void Output::poll_Data() {
temperature = t->get_temperature();
pressure = p->get_pressure();
dist = s->get_distance();
specGravBegin = cg->get_specGravBegin();
timeLeft = h->get_timeLeft_seconds();
}
void Output::calc_outputTimes() {
unsigned int tempTimeLeft = h->get_timeLeft_seconds();
//std::cout << tempTimeLeft << std::endl;
if (tempTimeLeft > 3600) {
outputTimeHours = (tempTimeLeft / 3600);
tempTimeLeft -= (outputTimeHours * 3600);
}
else {
outputTimeHours = 0;
}
if (tempTimeLeft > 60) {
outputTimeMinutes = (tempTimeLeft / 60);
tempTimeLeft -= (outputTimeMinutes * 60);
}
else {
outputTimeMinutes = 0;
}
outputTimeSeconds = tempTimeLeft;
}
void Output::output_Data() {
if (timeLeft > 0) {
/*
std::cout << "Total Boil Time: " << h->get_boilTime() << " s \n";
std::cout << "Timer Time: " << h->get_timerSeconds() << " s \n";
*/
std::cout << "Boil Time Left: " << outputTimeHours << " hrs, "
<< outputTimeMinutes << " min, " << outputTimeSeconds << " s" << std::endl;
}
else if (timeLeft == 0) {
std::cout << "Boil Status: Finished." << std::endl;
}
else if (timeLeft < 0) {
//std::cout << "Boil Status: Waiting to start." << std::endl;
}
std::cout << "Temperature: " << temperature << " F" << std::endl;
std::cout << "Pressure: " << pressure << " Pa" << std::endl;
std::cout << "Water depth: " << dist << " cm" << std::endl;
if (specGravBegin == -1) {
std::cout << "Density: N/A" << std::endl;
}
else {
std::cout << "Density: " << specGravBegin << " g/cm^3" << std::endl;
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
void Output::output_to_file() {
ofstream outFile("output.txt");
if (outFile.is_open()) {
if (timeLeft > 0) {
outFile << "Boil Time Left: " << outputTimeHours << " hrs, "
<< outputTimeMinutes << " min, " << outputTimeSeconds << " s \n";
}
else if (timeLeft == 0) {
outFile << "Boil Status: Finished \n";
}
else if (timeLeft == -1) {
if (h->get_fullStatus() == -1) {
outFile << "Boil Status: Waiting to be Full \n";
}
else if (h->get_fullStatus() == 1) {
outFile << "Boil Status: Heating\n";
}
}
else if (timeLeft < -5) {
outFile << "Boil Status: Finished\n";
}
outFile << "Temperature: " << temperature << " F \n";
outFile << "Pressure: " << pressure << " Pa \n";
outFile << "Water Depth: " << dist << " cm \n";
outFile << "Density: " << specGravBegin << " g/cm^3 \n"; }
else {
std::cout << "Error opening output.txt" << std::endl;
}
}
int Output::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = POLL;
break;
case POLL:
if (pollCount >= pollCountMax-1) {
pollCount = 0;
state = OUT;
}
else {
state = POLL;
}
break;
case OUT:
state = POLL;
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
break;
case POLL:
poll_Data();
pollCount++;
break;
case OUT:
calc_outputTimes();
// output_Data();
output_to_file();
break;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/inc/calcgrav.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 5/2/2017
* Calcgrav is a state machine that obtains pressure and depth readings from
* the pressure and depth state machines, then uses those values to calculate
* the specific gravity of the fluid inside the boil kettle
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef CALCGRAV_HPP
#define CALCGRAV_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
#include "pressure.hpp"
#include "sonar.hpp"
//TODO: modify class to include depth SM in constructor and as private member
class Calcgrav : public Task {
public:
Calcgrav(int ms, Pressure* pres, Sonar* s);
double get_specGravBegin();
double get_specGravEnd();
private:
Pressure* pres;
Sonar* s;
//other class pointers needed: depth
double specGravBegin;
double specGravEnd;
enum States { INIT, WAIT, GRAV_BEGIN, GRAV_END } state;
double calc_specific_gravity();
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/inc/pressure.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/30/2017
* State machine that polls for pressure.
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef PRESSURE_HPP
#define PRESSURE_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
class Pressure : public Task {
public:
Pressure(int ms);
double get_pressure();
private:
enum States {INIT, WAIT, GP} state; //GP = get pressure
double pres; //stores pressure value from reading
double poll_pressure();
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/src/temperature.cpp
#include "task.hpp"
#include "temperature.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <wiringPi.h>
#include "ads1115.h"
Temperature::Temperature(int ms) : Task(ms) {
state = INIT;
temperature = 0;
}
double Temperature::get_temperature() {
return temperature;
}
double Temperature::poll_temperature() {
double ttemp = analogRead(2222);
//TODO: perform conversion from voltage reading to temperature value
ttemp = (((ttemp*4.098)/32767.0) - 0.5)*100.0; // temperature in celsius
ttemp = ttemp*(9.0/5.0) + 32.0; // convert celsius to fahrenheit
return ttemp;
}
int Temperature::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = WAIT;
break;
case WAIT:
state = GT;
break;
case GT:
state = WAIT;
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
break;
case WAIT:
//test output
break;
case GT:
temperature = poll_temperature();
// std::cout << "Temperature: " << temperature << " F" << endl;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
<file_sep>/inc/temperature.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/30/2017
* State machine that polls for temperature
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef TEMPERATURE_HPP
#define TEMPERATURE_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
class Temperature : public Task {
public:
Temperature(int ms);
double get_temperature();
private:
enum States {INIT, WAIT, GT} state; //GT = get temperature
double temperature; //stores temperature value from reading
double poll_temperature();
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/src/main.cpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>, modified by <NAME>
* Date : 4/26/2017
*
* This main file is meant to be as minimal as possible. All state machine
* definitions can be found in their appropriate header and source files.
* Initialization of a state machine is handled within the constructor of
* each class.
*****************************************************************************/
#include "task.hpp"
#include "ping.hpp"
#include "heater.hpp"
#include "pump.hpp"
#include "pressure.hpp"
#include "sonar.hpp"
#include "calcgrav.hpp"
#include "output.hpp"
#include "timer.hpp"
#include "temperature.hpp"
#include "timer.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <wiringPi.h>
#include "ads1115.h"
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if (argc != 2) {
std::cout << "Proper use: ./BoilKettlePi <total boil time>" << std::endl;
}
else {
int bTimeMinutes = atoi(argv[1]);
extern int timer_flag;
TaskList * T = new TaskList();
if(wiringPiSetup())
return 1;
/* Add new tasks here */
/* T->add_task(new Task(period_ms)); */
/* For tasks that rely on other tasks:
*
* Pressure p = new Pressure(period);
* T->add_task(p);
* T->add_task(new CalcGrav(period, &p)) ;
*/
//initialize adc
ads1115Setup(2222, 0x48);
//T->add_task(new Pressure(1000));
Pressure* p = new Pressure(500);
T->add_task(p);
//T->add_task(new Sonar(1000));
Sonar* s = new Sonar(500);
T->add_task(s);
//T->add_task(new Calcgrav(500, p, s));
Calcgrav* cg = new Calcgrav(500, p, s);
T->add_task(cg);
//T->add_task(new Ping(1000));
Timer* time = new Timer(1000);
T->add_task(time);
//T->add_task(new Temperature(1000));
Temperature* t = new Temperature(500);
T->add_task(t);
//T->add_task(new Heater(250, t, time));
Heater* h = new Heater(250, t, time, s, bTimeMinutes);
T->add_task(h);
Output* o = new Output(50, t, p, s, cg, h);
T->add_task(o);
if(timer_init(T->get_period_ms()))
return 1;
for(;;) {
T->tick();
while(!timer_flag)
;
timer_flag = 0;
}
}
return 1;
}
<file_sep>/inc/heater.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/27/2017
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef HEATER_HPP
#define HEATER_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
#include "sonar.hpp"
#include "timer.hpp"
#include "temperature.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
class Heater : public Task {
public:
Heater(int ms, Temperature* t, Timer* time, Sonar* s, int minutes);
int get_timeLeft_seconds();
int get_boilTime();
int get_timerSeconds();
int get_fullStatus();
private:
enum States { INIT, OFF, HEAT, BOIL, MAINTAIN } state;
int calc_timeLeft();
void init_boilTime(int hrs, int min, int sec); //helper function for testing hard-coded boiltimes
void create_boilText();
double temp;
int boilTimeHrs;
int boilTimeMins;
int boilTimeSeconds;
int timerSeconds;
int timeLeft;
Sonar* dist;
Temperature* t;
Timer* time;
int heatflag;
int fullflag;
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/inc/timer.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/27/2017
* Timer is a state machine that constantly counts upward upon starting
* execution of a task
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef TIMER_HPP
#define TIMER_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
class Timer : public Task {
public:
Timer(int ms);
void start_timer();
void stop_timer();
int get_hours();
int get_minutes();
int get_seconds();
private:
enum States { INIT, OFF, ON } state;
int hours;
int minutes;
int seconds;
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/src/pressure.cpp
#include "task.hpp"
#include "pressure.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <wiringPi.h>
#include "ads1115.h"
Pressure::Pressure(int ms) : Task(ms) {
state = INIT;
pres = 0;
}
double Pressure::get_pressure() {
return pres;
}
double Pressure::poll_pressure() {
double ptemp = analogRead(2223);
//perform conversion from voltage reading to pressure value
//double pvol = (ptemp*5.0)/1024.0; // convert to voltage
// double ppres = (3.0 * (pvol - 0.47)) * 1000000.0; //convert to voltage in pascals
return ptemp;
}
int Pressure::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = WAIT;
break;
case WAIT:
state = GP;
break;
case GP:
state = WAIT;
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
break;
case WAIT:
//test output
break;
case GP:
pres = poll_pressure();
// std::cout << "Pressure: " << pres << " Pa" << std::endl;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
<file_sep>/main.py
import time
import serial
import os
import subprocess
from tkinter import *
outputFile = "output.txt"
mashFile = "mashtun.txt"
bmsg = "Waiting for BK"
os.system('export WIRINGPI_GPIOMEM=1')
#find and remove existing output.txt
if (os.path.exists(outputFile)):
os.remove(outputFile)
#mash communication variables
mashIP = "192.168.1.236"
mashPort = "8080"
global ser
ser = None
#keg communication variables
ttyName = '/dev/ttyACM0'
ttyAvailable = 0 #flag for ser
#determins if ardino keg is connected
if os.path.exists(ttyName):
ttyAvailable = 1
ser = serial.Serial('/dev/ttyACM0', 9600)
else:
ttyAvailable = 0
#set up only if tty is available
#mash time var
mTime = None
mTemp1 = None
mTemp2 = None
#boil time var
bTotalTime = None
bTime1 = None
bTime2 = None
bTime3 = None
#process var
global proc
proc = None
global procflag
procflag = 0
#Output functions
def getOutputs():
ftxt = open(outputFile, "r+")
bmsg = ftxt.read()
ftxt.close()
outmsg.configure(text=bmsg)
if (os.path.exists("boil.txt")):
parseForReminders()
afterid1 = bkui.after(1000, getOutputs)
#print(afterid1)
#reminder flags and functions
def parseForReminders():
global firstReminderFlag
global secondReminderFlag
ftxt = open("boil.txt", "r+")
# boil.txt tells whether or not boil has started
boilMsg = ftxt.read()
#print("contents of boil.txt: " + boilMsg)
if boilMsg == "1":
if firstReminderFlag == 1:
#start timer
#print("setting first timer")
bkui.after(int(int(bTime2)*60000), enableFirstReminder)
firstReminderFlag = 0
if secondReminderFlag == 1:
#start timer
#print("setting second timer")
bkui.after(int(int(bTime3)*60000), enableSecondReminder)
secondReminderFlag = 0
enableMainReminder()
ftxt.close()
os.remove("boil.txt")
#print("boil.txt removed")
def disableMainReminder():
mainReminderMsg.config(state=DISABLED)
def enableMainReminder():
mainReminderMsg.config(state=ACTIVE)
bkui.after(60000, disableMainReminder)
def disableFirstReminder():
#print("disabling first reminder")
firstReminderMsg.config(state=DISABLED)
def enableFirstReminder():
#print("enabling first reminder")
firstReminderMsg.config(state=ACTIVE)
bkui.after(60000, disableFirstReminder)
def disableSecondReminder():
#print("disabling second reminder")
secondReminderMsg.config(state=DISABLED)
def enableSecondReminder():
#print("enabling second reminder")
secondReminderMsg.config(state=ACTIVE)
bkui.after(60000, disableSecondReminder);
#Mash Tun Menu Functions
def getMashData():
#get inputs
global mTime
global mTemp1
global mTemp2
mTime = mashTimeEntry.get()
mTemp1 = mashTemp1Entry.get()
mTemp2 = mashTemp2Entry.get()
#set stringvar for gui display
mTimeString.set(mTime)
mTemp1String.set(mTemp1)
mTemp2String.set(mTemp2)
#write outputs to file
if mTime and mTemp1 and mTemp2:
file = open(mashFile, 'w+')
file.write("%s %s %s" % (mTemp1, mTemp2, mTime))
file.close()
#send data to mash using netcat
commandString = "cat mashtun.txt | nc -w 3 " + mashIP + " " + mashPort
#print(commandString)
os.system(commandString)
os.remove(mashFile)
#Boil Kettle Menu Functions
def getBoilTimes():
#get boil times
global bTime1
global bTime2
global bTime3
global bTotalTime
bTime1 = bkTime1Entry.get()
bTime2 = bkTime2Entry.get()
bTime3 = bkTime3Entry.get()
bTotalTime = int(bTime1)
#set stringvars for gui display
bTime1String.set(bTime1)
bTime2String.set(bTime2)
bTime3String.set(bTime3)
bTotalTimeString.set(bTotalTime)
def startBoil():
global firstReminderFlag
global secondReminderFlag
file = open(outputFile, 'w+')
file.close()
os.system('export WIRINGPI_GPIOMEM=1')
global proc
proc = subprocess.Popen(['./BoilKettlePi', str(bTotalTime)])
pid = proc.pid
global procflag
procflag = 1
if bTime2:
#print("setting first flag")
firstReminderFlag = 1
else:
firstReminderFlag = 0
if bTime3:
#print("setting second flag")
secondReminderFlag = 1
else:
secondReminderFlag = 0
return
#Keg menu functions
def sendDrinkName():
drinkNameString = kegDrinkEntry.get()
drinkName.set(drinkNameString)
if not ser.isOpen():
ser.open()
ser.flushInput()
ser.flushOutput()
#drinkNameString = drinkNameString + "!"
time.sleep(4)
ser.write(drinkNameString.encode())
#print("sending: " + str(drinkNameString.encode()))
time.sleep(2)
#test arduino code
#drinkNameReceive = ser.readline()
#ser.write(drinkNameString.encode())
#ser.write(drinkNameString.encode())
##print("received " + drinkNameReceive.decode())
#Page navigation helper functions
def goToMenuPage():
menu_page.tkraise()
def goToBkPage():
bk_page.tkraise()
def goToBkConfPage():
getBoilTimes()
bkConf_page.tkraise()
def goToOutPage():
startBoil()
getOutputs()
out_page.tkraise()
def goToMtPage():
mt_page.tkraise()
def goToMtSentPage():
getMashData()
mtSent_page.tkraise()
def goToKegPage():
keg_page.tkraise()
def goToKegSentPage():
sendDrinkName()
kegSent_page.tkraise()
def exitbk():
if (procflag == 1):
proc.terminate()
os.remove(outputFile)
exit(0)
bkui = Tk()
bkui.attributes("-fullscreen",True)
bkui.title("BoilKettlePi")
#init bkui config to account for resizing
bkui.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
bkui.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
#declare pages
menu_page = Frame(bkui)
bk_page = Frame(bkui)
bkConf_page = Frame(bkui)
out_page = Frame(bkui)
mt_page = Frame(bkui)
mtSent_page = Frame(bkui)
keg_page = Frame(bkui)
kegSent_page = Frame(bkui)
#init config for all pages
for frame in (menu_page, bk_page, bkConf_page, out_page, mt_page, mtSent_page,
keg_page, kegSent_page):
frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
frame.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
#MENU PAGE - (menu_page)
#PAGE CONFIG
colwidth = int(bkui.winfo_screenwidth()/6)
menu_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_columnconfigure(3, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_columnconfigure(4, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
menu_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
#BUTTONS AND PROMPTS
mtConfig = Button(menu_page, text="MashTun Settings", width=colwidth,
command=goToMtPage)
btConfig = Button(menu_page, text="BoilKettle Settings", width=colwidth,
command=goToBkPage)
kegConfig = Button(menu_page, text="Keg Settings", width=colwidth,
command=goToKegPage)
exitMenu = Button(menu_page, text='Exit', width=colwidth, command=exitbk)
emptyLabel = Label(menu_page, text=' ', width=colwidth)
menuMsg = Label(menu_page, text="ome to BoilKe",
font=("TkDefaultFont", 18))
menuMsg1 = Label(menu_page, text = "Welc", font=("TkDefaultFont",18))
menuMsg2 = Label(menu_page, text = "ttlePi", font=("TkDefaultFont", 18))
mtConfig.grid(row=4, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
btConfig.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
kegConfig.grid(row=4, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
emptyLabel.grid(row=4, column=3, sticky=N+S+E+W)
exitMenu.grid(row=4, column=4, sticky=N+S+E+W)
menuMsg.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
menuMsg1.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E)
menuMsg2.grid(row=2, column=3, sticky=N+S+W)
if ttyAvailable == 0:
kegConfig.config(state=DISABLED)
elif ttyAvailable == 1:
kegConfig.config(state=ACTIVE)
#BOIL KETTLE PAGE - (bk_page)
#PAGE CONFIG
bk_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
bk_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
#prompts and entries
bkSettings = Message(bk_page, text="BoilKettle Settings", width = 10000)
bkTime1 = Label(bk_page, text="Total Boil Time:")
bkTime1Entry = Entry(bk_page)
bkTime1Units = Label(bk_page, text="minutes")
bkTime2 = Label(bk_page, text="1st reminder at:")
bkTime2Entry = Entry(bk_page)
bkTime2Units = Label(bk_page, text="minutes")
bkTime3 = Label(bk_page, text="2nd reminder at:")
bkTime3Entry = Entry(bk_page)
bkTime3Units = Label(bk_page, text="minutes")
#navigation buttons
confirmBK = Button(bk_page, text="Confirm", command=goToBkConfPage)
btsBK = Button(bk_page, text='Menu', command=goToMenuPage)
exitBK = Button(bk_page, text='Exit', command=exitbk)
bkSettings.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime1.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime1Entry.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime1Units.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime2.grid(row=2, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime2Entry.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime2Units.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime3.grid(row=3, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime3Entry.grid(row=3, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkTime3Units.grid(row=3, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
btsBK.grid(row=4, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
confirmBK.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
exitBK.grid(row=4, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#BOIL KETTLE CONFIRMATION PAGE (bkConf_page
#PAGE CONFIG
bkConf_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
bkConf_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
#BUTTONS AND PROMPTS
bTime1String = StringVar()
bTime2String = StringVar()
bTime3String = StringVar()
bTotalTimeString = StringVar()
bkConfSettings = Message(bkConf_page, text="Confirm BoilKettle Settings", width = 10000)
#bkConfTime1 = Label(bkConf_page, text="Initial Boil:")
#bkConfTime1Entry = Label(bkConf_page, textvariable=bTime1String)
#bkConfTime1Units = Label(bkConf_page, text="minutes")
bkConfTime2 = Label(bkConf_page, text="1st reminder at:")
bkConfTime2Entry = Label(bkConf_page, textvariable=bTime2String)
bkConfTime2Units = Label(bkConf_page, text="minutes")
bkConfTime3 = Label(bkConf_page, text="2nd reminder at:")
bkConfTime3Entry = Label(bkConf_page, textvariable=bTime3String)
bkConfTime3Units = Label(bkConf_page, text="minutes")
bkConfTotalTime = Label(bkConf_page, text="Total Boil Time:")
bkConfTotalTimeEntry = Label(bkConf_page, textvariable=bTotalTimeString)
bkConfTotalTimeUnits = Label(bkConf_page, text="minutes")
#navigation buttons
menuBKConf = Button(bkConf_page, text="Back", command=goToBkPage)
startBKConf = Button(bkConf_page, text="Start Boil", command=goToOutPage)
exitBKConf = Button(bkConf_page, text='Exit', command=exitbk)
bkConfSettings.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#bkConfTime1.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#bkConfTime1Entry.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#bkConfTime1Units.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTotalTime.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTotalTimeEntry.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTotalTimeUnits.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTime2.grid(row=2, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTime2Entry.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTime2Units.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTime3.grid(row=3, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTime3Entry.grid(row=3, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
bkConfTime3Units.grid(row=3, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
menuBKConf.grid(row=4, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
startBKConf.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
exitBKConf.grid(row=4, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#output page - (out_page)
#PAGE CONFIG
out_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
out_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=2)
out_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
out_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
out_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
out_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
out_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
out_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
exitOut = Button(out_page, text='Exit', command=exitbk)
outmsg = Message(out_page, text=bmsg, font=("TkDefaultFont", 16), width=10000)
mainReminderMsg = Label(out_page, text="ADD FIRST INGREDIENT", state=DISABLED)
firstReminderMsg = Label(out_page, text="ADD SECOND INGREDIENT", state=DISABLED)
secondReminderMsg = Label(out_page, text="ADD THIRD INGREDIENT", state=DISABLED)
outmsg.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mainReminderMsg.grid(row=2, column=0)
firstReminderMsg.grid(row=2, column=1)
secondReminderMsg.grid(row=2, column=2)
exitOut.grid(row=4, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#MT PAGE - (mt_page)
#PAGE CONFIG
mt_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
mt_page.grid_rowconfigure(5, weight=1)
#prompts and entries
mtSettings = Label(mt_page, text="Mash Tun Settings:")
mashTime = Label(mt_page, text="Mash Time:")
mashTimeEntry = Entry(mt_page)
mashTimeUnits = Label(mt_page, text="minutes")
mashTemp1 = Label(mt_page, text="Mash Temperature:")
mashTemp1Entry = Entry(mt_page)
mashTemp1Units = Label(mt_page, text="\xb0F")
mashTemp2 = Label(mt_page, text="Sparge Temperature:")
mashTemp2Entry = Entry(mt_page)
mashTemp2Units = Label(mt_page, text="\xb0F")
#navigation buttons
btsMT = Button(mt_page, text='Menu', command=goToMenuPage)
sendMTData = Button(mt_page, text="Send to Mash Tun", command=goToMtSentPage)
exitMT = Button(mt_page, text='Exit', command=exitbk)
mtSettings.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTime.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTimeEntry.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTimeUnits.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTemp1.grid(row=2, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTemp1Entry.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTemp1Units.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTemp2.grid(row=3, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTemp2Entry.grid(row=3, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mashTemp2Units.grid(row=3, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
btsMT.grid(row=5, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
sendMTData.grid(row=5, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
exitMT.grid(row=5, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#MT SENT PAGE - (mtSent_page)
#PAGE CONFIG
mtSent_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
mtSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(5, weight=1)
#stringvars to store display user input
mTimeString = StringVar()
mTemp1String = StringVar()
mTemp2String = StringVar()
btsMTSent = Button(mtSent_page, text='Menu', command=goToMenuPage)
mtSentMsg = Message(mtSent_page, text="MT Info Sent:", width=10000)
mtSentTime = Label(mtSent_page, text="Mash Time:")
mtSentTimeEntry = Label(mtSent_page, textvariable=mTimeString)
mtSentTimeUnits = Label(mtSent_page, text="minutes")
mtSentTemp1 = Label(mtSent_page, text="Mash Temperature:")
mtSentTemp1Entry = Label(mtSent_page, textvariable=mTemp1String)
mtSentTemp1Units = Label(mtSent_page, text="\xb0F")
mtSentTemp2 = Label(mtSent_page, text="Mash Temperature:")
mtSentTemp2Entry = Label(mtSent_page, textvariable=mTemp2String)
mtSentTemp2Units = Label(mtSent_page, text="\xb0F")
mtSentMsg.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTime.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTimeEntry.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTimeUnits.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTemp1.grid(row=2, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTemp1Entry.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTemp1Units.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTemp2.grid(row=3, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTemp2Entry.grid(row=3, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
mtSentTemp2Units.grid(row=3, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
btsMTSent.grid(row=5, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#KEG PAGE - keg_page
#PAGE CONFIG
keg_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
keg_page.grid_rowconfigure(5, weight=1)
#BUTTONS AND PROMPTS
drinkName = StringVar()
menuKeg = Button(keg_page, text="Menu", command=goToMenuPage)
kegSettingsPrompt = Label(keg_page, text="Keg Settings")
kegDrinkPrompt = Label(keg_page, text="Drink Name:")
kegDrinkEntry = Entry(keg_page)
kegSendDrinkName = Button(keg_page, text="Send Keg Name",
command=goToKegSentPage)
kegSettingsPrompt.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
menuKeg.grid(row=5, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
kegDrinkPrompt.grid(row=2, column=0, sticky=N+S+E+W)
kegDrinkEntry.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
kegSendDrinkName.grid(row=2, column=2, sticky=N+S+E+W)
#KEG SENT PAGE - kegSent_page
#PAGE CONFIG
kegSent_page.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight=1)
kegSent_page.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1)
menuKegSent = Button(kegSent_page, text="Menu", command=goToMenuPage)
kegSentMsg = Label(kegSent_page, text="Drink Name Sent:")
kegSentDrink = Label(kegSent_page, textvariable=drinkName)
menuKegSent.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
kegSentMsg.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
kegSentDrink.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=N+S+E+W)
menu_page.tkraise()
bkui.mainloop()
<file_sep>/src/pump.cpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/27/2017
*****************************************************************************/
#include "task.hpp"
#include "pump.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <iostream>
Pump::Pump(int ms) : Task(ms) {
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
state = INIT;
}
int Pump::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = ON;
break;
case ON:
state = OFF;
break;
case OFF:
state = ON;
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
break;
case ON:
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
break;
case OFF:
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
break;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# BoilKettlePi
Automated boil kettle controller on the RaspberryPi
## WiringPi CMake issues
Add the following file, named `FindWiringPi.cmake` to the directory
`/usr/share/cmake-x.x/Modules`:
```
find_library(WIRINGPI_LIBRARIES NAMES wiringPi)
find_path(WIRINGPI_INCLUDE_DIRS NAMES wiringPi.h)
include(FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
find_package_handle_standard_args(wiringPi DEFAULT_MSG WIRINGPI_LIBRARIES WIRINGPI_INCLUDE_DIR)
```
<file_sep>/src/heater.cpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/27/2017
* Modified on 5/8 by <NAME>
*****************************************************************************/
#include "task.hpp"
#include "heater.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
Heater::Heater(int ms, Temperature* t, Timer* time, Sonar* s, int minutes) : Task(ms) {
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
state = INIT;
this->t = t;
this->time = time;
this->dist = s;
temp = t->get_temperature();
heatflag = -1;
fullflag = -1;
boilTimeHrs = 0;
boilTimeMins = 0;
boilTimeSeconds = 60*minutes;
timerSeconds = 0;
timeLeft = -1;
}
int Heater::get_timeLeft_seconds() {
return timeLeft;
}
int Heater::calc_timeLeft() {
timeLeft = boilTimeSeconds - timerSeconds;
return timeLeft;
}
int Heater::get_boilTime() {
return boilTimeSeconds;
}
int Heater::get_timerSeconds() {
return timerSeconds;
}
int Heater::get_fullStatus() {
return fullflag;
}
void Heater::init_boilTime(int hrs, int min, int sec) {
boilTimeSeconds = sec + 60*min + 3600*hrs;
return;
}
void Heater::create_boilText() {
ofstream outfile("boil.txt");
if (outfile.is_open()) {
outfile << "1";
}
//std::cout << "boil.txt created" << std::endl;
return;
}
int Heater::tick_function() {
int temptime = 0;
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = OFF;
break;
case OFF:
//state waits for boil kettle to fill before heating
if (heatflag != -1) {
if (dist->get_distance() > BK_MAX_HEIGHT_CM/2) {
fullflag = 1;
state = HEAT;
//std::cout << "state = HEAT" << std::endl;
}
else {
fullflag = -1;
state = OFF;
//std::cout << "state = OFF" << std::endl;
}
}
break;
case HEAT:
if (temp >= 200.0) {
time->start_timer();
create_boilText();
state = BOIL;
//std::cout << "state = BOIL" << std::endl;
}
else {
state = HEAT;
}
break;
case BOIL:
if (calc_timeLeft() <= 0) {
time->stop_timer();
timeLeft = -10;
//std::cout << "state = MAINTAIN" << std::endl;
state = MAINTAIN;
}
else {
state = BOIL;
}
break;
case MAINTAIN:
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
break;
case OFF:
//init_boilTime(1, 0, 10);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
heatflag = 1;
break;
case HEAT:
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
temp = t->get_temperature();
break;
case BOIL:
timerSeconds = time->get_seconds();
temptime = calc_timeLeft();
/*
std::cout << "Boil time: " << boilTimeSeconds << std::endl;
std::cout << "Timer: " << timerSeconds << std::endl;
std::cout << "Time Left: " << calc_timeLeft() << std::endl << std::endl;
*/
break;
case MAINTAIN:
/*
if (temp <= 75.0) {
//std::cout << "Heater: ON" << std::endl;
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
temp = t->get_temperature();
}
else {
//std::cout << "Heater: OFF" << std::endl;
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
temp = t->get_temperature();
}
*/
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
break;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/src/calcgrav.cpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 5/2/2017
* Calcgrav is a state machine that obtains pressure and depth readings from
* the pressure and depth state machines, then uses those values to calculate
* the specific gravity of the fluid inside the boil kettle
*****************************************************************************/
#include "task.hpp"
#include "calcgrav.hpp"
#include "sonar.hpp"
#include <iostream>
//TODO: modify constructor to include depth(sonar) SM
// change h assignmend in calc_specific_gravity to call
// get_depth function from depth SM
// proper transitions between WAIT and GRAV_BEGIN/END
// ^do this after implementing timing
Calcgrav::Calcgrav(int ms, Pressure* pres, Sonar* s) : Task(ms) {
this->pres = pres;
this->s = s;
specGravBegin = 0;
specGravEnd = 0;
}
double Calcgrav::get_specGravBegin() {
return specGravBegin;
}
double Calcgrav::get_specGravEnd() {
return specGravEnd;
}
double Calcgrav::calc_specific_gravity() {
double g = 9.81; // m per s^2
double p = pres->get_pressure(); //pressure in pascals
double h = s->get_distance(); //height in cm
//h = h*0.01; //convert height to meters
if (h == 0) {
return -1;
}
else {
double d = p/(g*h);
return p/(g*h);
}
}
int Calcgrav::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = WAIT;
break;
case WAIT:
/*transition to GRAV_BEGIN vs GRAV_END depends on time
* GRAV_BEGIN occurs before boiling, and saves result to specGravBegin
* GRAV_END occurs after boiling, and saves result to specGravEnd
* TODO: properly implement this (done when timer is set)
*/
state = GRAV_BEGIN;
break;
case GRAV_BEGIN:
state = WAIT;
break;
case GRAV_END:
break;
default:
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
break;
case WAIT:
break;
case GRAV_BEGIN:
specGravBegin = calc_specific_gravity();
// std::cout << "Density of fluid = " << specGravBegin << " g/cm^3" << std::endl << std::endl;
break;
case GRAV_END:
specGravEnd = calc_specific_gravity();
break;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/src/timer.cpp
#include "task.hpp"
#include "timer.hpp"
#include <iostream>
Timer::Timer(int ms) : Task(1000) {
state = INIT;
hours = 0;
minutes = 0;
seconds = -1;
}
void Timer::start_timer() {
hours = 0;
minutes = 0;
seconds = 0;
}
void Timer::stop_timer() {
seconds = -1;
}
int Timer::get_hours() {
return hours;
}
int Timer::get_minutes() {
return minutes;
}
int Timer::get_seconds() {
return seconds;
}
int Timer::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = OFF;
break;
case OFF:
if (seconds == -1) {
state = OFF;
}
else {
state = ON;
}
break;
case ON:
if (seconds != -1) {
state = ON;
}
else {
state = OFF;
}
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
};
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
break;
case OFF:
break;
case ON:
//std::cout << seconds++ << std::endl;
seconds++;
if ((seconds % 60) == 0) {
minutes++;
}
if ((minutes % 60) == 0) {
hours++;
}
break;
default:
break;
};
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/inc/pump.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 4/27/2017
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef PUMP_HPP
#define PUMP_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
class Pump : public Task {
public:
Pump(int ms);
private:
enum States { INIT, ON, OFF } state;
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/src/sonar.cpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 5/6/2017
*
* State machine for HC-SR04 sonar sensor
*****************************************************************************/
#include "task.hpp"
#include "sonar.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <wiringPi.h>
//trig = GPIO 18 (1)
//echo = GPIO 17 (0)
Sonar::Sonar(int ms) : Task(ms) {
state = INIT;
distCM = 0;
trigger = 1;
echo = 0;
pinMode(trigger, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
delay(500);
}
double Sonar::get_distance() {
return distCM;
}
double Sonar::calc_distance(volatile long travelTimeUsec) {
double distInCM = 100*((travelTimeUsec/1000000.0) * 340.29)/2;
//height of pot is 11 inches - 27.94 cm
distInCM = BK_MAX_HEIGHT_CM - distInCM;
if (distInCM < 0) {
return 0;
}
else {
return distInCM;
}
}
double Sonar::poll_distance() {
delay(10);
digitalWrite(trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
now = micros();
while(digitalRead(echo) == LOW && micros()-now < 30000); // 30000 ms timeout
startTimeUsec = micros();
while(digitalRead(echo) == HIGH);
endTimeUsec = micros();
travelTimeUsec = endTimeUsec - startTimeUsec;
double distInCM = calc_distance(travelTimeUsec);
return distInCM;
}
int Sonar::tick_function() {
/* State transitions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
state = WAIT;
break;
case WAIT:
state = PING;
break;
case PING:
state = WAIT;
break;
default:
state = INIT;
break;
}
/* State actions */
switch(state) {
case INIT:
distCM = 0;
trigger = 1;
echo = 0;
pinMode(trigger, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
delay(500);
break;
case WAIT:
break;
case PING:
distCM = poll_distance();
// std::cout << "Distance: " << distCM << " cm" << endl;
break;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/inc/sonar.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 5/6/2017
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef SONAR_HPP
#define SONAR_HPP
#include "task.hpp"
#include <wiringPi.h>
#define BK_MAX_HEIGHT_CM 27.94
class Sonar : public Task {
public:
Sonar(int ms);
double get_distance();
private:
enum States { INIT, WAIT, PING } state;
//variables
double distCM;
volatile long startTimeUsec;
volatile long endTimeUsec;
int trigger;
int echo;
long travelTimeUsec;
long now;
//functions
double poll_distance();
double calc_distance(volatile long travelTimeUsec);
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
<file_sep>/inc/output.hpp
/******************************************************************************
* Author: <NAME>
* Date : 5/21/2017
*
* Output is a state machine that polls all other state machines for data and
* outputs them accordingly.
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef OUTPUT_HPP
#define OUTPUT_HPP
#include "temperature.hpp"
#include "pressure.hpp"
#include "sonar.hpp"
#include "calcgrav.hpp"
#include "heater.hpp"
#include "task.hpp"
class Output : public Task {
public:
Output(int ms, Temperature* t, Pressure* p, Sonar* s, Calcgrav* cg, Heater* h);
private:
Temperature* t;
Pressure* p;
Sonar* s;
Calcgrav* cg;
Heater* h;
enum States { INIT, POLL, OUT } state;
double temperature; //from temperature SM - get_Temp()
double pressure; //from pressure SM - get_Pressure()
double dist; //from sonar SM - get_Distance()
double specGravBegin; //from calcgrav SM - get_specGravBegin()
int timeLeft; //from Heater SM - get_timeLeft_seconds()
int outputTimeHours;
int outputTimeMinutes;
int outputTimeSeconds;
int pollCount; //used to suppress output to once per second
int pollCountMax; //or as close as once per second as possible.
void poll_Data();
void calc_outputTimes();
void output_Data();
void output_to_file();
virtual int tick_function();
};
#endif
|
bc3e0dcc414ad136bc57d0350ce46b1510b51082
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python",
"C++"
] | 19
|
C++
|
alvtdev/BoilKettlePi
|
1f44df6822918e19da2110b492bb9fbd9c3af967
|
c88b58a1937daded948c670e603477e2db6c7a18
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>'use strict';
const config = require('config');
const stripePackage = require('stripe');
const stripe = stripePackage(config.stripe.apiKey);
exports.createUser = (user) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
stripe.customers
.create({
email: user.account.email,
})
.then((customer) => {
user.account.paymentId = customer.id;
user.save((saveErr) => {
if (saveErr) {
return reject(saveErr);
}
resolve(customer);
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
exports.getUser = (user) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
stripe.customers
.retrieve(user.account.paymentId)
.then(customer => resolve(customer))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
exports.addCard = (idUser, body) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
stripe.customers
.createSource(idUser, {
source: {
object: 'card',
exp_month: body.expirationMonth,
exp_year: body.expirationYear,
number: body.number,
cvc: body.cvc,
},
})
.then(card => resolve(card))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
exports.deleteCard = (idUser, idCard) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
stripe.customers
.deleteCard(
idUser,
idCard
)
.then(card => resolve(card))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
exports.createPayment = (idUser, body) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
stripe.charges
.create({
amount: body.amount * 100,
currency: body.currency,
customer: idUser,
source: body.idCard,
description: body.description,
metadata: body.meta,
})
.then(payment => resolve(payment))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
};
exports.getAllPayments = (idUser) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (idUser === null) {
return resolve({ data: [] });
}
stripe.charges
.list({
customer: idUser,
limit: 100,
})
.then(payments => resolve(payments))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
exports.getPayment = (idPayment) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (idPayment === null) {
return resolve({ data: [] });
}
stripe.charges
.retrieve(idPayment)
.then(payment => resolve(payment))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
exports.createRefound = (idUser, body, amount) => {
console.log(body);
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
stripe.payouts.create({
amount: amount * 100,
currency: "eur",
})
.then(payment => resolve(payment))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
<file_sep>'use strict';
const commentManager = require('../managers/comment');
const advertManager = require('../managers/advert');
const notifManager = require('../managers/notification');
class CommentAdvert {
static create(userId, idAdvert, reqBody) {
return commentManager
.create(userId, idAdvert, reqBody)
.then(() => advertManager.find(idAdvert))
.then((result) => {
if (String(result.advert.owner._id) !== userId) {
notifManager.create(result.advert.owner._id, {
title: 'You got a comment !',
body: ` left a comment on your advert '${result.advert.title}'`,
}, userId);
}
})
.then(() => CommentAdvert.findByCommentsAdvert(idAdvert));
}
static findByCommentsAdvert(idAdvert) {
return commentManager.findByCommentsAdvert(idAdvert);
}
static toggleLike(idUser, idAdvert, idComment) {
return commentManager
.toggleLike(idUser, idAdvert, idComment)
.then(() => CommentAdvert.findByCommentsAdvert(idAdvert));
}
static remove(userId, advertId, commentId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
commentManager
.findByCommentsAdvert(advertId)
.then((res) => {
const comment = res.comments.find(nextComment => String(nextComment._id) === commentId && String(nextComment.owner._id) === userId);
if (comment) {
const index = res.comments.indexOf(comment);
res.comments.splice(index, 1);
commentManager
.findByIdAndUpdate(advertId, { comments: res.comments })
.then(() => resolve(res.comments))
.catch(err => reject(err));
} else {
return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such comment' });
}
})
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
}
exports.CommentAdvert = CommentAdvert;
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const accountHandler = require('../../handlers/account').Account;
const router = express.Router();
/**
* @api {get} /public/accounts/ Find All
* @apiName findAll
* @apiGroup Account
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiSuccess {String[]} ids ObjectIds of the Accounts (in the same order as <code>accounts</code>).
* @apiSuccess {Object[]} accounts Information of the Accounts.
*
* @apiSuccessExample Success-Response:
* HTTP/1.1 200 OK
* {
* "ids": ["59c3df242c257a8b65540282"],
* "accounts": [{ email: "<EMAIL>" }]
* }
*
* @apiUse DatabaseError
*/
router.get('/', (req, res) => {
accountHandler.findAll()
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/:id/isConfirmed', (req, res) => {
accountHandler.isConfirmed(req.params.id)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/:ids/areConfirmed', (req, res) => {
const accountIds = req.params.ids.split(',');
accountHandler.areConfirmed(accountIds)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>'use strict';
const fs = require('fs');
const db = require('./database');
const mime = require('mime-types');
const path = require('path');
const Grid = require('gridfs-stream');
const MAX_FILE_SIZE = 5242880;
const MAX_FILE_SIZE_STR = '5mb';
Grid.mongo = db.mongo;
exports.maxFileSize = () => {
return { size: MAX_FILE_SIZE, label: MAX_FILE_SIZE_STR };
};
exports.uploadImage = (pathFile, fileName, mimetype, willUnlink = true) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const gfs = Grid(db.conn.db);
const writestream = gfs.createWriteStream({
filename: fileName,
content_type: mimetype,
});
fs.createReadStream(pathFile).pipe(writestream);
writestream.on('close', (file) => {
if (willUnlink) {
fs.unlink(pathFile, ((err) => {
if (err) return reject({ code: 1, message: err });
resolve(file._id);
}));
} else {
resolve(file._id);
}
});
});
};
exports.downloadImage = (idImage) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const gfs = Grid(db.conn.db);
gfs.files.find({ _id: db.ObjectId(idImage) }).toArray((err, files) => {
if (files.length === 0 || err) {
return reject({ code: 1, message: err });
}
const name = `${idImage}_${Date.now()}.${mime.extension(files[0].contentType)}`;
const fsWriteStream = fs.createWriteStream(path.join(path.join(__dirname, '/../assets/'), name));
const readstream = gfs.createReadStream({
_id: idImage,
});
readstream.pipe(fsWriteStream);
fsWriteStream.on('close', () => {
resolve(path.resolve(path.join(path.join(__dirname, '/../assets/'), name)));
});
});
});
};
exports.deleteImage = (idImage) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const gfs = Grid(db.conn.db);
gfs.remove({
_id: idImage,
}, (err) => {
if (err) return reject({ code: 1, message: err });
resolve();
});
});
};
<file_sep>const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const Schema = mongoose.Schema;
const paymentSchema = new Schema({
payerId: { type: Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: 'Users', required: true },
beneficiaryId: { type: Schema.Types.ObjectId, ref: 'Users', required: true },
amountPayer: { type: Number, required: true },
payed: { type: Boolean, required: false, default: false },
amountBeneficiary: { type: Number, required: true },
refounded: { type: Boolean, required: false, default: false },
date: { type: Date, default: Date.now },
description: { type: String, default: '' },
idPayment: { type: String, default: null },
idRefound: { type: String, default: null },
idVisit: { type: String, required: true },
}).index({ payerId: 1, beneficiaryId: 1, date: 1 }, { unique: true });
exports.Payments = mongoose.model('Payments', paymentSchema);
<file_sep>'use strict';
const nodemailer = require('nodemailer');
const mg = require('nodemailer-mailgun-transport');
const config = require('config');
const auth = {
auth: {
api_key: config.mailgun.apiKey,
domain: 'mg.pickaguide.fr',
},
};
const nodemailerMailgun = nodemailer.createTransport(mg(auth));
const send = nodemailerMailgun.templateSender({
subject: '{{subject}}',
html: 'Bonjour {{firstname}} {{lastname}}<br><br>' +
'<a href="{{url}}">{{urlName}}</a>',
}, {
from: '<EMAIL>',
});
const sendEmail = (user, subject, url, urlName) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
send({
to: user.account.email,
}, {
subject,
firstname: user.profile.firstName,
lastname: user.profile.lastName,
url,
urlName,
}, (err, info) => (err ? reject(err.message) : resolve(info)));
});
};
exports.sendEmailConfirmation = (user) => {
const subject = 'Confirmation email Pickaguide';
const url = config.host + '/public/verify/' + user._id;
const urlName = 'Cliquez pour confirmer votre adresse email';
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
sendEmail(user, subject, url, urlName)
.then(result => resolve({ code: 0, message: result }))
.catch(err => reject({ code: 1, message: err }));
});
};
exports.sendEmailPasswordReset = (user) => {
const subject = 'Reset password Pickaguide';
const url = config.host + '/public/reset/' + user.account.resetPasswordToken;
const urlName = 'Cliquez pour changer votre mot de passe';
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
sendEmail(user, subject, url, urlName)
.then(result => resolve({ code: 0, message: result }))
.catch(err => reject({ code: 1, message: err }));
});
};
const sendContactUsEmail = nodemailerMailgun.templateSender({
subject: 'Message from {{name}}',
html: 'Email : {{email}}<br><br>' +
'Phone : {{phone}}<br><br>' +
'{{message}}',
}, {
from: '<EMAIL>',
});
exports.contactUs = (mail) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (!mail.phone) {
mail.phone = 'None';
}
sendContactUsEmail({
to: '<EMAIL>',
}, {
name: mail.name,
email: mail.email,
message: mail.message,
phone: mail.phone,
}, (err, info) => (err ? reject(err) : resolve(info)));
});
};
<file_sep>const db = require('../database');
const _ = require('lodash');
const displayName = require('./profile').displayName;
const update = (userId, visitId, files) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findOne({ _id: visitId, by: userId })
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find visit' }); }
const updatedFiles = (files.length > 0 ? files : visit._fsIds);
visit._fsIds = updatedFiles;
visit.save((saveErr, updatedVisit) => {
if (saveErr) {
return reject({ code: 3, message: saveErr.message });
}
if (updatedVisit === null) { return reject({ code: 4, message: 'Failed to update advert' }); }
resolve({ visit: updatedVisit });
});
});
});
};
const getUpcomingVisits = (advertId) => {
const now = Date.now();
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.find({
about: String(advertId),
hasEnded: false,
when: {
$gt: now,
},
}, 'when status numberVisitors')
.sort('when')
.lean()
.exec((err, visits) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
const concernedVisits = visits
.filter(visit => visit.status.slice(-1).pop().label === 'accepted')
.map(visit => ({ when: visit.when, numberVisitors: visit.numberVisitors }));
resolve(concernedVisits);
});
});
};
const isForGuide = (visitId, userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findOne({ _id: visitId }, 'about')
.populate('about', 'owner')
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such visit found' }); }
resolve(visit.about ? String(visit.about.owner) === userId : false);
});
});
};
const isFromVisitor = (visitId, userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findOne({ _id: visitId, by: userId }, '_id')
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(visit !== null);
});
});
};
const updateStatus = (visitId, label, message) => {
const endStates = ['finished', 'denied', 'cancelled'];
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findByIdAndUpdate(
visitId,
{ $push: { status: { label, message } }, $set: { hasEnded: endStates.indexOf(label) !== -1 } },
{ new: true },
(saveErr, updatedVisit) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 1, saveErr }); }
if (updatedVisit === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Failed to update visit' }); }
resolve({ visit: updatedVisit });
});
});
};
const getCreator = (visitId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findById(String(visitId), 'by')
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Visit not found' }); }
resolve(visit.by);
});
});
};
const getGuide = (visitId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findById(String(visitId), 'about')
.populate({ path: 'about', select: 'owner' })
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Visit not found' }); }
resolve(visit.about.owner);
});
});
};
const isStatus = (visitId, status) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (status.constructor !== Array) {
status = [status];
}
db.Visits
.findById(visitId, 'status')
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such visit found' }); }
const visitStatus = _.map(visit.status, 'label');
resolve(status.indexOf(visitStatus[visit.status.length - 1]) !== -1);
});
});
};
const countAmountForAdvert = (idAdvert) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.count({
about: String(idAdvert),
hasEnded: true,
'status.label': 'finished',
})
.exec((err, counts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(counts);
});
});
};
const changeStatus = (input, allowedStatus, nextStatus) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
Promise
.all([
new Promise((resolveAssertUser, rejectAssertUser) => {
input.assertUserType(input.visitId, input.userId)
.then((itIs) => {
if (itIs === false) { return rejectAssertUser({ code: 1, message: 'You cannot change a visit that is not yours' }); }
if (input.reqBody.reason === undefined || typeof input.reqBody.reason !== 'string') {
input.reqBody.reason = input.defaultReason;
}
resolveAssertUser();
})
.catch(err => rejectAssertUser(err));
}),
new Promise((resolveStatus, rejectStatus) => {
isStatus(input.visitId, allowedStatus)
.then((itIs) => {
if (itIs === false) { return rejectStatus({ code: 1, message: 'You cannot change the visit in this current state' }); }
resolveStatus();
})
.catch(err => rejectStatus(err));
}),
])
.then(() => {
updateStatus(input.visitId, nextStatus, input.reqBody.reason)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(err => reject(err));
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
const create = (by, about, reqBody) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const newVisit = new db.Visits({
by,
about,
when: reqBody.when,
numberVisitors: reqBody.numberVisitors,
status: [{ }],
special: reqBody.special,
});
newVisit.save((err) => {
if (err) {
let message;
if (err.code === 11000) { message = 'This visit already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid data'; }
return reject({ code: 1, message });
}
resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Visit requested' });
});
});
};
const find = (visitId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findById(String(visitId))
.populate({ path: 'by', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.populate({ path: 'about', select: 'title photoUrl' })
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Visit not found' }); }
visit.with = (visit.by ? displayName(visit.by.profile) : 'Deleted user');
delete visit.by;
resolve({ visit });
});
});
};
const findAllFrom = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.find({ by: String(userId) })
.populate({ path: 'about', select: 'title photoUrl owner' })
.lean()
.sort('-when')
.exec((err, visits) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
visits.forEach((visit) => {
visit.finalStatus = visit.status[visit.status.length - 1];
});
resolve(visits);
});
});
};
const findAllFor = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.find({})
.populate({ path: 'about', match: { owner: String(userId) }, select: 'title photoUrl owner' })
.lean()
.sort('-when')
.exec((err, visits) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
visits = visits.filter(visit => visit.about !== null);
visits.forEach((visit) => {
visit.finalStatus = visit.status[visit.status.length - 1];
});
resolve(visits);
});
});
};
const findAsGuide = (visitId, userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
isForGuide(visitId, userId)
.then((itIs) => {
if (itIs === false) { return reject({ code: 1, message: 'You are not the guide of this visit' }); }
db.Visits
.findById(String(visitId))
.populate({ path: 'by', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName profile.phone account.email' })
.populate({ path: 'about', select: 'title photoUrl' })
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Visit not found' }); }
visit.with = (visit.by ? displayName(visit.by.profile) : 'Deleted user');
if (visit.status[visit.status.length - 1].label === 'accepted') {
visit.contact = { phone: visit.by.profile.phone, email: visit.by.account.email };
}
delete visit.by;
resolve({ visit });
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
const findAsVisitor = (visitId, userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
isFromVisitor(visitId, userId)
.then((itIs) => {
if (itIs === false) { return reject({ code: 1, message: 'This is not your visit' }); }
db.Visits
.findById(String(visitId))
.populate({ path: 'about', select: 'title owner photoUrl' })
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (visit == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Visit not found' }); }
resolve(visit);
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
const findToReview = (userId, as) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const findMethod = (as === 'visitor' ? findAllFrom : findAllFor);
findMethod(userId)
.then((visits) => {
const visitsEnded = visits.filter(visit => visit.hasEnded && visit[as === 'visitor' ? 'visitorRate' : 'guideRate'] === null);
const visitsFinished = visitsEnded.filter(visit => visit.status[visit.status.length - 1].label === 'finished');
resolve(visitsFinished);
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
const cancel = (userId, visitId, reqBody) => {
return changeStatus({
userId,
visitId,
reqBody,
assertUserType: isFromVisitor,
defaultReason: 'No reason',
}, ['waiting', 'accepted'], 'cancelled');
};
const cancelAll = (userId) => {
return findAllFrom(userId)
.then(visits =>
Promise.all(
visits
.filter(visit => visit.hasEnded === false)
.map(visit =>
new Promise((resolveCancel, rejectCancel) => {
cancel(userId, visit._id, { reason: 'User deleted' })
.then(() => resolveCancel())
.catch((err) => {
if (err.code === 1 && err.message === 'You cannot change the visit in this current state') {
return resolveCancel();
}
return rejectCancel(err);
});
})
)
)
);
};
const deny = (userId, visitId, reqBody) => {
return changeStatus({
userId,
visitId,
reqBody,
assertUserType: isForGuide,
defaultReason: 'No reason',
}, ['waiting', 'accepted'], 'denied');
};
const denyAll = (userId) => {
return findAllFor(userId)
.then(visits =>
Promise.all(
visits
.filter(visit => visit.hasEnded === false)
.map(visit =>
new Promise((resolveDeny, rejectDeny) => {
deny(userId, visit._id, { reason: 'Guide retired' })
.then(() => resolveDeny())
.catch((err) => {
if (err.code === 1 && err.message === 'You cannot change the visit in this current state') {
return resolveDeny();
}
return rejectDeny(err);
});
})
)
)
);
};
const finish = (userId, visitId, reqBody) => {
return changeStatus({
userId,
visitId,
reqBody,
assertUserType: isForGuide,
defaultReason: 'No comment',
}, 'accepted', 'finished');
};
const accept = (userId, visitId, reqBody) => {
return changeStatus({
userId,
visitId,
reqBody,
assertUserType: isForGuide,
defaultReason: 'No comment',
}, 'waiting', 'accepted');
};
const review = (userId, visitId, reqBody, systemRate) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (userId === reqBody.for) { return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Cannot rate yourself' }); }
db.Visits
.findById(visitId, 'about by')
.populate({ path: 'about', select: 'owner' })
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (String(visit.by) === reqBody.for) {
visit.guideRate = parseInt(reqBody.rate, 10);
} else if (visit.about === null || String(visit.about.owner) === reqBody.for) {
visit.visitorRate = parseInt(reqBody.rate, 10);
visit.systemRate = systemRate;
}
visit.save((saveErr, updatedVisit) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 1, saveErr }); }
if (updatedVisit === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Failed to update visit' }); }
resolve({ visit: updatedVisit });
});
});
});
};
const findAllOf = (advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.find({ about: String(advertId) }, '_id by')
.lean()
.exec((err, visits) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(visits);
});
});
};
module.exports = { findAllOf, getUpcomingVisits, update, create, getCreator, getGuide, countAmountForAdvert, find, findAllFrom, findToReview, findAllFor, findAsGuide, findAsVisitor, cancel, cancelAll, deny, denyAll, finish, accept, review };
<file_sep>const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const config = require('config');
mongoose.Promise = global.Promise;
const connectionUrl = (['staging', 'production'].indexOf(process.env.NODE_ENV) !== -1 ?
`mongodb://${config.mongo.user}:${config.mongo.password}@${config.mongo.url}` :
`${config.mongo.url}`);
const init = () => mongoose.connect(connectionUrl, {
keepAlive: true,
reconnectTries: Number.MAX_VALUE,
useMongoClient: true,
});
exports.ObjectId = mongoose.Types.ObjectId;
String.prototype.capitalize = function capitalize() {
return this.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + this.slice(1);
};
exports.Users = require('./models/user').Users;
exports.Adverts = require('./models/advert').Adverts;
exports.Visits = require('./models/visit').Visits;
exports.Comments = require('./models/advert').Comments;
exports.Blacklists = require('./models/blacklist').Blacklists;
exports.Notifications = require('./models/notification').Notifications;
exports.Payments = require('./models/payments').Payments;
exports.conn = mongoose.connection;
exports.mongo = mongoose.mongo;
exports.init = init;
<file_sep>const db = require('../database');
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const config = require('config');
const _ = require('lodash');
const assertInput = require('../handlers/_handler').assertInput;
const capitalize = (user) => {
const fieldsToCapitalize = ['city', 'country', 'firstName', 'lastName'];
fieldsToCapitalize.forEach((fieldName) => {
const fieldValue = user.profile[fieldName];
if (fieldValue && fieldValue.constructor === String) {
user.profile[fieldName] = user.profile[fieldName].capitalize();
}
});
};
const add = (fields) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const newUser = new db.Users(fields);
newUser.hash(fields.account.password, (hashed) => {
newUser.account.token = jwt.sign({ userId: newUser._id }, config.jwtSecret);
newUser.account.password = <PASSWORD>;
capitalize(newUser);
newUser.save((err) => {
if (err) {
let message;
if (err.code === 11000) { message = 'This account already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid data'; }
return reject({ code: 1, message });
}
resolve(newUser);
});
});
});
};
const find = (userId, selectFields = '', updatable = false) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let query = db.Users.findById(userId, selectFields);
if (updatable === false) {
query = query.lean();
}
query.exec((err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No user with this id' }); }
resolve(user);
});
});
};
const findInIds = (userIds, selectFields = '', updatable = false) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let query = db.Users.find()
.where('_id')
.in(userIds)
.select(selectFields);
if (updatable === false) {
query = query.lean();
}
query.exec((err, users) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(users);
});
});
};
const findNear = (center, maxDistance) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.find({ isGuide: true }, {
'profile.firstName': 1,
'profile.description': 1,
'profile.rate': 1,
location: 1,
})
.near('location', { center, maxDistance: Number(maxDistance), spherical: true })
.lean()
.exec((err, users) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 4, message: err.message }); }
resolve(users);
});
});
};
const findAll = (selectFields = '') => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.find({}, selectFields)
.lean()
.exec((err, users) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(users);
});
});
};
const findByEmail = (email) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (email === undefined) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No account with this email' }); }
db.Users
.findOne({ 'account.email': email })
.exec((err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No account with this email' }); }
resolve(user);
});
});
};
const findByTerms = (terms) => {
const fields = {
account: 0,
'profile.gender': 0,
'profile.phone': 0,
};
if (!terms || terms.length === 0) { return findAll(fields); }
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const regexes = terms.trim().split(' ').filter(term => term.length > 2).map(term => new RegExp(term, 'i'));
const regexSearch = [];
['firstName', 'lastName', 'description', 'interests'].forEach((field) => {
const searchElement = {};
searchElement[`profile.${field}`] = { $in: regexes };
regexSearch.push(searchElement);
});
db.Users
.find({ $or: regexSearch, 'account.emailConfirmation': true }, fields)
.lean()
.exec((err, users) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(users);
});
});
};
const findByIdAndUpdate = (userId, fields) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
db.Users
.findByIdAndUpdate(userId, fields, { new: true }, (err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find user' }); }
resolve(user);
})
);
};
const remove = (userId, reqBody) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const failed = assertInput(['email', 'password'], reqBody);
if (failed) { return reject({ code: 1, error: `We need your ${failed}` }); }
findByEmail(reqBody.email)
.then((user) => {
user.comparePassword(reqBody.password, (err, isMatch) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 3, message: err.message }); }
if (!isMatch) { return reject({ code: 4, message: 'Invalid password' }); }
if (userId !== String(user._id)) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No account with this email' }); }
resolve(user);
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
const setBlocking = (userId, isBlocking) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.findByIdAndUpdate(userId, { isBlocking }, { new: true }, (err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find user' }); }
resolve({ id: userId, isBlocking: user.isBlocking });
});
});
};
const update = (userId, reqBody) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.findById(userId)
.exec((err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find user' }); }
const mergedUser = _.merge(user, reqBody);
capitalize(mergedUser);
if (reqBody.profile && reqBody.profile.interests !== undefined) {
mergedUser.profile.interests = reqBody.profile.interests;
mergedUser.markModified('profile.interests');
}
mergedUser.save((saveErr, updatedUser) => {
if (saveErr) {
let message;
if (saveErr.code === 11000) { message = 'This account already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid update'; }
return reject({ code: 3, message });
}
if (updatedUser === null) { return reject({ code: 4, message: 'Failed to update user' }); }
resolve(updatedUser);
});
});
});
};
const updateRate = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ owner: String(userId) }, '_id')
.lean()
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(adverts);
});
})
.then((adverts) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.find({
$or: [{
about: {
$in: adverts,
},
visitorRate: {
$ne: null,
},
}, {
by: String(userId),
guideRate: {
$ne: null,
},
}],
}, 'by visitorRate guideRate systemRate')
.lean()
.exec((err, visits) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 2, message: err.message }); }
let notIndicated = 0;
let averageRate = visits.reduce((sum, visit) => {
let toAdd = (String(visit.by) === userId ? visit.guideRate : visit.visitorRate);
if (String(visit.by) === userId && visit.systemRate !== null) {
toAdd += visit.systemRate;
notIndicated -= 1;
}
if (toAdd === null) {
notIndicated += 1;
}
return sum + (toAdd || 0);
}, 0) / (visits.length - notIndicated);
if (isNaN(averageRate)) {
averageRate = null;
}
resolve(averageRate);
});
});
})
.then((rate) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users.findByIdAndUpdate(userId, { 'profile.rate': rate })
.exec((err) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 3, message: err.message }); }
resolve();
});
});
});
};
const isGuide = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.findById(userId, { isGuide: 1 })
.lean()
.exec((err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find user' }); }
resolve({ id: userId, isGuide: user.isGuide });
});
});
};
const isBlocking = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.findById(userId, { isBlocking: 1 })
.lean()
.exec((err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find user' }); }
resolve({ id: userId, isBlocking: user.isBlocking });
});
});
};
const becomeGuide = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Users
.findById(userId)
.exec((err, user) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (user === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find user' }); }
if (user.account.emailConfirmation === false) {
return reject({ code: 3, message: 'You need to confirm your email address' });
}
const fieldsToValidate = ['phone', 'city', 'country', 'description', 'interests'];
if (fieldsToValidate.every(field => ([undefined, null].indexOf(user.profile[field]) === -1)) === false) {
return reject({ code: 4, message: 'You need to fill in all fields' });
}
user.isGuide = true;
user.save((saveErr, updatedUser) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 3, message: saveErr.message }); }
if (updatedUser === null) { return reject({ code: 4, message: 'Failed to update user' }); }
resolve({ id: userId, isGuide: updatedUser.isGuide });
});
});
});
};
module.exports = { add, remove, update, becomeGuide, updateRate, isBlocking, isGuide, setBlocking, find, findByIdAndUpdate, findInIds, findAll, findNear, findByEmail, findByTerms };
<file_sep>const natural = require('natural');
const TfIdf = natural.TfIdf;
const matchAdverts = (interests, adverts) => {
const tf = new TfIdf();
adverts.forEach((advert) => {
tf.addDocument(advert.description);
});
const measures = [];
tf.tfidfs(interests, (i, measure) => {
measures.push({ index: i, measure });
});
measures.sort((a, b) => {
return a.measure - b.measure;
});
const sortedAdverts = [];
measures.forEach((el) => {
sortedAdverts.push(adverts[el.index]);
});
return sortedAdverts;
};
const matchUsers = (interests, users) => {
const tf = new TfIdf();
users.forEach((user) => {
tf.addDocument(user.profile.description);
});
const measures = [];
tf.tfidfs(interests, (i, measure) => {
measures.push({ index: i, measure });
});
measures.sort((a, b) => {
return b.measure - a.measure;
});
const sortedUsers = [];
measures.forEach((el) => {
sortedUsers.push(users[el.index]);
});
console.log(sortedUsers);
return sortedUsers;
};
module.exports = { matchAdverts, matchUsers };
<file_sep>'use strict';
const Promise = require('bluebird');
const paymentService = require('../payment-service');
const paymentManager = require('../managers/payment');
const userManager = require('../managers/user');
const visitManager = require('../managers/visit');
class Payment {
static createUser(user) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentService.createUser(user)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static getUser(user) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentService.getUser(user)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static addCard(paymentId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentService.addCard(paymentId, reqBody)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static createPayment(user, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
visitManager.getGuide(reqBody.idVisit)
.then(guide => userManager.find(guide))
.then((userDestination) => {
return paymentManager
.create(user, userDestination, reqBody.amount, reqBody.amount, reqBody.idVisit)
.catch(error => reject(error));
})
.catch(error => reject(error))
.then((paymentDb) => {
paymentService.createPayment(user.account.paymentId, reqBody)
.then((result) => {
return paymentManager
.paymentPayed(paymentDb, result.id)
.then(() => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
})
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static getAllPayments(user) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentManager.getPayments(user)
.then((result) => {
const payments = result.Payments;
return Promise.mapSeries(payments, payment => visitManager.find(payment.idVisit))
.then((visits) => {
payments.forEach((payment, index) => {
const visit = visits[index].visit;
payment.description = visit.about ? visit.about.title : 'Advert deleted';
});
resolve({ Payments: payments });
});
})
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static getPayment(paymentId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentService.getPayment(paymentId)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static getRefounds(user, refounded) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentManager.getRefounds(user, refounded)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static postRefounds(user, refounded) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentManager.getRefounds(user, false)
.then((payments) => {
const totalAmount = payments.Payments.reduce((sum, x) => {
return sum + x.amountBeneficiary;
}, 0);
if (totalAmount <= 0) reject('no payment to refound');
paymentService.createRefound(user, body, totalAmount)
.then((result) => {
Promise.all(payments.Payments.map((x) => {
return paymentManager
.paymentRefounded(x, result.id)
}))
.then(() => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error))
})
.catch(error => reject(error))
})
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static deleteCard(user, idCard) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
paymentService.deleteCard(user, idCard)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
}
exports.Payment = Payment;
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const notificationHandler = require('../handlers/notification').Notification;
const router = express.Router();
router.get('/', (req, res) => {
notificationHandler.findAllFrom(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/hasUnread', (req, res) => {
notificationHandler.hasUnread(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/unread', (req, res) => {
notificationHandler.getUnread(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.put('/read', (req, res) => {
notificationHandler.readAll(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.put('/:id/read', (req, res) => {
notificationHandler.read(req.params.id, req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>'use strict';
const request = require('supertest');
const expect = require('chai').expect;
const server = require('../index');
const helpers = require('./helpers');
const db = require('../api/database');
describe('Private Profile Routes', () => {
let app, user;
before((done) => {
server.start((err, _app) => {
if (err) return done(err);
app = _app;
helpers.createUser(_user => {
user = _user;
done();
});
});
});
after((done) => {
helpers.deleteUser(user._id, () => {
server.stop(done);
});
});
describe('POST /profiles/avatars', () => {
it('should return 400 if avatar body param does not exist', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/profiles/avatar')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(404, done);
});
it('should return 400 if file upload is not an image', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/profiles/avatar')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.attach('avatar', __dirname + '/helpers.js')
.expect(400, {
code: 1,
message: 'The mimetype is not valid must be jpeg|jpg|png|gif'
}, done);
});
it('should return 200 if the image is uploaded', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/profiles/avatar')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.attach('avatar', __dirname + '/test.png')
.expect(200, (err) => {
if (err) done(err);
db.Users.findById(user._id, (err, user) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(user.profile._fsId).to.be.not.null;
done();
});
});
});
});
describe('GET /public/profiles/:id/avatar', () => {
it('should return 404 if id not found', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/profiles/123412341234/avatar')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(404, done);
});
it('should return 200 if user can get avatar', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/profiles/' + user._id + '/avatar')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(200, done);
});
});
describe('DELETE /profiles/avatars', () => {
it('should return 200 if avatar deleted', (done) => {
request(app)
.delete('/profiles/avatar')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(200, done);
});
});
});
<file_sep>'use strict';
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const config = require('config');
const db = require('../api/database');
const account = { password: '<PASSWORD>', email: '<EMAIL>' };
const profile = { firstName: 'userValid', lastName: 'test' };
const userValid = new db.Users({account, profile});
exports.createUser = (next) => {
userValid.hash(userValid.account.password, (hashed) => {
userValid.account.token = jwt.sign({ userId: userValid._id }, config.jwtSecret);
userValid.account.password = <PASSWORD>;
userValid.save((err, user) => {
return next(user);
});
});
};
exports.deleteUser = (idUser, next) => {
db.Users.findByIdAndRemove(idUser, () => {
return next();
});
};
<file_sep>'use strict';
const request = require('supertest');
const expect = require('chai').expect;
const server = require('../../index');
const helpers = require('../helpers');
const nock = require('nock');
const db = require('../../api/database');
describe('Public Account Routes', () => {
let app, user;
before((done) => {
server.start((err, _app) => {
if (err) return done(err);
app = _app;
helpers.createUser(_user => {
user = _user;
done();
});
});
});
after((done) => {
helpers.deleteUser(user._id, () => {
server.stop(done);
});
});
describe('GET /public/accounts/', () => {
it('should return accounts', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/accounts/')
.expect(200, done);
});
});
});<file_sep>'use strict';
const http = require('http');
const https = require('https');
const fs = require('fs');
const express = require('express');
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
const expressJwt = require('express-jwt');
const config = require('config');
const morgan = require('morgan');
const cors = require('cors');
const db = require('./api/database');
const app = express();
let server = null;
let httpsServer = null;
const run = function run(next) {
db.init()
.then(function then() {
app.use(bodyParser.json());
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.use(morgan('dev'));
app.use(cors());
app.use('/public', require('./api/routes/public/public'));
app.use('/public/accounts', require('./api/routes/public/account'));
app.use('/public/profiles', require('./api/routes/public/profile'));
app.use('/public/users', require('./api/routes/public/user'));
app.use('/public/proposals', require('./api/routes/public/advert'));
app.use('/public/visits', require('./api/routes/public/visit'));
app.use('/public/search', require('./api/routes/public/search'));
app.use('/public/contact-us', require('./api/routes/public/contact'));
app.use('/', expressJwt({ secret: config.jwtSecret }).unless({ path: /\/public(\/.*)?/ }));
app.use('/', require('./api/middleware-service').errorsTokenMissing);
app.use('/', require('./api/handlers/account').Account.isAuthorised);
app.use('/', require('./api/middleware-service').checkContentTypeHeader);
app.use('/', require('./api/middleware-service').checkUserIsBlocked);
app.use('/', require('./api/middleware-service').trimForm);
app.use('/profiles', require('./api/routes/profile'));
app.use('/accounts', require('./api/routes/account'));
app.use('/users', require('./api/routes/user'));
app.use('/proposals', require('./api/routes/advert'));
app.use('/visits', require('./api/routes/visit'));
app.use('/payment', require('./api/routes/payment'))
app.use('/notifications', require('./api/routes/notification'))
app.use('/travelbook', require('./api/routes/travelbook'))
app.set('port', config.port);
server = http.createServer(app).listen(app.get('port'), function handler() {
console.log('Express server listening on %d, in %s mode', app.get('port'), app.get('env'));
if (next) next(null, app);
});
if (process.env.ENVIRONMENT === 'production') {
const sslOptions = {
key: fs.readFileSync('/home/sslCertificates/privkey.pem'),
cert: fs.readFileSync('/home/sslCertificates/cert.pem'),
ca: fs.readFileSync('/home/sslCertificates/chain.pem')
};
httpsServer = https.createServer(sslOptions, app).listen(443);
}
})
.catch(function error(err) {
console.error('Could not init the database:', err);
});
};
if (require.main === module) {
run();
}
const stop = function stop(next) {
if (httpsServer) {
httpsServer.close()
}
if (server) {
server.close(next);
}
};
module.exports.start = run;
module.exports.stop = stop;
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const userHandler = require('../handlers/user').User;
const profileHandler = require('../handlers/profile').Profile;
const router = express.Router();
router.post('/becomeGuide', (req, res) => {
profileHandler.update(req.user.userId, { profile: req.body })
.then((updatedUser) => {
userHandler.becomeGuide(req.user.userId)
.then((result) => {
updatedUser.isGuide = result.isGuide;
res.status(200).send(updatedUser);
})
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
})
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/isBlocking', (req, res) => {
userHandler.isBlocking(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.post('/retire', (req, res) => {
userHandler.retire(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>const NodeGeocoder = require('node-geocoder');
const db = require('../database');
const _ = require('lodash');
const displayName = require('./profile').displayName;
const userManager = require('./user');
const matchingService = require('../matching-service');
const options = {
provider: 'google',
apiKey: '<KEY>',
};
const geocoder = NodeGeocoder(options);
const capitalize = (advert) => {
const fieldsToCapitalize = ['title', 'city', 'country'];
fieldsToCapitalize.forEach((fieldName) => {
const fieldValue = advert[fieldName];
if (fieldValue && fieldValue.constructor === String) {
advert[fieldName] = advert[fieldName].capitalize();
}
});
};
const transformAdressToCoordinates = (fields) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let address = `${fields.city}, ${fields.country}`;
if (fields.location) {
address = `${fields.location}, ${fields.city}, ${fields.country}`;
}
geocoder.geocode(address)
.then((res) => {
if (res.length === 0) {
resolve('address not found');
}
resolve([res[0].longitude, res[0].latitude]);
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
};
const add = (creator, fields, files) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
fields.owner = creator;
return transformAdressToCoordinates(fields)
.then((coordinatesTransformed) => {
if (coordinatesTransformed === 'address not found') {
coordinatesTransformed = [0, 0];
}
const cover = files.splice(fields.coverIndex, 1);
files.splice(0, 0, cover[0]);
fields._fsIds = files;
delete fields.coverIndex;
if (fields.photoUrl === undefined) {
fields.photoUrl = '';
}
fields.location = { coordinates: coordinatesTransformed };
const newAd = new db.Adverts(fields);
capitalize(newAd);
newAd.save((err) => {
if (err) {
let message;
if (err.code === 11000) { message = 'This advert already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid data'; }
return reject({ code: 1, message });
}
resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Advert created' });
});
});
});
};
const remove = (userId, advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findOne({ _id: advertId, owner: userId }, 'owner active')
.exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such advert' }); }
advert.remove((removeErr) => {
if (removeErr) { return reject({ code: 3, message: removeErr.message }); }
resolve();
});
});
});
};
const removeAll = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ owner: userId })
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
Promise
.all(adverts.map(advert =>
new Promise((resolveRemove, rejectRemove) => {
advert.remove((removeErr) => {
if (removeErr) { return rejectRemove({ code: 2, message: removeErr.message }); }
resolveRemove();
});
})
))
.then(() => resolve())
.catch(removeAllErr => reject(removeAllErr));
});
});
};
const find = (advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findById(String(advertId), '-comments')
.populate({ path: 'owner', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.lean()
.exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Advert not found' }); }
const formatAndResolve = () => {
if (advert.owner) {
const ownerId = advert.owner._id;
advert.owner = advert.owner.profile;
advert.owner._id = ownerId;
advert.owner.displayName = displayName(advert.owner);
delete advert.owner.firstName;
delete advert.owner.lastName;
} else {
advert.owner = { displayName: 'Deleted user' };
}
resolve({ advert });
};
geocoder.reverse({ lat: advert.location.coordinates[1], lon: advert.location.coordinates[0] })
.then((res) => {
advert.location = `${res[0].streetNumber || ''} ${res[0].streetName || ''}`.trim();
formatAndResolve();
})
.catch(formatAndResolve);
});
});
};
const findAll = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ active: true })
.populate({ path: 'owner', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.lean()
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (userId) {
userManager.find(userId, 'profile.interests')
.then(user => matchingService.matchAdverts(user.profile.interests, adverts))
.then((sorted) => {
sorted.forEach((advert) => {
if (advert.owner) {
advert.ownerId = advert.owner._id;
advert.owner = displayName(advert.owner.profile);
}
});
resolve(sorted);
});
} else {
adverts.forEach((advert) => {
if (advert.owner) {
advert.ownerId = advert.owner._id;
advert.owner = displayName(advert.owner.profile);
}
});
resolve(adverts);
}
});
});
};
const findMain = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ active: true })
.populate({ path: 'owner', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.lean()
.limit(10)
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (userId) {
userManager.find(userId, 'profile.interests')
.then(user => matchingService.matchAdverts(user.profile.interests, adverts))
.then((sorted) => {
sorted.forEach((advert) => {
if (advert.owner) {
advert.ownerId = advert.owner._id;
advert.owner = displayName(advert.owner.profile);
}
});
resolve(sorted);
});
} else {
adverts.forEach((advert) => {
if (advert.owner) {
advert.ownerId = advert.owner._id;
advert.owner = displayName(advert.owner.profile);
}
});
resolve(adverts);
}
});
});
};
const findAllFrom = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ owner: String(userId) }, 'title description photoUrl active city country rate')
.lean()
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(adverts);
});
});
};
const findAllFromHim = (userId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ owner: String(userId), active: true }, 'title description photoUrl city country rate')
.lean()
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(adverts);
});
});
};
const findNear = (center, maxDistance) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ active: true })
.near('location', { center, maxDistance: Number(maxDistance), spherical: true })
.lean()
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 4, message: err.message }); }
resolve(adverts);
});
});
};
const search = (regexSearch) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.find({ $or: regexSearch, active: true })
.populate({ path: 'owner', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.lean()
.exec((err, adverts) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
adverts.forEach((advert) => {
if (advert.owner) {
advert.ownerId = advert.owner._id;
advert.owner = displayName(advert.owner.profile);
}
});
resolve(adverts);
});
});
};
const findOwner = (advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findById(String(advertId))
.lean()
.exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Advert not found' }); }
resolve(advert.owner);
});
});
};
const update = (userId, advertId, advertBody, files) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findOne({ _id: advertId, owner: userId })
.populate({ path: 'owner', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find advert' }); }
return transformAdressToCoordinates(advertBody)
.then((coordinatesTransformed) => {
if (coordinatesTransformed === 'address not found') {
coordinatesTransformed = [0, 0];
}
const updatedFiles = (files.length > 0 ? files : advert._fsIds);
const cover = updatedFiles.splice(advertBody.coverIndex, 1);
updatedFiles.splice(0, 0, cover[0]);
delete advertBody.coverIndex;
delete advertBody.location;
const mergedAdvert = _.merge(advert, advertBody);
mergedAdvert._fsIds = updatedFiles;
mergedAdvert.location.coordinates = coordinatesTransformed;
capitalize(mergedAdvert);
mergedAdvert.save((saveErr, updatedAdvert) => {
if (saveErr) {
let message;
if (saveErr.code === 11000) { message = 'This advert already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid update'; }
return reject({ code: 3, message });
}
if (updatedAdvert === null) { return reject({ code: 4, message: 'Failed to update advert' }); }
const jsonAdvert = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(updatedAdvert));
if (jsonAdvert.owner) {
jsonAdvert.owner.displayName = displayName(jsonAdvert.owner.profile);
delete jsonAdvert.owner.profile;
} else {
jsonAdvert.owner = { displayName: 'Deleted user' };
}
resolve({ advert: jsonAdvert });
});
});
});
});
};
const updateRate = (visitId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.findById(visitId, 'about')
.lean()
.exec((err, visit) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(visit.about);
});
})
.then((advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Visits
.find({
about: String(advertId),
visitorRate: {
$ne: null,
},
}, 'visitorRate')
.lean()
.exec((err, visits) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 2, message: err.message }); }
let averageRate = null;
if (visits.length !== 0) {
averageRate = visits.reduce((sum, visit) => sum + visit.visitorRate, 0) / visits.length;
}
resolve(averageRate);
});
})
.then((rate) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts.findByIdAndUpdate(advertId, { rate })
.exec((err) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 3, message: err.message }); }
resolve();
});
});
});
});
};
// const addOccupied = (userId, advertId, reqBody) => {
// return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// const occupied = reqBody.occupied;
//
// if (occupied === undefined) { return reject({ code: 1, message: 'Need occupied' }); }
// if (occupied.from === undefined || occupied.to === undefined) {
// return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Occupied has to be well formatted' });
// }
// if (occupied.from.constructor !== Date || occupied.to.constructor !== Date) {
// return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Occupied has to be expressed in Date' });
// }
//
// db.Adverts
// .findOne({
// owner: userId,
// _id: advertId,
// }, 'occupied')
// .exec((err, advert) => {
// if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
// if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find advert' }); }
//
// advert.occupied.sort((a, b) => a.from - b.from);
// const isNotPossible = advert.occupied.some((block) => {
// if (block.from <= occupied.from && block.to > occupied.from) {
// return true;
// }
//
// if (occupied.from <= block.from && occupied.to > block.from) {
// return true;
// }
//
// return false;
// });
//
// if (isNotPossible) { return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Cannot fit this occupied in' }); }
//
// advert.occupied.push(occupied);
// advert.occupied.sort((a, b) => a.from - b.from);
// advert.save((saveErr, updatedAdvert) => {
// if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 4, messages: saveErr.message }); }
// if (updatedAdvert === null) { return reject({ code: 5, message: 'Failed to update advert' }); }
//
// const jsonAdvert = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(updatedAdvert));
//
// if (jsonAdvert.owner) {
// jsonAdvert.owner.displayName = displayName(jsonAdvert.owner.profile);
// delete jsonAdvert.owner.profile;
// } else {
// jsonAdvert.owner = { displayName: 'Deleted user' };
// }
//
// resolve({ advert: jsonAdvert });
// });
// });
// });
// };
// const removeOccupied = (userId, advertId, reqBody) => {
// return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// const occupied = reqBody.occupied;
//
// if (occupied === undefined) { return reject({ code: 1, message: 'Need occupied' }); }
// if (occupied.from === undefined || occupied.to === undefined) {
// return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Occupied has to be well formatted' });
// }
// if (occupied.from.constructor !== Date || occupied.to.constructor !== Date) {
// return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Occupied has to be expressed in Date' });
// }
//
// db.Adverts
// .findOne({
// owner: userId,
// _id: advertId,
// }, 'occupied')
// .exec((err, advert) => {
// if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
// if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find advert' }); }
//
// const index = advert.occupied.findIndex(occupy => occupy.from === occupied.from && occupy.to === occupy.to);
// if (index !== -1) {
// advert.occupied.remove(index);
// advert.save((saveErr, updatedAdvert) => {
// if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 4, messages: saveErr.message }); }
// if (updatedAdvert === null) { return reject({ code: 5, message: 'Failed to update advert' }); }
//
// const jsonAdvert = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(updatedAdvert));
//
// if (jsonAdvert.owner) {
// jsonAdvert.owner.displayName = displayName(jsonAdvert.owner.profile);
// delete jsonAdvert.owner.profile;
// } else {
// jsonAdvert.owner = { displayName: 'Deleted user' };
// }
//
// resolve({ advert: jsonAdvert });
// });
// }
//
// resolve({ advert });
// });
// });
// };
// const getOccupied = (userId, advertId) => {
// return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
// db.Adverts
// .findOne({
// owner: userId,
// _id: advertId,
// }, 'occupied')
// .exec((err, advert) => {
// if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
// if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Cannot find advert' }); }
//
// resolve(advert.occupied);
// });
// });
// };
const toggle = (userId, advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findOne({ _id: advertId, owner: userId }, 'owner active')
.exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such advert' }); }
advert.active = !advert.active;
advert.save((saveErr) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 3, message: saveErr.message }); }
resolve();
});
});
});
};
const toggleOff = (userId, advertId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findOneAndUpdate({ _id: advertId, owner: userId }, { active: false }, (err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such advert' }); }
resolve();
});
});
};
const toggleAllOff = (userId) => {
return findAllFromHim(userId)
.then(adverts =>
Promise.all(
adverts.map(advert => toggleOff(userId, advert._id))
)
);
};
module.exports = { add, remove, removeAll, findOwner, find, findAll, findMain, findAllFrom, findAllFromHim, findNear, search, toggle, toggleOff, toggleAllOff, update, updateRate };
<file_sep>'use strict';
const assertInput = (requirements, input) => {
return requirements.find(requirement => Object.keys(input).indexOf(requirement) === -1 || input[requirement] === null);
};
module.exports = { assertInput };
<file_sep>const db = require('../database');
const displayName = require('./profile').displayName;
const create = (userId, idAdvert, reqBody) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts.findById(idAdvert).exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such advert' }); }
reqBody.owner = userId;
const newComment = new db.Comments(reqBody);
advert.comments.push(newComment);
advert.save((saveErr) => {
if (saveErr) return reject({ code: 3, message: saveErr });
resolve();
});
});
});
};
const findByCommentsAdvert = (idAdvert) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findById(idAdvert, 'comments')
.populate({ path: 'comments.owner', select: 'profile.firstName profile.lastName' })
.lean()
.exec((err, commentsForAd) => {
if (err) return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message });
if (commentsForAd === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such advert' }); }
commentsForAd.comments.forEach((comment) => {
if (comment.owner) {
if (comment.owner.displayName === undefined) {
comment.owner.displayName = displayName(comment.owner.profile);
}
delete comment.owner.profile;
} else {
comment.owner = { displayName: 'Deleted user' };
}
});
commentsForAd.comments.reverse();
resolve(commentsForAd);
});
});
};
const toggleLike = (idUser, idAdvert, idComment) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findById(idAdvert)
.exec((err, advert) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (advert === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'No such advert' }); }
const comment = advert.comments.id(idComment);
if (comment.likes.indexOf(idUser) !== -1) {
comment.likes.remove(idUser);
} else {
comment.likes.push(idUser);
}
advert.save((saveErr) => {
if (saveErr) return reject({ code: 3, message: saveErr });
resolve();
});
});
});
};
const findByIdAndUpdate = (advertId, fields) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Adverts
.findByIdAndUpdate(
advertId,
fields,
{ new: true },
(err) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve();
}
);
});
};
module.exports = { create, findByCommentsAdvert, toggleLike, findByIdAndUpdate };
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const multer = require('multer');
const mime = require('mime-types');
const path = require('path');
const advertHandler = require('../handlers/advert').Advert;
const visitHandler = require('../handlers/visit').Visit;
const commentAdvert = require('../handlers/commentAdvert').CommentAdvert;
const upload = multer({
fileFilter(req, file, cb) {
if (!mime.extension(file.mimetype).match(/^(jpeg|jpg|png|gif)$/)) {
return cb(new Error(`The mimetype is not valid : ${file.mimetype}`));
}
cb(null, true);
},
dest: path.join(__dirname, '/../../assets/'),
});
const filesUpload = upload.any();
const router = express.Router();
/**
* @api {post} /adverts/ Create Advert
* @apiName create
* @apiGroup Advert
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
* @apiParam {String} title The title of the advert
* @apiParam {String} country The country where the advert places the visit
* @apiParam {String} city The city for the visit
* @apiParam {String} description The description of the advert
* @apiParam {String} photoUrl The web url to the cover for the advert
*
* @apiSuccess {Number} code Code representing the status of the request.
* @apiSuccess {String} message A message to indicate if the Advert has been created.
*
* @apiSuccessExample Success-Response:
* HTTP/1.1 200 OK
* {
* "code": 0,
* "message": "Advert created"
* }
*
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotFound
*/
router.post('/', (req, res) => {
filesUpload(req, res, (err) => {
if (err) return res.status(400).send({ code: 1, message: 'The mimetype is not valid must be jpeg|jpg|png|gif' });
advertHandler.create(req.user.userId, JSON.parse(req.body.proposalForm), req.files)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
});
router.get('/', (req, res) => {
advertHandler.findAllFrom(req.user.userId)
.then(result => res.status(200).send({ adverts: result }))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.put('/:id/toggle', (req, res) => {
advertHandler.toggle(req.user.userId, req.params.id)
.then(result => res.status(200).send({ adverts: result }))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.post('/:id/visit', (req, res) => {
visitHandler.create(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.body)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.put('/:id', (req, res) => {
filesUpload(req, res, (err) => {
if (err) return res.status(400).send({ code: 1, message: 'The mimetype is not valid must be jpeg|jpg|png|gif' });
let form = req.body.proposalForm;
if (typeof form === 'string') {
form = JSON.parse(form);
}
advertHandler.update(req.user.userId, req.params.id, form, req.files)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
});
router.delete('/:id', (req, res) => {
advertHandler.remove(req.user.userId, req.params.id)
.then(result => res.status(200).send({ adverts: result }))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.get('/:id/comments', (req, res) => {
commentAdvert.findByCommentsAdvert(req.params.id)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.post('/:id/comments', (req, res) => {
commentAdvert.create(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.body)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.get('/geo/:distance', (req, res) => {
advertHandler.findNear(req.user.userId, req.params.distance)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
// router.put('/:id/comments/:idcomment', (req, res) => {
// commentAdvert.edit(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.params.idcomment)
// .then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
// .catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
// });
router.delete('/:id/comments/:idcomment', (req, res) => {
commentAdvert.remove(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.params.idcomment)
.then(result => res.status(200).send({ comments: result, _id: req.params.id }))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
router.put('/:id/comments/:idcomment/likes', (req, res) => {
commentAdvert.toggleLike(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.params.idcomment)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
// router.put('/:id/occupied', (req, res) => {
// advertHandler.addOccupied(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.body)
// .then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
// .catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
// });
//
// router.delete('/:id/occupied', (req, res) => {
// advertHandler.removeOccupied(req.user.userId, req.params.id, req.body)
// .then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
// .catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
// });
//
// router.get('/:id/occupied', (req, res) => {
// advertHandler.getOccupied(req.user.userId, req.params.id)
// .then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
// .catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
// });
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const paymentHandler = require('../handlers/payment').Payment;
const userManager = require('../managers/user');
const router = express.Router();
/**
* @apiDefine UserNotConnected
* @apiError (400) UserNotConnected The user is not logged in.
*/
/**
* @apiDefine StripeError
* @apiError (400) StripeError Encountered an error with Stripe, probably a bad request.
*/
router.use((req, res, next) => { // middleware to get the account for every request
if (req.user) {
userManager.find(req.user.userId, 'account', true)
.then((user) => {
req.loadedUser = user;
next();
})
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
} else {
res.status(400).send({ code: 1, message: 'You need to be logged in' });
}
});
/**
* @api {get} /payment/ Find Stripe User
* @apiName getUser
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
*
* @apiSuccess {Object} customer A Stripe Customer object <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#customer_object</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.get('/', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
if (user.account.paymentId == null) {
paymentHandler.createUser(user)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
} else {
paymentHandler.getUser(user)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
}
});
/**
* @api {post} /payment/card Add Card
* @apiName addCard
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
* @apiParam {Number} expirationMonth The expiration month of the card
* @apiParam {Number} expirationYear The expiration year of the card
* @apiParam {String} number The card number
* @apiParam {String} cvc The security code of the card (3 numbers behind the card)
*
* @apiSuccess {Object} source The newly created Bank Account object <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#customer_create_bank_account</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.post('/card', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
paymentHandler.addCard(user.account.paymentId, req.body)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {post} /payment/pay Create Payment
* @apiName createPayment
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
* @apiParam {Number} amount Amount in currency units (for instance <code>23</code> as in <code>$23</code>)
* @apiParam {String} idCard The id of the card used for this payment
* @apiParam {String} description A description to explain the reason of this payment
*
* @apiSuccess {Object} charge The newly created Charge object for the selected Card Source <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#create_charge</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.post('/pay', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
req.body.currency = 'eur';
paymentHandler.createPayment(user, req.body)
.then(payment => res.status(200).send(payment))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {get} /payment/pay Get Payments
* @apiName getAllPayments
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
*
* @apiSuccess {Object[]} payments All Payments made by this User <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#list_charges</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.get('/pay', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
paymentHandler.getAllPayments(user._id)
.then(payments => res.status(200).send(payments))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {get} /payment/refounds Get Refound for guide
* @apiName getAllPayments
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
*
* @apiSuccess {Object[]} payments All refound for this User <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#list_charges</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.get('/refounds', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
paymentHandler.getRefounds(user, false)
.then(payments => res.status(200).send(payments))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {post} /payment/refounds Guive Refound to guide
* @apiName getAllPayments
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
*
* @apiSuccess {Object[]} payments All refound for this User <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#list_charges</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.post('/refounds', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
paymentHandler.postRefounds(user, req.body)
.then(payments => res.status(200).send(payments))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {get} /payment/refounded Get Refounded payement for guide
* @apiName getAllPayments
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
*
* @apiSuccess {Object[]} payments All refounded for this User <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#list_charges</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.get('/refounded', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
paymentHandler.getRefounds(user, true)
.then(payments => res.status(200).send(payments))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {get} /payment/pay/:id Get infos for one payment
* @apiName getAllPayments
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
*
* @apiSuccess {Object[]} return info of one payment <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#list_charges</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.get('/pay/:id', (req, res) => {
paymentHandler.getPayment(req.params.id)
.then(payments => res.status(200).send(payments))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
/**
* @api {post} /payment/pay Create Payment
* @apiName createPayment
* @apiGroup Payment
* @apiVersion 0.3.2
*
* @apiHeader {String} Authorization The jsonwebtoken given on <code>/public/sign-in</code> preceded by <code>Bearer</code>
* @apiParam {Number} amount Amount in currency units (for instance <code>23</code> as in <code>$23</code>)
* @apiParam {String} idCard The id of the card used for this payment
* @apiParam {String} description A description to explain the reason of this payment
*
* @apiSuccess {Object} charge The newly created Charge object for the selected Card Source <a>https://stripe.com/docs/api/node#create_charge</a>.
* @apiUse DatabaseError
* @apiUse UserNotConnected
* @apiUse StripeError
*/
router.delete('/card/:id', (req, res) => {
const user = req.loadedUser;
paymentHandler.deleteCard(user.account.paymentId, req.params.id)
.then(payment => res.status(200).send(payment))
.catch(err => res.status(400).send(err));
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>'use strict';
const request = require('supertest');
const expect = require('chai').expect;
const server = require('../index');
const helpers = require('./helpers');
const nock = require('nock');
const db = require('../api/database');
describe('Private Account Routes', () => {
let app, user;
before((done) => {
server.start((err, _app) => {
if (err) return done(err);
app = _app;
helpers.createUser(_user => {
user = _user;
done();
});
});
});
after((done) => {
helpers.deleteUser(user._id, () => {
server.stop(done);
});
});
describe('GET /accounts/:id', () => {
it('should return 401 if token is not valid', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/accounts/123412341234')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect(401, {
code: 1,
message: 'No authorization token was found'
}, done);
});
it('should return 401 if token not found', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/accounts/123412341234')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer <KEY>')
.expect(401, {
code: 1,
message: 'Bad token authentication'
}, done);
});
it('should return 404 if id is not found', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/accounts/123412341234')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(404, done);
});
it('should return 200 and an account', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/accounts/' + user._id)
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(res.body.email).to.equal('<EMAIL>');
done();
});
});
});
describe('PUT /accounts/mail', () => {
// Todo fix why middleware does not work as expected
it.skip('should return 415 if header content-type not provided', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/mail')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(400, {
code: 1,
message: 'Missing "Content-Type" header set to "application/json"'
}, done);
});
it('should return 400 if email not provided', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/mail')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(400, done);
});
// todo the update does not work on the circle.
it.skip('should return 200 and the new email', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/mail')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.send({email: '<EMAIL>'})
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
console.log(user);
expect(res.body.email).to.be.equal('<EMAIL>');
db.Users.findById(user._id, (err, user) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(user.account.email).to.be.equal('<EMAIL>');
done();
});
});
});
});
describe('PUT /accounts/password', () => {
it('should return 400 if password not provided', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/password')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.send({currentPassword: '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(400, {
code: 1,
message: 'We need your password'
}, done);
});
it('should return 400 if currentPassword not provided', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/password')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.send({password: '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(400, {
code: 1,
message: 'We need your currentPassword'
}, done);
});
it('should return 400 if password shorter', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/password')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.send({password: 'new', currentPassword: '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(400, {
code: 3,
message: 'Invalid new password'
}, done);
});
it('should return 400 if wrong currentPassword', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/password')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.send({password: 'new', currentPassword: '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(400, {
code: 3,
message: 'Invalid password'
}, done);
});
it('should return 200 and update the user password', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/password')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.send({password: '<PASSWORD>', currentPassword: '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(200, done);
});
});
describe('GET /accounts/:id/resend-email', () => {
it('should return 200 if an email is sent', (done) => {
let body;
let emailSent = nock('https://api.mailgun.net/v3/mg.pickaguide.fr')
.post(/messages/, function (b) {
body = b;
return true;
})
.reply(200, {status: 'sent'});
request(app)
.get('/accounts/' + user._id + '/resend-email')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(body.from).to.be.eql('<EMAIL>');
expect(body.to).to.be.eql('<EMAIL>');
expect(res.body.code).to.be.equal(0);
expect(res.body.message).to.be.eql('Confirmation email has been resent');
expect(emailSent.isDone()).to.be.true;
done();
});
});
});
describe('PUT /accounts/logout', () => {
it('should logout a user deleting his token', (done) => {
request(app)
.put('/accounts/logout')
.set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.set('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + user.account.token)
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(res.body.code).to.be.equal(0);
expect(res.body.message).to.be.eql('User logout');
db.Users.findById(user._id, (err, user) => {
if (err) return done(err);
expect(user.account.token).to.be.null;
done();
});
});
});
});
});
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const profileHandler = require('../../handlers/profile').Profile;
const accountHandler = require('../../handlers/account').Account;
const advertHandler = require('../../handlers/advert').Advert;
const router = express.Router();
router.get('/filter/:userId/:search', (req, res) => {
Promise.all([
profileHandler.search(req.params.search, req.params.userId),
advertHandler.search(req.params.search, req.params.userId),
])
.then(results =>
accountHandler.areConfirmed(results[0].ids)
.then((areConfirmedRes) => {
areConfirmedRes.ids = areConfirmedRes.ids.map(String);
const orderedAreConfirmed = results[0].ids.map(String).map(id =>
areConfirmedRes.areConfirmed[areConfirmedRes.ids.indexOf(id)]
);
res.status(200).send({
profiles: results[0].profiles,
ids: results[0].ids,
adverts: results[1],
areConfirmed: orderedAreConfirmed,
});
})
)
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/filter/:search', (req, res) => {
Promise.all([
profileHandler.search(req.params.search),
advertHandler.search(req.params.search),
])
.then(results =>
accountHandler.areConfirmed(results[0].ids)
.then((areConfirmedRes) => {
areConfirmedRes.ids = areConfirmedRes.ids.map(String);
const orderedAreConfirmed = results[0].ids.map(String).map(id =>
areConfirmedRes.areConfirmed[areConfirmedRes.ids.indexOf(id)]
);
res.status(200).send({
profiles: results[0].profiles,
ids: results[0].ids,
adverts: results[1],
areConfirmed: orderedAreConfirmed,
});
})
)
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>#!/bin/bash
FILES=$(find test -type f -name '*.test.js')
CMD="echo \"Running backend tests\"";
for f in $FILES
do
CMD="$CMD && PORT=3030 ./node_modules/.bin/mocha --compilers js:babel-core/register $f --timeout 10000"
done
eval $CMD
<file_sep>const db = require('../database');
const _ = require('lodash');
const displayName = require('./profile').displayName;
const create = (payerIdx, beneficiaryIdx, amountPayerx, amountBeneficiaryx, idVisitx) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const newPayment = new db.Payments({
payerId: payerIdx,
beneficiaryId: beneficiaryIdx,
amountPayer: amountPayerx,
amountBeneficiary: amountBeneficiaryx,
idVisit: idVisitx,
});
newPayment.save((err, payment) => {
if (err) {
let message;
if (err.code === 11000) { message = 'This payment already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid data'; }
return reject({ code: 1, message });
}
resolve(payment);
// resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Payment requested' });
});
});
};
const getRefounds = (user, refoundedx = false) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Payments
.find({ beneficiaryId: user, refounded: refoundedx, payed: true})
.exec((err, Payments) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (Payments == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'You don\'t have any refound' }); }
resolve({ Payments });
});
});
};
const getAveragePrice = (visitIds) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Payments
.find({
idVisit: {
$in: visitIds.map(String),
},
}, 'amountPayer')
.lean()
.exec((err, payments) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
let averagePrice;
if (payments.length > 0) {
averagePrice = payments.reduce((sum, payment) => {
return sum + payment.amountPayer;
}, 0) / payments.length;
}
return resolve(averagePrice);
});
});
};
const getPayments = (user) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Payments
.find({ $or: [{ payerId: user }, { beneficiaryId: user }] })
.lean()
.sort('-date')
.exec((err, Payments) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (Payments == null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'You don\'t have any payment' }); }
resolve({ Payments });
});
});
};
const getAmounts = (visitIds) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Payments
.find({
idVisit: {
$in: visitIds.map(String),
},
}, 'amountPayer')
.lean()
.exec((err, payments) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
return resolve(payments.map(payment => payment.amountPayer));
});
});
};
const getMyAmount = (visitId) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Payments
.find({
idVisit: String(visitId),
}, 'amountPayer')
.lean()
.exec((err, payments) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
const amounts = payments.map(payment => payment.amountPayer);
const amount = amounts.reduce((sum, price) => sum + price, 0);
return resolve(amount);
});
});
};
const paymentPayed = (payment, paymentId) => {
return new Promise ((resolve, reject) => {
payment.payed = true;
payment.idPayment = paymentId
payment.save((saveErr, updatedPayment) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 1, saveErr }); }
if (updatedPayment === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Failed to update payment' }); }
resolve({ visit: updatedPayment });
});
})
};
const paymentRefounded = (payment, paymentId) => {
return new Promise ((resolve, reject) => {
payment.refounded = true;
payment.idRefound = paymentId
payment.save((saveErr, updatedPayment) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 1, saveErr }); }
if (updatedPayment === null) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Failed to update payment' }); }
resolve({ visit: updatedPayment });
});
})
};
module.exports = { getAmounts, getMyAmount, getAveragePrice, create, getRefounds, getPayments, paymentPayed, paymentRefounded };
<file_sep>'use strict';
const request = require('supertest');
const expect = require('chai').expect;
const server = require('../../index');
const nock = require('nock');
const db = require('../../api/database');
describe('Public Routes', () => {
let app, userId, userTokenResetPassword;
const userWithoutEmail = {
firstName: 'userWithoutEmail',
lastName: 'test',
password: '<PASSWORD>'
};
const userPasswordTooShort = {
firstName: 'userPasswordTooShort',
lastName: 'test',
password: 'te',
email: '<EMAIL>'
};
const userEmailInvalid = {
firstName: 'userPasswordTooShort',
lastName: 'test',
password: '<PASSWORD>',
email: 'test@<PASSWORD>'
};
const userValid = {
firstName: 'userValid',
lastName: 'test',
password: '<PASSWORD>',
email: '<EMAIL>'
};
before((done) => {
server.start((err, _app) => {
if (err) return done(err);
app = _app;
done();
});
});
after((done) => {
db.Users.findOne({'account.email': userValid.email}).remove().exec(() => {
server.stop(done);
});
});
describe('POST /public/sign-up', () => {
it('should return error if param is missing', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-up')
.send(userWithoutEmail)
.expect(400, {
code: 1,
message: 'We need your email'
}, done);
});
it('should return error if email is invalid', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-up')
.send(userEmailInvalid)
.expect(400, {
code: 2,
message: 'Invalid email'
}, done);
});
it('should return error if password too short', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-up')
.send(userPasswordTooShort)
.expect(400, {
code: 3,
message: 'Invalid Password'
}, done);
});
it('should return 201 and create an user', (done) => {
let body;
let emailSent = nock('https://api.mailgun.net/v3/mg.pickaguide.fr')
.post(/messages/, (result) => {
body = result;
return true;
})
.reply(200, { status: 'sent' });
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-up')
.send(userValid)
.expect(201, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(body.from).to.be.eql('<EMAIL>');
expect(body.to).to.be.eql(userValid.email);
expect(res.body.code).to.equal(0);
expect(res.body.message).to.eql('Account created');
expect(emailSent.isDone()).to.be.true;
done();
});
});
it('should return error if user already exist', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-up')
.send(userValid)
.expect(400, {
code: 1,
message: 'This account already exists'
}, done)
});
});
describe('POST /public/sign-in', () => {
it('should return error if email is wrong', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-in')
.send(userPasswordTooShort)
.expect(400, {
code: 2,
message: 'No account with this email'
}, done)
});
it('should return error if password is wrong', (done) => {
const singinWrongPassword = {
email: userValid.email,
password: '<PASSWORD>'
};
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-in')
.send(singinWrongPassword)
.expect(400, {
code: 2,
message: 'Invalid password'
}, done);
});
it('should return a token and an id', (done) => {
const singinuserValid = {
email: userValid.email,
password: <PASSWORD>
};
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-in')
.send(singinuserValid)
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(res.body).to.have.property('token');
expect(res.body).to.have.property('id');
userId = res.body.id;
done();
});
});
it('should return a token created after a login', (done) => {
const singinuserValid = {
email: userValid.email,
password: <PASSWORD>
};
db.Users.findByIdAndUpdate(userId, { 'account.token': null }, { new: true }, (err, user) => {
if (err) return done(err);
expect(user.account.token).to.be.null;
request(app)
.post('/public/sign-in')
.send(singinuserValid)
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
if (err) done(err);
expect(res.body).to.have.property('token');
expect(res.body).to.have.property('id');
db.Users.findById(userId, (err, user) => {
if (err) return done(err);
expect(user.account.token).to.exist;
done();
});
});
});
});
});
describe('GET /public/verify/:id', () => {
it('should return err if id invalid', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/verify/1234')
.expect(404, done)
});
it('should confirm the email address', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/verify/' + userId)
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
expect(res.body.code).to.equal(0);
expect(res.body.message).to.eql('Email verified');
db.Users.findById(userId, (err, user) => {
if (err) return done(err);
expect(user.account.emailConfirmation).to.be.true;
done();
});
});
});
});
describe('POST /public/forgot', () => {
it('should return error if email does not exist', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/forgot/')
.send({ 'email': userEmailInvalid.email })
.expect(404, {
code: 2,
message: 'No account with this email'
}, done)
});
it('should send an email and create resetPasswordToken', (done) => {
let body;
let emailSent = nock('https://api.mailgun.net/v3/mg.pickaguide.fr')
.post(/messages/, function (b) {
body = b;
return true;
})
.reply(200, {status: 'sent'});
request(app)
.post('/public/forgot/')
.send({'email': userValid.email})
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
expect(res.body.code).to.equal(0);
expect(res.body.message).to.eql('Reset password email has been sent');
expect(emailSent.isDone()).to.be.true;
db.Users.findOne({'account.email': userValid.email}, (err, user) => {
if (err) return done(err);
expect(user.account.resetPasswordToken).to.exist;
userTokenResetPassword = user.account.resetPasswordToken;
done()
});
});
});
});
describe('GET /public/reset/:token', () => {
it('should return error if wrong token', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/reset/12345')
.expect(404, {
code: 1,
message: 'Password reset token is invalid'
}, done)
});
it('should return status 200 and validate the token reset password', (done) => {
request(app)
.get('/public/reset/' + userTokenResetPassword)
.expect(200, {
code: 0,
message: 'Password reset token is valid'
}, done);
});
});
describe('POST /public/reset/:token', () => {
it('should return error if wrong token', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/reset/12345')
.send({'password': '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(404, {
code: 1,
message: 'Password reset token is invalid'
}, done);
});
it('should return error if password shorter', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/reset/' + userTokenResetPassword)
.send({'password': 'new'})
.expect(404, {
code: 3,
message: 'Invalid new Password'
}, done);
});
it('should update password of the user', (done) => {
request(app)
.post('/public/reset/' + userTokenResetPassword)
.send({'password': '<PASSWORD>'})
.expect(200, (err, res) => {
expect(res.body.code).to.equal(0);
expect(res.body.message).to.eql('Password reset token is valid');
db.Users.findOne({'account.email': userValid.email}, (err, user) => {
if(err) return done(err);
user.comparePassword('<PASSWORD>', (err, isMatch) => {
expect(isMatch).to.be.true;
expect(user.account.resetPasswordToken).to.be.null;
done();
});
});
});
});
});
});
<file_sep>'use strict';
const Promise = require('bluebird');
const visitManager = require('../managers/visit');
const advertManager = require('../managers/advert');
const paymentManager = require('../managers/payment');
const userManager = require('../managers/user');
const notifManager = require('../managers/notification');
const displayName = require('../managers/profile').displayName;
const uploadService = require('../upload-service');
const rateService = require('../rate-service');
const _ = require('lodash');
class Visit {
static update(userId, visitId, reqFiles = []) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (reqFiles.some(file => file.size > uploadService.maxFileSize().size)) {
return reject({ code: 1, message: `File size exceeds ${uploadService.maxFileSize().label}` });
}
Promise.mapSeries(reqFiles, file => uploadService.uploadImage(file.path, file.originalname, file.mimetype))
.then(values => visitManager.update(userId, visitId, values))
.then(advert => resolve(advert))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static create(by, about, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
advertManager
.find(about)
.then((result) => {
if (result.advert.owner._id === undefined) {
return reject({ code: 1, message: 'The user has been deleted' });
}
if (String(result.advert.owner._id) === by) {
return reject({ code: 2, message: 'You cannot ask yourself for a visit' });
}
visitManager.create(by, about, reqBody)
.then(visit => resolve(visit))
.catch(createErr => reject(createErr))
.then(() => notifManager.create(result.advert.owner._id, {
title: 'You got a visitor !',
body: `is asking to visit '${result.advert.title}' with you`,
}, by));
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static downloadImageByHook(visitId, hook) {
return uploadService.downloadImage(hook);
}
static getImageHooks(visitId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
visitManager.find(visitId)
.then(result => resolve(result.visit._fsIds))
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static find(visitId) {
return visitManager.find(visitId);
}
static findAsGuide(visitId, userId) {
return visitManager.findAsGuide(visitId, userId);
}
static findAsVisitor(visitId, userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
visitManager
.findAsVisitor(visitId, userId)
.then((visit) => {
if (visit.about && visit.about.owner) {
userManager
.findInIds([visit.about.owner], 'profile.firstName profile.lastName profile.phone account.email')
.then((users) => {
visit.with = displayName(users[0].profile);
if (visit.status[visit.status.length - 1].label === 'accepted') {
visit.contact = { phone: users[0].profile.phone, email: users[0].account.email };
}
delete visit.about.owner;
resolve({ visit });
})
.catch(findGuideErr => reject(findGuideErr));
} else {
delete visit.about;
visit.with = 'Unknown';
resolve({ visit });
}
})
.catch(err => reject(err))
);
}
static findAllFrom(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
visitManager
.findAllFrom(userId)
.then((visits) => {
const ids = _.map(visits, 'about.owner');
userManager
.findInIds(ids, 'profile.firstName profile.lastName')
.then((users) => {
const userHash = _.map(users, '_id').map(String);
visits.forEach((visit) => {
if (visit.about) {
const index = userHash.indexOf(String(visit.about.owner));
visit.about.ownerName = displayName(users[index].profile);
}
});
resolve(visits);
})
.catch(findGuideErr => reject(findGuideErr));
})
.catch(err => reject(err))
);
}
static findAllFor(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
visitManager
.findAllFor(userId)
.then((visits) => {
const ids = _.map(visits, 'by');
userManager
.findInIds(ids, 'profile.firstName profile.lastName')
.then((users) => {
const userHash = _.map(users, '_id').map(String);
visits.forEach((visit) => {
if (visit.by) {
const index = userHash.indexOf(String(visit.by));
visit.byName = displayName(users[index].profile);
} else {
visit.byName = 'Deleted user';
}
});
resolve(visits);
})
.catch(findVisitorErr => reject(findVisitorErr));
})
.catch(err => reject(err))
);
}
static findToReview(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const results = {};
visitManager
.findToReview(userId, 'visitor')
.then((visits) => {
const ids = _.map(visits, 'about.owner');
return userManager
.findInIds(ids, 'profile.firstName profile.lastName')
.then((users) => {
const userHash = _.map(users, '_id').map(String);
return Promise.mapSeries(visits, (visit) => {
return new Promise((resolveVisit, rejectVisit) => {
if (visit.about) {
const index = userHash.indexOf(String(visit.about.owner));
visit.about.ownerName = (index !== -1 ? displayName(users[index].profile) : 'User deleted');
visitManager.findAllOf(visit.about._id)
.then(otherVisits => paymentManager.getAveragePrice(otherVisits.map(otherVisit => otherVisit._id)))
.then((price) => {
visit.averagePrice = price;
resolveVisit(visit);
})
.catch(rejectVisit);
} else {
resolveVisit(visit);
}
});
})
.then((treatedVisits) => {
results.myVisits = treatedVisits;
return visitManager.findToReview(userId, 'guide');
});
});
})
.then((visits) => {
const ids = _.map(visits, 'by');
userManager
.findInIds(ids, 'profile.firstName profile.lastName')
.then((users) => {
const userHash = _.map(users, '_id').map(String);
visits.forEach((visit) => {
const index = userHash.indexOf(String(visit.by));
visit.byName = (index !== -1 ? displayName(users[index].profile) : 'User deleted');
});
results.theirVisits = visits;
resolve(results);
})
.catch(findErr => reject(findErr));
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static cancel(userId, visitId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
visitManager.cancel(userId, visitId, reqBody)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error))
.then(() => visitManager.getGuide(visitId))
.then(guide => notifManager.create(guide, {
title: 'Your visit was cancelled',
body: 'cancelled one of your visits',
}, userId));
});
}
static deny(userId, visitId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
visitManager.deny(userId, visitId, reqBody)
.then(result => resolve(result))
.catch(error => reject(error))
.then(() => visitManager.getCreator(visitId))
.then(creator => notifManager.create(creator, {
title: 'Your visit was denied',
body: 'denied guiding you in one of your visits',
}, userId));
});
}
static accept(userId, visitId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
visitManager.accept(userId, visitId, reqBody)
.then((result) => {
return userManager.find(result.visit.by, 'profile.phone account.email', false)
.then((creator) => {
result.contact = { phone: creator.profile.phone, email: creator.account.email };
resolve(result);
})
.then(() => notifManager.create(result.visit.by, {
title: 'Your visit was accepted !',
body: 'accepted to be guide in one of your visits, you will be exploring the city soon !',
}, userId));
})
.catch(error => reject(error));
});
}
static finish(userId, visitId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
visitManager
.finish(userId, visitId, reqBody)
.then((result) => {
visitManager.getCreator(visitId)
.then(creator =>
userManager.setBlocking(creator, true)
.then(() => notifManager.create(creator, {
title: 'Your visit finished',
body: 'marked one of your visits as completed',
}, userId))
)
.then(() => userManager.setBlocking(userId, true))
.then(() => resolve(result))
.catch(blockErr => reject(blockErr));
})
.catch(err => reject(err))
);
}
static review(userId, visitId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let systemRate;
visitManager
.find(visitId)
.then(result => visitManager.findAllOf(result.visit.about ? result.visit.about._id : ''))
.then((visits) => {
return userManager.find(userId, 'profile.rate')
.then((user) => {
return paymentManager.getAmounts(visits.map(el => el._id))
.then((prices) => {
return paymentManager.getMyAmount(visitId)
.then((price) => {
systemRate = rateService.getSystemRating(prices, user.profile.rate || 3, price);
});
});
});
})
.then(() => visitManager.review(userId, visitId, reqBody, systemRate))
.then(() => userManager.updateRate(userId))
.then(() => advertManager.updateRate(visitId))
.then(() => Visit.findToReview(userId))
.then((results) => {
if (results.theirVisits.length === 0 && results.myVisits.length === 0) {
userManager
.setBlocking(userId, false)
.then(() => resolve(results))
.catch(err => reject(err));
} else {
resolve(results);
}
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
}
exports.Visit = Visit;
<file_sep>'use strict';
const User = require('./user').User;
const assertInput = require('./_handler').assertInput;
const accountManager = require('../managers/account');
const blacklistManager = require('../managers/blacklist');
const validator = require('validator');
const emailService = require('../email-service');
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const config = require('config');
class Account extends User {
static find(userId, updatable = false) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.find(userId, 'account.email', updatable)
.then(user => resolve(updatable ? user : user.account))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static findAll() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.findAll('account.email')
.then(users => resolve({
accounts: users.map(user => user.account),
ids: users.map(user => user._id),
}))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static updatePassword(userId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const failed = assertInput(['password', 'currentPassword'], reqBody);
if (failed) { return reject({ code: 1, message: `We need your ${failed}` }); }
super.find(userId, 'account.password', true)
.then((user) => {
user.comparePassword(reqBody.currentPassword, (err, isMatch) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 2, message: err.message }); }
if (!isMatch) { return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Invalid password' }); }
if (!validator.isLength(reqBody.password, { min: 4, max: undefined })) { return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Invalid new password' }); }
user.hash(reqBody.password, (hashed) => {
user.account.password = <PASSWORD>;
user.save((saveErr) => {
if (saveErr) { return reject({ code: 4, message: saveErr.message }); }
resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Password updated' });
});
});
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static updateMail(userId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const failed = assertInput(['email'], reqBody);
if (failed) { return reject({ code: 1, message: `We need your ${failed}` }); }
if (!validator.isEmail(reqBody.email)) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Invalid email' }); }
super.update(userId, { account: { email: reqBody.email, emailConfirmation: false } })
.then((user) => {
this.resendEmail(userId)
.then(() => resolve({ account: { email: user.account.email } }))
.catch((mailErr) => {
if (mailErr.code === 1) { resolve({ account: { email: user.account.email } }); } else { reject(mailErr); }
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static signup(reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const failed = assertInput(['firstName', 'lastName', 'password', 'email'], reqBody);
if (failed) { return reject({ code: 1, message: `We need your ${failed}` }); }
const account = { password: <PASSWORD>, email: reqBody.email };
const profile = { firstName: reqBody.firstName, lastName: reqBody.lastName };
if (!validator.isEmail(account.email)) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Invalid email' }); }
if (!validator.isLength(account.password, { min: 4, max: undefined })) { return reject({ code: 3, message: 'Invalid Password' }); }
if (!validator.isLength(profile.firstName, { min: 2, max: 50 })) { return reject({ code: 4, message: 'Invalid firstName' }); }
if (!validator.isLength(profile.lastName, { min: 2, max: 50 })) { return reject({ code: 5, message: 'Invalid lastName' }); }
blacklistManager
.findByEmail(account.email)
.then((blacklist) => {
if (blacklist) {
reject({ code: 6, message: 'You previously made an account with this email' });
} else {
super.add({ account, profile })
.then(res => resolve(res))
.catch(err => reject(err));
}
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static authenticate(email, password) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.findByEmail(email)
.then((user) => {
user.comparePassword(password, (err, isMatch) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
if (!isMatch) { return reject({ code: 2, message: 'Invalid password' }); }
if (!user.account.token) {
user.account.token = jwt.sign({ userId: user._id }, config.jwtSecret);
user.save((saveErr) => {
if (saveErr) { reject({ code: 3, message: saveErr.message }); }
});
}
resolve({ token: user.account.token, id: user._id });
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static isAuthorised(req, res, next) {
if (!req.user.userId) return res.status(401).send();
super.find(req.user.userId, 'account.token')
.then((user) => {
if (`Bearer ${user.account.token}` !== req.headers.authorization) {
return res.status(401).send({ code: 1, message: 'Bad token authentication' });
}
next();
})
.catch((findErr) => {
if (findErr.code === 1) return res.status(500).send();
return res.status(401).send({ code: 1, message: 'Bad token authentication' });
});
}
static isConfirmed(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.find(userId, 'account.emailConfirmation')
.then(user => resolve({ id: userId, isConfirmed: user.account.emailConfirmation }))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static areConfirmed(userIds) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.findInIds(userIds, 'account.emailConfirmation')
.then(users => resolve({
areConfirmed: users.map(user => user.account.emailConfirmation),
ids: users.map(user => user._id),
}))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static verifyEmailAccount(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.update(userId, { account: { emailConfirmation: true } })
.then(() => resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Email verified' }))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static resendEmail(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.find(userId)
.then((user) => {
emailService.sendEmailConfirmation(user)
.then(() => resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Confirmation email has been resent' }))
.catch(err => reject(err));
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static sendResetPassword(email) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.findByEmail(email)
.then((user) => {
user.account.resetPasswordToken = jwt.sign({ issuer: 'www.pickaguide.com' }, config.jwtSecret);
user.save((err) => {
if (err) {
reject({ code: 1, message: err.message });
} else {
emailService.sendEmailPasswordReset(user)
.then(() => resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Reset password email has been sent' }))
.catch(emailErr => reject(emailErr));
}
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static validateToken(token) {
return accountManager.validateToken(token);
}
static resetPassword(token, password) {
return accountManager.resetPassword(token, password);
}
static logout(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
super.update(userId, { account: { token: null } })
.then(() => resolve({ code: 0, message: 'User logout' }))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
}
exports.Account = Account;
<file_sep># pickaguide-api
## Documentation
### Generate
npm run docs:generate
Cette commande va générer la documentation de l'api
### View
npm run docs:View
Ceci va ouvrir la documentation actuelle dans un nouvel onglet du navigateur
## Launch in dev mode
make dev
Il faut aussi cloner le repository `pickaguide-ops` et aller dans `dev`, ensuite:
make mongo
Ceci lancera en local l'image docker de la base de données vide
## Launch tests
make test-api
## Staging
Après que votre branche soit mergée avec `dev` et que vous avez reçu dans slack dans le channel
`#build` la notification d'une build réussie alors l'api sera actif sur (http://172.16.58.3:3030/) ou (http://pickaguide.fr:3030/)
## Production
Après que `dev` soit mergée avec `master` et que vous avez reçu dans slack dans le channel
`#build` la notification d'une build réussie alors l'api sera actif sur (https://172.16.58.3:3000/) ou (https://pickaguide.fr:3000/)
<file_sep>const express = require('express');
const userHandler = require('../../handlers/user').User;
const advertHandler = require('../../handlers/advert').Advert;
const router = express.Router();
router.get('/:id/isGuide', (req, res) => {
userHandler.isGuide(req.params.id)
.then(result => res.status(200).send(result))
.catch(error => res.status(400).send(error));
});
router.get('/:id/proposals', (req, res) => {
advertHandler.findAllFromHim(req.params.id)
.then(result => res.status(200).send({ adverts: result }))
.catch(error => res.status(500).send(error));
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>'use strict';
const notificationManager = require('../managers/notification');
class Notification {
static findAllFrom(idUser) {
return notificationManager.findAllFrom(idUser);
}
static hasUnread(idUser) {
return notificationManager.hasUnread(idUser);
}
static getUnread(idUser) {
return notificationManager.getUnread(idUser);
}
static read(idNotif, idUser) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
notificationManager.read(idNotif, idUser)
.then(() => notificationManager.findAllFrom(idUser))
.then(notifications => resolve({ notifications }))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static readAll(idUser) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
notificationManager.readAll(idUser)
.then(() => notificationManager.findAllFrom(idUser))
.then(notifications => resolve({ notifications }))
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
}
exports.Notification = Notification;
<file_sep>'use strict';
const userManager = require('../managers/user');
const visitManager = require('../managers/visit');
const advertManager = require('../managers/advert');
const blacklistManager = require('../managers/blacklist');
const emailService = require('../email-service');
class User {
static add(fields) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
userManager
.add(fields)
.then(newUser =>
emailService.sendEmailConfirmation(newUser)
.then(() => resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Account created' }))
.catch((mailErr) => {
if (mailErr.code === 1) { resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Account created' }); } else { reject(mailErr); }
})
)
.catch(addErr => reject(addErr))
);
}
static find(userId, selectFields = '', updatable = false) {
return userManager.find(userId, selectFields, updatable);
}
static findInIds(userIds, selectFields = '', updatable = false) {
return userManager.findInIds(userIds, selectFields, updatable);
}
static findAll(selectFields = '') {
return userManager.findAll(selectFields);
}
static findByEmail(email) {
return userManager.findByEmail(email);
}
static findByTerms(terms) {
return userManager.findByTerms(terms);
}
static update(userId, reqBody) {
return userManager.update(userId, reqBody);
}
static remove(userId, reqBody) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
userManager
.remove(userId, reqBody)
.then((user) => {
visitManager.cancelAll(userId)
.then(() =>
new Promise((resolveRetire, rejectRetire) => {
userManager
.isGuide(userId)
.then((res) => {
if (res.isGuide) {
User
.retire(userId)
.then(() => advertManager.removeAll(userId))
.then(() => resolveRetire())
.catch(err => rejectRetire(err));
} else {
resolveRetire();
}
})
.catch(err => rejectRetire(err));
})
)
.then(() => blacklistManager.add({ email: user.account.email }))
.then(() => {
user.remove((removalErr) => {
if (removalErr) { return reject({ code: 1, message: removalErr.message }); }
resolve({ code: 0, message: 'Account deleted' });
});
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
static isGuide(userId) {
return userManager.isGuide(userId);
}
static isBlocking(userId) {
return userManager.isBlocking(userId);
}
static becomeGuide(userId) {
return userManager.becomeGuide(userId);
}
static retire(userId) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
visitManager.denyAll(userId)
.then(() => advertManager.toggleAllOff(userId))
.then(() =>
userManager
.findByIdAndUpdate(userId, { isGuide: false })
.then(user => resolve({ id: userId, isGuide: user.isGuide }))
.catch(updateErr => reject(updateErr))
)
.catch(err => reject(err))
);
}
static findNear(geo, distance) {
return userManager.findNear(geo, distance);
}
}
exports.User = User;
<file_sep>const db = require('../database');
const add = (fields) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const newBlacklist = new db.Blacklists(fields);
newBlacklist.save((err) => {
if (err) {
let message;
if (err.code === 11000) { message = 'This blacklist already exists'; } else { message = 'Invalid data'; }
return reject({ code: 1, message });
}
resolve(newBlacklist);
});
});
};
const findByEmail = (email) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
db.Blacklists
.findOne({ email })
.lean()
.exec((err, blacklist) => {
if (err) { return reject({ code: 1, message: err.message }); }
resolve(blacklist);
});
});
};
module.exports = { add, findByEmail };
<file_sep>'use strict';
const userManager = require('./managers/user');
exports.errorsTokenMissing = function errorsTokenMissing(err, req, res, next) { // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
if (err.name === 'UnauthorizedError') {
return res.status(401).send({
code: 1,
message: err.message,
});
}
return res.status(500).send({
code: 1,
message: err,
});
};
exports.checkContentTypeHeader = (err, req, res, next) => {
if (['PUT', 'POST'].indexOf(req.method) !== -1 && req.url.indexOf('avatar') === -1) {
if (req.headers['content-type'] !== 'application/json') {
return res.status(415).send({
code: 1,
message: 'Missing "Content-Type" header set to "application/json"',
});
}
}
next();
};
exports.trimForm = function trimForm(req, res, next) {
if (req.body) {
const keys = Object.keys(req.body);
keys.forEach((key) => {
const value = req.body[key];
if (typeof value === 'string') {
req.body[key] = value.trim();
}
});
}
next();
};
exports.checkUserIsBlocked = function checkUserIsBlocked(req, res, next) {
if (req.user === undefined) {
return next(); // the user is not logged in
}
const whitelisted = [
new RegExp(/^\/users\/isBlocking$/),
new RegExp(/^\/accounts\/logout$/),
new RegExp(`^/accounts/${req.user.userId}`),
new RegExp(`^/profiles/${req.user.userId}`),
new RegExp(/^\/notifications\/hasUnread/),
new RegExp(/^\/notifications\/unread/),
new RegExp(/^\/notifications/),
new RegExp(/^\/proposals\/[a-z0-9]{24}\/comments/),
new RegExp(/^\/payment\//),
new RegExp(/^\/visits\/review$/),
new RegExp(/^\/visits\/[a-z0-9]{24}\/review$/),
];
if (whitelisted.reduce((a, b) => a || RegExp(b).test(req.url), false) === false) {
userManager.isBlocking(req.user.userId)
.then((user) => {
if (user.isBlocking) {
return res.status(403).send({
code: 1,
message: 'Your account is blocked, please review all visits first',
});
}
next();
})
.catch(err => res.status(500).send(err));
} else {
next();
}
};
|
e6fd1708b8f58b171d72b31a24e275b5ce808b51
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown",
"Shell"
] | 35
|
JavaScript
|
Bozotek/pickaguide-api
|
51f0969716bbcb428464acde82c1a4bfd2092abc
|
4913c9c1e1316d5381d7aa7806381ff17d9838ae
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>class AddComicIdToPanels < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_column :panels, :comic_id, :integer
add_index :panels, :comic_id
end
end
<file_sep>class Admin::Comics::PanelsController < ApplicationController
def index
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panels = @comic.panels.all
end
def show
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panel = @comic.panels.find params[:id]
end
def new
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panel = @comic.panels.build
end
def edit
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panel = @comic.panels.find params[:id]
end
def create
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panel = @comic.panels.new params[:panel]
if @panel.save
flash[:notice] = 'Panel was successfully created.'
redirect_to admin_comic_path( @comic )
else
render 'new'
end
end
def update
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panel = @comic.panels.find params[:id]
if @panel.update_attributes params[:panel]
flash[:notice] = 'Panel was successfully updated.'
redirect_to admin_comic_path( @comic )
else
flash[:error] = @panel.errors.full_messages.to_sentence
render 'edit'
end
end
def destroy
@comic = Comic.find params[:comic_id]
@panel = @comic.panels.find params[:id]
@panel.destroy
flash[:notice] = 'Panel was successfully deleted.'
redirect_to admin_comic_path( @comic )
end
end
<file_sep>class Comic < ActiveRecord::Base
attr_accessible :order_id, :title
validates_presence_of :order_id
validates_uniqueness_of :order_id
has_many :panels, :order => 'order_id asc'
end
<file_sep>class Panel < ActiveRecord::Base
attr_accessible :order_id, :image
validates_presence_of :order_id
validates_uniqueness_of :order_id
has_attached_file :image, :styles => { :medium => "230x230>", :thumb => "100x100>" }
belongs_to :comic
end
<file_sep>class StaticPagesController < ApplicationController
def home
end
def archive
@comics = Comic.all( :order => 'order_id desc' )
end
def about
end
def contact
end
end
<file_sep>class Admin::ComicsController < AdminController
def index
@comics = Comic.all( :order => 'order_id' )
end
def show
@comic = Comic.find params[:id]
@panels = @comic.panels
end
def new
@comic = Comic.new
end
def edit
@comic = Comic.find params[:id]
end
def create
@comic = Comic.new params[:comic]
if @comic.save
flash[:notice] = 'Comic was successfully created.'
redirect_to [:admin, @comic]
else
render 'new'
end
end
def update
@comic = Comic.find params[:id]
if @comic.update_attributes(params[:comic])
flash[:notice] = 'Comic was successfully updated.'
redirect_to [:admin, @comic]
else
flash[:notice] = @comic.errors.full_messages.to_sentence
render 'edit'
end
end
def destroy
@comic = Comic.find(params[:id])
@comic.destroy
flash[:notice] = 'Comic was successfully deleted.'
redirect_to admin_comics_path
end
end
|
c9c8ce61e45424c6a41e5ac3bb3b3a679940af43
|
[
"Ruby"
] | 6
|
Ruby
|
bohuie/doggie_commic
|
f1e675ca5503340e2fa63042b011b3766bc5a03e
|
929a48221d8618616e56e632efd389456d433ae7
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>//
// Created by 松本拓真 on 2019/11/06.
//
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "bo/popcnt.hpp"
namespace {
constexpr int N = 1<<16;
uint64_t rand64() {
return uint64_t(random()) | (uint64_t(random()) << 32);
}
}
TEST(Popcnt, 64) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
uint64_t x = rand64();
int cnt = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 64; j++) {
if (x & (1ull<<j))
cnt++;
}
EXPECT_EQ(bo::popcnt_u64(x), cnt);
}
}
TEST(Popcnt, 32) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
uint32_t x = random();
int cnt = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
if (x & (1u<<j))
cnt++;
}
EXPECT_EQ(bo::popcnt_u32(x), cnt);
}
}
TEST(Popcnt, 16) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
uint16_t x = random() % (1u<<16);
int cnt = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
if (x & (1u<<j))
cnt++;
}
EXPECT_EQ(bo::popcnt_u16(x), cnt);
}
}
TEST(Popcnt, 8) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
uint8_t x = random() % (1u<<8);
int cnt = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
if (x & (1u<<j))
cnt++;
}
EXPECT_EQ(bo::popcnt_u8(x), cnt);
}
}
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__BIT_VECTOR_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__BIT_VECTOR_HPP_
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
namespace plain_da {
class BitVector : private std::vector<uint64_t> {
using _base = std::vector<uint64_t>;
private:
size_t size_;
public:
BitVector() : size_(0) {}
explicit BitVector(size_t size) : _base(size > 0 ? (size-1)/64+1 : 0), size_(size) {}
size_t size() const {
return size_;
}
void resize(size_t new_size) {
_base::resize(new_size > 0 ? (new_size-1)/64+1 : 0);
size_ = new_size;
}
const uint64_t* data() const { return _base::data(); }
uint64_t* data() { return _base::data(); }
uint64_t word(size_t wi) const {
return wi < _base::size() ? _base::operator[](wi) : 0ull;
}
uint64_t bits64(size_t offset) const {
auto inset = offset % 64;
auto block = offset / 64;
if (inset == 0) {
return word(block);
} else {
return (word(block) >> inset) | (word(block + 1) << (64 - inset));
}
}
class reference {
public:
using pointer = uint64_t*;
private:
pointer ptr_;
uint64_t mask_;
friend class BitVector;
reference(pointer ptr, uint64_t mask) : ptr_(ptr), mask_(mask) {}
public:
operator bool() const {
return (*ptr_ & mask_) != 0;
}
reference operator=(bool bit) {
if (bit) {
*ptr_ |= mask_;
} else {
*ptr_ &= ~mask_;
}
return *this;
}
};
class const_reference {
public:
using pointer = const uint64_t*;
private:
pointer ptr_;
uint64_t mask_;
friend class BitVector;
const_reference(pointer ptr, uint64_t mask) : ptr_(ptr), mask_(mask) {}
public:
operator bool() const {
return (*ptr_ & mask_) != 0;
}
};
reference operator[](size_t pos) {
return reference(_base::data() + pos/64, 1ull<<(pos%64));
}
const_reference operator[](size_t pos) const {
return const_reference(_base::data() + pos/64, 1ull<<(pos%64));
}
private:
template<bool IsConst>
class _iterator {
public:
using reference = std::conditional_t<!IsConst, BitVector::reference, BitVector::const_reference>;
using pointer = std::conditional_t<!IsConst, uint64_t*, const uint64_t*>;
using value_type = reference;
using difference_type = long long;
using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;
private:
pointer ptr_;
uint8_t ctz_;
friend class BitVector;
_iterator(pointer ptr, unsigned ctz) : ptr_(ptr), ctz_(ctz) {}
public:
reference operator*() const {
return reference(ptr_, 1ull << ctz_);
}
_iterator& operator++() {
if (ctz_ < 63)
++ctz_;
else {
++ptr_;
ctz_ = 0;
}
return *this;
}
_iterator operator++(int) {
_iterator ret = *this;
++*this;
return ret;
}
_iterator& operator--() {
if (ctz_ > 0)
--ctz_;
else {
--ptr_;
ctz_ = 63;
}
}
_iterator operator--(int) {
_iterator ret = *this;
--*this;
return ret;
}
_iterator operator+(long long shifts) const {
long long i = ctz_ + shifts;
if (i >= 0) {
return _iterator(ptr_ + i / 64, i % 64);
} else {
return _iterator(ptr_ - (-i-1) / 64 + 1, (i % 64 + 64) % 64);
}
}
friend _iterator operator+(difference_type shifts, _iterator it) {
return it + shifts;
}
_iterator& operator+=(difference_type shifts) {
return *this = *this + shifts;
}
_iterator operator-(difference_type shifts) const {
return operator+(-shifts);
}
_iterator& operator-=(difference_type shifts) {
return *this = *this - shifts;
}
difference_type operator-(_iterator rhs) const {
return difference_type(ptr_ - rhs.ptr_) * 64 + ((difference_type) ctz_ - rhs.ctz_);
}
reference operator[](size_t i) const {
return *(*this + i);
}
bool operator<(_iterator rhs) const {
return ptr_ != rhs.ptr_ ? ptr_ < rhs.ptr_ : ctz_ < rhs.ctz_;
}
bool operator>(_iterator rhs) const {
return rhs < *this;
}
bool operator==(_iterator rhs) const {
return ptr_ == rhs.ptr_ and ctz_ == rhs.ctz_;
}
bool operator<=(_iterator rhs) const {
return ptr_ != rhs.ptr_ ? ptr_ < rhs.ptr_ : ctz_ <= rhs.ctz_;
}
bool operator>=(_iterator rhs) const {
return rhs <= *this;
}
};
public:
using iterator = _iterator<false>;
using const_iterator = _iterator<true>;
iterator begin() {
return iterator(_base::data(), 0);
}
const_iterator cbegin() const {
return const_iterator(_base::data(), 0);
}
const_iterator begin() const {
return cbegin();
}
iterator end() {
return iterator(_base::data() + (size()-1) / 64, (size() - 1) % 64);
}
const_iterator cend() const {
return const_iterator(_base::data() + (size()-1) / 64, (size() - 1) % 64);
}
const_iterator end() const {
return cend();
}
};
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__BIT_VECTOR_HPP_
<file_sep>//
// Created by 松本拓真 on 2019/11/06.
//
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "bo/clz.hpp"
namespace {
constexpr int N = 1<<16;
uint64_t rand64() {
return uint64_t(random()) | (uint64_t(random()) << 32);
}
}
TEST(Clz, 64) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
auto val = rand64();
int clz = 64;
for (int j = 63; j >= 0; j--) {
if (val & (1ull << j)) {
clz = 63 - j;
break;
}
}
EXPECT_EQ(bo::clz_u64(val), clz);
}
}
<file_sep>cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(plain-da-tries CXX)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "-Wall -Wno-sign-compare -march=native -O3")
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release)
endif()
add_subdirectory(libbo EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
add_executable(bench benchmark.cpp)
target_link_libraries(bench libbo)
enable_testing()
file(GLOB TEST_SOURCES *_test.cpp)
foreach(TEST_SOURCE ${TEST_SOURCES})
get_filename_component(TEST_SOURCE_NAME ${TEST_SOURCE} NAME_WE)
add_executable(${TEST_SOURCE_NAME} ${TEST_SOURCE})
target_link_libraries(${TEST_SOURCE_NAME} libbo)
add_test(NAME ${TEST_SOURCE_NAME} COMMAND ${TEST_SOURCE_NAME})
endforeach()
<file_sep>#include "convolution.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace plain_da::convolution;
constexpr int _f[4] = {1,5,3,4};
constexpr int _g[4] = {5,2,1,3};
constexpr int expected[4] = {30,40,39,34};
int main() {
std::cout << "Test index_xor_convolution..." << std::endl;
int f[4], g[4];
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
f[i] = _f[i];
g[i] = _g[i];
}
fwt(g, 4);
index_xor_convolution_for_xcheck(f, g, 4);
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
if (f[i] != expected[i]) {
std::cout << "Test failed" << std::endl;
std::cout << "f: \t\t";
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
std::cout << _f[i] << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "g: \t\t";
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
std::cout << _g[i] << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "expected: \t";
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
std::cout << expected[i] << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "result: \t";
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
std::cout << f[i] << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
return 1;
}
}
std::cout << "OK" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__DEFINITION_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__DEFINITION_HPP_
namespace plain_da {
constexpr uint8_t kLeafChar = '\0';
constexpr size_t kAlphabetSize = 1u << 8;
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__DEFINITION_HPP_
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__TAIL_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__TAIL_HPP_
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <queue>
#include <cassert>
namespace plain_da {
class TailConstructor {
public:
std::vector<std::pair<std::string, size_t>> key_vec_;
std::vector<size_t> index_;
std::vector<char> arr_;
friend class Tail;
public:
size_t push(const std::string& key) {
auto id = key_vec_.size() + 1;
key_vec_.emplace_back(key, id);
return id;
}
void Construct() {
if (key_vec_.empty())
return;
arr_.resize(1, kLeafChar);
size_t n = key_vec_.size();
std::sort(key_vec_.begin(), key_vec_.end(), [](auto& l, auto& r) {
auto& lkey = l.first;
auto& rkey = r.first;
return std::lexicographical_compare(lkey.rbegin(), lkey.rend(), rkey.rbegin(), rkey.rend());
});
index_.resize(n+1, -1);
auto it = key_vec_.begin();
std::queue<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> idqueue;
idqueue.emplace(it->second, it->first.length());
std::string* prev = &it->first;
++it;
auto construct = [&]() {
for (uint8_t c : *prev)
arr_.push_back(c);
arr_.push_back(kLeafChar);
while (!idqueue.empty()) {
auto [id, len] = idqueue.front(); idqueue.pop();
assert(id > 0);
assert(len <= prev->length());
index_[id] = arr_.size() - 1 - len;
assert(index_[id] > 0);
if (index_[id] >= 1 << 31) {
throw "Too large tail length for embedded 31bit pointer.";
}
}
};
for (; it != key_vec_.end(); ++it) {
auto& [key, id] = *it;
bool mergeable = prev->length() <= key.length();
if (mergeable) {
auto rit = prev->rbegin();
auto kit = key.rbegin();
for (; mergeable and rit != prev->rend(); ++rit, ++kit) {
mergeable &= *rit == *kit;
}
}
if (!mergeable) {
construct();
}
prev = &it->first;
idqueue.emplace(id, key.length());
}
construct();
arr_.shrink_to_fit();
}
size_t map_to(size_t id) const {
return index_[id];
}
};
class Tail {
private:
std::vector<char> arr_;
public:
Tail() = default;
explicit Tail(TailConstructor&& constructor) : arr_(std::move(constructor.arr_)) {}
size_t size() const { return arr_.size(); }
char operator[](size_t i) const { return arr_[i]; }
std::string_view label(size_t i) const {
return std::string_view(arr_.data() + i);
}
};
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__TAIL_HPP_
<file_sep>/*
This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or
distribute this software, either in source code form or as a compiled
binary, for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial, and by any
means.
In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors
of this software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the
software to the public domain. We make this dedication for the benefit
of the public at large and to the detriment of our heirs and
successors. We intend this dedication to be an overt act of
relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to this
software under copyright law.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
For more information, please refer to <https://unlicense.org>
*/
#ifndef BO_SUMMARY_HPP_
#define BO_SUMMARY_HPP_
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#else
#include <x86intrin.h>
#endif
namespace bo {
// summarize x_{0-7} by follows:
// { 0: x = 0
// 1: 1 <= x < 256
inline uint8_t summary_u64_each8(uint64_t x) {
#ifdef __MMX__
auto c = uint64_t(_mm_cmpeq_pi8(__m64(x), __m64(0ull)));
c = ~c & 0x8080808080808080ull;
#else
constexpr uint64_t hmask = 0x8080808080808080ull;
constexpr uint64_t lmask = 0x7F7F7F7F7F7F7F7Full;
uint64_t a = x & hmask;
uint64_t b = x & lmask;
b = hmask - b;
b = ~b;
auto c = (a | b) & hmask;
#endif
c *= 0x0002040810204081ull;
return c >> 56;
}
} // namespace bo
#endif //BO_SUMMARY_HPP_
<file_sep>#include "convolution.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace plain_da::convolution;
using mint = ModuloNTT;
constexpr mint _f[8] = {1,5,3,4,0,0,0,0};
constexpr mint _g[8] = {5,2,1,3,0,0,0,0};
constexpr mint expected[8] = {5,27,26,34,26,13,12,0};
int main() {
std::cout << "Test index_sum_convolution..." << std::endl;
mint f[8], g[8];
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
f[i] = _f[i];
g[i] = _g[i];
}
ntt(g, 8);
index_sum_convolution_for_xcheck(f, g, 8);
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
if (f[i] != expected[i]) {
std::cout << "Test failed" << std::endl;
std::cout << "f: \t\t\t";
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
std::cout << _f[i].val() << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "g: \t\t\t";
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
std::cout << _g[i].val() << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "expected: \t";
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
std::cout << expected[i].val() << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "result: \t";
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
std::cout << f[i].val() << ' ';
std::cout << std::endl;
return 1;
}
}
std::cout << "OK" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__KEYSET_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__KEYSET_HPP_
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
#include <string_view>
namespace plain_da {
class KeysetHandler {
public:
using value_type = std::string_view;
using iterator = std::vector<std::string_view>::iterator;
using const_iterator = std::vector<std::string_view>::const_iterator;
private:
std::vector<uint8_t> storage_;
std::vector<std::string_view> sv_list_;
std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> pls_;
public:
KeysetHandler() = default;
explicit KeysetHandler(std::istream& is) {
for (std::string key; std::getline(is, key); )
insert(key);
update_list();
}
void insert(std::string_view key) {
size_t front = storage_.size();
storage_.resize(storage_.size() + key.length()+1);
for (int i = 0; i < key.length(); i++)
storage_[front + i] = key[i];
storage_[front + key.length()] = '\0';
pls_.emplace_back(front, key.length());
}
void update_list() {
sv_list_.clear();
sv_list_.reserve(pls_.size());
for (auto [p, l] : pls_)
sv_list_.emplace_back((const char*) storage_.data() + p, l);
pls_ = {};
}
size_t size() const { return sv_list_.size(); }
std::string_view operator[](size_t i) const {
return sv_list_[i];
}
const_iterator begin() const { return sv_list_.begin(); }
const_iterator cbegin() const { return sv_list_.cbegin(); }
const_iterator end() const { return sv_list_.end(); }
const_iterator cend() const { return sv_list_.cend(); }
};
class RawTrie {
public:
static constexpr uint8_t kLeafChar = '\0';
struct Edge {
uint8_t c = kLeafChar;
int next = -1;
};
using TableType = std::vector<std::vector<Edge>>;
using const_iterator = TableType::const_iterator;
private:
TableType edge_table_;
public:
explicit RawTrie(const KeysetHandler& keyset) {
using key_iterator = typename KeysetHandler::const_iterator;
auto dfs = [&](
const auto dfs,
const key_iterator begin,
const key_iterator end,
int depth
) -> size_t {
size_t cur_node = edge_table_.size();
edge_table_.emplace_back();
assert(begin < end);
auto keyit = begin;
if (keyit->size() == depth) {
edge_table_[cur_node].push_back({kLeafChar, -1});
++keyit;
}
auto pit = keyit;
uint8_t pibot_char = kLeafChar;
while (keyit < end) {
uint8_t c = (*keyit)[depth];
if (pibot_char < c) {
if (pit < keyit) {
assert(!edge_table_[cur_node].empty());
edge_table_[cur_node].back().next = dfs(dfs, pit, keyit, depth+1);
}
edge_table_[cur_node].push_back({c, -1});
pit = keyit;
pibot_char = c;
}
++keyit;
}
if (pit < keyit) {
assert(!edge_table_[cur_node].empty());
edge_table_[cur_node].back().next = dfs(dfs, pit, keyit, depth+1);
}
return cur_node;
};
dfs(dfs, keyset.begin(), keyset.end(), 0);
}
size_t size() const { return edge_table_.size(); }
const std::vector<Edge>& operator[](size_t idx) const {
return edge_table_[idx];
}
const_iterator begin() const { return edge_table_.begin(); }
const_iterator cbegin() const { return edge_table_.cbegin(); }
const_iterator end() const { return edge_table_.end(); }
const_iterator cend() const { return edge_table_.cend(); }
};
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__KEYSET_HPP_
<file_sep>//
// Created by 松本拓真 on 2019/11/06.
//
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "bo/bextr.hpp"
namespace {
constexpr int N = 1<<16;
uint64_t rand64() {
return uint64_t(random()) | (uint64_t(random()) << 32);
}
}
TEST(Bextr, 64) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
auto val = rand64();
int s = random() % 64;
int l = random() % (64 - s) + 1;
uint64_t bar = (l < 64) ? (1ull<<l)-1 : -1;
uint64_t mask = bar << s;
EXPECT_EQ(bo::bextr_u64(val, s, l), (val & mask) >> s);
}
}
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__PLAIN_DA_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__PLAIN_DA_HPP_
#include <cstdint>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <vector>
#include <deque>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <limits>
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
#include <chrono>
#include <iterator>
#include <numeric>
#include <algorithm>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "double_array_base.hpp"
#include "tail.hpp"
#include "keyset.hpp"
namespace plain_da {
template <typename DaType, bool EdgeOrdering>
class PlainDaTrie {
public:
using da_type = DaType;
private:
da_type bc_;
public:
PlainDaTrie() = default;
explicit PlainDaTrie(const KeysetHandler& keyset) {
Build(keyset);
}
void Build(const KeysetHandler& keyset);
explicit PlainDaTrie(const RawTrie& trie) {
Build(trie);
}
void Build(const RawTrie& trie);
size_t size() const { return bc_.size(); }
bool contains(const std::string& key) const {
return _contains(key);
}
bool contains(std::string_view key) const {
return _contains(key);
}
private:
template <typename Key>
bool _contains(Key key) const {
index_type idx = 0;
for (uint8_t c : key) {
auto nxt = bc_.Operate(bc_[idx].base, c);
if (nxt >= bc_.size() or bc_[nxt].check != idx) {
return false;
}
idx = nxt;
}
auto nxt = bc_.Operate(bc_[idx].base, kLeafChar);
return !(nxt >= bc_.size() or bc_[nxt].check != idx);
}
};
template <typename DaType, bool EdgeOrdering>
void PlainDaTrie<DaType, EdgeOrdering>::Build(const KeysetHandler& keyset) {
// A keys in keyset is required to be sorted and unique.
using key_iterator = typename KeysetHandler::const_iterator;
if constexpr (!EdgeOrdering) {
size_t cnt_skip = 0;
uint64_t time_fb = 0;
auto dfs = [&](
const auto dfs,
const key_iterator begin,
const key_iterator end,
int depth,
index_type da_index
) -> void {
std::deque<uint8_t> children;
assert(begin < end);
auto keyit = begin;
if (keyit->size() == depth) {
children.push_back(kLeafChar);
++keyit;
}
std::vector<key_iterator> its;
uint8_t pibot_char = kLeafChar;
while (keyit < end) {
uint8_t c = (*keyit)[depth];
if (pibot_char < c) {
children.push_back(c);
its.push_back(keyit);
pibot_char = c;
}
++keyit;
}
its.push_back(end);
assert(!children.empty());
auto start_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto base = bc_.FindBase(children, &cnt_skip);
auto end_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
time_fb += std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end_t-start_t).count();
bc_[da_index].base = base;
CheckExpand(Operate(base, children.back()));
for (uint8_t c : children) {
auto pos = Operate(base, c);
assert(!bc_[pos].Enabled());
if (bc_[pos].Enabled()) {
throw std::logic_error("FindBase is not implemented correctly!");
}
SetEnabled(pos);
bc_[pos].check = da_index;
}
if (children.front() == kLeafChar)
children.pop_front();
for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
dfs(dfs, its[i], its[i+1], depth+1, Operate(bc_[da_index].base, children[i]));
}
};
const index_type root_index = 0;
bc_.CheckExpand(root_index);
bc_.SetEnabled(root_index);
bc_[root_index].check = std::numeric_limits<index_type>::max();
dfs(dfs, keyset.cbegin(), keyset.cend(), 0, root_index);
std::cout << "\tCount roops: " << cnt_skip << std::endl;
std::cout << "\tFindBase time: " << std::fixed << (double)time_fb/1000000 << " s" << std::endl;
} else {
Build(RawTrie(keyset));
}
}
template <typename DaType, bool EdgeOrdering>
void PlainDaTrie<DaType, EdgeOrdering>::Build(const RawTrie& trie) {
// A keys in keyset is required to be sorted and unique.
size_t cnt_skip = 0;
uint64_t time_fb = 0;
auto da_save_edges = [&](std::vector<uint8_t>& children, index_type da_index) {
assert(!children.empty());
auto start_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto base = bc_.FindBase(children, &cnt_skip);
auto end_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
time_fb += std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end_t-start_t).count();
bc_[da_index].base = base;
bc_.CheckExpand(bc_.Operate(base, children.back()));
for (uint8_t c : children) {
auto pos = bc_.Operate(base, c);
assert(!bc_[pos].Enabled());
if (bc_[pos].Enabled()) {
throw std::logic_error("FindBase is not implemented correctly!");
}
bc_.SetEnabled(pos);
bc_[pos].check = da_index;
}
};
if constexpr (!EdgeOrdering) {
auto dfs = [&](
const auto dfs,
size_t trie_node,
size_t da_index
) -> void {
auto& edges = trie[trie_node];
std::vector<uint8_t> children;
children.reserve(edges.size());
for (auto e : edges) {
children.push_back(e.c);
}
da_save_edges(children, da_index);
for (auto e : edges) {
if (e.next == -1)
continue;
dfs(dfs, e.next, bc_.Operate(bc_[da_index].base, e.c));
}
};
const index_type root_index = 0;
bc_.CheckExpand(root_index);
bc_.SetEnabled(root_index);
bc_[root_index].check = std::numeric_limits<index_type>::max();
dfs(dfs, 0, root_index);
} else {
std::vector<int> size(trie.size());
auto set_trie_size = [&](const auto dfs, int s) -> int {
int sz = 1;
for (auto [c, t] : trie[s]) {
if (t == -1)
sz++;
else
sz += dfs(dfs, t);
}
size[s] = sz;
return sz;
};
set_trie_size(set_trie_size, 0);
auto dfs = [&](
const auto dfs,
int trie_node,
index_type da_index
) -> void {
auto& edges = trie[trie_node];
std::vector<uint8_t> children;
children.reserve(edges.size());
for (auto e : edges)
children.push_back(e.c);
da_save_edges(children, da_index);
std::deque<int> order(edges.size());
std::iota(order.begin(), order.end(), 0);
if (children[0] == kLeafChar)
order.pop_front();
std::sort(order.begin(), order.end(), [&](int l, int r) { return size[edges[l].next] > size[edges[r].next]; });
for (auto i : order) {
assert(edges[i].next != -1);
dfs(dfs, trie[trie_node][i].next, bc_.Operate(bc_[da_index].base, children[i]));
}
};
const index_type root_index = 0;
bc_.CheckExpand(root_index);
bc_.SetEnabled(root_index);
bc_[root_index].check = std::numeric_limits<index_type>::max();
dfs(dfs, 0, root_index);
}
std::cout << "\tCount roops: " << cnt_skip << std::endl;
std::cout << "\tFindBase time: " << std::fixed << (double)time_fb/1000000 << " s" << std::endl;
}
template <typename DaType, bool EdgeOrdering>
class PlainDaMpTrie {
public:
using da_type = DaType;
private:
da_type bc_;
Tail tail_;
public:
PlainDaMpTrie() = default;
explicit PlainDaMpTrie(const KeysetHandler& keyset) {
Build(keyset);
}
void Build(const KeysetHandler& keyset);
explicit PlainDaMpTrie(const RawTrie& trie) {
Build(trie);
}
void Build(const RawTrie& trie);
size_t size() const { return bc_.size(); }
bool contains(const std::string& key) const {
return _contains(key);
}
bool contains(std::string_view key) const {
return _contains(key);
}
private:
template <typename Key>
bool _contains(Key key) const {
index_type idx = 0;
auto it = key.begin();
for (; it != key.end(); ++it) {
if (!bc_[idx].HasBase())
break;
auto nxt = bc_.Operate(bc_[idx].base(), *it);
if (nxt >= bc_.size() or bc_[nxt].check() != idx) {
return false;
}
idx = nxt;
}
if (bc_[idx].HasBase()) { // Check leaf transition
if (it != key.end())
return false;
auto nxt = bc_.Operate(bc_[idx].base(), kLeafChar);
return nxt < bc_.size() and bc_[nxt].check() == idx;
} else { // Compare on a TAIL
size_t tail_i = bc_[idx].tail_i();
for (; it != key.end(); ++it, ++tail_i) {
if (tail_i < tail_.size() and *it != tail_[tail_i])
return false;
}
return tail_i < tail_.size() and tail_[tail_i] == (char) kLeafChar;
}
}
};
template <typename DaType, bool EdgeOrdering>
void PlainDaMpTrie<DaType, EdgeOrdering>::Build(const KeysetHandler& keyset) {
// A keys in keyset is required to be sorted and distinct for each keys.
using key_iterator = typename KeysetHandler::const_iterator;
if constexpr (!EdgeOrdering) {
TailConstructor tail_constr;
size_t cnt_skip = 0;
uint64_t time_fb = 0;
auto dfs = [&](
const auto dfs,
const key_iterator begin,
const key_iterator end,
int depth,
index_type da_index
) -> void {
assert(begin < end);
if (std::next(begin) == end) { // Store on TAIL
auto idx = tail_constr.push(std::string(begin->substr(depth)));
bc_[da_index].set_tail_i(idx);
return;
}
std::deque<uint8_t> children;
auto keyit = begin;
if (keyit->size() == depth) {
children.push_back(kLeafChar);
++keyit;
}
std::vector<key_iterator> its;
uint8_t pibot_char = kLeafChar;
while (keyit < end) {
uint8_t c = (*keyit)[depth];
if (pibot_char < c) {
children.push_back(c);
its.push_back(keyit);
pibot_char = c;
}
++keyit;
}
its.push_back(end);
assert(!children.empty());
auto start_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto base = bc_.FindBase(children, &cnt_skip);
auto end_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
time_fb += std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end_t-start_t).count();
bc_[da_index].base = base;
CheckExpand(Operate(base, children.back()));
for (uint8_t c : children) {
auto pos = Operate(base, c);
assert(!bc_[pos].Enabled());
if (bc_[pos].Enabled()) {
throw std::logic_error("FindBase is not implemented correctly!");
}
SetEnabled(pos);
bc_[pos].check = da_index;
}
if (children.front() == kLeafChar)
children.pop_front();
for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
dfs(dfs, its[i], its[i+1], depth+1, Operate(bc_[da_index].base, children[i]));
}
};
const index_type root_index = 0;
bc_.CheckExpand(root_index);
bc_.SetEnabled(root_index);
bc_[root_index].check = std::numeric_limits<index_type>::max();
dfs(dfs, keyset.cbegin(), keyset.cend(), 0, root_index);
tail_constr.Construct();
for (size_t i = 0; i < bc_.size(); i++) {
if (!bc_[i].Enabled() or bc_[i].HasBase())
continue;
bc_[i].set_tail_i(tail_constr.map_to(bc_[i].tail_i()));
}
tail_ = Tail(std::move(tail_constr));
std::cout << "\tCount roops: " << cnt_skip << std::endl;
std::cout << "\tFindBase time: " << std::fixed << (double)time_fb/1000000 << " s" << std::endl;
} else {
Build(RawTrie(keyset));
}
}
template <typename DaType, bool EdgeOrdering>
void PlainDaMpTrie<DaType, EdgeOrdering>::Build(const RawTrie& trie) {
// A keys in keyset is required to be sorted and unique.
size_t cnt_skip = 0;
uint64_t time_fb = 0;
std::vector<bool> to_leaf(trie.size());
auto set_to_leaf = [&](auto f, size_t trie_node) {
if (trie_node == -1) return;
auto& edges = trie[trie_node];
for (auto &e : edges) {
f(f, e.next);
}
if (edges.size() == 1) {
if (edges[0].c == kLeafChar) {
to_leaf[trie_node] = true;
} else {
to_leaf[trie_node] = to_leaf[edges[0].next];
}
}
};
set_to_leaf(set_to_leaf, 0);
auto get_suffix_rev = [f = [&trie](auto f, int trie_node, std::string& suf) -> void {
auto& edges = trie[trie_node];
assert(edges.size() == 1);
if (edges[0].c != kLeafChar) {
suf += edges[0].c;
f(f, edges[0].next, suf);
}
}](int trie_node) {
std::string suf = "";
f(f, trie_node, suf);
return suf;
};
TailConstructor tail_constr;
auto da_save_edges = [&](const std::vector<uint8_t>& children, index_type da_index) {
assert(!children.empty());
auto start_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto base = bc_.FindBase(children, &cnt_skip);
auto end_t = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
time_fb += std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end_t-start_t).count();
bc_[da_index].set_base(base);
bc_.CheckExpand(bc_.Operate(base, children.back()));
for (uint8_t c : children) {
auto pos = bc_.Operate(base, c);
assert(!bc_[pos].Enabled());
if (bc_[pos].Enabled()) {
throw std::logic_error("FindBase is not implemented correctly!");
}
bc_.SetEnabled(pos);
bc_[pos].set_check(da_index);
}
};
std::vector<int> subtree_size;
if constexpr (EdgeOrdering) {
subtree_size.resize(trie.size());
auto set_trie_size = [&](const auto dfs, int s) -> void {
int& sz = subtree_size[s] = 1;
for (auto [c, t] : trie[s]) {
if (t == -1)
sz++;
else {
dfs(dfs, t);
sz += subtree_size[t];
}
}
};
set_trie_size(set_trie_size, 0);
}
auto dfs = [&](
const auto dfs,
int trie_node,
index_type da_index
) -> void {
if (to_leaf[trie_node]) { // Store on the TAIL
auto suffix = get_suffix_rev(trie_node);
auto idx = tail_constr.push(suffix);
bc_[da_index].set_tail_i(idx);
return;
}
auto& edges = trie[trie_node];
std::vector<uint8_t> children;
children.reserve(edges.size());
for (auto e : edges)
children.push_back(e.c);
da_save_edges(children, da_index);
std::deque<int> order(edges.size());
std::iota(order.begin(), order.end(), 0);
if (children[0] == kLeafChar) // (edges[0].next == -1)
order.pop_front();
if constexpr (EdgeOrdering) {
std::sort(order.begin(), order.end(), [&](int l, int r) {
return subtree_size[edges[l].next] > subtree_size[edges[r].next];
});
}
for (auto i : order) {
assert(edges[i].next != -1);
dfs(dfs, trie[trie_node][i].next, bc_.Operate(bc_[da_index].base(), children[i]));
}
};
const index_type root_index = 0;
bc_.CheckExpand(root_index);
bc_.SetEnabled(root_index);
bc_[root_index].set_check(std::numeric_limits<index_type>::max());
dfs(dfs, 0, root_index);
tail_constr.Construct();
for (size_t i = 0; i < bc_.size(); i++) {
if (!bc_[i].Enabled() or bc_[i].HasBase())
continue;
auto c = bc_.RestoreLabel(bc_[bc_[i].check()].base(), i);
if (c == kLeafChar)
continue;
auto tail_i = tail_constr.map_to(bc_[i].tail_i());
assert(tail_i > 0);
bc_[i].set_tail_i(tail_i);
}
tail_ = Tail(std::move(tail_constr));
std::cout << "\tCount roops: " << cnt_skip << std::endl;
std::cout << "\tFindBase time: " << std::fixed << (double)time_fb/1000000 << " s" << std::endl;
}
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__PLAIN_DA_HPP_
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__DOUBLE_ARRAY_BASE_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__DOUBLE_ARRAY_BASE_HPP_
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
#include <array>
#include <type_traits>
#include <bo.hpp>
#include "definition.hpp"
#include "bit_vector.hpp"
#include "convolution.hpp"
namespace plain_da {
using index_type = int32_t;
constexpr index_type kInvalidIndex = -1;
struct da_plus_operation_tag {};
struct da_xor_operation_tag {};
template<typename OperationTag>
struct DaOperation {};
template<>
struct DaOperation<da_plus_operation_tag> {
index_type operator()(index_type base, uint8_t c) const {
return base + c;
}
index_type inv(index_type index, uint8_t c) const {
return index - c;
}
uint8_t label(index_type from, index_type to) const {
return to - from;
}
};
template<>
struct DaOperation<da_xor_operation_tag> {
index_type operator()(index_type base, uint8_t c) const {
return base ^ c;
}
index_type inv(index_type index, uint8_t c) const {
return index ^ c;
}
uint8_t label(index_type from, index_type to) const {
return to ^ from;
}
};
struct ELM_xcheck_tag {};
struct WW_xcheck_tag {};
struct WW_ELM_xcheck_tag : WW_xcheck_tag, ELM_xcheck_tag {};
struct CNV_xcheck_tag {};
struct CNV_ELM_xcheck_tag : CNV_xcheck_tag, ELM_xcheck_tag {};
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
class DoubleArrayBase {
public:
using op_type = DaOperation<OperationTag>;
static constexpr bool kEnableBitVector = std::is_base_of_v<WW_xcheck_tag, ConstructionType>;
class DaUnit {
private:
index_type check_ = kInvalidIndex;
index_type base_ = kInvalidIndex;
public:
index_type check() const { return check_; }
void set_check(index_type nv) { check_ = nv; }
index_type base() const { return base_ - kAlphabetSize; }
void set_base(index_type nv) { base_ = nv + kAlphabetSize; }
index_type succ() const { return -check_-1; }
void set_succ(index_type nv) {
check_ = -(nv+1);
}
index_type pred() const { return -base_-1; }
void set_pred(index_type nv) {
base_ = -(nv+1);
}
bool Enabled() const { return check_ >= 0; }
bool HasBase() const { return base_ >= 0; }
index_type tail_i() const { return -base_; }
void set_tail_i(index_type idx) {
base_ = -idx;
}
};
private:
op_type operation_;
std::vector<DaUnit> bc_;
BitVector exists_bits_;
index_type empty_head_ = kInvalidIndex;
public:
size_t size() const { return bc_.size(); }
index_type Operate(index_type base, uint8_t c) const {
return operation_(base, c);
}
uint8_t RestoreLabel(index_type from, index_type to) const {
return operation_.label(from, to);
}
const DaUnit& operator[](size_t i) const {
return bc_[i];
}
DaUnit& operator[](size_t i) {
return bc_[i];
}
void SetDisabled(index_type pos);
void SetEnabled(index_type pos);
void CheckExpand(index_type pos);
template <typename Container>
index_type FindBase(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const;
template <typename Container>
index_type FindBaseELM(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const;
template <typename Container>
index_type FindBaseWW(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const;
template <typename Container>
index_type FindBaseCNV(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const;
};
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
void DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::SetDisabled(index_type pos) {
if (empty_head_ == kInvalidIndex) {
empty_head_ = pos;
bc_[pos].set_succ(pos);
bc_[pos].set_pred(pos);
} else {
auto back_pos = bc_[empty_head_].pred();
bc_[back_pos].set_succ(pos);
bc_[empty_head_].set_pred(pos);
bc_[pos].set_succ(empty_head_);
bc_[pos].set_pred(back_pos);
}
if constexpr (kEnableBitVector) {
exists_bits_[pos] = false;
}
}
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
void DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::SetEnabled(index_type pos) {
assert(!bc_[pos].Enabled());
auto succ_pos = bc_[pos].succ();
if (pos == empty_head_) {
empty_head_ = (succ_pos != pos) ? succ_pos : kInvalidIndex;
}
auto pred_pos = bc_[pos].pred();
bc_[pos].set_check(kInvalidIndex);
bc_[pos].set_base(kInvalidIndex);
bc_[pred_pos].set_succ(succ_pos);
bc_[succ_pos].set_pred(pred_pos);
if constexpr (kEnableBitVector) {
exists_bits_[pos] = true;
}
}
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
void DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::CheckExpand(index_type pos) {
auto old_size = size();
auto new_size = ((pos/256)+1)*256;
if (new_size <= old_size)
return;
bc_.resize(new_size);
if constexpr (kEnableBitVector) {
exists_bits_.resize(new_size);
}
for (auto i = old_size; i < new_size; i++) {
SetDisabled(i);
}
}
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
template <typename Container>
index_type DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::FindBase(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const {
assert(!children.empty());
if (empty_head_ == kInvalidIndex)
return std::max(0, operation_.inv(size(), children[0]));
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ConstructionType, ELM_xcheck_tag>) {
return FindBaseELM(children, counter);
} else if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<WW_xcheck_tag, ConstructionType>) {
return FindBaseWW(children, counter);
} else if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<CNV_xcheck_tag, ConstructionType>) {
return FindBaseCNV(children, counter);
}
throw std::bad_function_call();
}
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
template <typename Container>
index_type DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::FindBaseELM(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const {
uint8_t fstc = children[0];
auto base_front = operation_.inv(empty_head_, fstc);
auto base = base_front;
while (operation_(base, fstc) < size()) {
bool ok = base >= 0;
assert(!bc_[operation_(base, fstc)].Enabled());
for (int i = 1; ok and i < children.size(); i++) {
uint8_t c = children[i];
ok &= operation_(base, c) >= size() or !bc_[operation_(base, c)].Enabled();
}
if (ok) {
return base;
}
base = operation_.inv(bc_[operation_(base, fstc)].succ(), fstc);
if (base == base_front)
break;
if (counter) (*counter)++;
}
return std::max(0, operation_.inv(size(), fstc));
}
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
template <typename Container>
index_type DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::FindBaseWW(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const {
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OperationTag, da_plus_operation_tag>) {
uint8_t fstc = children[0];
index_type offset = empty_head_ - fstc;
for (; offset+fstc < size(); ) {
uint64_t bits = 0ull;
for (uint8_t c : children) {
bits |= exists_bits_.bits64(offset + c);
if (~bits == 0ull)
break;
}
bits = ~bits;
if (bits != 0ull) {
return offset + (index_type) bo::ctz_u64(bits);
}
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ConstructionType, WW_xcheck_tag>) {
offset += 64;
} else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ConstructionType, WW_ELM_xcheck_tag>) {
auto window_front = offset + fstc;
uint64_t word_with_fstc = ~exists_bits_.bits64(window_front);
assert(word_with_fstc != 0ull);
auto window_empty_tail = window_front + 63 - bo::clz_u64(word_with_fstc);
if (window_empty_tail >= size())
break;
assert(!bc_[window_empty_tail].Enabled());
auto next_empty_pos = bc_[window_empty_tail].succ();
if (next_empty_pos == empty_head_)
break;
assert(next_empty_pos - window_front >= 64); // This is advantage over WW_xcheck_tag
offset = next_empty_pos - fstc;
}
if (counter) (*counter)++;
}
return std::max(0, (index_type) size() - fstc);
} else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<OperationTag, da_xor_operation_tag>) {
size_t b = empty_head_/256;
size_t bend = size()/256;
for (; b < bend; ++b) {
std::array<uint64_t, 4> bits{};
for (uint8_t c : children) {
static uint64_t exists_word[4];
std::memcpy(exists_word, exists_bits_.data()+(b*4), sizeof(uint64_t)*4);
if (c & (1<<0))
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
exists_word[i] |= ((exists_word[i] >> 1) & 0x5555555555555555ull) | ((exists_word[i] & 0x5555555555555555ull) << 1);
if (c & (1<<1))
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
exists_word[i] |= ((exists_word[i] >> 2) & 0x3333333333333333ull) | ((exists_word[i] & 0x3333333333333333ull) << 2);
if (c & (1<<2))
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
exists_word[i] |= ((exists_word[i] >> 4) & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0Full) | ((exists_word[i] & 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0Full) << 4);
if (c & (1<<3))
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
exists_word[i] |= ((exists_word[i] >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFull) | ((exists_word[i] & 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFull) << 8);
if (c & (1<<4))
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
exists_word[i] |= ((exists_word[i] >> 16) & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFull) | ((exists_word[i] & 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFull) << 16);
if (c & (1<<5))
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
exists_word[i] |= (exists_word[i] >> 32) | (exists_word[i] << 32);
if (c & (1<<6)) {
std::swap(exists_word[0], exists_word[1]);
std::swap(exists_word[2], exists_word[3]);
}
if (c & (1<<7)) {
std::swap(exists_word[0], exists_word[2]);
std::swap(exists_word[1], exists_word[3]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
bits[i] |= exists_word[i];
}
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
if (~bits[i] != 0ull) {
auto inset = bo::ctz_u64(~bits[i]);
return b*256 + i*64 + inset;
}
}
if (counter) (*counter)++;
}
return size();
}
}
template <typename OperationTag, typename ConstructionType>
template <typename Container>
index_type DoubleArrayBase<OperationTag, ConstructionType>::FindBaseCNV(const Container& children, size_t* counter) const {
if (std::is_same_v<OperationTag, da_plus_operation_tag>) {
static convolution::ModuloNTT fda[kAlphabetSize*2], fch[kAlphabetSize*2];
index_type fstc = children[0];
index_type endc = children.back();
const index_type m = endc - fstc + 1;
const index_type b = 1<<(64-bo::clz_u64(m-1));
const index_type n = b<<1;
{
std::fill(fch, fch + n, 0);
for (uint8_t c : children)
fch[m-1-(c-fstc)] = 1;
}
convolution::ntt(fch, n);
index_type endi = 0;
for (index_type f = empty_head_; f < size(); ) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
fda[i] = f + i < size() ? (int) operator[](f + i).Enabled() : 0;
if constexpr (std::is_base_of_v<ELM_xcheck_tag, ConstructionType>) {
if (i <= n-m and fda[i] == 0) {
endi = f + i;
}
}
}
convolution::index_sum_convolution_for_xcheck(fda, fch, n);
for (int i = m-1; i < n; i++) {
if (fda[i].val() == 0) {
return f - fstc + i - (m-1);
}
}
if constexpr (!std::is_base_of_v<ELM_xcheck_tag, ConstructionType>) {
f += n - m + 1;
} else {
if (endi >= size() or
(f = operator[](endi).succ()) == empty_head_) {
break;
}
}
if (counter) counter++;
}
return size();
} else if (std::is_same_v<OperationTag, da_xor_operation_tag>) {
static index_type hda[kAlphabetSize], hch[kAlphabetSize];
constexpr size_t n = kAlphabetSize;
memset(hch, 0, sizeof(index_type) * n);
for (uint8_t c : children) hch[c] = 1;
convolution::fwt(hch, n);
for (size_t f = empty_head_ / n * n; f < size(); f += n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
hda[i] = f + i < size() ? (int) operator[](f + i).Enabled() : 0;
}
convolution::index_xor_convolution_for_xcheck(hda, hch, n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (hda[i] == 0) {
return (index_type) f + i;
}
}
if (counter) counter++;
}
return size();
}
}
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__DOUBLE_ARRAY_BASE_HPP_
<file_sep>#ifndef PLAIN_DA_TRIES__CONVOLUTION_HPP_
#define PLAIN_DA_TRIES__CONVOLUTION_HPP_
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <bo.hpp>
namespace plain_da::convolution {
// Index SUM(+) convolution
using uint = uint32_t;
template<uint MOD>
class Modulo {
private:
uint v_;
public:
constexpr Modulo() : v_(0) {}
template<typename T>
constexpr Modulo(T v) : v_(v >= 0 ? v % (T) MOD : v % (T) MOD + (T) MOD) {}
constexpr uint val() const {
return v_;
}
constexpr bool operator==(Modulo x) const {
return v_ == x.v_;
}
constexpr bool operator!=(Modulo x) const {
return v_ != x.v_;
}
Modulo operator+() const {
return *this;
}
Modulo operator-() const {
return {MOD - v_};
}
constexpr Modulo operator+(Modulo x) const {
return {v_ + x.v_};
}
constexpr Modulo operator-(Modulo x) const {
return *this + -x;
}
constexpr Modulo operator*(Modulo x) const {
return {(unsigned long long) v_ * x.v_};
}
friend constexpr Modulo pow(Modulo x, uint p) {
Modulo t = 1;
Modulo u = x;
while (p > 0) {
if (p & 1) {
t *= u;
}
u *= u;
p >>= 1;
}
return t;
}
constexpr Modulo inv() const {
return pow(*this, MOD-2);
}
constexpr Modulo operator/(Modulo x) const {
return *this * x.inv();
}
constexpr Modulo& operator+=(Modulo x) {
return *this = *this + x;
}
constexpr Modulo& operator-=(Modulo x) {
return *this = *this - x;
}
constexpr Modulo& operator*=(Modulo x) {
return *this = *this * x;
}
constexpr Modulo& operator/=(Modulo x) {
return *this = *this / x;
}
};
template<typename T>
void bit_reverse(T f[], size_t n) {
for (size_t i = 0, j = 1; j < n-1; j++) {
for (size_t k = n >> 1; k > (i ^= k); k >>= 1) {}
if (i < j) std::swap(f[i], f[j]);
}
}
constexpr uint kModNTT = 998244353;
constexpr int kDivLim = 23;
using ModuloNTT = Modulo<kModNTT>;
constexpr ModuloNTT kPrimitiveRoot = 3;
// Number Theoretic Transform
template<bool INV>
void _ntt(ModuloNTT f[], size_t n) {
if (n == 1)
return;
if (n > 1<<23) {
throw std::logic_error("Length of input array of NTT is too long.");
}
static bool initialized = false;
static ModuloNTT es[kDivLim+1], ies[kDivLim+1];
if (!initialized) {
initialized = true;
es[kDivLim] = pow(kPrimitiveRoot, (kModNTT-1)>>kDivLim);
for (int i = kDivLim-1; i >= 0; i--) {
es[i] = es[i+1] * es[i+1];
}
ies[kDivLim] = es[kDivLim].inv();
for (int i = kDivLim-1; i >= 0; i--) {
ies[i] = ies[i+1] * ies[i+1];
}
}
bit_reverse(f, n);
for (int s = 1; 1 << s <= n; s++) {
const size_t m = 1 << s;
const auto wm = !INV ? es[s] : ies[s];
for (size_t k = 0; k < n; k += m) {
ModuloNTT w = 1;
for (size_t j = 0; j < m/2; j++) {
auto a = f[k + j];
auto b = f[k + j + m/2] * w;
f[k + j] = a + b;
f[k + j + m/2] = a - b;
w *= wm;
}
}
}
if constexpr (INV) {
auto invn = ModuloNTT(n).inv();
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
f[i] *= invn;
}
}
void ntt(ModuloNTT f[], size_t n) {
_ntt<0>(f, n);
}
void intt(ModuloNTT f[], size_t n) {
_ntt<1>(f, n);
}
void index_sum_convolution_for_xcheck(ModuloNTT f[], ModuloNTT Tg[], size_t n) {
assert(bo::popcnt_u64(n) == 1);
ntt(f, n);
for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
f[i] *= Tg[i];
}
intt(f, n);
}
// Index XOR(^) convolution
// Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform for XOR-Convolution
template<typename T>
void fwt(T f[], size_t n) {
assert(bo::popcnt_u64(n) == 1);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i <<= 1) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if ((i & j) != 0) continue;
auto x = f[j], y = f[j | i];
f[j] = x + y;
f[j | i] = x - y;
}
}
}
template<typename T>
void ifwt(T f[], size_t n) {
assert(bo::popcnt_u64(n) == 1);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i <<= 1) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if ((i & j) != 0) continue;
auto x = f[j], y = f[j | i];
f[j] = (x + y) / 2;
f[j | i] = (x - y) / 2;
}
}
}
template<typename T>
void index_xor_convolution_for_xcheck(T f[], T Tg[], size_t n) {
fwt(f, n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
f[i] *= Tg[i];
}
ifwt(f, n);
}
}
#endif //PLAIN_DA_TRIES__CONVOLUTION_HPP_
<file_sep>#include "plain_da.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <chrono>
#include "keyset.hpp"
#include "double_array_base.hpp"
namespace {
template <class Fn>
double ProcessTime(Fn fn) {
auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
fn();
auto now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
return std::chrono::duration<double, std::micro>(now-start).count();
}
constexpr int BenchKeyCounts = 1000000;
constexpr int LoopTimes = 10;
template <class Da>
void Benchmark(const plain_da::KeysetHandler& keyset, const plain_da::RawTrie& trie, const plain_da::KeysetHandler& bench_keyset) {
Da plain_da;
auto construction_time = ProcessTime([&] {
plain_da.Build(trie);
});
std::cout << "construction_time: \t" << construction_time/1000000 << " s" << std::endl;
{ // Check is construction perfect.
std::cout << "Test..." << std::endl;
for (auto &key : keyset) {
bool ok = plain_da.contains(key);
if (!ok) {
std::cout << "NG" << std::endl;
std::cout << "ERROR! " << key << "\t is not contained!" << std::endl;
return;
}
}
std::cout << "OK" << std::endl;
}
auto bench_for_random_keys = [&] {
for (auto &key : bench_keyset) {
bool ok = plain_da.contains(key);
if (!ok) {
std::cout << "ERROR! " << key << "\t is not contained!" << std::endl;
return;
}
}
};
{ // Warm up
bench_for_random_keys();
}
auto lookup_time = ProcessTime([&] {
for (int i = 0; i < LoopTimes; i++) {
bench_for_random_keys();
}
});
std::cout << "lookup_time: \t" << lookup_time/BenchKeyCounts/LoopTimes << " µs/key" << std::endl << std::endl;
}
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if (argc < 2) {
std::cout << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " [keyset]" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
std::ifstream ifs(argv[1]);
if (!ifs) {
std::cerr << argv[1] << " is not found!" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
plain_da::KeysetHandler keyset(ifs);
plain_da::RawTrie trie(keyset);
plain_da::KeysetHandler bench_keyset;
for (int i = 0; i < BenchKeyCounts; i++)
bench_keyset.insert(keyset[random()%keyset.size()]);
bench_keyset.update_list();
// PLUS
std::cout << "- MP+ - EmptyLink" << std::endl;
Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
plain_da::da_plus_operation_tag,
plain_da::ELM_xcheck_tag
>,
false
>>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
std::cout << "- MP+ - BitParallelism" << std::endl;
Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
plain_da::da_plus_operation_tag,
plain_da::WW_xcheck_tag
>,
false
>>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
std::cout << "- MP+ - BitParallelism + Empty-Link" << std::endl;
Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
plain_da::da_plus_operation_tag,
plain_da::WW_ELM_xcheck_tag
>,
false
>>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
std::cout << "- MP+ - Convolution" << std::endl;
Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
plain_da::da_plus_operation_tag,
plain_da::CNV_xcheck_tag
>,
false
>>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
std::cout << "- MP+ - Convolution + Empty-Link" << std::endl;
Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
plain_da::da_plus_operation_tag,
plain_da::CNV_ELM_xcheck_tag
>,
false
>>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// XOR
// std::cout << "- MPx - EmptyLink" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::ELM_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// std::cout << "- MPx - BitParallelism" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::WW_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// std::cout << "- MPx - BitParallelism + Empty-Link" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::WW_ELM_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// std::cout << "- MPx - BitParallelism" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::WW_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// std::cout << "- MPx - BitParallelism - Empty-Link" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::WW_ELM_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// std::cout << "- MPx - Convolution" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::CNV_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
// std::cout << "- MPx - Convolution + Empty-Link" << std::endl;
// Benchmark<plain_da::PlainDaMpTrie<
// plain_da::DoubleArrayBase<
// plain_da::da_xor_operation_tag,
// plain_da::CNV_ELM_xcheck_tag
// >,
// false
// >>(keyset, trie, bench_keyset);
return 0;
}
<file_sep># Data sets are saved in GoogleCloud
Data sets that used researches are placed on GoogleDrive.
Please download it to current directory from follows:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fu5EUJJb9dyepDcUviGDE6WMSLbh2rZd/view?usp=sharing
or use script 'download.sh' which commands as follows::
```bash
FILE_ID=1fu5EUJJb9dyepDcUviGDE6WMSLbh2rZd
FILE_NAME=basic_data_sets.tar.xz
curl -sc /tmp/cookie "https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=${FILE_ID}" > /dev/null
CODE="$(awk '/_warning_/ {print $NF}' /tmp/cookie)"
curl -Lb /tmp/cookie "https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&confirm=${CODE}&id=${FILE_ID}" -o ${FILE_NAME}
```
<file_sep>//
// Created by 松本拓真 on 2019/11/09.
//
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "bo/ctz.hpp"
namespace {
constexpr int N = 1<<16;
uint64_t rand64() {
return uint64_t(random()) | (uint64_t(random()) << 32);
}
}
TEST(Ctz, 64) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
auto val = rand64();
int ctz = 64;
for (int j = 0; j < 64; j++) {
if (val & (1ull << j)) {
ctz = j;
break;
}
}
EXPECT_EQ(bo::ctz_u64(val), ctz);
}
}
<file_sep># libbo
C++ Header-only Library of Practical Bit Operations
## Supporting bit operations
- ctz - count trailing zeros
- clz - count leading zeros
- popcnt - poplation count
- bextr - bits extract
- select - select nth bit
- swapnext - swap next nth bits to each other
## LISENCE
This library is lisenced by The Unlisence.
## Usage
You can handle libbo only including header files.
Install to your include directory by cmake as forrows:
```bash
cmake .
cmake --build .
ctest
cmake --install .
```
We recommend to compile your program with option `-march=native`
|
38aa36ffcedd3c1196e3a013d72c09738d84db1d
|
[
"Markdown",
"CMake",
"C++"
] | 18
|
C++
|
MatsuTaku/plain-da-tries
|
95fc23e776bf35d462ec0c9ae21e657afbbe534c
|
97de836fc84a79c9db25f9978469843434cbd5e5
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>levanmanh/blog<file_sep>/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
class CommentsController < ApplicationController
before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:create, :destroy]
before_action :correct_user, only: [:destroy]
def new
@comment = Comment.new(parent_id: params[:parent_id])
@parent = Comment.find(params[:parent_id])
@entry = Entry.find(params[:entry_id])
@user = current_user
end
def create
@comment = current_user.comments.build(comment_params)
if @comment.save
flash[:success] = 'Comment created!'
if @parent.nil?
redirect_to request.referer
else
entry = @parent.entry
redirect_to entry
end
else
flash[:danger] = 'Something went wrong!'
redirect_to request.referer
end
end
def destroy
if @comment.destroy
flash[:success] = "Comment deleted"
redirect_to request.referrer || root_url
end
end
private
def comment_params
params.require(:comment).permit :content, :user_id, :entry_id
end
def handle_exception
flash[:danger] = 'No comment exits!'
redirect_to request.referer
end
def correct_user
begin
@comment = current_user.comments.find(params[:id])
if @comment.nil?
handle_exception
end
rescue Exception => e
handle_exception
end
end
end<file_sep>/db/seeds.rb
# Users
User.create!(name: "Example User",
email: "<EMAIL>",
password: "<PASSWORD>",
password_confirmation: "<PASSWORD>",
admin: true)
# Following relationships
# users = User.all
# user = users.first
# following = users[2..50]
# followers = users[3..40]
# following.each { |followed| user.follow(followed) }
# followers.each { |follower| follower.follow(user) }
|
e1ac4c8836047804efa0ea930a0ae27632f4c968
|
[
"Ruby"
] | 2
|
Ruby
|
levanmanh/blog
|
911d2956e98d7206810c72b34e77e8bb6b54a713
|
3b07b89f86e1a7ef4a0fae4c4defd1ff279ec3cd
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>class JobSystem ;
#ifndef JOB_WORKER_H
#define JOB_WORKER_H
#include <thread>
#include "jobPool.h"
#include "jobQueue.h"
class JobWorker{
public:
enum Mode{
Background,
Master
};
enum class State{
Running,
Stopping,
};
JobWorker(JobSystem* jsystem, std::size_t maxJobs,Mode mode= Mode::Background);
JobWorker(const JobWorker& worker);
~JobWorker(){};
inline Job* create_job(JobFunc job_func){return pool.create_job(job_func);}
inline Job* create_job_as_child(JobFunc job_func , Job* parent){ return pool.create_job_as_child(job_func,parent);}
void wait(Job* job);
void loop();
void run();
void submit_job(Job* job);
bool is_running(){return state==State::Running?true:false;}
void set_state(State state);
inline void join(){worker_thread.join();}
private:
JobPool pool;
std::thread::id thread_id;
std::thread worker_thread;
State state;
std::atomic<Mode> mode;
JobSystem* job_system;
JobQueue queue;
private:
Job* get_job();
JobPool* get_job_pool(){return &pool;}
};
#endif
<file_sep>#include "jobPool.h"
static int job_count =0 ;
JobPool::JobPool(std::size_t max_jobs):
allocated_jobs(0),
jobs{max_jobs}{
}
Job* JobPool::allocate_job(){
if(!is_full()){
return &jobs[allocated_jobs++];
}else
{
return nullptr;
}
}
void JobPool::clear(){
allocated_jobs=0;
}
bool JobPool::is_full() const{
return allocated_jobs == jobs.size();
}
Job* JobPool::create_job(JobFunc job_func){
Job* job = allocate_job();
if(job != nullptr)
{
job->assign_func(job_func);
job->set_num(job_count++);
}
return job;
}
Job* JobPool::create_job_as_child(JobFunc job_func , Job* parent){
Job* job = allocate_job();
if(job != nullptr)
{
job->assign_func(job_func);
job->assign_parent(parent);
parent->inc_unfinshed_jobs();
job->set_num(job_count++);
}
return job;
}
<file_sep>#include "job.h"
void Job::run(){
function(this,nullptr);
finish();
}
void Job::finish (){
unfinishedJobs.fetch_sub(1,std::memory_order_relaxed);
if(is_finished()){
if(parent!= nullptr){
parent->dec_unfinshed_jobs();
parent->is_finished();
}
}
}
bool Job::is_finished() const{
return unfinishedJobs==0;
}
void Job::inc_unfinshed_jobs(){
unfinishedJobs.fetch_add(1,std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
void Job::dec_unfinshed_jobs(){
unfinishedJobs.fetch_sub(1,std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
Job::Job(JobFunc func , Job* parent):
function{func},
parent{parent},
unfinishedJobs(1){
if(parent!=nullptr){
parent->unfinishedJobs++;
}
}
<file_sep># jobSystem
a lock-free work stealing job system
based on Molecular's great blog [post](https://blog.molecular-matters.com/2015/08/24/job-system-2-0-lock-free-work-stealing-part-1-basics/)
Building
-------------
```
mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
```
this would build the provided example .
<file_sep>#include "jobSystem.h"
#include <random>
JobSystem::JobSystem(std::size_t worker_threads_count , std::size_t jobs_per_thread)
{
workers.reserve(worker_threads_count);
master_thread_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
std::size_t jobs_per_queue = jobs_per_thread;
workers.emplace_back(this,jobs_per_queue,JobWorker::Mode::Master);
master_worker = &workers[0];
master_worker->set_state(JobWorker::State::Running);
for (std::size_t i=1;i< worker_threads_count;i++)
{
workers.emplace_back(this,jobs_per_queue,JobWorker::Mode::Background);
}
for (std::size_t i=1;i< worker_threads_count;i++)
{
workers[i].run();
}
}
JobSystem::~JobSystem(){
std::size_t worker_threads_count = workers.size();
for (std::size_t i=1;i< worker_threads_count;i++)
{
workers[i].set_state(JobWorker::State::Stopping);
}
for (std::size_t i=1;i< worker_threads_count;i++)
{
workers[i].join();
}
}
JobWorker* JobSystem::get_random_worker(){
static std::random_device rd;
static std::mt19937 gen=std::mt19937{rd()};
static std::uniform_int_distribution<std::size_t> dist= std::uniform_int_distribution<std::size_t>{0, workers.size()-1};
int index =dist(gen);
JobWorker* worker = &workers[index];
if(worker->is_running())
{
return worker;
}
else
{
return nullptr;
}
}
<file_sep>#include "jobQueue.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
JobQueue::JobQueue(std::size_t max_jobs):
top{0},
bottom{0}{
jobs.resize(max_jobs);
}
bool JobQueue::push(Job* job){
int _bottom = bottom.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
if(_bottom<jobs.size()){
// std::cout<< "job-pushed at"<<_bottom<<std::endl;
jobs[_bottom]=job;
bottom.store(_bottom+1,std::memory_order_release);
// std::cout << "push "<<bottom <<std::endl;
return true;
}
else
return false ;
}
Job* JobQueue::pop(){
int _bottom = bottom.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
// std::cout << "bottom val : " << _bottom <<std::endl;
_bottom= std::max<int>(_bottom-1 ,0);
bottom.store(_bottom,std::memory_order_relaxed);
int _top = top.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
if(_top<= _bottom){
Job* job = jobs[_bottom];
if (!job)
return nullptr;
if(_top!=_bottom){
// std::cout << "returned2 Job index " << _bottom << std::endl;
// std::cout<< "job-popped at "<<_bottom<<std::endl;
return job;
}
else{
int expectedTop = _top;
int desiredTop =std::min( _top+1,(int)jobs.size());
if (!top.compare_exchange_strong(expectedTop, desiredTop,
std::memory_order_relaxed)){
job=nullptr;
}
bottom.store(_top+1,std::memory_order_relaxed);
// std::cout<< "pop bottom "<<_top+1<<"bottom val"<< _bottom<<std::endl;
// std::cout<< "job-popped main worker at "<<_bottom<<std::endl;
// std::cout << "returned3 Job index " << _bottom << std::endl;
return job;
}
}
else {
// std::cout<< "pop bottom store "<< _top <<" "<<_bottom <<" | "<<std::endl;
bottom.store(_top , std::memory_order_relaxed);
return nullptr;
}
}
Job* JobQueue::steal(){
int _top = top.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
int _bottom = bottom.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
//std::cout << "steal ("<<std::this_thread::get_id()<<") "<< _top << ","<<_bottom <<std::endl;
// std::cout << "steal" << _top <<"|"<< _bottom <<"|"<<std::endl;
if (_top <_bottom)
{
// std::cout<< std::this_thread::get_id()<<" tring to steal a job "<<std::endl;
// There's technically a data race here if _jobs is not an atomic<jobs*> array.
Job* job = jobs[_top];
if (top.compare_exchange_weak(_top, _top + 1, std::memory_order_relaxed) == false)
{
return nullptr;
}
// std::cout<< std::this_thread::get_id()<<"job-stolen at "<<_top<<std::endl;
// std::cout << "steal afer exchange ("<<std::this_thread::get_id()<<") "<< top << ","<<_bottom<<std::endl;;
// if(job)4
// printf("job was stolen %d \n", job->get_job_id());
// std::cout << "job was stolen" << <<"|"<<std::endl;
// std::cout << "returned1 Job index " << _top << std::endl;
return job;
}
else
{
return nullptr;
}
}
std::size_t JobQueue::size() const{ return jobs.size();}
<file_sep>#ifndef JOB_H
#define JOB_H
#include <functional>
#include <atomic>
struct Job ;
using JobFunc = std::function<void(Job*,const void*)>;
class Job{
public:
Job():unfinishedJobs{1},parent{nullptr}{};
Job(JobFunc job , Job* parent=nullptr);
void run();
bool is_finished() const ;
void assign_func(JobFunc func){ function=func;}
void assign_parent(Job* _parent){parent=_parent; };
void set_num(int id1) {job_id = id1;}
inline int get_job_id (){return job_id;}
void inc_unfinshed_jobs();
void dec_unfinshed_jobs();
private:
JobFunc function ;
Job* parent ;
int job_id;
std::atomic_size_t unfinishedJobs ;
char padding[4] ;
void finish();
};
#endif
<file_sep>
#ifndef Job_System_H
#define Job_System_H
#include <thread>
#include "jobWorker.h"
class JobSystem{
public:
JobSystem(std::size_t threads_count, std::size_t jobs_per_thread);
~JobSystem();
JobWorker* get_random_worker();
JobWorker* master_worker ;
private:
JobWorker* find_thread_worker(const std::thread::id thread_id);
private:
std::vector<JobWorker> workers;
std::thread::id master_thread_id;
};
#endif<file_sep>#ifndef JOB_QUEUE_H
#define JOB_QUEUE_H
#include<vector>
#include "job.h"
class JobQueue{
public:
JobQueue(std::size_t max_jobs);
bool push(Job* job);
Job* pop();
Job* steal();
std::size_t size() const ;
bool empty() const ;
private :
std::vector< Job*> jobs ;
std::atomic<int> top, bottom ;
};
#endif
<file_sep>
#include "jobWorker.h"
#include "jobSystem.h"
#include <iostream>
JobWorker::JobWorker(JobSystem* jsystem, std::size_t maxJobs,Mode mode):
job_system{jsystem},
queue{maxJobs},
pool{maxJobs},
mode{mode},
state{State::Stopping}
{
}
JobWorker::JobWorker(const JobWorker& worker):
job_system{worker.job_system},
pool{worker.queue.size()},
queue{worker.queue.size()}
{
}
void JobWorker::run(){
state = State::Running;
worker_thread = std::thread(&JobWorker::loop,this);
}
void JobWorker::submit_job(Job* job){
if(job)
queue.push(job);
}
void JobWorker::loop(){
thread_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
state= State::Running;
while(state==JobWorker::State::Running){
Job* job = get_job();
if(job){
job->run();
}
}
}
void JobWorker::wait(Job* wait_job){
while(!wait_job->is_finished()){
Job* job = get_job();
if(job)
job->run();
}
}
void JobWorker::set_state(State _state){
state = _state ;
}
Job* JobWorker::get_job(){
Job* job = queue.pop();
if(job){
return job;
}
else{
JobWorker* worker =
job_system->get_random_worker();
if(worker!=this && worker){
// std::cout<< "trying to steal a job"<< std::endl;
Job* job = worker->queue.steal();
if(job)
{
// std::cout<< "job steal"<< std::endl;
return job;
}
else{ //no job to steal
// std::cout<< "no job to steal"<< std::endl;
std::this_thread::yield();
return nullptr;
}
}else
{
// std::cout<< "no worker to steal from"<< std::endl;
std::this_thread::yield();
return nullptr;
}
}
}
<file_sep>
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <cmath>
#include "jobSystem.h"
#define JOB_COUNT 65000
std::atomic_int counter;
void empty_job(Job* job, const void*)
{
int j =0;
for (int i=0 ;i< 2000; i++){
j+=1+std::sin(i)*std::cos(i*j);
}
printf("job %d ,%d executed!\n" , job->get_job_id(),j);
}
int main (){
JobSystem job_system {8,JOB_COUNT
};
JobWorker* worker = job_system.master_worker;
#if 0
auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
for(std::size_t i = 0; i <JOB_COUNT; ++i)
{
Job* job = worker->create_job(&empty_job);
worker->submit_job(job);
worker->wait(job);
}
auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
std::cout << "Elapsed time in microseconds : "
<< std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count()
<< " µs" << std::endl;
std:: cout << "Elapsed time in milliseconds : "
<<std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start).count()
<< " ms" << std::endl;
#else
auto start1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
Job* parent = worker->create_job(&empty_job);
for(std::size_t i = 0; i <JOB_COUNT-1; ++i)
{
Job* job = worker->create_job_as_child(&empty_job,parent);
worker->submit_job(job);
}
worker->submit_job(parent);
worker->wait(parent);
auto end1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
std::cout << "Elapsed time in microseconds : "
<< std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end1 - start1).count()
<< " µs" << std::endl;
std:: cout << "Elapsed time in milliseconds : "
<<std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end1 - start1).count()
<< " ms" << std::endl;
#endif
return 0;
}
/*#include <atomic>
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
std::vector<int> mySharedWork;
std::atomic<bool> dataProduced(false);
void dataProducer(){
mySharedWork={1,0,3};
dataProduced.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
void dataConsumer(){
while(!dataProduced.load(std::memory_order_relaxed));
mySharedWork[1]= 2;
}
int main(){
std::cout << std::endl;
std::thread t1(dataConsumer);
std::thread t2(dataProducer);
t1.join();
t2.join();
for (auto v: mySharedWork){
std::cout << v << " ";
}
std::cout << "\n\n";
}*/
<file_sep>cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
set (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
project(jobSystem)
file (GLOB_RECURSE sources "src/*.cpp")
message("${sources}")
set(SOURCE ${sources} )
add_executable(jobSystem ${SOURCE})
target_include_directories(jobSystem PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
<file_sep>#pragma once
#include "job.h"
#include <vector>
class JobPool{
public:
JobPool(std::size_t max_jobs_count);
Job* allocate_job();
bool is_full() const ;
void clear();
Job* create_job(JobFunc job_func);
Job* create_job_as_child(JobFunc job_func , Job* parent);
template<typename Data>
Job* create_job(JobFunc job_func ,const Data& data);
template<typename Data>
Job* create_job_as_child(JobFunc job_func,const Data& data , Job* parent);
template<typename Function>
Job* create_closure_Job(Function func);
private:
std::size_t allocated_jobs ;
std::vector<Job> jobs;
};<file_sep>#!/bin/sh
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -S . -B ./build
make -C ./build
./build/jobSystem
|
78154d289c6138d7e012f196992dd8a40f64e5e0
|
[
"Markdown",
"CMake",
"C++",
"Shell"
] | 14
|
C++
|
alimilhim/jobSystem
|
5476a8ff282981c2d26023570e22940b98a196b8
|
2846dd37643c765f6b5fca7b64d5466f48d2a9e0
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>wadelau/gMIS<file_sep>/inc/webapp.interface.php
<?php
/* WebApp Interface defintion for all of the implement classes
* v0.1,
* <EMAIL>,
* 2011-07-10 15:27
*/
interface WebAppInterface
{
function set($key, $value);
function get($key);
function setTbl($tbl);
function getTbl();
function setId($id);
function getId();
function setBy($fields, $conditions);
function getBy($fields, $conditions);
function execBy($fields, $conditions);
function rmBy($conditions);
function toString($object);
/*
function setLang($lang);
function getLang();
function checkDB();
*/
}
?>
<file_sep>/xml/gmis-myote-20190715.sql
CREATE TABLE `gmis_mynotetbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
content text not null,
notecode char(24) not null default '',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL default '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL default '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`istate` char(10) NOT NULL,
`operator` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
primary KEY `id` (`id`),
index k2(userid),
index k3(inserttime)
);<file_sep>/act/toexcel.php
<?php
# do convert hm records to csv used in excel file, Sat Jun 23 13:21:46 CST 2012
# print_r($hm);
$dnld_dir = $appdir."/dnld";
$dnld_file = "data_".str_replace("gmis_","",$tbl)."_".date("Y-m-d-H-i").".csv";
$myfp = fopen($dnld_dir.'/'.$dnld_file, 'wb');
fwrite($myfp, chr(0xEF).chr(0xBB).chr(0xBF));
if($myfp){
$fieldsname = array();
$firstrow = $hm[0];
foreach($firstrow as $k=>$v){
$fieldsname[] = $gtbl->getCHN($k);
}
fputcsv($myfp, $fieldsname);
/*
foreach($hm as $fields){
fputcsv($myfp, $fields);
}
*/
# retrieve data
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$str = "";
foreach($v as $k2=>$v2){
#print "k2:$k2, v2:$v2\n";
if($gtbl->getInputType($k2) == "select"){
$v2 = $gtbl->getSelectOption($k2, $v2,'',1, $gtbl->getSelectMultiple($k2));
if(preg_match("/([^\-|\(]+)[\(|\-]*/", $v2, $matchArr)){
$v2 = $matchArr[1];
#debug($matchArr);
}
}
else if(strpos($v2,",") !== false){
#$v2 = str_replace(",", "_", $v2);
$v2 = str_replace("\"", "\"\"", $v2);
$v2 = '"'.$v2.'"'; # see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4617935/is-there-a-way-to-include-commas-in-csv-columns-without-breaking-the-formatting
}
$str .= str_replace("\n", "<br/>", $v2).",";
}
$str = substr($str, 0, strlen($str)-1);
fwrite($myfp, $str."\n");
}
}
fclose($myfp);
$out .= "<script type=\"text/javascript\">";
$out .= "parent.window.open('".$rtvdir."/dnld/".$dnld_file."','Excel File Download','scrollbars,toolbar,location=0,status=yes,resizable,width=600,height=400');";
$out .= "</script>";
?>
<file_sep>/class/xdirectory.class.php
<?php
if(!defined('__ROOT__')){
define('__ROOT__', dirname(dirname(__FILE__)));
}
require_once(__ROOT__.'/inc/webapp.class.php');
class XDirectory extends WebApp{
private $dirLevelLength = 2; # default
private $maxLevelDepth = 10; # code width: 10 x 2 = 20
public $lang = null;
function __construct($tbl = ''){
# db
$db = $reqdb = trim($_REQUEST['db']);
if($reqdb != ''){
$args = array('dbconf'=>($db==GConf::get('maindb')? '' : $db));
if($args['dbconf'] == 'newsdb'){
$args['dbconf'] = 'Config_Master';
}
# other args options
parent::__construct($args);
}
else{
$this->dba = new DBA();
}
# tbl
if($tbl != ''){
if($_CONFIG['language'] && $_CONFIG['language'] == "en_US"){
//$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').'en_'.$tbl);
$this->setTbl('en_'.$tbl);
}
else{
//$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').$tbl);
$this->setTbl($tbl);
}
}
# lang
if(true){
#debug("mod/pagenavi: lang: not config. try global?");
global $lang;
$this->lang = $lang; # via global?
}
}
# get dir list, expand all of directories above the target dir or its same level, "open all to target"
function getList($targetDir, $levelLen){
$lastNode = '';
$dirList .="<div class=\"cv_fcv node\">";
$parentCode = $this->get('parentCode');
$selectOnly = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'selectOnly'); //- added 11:44 2022-03-25
foreach($targetDir as $k=>$v){
$ilevel = 0;
$codeArr = str_split($k,$levelLen);
foreach($codeArr as $kd=>$vd){
$ilevel++;
}
$i = $this->getNextDir($targetDir, $levelLen, $ilevel, $k);
$j = $this->getSubDir($targetDir, $levelLen, $ilevel, $k);
#$nodeContent = $ilevel."-".$k."-".$v;
$nodeContent = $k."-".$v;
//debug("extra/xdir: k:$k parentCode:$parentCode eq:".strcmp($k, $parentCode));
$hasRed = 0;
if(strcmp($k,$parentCode)==0){ $hasRed=1; }
else if(strpos($parentCode, $k)===0){ $hasRed=1; }
$nodeContent = "<div class=\"tree\" id=\"".$k."\" onmouseover=\"xianShi('".$k."');\" onmouseout=\"yinCang('".$k."');\"".($hasRed==1?' style="color:red;font-weight:strong;"':'').">".$nodeContent; #
$nodeContent .= " <span id=\"nodelink".$k."\">";
if($selectOnly != 1){
$nodeContent .= "<a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" onclick=\"javascript:parent.sendLinkInfo('".$k."', 'w', current_link_field); parent.copyAndReturn(current_link_field); changeBgc('".$k."');\">".$this->lang->get("xdir_this_item")."</a>";
}
$nodeContent .= " <a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" onclick=\"javascript:parent.sendLinkInfo('".$k."-".$v."', 'w', current_link_field); parent.copyAndReturn(current_link_field); changeBgc('".$k."');\">".$this->lang->get("xdir_this_item_and_value")."</a>";
if($selectOnly != 1){
$nodeContent .= " <a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" onclick=\"javascript:parent.sendLinkInfo('".$i."', 'w', current_link_field); parent.copyAndReturn(current_link_field);\">+".$this->lang->get("xdir_same_level")."</a>";
$nodeContent .= " <a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" onclick=\"javascript:parent.sendLinkInfo('".$j."', 'w', current_link_field); parent.copyAndReturn(current_link_field);\">+".$this->lang->get("xdir_sub_level")."</a>";
}
$nodeContent .= "</span></div>";
if($lastNode == ''){
$dirList .= $nodeContent;
}
else if(strlen($k)==$levelLen){
if(strlen($lastNode)==$levelLen){
$dirList .= $nodeContent;
}else{
$n = substr($lastNode,$levelLen);
$codeArr = str_split($n,$levelLen);
foreach($codeArr as $kd=>$vd){
$dirList .= " </li>
</ul>";
}
$dirList .= $nodeContent;
}
}
else{
if(strlen($lastNode) == strlen($k)){
$dirList .= $nodeContent;
}else if(strlen($lastNode) < strlen($k)){
$dirList .="<ul class=\"node\">
<li>";
$dirList .= $nodeContent;
}else{
$n = substr($lastNode,0,strlen($lastNode)-strlen($k));
$codeArr = str_split($n,$levelLen);
foreach($codeArr as $kd=>$vd){
$dirList .= " </li>
</ul>";
}
$dirList .= $nodeContent;
}
}
$lastNode = $k;
}
$dirList .="</div>";
return $dirList;
}
# get next dir code, 2c after 2b, 10 after 0z, in base36, i.e. 0-9, a-z
function getNextDir($currentDir, $levelLen, $ilevel, $currentVal){
$max = $currentVal;
$len = $levelLen * $ilevel;
foreach($currentDir as $k=>$v){
if(strlen($k)==$len && substr($k,0,strlen($k)-$levelLen)==substr($max,0,strlen($k)-$levelLen) ){
//条件：同级且在同一个节点下
//$max = $k;
$max = $this->maxByBase36($max, $k);
}
}
$lastnumber = substr($max,strlen($max)-$levelLen,strlen($max));
$lastnumber = base_convert($lastnumber,36,10); //36进制转成10进制
$lastnumber++;
$lastnumber = base_convert($lastnumber,10,36); //10进制转成36进制
if(strlen($lastnumber)<$levelLen){ //开头做加0处理
$temp = '';
for($i=0; $i<($levelLen-strlen($lastnumber)); $i++){
$temp .='0';
}
$lastnumber = $temp.$lastnumber;
}
return substr($max,0,strlen($max)-$levelLen).$lastnumber;
}
# get sub dir under currentDir, a1b200 for a1b2
function getSubDir($currentDir, $levelLen, $ilevel, $currentVal){
$nextlen = $levelLen * ($ilevel+1);
$currentlen = $levelLen * $ilevel;
$exist = false;
foreach($currentDir as $k=>$v){
if(strlen($k)==$nextlen && substr($k,0,$currentlen)==$currentVal){
//$max = $k;
$max = $this->maxByBase36($max, $k);
$exist = true; //当前菜单项存在子级
}
}
if($exist){
$lastnumber = substr($max,strlen($max)-$levelLen,strlen($max));
$lastnumber = base_convert($lastnumber,36,10); //36进制转成10进制
$lastnumber++;
$lastnumber = base_convert($lastnumber,10,36); //10进制转成36进制
if(strlen($lastnumber)<$levelLen){ //开头做加0处理
$temp = '';
for($i=0; $i<($levelLen-strlen($lastnumber)); $i++){
$temp .='0';
}
$lastnumber = $temp.$lastnumber;
}
return substr($max,0,strlen($max)-$levelLen).$lastnumber;
}
else{ //当前菜单项不存在子级
for($i=0; $i<$levelLen; $i++){
$currentVal .='0';
}
return $currentVal;
}
}
//- extract all possible upside dirs from a dir
//- Xenxin@ufqi, Wed Apr 24 13:09:17 HKT 2019
function extractDir($dir, $dirLevelLen=null){
$rtnDirList = array($dir);
$dirLen = strlen($dir);
if($dirLevelLen == null || $dirLevelLen < 1){
$dirLevelLen = $this->dirLevelLength;
}
for($ilen=$dirLevelLen; $ilen<$dirLen; $ilen+=$dirLevelLen){
$rtnDirList[] = substr($dir, 0, $ilen);
}
return $rtnDirList;
}
//- sort same layer by iname
//- <EMAIL>, Sat May 22 21:37:49 CST 2021
function sortDir($targetDir, $icode, $iname, $dirLevelLength=2){
$treeList = array();
$codeLen = $dirLevelLength; $theCode = '';
//-sort
foreach($targetDir as $k=>$v){
$theCode = $v[$icode]; $codeLen = strlen($theCode);
$keyLenArr[$codeLen]["$theCode"] = $v[$iname];
#debug("k:$k $theCode len:$codeLen");
}
$keyLenArr2 = array();
foreach($keyLenArr as $k=>$v){
$v = $this->sortByGbk($v); // sort all items within same layer
$keyLenArr2[$k] = $v;
#debug("k:$k sort:".serialize($keyLenArr2[$k]));
}
$keyLenArr = $keyLenArr2;
//- re-group
$keyLenArr2 = array(); $tmpArr = $keyLenArr;
$maxDepth = $this->maxLevelDepth + $dirLevelLength;
foreach($keyLenArr as $keyLen=>$arr){
foreach($arr as $k2=>$v2){
$keyLenArr2[] = array("$icode"=>$k2, "$iname"=>$v2);
#debug("keyLen:$keyLen, k2:$k2 v2:$v2 icode:".$v2[$icode]);
$myLevel=$keyLen+$dirLevelLength;
$childArr = $this->getChild($keyLenArr, $k2, $myLevel, $icode, $iname);
foreach($childArr as $ck=>$cv){
$keyLenArr2[] = $cv;
}
}
}
$keyLenArr = $keyLenArr2;
return $keyLenArr;
}
//- iterate all children looply
//- travel all dirs with depth first
function getChild($keyLenArr, $pcode, $myLevel, $icode, $iname){
$rtnArr = array();
$tmpArr = $keyLenArr[$myLevel];
foreach($tmpArr as $k3=>$v3){
if(startsWith($k3, $pcode)){
#debug("\t\tmyLevel:$myLevel pcode:$pcode k3-icode:$k3 iname:$v3");
$rtnArr[] = array("$icode"=>$k3, "$iname"=>$v3);
$tmpLevel = $myLevel + $this->dirLevelLength;
if($tmpLevel <= $this->maxLevelDepth){
$rtnArr2 = $this->getChild($keyLenArr, $k3, $tmpLevel, $icode, $iname);
foreach($rtnArr2 as $k4=>$v4){
$rtnArr[] = $v4;
}
}
else{
#debug("class/xdirectory: myLevel:$tmpLevel > ".$this->maxLevelDepth);
}
}
}
return $rtnArr;
}
//- sort with gbk?
function sortByGbk($arr){
$needGBK = 0; global $_CONFIG;
if(strtolower($_CONFIG['character_code_for_sort']) == 'gbk'){ $needGBK = 1; }
$tmpArr = array();
if($needGBK == 1){
foreach($arr as $k=>$v){
$tmpArr[$k] = iconv('UTF-8', 'GBK', $v);
}
}
else{
$tmpArr = $arr;
}
asort($tmpArr, SORT_STRING); // sort by value with string
$arr = array();
if($needGBK == 1){
foreach($tmpArr as $k=>$v){
$arr[$k] = iconv('GBK', 'UTF-8', $v);
}
}
else{
$arr = $tmpArr;
}
return $arr;
}
//-
//- added by <EMAIL>, Tue Jul 27 16:19:50 CST 2021
function maxByBase36($a, $b){
$a = $a=='' ? "0" : $a;
$b = $b=='' ? "0" : $b;
$a10 = base_convert($a, 36, 10);
$b10 = base_convert($b, 36, 10);
if($a10 > $b10){
return $a;
}
else{
return $b;
}
}
}
?><file_sep>/extra/extra_example.php
<?php
# extra name and function
# <EMAIL> on Sun Jan 31 10:22:15 CST 2016
#
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
//$gtbl = new GTbl($tbl, array(), $elementsep);
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
# main actions
$out = 'my output content...';
# or
$data['respobj'] = array('output'=>'content');
# module path
$module_path = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
# without html header and/or html footer
$isoput = false;
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
?>
<file_sep>/act/dodelete.php
<?php
# do delete for act=list-dodelete, Fri Apr 6 20:46:13 CST 2012
$Max_Allow_Count_Delete = 999;
$fieldlist = array();
if(!isset($fieldargv) || !is_array($fieldargv)){ $fieldargv = array(); }
if($hasid){
$gtbl->setId($id);
$tmpVal = $gtbl->getMyId()."=?";
$fieldargv[] = $tmpVal;
}
else{
#$fieldargv = "";
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx; $hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
if($field == null | $field == ''
|| $field == $gtbl->getMyId()){
continue;
}
if(array_key_exists($field, $_REQUEST)){
$gtbl->set($field, $_REQUEST[$field]);
$fieldargv[] = $field."=?";
}
$fieldlist[] = $field;
}
}
$hmorig = $gtbl->getBy("*", implode(" and ", $fieldargv));
if($hmorig[0]){
$hmorig = $hmorig[1][0]; # the first row
}
include("./act/checkconsistence.php");
//- allow deletion
$hm = $gtbl->rmBy(implode(" and ", $fieldargv));
#print_r(__FILE__.": delete:[".$hm."]\n");
$doDeleteResult = true;
# some triggers bgn, added on Sat May 26 10:22:14 CST 2012
include("./act/trigger.php");
# some triggers end, added on Sat May 26 10:22:27 CST 2012
//- check linktbl, Tue Jul 6 15:50:34 CST 2021
if(true){
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx;$hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
$fieldInputType = $gtbl->getInputType($field); $hasDefaultVal = 0;
$extraInput = $gtbl->getExtraInput($field, $hmorig);
if($field == null || $field == ''){
continue;
}
else if($extraInput != ''){
if(inString('extra/linktbl.php', $extraInput)){
$paramArr = explode('&', substr($extraInput, strpos($extraInput, '?')));
$linkTbl = ''; $linkField = ''; $tmpArr = array();
foreach($paramArr as $k=>$v){
if(inString('tbl=', $v)){
$tmpArr = explode('=', $v);
$linkTbl = $tmpArr[1];
}
else if(inString('linkfield=', $v)){
$tmpArr = explode('=', $v);
$linkField = $tmpArr[1];
}
}
if($linkTbl != '' && $linkField != ''){
$linkId = $hmorig['id']; # assume hasId?
$tmpSql = "delete from $linkTbl where $linkField=$linkId limit $Max_Allow_Count_Delete";
$hmResult = $gtbl->execBy($tmpSql, null, null);
debug("act/dodelete: linktbl: sql:[$tmpSql] result:".serialize($hmResult));
}
}
#debug("act/dodelete: field:$field input:$fieldInputType extraInput:$extraInput linktbl:$linkTbl linkfield:$linkField params:".serialize($paramArr)." hmorig:".serialize($hmorig));
}
}
}
//- clean
$gtbl->setId('');
$_REQUEST[$gtbl->getMyId().'.old'] = $_REQUEST[$gtbl->getMyId()];
$_REQUEST[$gtbl->getMyId()] = ''; # remedy Thu Apr 17 08:41:11 CST 2014
$id = '';
//- resp
if($hm[0] && $doDeleteResult){
$out .= "<script> parent.sendNotice(true, '".$lang->get('notice_success')."'); parent.switchArea('contentarea_outer','off'); </script>";
}
else{
if(!$doDeleteResult){
$out .= "<script> parent.sendNotice(false, '".$lang->get('notice_success').".".$out."');</script>";
}
else{
$out .= "<script> parent.sendNotice(false, '".$lang->get('notice_success')."');</script>";
$deleteErrCode = '201811241202';
}
}
?><file_sep>/index.php
<?php
$_REQUEST['tbl'] = ''; # 'fin_todotbl'; Wed Oct 22 09:10:01 CST 2014
require("./comm/header.inc.php");
$data['title'] = $data['lang']['agentname'];
$out = str_replace('TITLE', $data['title'], $out);
$gtbl = new WebApp();
$module_list = ""; $hm_module_order = array(); $hm_module_name = array(); $hm_todo_list = array();
$hm_module_db = array();
$moduleNeedDb = '';
$userGroup = $user->getGroup();
$hm = $gtbl->execBy($sql="select * from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."fin_todotbl where 1=1 and ((togroup in (" # for multiple groups
.$userGroup.") or touser=".$user->getId()." or triggerbyparent in (".$userGroup.") or triggerbyparentid="
.$user->getId().") or $userGroup=1) and istate in (1,2) order by istate desc, id desc limit 7 ", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_todo-select-'.$user->getId()));
# give overall data to admin grouplevel=1, Nov 10, 2018
#debug("sql:$sql");
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
foreach ($hm as $k=>$v){
$hm_todo_list[$v['id']] = $v;
}
}
$data['todo_state'] = array('0'=>$lang->get('work_task_state_done'),
'1'=>$lang->get('work_task_state_todo'),
'2'=>$lang->get('work_task_state_doing'),
'3'=>$lang->get('work_task_state_pending'),
'4'=>$lang->get('work_task_state_cancel'));
$data['user_list'] = $user->getUserList();
$mycachedate=date("Y-m-d", time()-(86400*60));
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select count(parenttype) as modulecount, parenttype from "
.$_CONFIG['tblpre']."fin_operatelogtbl where inserttime > '"
.$mycachedate." 00:00:00' and parenttype not in ('gmis_info_usertbl', 'gmis_fin_todotbl')"
." group by parenttype order by modulecount desc limit 11", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'fin_operatelog-select-'.$mycachedate));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
if(is_array($hm)){
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$module_list .= "'".$v['parenttype']."',";
$hm_module_order[$k] = $v['parenttype'];
}
}
$module_list = substr($module_list, 0, strlen($module_list)-1);
$hm = $gtbl->execBY("select objname,tblname from "
.$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_objecttbl where tblname in ($module_list)", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_object-select-'.$module_list));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
if(is_array($hm)){
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$hm_module_name[$v['tblname']] = $v['objname'];
}
}
}
$moduleNeedDb = $module_list;
}
#
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select objname,tblname from "
.$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_objecttbl where addtodesktop > 0 order by addtodesktop", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_object-select-desktop'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$data['module_list_byuser'] = $hm; #Todo add2desktop by user
}
else{
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select objname,tblname from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_objecttbl order by rand() limit 11",
null, $withCache=array('key'=>'info_object-select-desktop-rand'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$data['module_list_byuser'] = $hm;
}
else{
$data['module_list_byuser'] = array();
}
}
#
$module_list = '';
foreach($data['module_list_byuser'] as $k=>$v){
$module_list .= "'".$v['parenttype']."',";
$module_list = substr($module_list, 0, strlen($module_list)-1);
}
if($moduleNeedDb == ''){
$moduleNeedDb = '\'\'';
}
if($module_list != ''){
$moduleNeedDb .= ','.$module_list;
}
$hm = $gtbl->execBY("select modulename,thedb from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']
."info_menulist where modulename in ($moduleNeedDb)", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_menulist-select-'.$module_list));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$hm_module_db[$v['modulename']] = $v['thedb'];
}
}
#
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select count(*) as modulecount from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_objecttbl where istate=1", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_object-select-count'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$data['module_count'] = $hm[0]['modulecount'];
}
$userListOL = array();
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select id, email from "
.$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_usertbl where istate=1", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_user-select-count'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$data['user_count'] = count($hm);
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$userListOL[$v['id']] = $v['email'];
}
}
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select * from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."fin_operatelogtbl order by ".$gtbl->getMyId()." desc limit 7",
null, $withCache=array('key'=>'info_user-select-log'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$data['log_list'] = $hm;
}
# dir list, added by <EMAIL>, Sat Mar 12 12:45:24 CST 2016
$navidir = $_REQUEST['navidir'];
if($navidir != ''){
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select * from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_menulist where levelcode='".$navidir
."' or levelcode like '".$navidir."__' order by levelcode", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'info_menulist-select-by-level-'.$navidir));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$data['navidir_list'] = $hm;
}
else{
$data['navidir_list'] = array();
}
#debug($hm, '', 1);
}
$fp = fopen("./ido.php", "r");
if($fp){
$fstat = fstat($fp);
fclose($fp);
$mtime = $fstat['mtime'];
$data['system_lastmodify'] = date("Y-m-d", $mtime);
}
$data['start_date'] = $_CONFIG['start_date'];
# today's users count
$logged_user_count = 1;
$mycachedate=date("Y-m-d", time()-(86400*1));
$hm = $gtbl->execBy("select userid from "
.$_CONFIG['tblpre']."fin_operatelogtbl where inserttime >= '"
.$mycachedate." 00:00:00'" #
." group by userid", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'fin_operatelog-select-usercount-'.$user->getId().'-'.$mycachedate));
if($hm[0]){
#debug($hm);
$hm = $hm[1];
$logged_user_count = count($hm);
}
# module path
$module_path = ''; $levelcode = ''; $codelist = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
if(true){
$out .= "<script type=\"text/javascript\">currenttbl='".$tbl."';\ncurrentdb='"
.$mydb."';\n currentlistid= {};\n currentpath='".$rtvdir."';\n userinfo={"
."'id':'".$userid
."','email':'".$user->getEmail()
."','group':'".$user->getGroup()
."','branch':'".$user->get('branchoffice')
."','sid':'".$sid
."'};\n </script>\n";
}
$data['logged_user_count'] = $logged_user_count;
$data['module_list_order'] = $hm_module_order;
$data['module_list_name'] = $hm_module_name;
$data['module_list_db'] = $hm_module_db;
$data['todo_list'] = $hm_todo_list;
$data['module_path'] = $module_path;
$data['user_list_ol'] = $userListOL;
$data['lang']['welcome_back'] = $lang->get('welcome_back');
$data['lang']['navi_homepage'] = $lang->get('navi_homepage');
$data['lang']['navi_dir'] = $lang->get('navi_dir');
$data['lang']['todayis'] = $lang->get('todayis');
$data['lang']['work_todo'] = $lang->get('menu_desktop_todo');
$data['lang']['work_task'] = $lang->get('work_task');
$data['lang']['state'] = $lang->get('state');
$data['lang']['demand'] = $lang->get('demand');
$data['lang']['supply'] = $lang->get('supply');
$data['lang']['updatetime'] = $lang->get('updatetime');
$data['lang']['more'] = $lang->get('more');
$data['lang']['user'] = $lang->get('user');
$data['lang']['object'] = $lang->get('object');
$data['lang']['module'] = $lang->get('module');
$data['lang']['sys_online'] = $lang->get('sys_online');
$data['lang']['online_user'] = $lang->get('online_user');
$data['lang']['homesite'] = $lang->get('open_homesite');
$data['lang']['operation'] = $lang->get('operation');
$data['lang']['mostused'] = $lang->get('navi_mostused');
$data['lang']['mostused_hint'] = $lang->get('navi_mostused_hint');
$data['lang']['desktop_shortcut'] = $lang->get('navi_desktop');
$data['lang']['desktop_shortcut_hint'] = $lang->get('navi_desktop_hint');
$data['lang']['operatelog'] = $lang->get('navi_operatelog');
$data['lang']['operatelog_hint'] = $lang->get('navi_operatelog_hint');
$smttpl = getSmtTpl(__FILE__, $act);
$smt->assign('agentname', $_CONFIG['agentname']);
$smt->assign('welcomemsg',$welcomemsg);
$smt->assign('desktopurl', $url);
$smt->assign('url', $url);
$smt->assign('ido', $ido);
$smt->assign('jdo', $jdo);
$smt->assign('today', date("Y-m-d"));
$smt->assign('historyurl', $ido.'&tbl=info_operatelogtbl&tit='.$lang->get('menu_desktop_operatelog').'&a1=0&pnsktogroup='
.$userGroup.'&pnskuserid='.$userid);
$navi = new PageNavi();
$pnsc = "state=? and (touser like '".$user->getId()."' or togroup like '".$userGroup."')";
$smt->assign('todourl','ido.php?tbl=fin_todotbl&tit='.$lang->get('menu_desktop_todo').'&a1=1&pnskistate=0&pnsm=1&pnsktouser='.$userid
.'&pnsc='.$pnsc.'&pnsck='.$navi->signPara($pnsc).'&pnsktogroup='.$userGroup);
$smt->assign('sid', $sid);
$smt->assign('userid', $userid);
$smt->assign('content',$out);
$smt->assign('rtvdir', $rtvdir);
$smt->assign('isheader', $isheader);
$smt->assign('watch_interval', $_CONFIG['watch_interval']);
$watchRld = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'watchRld');
$watchRld = $watchRld=='' ? 1 : $watchRld;
$smt->assign('watch_interval_reload', $watchRld);
require("./comm/footer.inc.php");
?><file_sep>/comm/header.inc.php
<?php
//- embedded in app entry
global $appdir, $userid, $user, $gtbl, $out, $data, $lang;
date_default_timezone_set("GMT"); # UTC+0000
$docroot = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'];
$rtvdir = dirname(dirname(__FILE__)); # relative dir
$rtvdir = str_replace($docroot, "", $rtvdir);
$appdir = $docroot.$rtvdir;
if(false){ //- due to soft links in os
$appdir = $docroot;
$dirArr = explode("/", $rtvdir);
$rtvdir = "/".$dirArr[count($dirArr)-1];
$appdir .= $rtvdir;
}
if($rtvdir == ''){
$tmpDirArr = explode("/", $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);
$rtvdir = '/'.$tmpDirArr[1];
$tmpDirArr = null;
}
#print "docroot:[$docroot] rtvdir:[$rtvdir] appdir:[$appdir].";
#exit(0);
$dirArr = explode("/", $rtvdir);
$shortDirName = $dirArr[count($dirArr)-1];
# the name of gMIS subdir, i.e. admin, mgmt ...Sat May 23 22:43:21 CST 2015
require_once($appdir."/inc/config.class.php");
$is_debug = $_CONFIG['is_debug'];
if($is_debug){
header("Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate");
header("Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT");
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_WARNING);
error_reporting(-1);
ini_set('error_reporting', E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE);
ini_set("display_errors", 1);
}
else{
header("Cache-Control: public, max-age=604800"); # a week?
error_reporting(E_ERROR | E_PARSE);
ini_set('error_reporting', E_ERROR | E_PARSE);
ini_set("display_errors", 0);
}
header("X-Frame-Options: sameorigin"); //- 10:11 2020-12-25
require_once($appdir."/class/user.class.php");
require_once($appdir."/comm/tools.function.php");
require($appdir."/class/gtbl.class.php");
require($appdir."/class/pagenavi.class.php");
require_once($appdir."/class/base62x.class.php");
require_once($appdir."/class/language.class.php");
#session_start();
# in initial stage, using php built-in session manager
# implemented with no storage session by <EMAIL>, Tue, 7 Mar 2017 22:54:31 +0800
#const UID = 'UID'; const SID = 'SID';
define("UID", $_CONFIG['agentalias'].'_user_id');
define("SID", 'sid');
$_CONFIG['client_ip'] = Wht::getIp();
# imprv4ipv6
$_CONFIG['is_ipv6'] = strpos($_CONFIG['client_ip'], ':')>0 ? 1 : 0;
#debug("comm/header: is_ipv6:".$_CONFIG['is_ipv6']." ip:".$_CONFIG['client_ip']);
if(!isset($user)){
$user = new User();
$user->setTbl($_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_usertbl");
}
$userid = ''; $out = ''; $htmlheader = ''; $data = array();
$reqUri = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
$reqUri = startsWith($reqUri, '/') ? $reqUri : '/'.$reqUri;
$reqUri = str_replace('jdo.php', 'ido.php', $reqUri);
$thisUrl = 'http' . (isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) ? 's' : '') . '://' . "{$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']}{$reqUri}";
$sid = Wht::get($_REQUEST, SID);
if(true){
$dotPos = strpos($sid, '.');
if($dotPos > 0){
$tmpArr = explode('.', $sid);
$pureSid = $tmpArr[0];
$_REQUEST['sid'] = $pureSid;
if(!isset($_REQUEST['lang'])){ $_REQUEST['lang'] = $tmpArr[1]; }
}
}
# user
$isLogin = false;
if(strpos($_SERVER['PHP_SELF'],'signupin.php') > 0){ $isLogin = true; }
if(!$isLogin){
$userid = $user->getUserBySession($_REQUEST);
}
//- @todo: workspace id, see inc/config
if($userid != ''){
$user->setId($userid);
}
else if(!$isLogin){
header("Location: ".$rtvdir."/extra/signupin.php?act=signin&bkl=".Base62x::encode($thisUrl));
exit(0);
}
else{
//debug("comm/header: empty userid, to signupin. what next? thisUrl:$thisUrl ");
}
# language
$ilang = "zh";
if(true){
$icoun = "CN"; $langconf = array();
$reqtlang = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'lang');
if($reqtlang == ''){
$langs = trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']);
$sepPos = strpos($langs, ',');
if($sepPos > 0){
$langs = substr($langs, 0, $sepPos);
}
if(strpos($langs, '-') > 0){
$tmpArr = explode('-', $langs);
$ilang = $tmpArr[0]; $tmpArr[1];
}
else{
$ilang = "zh";
}
}
else{
$ilang = $reqtlang;
}
$langconf['language'] = $ilang;
$lang = new Language($langconf);
if($is_debug){
debug("comm/header: ilang:".$lang->getTag()." welcome:".$lang->get("welcome"));
}
$data['lang']['welcome'] = $lang->get('welcome');
$tmpAgent = $lang->get('lang_agentname');
if($tmpAgent == $lang->get('lang_agentname_orig') && $_CONFIG['agentname'] != '' ){ $tmpAgent = $_CONFIG['agentname']; }
$data['lang']['agentname'] = $tmpAgent;
$data['lang']['appchnname'] = $lang->get('lang_appchnname');
$data['lang']['ilang'] = $ilang;
//- set to cookie if necessary, @todo
}
if($_REQUEST['lang'] != ''){
$sid = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'sid').'.'.Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'lang');
}
$ido = $rtvdir.'/ido.php?'.SID.'='.$sid;
$jdo = $rtvdir.'/jdo.php?'.SID.'='.$sid;
$url = $rtvdir.'/?'.SID.'='.$sid;
if(!isset($isoput)){
$isoput = true;
}
# convert user input data to variables, tag#userdatatovar
$base62xTag = 'b62x.';
if(true){
foreach($_REQUEST as $k=>$v){
$k = trim($k);
if($k != '' && !inList($k, 'user,lang,userid,appdir,data,out')){
if(preg_match("/([0-9a-z_]+)/i", $k, $matcharr)){
$k_orig = $k = $matcharr[1];
if(is_string($v)){
$v = trim($v);
if(stripos($v, "<") !== false){
# <script , <embed, <img, <iframe, etc. Mon Feb 1 14:48:32 CST 2016
$v = str_ireplace("<", "<", $v);
}
if(inString($base62xTag, $v)){
if(inString(',', $v)){
$tmpArr = explode(',', $v);
$v = '';
foreach($tmpArr as $tmpk=>$tmpv){
if(startsWith($tmpv, $base62xTag)){
$tmpv = Base62x::decode(substr($tmpv, 5));
}
$tmpArr[$tmpk] = $tmpv;
}
$v = implode(',', $tmpArr);
}
else{
if(startsWith($v, $base62xTag)){
$v = Base62x::decode(substr($v, 5));
}
}
}
$_REQUEST[$k] = $v;
}
$data[$k] = $v;
if(true){ # preg_match("/[^\x20-\x7e]+/", $v)
#eval("\${$k} = \"$v\";"); # risky, Tue Aug 28 19:40:10 CST 2018
${$k} = $v;
}
else{
# @todo
}
}
else{
# @todo
}
}
else{
# @todo
}
}
}
if(isset($_REQUEST['isoput'])){
if($_REQUEST['isoput'] == 1){
$isoput = true;
}
else{
$isoput = false;
}
}
if(!isset($isheader)){
$isheader = true;
}
if(isset($_REQUEST['isheader'])){
if($_REQUEST['isheader'] == 1){
$isheader = true;
}
else{
$isheader = false;
}
}
if($isoput){
if(!$isheader){
# another place at view/header.html!
$htmlheader = '<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="'.$ilang.'">
<head>
<!-- other stuff in header.inc -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>TITLE - '.$_CONFIG['appname'].' -'.$_CONFIG['agentname'].'</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/default.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/GTAjax-5.7.js" charset=\"utf-8\" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/ido.js?i='
.($is_debug==1?rand(0,9999):'').'" charset=\"utf-8\" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/ido_proj.js?i='
.($is_debug==1?rand(0,9999):'').'" charset=\"utf-8\" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/popdiv.js" charset=\"utf-8\" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/navimenu/navimenu.js" charset=\"utf-8\" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/Base62x.class.js" charset=\"utf-8\" async></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/navimenu/navimenu.css" />
<link href="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/skin.css?i=" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body> <!-- style="'.($isheader==0?"":"width:880px").'" -->';
}
if($isheader){
if($userid != ''){
$welcomemsg .= $lang->get('welcome').", ";
$welcomemsg .= "<a href='".$rtvdir."/ido.php?tbl=info_usertbl&id=".$userid
."&act=view' class='whitelink'>";
$welcomemsg .= $user->getEmail()." $userid</a> !</b> ";
$welcomemsg .= "<a href=\"".$rtvdir."/extra/signupin.php?act=resetpwd&userid="
.$userid."\" class='whitelink'>".$lang->get('user_reset_pwd')."</a>";
$welcomemsg .= " <select name='langselect' style='background-color:silver;'"
." onchange=\"javascript:window.location.href='".$url."&lang='+this.options[this.selectedIndex].value;\">
<option value='en'".($ilang=='en'?' selected':'').">English</option>
<option value='zh'".($ilang=='zh'?' selected':'').">中文</option>
<option value='fr'".($ilang=='fr'?' selected':'').">Français</option>
<option value='ja'".($ilang=='ja'?' selected':'').">日本語</option>
</select>"
." <a href=\"".$rtvdir."/extra/signupin.php?act=signout&bkl=".Base62x::encode($thisUrl)
."\" class='whitelink'>".$lang->get('user_sign_out')."</a> ";
$menulist = '';
include($appdir."/comm/navimenu/navimenu.php");
$out .= "<div style=\"width:100%;clear:both\" id=\"navimenu\">".$menulist."</div>";
//show message number if there are new messages.
$out .= "<div id=\"a_separator\" style=\"height:10px;margin-top:25px;clear:both\"></div>"
."<!-- height:15px;margin-top:8px;clear:both;text-align:center;z-index:99 -->";
$data['lang']['copyright'] = $lang->get('copyright');
}
}
else if(!startsWith($act, "modify") && !inString('-addform', $act)
&& !inString("/extra", $thisUrl)){
$out .= "<style>html{background:white;}</style><!--$thisUrl-->";
}
}
# initialize new parameters
$i = $j = $id = 0; $randi =0;
$tbl = $field = $fieldv = $fieldargv = $act = '';
$xmlpathpre = $appdir."/xml";
$elementsep = $_CONFIG['septag'];
$db = $_REQUEST['db']; # data db which may differs from $mydb, see ido.php and comm/tblconf.php
$mydb = $_CONFIG['dbname']; # main db on which the app relies
$db = $db=='' ? $mydb : $db;
$tit = $_REQUEST['tit'];
$tbl = $_REQUEST['tbl'];
$tblrotate = $_REQUEST['tblrotate'];
$act = $_REQUEST['act'];
$tit = $tit==''?$tbl:$tit;
$id = isset($_REQUEST['pnskid']) ? $_REQUEST['pnskid'] : $_REQUEST['id'];
$fmt = isset($_REQUEST['fmt'])?$_REQUEST['fmt']:''; # by wadelau on Tue Nov 24 21:36:56 CST 2015
if($fmt == ''){
header("Content-type: text/html;charset=utf-8");
}
else if($fmt == 'json'){
header("Content-type: application/json;charset=utf-8");
}
$randi = rand(100000, 999999);
if(strpos($tbl,$_CONFIG['tblpre']) !== 0){
$tbl = $_CONFIG['tblpre'].$tbl; //- default is appending tbl prefix
}
# tbl test, see inc/webapp.class::setTbl
if(true){ # used in mix mode to cover all kinds of table with or without tbl prefix
$oldtbl = $tbl;
#$tbl = (new GTbl($tbl, null, ''))->setTbl($tbl);
$tmpgtbl = new GTbl($tbl, null, '');
$tbl = $tmpgtbl->getTbl();
if($tbl != $oldtbl){
$_REQUEST['tbl'] = $tbl;
}
$tmpgtbl = null;
}
if(isset($_REQUEST['parent'])){
$tmpnewk = 'pnsk'.$_REQUEST['parent'];
$_REQUEST[$tmpnewk] = $_REQUEST[$_REQUEST['parent']];
# print "tmpnewk:[$tmpnewk] value:[".$_REQUEST[$_REQUEST['parent']]."]";
}
# check access control
$superAccess = '';
include($appdir."/act/checkaccess.inc.php");
# template file info
require($_CONFIG['smarty']."/Smarty.class.php");
$smt = new Smarty();
$viewdir = $appdir.'/view';
$smt->setTemplateDir($viewdir);
$smt->setCompileDir($viewdir.'/compile');
$smt->setConfigDir($viewdir.'/config');
$smt->setCacheDir($viewdir.'/cache');
$smttpl = '';
function exception_handler($exception) {
echo '<div class="alert alert-danger">';
echo '<b>Fatal error</b>: Uncaught exception \'' . get_class($exception) . '\' with message ';
echo $exception->getMessage() . ' .<br/> <!--- please refer to server log. --> Please report this to administrators.';
# hide sensitive information about server and script location from public.
error_log($exception->getTraceAsString());
error_log("thrown in [" . $exception->getFile() . "] on line:[".$exception->getLine()."].");
echo '</div>';
}
set_exception_handler('exception_handler');
?>
<file_sep>/comm/gMISPivotDraw.js
/**
* gMIS Pivot Draw
* work with act/pivot.php
* Xexnin@<EMAIL>
* ver 0.1
* Fri, 4 Aug 2017 21:08:12 +0800
*/
function gMISPivotDraw(dataTbl, calList, grpList, sumList, statList, targetTbl){
var dtbl = dataTbl;
//console.log("dtbl:"+dtbl+", calList:["+calList+"] grpList:["+grpList+"] sumList:["
// +sumList+"] statList:["+statList+"]");
console.log("dtbl:"+dtbl+", calList:["+calList+"]");
var widthWeight = 1.8; // more space for calculate fields
var barPercent = 0.92; // bar width percent, leave space for chars right
var objtbl = document.getElementById(dtbl);
calList = JSON.parse(calList);
grpList = JSON.parse(grpList);
sumList = JSON.parse(sumList);
statList = JSON.parse(statList);
var diagramStr = '<table id="gmis_pivot_draw_tbl" style="border:1px solid black; '
+'width:96%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" class="gmis_pivot_draw_tbl">';
if(objtbl){
var rowLen = objtbl.rows.length;
var statColArr = new Array();
for(var i=0; i<rowLen; i++){
var cells = objtbl.rows[i].cells;
var cellLen = cells.length;
diagramStr += '<tr>';
for(var j=0; j<cellLen; j++){
var tdv = cells[j].innerText;
//console.log("tr:"+i+", td:"+j+", val:"+tdv);
if(i==1){ // very first row
if(statList.hasOwnProperty(tdv)){
statColArr[j] = tdv;
}
else{
statColArr[j] = '';
}
//console.log('j:'+j+' tdv:'+tdv+', colName:'+statColArr[j]);
}
else if(tdv == 'GrandTotal' || tdv == 'Average.of'
|| tdv == 'Max.of' || tdv == 'Min.of' || tdv == 'ALL'){
//- sensitive fields, skip
break;
}
if(i> 1 && statColArr[j] != ''){ // from 2nd row
var colName = statColArr[j];
var maxN = statList[colName]['max'];
var minN = statList[colName]['min'];
var prtofsum = shortenDecimal(tdv*100/(sumList[colName])); //- sumList?
var prtofmax = shortenDecimal(tdv*100/(maxN)); //- statList?
var tdWidth = 100/(cellLen/widthWeight);
var perctChar = prtofsum + '%';
if(tdv == maxN){
perctChar = '<span style="color:red;"><b>'+prtofsum+'%</b></span>';
}
else if(tdv == minN){
perctChar = '<span style="color:silver;">'+prtofsum+'%</span>';
}
diagramStr += '<td style="overflow:hidden;width:'+tdWidth+'%;"><span style="width:'
+(prtofmax*barPercent)+'%;" title="'+tdv+'" class="spanbar">'
+shortenDecimal(tdv)+'</span> '+perctChar+'</td>';
}
else{
diagramStr += '<td>'+tdv+'</td>';
}
}
diagramStr += '</tr>';
}
}
else{
console.log('objtbl failed. 201708042105.');
}
diagramStr += '</table>';
var tgttbl = document.getElementById(targetTbl);
if(tgttbl){
tgttbl.innerHTML = diagramStr;
}
else{
console.log('targettbl failed. 201708042208.');
}
return true;
}
//- simple sprintf
//- Mon, 7 Aug 2017 22:42:32 +0800
function shortenDecimal(f){
var fa = f + '';
var dotPos = fa.indexOf('.');
if(dotPos > -1){
var fi = fa.substring(0,dotPos);
fa = fi + fa.substr(dotPos, 2);
}
return fa;
}
<file_sep>/class/insitesearch.class.php
<?php
/* In-site Search class
* v0.1,
* <EMAIL>
* Tue May 29 19:58:37 CST 2018
*/
if(!defined('__ROOT__')){
define('__ROOT__', dirname(dirname(__FILE__)));
}
require_once(__ROOT__.'/inc/webapp.class.php');
class InSiteSearch extends WebApp{
var $ver = 0.01;
var $currTime = '';
const SID = 'sid';
#
public function __construct($args=null){
$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').'insitesearchtbl');
//- init parent
parent::__construct($args);
$this->currTime = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time());
}
#
public function __destruct(){
}
#
#
public function saveInfo($rowList, $itbl, $idb){
$rtn = 0;
$isep = "\t\t";
$targetList = array();
$md5List = '"0"';
$fieldList = array();
# rows
foreach($rowList as $k=>$v){
# fields
foreach($v as $k2=>$v2){
$ifield = $k2;
if(!isset($fieldList[$ifield])){
$fieldList[$ifield] = 1;
$targetList[$ifield]['emptyc'] = 0;
$targetList[$ifield]['numberc']++;
$targetList[$ifield]['inblacklist'] = 0;
}
$v2 = trim($v2);
if($v2 == ''){
$targetList[$ifield]['emptyc']++;
continue;
}
else if(is_numeric($v2)){
$targetList[$ifield]['numberc']++;
continue;
}
else if(startsWith($v2, 'http')){
$targetList[$ifield]['inblacklist'] = 1;
continue;
}
}
}
# remove unwelcome
#debug("bfr trim targetList:".serialize($fieldList));
$rowCount = count($rowList);
$tmpFieldList = array();
foreach($fieldList as $k=>$v){
$ifield = $k;
$needRm = false;
if($targetList[$ifield]['inblacklist'] == 1){
$needRm = true;
}
else if($targetList[$ifield]['emptyc'] > $rowCount * 0.8){ # why .6?
$needRm = true;
}
else if($targetList[$ifield]['numberc'] > $rowCount * 0.5){ # why .1?
$needRm = true;
}
if(!$needRm){
$tmpFieldList[$ifield] = 1;
}
}
$fieldList = $tmpFieldList;
# save new
#debug("reach targetList:".serialize($fieldList));
#print_r($fieldList);
$succi = 0;
foreach($fieldList as $k=>$v){
$ifield = $k;
$imd5 = md5($tmps=$idb.$isep.$itbl.$isep.$ifield);
$hm = $this->execBy($sql="select id from ".$this->getTbl()
." where imd5='".$imd5."' limit 1", null);
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $this->execBy($sql="update ignore ".$this->getTbl()
." set updatetime='".$this->currTime."'"
." where imd5='$imd5'", null);
debug("imd5:$imd5, update sql:$sql\n");
#$rtn .= $tmps . " save succ\n";
debug($tmps . " update succ\n");
$succi++;
}
else{
$hm2 = $this->execBy($sql="insert ignore into ".$this->getTbl()
." set idb='$idb', itbl='$itbl',"
." ifield='$ifield', ivalue='',"
." imd5='$imd5', updatetime='".$this->currTime."'"
." ", null);
if($hm2[0]){
debug($tmps . " update failed. try to insert, succc.");
}
else{
debug($tmps . " update failed. try to insert,but failed again.");
}
}
}
$rtn = $succi;
return $rtn;
}
#
public function rmOldField(){
$rtn = 0;
$hm = $this->execBy($sql="delete from ".$this->getTbl()
." where updatetime < '".$this->currTime."'", null);
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
debug("rmOld: succ with sql:$sql\n");
}
else{
debug("rmOld: failed with sql:$sql\n");
}
}
#
#
}
?>
<file_sep>/comm/ido_proj.js
//-
//- proj specified funcs
//- added by <EMAIL>, 10:34 Sunday, January 10, 2016
//-
//- fill default value
//- <EMAIL>, 19:03 27 November 2017
//- randType = string, number, date, [sys values]
//- e.g.
//- <delayjsaction>onload::3::fillDefault('apikey','string',16);</delayjsaction>
//-
if(typeof userinfo == 'undefined'){ userinfo = {}; }
//-
function fillDefault(fieldId, randType, randLen){
var f = document.getElementById(fieldId);
if(f){
var oldv = f.value;
if(oldv == ''){
if(randType == null || randType == ''){
randType = 'string';
}
if(randLen == null || randLen == 0 || randLen == ''){
radnLen = 16
}
if(randType == 'string'){
var randVal = '';
var sDict = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
for (var i = 0; i < randLen; i++){
randVal += sDict.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * sDict.length));
}
}
f.value = randVal;
console.log(' randVal:['+randVal+'] fillDefault succ.');
}
else{
console.log('oldv not empty. fillDefault stopped.');
}
}
else{
console.log('fieldId:['+fieldId+'] invalid. fillDefault failed.');
}
}
//-
//- fillSubInput, xenxin@ufqi, Sun Jun 13 11:13:44 CST 2021
//- switch child input type by parent select option, as supper for fillSubSelect
/*
<field name="fieldid">
<chnname>属性名称</chnname>
<selectoption>fromtable::item_fieldtbl::fieldname::itype=THIS_itype::id</selectoption>
<jsaction>onchange::fillSubInput('fieldid', 'fieldvalue', 'itemField', './extra/readtblfield.php');</jsaction>
<memo>如果列表中没有，可以去 扩展属性定义 中新增</memo>
</field>
<field name="fieldvalue">
<chnname>属性值</chnname>
<inputtype>textarea</inputtype>
<jsaction>ondblclick::fillSubInput('fieldid', 'fieldvalue', 'itemField', './extra/readtblfield.php');</jsaction>
<memo>数值型直接录入数字, 不用单位; 选择性的 是/有 选数字1, 否/无 选数字0; 文本内容的直接录入文字内容. &nbsp;双击可转换>
输入方式</memo>
</field>
*/
function fillSubInput(parentId, childId, logicId, myUrl){
var fieldv = _g(parentId).options[_g(parentId).selectedIndex].value;
var fieldorig = _g(childId+'_select_orig').value;
fieldorig = fieldorig == null ? '' : fieldorig;
console.log("currentVal:["+fieldv+"]");
console.log("fillSubInput: fieldv:["+fieldv+"] logicId:["+logicId+"] orig_value:["+fieldorig+"]");
if(fieldv != ''){
//-
if(logicId == 'itemField'){
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
//window.alert("getresult:["+this+"]");
var resp = this;
if(resp.indexOf('<pre') > -1){
var resp_1 = /<pre[^>]*>([^<]*)<\/pre>/g;
var resp_2 = resp_1.exec(resp);
resp = resp_2[1];
}
//console.log("getresult:["+resp+"]");
var jsonResp = JSON.parse(JSON.parse(resp)); //- <pre>"REAL_JSON_STRING"</pre>
//console.log("getresult:["+resp+"] jsonResp:"+jsonResp+" ");
var fieldInfo = jsonResp.result_list[0] ;
console.log("fieldInfo:["+fieldInfo+"] str:"+JSON.stringify(fieldInfo));
var childObj = _g(childId); var childOrigVal = childObj.value;
if(fieldInfo.fieldtype == 4 || fieldInfo.fieldtype == 3){
//- multiple or single select
var myInput = "<select id='"+childId+"' name='"+childId+"'>";
var myOptions = "";
if(fieldInfo.fieldoption.indexOf('|') > -1){
var tmpOptions = fieldInfo.fieldoption.split('|'); var tmmj = 0;
for(var tmpi in tmpOptions){
if(tmpOptions[tmpi]=='\u662f' || tmpOptions[tmpi] == '有'){ tmpj = 1; }
else if(tmpOptions[tmpi]=='\u5426' || tmpOptions[tmpi] == '无'){ tmpj = 0; }
else{ tmpj = tmpi; }
myOptions += "<option value='"+(tmpj)+"'"+(tmpj==childOrigVal?" selected":"")+">"
+tmpOptions[tmpi]+"("+tmpj+")</option>"
}
}
else{
myOptions += "<option value='0'"+(0==childOrigVal?" selected":"")+">否, 无(0)</option>"
+"<option value='1'"+(1==childOrigVal?" selected":"")+">是, 有(1)</option>";
}
myInput += myOptions + "</select>";
var newSpan = document.createElement('span');
newSpan.innerHTML = myInput;
var childUpObj = childObj.parentNode;
childUpObj.insertBefore(newSpan, childObj);
childUpObj.removeChild(childObj);
}
else if(fieldInfo.fieldtype == 2 || fieldInfo.fieldtype == 1){
//- single line input
var myInput = "<input id='"+childId+"' name='"+childId+"' value='"+childOrigVal+"'/>";
var newSpan = document.createElement('span');
newSpan.innerHTML = myInput;
var childUpObj = childObj.parentNode;
childUpObj.insertBefore(newSpan, childObj);
childUpObj.removeChild(childObj);
}
else{
//- textarea as default...
}
//console.log("?-fieldtype:"+fieldInfo.fieldtype);
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl+'?objectid='+fieldv+'&isoput=0&logicid='+logicId+'&tbl=item_fieldtbl'));
}
//-
}
else{
console.log("ido.js::fillSubInput::fieldv:["+fieldv+"] is empty.");
}
}
<file_sep>/class/xtree.class.php
<?php
/*
* XTree class for unlimited tree-like directory with parentid and id
* <EMAIL>,
* Sat May 8 10:51:12 CST 2021
*
*/
if(!defined('__ROOT__')){
define('__ROOT__', dirname(dirname(__FILE__)));
}
require_once(__ROOT__.'/inc/webapp.class.php');
class XTree extends WebApp{
public $lang = null;
function __construct($tbl = ''){
# db
$db = $reqdb = trim($_REQUEST['db']);
if($reqdb != ''){
$args = array('dbconf'=>($db==GConf::get('maindb')? '' : $db));
if($args['dbconf'] == 'newsdb'){
$args['dbconf'] = 'Config_Master';
}
# other args options
parent::__construct($args);
}
else{
$this->dba = new DBA();
}
# tbl
if($tbl != ''){
if($_CONFIG['language'] && $_CONFIG['language'] == "en_US"){
//$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').'en_'.$tbl);
$this->setTbl('en_'.$tbl);
}
else{
//$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').$tbl);
$this->setTbl($tbl);
}
}
# lang
if(true){
#debug("mod/pagenavi: lang: not config. try global?");
global $lang;
$this->lang = $lang; # via global?
}
}
# get dir list, expand all of directories above the target dir or its same level, "open all to target"
function getList($targetDir, $levelLen){
$dirList .="";
return $dirList;
}
}
?><file_sep>/comm/ido.js
//-
//- init from Mon Jul 28 15:38:37 CST 2014
//- Fri Aug 1 13:58:12 CST 2014
//-- Thu Sep 11 09:30:12 CST 2014
//-- Thu Sep 25 16:07:58 CST 2014
//-- Mon Sep 29 16:01:21 CST 2014
//-- Mon Oct 27 15:58:46 CST 2014
//-- 09:48 Wednesday, July 01, 2015
//- with ido_proj.js , 10:37 Sunday, January 10, 2016
//- wrap iId as string, 09:03 09 October 2016
//- imprvs on searchbytime, Thu, 2 Mar 2017 16:32:06 +0800
//- bugfix on firefox with event, 23:34 02 August 2017
//- bugfix for async, 19:14 Thursday, 15 March, 2018
//- imprvs on pivot with addgroupbyseg, 17 August, 2018
//- imprvs on pickup, Fri Sep 21 21:09:34 CST 2018
//- imprvs on todo/filedir, Sat Oct 20 CST 2018
//- imprvs with userinfo.$lang, Tue Nov 5 03:39:27 UTC 2019
//- bugfix for getUrlByTime and PickUp, 13:33 Saturday, March 28, 2020
var currenttbl = currenttbl ? currenttbl : '';
var currentdb = currentdb ? currentdb : '';
var currentpath = currentpath ? currentpath : '';
var currentlistid = currentlistid ? currentlistid : {}; //-- associative array
var userinfo = userinfo ? userinfo : {};
//-
userinfo.$lang = userinfo.$lang ? userinfo.$lang : {};
userinfo.pickUpFromTag = '&frompickup=1';
if(!window.console){
console = { log:function(){}};
}
//-- script used in /manage/items/index.jsp, 20090303, wadelau
function pnAction(url){
if(url.indexOf("act=") == -1 && url.indexOf("?") > -1){
url += "&act=list";
}
doAction(url);
}
//-
function doAction(strUrl){
var rtn = true;
var sActive = "actarea";
var myAjax = new GTAjax();
myAjax.set('targetarea',sActive);
myAjax.set('forceframe',true);
myAjax.set('nobacktag','nobacktag');
var tmps = myAjax.get( appendTab(strUrl) );
if(typeof strUrl == 'string'){
if(strUrl.indexOf('needautopickup=no') < 0){ //- see extra/linktbl
if(strUrl.indexOf('&act=list') > -1 && strUrl.indexOf(userinfo.pickUpFromTag) == -1){
var pickUpUrl = strUrl.replace('&act=list', '&act=pickup');
var doActionPickUpTimer=window.setTimeout(function(){ doActionEx(pickUpUrl, 'contentarea'); }, 2*1000);
//console.log('doAction: found list refresh, trigger pickup reload.... timer:'+doActionPickUpTimer+' purl:'+pickUpUrl);
if(typeof userinfo.PickUpList == 'undefined'){ userinfo.PickUpList = {}; }
userinfo.PickUpList.latestUrl = pickUpUrl;
}
}
}
if(typeof userinfo.time2Quit != 'undefined'){
userinfo.time2Quit = (new Date()).getTime() + parseInt(userinfo.time4Renew);
}
return rtn;
}
function doActionEx(strUrl,sActive){
if(sActive=='addareaextra'){
//document.getElementById('addareaextradiv').style.display='block';
switchArea('addareaextradiv', 'on');
}
if(sActive == 'contentarea'){
/*
document.getElementById('contentarea_outer').style.display='block';
document.getElementById('contentarea').style.display='block';
*/
switchArea('contentarea_outer', 'on');
switchArea('contentarea', 'on');
}
var myAjax = new GTAjax();
myAjax.set('targetarea',sActive);
myAjax.set('nobacktag','nobacktag');
myAjax.set('forceframe',true);
var tmps = myAjax.get( appendTab(strUrl) );
if(typeof strUrl == 'string'){
if(strUrl.indexOf('needautopickup=no') < 0){ //- see extra/linktbl
if(sActive == 'actarea' && strUrl.indexOf('&act=list') > -1 && strUrl.indexOf(userinfo.pickUpFromTag) == -1){
var pickUpUrl = strUrl.replace('&act=list', '&act=pickup');
var doActionPickUpTimer=window.setTimeout(function(){ doActionEx(pickUpUrl, 'contentarea'); }, 2*1000);
//console.log('doActionEx: found list refresh, trigger pickup reload.... timer:'+doActionPickUpTimer+' purl:'+pickUpUrl);
if(typeof userinfo.PickUpList == 'undefined'){ userinfo.PickUpList = {}; }
userinfo.PickUpList.latestUrl = pickUpUrl;
}
}
if(strUrl.indexOf('_Updt_Clit_Urlp=1') > -1){
if(typeof userinfo.urlParams == 'undefined'){ userinfo.urlParams={}; };
var tmpTimerId = window.setTimeout(function(){
userinfo.urlParams = getUrlParams(strUrl);
console.log("strUrl:["+strUrl+"] try to reload urlparams");
}, 2*1000);
}
}
if(typeof userinfo.time2Quit != 'undefined'){
userinfo.time2Quit = (new Date()).getTime() + parseInt(userinfo.time4Renew);
}
return tmps;
}
//-
function _g( idName ){
//return document.getElementById( str );
var obj = document.getElementById(idName);
var myObj = new Object();
if(obj != null && typeof obj != 'undefined'){
myObj = obj;
}
else{
var objs = document.getElementsByName(idName);
if(objs != null && typeof objs != 'undefined'){
if(objs[0] != null && typeof objs[0] != 'undefined'){
myObj = objs[0];
}
}
}
//console.log("comm/ido: _g idName:"+idName+" myObj:"+JSON.stringify(myObj));
return myObj;
}
//
function appendTab(strUrl){
if(typeof strUrl == 'string'){
if(strUrl.indexOf(".php")>-1){
if(strUrl.indexOf("tbl")==-1){
//window.alert('need to append acctab.');
if(strUrl.indexOf("?")==-1){
strUrl+="?tbl="+currenttbl;
}
else{
strUrl+="&tbl="+currenttbl;
}
}
if(strUrl.indexOf("db")==-1){
//window.alert('need to append acctab.');
strUrl+="&db="+currentdb;
//window.alert('need to append acctab.done:['+strUrl+']');
}
}
}
return appendSid(strUrl);
}
//- display an area or not
function switchArea(sArea, onf){
if(sArea == null || sArea == ''){
sArea = 'contentarea';
}
oldv = document.getElementById(sArea).style.display;
newv = '';
if(onf == null || onf == ''){
if(oldv == 'block'){
newv = 'none';
}else if(oldv == 'none'){
newv = 'block';
}
}else if(onf == 'on'){
newv = 'block';
}else if(onf == 'off'){
newv = 'none';
}
document.getElementById(sArea).style.display=newv;
}
//-- search by a field in navigator menu
//-- updt with security enhancement, Spet 08, 2018
function searchBy(url){
var fieldlist = document.getElementById('fieldlist').value;
var fieldlisttype = document.getElementById('fieldlisttype').value;
var fieldarr = fieldlist.split(",");
var fieldtypearr = fieldlisttype.split(",");
var typearr = new Array();
for(var i=0; i<fieldtypearr.length; i++){
var tmparr = fieldtypearr[i].split(":");
typearr[tmparr[0]] = tmparr[1];
}
var appendquery = '';
var reg1055 = new RegExp("，", 'gm');
var reg1608 = new RegExp("\\\\", 'gm');
var reg1559 = new RegExp("'", 'gm');
if(typeof urlParamList == 'undefined'){ urlParamList = userinfo.urlParams = getUrlParams(); }
for(var i=0;i<fieldarr.length;i++){
var fieldv = null;
eval("var obj = document.getElementById('pnsk_"+fieldarr[i]+"');");
if(obj != null){
if(typearr[fieldarr[i]] == 'select'){
eval("fieldv = document.getElementById('pnsk_"+fieldarr[i]+"').options[document.getElementById('pnsk_"+fieldarr[i]+"').selectedIndex].value;");
//window.alert('field:'+fieldarr[i]+' select:fieldv:['+fieldv+']');
console.log('field:'+fieldarr[i]+' select:fieldv:['+fieldv+']');
if(fieldv == ""){
var reg = new RegExp("&pnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"=([^&]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
reg = new RegExp("&oppnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"=([^&]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
continue;
}
}
else{
eval("fieldv = document.getElementById('pnsk_"+fieldarr[i]+"').value;");
}
//if(fieldv != fieldarr[i]){
if(fieldv != '~~~'){
var fieldopv = '';
if(document.getElementById('oppnsk_'+fieldarr[i]) != null){
eval("fieldopv = document.getElementById('oppnsk_"+fieldarr[i]+"').options[document.getElementById('oppnsk_"+fieldarr[i]+"').selectedIndex].value;");
console.log('fieldv:['+fieldv+'] fieldop:'+fieldarr[i]+' select:fieldopv:['+fieldopv+']');
if(fieldopv != '----'){
if((fieldopv == 'inrange' || fieldopv == 'inlist') && fieldv == ''){
//- omit
}
else{
fieldv = fieldv.replace(reg1055, ",");
fieldv = fieldv.replace(reg1608, "");
fieldv = fieldv.replace(reg1559, "\\\'");
appendquery += "&pnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"="+fieldv;
appendquery += "&oppnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"="+fieldopv;
}
}
else{
//var reg = new RegExp("&oppnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"=([^&]*)");
//url = url.replace(reg, "");
}
}
else{
fieldv = fieldv.replace(reg1055, ",");
appendquery += "&pnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"="+fieldv;
}
var reg = new RegExp("&pnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"=([^&]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
reg = new RegExp("&oppnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"=([^&]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
}
}
else{
var tmpPnsk = 'pnsk'+fieldarr[i]; //- hidden query para, Wed Apr 28 08:25:32 UTC 2021
if(typeof urlParamList[tmpPnsk] != 'undefined'){
appendquery += '&' + tmpPnsk + "=" + urlParamList[tmpPnsk];
}
}
}
//window.alert("fieldlist:"+fieldlist+", url:["+url+"]");
console.log("fieldlist:"+fieldlist+", url:["+url+"]");
//- @todo
var reg = new RegExp("&pntc=([0-9]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
reg = new RegExp("&pnpn=([0-9]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
reg = new RegExp("&pnsk[0-9a-zA-Z]+=([^&]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
reg = new RegExp("&oppnsk"+fieldarr[i]+"=([^&]*)", 'gm');
url = url.replace(reg, "");
reg = new RegExp("&id=([^&]*)", 'gm'); //- remove old id query, Mon, 12 Dec 2016 13:41:21 +0800
url = url.replace(reg, "");
doAction(url+appendquery);
console.log("fieldlist:"+fieldlist+",last_url:["+url+appendquery+"]");
}
//-- 挂表操作传递参数
function sendLinkInfo(vars, rw, fieldtag){
if(rw == 'w'){
if(parent.currentlistid){
//parent.currentlistid[fieldtag] = vars;
parent.currentlistid[fieldtag] = decodeURIComponent(vars.replace(/\+/g,' '));
}else{
//window.alert('parent.currentlistid is ['+parent.currentlistid+'].');
}
}
//window.alert('sendLinkInfo:'+currentlistid[fieldtag]+', 22-:'+parent.currentlistid[fieldtag]+', 33-:'+currentlistid.fieldtag+', 44-:'+parent.currentlistid.fieldtag+', win.href:['+window.location.href+'], rw:['+rw+'] fieldtag:['+fieldtag+']');
if(rw == 'r'){
tmpid = parent.currentlistid[fieldtag]==undefined?'':parent.currentlistid[fieldtag];
parent.currentlistid[fieldtag] = '';
return tmpid;
}
//console.log('sendLinkInfo: vars:['+vars+'] rw:['+rw+'] fieldtag:['+fieldtag+']');
return true;
}
//-- auto calculate numbers, designed by <EMAIL>, BGN
//-- 16/02/2012 23:11:28
/* example:
* onclick="x_calcu_onf(this);"
* onchange="x_calcu(this, 'zongzhichu', {'*':'peitongfangshu','+':'otherid'});"
* means: zongzhichu = this.value * peitongfangshu + otherid
*/
var x_currentCalcu = {};
function x_calcu_onf(thisfield){
//window.alert('oldv: ['+thisfield.value+']');
var fieldid = thisfield.id;
x_currentCalcu.fieldid = thisfield.value==''?0:thisfield.value;
}
function x_calcu(thisfield, targetx, otherlist){
var fieldid = thisfield.id;
if(x_currentCalcu.fieldid == null || x_currentCalcu.fieldid == undefined || x_currentCalcu.fieldid == 'null'){
var tmpobj = document.getElementById(fieldid);
x_currentCalcu.fieldid = tmpobj.value == ''?0:tmpobj.value;
}
var thisfieldv = thisfield.value==''?0:thisfield.value;
var bala = thisfieldv - x_currentCalcu.fieldid;
var tgt = document.getElementById(targetx);
var formulax = '';
if(tgt != null && isNumber(x_currentCalcu.fieldid) && isNumber(thisfieldv)){
var oldv = tgt.value==''?0:tgt.value;
oldv = parseInt(oldv);
for(var k in otherlist){
//window.alert('k:['+k+'] val:['+otherlist[k]+']');
var tmpobj = document.getElementById(otherlist[k]);
var tmpval = 1;
if(tmpobj != null){
tmpval = tmpobj.value==''?0:tmpobj.value;
}else if(k == '+' || k == '-'){
tmpval = 0;
}
formulax += ' ' + k + ' ' + tmpval;
}
//window.alert('formulax:['+formulax+']');
var balax = eval(bala+formulax);
var newv = oldv + parseInt(balax);
tgt.value = parseInt(newv);
//window.alert('oldv:['+x_currentCalcu.fieldid+'] new-field: ['+thisfield.value+'] bala:['+bala+'] formula:['+formulax+'] balax:['+balax+'] newv:['+newv+']');
//x_currentCalcu.fieldid = null;
}else{
window.alert('Javascript:x_calcu: Error! targetx:['+targetx+'] is null or x_currentCalcu.'+fieldid+':['+x_currentCalcu.fieldid+'] is not numeric. \n\tClick an input field firstly.');
thisfield.focus();
}
}
function isNumber(n){
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}
//- added Wed Apr 4 19:57:23 CST 2012
function x_calcuTbl(theform, targetx, f){
var id = theform.id;
if(typeof id != 'string'){
id = theform.name;
}
//window.alert('this.id:['+id+'] name:['+theform.name+'] method:['+theform.method+'] formula:['+f+']');
var fArr = f.split(" "); //-- use space to separate each element in the formula
var symHm = {'=':'','+':'','-':'','*':'','/':'','(':'',')':''};
for(var i=0; i<fArr.length; i++){
//window.alert('i:['+i+'] f:['+fArr[i]+']');
if(fArr[i] != null && fArr[i] != ''){
if(fArr[i] in symHm){
//-
}else{
if(isNumber(fArr[i])){
//-
}else{
var field = document.getElementById(fArr[i]);
var fVal = null;
if(field != null){
fVal = field.value==''?0:field.value;
fVal = parseInt(fVal);
fVal = fVal == NaN?0:fVal;
f = f.replace(new RegExp(' '+fArr[i],"gm"), ' '+fVal);
f = f.replace(new RegExp(fArr[i]+' ',"gm"), fVal+' ');
}else{
window.alert('x_calcuTbl: Unknown field:['+fArr[i]+']');
}
//window.alert('field:['+fArr[i]+'] val:['+fVal+'] new formula:['+f+']');
}
}
}
}
//window.alert('new formula:['+f+']');
var targetx = document.getElementById(targetx);
if(targetx != null){
targetx.value = eval(f);
}
}
//-- auto calculate numbers, designed by <EMAIL>, END
//- dynammic select, bgn, Sun Mar 11 11:36:44 CST 2012
function fillSubSelect(parentId, childId, logicId, myUrl){
var fieldv = document.getElementById(parentId).options[document.getElementById(parentId).selectedIndex].value;
var fieldorig = _g(childId+'_select_orig').value;
fieldorig = fieldorig == null?'':fieldorig;
console.log("currentVal:["+fieldv+"]");
console.log("fieldv:["+fieldv+"] logicId:["+logicId+"] orig_value:["+fieldorig+"]");
if(fieldv != ''){
if(logicId == 'xiane'){
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
//window.alert("getresult:["+this+"]");
var s = this;
//console.log("getresult:["+s+"]");
var sArr = s.split("\n");
for(var i=0;i<sArr.length;i++){
//console.log('i:['+i+'] line:['+sArr[i]+']');
var tmpArr = sArr[i].split(':::');
console.log('key:['+tmpArr[0]+'] val:['+tmpArr[1]+']');
if(tmpArr[0] != '' && tmpArr[0] != 'id' && tmpArr[1] != undefined){
var issel = false;
if(fieldorig.indexOf(tmpArr[0]) > -1){
issel = true;
}
document.getElementById(childId).options[i] = new Option(tmpArr[1]+'('+tmpArr[0]+')',tmpArr[0], true,issel);
}
}
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl+'?objectid='+fieldv+'&isoput=0&logicid='+logicId));
}else if(logicId == 'mingcheng'){
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
//window.alert("getresult:["+this+"]");
var s = this;
console.log("getresult:["+s+"]");
var sArr = s.split("\n");
for(var i=0;i<sArr.length;i++){
//console.log('i:['+i+'] line:['+sArr[i]+']');
var tmpArr = sArr[i].split(':::');
console.log('key:['+tmpArr[0]+'] val:['+tmpArr[1]+']');
if(tmpArr[0] != '' && tmpArr[0] != 'id' && tmpArr[1] != undefined){
document.getElementById(childId).options[i] = new Option(tmpArr[1]+'('+tmpArr[0]+')',tmpArr[0], true,false);
}
}
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl+'?objectid='+fieldv+'&isoput=0&logicid='+logicId));
}else if(logicId == 'leibie'){
console.log("getinto leibie");
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
//window.alert("getresult:["+this+"]");
var s = this;
console.log("getresult:["+s+"]");
var sArr = s.split("\n");
for(var i=0;i<sArr.length;i++){
//console.log('i:['+i+'] line:['+sArr[i]+']');
var tmpArr = sArr[i].split(':::');
console.log('key:['+tmpArr[0]+'] val:['+tmpArr[1]+']');
if(tmpArr[0] != '' && tmpArr[0] != 'id' && tmpArr[1] != undefined){
var issel = false;
if(fieldorig.indexOf(tmpArr[0]) > -1){
issel = true;
}
document.getElementById(childId).options[i+1] = new Option(tmpArr[1]+'('+tmpArr[0]+')',tmpArr[0], true,issel);
}
}
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl+'?tbl=categorytbl&objectid='+fieldv+'&isoput=0&logicid='+logicId+'&parentid='
+parentId+'&childid='+childId));
}else if(logicId == 'area'){
console.log("getinto area");
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
//window.alert("getresult:["+this+"]");
var s = this;
console.log("getresult:["+s+"]");
var sArr = s.split("\n");
for(var i=0;i<sArr.length;i++){
//console.log('i:['+i+'] line:['+sArr[i]+']');
var tmpArr = sArr[i].split(':::');
console.log('key:['+tmpArr[0]+'] val:['+tmpArr[1]+']');
if(tmpArr[0] != '' && tmpArr[0] != 'id' && tmpArr[1] != undefined){
var issel = false;
if(fieldorig.indexOf(tmpArr[0]) > -1){
issel = true;
}
document.getElementById(childId).options[i] = new Option(tmpArr[1]+'('+tmpArr[0]+')',tmpArr[0], true,issel);
}
}
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl+'?tbl=areatbl&objectid='+fieldv+'&isoput=0&logicid='+logicId));
}
}
else{
console.log("ido.js::fillSubSelect::fieldv:["+fieldv+"] is empty.");
}
}
//- dynammic select, end, Sun Mar 11 11:36:44 CST 2012
//-- setSelectIndex, bgn, Tue May 8 20:59:42 CST 2012
//-- 其中一个 select 变化时，其余 select 的 selectedIndex 也跟着动
function setSelectIndex(mySelect, myValue){
var objsel = document.getElementById(mySelect);
if(objsel != null){
for(var i = 0; i < objsel.options.length; i++){
if(objsel.options[i].value == myValue){
if(objsel.selectedIndex != i){
objsel.selectedIndex = i;
}
break;
}
}
}
}
//-- setSelectIndex, bgn, Tue May 8 20:59:42 CST 2012
userinfo.input2Select = {};
//- switchEditable, bgn, Thu Mar 15 20:14:02 CST 2012
//-- 增加对 select 点击即编辑的支持
function switchEditable(targetObj,fieldName,fieldType,fieldValue,myUrl,readOnly){
if(readOnly != ''){
console.log("field:["+fieldName+"] is not configed to edit in this view. e.g. multiple select, textarea.");
return true;
}
var theobj = targetObj;
targetObj = document.getElementById(theobj);
targetObj.contentEditable = true;
targetObj.style.background = "#ffffff";
var newSelId = theobj+'_new1425';
var newsel = null;
var newseldiv = null;
if(fieldType == 'select'){
//window.alert('is Select:['+fieldValue+']!');
newsel = document.createElement('select');
newsel.setAttribute('id', newSelId);
var searsel = document.getElementById('pnsk_'+fieldName);
if(searsel != null){
for(var i=0; i < searsel.length; i++){ //- 复制搜索栏里的select选项到当前
var isselected = false;
if(searsel.options[i].value == fieldValue){
isselected = true;
}
//window.alert('is Select:['+fieldValue+'] currentVal:['+searsel.options[i].value+'] isselected:['+isselected+']!');
newsel.add(new Option(searsel.options[i].text, searsel.options[i].value, isselected, isselected));
}
}
targetObj.innerHTML = '';
targetObj.appendChild(newsel);
}
else if(fieldType == 'input2select'){
newseldiv = document.getElementById(newSelId);
if(!newseldiv){
newseldiv = document.createElement('div');
newseldiv.setAttribute('id', newSelId);
newseldiv.style.cssText = 'display:none;position:absolute;background:#fff;border:#777 solid 1px;margin:-1px 0 0;padding: 5px;font-size:12px; overflow:auto;z-index:49;';
//targetObj.appendChild(newseldiv);
targetObj.parentNode.insertBefore(newseldiv, targetObj.nextSibling);
}
targetObj.onkeyup = function(evt){ evt = evt || window.event; input2Search(targetObj,fieldName, newSelId, 'NEED_OPTION_VALUE'); }
//targetObj.onclick = function(evt){ evt = evt || window.event; userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 0; }
if(!userinfo.input2Select){ userinfo.input2Select = {}; }
userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 0;
}
else{
//- bugfix for disp shortening with non-select in list view
var tmpv = targetObj.innerHTML;
var fieldtmpv = Base62x.decode(fieldValue);
if(tmpv.length < fieldtmpv.length){
targetObj.innerHTML = fieldtmpv;
console.log("found disp shortenning and remedy...");
}
}
if(fieldType != 'input2select'){
if(!userinfo.input2Select){ userinfo.input2Select = {}; }
userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 1;
}
var oldv = targetObj.innerHTML;
var blurObj = targetObj;
if(fieldType == 'select'){
oldv = fieldValue;
blurObj = newsel;
}
userinfo.input2Select.originalValue = oldv;
blurObj.onblur = function(newVal){
var newv = targetObj.innerHTML;
var newvStr = '';
if(fieldType == 'select'){
newv = newsel.options[newsel.selectedIndex].value;
newvStr = newsel.options[newsel.selectedIndex].text;
}
console.log('oldv:['+oldv+'] newv:['+newv+'] newvStr:['+newvStr+'] makeselect:['+userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect+']');
if(newv != oldv && userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect == 1){
//window.alert('newcont:['+newv+'] \noldv:['+oldv+']');
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
var s = this;
var noticeMsg = '';
if(s.indexOf('--SUCC--') > -1){
noticeMsg = userinfo.$lang['notice_success'];
sendNotice(true, noticeMsg);
}
else{
noticeMsg = userinfo.$lang['notice_failure'];
sendNotice(false, '');
}
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl+'&'+fieldName+'='+encodeURIComponent(newv)));
}
else{
//window.alert('same content. unchanged.');
}
targetObj.style.background = "#E8EEF7";
if(fieldType == 'select'){
targetObj.innerHTML = newvStr;
}else{
targetObj.innerHTML = newv;
}
if(fieldType == 'input2select'){
userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 0;
}
userinfo.input2Select.originalValue = newv;
}
}
//- switchEditable, end, Thu Mar 15 20:14:02 CST 2012
//-- notice bgn, Mon Mar 19 21:41:02 CST 2012
function sendNotice(isSucc, sMsg){
var obj = document.getElementById('top_notice_div');
if(obj != undefined && obj != null){
if(isSucc){
obj.innerHTML = '<span style="background-color:yellow; color:green"> <b> '+sMsg+' </b> </span>';
}
else{
obj.innerHTML = '<span style="background-color:yellow; color:red"> <b> '+sMsg+' </b> </span>';
}
window.setTimeout(function(){ obj.innerHTML = ''; }, 8*1000);
}
else{
window.alert(sMsg);
}
}
//-- notice end, Mon Mar 19 21:41:02 CST 2012
//-- register an action to be run in a few seconds later, bgn
//-- see xml/x_useraccesstbl.xml
function registerAct(tObj){
if(tObj.status == 'onload'){
//window.addEventListener('load', function(){
if(true){
//window.alert('delaytime:['+tObj.delaytime+']');
/*
var actx = unescape(tObj.action);
actx = actx.replace('+', ' '); //- need to be replaced with -Base62x, 09:14 24 September 2016
actx = actx.replace('\+', ' '); //- need to be replaced with -Base62x, 09:14 24 September 2016
actx = actx.replace('%20', ' '); //- need to be replaced with -Base62x, 09:14 24 September 2016
*/
var actx = Base62x.decode(tObj.action); //- imprv, July 26, 2018
var actxId = 0;
if(!userinfo.registerAct){
userinfo.registerAct = {};
}
actxId = userinfo.registerAct[tObj.action];
if(actxId){
window.clearTimeout(actxId);
}
actxId = window.setTimeout(actx, tObj.delaytime*1000);
userinfo.registerAct[tObj.action] = actxId;
};//, false);
//console.log('register.action:['+unescape(tObj.action)+'] actx:['+actx+'] axtxId:['+actxId+']');
}
else{
console.log((new Date())+" comm/ido: unsupported registerAct:"+tobj.status);
}
}
//-- register an action to be run in a few seconds, end
//-- act list, 执行动作, bgn, Sat Jun 2 19:19:12 CST 2012
function doActSelect(sSel, sUrl, iId, fieldVal){
var fieldv = fieldVal;
if((fieldv == null || fieldv =='') && fieldv != 'ActOption'){
fieldv = document.getElementById(sSel).options[document.getElementById(sSel).selectedIndex].value;
}
console.log("doActSelect: fieldv:["+fieldv+"]");
var targetUrl = sUrl;
if(fieldv != 'ActOption'){
targetUrl += "&act="+fieldv;
}
var actListDiv = document.getElementById('divActList_'+iId); var hideActListDiv = 1;
if(fieldv != ''){
if(fieldv == 'list-dodelete'){
var deleteDelay = 10; // seconds
if(!actListDiv){
console.log('actListDiv was lost.....')
}
var deleteTimerId = window.setTimeout(function(){
window.console.log('delay delete started.......'+(new Date()));
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
var resp = this;
console.log('delete_resp:['+resp+']'); // copy from iframe document ?
if(resp.indexOf('<pre') > -1){
var resp_1 = /<pre[^>]*>([^<]*)<\/pre>/g;
var resp_2 = resp_1.exec(resp);
//console.log('delete_resp_after:['+resp_2[1]+'] id:['+iId+']');
resp = resp_2[1];
}
var json_resp = JSON.parse(resp);
if(typeof json_resp.resultobj == 'undefined'){ json_resp.resultobj = {}; }
var iId = json_resp.resultobj.targetid; //- anonymous func embeded in another anonymos func, cannot share variables in runtime.
//console.log('delete_resp_after-2:['+resp+'] id:['+iId+']');
if(json_resp.resultobj.resultcode == 0){
sendNotice(true, userinfo.$lang['notice_success']+' TargetId:['+iId+']');
var its_list_tr = document.getElementById('list_tr_'+iId);
if(its_list_tr){
its_list_tr.style.backgroundColor = '#404040';
}
var actListDiv = document.getElementById('divActList_'+iId); //-
if(actListDiv){
actListDiv.style.display = 'none';
}
var parentDataTbl = parent._g('gmisjdomaintbl');
if(typeof parentDataTbl != 'undefined'){
parentDataTbl.deleteRow((parseInt(iId)-1)+3); //- first 3 rows are funcs
console.log("found main tbl:["+parentDataTbl+"] and delete tr-id:["+iId+"]");
}
else{
console.log("not found main tbl:["+parentDataTbl+"] with tr-id:["+iId+"]");
}
}
else{
iId = json_resp.resultobj.resulttrace;
sendNotice(false, userinfo.$lang['notice_failure']+' ErrCode:'+iId);
}
});
gta.get(appendSid(targetUrl+'&async=1&fmt=json&targetLineId='+iId));
}, deleteDelay * 1000);
actListDiv.innerHTML = '<span style="color:red"> ' + iId + userinfo.$lang['notice_delete_soon']
+deleteDelay+' seconds, [<a href="javascript:window.clearTimeout('+deleteTimerId+');switchArea(\'divActList_'
+iId+'\',\'off\');console.log(\'delete is canceled.\'+(new Date())); ">'+userinfo.$lang['func_cancel']+'</a>]...</span>';
hideActListDiv = 0;
//if(isconfirm){
//}
}
else if(fieldv == 'print'){
window.open(sUrl+'&act=print&isoput=1&isheader=0','PrintWindow','scrollbars,toolbar,location=0');
}
else{
doActionEx(targetUrl, 'contentarea');
}
}
else{
//--
}
if(actListDiv && hideActListDiv == 1){
actListDiv.style.display = 'none';
}
}
//-- act list, end, Sat Jun 2 19:19:12 CST 2012
//-- getUrlByTime, Sat Jun 23 11:15:09 CST 2012
function getUrlByTime(baseUrl, timepara, timeop, timeTag){
var url = baseUrl;
var myDate = new Date();
var today = myDate.getDay();
var now = myDate.getTime();
var fromd = 0;
var tod = 0;
var fromD = new Date(fromd);
var toD = new Date(tod);
var fromDStr = '';
var toDStr = '';
if(timeTag == 'TODAY'){
today = myDate.getDate();
fromd = now; // + (-today)*86400*1000;
tod = now; // + (+today)*86400*1000;
}
else if(timeTag == 'YESTERDAY'){
//today = myDate.getDate();
//now = now - 86400*1000*30;
fromd = now + (-1)*86400*1000;
tod = now + (-1)*86400*1000;
}
else if(timeTag == 'THIS_WEEK'){
fromd = now + (-today+1)*86400*1000;
tod = now + (7-today)*86400*1000;
}
else if(timeTag == 'LAST_WEEK'){
now = now - 86400*1000*7;
fromd = now + (-today+1)*86400*1000;
tod = now + (7-today)*86400*1000;
}
fromD = new Date(fromd);
toD = new Date(tod);
fromDStr = fromD.getFullYear()+'-'+(fromD.getMonth()+1)+'-'+fromD.getDate();
toDStr = toD.getFullYear()+'-'+(toD.getMonth()+1)+'-'+toD.getDate();
if(timepara.indexOf('time') > -1 || timepara.indexOf('hour') > -1){
fromDStr += ' 00:00:00';
toDStr += ' 23:59:59';
}
if(timeop == 'inrange'){
url += '&pnsk'+timepara+'='+fromDStr+','+toDStr+'&oppnsk'+timepara+'='+timeop+'&pnsm=1';
}
else{
console.log('unknown timeop:['+timeop+'].1703021921.');
}
//window.alert('now:['+now+'] fromd:['+fromd+'] tod:['+tod+'] url:['+url+']');
doAction(url);
}
//-- getUrlByTime, Sat Jun 23 11:15:09 CST 2012
//-- old functions
function updateTag(tagtype,tagid,str){
try{
if(tagtype=='div' || tagtype=='span'){
document.getElementById(tagid).innerHTML=str;
}
else{
document.getElementById(tagid).value=str;
}
}
catch(err){
//--
window.alert('update err.');
}
}
//-
function checkAll(){
var boxValue="";
for(var i=0;i<document.all.checkboxid.length;i++){
document.all.checkboxid[i].checked = true;
boxValue= boxValue +document.all.checkboxid[i].value+",";
}
window.clipboardData.setData('text',boxValue);
window.alert("Something wrong. 03061743.");
}
//-
function uncheckAll(){
var box1="";
for(var i=0;i<document.all.checkboxid.length;i++){
if(document.all.checkboxid[i].checked == false)
{
document.all.checkboxid[i].checked = true;
box1 = box1+document.all.checkboxid[i].value+",";
}
else
{
document.all.checkboxid[i].checked = false;
}
}
window.clipboardData.setData('text',box1);
window.alert("Something wrong. 03061744.");
}
//-
function batchDelete(url,checkboxid){
var box="";
for(var i=0;i<document.all.checkboxid.length;i++){
if(document.all.checkboxid[i].checked == true){
box = box+document.all.checkboxid[i].value+",";
}
}
var url1 = url+"&checkboxid="+box;
if(box==""){
if(document.all.copyid.value=="??"){
alert("Something wrong. 03061745.");
}
else{
alert("Something wrong. 03061746.");
}
}
else{
if(document.all.copyid.value=="??"){
if(confirm("Are you sure:"+box)){
doAction(url1);
}
}
else if(document.all.copyid.value=="??"){
if(confirm("Are you sure:"+box)){
doAction(url1);
}
}
}
}
//-
function WdatePicker(){
var evt;
if(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf('firefox/') > -1){ // firefox
var evtarg = arguments[0];
if(!evtarg){
console.log('firefox has no global event, please invoke as \"WdatePicker(event);\" .201708022320.');
}
evt = window.event ? window.event : evtarg;
}
else{
evt = window.event ? window.event : event;
}
//var obj = getElementByEvent(event);
var obj = getElementByEvent(evt);
obj = document.getElementById(obj);
//window.alert('obj.id:['+obj.id+'] this.name:['+obj.name+']');
if(obj && obj.id != null){
var newId = (obj.id).replace(new RegExp('-','gm'), '_');
var myDatePicker = new DatePicker('_tmp'+newId,{
inputId: obj.id,
separator: '-',
className: 'date-picker-wp'
});
}
else{
sendNotice(userinfo.$lang['notice_datap_invalid']+' Object:['+obj+']');
}
}
//-
var DatePicker = function () {
var $ = function (i) {return document.getElementById(i)},
addEvent = function (o, e, f) {o.addEventListener ? o.addEventListener(e, f, false) : o.attachEvent('on'+e, function(){f.call(o)})},
getPos = function (el) {
for (var pos = {x:0, y:0}; el; el = el.offsetParent) {
pos.x += el.offsetLeft;
pos.y += el.offsetTop;
}
return pos;
}
var init = function (n, config) {
window[n] = this;
Date.prototype._fd = function () {var d = new Date(this); d.setDate(1); return d.getDay()};
Date.prototype._fc = function () {var d1 = new Date(this), d2 = new Date(this); d1.setDate(1); d2.setDate(1); d2.setMonth(d2.getMonth()+1); return (d2-d1)/86400000;};
this.n = n;
this.config = config;
this.D = new Date;
this.el = $(config.inputId);
this.el.title = this.n+'DatePicker';
this.update();
this.bind();
}
init.prototype = {
update : function (y, m) {
var con = [], week = ['Su','Mo','Tu','We','Th','Fr','Sa'], D = this.D, _this = this;
fn = function (a, b) {return '<td title="'+_this.n+'DatePicker" class="noborder hand" onclick="'+_this.n+'.update('+a+')">'+b+'</td>'},
_html = '<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2>';
y && D.setYear(D.getFullYear() + y);
m && D.setMonth(D.getMonth() + m);
var year = D.getFullYear(), month = D.getMonth() + 1, date = D.getDate();
for (var i=0; i<week.length; i++) con.push('<td title="'+this.n+'DatePicker" class="noborder">'+week[i]+'</td>');
for (var i=0; i<D._fd(); i++ ) con.push('<td title="'+this.n+'DatePicker" class="noborder">?</td>');
for (var i=0; i<D._fc(); i++ ) con.push('<td class="hand" onclick="'+this.n+'.fillInput('+year+', '+month+', '+(i+1)+')">'+(i+1)+'</td>');
var toend = con.length%7;
if (toend != 0) for (var i=0; i<7-toend; i++) con.push('<td class="noborder">?</td>');
_html += '<tr>'+fn("-1, null", "<<")+fn("null, -1", "<")+'<td title="'+this.n+'DatePicker" colspan=3 class="strong">'+year+'/'+month+'/'+date+'</td>'+fn("null, 1", ">")+fn("1, null", ">>")+'</tr>';
for (var i=0; i<con.length; i++) _html += (i==0 ? '<tr>' : i%7==0 ? '</tr><tr>' : '') + con[i] + (i == con.length-1 ? '</tr>' : '');
!!this.box ? this.box.innerHTML = _html : this.createBox(_html);
},
fillInput : function (y, m, d) {
var s = this.config.separator || '/';
this.el.value = y + s + m + s + d;
this.box.style.display = 'none';
},
show : function () {
var s = this.box.style, is = this.mask.style;
s['left'] = is['left'] = getPos(this.el).x + 'px';
s['top'] = is['top'] = getPos(this.el).y + this.el.offsetHeight + 'px';
s['display'] = is['display'] = 'block';
is['width'] = this.box.offsetWidth - 2 + 'px';
is['height'] = this.box.offsetHeight - 2 + 'px';
},
hide : function () {
this.box.style.display = 'none';
this.mask.style.display = 'none';
},
bind : function () {
var _this = this;
addEvent(document, 'click', function (e) {
e = e || window.event;
var t = e.target || e.srcElement;
if (t.title != _this.n+'DatePicker') {_this.hide()} else {_this.show()}
})
},
createBox : function (html) {
var box = this.box = document.createElement('div'), mask = this.mask = document.createElement('iframe');
box.className = this.config.className || 'datepicker';
mask.src = 'javascript:false';
mask.frameBorder = 0;
box.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;display:none;z-index:9999';
mask.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;display:none;z-index:9998';
box.title = this.n+'DatePicker';
box.innerHTML = html;
document.body.appendChild(box);
document.body.appendChild(mask);
return box;
}
}
return init;
}();
//- getElementByEvent works well with MS Edge && Google Chrome, but uncertain with Mozilla Firefox
//- remedy by Xenxin@Ufqi on 23:42 02 August 2017
function getElementByEvent(e){
var targ;
var evt = e;
if (!evt){ evt = window.event; }
if (evt && evt.target){ targ = evt.target;}
else if (evt && evt.srcElement){ targ = evt.srcElement };
if (targ && targ.nodeType == 3){ // defeat Safari bug
targ = targ.parentNode
}
//window.alert('targ:['+targ+']');
var tId;
if(targ){
tId=targ.id;
if(tId == null || tId == '' || tId == undefined){
tId = targ.name;
}
}
else{
console.log('getElementByEvent failed. ev:['+ev+'] e:['+e+'] targ:['+targ+']');
}
//window.alert('targ:['+targ+'] id:['+tId+']');
return tId;
}
//- added on Thu Jul 25 09:13:23 CST 2013
//- by <EMAIL>
//- for html editor
function getCont(sId){
var obj = document.getElementById(sId);
var objtype = '';
var cont = '';
if(obj){
objtype = obj.tagName.toLowerCase();
if(objtype == 'div'){
cont = obj.innerHTML;
}else{
cont = obj.value;
}
}
console.log('./comm/ido.js: getCont: sId:['+sId+'] cont:['+cont+']');
return cont;
}
//-
function setCont(sId, sCont){
var obj = document.getElementById(sId);
var objtype = '';
if(obj){
objtype = obj.tagName.toLowerCase();
if(objtype == 'div'){
obj.innerHTML = sCont;
}else{
obj.value = sCont;
}
}
console.log("setCont: ["+sCont+"]");
//window.alert("setCont once");
return 0;
}
//-
function openEditor(sUrl, sField){
document.getElementById(sField+"_myeditordiv").innerHTML = "<iframe name=\'myeditoriframe\' id=\'myeditoriframe\' src=\'"+sUrl+"\' width=\'680px\' height=\'450px\' border=\'0px\' frameborder=\'0px\'></iframe>";
}
//-- select to input & search, Sun Jul 27 21:25:39 CST 2014
function changeBGC(obj, onoff){
if(onoff==1){
obj.style.background='silver';
}
else{
obj.style.background='#fff';
}
}
//- 10:37 2020-07-26
function switchBgc(obj, newBgc){
var currBgc = obj.style.background;
if(currBgc != ''){
obj.style.background='';
}
else{
obj.style.background=newBgc;
}
}
//-
function makeSelect(sId, sCont, sDiv, sSele, iStop){
//-- this would be called after targetObj.onblur
setCont(sId, sCont);
if(!iStop){
var hidesele = document.getElementById(sSele);
if(hidesele != null){
for(var i=0; i < hidesele.length; i++){ //- 复制搜索栏里的select选项到当前
var seleText = hidesele.options[i].text;
if(seleText == sCont){
hidesele.selectedIndex = i;
break;
}
}
console.log('makeSelect: i:'+i);
}
}
if(!iStop || iStop == '2' || iStop == '4'){
var objDiv = document.getElementById(sDiv)
objDiv.style.display='none';
objDiv.innerHTML = '';
}
if(iStop == '1' || iStop == '4'){
userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 1;
}
if(iStop == '2' || iStop == '3'){
userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 0;
}
}
//-
function input2Search(inputx, obj, div3rd, valueoption){
var lastSearchTime = userinfo.lastInput2SearchTime;
var lastSearchItem = userinfo.lastInput2SearchItem;
var nowTime = (new Date()).getTime();
var balaTime = nowTime - lastSearchTime;
var inputVal = inputx.value==null?inputx.innerText:inputx.value;
var destobj = 'input2sele_'+obj; //-- where selected content would be copied to
var selelistdiv = 'pnsk_'+obj+'_sele_div'; //-- where items would be listed on
var obj1737 = '';
if(userinfo.input2Select != null && userinfo.input2Select.obj1737 != null){
obj1737 = userinfo.input2Select.obj1737;
}
else{
obj1737 = document.getElementById(selelistdiv);
if(userinfo.input2Select == null){ userinfo.input2Select = {}; }
userinfo.input2Select.obj1737 = obj1737;
}
if(div3rd != null){
selelistdiv = div3rd;
obj1737 = document.getElementById(selelistdiv);
destobj = div3rd.replace(new RegExp('_new1425', 'gm'), '');
//-- there are two modes to invoke input2Search, one is on search bar, the other is on each record line. 'div3rd' is the latter tag.
}
var origdestvalue = ''; if(!userinfo.input2Select){ userinfo.input2Select = {}; }
origdestvalue = userinfo.input2Select.originalValue; //-- the value which display as the page loaded.
obj1737.style.display = 'block';
if(inputVal.length < 2 || balaTime < 8 || inputVal == lastSearchItem){
// || balaTime < 100
//console.log('input-length:'+inputVal.length+', balaTime:'+balaTime+', lastItem:'+lastSearchItem+', thisItem:'+inputVal+', bypass');
//obj1737.innerHTML = '';
return 0;
}
else{
console.log('input-length:'+inputVal.length+', balaTime:'+balaTime+', lastItem:'+lastSearchItem+', thisItem:'+inputVal);
var iInputX = inputVal.toLowerCase();
var hidesele = '';
if(userinfo.input2Select.hideSele != null){
hidesele = userinfo.input2Select.hideSele;
}
else{
hidesele = document.getElementById('pnsk_'+obj+'');
userinfo.input2Select.hideSele = hidesele;
}
var odata = ""; selectLength = 0;
var dataarr = []; var j = 0;
if(userinfo.input2Select.selectLength != null){
selectLength = userinfo.input2Select.selectLength;
}
else{
selectLength = hidesele.length;
userinfo.input2Select.selectLength = selectLength;
}
//-- cacheOptionList, added by wadelau, Tue Oct 13 08:22:55 CST 2015
var cacheOptionList = document.getElementById('pnsk_'+obj+'_optionlist'); //- see lazyLoad and class/gtbl.class
//console.log(cacheOptionList.value);
if(cacheOptionList != null && cacheOptionList != ''){
console.log("use high-speed cacheOptionList....");
var col = JSON.parse(cacheOptionList.value);
for(var opti in col){
var seleText = col[opti];
var seleVal = opti;
//console.log("text:["+seleText+"] val:["+seleVal+"]");
if(seleText.toLowerCase().indexOf(iInputX) > -1){
//--
if(valueoption == null || valueoption == ''){
dataarr[j++] = '<span onmouseover=parent.changeBGC(this,1); onmouseout=parent.changeBGC(this,0);'+
+' onclick=parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',this.innerText,\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'
+obj+'\');>'+seleText+'-('+seleVal+')</span>';
}
else if(valueoption == 'NEED_OPTION_VALUE'){ //-- div3rd mode
dataarr[j++] = '<span onmouseover=parent.changeBGC(this,1);parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',\''
+seleVal+'\',\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\',1); onmouseout=parent.changeBGC(this,0);'+
+'userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect=0; onclick=parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',this.innerText,\''
+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\',4);>'+seleText+'-('+seleVal+')</span>';
}
if(j>30){
dataarr[j++] = userinfo.$lang['more']+'....';
break;
}
}
}
}
else if(hidesele != null){
for(var i=0; i < selectLength; i++){ //- 复制搜索栏里的select选项到当前
var seleText = hidesele.options[i].text;
var seleVal = hidesele.options[i].value;
if(seleText.toLowerCase().indexOf(iInputX) > -1){
//--
if(valueoption == null || valueoption == ''){
dataarr[j++] = '<span onmouseover=parent.changeBGC(this,1); onmouseout=parent.changeBGC(this,0); onclick=parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',this.innerText,\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\');>'+seleText+'</span>';
}
else if(valueoption == 'NEED_OPTION_VALUE'){ //-- div3rd mode
dataarr[j++] = '<span onmouseover=parent.changeBGC(this,1);parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',\''+seleVal+'\',\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\',1); onmouseout=parent.changeBGC(this,0);userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect=0; onclick=parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',this.innerText,\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\',4);>'+seleText+'</span>';
}
if(j>30){
dataarr[j++] = userinfo.$lang['more']+'....';
break;
}
}
}
}
if(dataarr.length == 0){
j=0;
//dataarr[j] = "......Not Found....";
dataarr[j] = "......Searching....";
}
if(true){
//-- close action
j++;
dataarr[j] = '<span onmouseover="parent.changeBGC(this,1);parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',\''+origdestvalue+'\',\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\',3);" onmouseout="parent.changeBGC(this,0);" onclick="javascript:userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect=0;parent.makeSelect(\''+destobj+'\',\''+origdestvalue+'\',\''+selelistdiv+'\',\'pnsk_'+obj+'\',2);">'+userinfo.$lang['func_cancel']+'</span>';
}
odata = dataarr.join('<br/>');
//console.log(odata);
obj1737.innerHTML = odata;
userinfo.lastInput2SearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
userinfo.lastInput2SearchItem = inputVal;
userinfo.input2Select.makeSelect = 0; //-- clear makeSelect
}
}
//-
function showActList(nId, isOn, sUrl, dataId){
var divId = 'divActList_'+nId;
//console.log((new Date())+": divId:["+divId+"]");
var divObj = document.getElementById(divId);
var dispVal = divObj.style.display;
if(isOn == 1){ dispVal = 'block'; }else{ dispVal = 'none';}
divObj.style.display = dispVal;
divObj.onmouseover = function(){ this.style.display='block'; };
divObj.onmouseout = function(){ this.style.display='none'; };
var sCont = '<p>'; var targetAreaId = '#contentarea_outer';
sCont += ' <a href="'+targetAreaId+'" onclick="javascript:doActSelect(\'\', \''+sUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \'view\');"> - '+userinfo.$lang['func_view']+'</a> ';
sCont += '<br/> <a href="'+targetAreaId+'" onclick="javascript:doActSelect(\'\', \''+sUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \'modify\');"> - '+userinfo.$lang['func_edit']+'</a> ';
sCont += '<br/> <a href="'+targetAreaId+'" onclick="javascript:doActSelect(\'\', \''+sUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \'print\');"> - '+userinfo.$lang['func_print']+'</a> ';
sCont += '<br/> <a href="'+targetAreaId+'" onclick="javascript:doActSelect(\'\', \''+sUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \'list-dodelete\');"> - '+userinfo.$lang['func_delete']+'</a> ';
sCont += '<br/> <a href="'+targetAreaId+'" onclick="javascript:doActSelect(\'\', \''+sUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \'addbycopy\');"> - '+userinfo.$lang['func_copy']+'</a> ';
//- add more options on popup menu, Fri Apr 26 10:58:24 HKT 2019
if(typeof userinfo.actListOption != 'undefined'){
var actArr = userinfo.actListOption; var tmpName, tmpUrl;
var tmpRecord = {};
//- userinfo.dataList init in ido.php and load data in jdo.php
for(var ri=0; ri<userinfo.dataList.length; ri++){
if(userinfo.dataList[ri].id==dataId){
tmpRecord = userinfo.dataList[ri];
//console.log("dataList:"+tmpRecord+" id:"+tmpRecord['id']);
break;
}
}
for(var ai=0; ai<actArr.length; ai++){
tmpName = actArr[ai].actName;
tmpUrl = actArr[ai].actUrl;
if(tmpUrl != null && tmpUrl != ''){
//console.log("comm/ido: tmpUrl:"+tmpUrl);
var tmpk = ''; var fieldRe = /THIS_([a-zA-Z]+)/gm; var match;
var tmpUrl2 = tmpUrl;
while(match = fieldRe.exec(tmpUrl)){
//console.log(match);
tmpk = match[1]; if(tmpk=='ID'){ tmpk = 'id'; }
// due to 'field' 'fieldx' 'fieldxxxx'
tmpUrl2 = tmpUrl2.replace((new RegExp(match[0]+"([&|'|$]+)", "gm")), tmpRecord[tmpk]+'$1');
}
tmpUrl = tmpUrl2;
}
sCont += '<br/> <a href="'+targetAreaId+'" onclick="javascript:doActSelect(\'\', \''+tmpUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \'ActOption\');"> - '+tmpName+'</a> ';
}
}
sCont += '</p>';
divObj.innerHTML = sCont;
}
//-- lazy load long list, Wed Oct 14 09:08:51 CST 2015
function lazyLoad(myObj, myType, myUrl){
window.console.log("lazyload is starting.... myurl:["+myUrl+"] myobj:["+myObj+"]");
if(true){
//document.onreadystatechange = function(){
//window.onload = function(){
window.setTimeout(function(){
if(document.readyState == 'complete' || document.readyState == 'interactive'){
sendNotice(true, userinfo.$lang['lazyloading']+'.... myObj:['+myObj+']');
var gta = new GTAjax();
gta.set('targetarea', 'addareaextradiv');
gta.set("callback", function(){
//window.alert("getresult:["+this+"]");
var s = this;
var resultList = JSON.parse(s);
var fieldName = resultList.thefield;
var dispField = resultList.dispfield;
//var mySele = document.getElementById(resultList.thefield);
console.log("thefield:["+resultList.thefield+"] "+(new Date()));
var optionList = {};
for(var i=0;i<resultList.result_list.length;i++){
var aresult = resultList.result_list[i];
//mySele.options[i] = new Option(aresult.sitename+'('+aresult.id+')',aresult.id, true,issel=false);
optionList[aresult.id] = eval('aresult.'+dispField);
}
var myOptionList = document.getElementById('pnsk_'+fieldName+'_optionlist');
myOptionList.value = JSON.stringify(optionList);
console.log("thefield:["+resultList.thefield+"] completed......"+(new Date()));
//console.log(JSON.stringify(myOptionList.value));
sendNotice(true, userinfo.$lang['notice_lazyload_success']+'.... myObj:['+myObj+']');
});
gta.get(appendSid(myUrl));
}
else{
sendNotice(false, userinfo.$lang['notice_lazyloading']+'....');
}
}, 3*1000);
}
}
//- copy and return,
//- <EMAIL>, Sat Feb 13 10:52:35 CST 2016
function copyAndReturn(theField){
var iId = parent.userinfo.targetId;
var theAct = parent.userinfo.act;
console.log('copyAndReturn: iId:['+iId+'] theAct:['+theAct+']');
//if(iId != ''){ //- ?
if( true ){
var linkobj = document.getElementById(theField);
if(linkobj != null){
document.getElementById(theField).value = document.getElementById('linktblframe').contentWindow.sendLinkInfo('', 'r', theField);
}
}
//document.getElementById('extrainput_'+theAct+'_'+theField).style.display='none';
//document.getElementById('extendicon_'+iId+'_'+theField).src='./img/plus.gif';
}
//- show pivot list
//- Xenxin@Ufqi, 18:23 05 December 2016
userinfo.showList = {}; //- holder of current active showing div
function showPivotList(nId, isOn, sUrl, sName){
var divPrefix = 'divPivotList_';
var divId = divPrefix + nId;
if(userinfo.showList){
var oldnId = userinfo.showList.divPrefix;
if(oldnId && oldnId != nId){
//console.log("found oldnId:["+oldnId+"], try to switch off.");
showPivotList(oldnId, 0, sUrl, sName);
}
}
//console.log((new Date())+": divId:["+divId+"]");
var divObj = document.getElementById(divId);
var dispVal = divObj.style.display;
if(isOn == 1){ dispVal = 'block'; }else{ dispVal = 'none';}
divObj.style.display = dispVal;
divObj.onmouseover = function(){ this.style.display='block'; };
divObj.onmouseout = function(){ this.style.display='none'; };
var sCont = '<p> <b style="color:red;">'+nId+'. '+sName+'</b>: ';
var groupCol = userinfo.$lang['func_pivot_group_col'];
var valueCol = userinfo.$lang['func_pivot_value_col'];
var orderCol = userinfo.$lang['func_pivot_order_col'];
var opList = {'addgroupby':groupCol,
'addgroupbyymd':groupCol+'Ymd', 'addgroupbyseg':groupCol+'Seg',
'addgroupbyother':groupCol+'Other(?)',
'__SEPRTa':1,
'addvaluebysum':valueCol+'Sum', 'addvaluebycount':valueCol+'Count',
'addvaluebycountdistinct':valueCol+'CountUniq', 'addvaluebyavg':valueCol+'Average',
'addvaluebymiddle':valueCol+'Median(?)', 'addvaluebymax':valueCol+'Max',
'addvaluebymin':valueCol+'Min', 'addvaluebystddev_pop':valueCol+'Stddev_Pop',
'addvaluebystddev_samp':valueCol+'Stddev_Samp',
'addvaluebyother':valueCol+'Other(?)',
'__SEPRTb':1,
'addorderby':orderCol};
var opi = 1;
for(var op in opList){
if(op.indexOf('__SEPRT') > -1){
sCont += "<br/>";
}
else{
sCont += ' '+nId+'.'+(opi++)+' <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript:doPivotSelect(\''
+sUrl+'\', \''
+nId+'\', \''+op+'\', 1, \''+sName+'\');">+'+opList[op]+'</a> ';
}
}
sCont += '</p>';
divObj.innerHTML = sCont;
if(!userinfo.showList){
userinfo.showList = {};
}
userinfo.showList.divPrefix = nId;
}
//- select/unselect pivot field
//- Xenxin@Ufqi, 18:29 05 December 2016
function doPivotSelect(sField, iId, sOp, isOn, sName){
var rtn = true;
var spanObj = _g('span_groupby');
var fieldObj = _g('groupby');
var fieldValue = fieldObj.value;
if(sOp == 'addgroupby' || sOp == 'addgroupbyymd'
|| sOp == 'addgroupbyother'
|| sOp.indexOf('addgroupbyseg') > -1){
if(isOn == 1){
if(sOp == 'addgroupbyseg'){
var segPoints = window.prompt(userinfo.$lang['input']+sName+'/'+sField
+ userinfo.$lang['func_pivot_seg_range'], '1-4');
if(segPoints.indexOf('-') > 0){
sOp += segPoints.replace(' ', '');
}
console.log("addgroupbyseg: "+sField+" +"+segPoints);
}
}
spanObj = _g('span_groupby');
fieldObj = _g('groupby');
}
else if(sOp == 'addorderby'){
spanObj = _g('span_orderby');
fieldObj = _g('orderby');
}
else{
spanObj = _g('span_calculateby');
fieldObj = _g('calculateby');
}
fieldValue = fieldObj.value;
//console.log("span:["+spanObj.innerHTML+"] field:["+fieldValue+"]");
var tmps = sName+'('+sField+') '+sOp+' <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript:doPivotSelect(\''
+sField+'\', \''+iId+'\', \''+sOp+'\', 0, \''+sName+'\');" title="'+userinfo.$lang['func_delete']+'"> X(Rm) </a>'
+' <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript:doPivotSelect(\''
+sField+'\', \''+iId+'\', \'addorderby\', 1, \''+sName+'\');" title="'+userinfo.$lang['func_orderby']+'"> ↿⇂(Od) </a><br>';
if(isOn == 1){
if(fieldValue.indexOf(sField+sOp) == -1){
spanObj.innerHTML += tmps;
fieldObj.value += ','+sField+'::'+sOp;
}
}
else{
fieldValue = fieldValue.replace(','+sField+'::'+sOp, '');
fieldObj.value = fieldValue;
var spanValue = spanObj.innerHTML;
if(fieldValue == '' && spanValue != ''){
spanValue = ''; //- in case of non-ascii replace failed, Fri Jun 18 12:38:46 CST 2021
}
else{
console.log("doPivotSelect: spanValue:["+spanValue+"] tmps:["+tmps+"] indexOf:"+spanValue.indexOf(tmps));
spanValue = spanValue.replace(tmps, '');
}
//spanValue = spanValue.replace(tmps, '');
spanObj.innerHTML = spanValue;
}
return rtn;
}
//- filter something of user input and replace with matched
//- work with regexp by Xenxin@Ufqi
//- 19:14 16 December 2016
/* e.g.
<jsaction>onblur::filterReplace('pnsk_THISNAME', '[^0-9]*([0-9]+)[^0-9]*');|onkeyup::filterReplace('pnsk_THISNAME', '[^0-9]*([0-9]+)[^0-9]*');|onpaste::filterReplace('pnsk_THISNAME', '[^0-9]*([0-9]+)[^0-9]*');|</jsaction>
*/
userinfo.filterReplaceI = {};
function filterReplace(myField, myRegx){
var rtn = 0;
var realdo = false;
var frpk = myField + myRegx;
if(!userinfo.filterReplaceI){
userinfo.filterReplaceI = {frpk:1};
window.setTimeout('filterReplace(\''+myField+'\', \''+myRegx+'\')', 10);
//console.log("set a delay exec. 1612161417.");
}
else{
var sregi = userinfo.filterReplaceI.frpk;
if(!sregi){
userinfo.filterReplaceI.frpk = 1;
window.setTimeout('filterReplace(\''+myField+'\', \''+myRegx+'\')', 10);
//console.log("set a delay exec. 1612161407.");
}
else if(sregi == 1){
userinfo.filterReplaceI.frpk = 0;
realdo = true;
}
}
if(realdo){
var obj = _g(myField);
if(obj){
var isVal = true;
var val = null;
if(obj.value){
val = obj.value;
}
else if(obj.innerText){
val = obj.innerText;
isVal = false;
}
else{
console.log("obj.value failed. 16121138.");
}
var regx = new RegExp(myRegx, 'gm');
// number: "[^0-9]*([0-9]+)[^0-9]*"
// string: ?
var mtch = regx.exec(val);
if(mtch){
//console.log("0:"+mtch[0]); // whole matched string
console.log("1:"+mtch[1]); // first group
val = mtch[1];
}
else{
console.log("mtch failed.");
val = '';
}
if(isVal){
obj.value = val;
}
else{
obj.innerText = val;
}
}
else{
console.log("obj failed. 16121151.");
}
}
return rtn;
}
//- append sid
//- Tue, 7 Mar 2017 21:31:36 +0800
function appendSid(urlx){
if(typeof urlx != 'string'){
return urlx;
}
else if(urlx.indexOf('.') == -1 && urlx.indexOf('?') == -1){
//console.log('ido.js: invalid url:['+urlx+']');
return urlx;
}
var sidstr = 'sid='+userinfo.sid;
if(urlx.indexOf('?sid=') > -1 || urlx.indexOf('&sid=') > -1){
//- goood
}
else{
if(urlx.indexOf('http') == 0){
// outside
}
else{
var hasFilled = false;
var fileArr = ['ido.php', 'jdo.php', './', 'index.php'];
for(var i=0; i<fileArr.length; i++){
var f = fileArr[i];
if(urlx.indexOf(f+'?') > -1){
urlx = urlx.replace(f+'?', f+'?'+sidstr+'&');
hasFilled = true;
break;
}
else if(urlx.indexOf(f) > -1 && f != './'){
urlx = urlx.replace(f, f+'?'+sidstr);
hasFilled = true;
break;
}
}
if(!hasFilled){
if(urlx.indexOf('?') > -1){
urlx += '&'+sidstr;
}
else{
urlx += '?'+sidstr;
}
}
}
}
return urlx;
}
//- user agent detection
//- 19:00 03 August 2017
//- @todo
userinfo.userAgent = {};
(function(container){
var env = container==null ? window : container;
var ua = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
env.isChrome = false; env.isIE = false; env.isEdge = false;
env.isFirefox = false; env.isOpera = false;
if(ua.indexOf('chrome/') > -1 || ua.indexOf('chromium/') > -1){ env.isChrome = true; }
else if(ua.indexOf('firefox/') > -1){ env.isFirefox = true; }
else if(ua.indexOf('edge/') > -1){ env.isEdge = true; }
else if(ua.indexOf('msie ') > -1){ env.isIE = true; }
else if(ua.indexOf('opr/') > -1 || ua.indexOf('opera/') > -1){ env.isOpera = true; }
else{
console.log('Unknown ua:['+ua+']');
}
var isLog = false;
if(isLog){
Object.keys(env).forEach(function(k){
console.log('ua k:'+k+', v:'+env[k]);
});
}
return container = env;
})(userinfo.userAgent);
//-
//- pick up and make a reqt
//- Fri Sep 21 19:59:08 CST 2018
//- see class/pagenavi
//userinfo.PickUpList = {};
if(typeof userinfo.PickUpList == 'undefined'){ userinfo.PickUpList = {}; }
function fillPickUpReqt(myUrl, field, fieldv, opStr, linkObj){
console.log("url:"+myUrl+", field:"+field+" link-text:"+linkObj.text);
var linkText = '';
var base62xTag = 'b62x.';
//var pickUpFromTag = userinfo.pickUpFromTag;
var pickUpFromTag = userinfo.pickUpFromTag ? userinfo.pickUpFromTag : '&frompickup=1';
if(linkObj){
linkText = linkObj.text;
if(linkText.substring(0, 1) == '+'){
linkText = '-' + linkText.substring(1);
linkObj.style.color = '#ffffff';
linkObj.style.backgroundColor = '#1730FD';
}
else{
linkText = '+' + linkText.substring(1);
linkObj.style.color = '';
linkObj.style.backgroundColor = '';
}
linkObj.text = linkText;
}
var fieldObj = {};
if(!userinfo.PickUpList){ userinfo.PickUpList = {}; }
if(userinfo.PickUpList.field){
fieldObj = userinfo.PickUpList.field;
}
if(fieldObj[fieldv]){
//- have
delete fieldObj[fieldv];
}
else{
fieldObj[fieldv] = opStr; //- why?
}
userinfo.PickUpList.field = fieldObj;
var latestUrl = myUrl;
if(userinfo.PickUpList.latestUrl){
latestUrl = userinfo.PickUpList.latestUrl;
}
myUrl = latestUrl;
console.log("latesturl:"+myUrl+", field:"+field+" fieldobj:"+JSON.stringify(userinfo.PickUpList.field));
var hasReqK = false; var hasReqKop = false; var hasReqV = false;
var urlParts = myUrl.split('&');
if(opStr == 'inlist' || opStr == 'containslist'
|| opStr == 'inrangelist'){
var urlSize = urlParts.length;
var paramParts = []; var pk = ''; var pv = '';
var tmpV = ''; var emptyList = {}; var newPList = [];
//fieldv = fieldv.toLowerCase(); //- why?
var isString = false;
if(opStr == 'containslist'){ isString = true; }
for(var i=0; i<urlSize; i++){
tmpV = urlParts[i]; emptyP = false;
paramParts = urlParts[i].split('=');
if(paramParts.length > 1){
pk = paramParts[0];
pv = paramParts[1];
if(pk == "pnsk"+field){
//pv = pv.toLowerCase(); //- why?
if(true && isString){
if(pv.indexOf(',') > -1){
var tmpArr = pv.split(',');
for(var tmpi=0; tmpi<tmpArr.length; tmpi++){
if(tmpArr[tmpi].indexOf(base62xTag) > -1){
}
else{
tmpArr[tmpi] = base62xTag + Base62x.encode(tmpArr[tmpi]);
}
}
pv = tmpArr.join(',');
}
else{
if(pv.indexOf(base62xTag) > -1){
//- okay
}
else{
pv = base62xTag + Base62x.encode(pv);
}
}
}
if(pv.indexOf(',') > -1){
if(pv.indexOf(','+fieldv) > -1){
pv = pv.replace(','+fieldv, '');
hasReqV = true;
}
else if(pv.indexOf(fieldv+',') > -1){
pv = pv.replace(fieldv+',', '');
hasReqV = true;
}
else if(pv == fieldv){
pv = ''; hasReqV = true;
emptyList[pk] = true;
}
else{
pv += ','+fieldv;
}
}
else if(pv == fieldv){
pv = ''; hasReqV = true;
emptyList[pk] = true;
}
else{
pv += ','+fieldv;
}
hasReqK = true;
}
else if(pk == "oppnsk"+field){
if(emptyList['pnsk'+field]){
emptyList[pk] = true;
}
else{
pv = opStr;
}
hasReqKop = true;
}
}
if(!emptyList[pk]){
tmpV = pk + '=' + pv;
urlParts[i] = tmpV;
newPList[i] = tmpV;
}
else{
//urlParts.splice(i, 1);
console.log("\ti:"+i+" updt pk:"+pk+" pv:"+pv);
}
}
myUrl = newPList.join('&');
if(!hasReqK){
myUrl += '&pnsk'+field+'='+fieldv;
}
if(!hasReqKop){
myUrl += '&oppnsk'+field+'='+opStr;
}
console.log("newurl:"+myUrl+' ->'+opStr);
userinfo.PickUpList.latestUrl = myUrl;
//-
myUrl = myUrl.replace('&act=', '&dummyact=');
doActionEx(myUrl+'&act=list&pnsm=1'+pickUpFromTag, 'actarea');
}
else if(opStr == 'moreoption'){
console.log("newurl:"+myUrl+" ->"+opStr);
doActionEx(myUrl+'&act=pickup&pnsm=1&pickupfieldcount='+fieldv, 'contentarea');
}
else if(opStr == 'filterrollback'){
myUrl = myUrl.replace('&pnsk'+field, '&dummy');
myUrl = myUrl.replace('oppnsk'+field, '&dummy');
console.log("newurl:"+myUrl+" ->"+opStr);
userinfo.PickUpList.latestUrl = myUrl;
doActionEx(myUrl+'&act=pickup&pnsm=1&pickupfieldcount='+fieldv, 'contentarea');
}
else{
console.log("Unknown opstr:["+opStr+"].");
}
}
//- fill reset value
//- Thu Apr 12 10:36:27 CST 2018, tdid=537
function fillReset(fieldId, iType, myVal){
var f = document.getElementById(fieldId);
if(typeof f != 'undefined'){
var oldv = f.value;
if(true){
if(iType == null || iType == ''){
iType = 'input';
}
if(iType == 'input'){
f.value = myVal;
}
else if(iType == 'select'){
parent.setSelectIndex(fieldId, myVal);
}
console.log(' myVal:['+myVal+'] fillReset succ.');
}
else{
console.log('oldv not empty. filReset stopped.');
}
}
else{
console.log('fieldId:['+fieldId+'] invalid. fillReset failed.');
}
}
//-
if(typeof userinfo.urlParams == 'undefined'){ userinfo.urlParams = {}; }
function getUrlParams(tmpUrl){
var vars = {};
if(typeof tmpUrl == 'undefined' || tmpUrl == '' || tmpUrl == null){ tmpUrl = window.location.href; }
var parts = tmpUrl.replace(/[?&]+([^=&]+)=([^&]*)/gi, function(m, key, value) {
vars[key] = value;
});
//console.log('vars:'+JSON.stringify(vars));
return vars;
};
userinfo.urlParams = getUrlParams();
//- for triger by registerAct from child page, Tue Jul 16 17:28:40 HKT 2019
function addEvent(sId, sAct, sFunc){
var timerId0716=0;
var tmpSelect=document.getElementById(sId);
if(tmpSelect){
tmpSelect.addEventListener(sAct, sFunc);
//console.log('evnt added:'+tmpSelect.sAct);
window.clearTimeout(timerId0716);
}
else{
//console.log('tmpSelect:['+tmpSelect+'] is empty? try later..');
//timerId0716=window.setTimeout(addEvent(sId, sAct, sFunc), 15*1000);
//- anti dead lock?
timerId0716=window.setTimeout(function(){ addEvent(sId, sAct, sFunc); }, 10*1000);
}
}
//- for select onchange in list view, Tue Jul 16 17:29:15 HKT 2019
function searchBySelect(){
var url = userinfo.searchBySelectUrl;
searchBy(url);
}
//- image load async
//- Mon Sep 2 20:55:57 HKT 2019
function imageLoadAsync(imgId, imgRealPath){
var image = _g(imgId);
if(image && image.src == imgRealPath){
console.log((new Date())+" imgid:"+imgId+" path:"+imgRealPath+" img already loaded!");
}
else{
var realImage = new Image();
//console.log("imgid:"+imgId+" path:"+imgRealPath+" imgobj:"+realImage);
realImage.onload = function(){
var baseSize = 118;
if(image){
image.src = this.src;
image.onload = null; //- stop further refer to imageLoadAsync
if(image.width > baseSize){
image.style.width = baseSize+'px';
}
else if(image.height > baseSize){
image.style.height = baseSize+'px';
}
//console.log((new Date())+"image load async succ...src:"+image.src);
realImage = null;
}
else{
console.log((new Date())+" image is not ready....");
}
};
//- anti empty src, Thu Mar 19 10:21:21 CST 2020
if(imgRealPath == ''){
imgRealPath = 'data:image/jpeg;base64,MA==';
}
//window.setTimeout(function(){ realImage.src = imgRealPath; }, 1*1000);
realImage.src = imgRealPath;
}
}
<file_sep>/class/insitesearch.v1.class.php
<?php
/* In-site Search class
* v0.1,
* <EMAIL>
* Tue May 29 19:58:37 CST 2018
*/
if(!defined('__ROOT__')){
define('__ROOT__', dirname(dirname(__FILE__)));
}
require_once(__ROOT__.'/inc/webapp.class.php');
class InSiteSearch extends WebApp{
var $ver = 0.01;
const SID = 'sid';
#
public function __construct($args=null){
$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').'insitesearchtbl');
//- init parent
parent::__construct($args);
}
#
public function __destruct(){
}
#
#
public function saveInfo($list, $itbl, $idb){
$rtn = 0;
$isep = "\t\t";
$targetList = array();
$md5List = '"0"';
foreach($list as $k=>$v){
foreach($v as $k2=>$v2){
$ifield = $k2;
$v2 = trim($v2);
if($v2 == ''){
#debug($msg="$k: [$itbl] - [$k2] - [$v2] -> empty, skip\n");
#$rtn .= $msg;
continue;
}
else if(is_numeric($v2)){
#debug($msg="$k: [$itbl] - [$k2] - [$v2] -> number, skip\n");
#$rtn .= $msg;
continue;
}
else if(startsWith($v2, 'http')){
continue;
}
#debug($msg=($counti++)."-$k: [$itbl] - [$k2] - [$v2] validated.\n");
#$rtn .= $msg;
$tmpVal = $idb.$isep.$itbl.$isep.$ifield.$isep.$v2;
$imd5 = md5($tmpVal);
$md5List .= ',"'.$imd5.'"';
$targetList[$imd5] = $tmpVal;
}
}
# remove old
$hm = $this->execBy($sql='select id, imd5 from '.$this->getTbl()
." where imd5 in ($md5List)", null,
null); # too long key? $withCache=array('key'=>'read-data-2-'.$md5List)
#debug("read old sql:$sql");
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
#debug("try to unset v:".serialize($v));
unset($targetList[$v['imd5']]);
}
}
else{
debug("$idb $itbl read old return empty.");
}
# save new
debug("reach targetList:".serialize($targetList));
#print_r($targetList);
foreach($targetList as $k=>$v){
$imd5 = $k;
$tmpArr = explode($isep, $v);
$idb = $tmpArr[0];
$itbl = $tmpArr[1];
$ifield = $tmpArr[2];
$ival = str_replace('\'', '\\\'', $tmpArr[3]);
$hm = $this->execBy($sql="insert into ".$this->getTbl()
." set idb='$idb', itbl='$itbl',"
." ifield='$ifield', ivalue='$ival', imd5='$imd5'", null);
debug("imd5:$imd5, insert sql:$sql\n");
if($hm[0]){
$rtn .= $v . " save succ\n";
}
else{
$rtn .= $v . " save fail\n";
}
}
return $rtn;
}
#
#
}
?>
<file_sep>/extra/sendmail.php
<?php
# invoked by trigger settings in xml
# e.g. <trigger>ALL::extraact::extra/sendmail.php::Offer入口调整修改id=THIS_ID</trigger>
if(true){
$args = explode('::', $args);
#
sendMail($to='<EMAIL>,<EMAIL>,'.$user->getEmail(),
$title=$args[0],
$bodyMsg=$args[0].'@'.date('Y-m-d-H:i:s', time())
.' by '.$user->getEmail().'. sent from '.$_CONFIG['agentname'].'.'
.' Url: '.$thisUrl,
$from='',
$vialocal=1);
debug($bodyMsg);
}
?>
<file_sep>/extra/xtree.php
<?php
/*
* tree data management module
* <EMAIL> on Sat May 8 10:44:26 CST 2021
* params:
tbl: target table for tree-like data
icode: id or parentid in the table
iname: item name in the table
pnskFieldName: field name in the table as condtion
parentField: the field indicating parent id
parentcode: parentid
imode: read or writeback
targetfield: field name to be writted back
*
*
<field name="belongto">
<chnname>上级</chnname>
<extrainput>extra/xtree.php?tbl=THIS_TBL&icode=id&iname=iname&pnskitype=1,2&oppnskitype=inlist&parentcode=THIS_belongto&imode=read&targetfield=belongto</extrainput>
</field>
*/
#$isoput = false;
$isheader = 0;
$_REQUEST['isheader'] = $isheader;
#$out_header = $isheader;
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
include_once($appdir."/class/xtree.class.php");
include_once($appdir."/class/pagenavi.class.php");
if(!isset($xTree)){
$xTree = new XTree($tbl);
}
$inframe = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'inframe');
if($inframe == ''){
# re open in an iframe window
$myurl = $rtvdir."/extra/xtree.php?inframe=1&".$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'].'&'.SID.'='.$sid;
$out .= "<iframe id=\"linktblframe\" name=\"linktblframe\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" src=\""
.$myurl."&isheader=0\" frameborder=\"0\"></iframe>";
}
else{
# main actions
$rootId = 1;
$parentCode = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'parentcode');
if(inString('-', $parentCode)){ //- 0100-止疼药2级
$tmpArr = explode('-', $parentCode);
$parentCode = $tmpArr[0];
}
else if(inString('THIS_', $parentCode)){ //- THIS_belongto
$parentCode = $rootId;
}
else{
$parentCode = $parentCode=='' ? $rootId : $parentCode; //- 1 as root
$parentCode = $parentCode=='0' ? $rootId : $parentCode; //- 1 as root
}
$xTree->set('parentCode', $parentCode);
$targetField = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'targetfield');
$parentField = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'parentfield');
#$sqlCondi = "1=1 order by $icode asc"; //- why unconditional?
if(!isset($_REQUEST['pnsm'])){
$_REQUEST['pnsm'] = 1; //- default search mod: and
}
$myNavi = new PageNavi($args=array('lang'=>$lang));
$sqlCondi = $myNavi->getCondition($gtbl, $user);
$hmVars = $gtbl->hmf;
foreach($hmVars as $k=>$v){
$xTree->set($k, $v); //- override?
}
$sqlCondi .= " and ($parentField=$parentCode)";
#$sqlCondi .= " order by $icode asc"; //- why unconditional?
$xTree->set("orderby", "convert($iname using gbk), $icode asc");
$hm = $xTree->getBy("$icode, $iname", "$sqlCondi",
$withCache=array('key'=>"xtree-$tbl-$sqlCondi"));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
}
else{
$hm = array(0=>array("$icode"=>$rootId, "$iname"=>'Root/根'));
}
# trace up to root.
$hmParent = array(); $tmpId = $parentCode; $lastTmpId = 0;
while($tmpId >= $rootId){
$tmpHm = $xTree->getBy("$icode, $iname, $parentField", "$icode=$tmpId",
$withCache=array('key'=>"xtree-3-$tbl-$tmpId"));
#debug("extra/xtree: tmpHm:".serialize($tmpHm));
if($tmpHm[0]){
$tmpHm = $tmpHm[1][0]; $hmParent[] = $tmpHm;
$tmpId = $tmpHm[$parentField];
}
if($tmpId == $lastTmpId){
$tmpId = 0;
}
else{
$lastTmpId = $tmpId; //- anti dead loop.
}
}
$hmParent = array_reverse($hmParent);
#debug("extra/xtree: ".serialize($hm)." sqlCondi:$sqlCondi hmParent:".serialize($hmParent));
# disp
$myUrl = $thisUrl;
$myUrl = preg_replace('/&parentcode=[0-9]+/', '', $myUrl);
$out .= "<style>.selectedColor{ color:red; }</style><p>🍁"; $lastParent = $rootId;
foreach($hmParent as $k=>$v){
$out .= "<span".(($v['id']==$parentCode)?" class=\"selectedColor\"":"").">".$v['iname']."(".$v['id'].")<a href='".$myUrl."&parentcode=".$lastParent."'><sup>X</sup></a></span> > ";
$lastParent = $v['id'];
}
$out .= "<br/>";
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$out .= "<span".(($v['id']==$parentCode)?" class=\"selectedColor\"":"")."><a href='".$myUrl."&parentcode=".$v['id']."'>".$v['iname']."(".$v['id'].")</a>"
." <a href='javascript:void(0);' onclick=\"javascript:parent.sendLinkInfo('".$v['id']."', 'w', current_link_field); "
." parent.copyAndReturn(current_link_field); this.style.backgroundColor='yellow';\" title='"
.$lang->get('choose')."'><input name='chkbox_".$v['id']."' type='checkbox'/></a> </span> . ";
}
$out .= "</p><p>".$lang->get("xtree-no-data")."</p>";
$imode = Wht::get($_REQUEST, "imode");
if($imode == 'read' && $targetField != $icode){
$icode = $targetField;
}
$out .= " <script type=\"text/javascript\"> var current_link_field='".$icode
."'; var tmpTimer0859=window.setTimeout(function(){parent.sendLinkInfo('".$parentCode."','w', current_link_field);}, 1*1000);</script> ";
# positioning to selected, 17:42 6/11/2020
if($parentCode != ''){
$out .= '<script>if(true){ var tmpReloadTimer=window.setTimeout(function(){ var tmpObj=document.getElementById("'.$parentCode.'"); if(tmpObj){tmpObj.scrollIntoView(); parent.scrollTo(0,10);}}, 1*1000);};</script>';
}
$out .='</script>';
}
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
?>
<file_sep>/extra/fdrename.php
<?php
#
# file and name rename and its subdirectories
# <EMAIL>, Mon Nov 12 16:14:56 CST 2018
#
/*
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
$gtbl = new GTbl($tbl, array(), $elementsep);
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
*/
# main actions
# file dir rename
if($args['triggertype'] == 'renamecheck'){
$out = ''; # 'fdrename: args:['.serialize($args).']';
$fdname = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'filename');
if(!startsWith($fdname, '/')){ $fdname = '/'.$fdname; }
$tmpObj = new WebApp();
$fdname_orig = ''; $hasSubContent = true;
$hm = $tmpObj->execBy("select id, parentname, pparentname from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."filedirtbl where parentid=$id", '');
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1][0];
$parentname = $hm['parentname'];
$pparentname = $hm['pparentname'];
if($parentname != '' && $pparentname != ''){
$fdname_orig = str_replace($pparentname, "", $parentname);
debug("extra/fdrename: id:".$hm['id']." parentname:$parentname pparentname:$pparentname orig:$fdname_orig new:$fdname");
}
else{
debug("extra/fdrename: cannot found orig. id:".$hm['id']." parentname:$parentname pparentname:$pparentname new:$fdname");
}
}
else{
$hasSubContent = false;
}
if($fdname_orig != '' && $fdname_orig != $fdname){
$out .= updateSubDir($tmpObj, $id, $fdname, $fdname_orig);
}
else if($fdname_orig == '' && $hasSubContent){
$out .= "update subdir failed. 201811161902.";
}
else{
$out .= "same dirname $fdname. 201811162001.";
}
}
else if($args['triggertype'] == 'deletecheck'){
# move into extra/fddelete.php
$out = "trigger to deletecheck";
}
else{
$out .= "unknown triggertype:[".$args['triggertype']."]";
debug($out);
}
#$out .= serialize($_REQUEST);
# or
#$data['respobj'] = array('output'=>'content');
/*
# module path
$module_path = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
# without html header and/or html footer
$isoput = false;
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
*/
# travel all subdir
function updateSubDir($myObj, $xid, $dirname, $dirname_old){
$rtn = '';
global $_CONFIG;
$hm = $myObj->execBy('select * from '.$_CONFIG['tblpre'].'filedirtbl where parentid='.$xid.' limit 9999', ''); # why cannot limit 9999?
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
#debug(" read hm:".serialize($hm));
foreach($hm as $tmpk=>$tmpv){
#$rtn .= ' readdata:'.serialize($tmpv)."<br/>";
$tmpxid = $tmpv['id'];
$parentname = $tmpv['parentname'];
$pparentname = $tmpv['pparentname'];
#debug(" $parentname , $pparentname will be update with $dirname for $dirname_old xid:$tmpxid\n ");
# replace dir name
if(inString($dirname_old, $parentname)){
$parentname = str_replace($dirname_old, $dirname, $parentname);
}
if(inString($dirname_old, $pparentname)){
$pparentname = str_replace($dirname_old, $dirname, $pparentname);
}
debug(" $parentname , $pparentname have been updated with $dirname for $dirname_old xid:$tmpxid\n ");
# update sql
$updtsql = "update ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."filedirtbl set parentname='$parentname', pparentname='$pparentname' where id=$tmpxid limit 1";
$updthm = $myObj->execBy($updtsql, '');
if($updthm[0]){
$rtn .= "sub id $tmpxid updt succ."; # [$updtsql]";
}
else{
$rtn .= "sub id $tmpxid updt fail."; # [$updtsql]";
}
# check sub dir as follow
if($tmpxid > 0){
updateSubDir($myObj, $tmpxid, $dirname, $dirname_old);
}
}
}
else{
#debug(" extra/fdname: read failed. hm:".serialize($hm));
}
return $rtn;
}
?>
<file_sep>/act/doaddmodi.php
<?php
# save data from act=add|modify
# watermark, Fri May 28 11:31:02 CST 2021
include("./class/WaterMark.class.php");
$fieldlist = array();
$fieldvlist = array(); # remedy for overrided by $obj->get during adding, need a tmp container for query string, Thu Jun 11 22:15:32 CST 2015
$filearr = array();
$disableFileExtArr = array('html','php','js','jsp','pl','shtml', 'sh', 'c', 'cpp', 'py');
/*
* security double check for end-user's input
* found illegal and empty it
* Xenxin<EMAIL>
* 14:05 12/9/2019
@param $rawInput, fk, fv
@return $safeOutput
*/
function securityFileCheck4Tmp($fv){
$rtn = $fv;
$rtn = securityFileCheck($rtn);
$rtn = realpath($rtn);
$tmpUploadDir = get_cfg_var('upload_tmp_dir');
$tmpUploadDir = $tmpUploadDir=='' ? '/tmp' : $tmpUploadDir;
if(strpos($rtn, $tmpUploadDir) !== 0){
$rtn = '';
}
if($rtn != '' && !file_exists($rtn)){
$rtn = '';
}
if($rtn != '' && !is_uploaded_file($rtn)){
$rtn = '';
}
debug('act/doaddmodi: fk4tmp-x:'.$fv.'->'.$rtn);
return $rtn;
}
//- securityFileCheck ,
//- Xenxin@<EMAIL>
// 11:17 Thursday, December 19, 2019
function securityFileCheck($fv){
$rtn = $fv;
//$rtn = realpath($rtn);
$badChars = array(';', '%3B', ' ', "%20", '&', "%26", "..", "//", './', "\\", '\.');
$rtn = str_replace($badChars, '', $rtn);
if(preg_match("/\|\?/gmi", $rtn)){
$rtn = '';
}
if(strpos($rtn, '/') === 0 && strpos($rtn, '/www') !== 0
&& strpos($rtn, '/var') !== 0
&& strpos($rtn, '/tmp') !== 0
&& strpos($rtn, '/srv') !== 0){
$rtn = '';
}
debug('act/doaddmodi: fk-x:'.$fv.'->'.$rtn);
return $rtn;
}
//- safe checking
if(strtoupper($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) != 'POST' ){
$tmpErr = "Error with REQUEST_METHOD:[".$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']."]. POST needed. 202102251636.";
$out .= " ".$tmpErr;
debug("act/doaddmodi: ".$tmpErr);
exit(1);
}
//- real processing..
$hasId = 0;
if($id != ''){
$gtbl->setId($id); # speical field
$hasId = 1;
}
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx; $hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
$fieldv = ''; # remedy by <EMAIL>, Wed Oct 17 12:46:16 CST 2012
$fieldInputType = $gtbl->getInputType($field);
$fieldReadOnly = strtolower($gtbl->getReadOnly($field));
if($field == null | $field == ''
|| $field == $gtbl->getMyId()){
continue;
}else if(!$user->canWrite($field)
|| ($hasId==1
&& ($fieldReadOnly == 'readonly' || $fieldReadOnly == 'disabled'))){
$out .= "$field cannot be written.\n";
continue;
}else if(in_array($field, $opfield)){
$fieldv = $userid;
$fieldlist[] = $field;
#$gtbl->set($field, $fieldv);
$fieldvlist[$field] = $fieldv;
}
else if(in_array($field,$timefield)){
$fieldv = '';
if($id=='' || $id=='0'){
# insert
if(inList($field, 'inserttime,insertime,insertd,created,starttime,dinserttime')){ # see comm/tblconf.php
$fieldv = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time()); # 'NOW()';
$fieldlist[] = $field;
}
}
else{
# update
if(inList($field, 'updatetime,endtime,editime,edittime,modifytime,updated,dupdatetime')){
$fieldv = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time()); # 'NOW()';
$fieldlist[] = $field;
}
}
if($fieldv != ''){
$fieldvlist[$field] = $fieldv;
}
else{
debug(__FILE__.": unclassified timefield:[$field]. 1611101112.");
#$fieldv = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time()); # 'NOW()';
#$fieldlist[] = $field;
# remedy 19:13 Wednesday, April 15, 2020
if(isset($_REQUEST[$field])){
$fieldv = trim(Wht::get($_REQUEST, $field));
if($fieldv == ''){ $fieldv = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time()); }
$fieldlist[] = $field;
$fieldvlist[$field] = $fieldv;
}
}
continue;
}
#else if($field == 'password'){
else if(inString('password', $field) || inString('pwd', $field)){
if($_REQUEST[$field] != ''){
$fieldv = sha1($_REQUEST[$field]);
$fieldlist[] = $field;
#$gtbl->set($field, $fieldv); # 2014-10-26 21:33
$fieldvlist[$field] = $fieldv;
}
else{
continue;
}
debug("field:[$field] fieldv:[$fieldv]");
#print(__FILE__.": field:[$field] fieldv:[$fieldv]");
}
else{
if($fieldInputType == 'file'){
$fieldv_orig = $_REQUEST[$field.'_orig'];
$_FILES[$field]['name'] = securityFileCheck($_FILES[$field]['name']);
$_FILES[$field]['tmp_name'] = securityFileCheck4Tmp($_FILES[$field]['tmp_name']);
if($_FILES[$field]['name'] == ''){
$fileOnlineSrc = Wht::get($_REQUEST, $field.'_onlinesrc');
if($fileOnlineSrc != ''){
$fieldv = $fileOnlineSrc; # extra online src, 09:01 2021-03-28
}
else if($fieldv_orig != ''){
if(strpos($fieldv_orig, $shortDirName) === false
&& !inString("//", $fieldv_orig)){
$fieldv_orig = $shortDirName."/".$fieldv_orig;
}
$fieldv = $fieldv_orig;
}
}
else if($_FILES[$field]['name'] != ''){
# safety check
$tmpFileNameArr = explode(".",strtolower($_FILES[$field]['name']));
$tmpfileext = end($tmpFileNameArr);
if(in_array($tmpfileext, $disableFileExtArr)){
debug("found illegal upload file:[".$_FILES[$field]['name']."]");
$out .= "file:[".$_FILES[$field]['name']."] is not allowed. 201210241927";
continue;
}
$filedir = $_CONFIG['uploaddir'];
if($gtbl->getId() != ''){ # remove old file if necessary
$oldfile = $gtbl->get($field); # this might override what has been set by query string
if($oldfile != ""){
$oldfile = str_replace($shortDirName."/","", $oldfile);
unlink($appdir."/".$oldfile);
}
else{
debug("oldfile:[$oldfile] not FOUND. field:[$field]. 201810111959.");
}
}
$filedir = $filedir."/".date("Ym"); # Fri Dec 5 14:19:05 CST 2014
if(!file_exists($appdir."/".$filedir)){
mkdir($appdir."/".$filedir);
}
$filename = basename($_FILES[$field]['name']);
$filename = Base62x::encode($filename);
$fileNameLength = strlen($filename);
$fileNameLength = $fileNameLength > 128 ? 128 : $fileNameLength;
$filename = date("dHis")."_".substr($filename, -$fileNameLength).".".$tmpfileext;
#print __FILE__.": filename:[$filename]";
$finalRealFile = $appdir."/".$filedir."/".$filename;
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES[$field]['tmp_name'], $finalRealFile)){
$out .= "file:[$filedir/$filename] succ.";
if($_CONFIG['watermark_for_upload_image'] != "" && isImg($finalRealFile)){
$waterMark = new WaterMark($finalRealFile);
$waterMark->addString($_CONFIG['watermark_for_upload_image']);
}
}
else{
// Check $_FILES['upfile']['error'] value.
$tmpErrMsg = '';
switch ($_FILES[$field]['error']) {
case UPLOAD_ERR_OK:
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE:
$tmpErrMsg = ('No file sent');
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE:
$tmpErrMsg = ('Exceeded filesize limit '.ini_get('upload_max_filesize').' in server-side');
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_FORM_SIZE:
$tmpErrMsg = ('Exceeded filesize limit/'.$_REQUEST['MAX_FILE_SIZE'].' in client-side');
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_PARTIAL:
$tmpErrMsg = 'Only partially uploaded';
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_EXTENSION:
$tmpErrMsg = 'Stopped by other extensions';
break;
default:
$tmpErrMsg = ('Unknown errors ['.$_FILES[$field]['error'].']');
}
$out .= " file:[$filename] fail for $tmpErrMsg. 201202251535.";
}
#$fieldv = $filedir."/".$filename;
$fieldv = $shortDirName."/".$filedir."/".$filename;
$filearr['filename'] = basename($_FILES[$field]['name']); # sometimes original name may be different with uploadedfile.
$filearr['filesize'] = intval($_FILES[$field]['size']/1000 + 1); # KB
$filearr['filetype'] = substr($_FILES[$field]['type'], 0, 64); # see filedirtbl definition
$tmpFileName = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'filename');
if($tmpFileName != '' && $tmpFileName != $filearr['filename']){ $filearr['filename'] = $tmpFileName.$filearr['filename']; }
}
}
else if($gtbl->getSelectMultiple($field)){
if(is_array($_REQUEST[$field])){
$fieldv = implode(",", $_REQUEST[$field]);
}else{
$fieldv = $_REQUEST[$field];
}
}
else{
$fieldv = trim(Wht::get($_REQUEST, $field));
if($fieldInputType == 'select' && ($fieldReadOnly == 'readonly' || $fieldReadOnly == 'disabled')){
$fieldv = Wht::get($_REQUEST, $field.'_select_orig');
}
if($fieldv == ''){
if($gtbl->isNumeric($hmfield[$field]) == 1){
$fieldv = $hmfield[$field."_default"];
#print __FILE__.": field:[".$field."] type:[".$hmfield[$field]."] is int.";
$fieldv = $fieldv=='' ? 0 : $fieldv;
}
}
else{
if(strpos($fieldv,"<") !== false){ # added by wadelau on Sun Apr 22 22:09:46 CST 2012
if($fieldInputType == 'textarea'){
# allow all html tags except these below
$fieldv = str_replace("<script","<script", $fieldv);
$fieldv = str_replace("<iframe","<iframe", $fieldv);
$fieldv = str_replace("<embed","<embed", $fieldv);
}
else{
$fieldv = str_replace("<","<", $fieldv);
}
}
if(strpos($fieldv, "\n") !== false){
$fieldv = str_replace("\n", "<br/>", $fieldv);
}
}
}
$fieldlist[] = $field;
#$gtbl->set($field, $fieldv);
$fieldvlist[$field] = $fieldv;
}
#print(__FILE__.": field:[$field] fieldv:[$fieldv]");
}
#print(__FILE__.": fieldlist:[".$gtbl->toString($fieldlist)."]");
foreach($fieldvlist as $k=>$v){
$gtbl->set($k, $v);
}
if(count($filearr)){
foreach($filearr as $k=>$v){
$gtbl->set($k, $v);
}
}
$hm = $gtbl->setBy(implode(',', $fieldlist), null);
#print_r($hm);
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
if($gtbl->getId() == ''){
$gtbl->setId($hm['insertid']);
$id = $gtbl->getId();
}
# read newly-written data, Tue Sep 27 13:28:06 CST 2016
$hmNew = $gtbl->getBy('*', $gtbl->myId.'="'.$id.'"');
if($hmNew[0]){
$hmNew = $hmNew[1][0];
#debug(__FILE__.": resultset-tag:[".$gtbl->resultset."]");
$gtbl->set($gtbl->resultset, $hmNew);
#debug($gtbl->get($gtbl->resultset));
}
# some triggers bgn, added on Fri Mar 23 21:51:12 CST 2012
include("./act/trigger.php");
# some triggers end, added on Fri Mar 23 21:51:12 CST 2012
$out .= "<script> parent.sendNotice(true, '".$lang->get('notice_success')."'); parent.switchArea('contentarea_outer','off'); </script>";
}
else{
$servResp = serialize($hm); $servResp = str_replace("'", "\'", $servResp);
$foundErr = false;
foreach($fieldlist as $k=>$v){
if(inString($v, $servResp)){
$servResp .= "<br/>".$gtbl->getCHN($v)."[$v]: ".$lang->get('notice_save_error');
$foundErr = true;
}
}
if($foundErr){
if(inString('Data too long', $servResp)){
$servResp .= "<br/>".$lang->get("notice_save_error_data_too_long");
}
else if(inString('Incorrect', $servResp)){
$servResp .= "<br/>".$lang->get("notice_save_error_incorrect_type");
}
}
if(!$foundErr){
if(inString('Duplicate entry', $servResp)){
$priuni = $gtbl->get($gtbl->PRIUNI);
$servResp .= "<br/>".$lang->get('notice_save_error');
$hasCatched = false;
foreach($priuni as $k=>$v){
if($k == 'PRI'){ continue; } # skip id?
foreach($v as $k2=>$v2){
if(isset($_REQUEST[$v2])){
$servResp .= "<br/>".$gtbl->getCHN($v2)."[$v2]: ".$_REQUEST[$v2]."";
$hasCatched = true;
}
}
}
if(!$hasCatched){
$servResp .= "<br/>Unknown error. 202111031159.<br/>".$lang->get('notice_upload_error');
}
$foundErr = true;
}
}
$out .= "<script> if(typeof parent.sendNotice !='undefined'){ parent.sendNotice(false, '".$lang->get('notice_failure')."'); }; if(true){ var servResp=parent._g('respFromServ'); if(servResp){ servResp.innerHTML='<p style=\"color:red;\">".$lang->get('notice_failure')."<br/>".$servResp."</p>';}} </script>";
debug("act/doaddmodi: ".$servResp);
}
$gtbl->setId('');
$id = '';
?><file_sep>/extra/fddelete.php
<?php
#
# file and name rename and its subdirectories
# <EMAIL>, Mon Nov 12 16:14:56 CST 2018
#
/*
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
$gtbl = new GTbl($tbl, array(), $elementsep);
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
*/
# main actions
# file dir rename
if($args['triggertype'] == 'renamecheck'){
# move into extra/fdrename
$out = ' trigger to fdrename...'; # 'fdrename: args:['.serialize($args).']';
}
else if($args['triggertype'] == 'deletecheck'){
#$out = "trigger to deletecheck....";
#debug("trigger to deletecheck.... deleteresult:[$doDeleteResult] hmorig:".serialize($hmorig));
if(inString('dodelete', $act) && isset($hmorig) && $hmorig['itype'] == 1){ # dir deletion only
$lastId = $hmorig['id'];
$hm = $gtbl->getBy('id', "parentid=$lastId");
if($hm[0]){
$out .= "id:$lastId has sub contents. deletion will be refused.";
$sql = "replace into ".$gtbl->getTbl()." set ";
foreach($hmorig as $k=>$v){
if(!startsWith($k, 'pnsk') && !startsWith($k, 'oppnsk')){
$sql .= "$k='$v', ";
}
}
$sql = substr($sql, 0, strlen($sql)-2); # rm ", "
#$out .= " undo sql:[$sql]";
$hm2 = $gtbl->execBy($sql, null);
if($hm2[0]){
$out .= " undo needed and succ.";
$doDeleteResult = false;
$deleteErrCode = '201811241145';
}
else{
$out .= " undo failed.";
}
}
else{
$out .= "id:$lastId is empty and deletion succ.";
}
}
else{
$out .= "act:$act not deletion or itype:".$hmorig['itype']." not dir, deletecheck skip....";
}
#debug('out:'.$out);
}
else{
$out .= "unknown triggertype:[".$args['triggertype']."]";
debug("unknown triggertype:[".$args['triggertype']."]");
}
#$out .= serialize($_REQUEST);
# or
#$data['respobj'] = array('output'=>'content');
/*
# module path
$module_path = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
# without html header and/or html footer
$isoput = false;
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
*/
?>
<file_sep>/gmis.manualbackup.sh
#!/bin/sh
# create backup anytime from shell commands
# since 20110414
# update on Wed Jul 13 17:48:50 UTC 2011
me=`whoami`;
echo $me;
#if [ "$me" != "root" ]; then
# echo "This program needs root priviledges to run.";
# exit;
#fi
curdate="`date +%Y%m%d-%H-%M`";
echo "current time:"$curdate ;
#echo "test point.";
#exit ;
tmpdir="/var/tmp";
# rm old files
rm -f $tmpdir/gtbl.*
# files
dir="/www/webroot/pages/gmis";
cd $dir
tar czfh $tmpdir/gmis.$curdate.tar.gz ./*
sz $tmpdir/gmis.$curdate.tar.gz
# data
mysqldump --opt -ugmisUSER -pgmisPWD gmisdb --default-character-set=utf8 > $tmpdir/gmis-db.$curdate.sql
tar czfh $tmpdir/gmis-db.$curdate.tar.gz $tmpdir/gmis-db.$curdate.sql
sz $tmpdir/gmis-db.$curdate.tar.gz
echo "$curdate data backup succ." >> $tmpdir/manualbackup.log
echo "databackup succ." ;
<file_sep>/extra/importexcel.php
<?php
# import data from external excel file with .xlsx
# tpl by <EMAIL> on Sun Jan 31 10:22:15 CST 2016
# remedy by <EMAIL>, Wed Jul 31 16:55:07 HKT 2019
#
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
require("../class/SimpleXLSX.php");
$gtbl = new GTbl($tbl, array(), $elementsep);
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
$myExtraTitle = "导入外部 Excel / SpreadSheet 数据";
# main actions
$act = Wht::get($_REQUEST, "act");
if($act == ''){ $act = 'import'; }
# check writeable
include("../act/tblcheck.php");
$hasDisableW = false;
if(true){
$accMode = $gtbl->getMode();
if($accMode == 'r'){
$hasDisableW = true;
}
else if($accMode == 'o-w'){
$hasDisableW = true;
$recOwnerList = array('op', 'operator', 'ioperator', 'editor');
foreach($recOwnerList as $ownk=>$ownv){
$theOwner = $hmorig[$ownv];
if($theOwner == $userid){
$hasDisableW = false;
#print "userid:$userid theowner:$theOwner .";
break;
}
}
}
else{
#debug("unkown accmode:[$accMode].");
}
}
if(startsWith($act, 'import') && $hasDisableW && !$isAddByCopy){
$out .= "Access to writing denied. 访问被拒绝. 201811111014.";
$out .= "<br/><br/><a href=\"javascript:switchArea('contentarea_outer','off');\">关闭 并尝试其他操作.</a>";
}
else{
# writeable okay...
$out = ""; # clear bfr content
if($act == 'import'){
$dataFieldStr = "<div id='rawdatadiv' style='text-align:center;'>".
"<table name='datafields' name='datafields' style='border-spacing:0px;margin:0 auto;'>";
$dataRow = "<tr>"; $firstRow = "<tr>"; $secRow = "<tr>"; $columni = 1;
$dataFields = array(); $dataSelect = array();
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx;$hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
$fieldinputtype = $gtbl->getInputType($field);
$fieldExtraInput = $gtbl->getExtraInput($field, null);
if($field == null || $field == ''){
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'hidden'){
continue;
}
else if($gtbl->filterHiddenField($field, $opfield, $timefield)){
continue;
}
else if(!$user->canWrite($field)){
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'file'){
continue; #?
}
else if($fieldExtraInput != '' && inString('linktbl',$fieldExtraInput)){
continue; #? allow xdirectory....
}
$dataRow .= "<td style='border:1px solid black;color:blue;'>".$gtbl->getCHN($field)."</td>";
$firstRow .= "<td style='border:0px solid black;text-align:center;'>".($columni++)."</td>";
$secRow .= "<td style='border:1px solid black;'> </td>";
$dataFields[] = $field;
# chk select options
if($fieldinputtype == 'select'){
$dataSelect[$field] = $gtbl->getSelectOption($field, null);
}
}
# figure out select
$dataSelect2 = array();
foreach($dataSelect as $k=>$v){
if(preg_match_all("/ value=\"([^\"]*)\">([^\-|\(]+)[\(|\-]*/", $v, $matchArr)){
#print_r($matchArr);
foreach($matchArr[0] as $k2=>$v2){
#debug($matchArr[1][$k2]." : ".$matchArr[2][$k2]);
#$dataSelect2[$k][$matchArr[2][$k2]] = $matchArr[1][$k2];
$dataSelect2[$k][$matchArr[1][$k2]] = $matchArr[2][$k2];
}
}
}
#debug("extra/importexcel: dataSelect2:".serialize($dataSelect2));
$dataSelect = $dataSelect2;
# figure out select, end
# retrieve example data
$exampleRow = '<tr>';
$hmResult = $gtbl->execBy("select ".implode(',', $dataFields)." from $tbl where 1=1 order by rand() limit 1", '', null);
if($hmResult[0]){
$hmResult = $hmResult[1][0];
foreach($hmResult as $k=>$v){
if(array_key_exists($k, $dataSelect)){
$v = $dataSelect[$k][$v];
}
$exampleRow .= "<td style='border:1px solid black;'>$v</td>";
}
}
$dataFieldStr .= "$firstRow</tr>$dataRow</tr>$exampleRow</tr>$secRow</tr></table></div>";
$out .= "<fieldset><legend>$myExtraTitle: 步骤1</legend>
<form id='addstepform' name='addstepform' action='extra/importexcel.php?sid=$sid&act=doimportpreview&tbl=$tbl&db=$db' method='post'
enctype='multipart/form-data'>";
$out .= "<p style='text-align:center;'>当前可接受的外部数据表格式表头及样例:<br/>$dataFieldStr</p>";
$out .= "<p><strong>下载<button type='button' name='dnldexampledata' onclick=\"javascript:doActionEx('extra/importexcel.php?sid=$sid&act=doimportdownload&tbl=$tbl&db=$db', 'example_download_frame');\" title='下载数据格式样表'>数据样表</button> "
." --→ 另存为 .xlsx --→ 整理准备数据 --→ 上传数据来源文件</strong></p>";
$out .= "<div id='dnlddiv' style='display:none'><iframe id='example_download_frame' name='example_download_frame' width='0' height='0'></iframe></div>";
$out .= "<p>选择数据来源 Excel / SpreadSheet 文件( .xlsx):<br/><input name='myexcelfile' id='myexcelfile' type='file'/></p>";
$out .= "<p><strong>注意</strong>:"
."<br/><strong>批量导入外部数据便捷、高效</strong>, "
."<br/>同时, 批量导入外部数据流程也比较复杂, "
."<br/>解析过程受到文件格式、数据格式、字符编码、浏览器和操作系统设置等多重因素影响; "
."<br/>写入过程也涉及到选择项翻译、数据格式化、数据校验和数据表本身的约束与限制。"
."<br/><br/>这些过程可能存在格式识别或写入异常, <span style='color:blue;'>请 在数据导入后立即进行数据审核</span>."
."<br/>个别没有显示在样例表中的数据项表示无法通过批量导入程序处理, "
."<br/> 或者可以通过导入程序自动生成，无需手工录入."
."<br/><br/>待上传的数据表需删除掉上述样例数据，仅保留表头及其顺序即可(<span style='color:blue;'>蓝色</span>, 第二行)."
."<br/>待导入外部数据表文件格式为 Microsoft Office Excel Open XML Format, 默认扩展名为 .xlsx "
."</p>";
$out .= "<p><hr/></p><p><input type='submit' value='保存 & 下一步' id='addmultistepsubmit' onclick=\"javascript:doActionEx(this.form.name,'contentarea');\"/></p>";
$out .= "</form></fieldset>";
}
else if($act == 'doimportpreview'){
$dataFile = ""; $field = "myexcelfile"; $isSucc = true;
# file upload
$filearr = array();
$disableFileExtArr = array('html','php','js','jsp','pl','shtml', 'sh', 'c', 'cpp', 'py');
if($_FILES[$field]['name'] != ''){
# safety check
$tmpFileNameArr = explode(".",strtolower($_FILES[$field]['name']));
$tmpfileext = end($tmpFileNameArr);
if(in_array($tmpfileext, $disableFileExtArr)){
debug("found illegal upload file:[".$_FILES[$field]['name']."]");
$out .= "File:[".$_FILES[$field]['name']."] is not allowed. 201210241927";
$isAllow = false; $isSucc = false;
}
else{
# allowed
$filedir = $_CONFIG['uploaddir'];
if($gtbl->getId() != ''){ # remove old file if necessary
$oldfile = $gtbl->get($field); # this might override what has been set by query string
if($oldfile != ""){
$oldfile = str_replace($shortDirName."/","", $oldfile);
unlink($appdir."/".$oldfile);
}
else{
debug("oldfile:[$oldfile] not FOUND. field:[$field]. 201810111959.");
}
}
$filedir = $filedir."/".date("Ym"); # Fri Dec 5 14:19:05 CST 2014
if(!file_exists($appdir."/".$filedir)){
mkdir($appdir."/".$filedir);
}
$filename = basename($_FILES[$field]['name']);
$filename = Base62x::encode($filename);
$fileNameLength = strlen($filename);
$fileNameLength = $fileNameLength > 128 ? 128 : $fileNameLength;
$filename = date("dHi")."_".substr($filename, -$fileNameLength).".".$tmpfileext;
#print __FILE__.": filename:[$filename]";
if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES[$field]['tmp_name'], $appdir."/".$filedir."/".$filename)){
$out .= "File:[$filedir/$filename] succ.";
$dataFile = $filedir."/".$filename;
}
else{
// Check $_FILES['upfile']['error'] value.
$tmpErrMsg = '';
switch ($_FILES[$field]['error']) {
case UPLOAD_ERR_OK:
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE:
$tmpErrMsg = ('No file sent');
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE:
$tmpErrMsg = ('Exceeded filesize limit '.ini_get('upload_max_filesize').' in server-side');
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_FORM_SIZE:
$tmpErrMsg = ('Exceeded filesize limit/'.$_REQUEST['MAX_FILE_SIZE'].' in client-side');
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_PARTIAL:
$tmpErrMsg = 'Only partially uploaded';
break;
case UPLOAD_ERR_EXTENSION:
$tmpErrMsg = 'Stopped by other extensions';
break;
default:
$tmpErrMsg = ('Unknown errors ['.$_FILES[$field]['error'].']');
}
$out .= " File:[$filename] fail for $tmpErrMsg. 201202251535.";
$isSucc = false;
}
} # allowed end
}
else{
$out .= "File is empty / 数据文件为空, 请 返回重试. 201202251016.";
$isSucc = false;
}
# file upload end
# data parse
if($dataFile != ''){
$xlsx = new SimpleXLSX();
$xlsx->debug = true; // display errors
$xlsx->skipEmptyRows = true; // skip empty rows
$result = $xlsx->parseFile($appdir."/".$dataFile);
$maxRowPreview = 5; $rowCount = 0;
if($result){
$rows = $xlsx->rows(); $totalCount = count($rows);
#debug($rows);
$out .= "<p><strong>待导入数据预览</strong><hr/></p><table id='rawdata' name='rawdata' ".
" style='border-spacing:0px;margin:0 auto;'>";
foreach($rows as $k=>$row){
$out .= "<tr>";
foreach($row as $ck=>$col){
$out .= "<td style='border:1px solid black;'>$col</td>";
}
$out .= "</tr>";
if($rowCount++ > $maxRowPreview){
$out .= "<tr><td colspan='6'><br/>....<br/><strong>共计 $totalCount 行, 余下还有 "
.($totalCount-$maxRowPreview)." 行</strong></td></tr>";
break;
}
}
if($rowCount < $maxRowPreview){
$out .= "<tr><td colspan='6'><br/><strong>共计 $totalCount 行</strong></td></tr>";
}
$out .= "</table><p><hr/></p>";
}
else{
$out .= "Parse file error. 201202251021.";
$isSucc = false;
}
}
else{
# no file.
}
# data parse end
# ready to resp
$rawOut = $out;
$out = "<fieldset><legend>$myExtraTitle: 步骤2</legend>
<form id='addstepform' name='addstepform' action='extra/importexcel.php?sid=$sid&act=doimportsave&tbl=$tbl&db=$db' method='post'
enctype='multipart/form-data'>";
if($isSucc){
# next step
$out .= "<p>$rawOut</p>";
$out .= "<p><input type='hidden' id='datafile' name='datafile' value='".$dataFile."'/></p>";
$out .= "<p>Data file read succ.... / 数据文件读取成功!</p>";
}
else{
# back
$out .= "<p>$rawOut</p>";
$out .= "<p style='color:red;'>Data file read fail.... / 数据文件读取失败! 请 返回重试... </p>";
$out .= "<p><a href='#' onclick='javascript:GTAj.backGTAjax('contentarea', 1);'><< Back / 返回</a></p>";
}
$out .= "<p><hr/></p>";
$out .= "<p><input type='button' value='返回 & 上一步' id='addmultistepback' onclick=\"javascript:GTAj.backGTAjax('contentarea', 1);\"/>";
$out .= " <input type='submit' value='保存 & 下一步' id='addmultistepsubmit' onclick=\"javascript:doActionEx(this.form.name,'contentarea');\"/></p>";
$out .= "</form></fieldset>";
}
else if($act == 'doimportsave'){
$isSucc = true;
$dataFile = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'datafile');
if($dataFile != ''){
if(file_exists($appdir."/".$dataFile)){
# collect fields
$dataFields = array(); $dataSelect = array();
$opFieldStr = ''; $timeFieldStr = '';
$dataRow = "<tr>"; $firstRow = "<tr>"; $secRow = "<tr>"; $columni = 1;
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx;$hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
$fieldinputtype = $gtbl->getInputType($field);
$fieldExtraInput = $gtbl->getExtraInput($field, null);
if($field == null || $field == ''){
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'hidden'){
continue;
}
else if($gtbl->filterHiddenField($field, $opfield, $timefield)){
if(in_array($field, $opfield)){
$opFieldStr = "$field='$userid'";
}
else if(in_array($field, $timefield)){
$timeFieldStr = "$field='".date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time())."'";
}
continue;
}
else if(!$user->canWrite($field)){
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'file'){
continue; #?
}
else if($fieldExtraInput != '' && inString('linktbl',$fieldExtraInput)){
continue; #?
}
$dataFields[] = $field;
# chk select options
if($fieldinputtype == 'select'){
$dataSelect[$field] = $gtbl->getSelectOption($field, null);
}
}
#debug("extra/importexcel: dataSelect:".serialize($dataSelect));
$dataSelect2 = array();
foreach($dataSelect as $k=>$v){
if(preg_match_all("/ value=\"([^\"]*)\">([^\-|\(]+)[\(|\-]*/", $v, $matchArr)){
#print_r($matchArr);
foreach($matchArr[0] as $k2=>$v2){
#debug($matchArr[1][$k2]." : ".$matchArr[2][$k2]);
$dataSelect2[$k][$matchArr[2][$k2]] = $matchArr[1][$k2];
}
}
}
#debug("extra/importexcel: dataSelect2:".serialize($dataSelect2));
$dataSelect = $dataSelect2;
# parse data
$xlsx = new SimpleXLSX();
$xlsx->debug = true; // display errors
$xlsx->skipEmptyRows = true; // skip empty rows
$result = $xlsx->parseFile($appdir."/".$dataFile);
if($result){
$rows = $xlsx->rows(); $totalRows = count($rows);
$sql = ""; $field1Name = $gtbl->getCHN($dataFields[0]); $field2Name = $gtbl->getCHN($dataFields[1]);
$succCount = 0; $failCount = 0; $failArr = array();
foreach($rows as $k=>$row){
if($row[0]==='' && $row[1]==='' && $row[2]===''){
debug("extra/importexcel: found definition row, 3rd... skip....".serialize($row));
continue;
}
else if($row[0]=='1' && $row[1]=='2'){
debug("extra/importexcel: found definition row... skip....".serialize($row));
continue;
}
else if($row[0]==$field1Name && $row[1]==$field2Name){
debug("extra/importexcel: found definition row, 2nd... skip....".serialize($row));
continue;
}
$sql = "insert into $tbl set ";
foreach($row as $ck=>$col){
$field = $dataFields[$ck];
if($field == ''){
debug("extra/importexcel: found illegal field, skip.... ck:$ck");
continue;
}
if(in_array($field, $timefield)){
$col = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time());
}
if(array_key_exists($field, $dataSelect)){
$col = $dataSelect[$field][$col];
#debug("extra/importexcel: found col:".$field." in selelct and convert....");
}
if($col == '' && $col != '0'){
if($gtbl->isNumeric($hmfield[$field]) == 1){
$col = 0;
$out .= "<br/><span style='color:red;'>".$gtbl->getCHN($field)."/$field 空值异常</span>, 发生在 [ "
.implode(', ', $row)." ] , 已按默认值处理, 行: ".($k+1);
}
}
$sql .= $field."='".addslashes($col)."',";
}
if($opFieldStr != ''){
$sql .= $opFieldStr.',';
}
if($timeFieldStr != ''){
$sql .= $timeFieldStr.',';
}
$sql = substr($sql, 0, strlen($sql)-1); # rm ,
debug($sql);
$dbResult = $gtbl->execBy($sql, null, null);
debug($dbResult);
if($dbResult[0]){
$succCount++;
}
else{
$errStr = '<br/> <span style="color:red;">异常信息: '.($servResp=htmlentities(serialize($dbResult)));
if(inString('Duplicate entry', $servResp)){
$errStr .= " / 重复或冲突数据 ";
}
else{
$errStr .= " / 其他写入错误 ";
}
$errStr .= "</span>, 行: ".($k+1);
$row[] = $errStr;
$failArr[] = $row; $failCount++;
}
}
#$out .= "<p>$k: $sql</p>";
$out .= "<p><strong>数据总条数: $totalRows , 有效数据: ".($totalCount=$succCount+$failCount)
." , 其中成功导入 $succCount , 失败条数: ".($failCount)." </strong>.";
if($failCount > 0){
$out .= "<br/><br/>导入失败数据如下:<br/>";
foreach($failArr as $k=>$v){
$out .= "<br/>".implode(', ', $v);
}
$out .= "<br/><br/>请 修改调整后重试.";
}
else{
$out .= "<br/><br/>请 立即 <a href=\"#\" onclick=\"javascript:window.location.reload();\">刷新列表页</a> 进行数据审核.";
# @todo rm dataFile ?
}
$out .= "</p>";
}
else{
$out .= "Parse file:[$dataFile] error. 201202251021.";
$isSucc = false;
}
# parse data end
}
else{
$isSucc = false;
$out .= "Data file:[$dataFile] not exists. 201202251146.";
}
}
else{
$isSucc = false;
$out .= "Data file is empty. 201202251147.";
}
# ready to resp
if(true){
$rawOut = $out;
$out = "<fieldset><legend>$myExtraTitle: 步骤3</legend>
<form id='addstepform' name='addstepform' action='../extra/importexcel.php?sid=$sid&act=doimportsave&tbl=$tbl&db=$db' method='post'
enctype='multipart/form-data'>";
if($isSucc){
$out .= "<p><strong>外部数据导入结果</strong></p><hr/>".$rawOut;
}
else{
$out .= "<p style='color:red;'> 数据导入保存失败, 请 返回重试... </p>";
}
$out .= "<p><hr/></p>";
$out .= "<p><input type='button' value='继续导入' id='addmultistepback' onclick=\"javascript:doActionEx('extra/importexcel.php?tbl=$tbl&sid=$sid', 'contentarea');\"/>";
$out .= " <input type='button' value='关闭' id='addmultistepclose' onclick=\"javascript:switchArea('contentarea_outer','off');\"/></p>";
$out .= "</form></fieldset>";
}
# ready to resp, end
}
else if($act == 'doimportdownload'){
$dataFieldStr = "";
$dataRow = ""; $firstRow = ""; $secRow = ""; $columni = 1;
$dataFields = array(); $dataSelect = array();
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx;$hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
$fieldinputtype = $gtbl->getInputType($field);
$fieldExtraInput = $gtbl->getExtraInput($field, null);
if($field == null || $field == ''){
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'hidden'){
continue;
}
else if($gtbl->filterHiddenField($field, $opfield, $timefield)){
continue;
}
else if(!$user->canWrite($field)){
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'file'){
continue; #?
}
else if($fieldExtraInput != '' && inString('linktbl',$fieldExtraInput)){
continue; #? allow xdirectory....
}
$dataRow .= $gtbl->getCHN($field).",";
$firstRow .= ($columni++).",";
$secRow .= ",";
$dataFields[] = $field;
# chk select options
if($fieldinputtype == 'select'){
$dataSelect[$field] = $gtbl->getSelectOption($field, null);
}
}
# figure out select
$dataSelect2 = array();
foreach($dataSelect as $k=>$v){
if(preg_match_all("/ value=\"([^\"]*)\">([^\-|\(]+)[\(|\-]*/", $v, $matchArr)){
#print_r($matchArr);
foreach($matchArr[0] as $k2=>$v2){
#debug($matchArr[1][$k2]." : ".$matchArr[2][$k2]);
#$dataSelect2[$k][$matchArr[2][$k2]] = $matchArr[1][$k2];
$dataSelect2[$k][$matchArr[1][$k2]] = $matchArr[2][$k2];
}
}
}
$dataSelect = $dataSelect2;
# figure out select, end
# retrieve example data
$exampleRow = '';
$hmResult = $gtbl->execBy("select ".implode(',', $dataFields)." from $tbl where 1=1 order by rand() limit 1", '', null);
if($hmResult[0]){
$hmResult = $hmResult[1][0];
foreach($hmResult as $k=>$v){
if(array_key_exists($k, $dataSelect)){
$v = $dataSelect[$k][$v];
}
$exampleRow .= "$v,";
}
}
$dataFieldStr .= "$firstRow\n$dataRow\n$exampleRow\n$secRow\n";
$isSucc = true;
# prepare file
$dnld_dir = $appdir."/dnld";
$dnld_file = "exampledata_".str_replace("gmis_","",$tbl)."_".date("Y-m-d-H-i").".csv";
$myfp = fopen($dnld_dir.'/'.$dnld_file, 'wb');
if($myfp){
fwrite($myfp, chr(0xEF).chr(0xBB).chr(0xBF));
fwrite($myfp, $dataFieldStr);
}
else{
debug("extra/importexcel: example data file:[$dnld_file] download failed. 201202251827.");
$isSucc = false;
}
fclose($myfp);
# prepare file, end
if($isSucc){
$out .= "File:$dnld_file succ.<br/><script type=\"text/javascript\">";
$out .= "parent.window.open('".$rtvdir."/dnld/".$dnld_file."','Excel File Download','scrollbars,toolbar,location=0,status=yes,resizable,width=600,height=400');";
$out .= "</script>";
}
else{
$out .= "File:$dnld_file fail. <script type=\"text/javascript\">";
$out .= "window.alert('样表数据准备未成功, 请稍后重试.');";
$out .= "</script>";
}
$out .= "<!-- SUCC, OK, OKAY -->";
}
} # end of writeable
$out .= '<!-- my output timestamp: '.($myServTime=date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time())).' -->';
# or
$data['respobj'] = array('output-timestamp'=>$myServTime);
# module path
$module_path = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
# without html header and/or html footer
$isoput = false;
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
?>
<file_sep>/tmp/a.php
<?php
print "week-numw:".date("W")."\n";
?>
<file_sep>/act/pickup.php
<?php
/*
* pick up/select on all avaliable values
* added by <EMAIL>
* init. Mon Sep 17 21:21:03 CST 2018
* updt. Sat Mar 28 11:16:55 CST 2020
*/
//- module
include_once($appdir.'/class/pickup.class.php');
# retrieve preset vars
include("./act/preset-vars.inc.php");
$formid = "gmis_pickup";
$hiddenfields = "";
$colsPerRow = 1; $shortFieldCount = 4;
$pickupFieldCount = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'pickupfieldcount');
$pickupFieldCount = $pickupFieldCount < $shortFieldCount ? $shortFieldCount : $pickupFieldCount;
$rowHeight = 40;
$pickup = new PickUp($gtbl->get('args_to_parent')); # args see class/GTbl
$pickup->setTbl($gtbl->getTbl());
$pickup->set('fieldlist', $gtbl->getFieldList());
$pickup->set('myid', $gtbl->getMyId());
$base62x = new Base62x();
$base62xTag = 'b62x.';
if(inString('&pntc=', $jdo)){
$jdo = preg_replace('/&pntc=[0-9]+/', '', $jdo); # remedy 09:31 2022-08-27
}
$out .= "<fieldset style=\"border-color:#5f8ac5;border: 1px solid #5f8ac5; background:#E8EEF7;\">"
."<legend><h4>".$lang->get("func_pickup")."</h4></legend><form id=\""
.$formid."\" name=\"".$formid."\" method=\"post\" action=\"".$jdo."&act=list\" "
.$gtbl->getJsActionTbl()."><table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" "
." style=\"border:0px solid black; width:98%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; background:transparent;\">";
$out .= "<tr height='".($rowHeight/2)."px'><td width=\"1%\"> </td>
<td width=\"9%\"> </td>
<td> </td>
<td style='width:35px;'>";
if($pickupFieldCount <= $shortFieldCount){
$out .= "<a onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('"
.$jdo."', '', $max_idx, 'moreoption', this);\" title=\"".$lang->get("more")."\"><b>+".$lang->get("more")."</b></a>";
}
else{
$out .= "<a onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('"
.$jdo."', '', $shortFieldCount, 'moreoption', this);\" title=\"-".$lang->get("more")."\" style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:#1730FD;\"><b>-".$lang->get("more")."</b></a>";
}
$out .= "</td></tr>";
$hmorig = array();
if(true){
foreach($_REQUEST as $k=>$v){
if(startsWith($k,"pnsk")){
$hmorig[substr($k,4)] = $v;
}
else if(startsWith($k, 'parent')){ # Attention! parentid
$k2 = $v;
$hmorig[$k2] = $_REQUEST[$k2];
}
}
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx; $hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
if($field == null | $field == ''
|| $field == 'id'){
continue;
}
$fielddf = $gtbl->getDefaultValue($field);
if($fielddf != ''){
$tmparr = explode(":", $fielddf);
if($tmparr[0] == 'request'){ # see xml/info_attachfiletbl.xml
$hmorig[$field] = $_REQUEST[$tmparr[1]];
}
else{
$hmorig[$field] = $tmparr[0]; # see xml/tuanduitbl.xml
}
}
}
}
if($hmorig[0]){
$hmorig = $hmorig[1][0];
}
# narrow down filter, Fri Apr 16 13:31:50 UTC 2021
$navi = new PageNavi();
$pageCondi = $navi->getCondition($gtbl, $user);
$pageCondiVal = $pageCondi;
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx;$hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
if(inString($field, $pageCondi)){
$tmpV = $gtbl->get($field);
$pickup->set($field, $tmpV); $pageCondiVal .= '-'.$tmpV;
}
}
$closedtr = 1; $opentr = 0; # just open a tr, avoid blank line, Sun Jun 26 10:08:55 CST 2016
$columni = 0; $my_form_cols = 4;
$skiptag = $_CONFIG['skiptag'];
for($hmi=$min_idx; $hmi<=$max_idx;$hmi++){
$field = $gtbl->getField($hmi);
$fieldinputtype = $gtbl->getInputType($field);
$filedtmpv = $_REQUEST['pnsk_'.$field];
if(isset($fieldtmpv)){
$hmorig[$field] = $fieldtmpv;
}
if($field == null || $field == ''){
continue;
}
#else if($field == 'password'){
else if(inString('password', $field) || inString('pwd', $field)){
$hmorig[$field] = '';
continue;
}
else if($fieldinputtype == 'file'){
continue;
}
# main fields
if(true){
$options = ""; $prtFieldType = 'string';
$hasHitOption = 0;
$optionListAll = $pickup->getOptionList($field, $fieldinputtype, $pageCondi, $pageCondiVal);
$optionList = $optionListAll[0];
$prtFieldType = $optionListAll[1];
#debug("field:$field options:".serialize($optionList));
$opCount = count($optionList);
if($opCount > 0){
$opi = 0; $lastopv = null;
foreach($optionList as $ok=>$ov){
$urlParts = array();
if($fieldinputtype == 'select'){
$opv = $ov[$field.'_uniq_all']; # same with class/pickup
$origopv = $opv;
if($opv== ''){ $opv = '(Empty)'; } # === in case of '0'
else{
$opv = str_replace('<', '<', $opv);
}
$opv = $gtbl->getSelectOption($field, $opv, '', $needv=1, $isMultiple=0);
$urlParts = fillPickUpReqt($jdo, $field, $origopv, 'inlist', $base62x);
$options .= "<a href='javascript:void(0);' "
." onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('".$jdo."', '$field', '$origopv', 'inlist', this);\""
." style=\"".$urlParts[2]."\">";
$options .= $urlParts[1].$opv.'('.$ov['icount'].')';
$options .= "</a> ";
#debug(" select field:$field opv:$opv\n");
}
else if($prtFieldType == 'string'){
$opv = $ov[$field.'_uniq_all']; # same with class/pickup
if($opv== ''){ $opv = '(Empty)'; } # === in case of '0'
else{
$opv = str_replace('<', '<', $opv);
}
$origopv = $base62xTag.$base62x->encode($opv);
$urlParts = fillPickUpReqt($jdo, $field, $origopv, 'containslist', $base62x);
$options .= "<a href='javascript:void(0);' "
." onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('".$jdo."', '$field', '$origopv', 'containslist', this);\""
." style=\"".$urlParts[2]."\">";
$options .= $urlParts[1].$opv;
if(isset($ov['icount'])){
$options .= "(".$ov['icount'].")";
}
$options .= "</a> ";
}
else if($prtFieldType == 'number'){
if(true){
$opv = $ov[$field];
if($opv === ''){ $opv = '0'; } # === in case of '0'
if($lastopv !== null){
$origopv = $lastopv.'~'.$opv;
$urlParts = fillPickUpReqt($jdo, $field, $origopv, 'inrangelist', $base62x);
$options .= "<a href='javascript:void(0);' "
." onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('".$jdo."', '$field', '$origopv', 'inrangelist', this);\""
." style=\"".$urlParts[2]."\">";
$options .= $urlParts[1].$lastopv."~".$ov[$field];
}
else{
#$options .= "+~".$ov[$field]; # nothing < imin?
}
$options .= "</a> ";
$lastopv = $ov[$field];
if($opi == $opCount-1){
$origopv = $lastopv.'~';
$urlParts = fillPickUpReqt($jdo, $field, $origopv, 'inrangelist', $base62x);
$options .= "<a href='javascript:void(0);' "
." onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('".$jdo."', '$field', '$origopv', 'inrangelist', this);\""
." style=\"".$urlParts[2]."\">";
$options .= $urlParts[1].$ov[$field]."~";
$options .= "</a> ";
}
}
}
else{
debug("unsupported prtFieldType:$prtFieldType from field:$field skip....\n");
}
$opi++;
if($hasHitOption == 0){
if(isset($urlParts[1]) && $urlParts[1] == '-'){
$hasHitOption = 1;
}
}
}
$reqv = Wht::get($_REQUEST, "pnsk$field");
if($reqv != '' && $hasHitOption == 0){
$opType = ""; $origReqv = $reqv;
if($fieldinputtype == 'select'){
$opType = "inlist";
}
else if($prtFieldType == 'string'){
$opType = "containslist";
$reqv = $base62xTag.$base62x->encode($reqv);
}
else if($prtFieldType == 'number'){
$opType = "inrangelist";
}
$options .= "<a href='javascript:void(0);' "
." onclick=\"javascript:parent.fillPickUpReqt('".$jdo."', '$field', '$reqv', '$opType', this);\""
." style=\"color:#ffffff;background-color:#1730FD;\">";
$options .= '-'.$origReqv;
$options .= "</a> ";
}
}
if($options != ''){
$out .= "<tr height=\"{$rowHeight}px\" valign=\"middle\" onmouseover=\"javascript:this.style.backgroundColor='"
.$hlcolor."';\" onmouseout=\"javascript:this.style.backgroundColor='';\">";
$out .= "<td></td>";
$out .= "<td><b>".$gtbl->getCHN($field)."</b></td>";
$out .= "<td style='word-break:all;word-spacing:10px;line-height:25px;'> $options </td>";
$out .= "<td></td></tr>";
$rows++;
$lastBlankTr = 0;
$bgcolor = "#DCDEDE";
if($rows%2 == 0){
$bgcolor = "";
}
}
else{
#$pickupFieldCount++;
#debug("\tfield:$field has no options. 1809191930. skip....\n");
}
}
$out .= $gtbl->getDelayJsAction($field);
$columni++;
if($columni % $colsPerRow == 0){
$out .= "</tr>";
$closedtr = 1;
}
if(true && $rows % 6 == 0 && $lastBlankTr == 0){
$out .= "<tr height=\"".($rowHeight/2)."px\" valign=\"middle\" onmouseover=\"javascript:this.style.backgroundColor='"
.$hlcolor."';\" onmouseout=\"javascript:this.style.backgroundColor='';\" ><td style=\"border-top: 1px dotted #cccccc; "
."vertical-align:middle;\" colspan=\"".$my_form_cols."\"> </td> </tr>";
$lastBlankTr = 1;
}
if($rows >= $pickupFieldCount){
break;
}
}
if(false){
$out .= "<tr height=\"10px\"><td style=\"border-top: 1px dotted #cccccc; vertical-align:middle;\" colspan=\""
.$my_form_cols."\"> </td></tr>";
}
$out .= "<tr><td colspan=\"".$my_form_cols."\" align=\"center\">";
$out .= "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"id\" name=\"id\" value=\"".$id."\"/>\n ".$hiddenfields."\n";
$out .= "</td></tr>";
$out .= "</table> </form> </fieldset> <br/>";
#
# save as an alternative backup
# use javascript in front-end instead.
#
function fillPickUpReqt($myurl, $field, $fieldv, $oppnsk, $base62x=null){
$newurl = $myurl;
$urlParts = explode("&", $newurl);
$hasReqK = false;
$hasReqKop = false;
$hasReqV = false;
$tagPrefix = '+';
$stylestr = '';
$origFieldv = $fieldv; $reqVal = '';
$base62xTag = 'b62x.'; # for string only
if($base62x == null){
$base62x = new Base62x();
}
if(inList($oppnsk, 'inlist,containslist,inrangelist')){
#$fieldv = strtolower($fieldv); # why?
$isString = false;
if($oppnsk == 'containslist'){ $isString = true; }
$urlPartsNew = array();
foreach($urlParts as $k=>$v){
$paraParts = explode("=", $v);
if(count($paraParts) > 1){
$reqk = $paraParts[0];
$reqv = $paraParts[1];
if($reqk == "pnsk$field"){
#$reqv = strtolower($reqv); # why?
if(true && $isString){
if(inString(',', $reqv)){
$tmpArr = explode(',', $reqv);
foreach($tmpArr as $tmpk=>$tmpv){
if(!startsWith($tmpv, $base62xTag)){
$tmpArr[$tmpk] = $base62xTag.$base62x->encode($tmpv);
}
}
$reqv = implode(',', $tmpArr);
}
else{
if(!startsWith($reqv, $base62xTag)){
$reqv = $base62xTag.$base62x->encode($reqv);
}
}
}
if($reqv != ''){ $reqVal = $reqv; }
if(inList($fieldv, $reqv)){
$tmpArr = array();
if(is_array($reqv)){ $tmpArr=explode(',', $reqv); }
foreach($tmpArr as $tmpk=>$tmpv){
if($tmpv == $fieldv){
unset($tmpArr[$tmpk]); # break; ?
}
}
$reqv = implode(',', $tmpArr);
$hasReqV = true;
}
else{
$reqv .= ",$fieldv";
}
$hasReqK = true;
}
else if($reqk == "oppnsk$field"){
$reqv = $oppnsk; $hasReqKop = true;
}
$paraParts[0] = $reqk;
$paraParts[1] = $reqv;
}
$v = implode('=', $paraParts);
$urlPartsNew[$k] = $v;
}
#$newurl = implode('&', $urlParts);
$newurl = implode('&', $urlPartsNew);
if(!$hasReqK){
$newurl .= "&pnsk$field=$fieldv";
#$newurl .= "&pnsk$field=B62X.".Base62x::encode($fieldv);
}
if(!$hasReqKop){
$newurl .= "&oppnsk=$oppnsk";
}
if($hasReqV){
$tagPrefix = '-';
$stylestr = 'color:#ffffff;background-color:#1730FD;';
}
else{
if($reqVal != ''){
#debug("found reqVal:$reqVal not in optionList.");
}
}
}
else{
debug("Unknown oppnsk:$oppnsk. 1809210905. \n");
}
$newurl .= "&act=list";
#debug("fillPickUpUrl result: newurl:$newurl tagprefix:$tagPrefix\n");
return array($newurl, $tagPrefix, $stylestr);
}
?>
<file_sep>/extra/xdirectory.php
<?php
# directory management module
# <EMAIL> on Sun Jan 31 10:22:15 CST 2016
# updts by <EMAIL>, Tue Apr 23 13:35:30 HKT 2019
#$isoput = false;
$isheader = 0;
$_REQUEST['isheader'] = $isheader;
#$out_header = $isheader;
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
include_once($appdir."/class/xdirectory.class.php");
if(!isset($xdirectory)){
$xdirectory = new XDirectory($tbl);
}
$inframe = $_REQUEST['inframe'];
if($inframe == ''){
# re open in an iframe window
$myurl = $rtvdir."/extra/xdirectory.php?inframe=1&".$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'].'&'.SID.'='.$sid;
$out .= "<iframe id=\"linktblframe\" name=\"linktblframe\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" src=\""
.$myurl."&isheader=0\" frameborder=\"0\"></iframe>";
}
else{
$dirLevelLength = 2;
# main actions
$out .= '
<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$rtvdir.'/comm/jquery-3.6.1.min.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<style type="text/css">
.node ul{
margin-left:-25px;
}
.node ul li{
list-style-type:none;
}
.node .node{
display:none;
}
.node .tree{
height:24px;
line-height:24px;
}
.ce_ceng_close{
background:url(../img/cd_zd1.png) left center no-repeat;
padding-left: 15px;
}
.ce_ceng_open{
background:url(../img/cd_zd.png) left center no-repeat;
}
</style>
';
$out .= "";
$icode = $_REQUEST['icode'];
$iname = $_REQUEST['iname'];
$rootId = '00';
$parentCode = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'parentcode');
if(inString('-', $parentCode)){ //- 0100-止疼药2级
$tmpArr = explode('-', $parentCode);
$parentCode = $tmpArr[0];
}
else if(inString('THIS_', $parentCode)){ //- THIS_belongto
$parentCode = $rootId;
}
$xdirectory->set('parentCode', $parentCode);
$expandList = array();
if(strlen($parentCode) > $dirLevelLength){
$codeV = '';
$codeArr = str_split(substr($parentCode,0,strlen($parentCode)-$dirLevelLength), $dirLevelLength);
foreach($codeArr as $k=>$v){
$codeV .= $v;
$expandList[$codeV] = $codeV;
}
}
#debug("extra/xdir: parentcode:$parentCode expandList:".serialize($expandList));
$list = array();
$sqlCondi = "1=1 order by $icode asc";
$hm = $xdirectory->getBy("$icode, $iname", "$sqlCondi",
$withCache=array("key"=>"xdir-$tbl-$sqlCondi"));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
}
else{
$hm = array(0=>array("$icode"=>$rootId, "$iname"=>'所有/All'));
}
#debug($hm);
# added by <EMAIL>, Sat May 22 21:29:53 CST 2021
$sortArr = $xdirectory->sortDir($hm, $icode, $iname);
#debug("sortArr:"); debug($sortArr);
$hm = $sortArr;
if(1){
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
if($v[$icode] == ''){
$v[$icode] = '00'; # init hierarchy
}
$list[$v[$icode]] = $v[$iname];
}
$out .= '<style type="text/css">';
foreach($list as $k=>$v){
$out .= '#nodelink'.$k.'{ width:168px; height:20px; display:none; }';
}
$out .= '</style>';
$str = $xdirectory->getList($list, $dirLevelLength);
$out .= $str;
}
$targetField = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'targetfield');
$imode = Wht::get($_REQUEST, "imode");
if($imode == 'read' && $targetField != $icode){
$icode = $targetField;
}
$out .= " <script type=\"text/javascript\"> var current_link_field='".$icode
."'; var tmpTimer0859=window.setTimeout(function(){parent.sendLinkInfo('".$parentCode."','w', current_link_field);}, 1*1000);</script> ";
$out .= '
<script type="text/javascript">
$(".tree").each(function(index, element) {
if($(this).next(".node").length>0){
$(this).addClass("ce_ceng_close");
}
else{
$(this).css("padding-left","15px");
}
});
';
foreach($expandList as $k=>$v){
$out .= '
var ull = $("#'.$v.'").next(".node");
ull.slideDown();
$("#'.$v.'").addClass("ce_ceng_open");
ull.find(".ce_ceng_close").removeClass("ce_ceng_open");
';
}
$out .= '
$(".tree").click(function(e){
var ul = $(this).next(".node");
if(ul.css("display")=="none"){
ul.slideDown();
$(this).addClass("ce_ceng_open");
ul.find(".ce_ceng_close").removeClass("ce_ceng_open");
}else{
ul.slideUp();
$(this).removeClass("ce_ceng_open");
ul.find(".node").slideUp();
ul.find(".ce_ceng_close").removeClass("ce_ceng_open");
}
});
';
$out .= '
//- disp menu options
function xianShi(nodeId) {
document.getElementById("nodelink"+nodeId).style.display="inline";
}
//- hide options
function yinCang(nodeId) {
document.getElementById("nodelink"+nodeId).style.display="none";
}
//- highlights selected
var lastSelectedK = \'\';
function changeBgc(nodeId){
var myObj = document.getElementById(nodeId);
if(myObj){
myObj.style.backgroundColor=\'silver\';
}
if(lastSelectedK != \'\' && lastSelectedK != nodeId){
myObj = document.getElementById(lastSelectedK);
if(myObj){
myObj.style.backgroundColor=\'\';
}
}
lastSelectedK = nodeId;
}
';
# positioning to selected, 17:42 6/11/2020
if($parentCode != ''){
$out .= 'if(true){ var tmpReloadTimer=window.setTimeout(function(){ var tmpObj=document.getElementById("'.$parentCode.'"); if(tmpObj){tmpObj.scrollIntoView(); parent.scrollTo(0,10);}}, 1*1000);};';
}
$out .='</script>';
}
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
?><file_sep>/extra/insitesearch.php
<?php
# In-site searching
# Xenxin<EMAIL>
# Wed May 30 15:40:33 CST 2018
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
include_once($appdir."/class/base62x.class.php");
include_once($appdir."/class/insitesearch.class.php");
# variables
$MAX_SUCC_COUNT = 5;
$MAX_FIELD_COUNT = 99999;
$isep = "::";
$time_bgn = time();
$gtbl2 = $gtbl;
if($testDb != ''){
$args = array('db'=>$_CONFIG['maindb']);
$gtbl2 = new GTbl($tbl, $args, $sep);
debug($gtbl2);
}
$iss = new InSiteSearch();
$issubmit = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'issubmit');
$issout .= serialize($_REQUEST);
$isskw = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'isskw');
$issLastId = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'isslastid');
if($issLastId == ''){ $issLastId = 0; } # max fields return
# module path
$module_path = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
# actions
if($issubmit == 1 && $isskw != ''){
if($act == 'init'){
# init a searcho
}
else{
$resultList = array();
$succCount = 0;
$succTblList = array();
$tbl_all_count = 0;
$fieldi = 0;
$skipFieldI = $issLastId;
$hm = $iss->execBy($sql="select id, idb, itbl, ifield from ".$iss->getTbl()
." where 1=1 order by icount desc, id desc limit 0, ".$MAX_FIELD_COUNT, null,
$withCache=array('key'=>'iss-fields-'.$issLastId));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
if($fieldi++ < $skipFieldI){
#debug("fieldi:$fieldi less than $issLastId, skip next...");
continue;
}
$issLastId++; # $v['id'];
$idb = $v['idb'];
$itbl = $v['itbl'];
$ifield = $v['ifield'];
$hm2 = $iss->execBy($sql2="select $ifield from $itbl where $ifield like '%$isskw%' limit 3",
null, $withCache=array('key'=>"iss-search-$tbl-$ifield-$isskw"));
if($hm2[0]){
$hm2 = $hm2[1];
foreach($hm2 as $k2=>$v2){
$resultList[$idb.$isep.$itbl.$isep.$ifield] = $v2;
}
$succTblList[] = $itbl;
$succCount++;
#debug("read succ from $itbl-$ifield, $succCount / $issLastId / $sql2 / hm2:".serialize($hm2));
}
else{
#debug("read failed from $itbl-$ifield, skip...$issLastId ");
}
if($succCount > $MAX_SUCC_COUNT){
debug("insitesearch succCount reached, exit now...");
break;
}
$tbl_all_count++;
}
}
else{
debug("read iss fields failed. 201805310746.");
}
$data['result_list'] = $resultList;
$data['isslastid'] = $issLastId;
$moduleNameList = array();
if(count($succTblList) > 0){
$moduleList = implode("','", $succTblList);
$hm = $iss->execBy($sql3="select * from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_menulist "
." where modulename in ('$moduleList') order by id",
null, $withCache=array('key'=>'iss-read-module-path-'.$moduleList));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
foreach($hm as $k=>$v){
$moduleNameList[$v['thedb'].$isep.$v['modulename']] = $v;
}
#debug($moduleNameList);
}
else{
debug("read modulename failed. 201805311254.");
}
}
$data['module_list'] = $moduleNameList;
}
}
else if($act == 'clickreport'){
$objId = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'objid');
$fieldArr = explode($isep, $objId);
debug("objId:[$objId] fieldArr:".serialize($fieldArr));
$imd5 = md5( implode("\t\t", $fieldArr) );
$hm = $iss->execBy($sql="update ".$iss->getTbl()
." set icount=icount+1 where imd5='$imd5' limit 1", null, null);
if($hm[0]){
debug("icount++ succ with sql:$sql\n");
}
else{
debug("icount++ failed with sql:$sql\n");
}
$fmt = 'json';
$_REQUEST['fmt'] = $fmt;
$smttpl = '';
}
else{ # prepare form data
}
$time_all_cost = time() - $time_bgn;
# output
$smt->assign('welcomemsg',$welcomemsg);
$smt->assign('isheader', $isheader);
$smt->assign('out_header', $out_header);
$smt->assign('out_footer', $out_footer);
$smt->assign('rtvdir', $rtvdir);
$smt->assign('ido', $ido);
$smt->assign('jdo', $jdo);
$smt->assign('url', $url);
$smt->assign('sid', $sid);
$smt->assign('rtvdir', $rtvdir);
$smt->assign('output', $out);
$smt->assign('issout',$issout);
$smt->assign('issubmit', $issubmit);
$smt->assign('levelcode', $levelcode);
$smt->assign('modulepath', $module_path);
$smt->assign('isskw', $isskw);
$smt->assign('isep', $isep);
$smt->assign('max_last_id', 0); # starting point next
$smt->assign('tbl_all_count', $tbl_all_count+1);
$smt->assign('time_all_cost', $time_all_cost);
$smt->assign('act', $act);
#tpl
if($fmt == ''){
$smttpl = getSmtTpl(__FILE__,$act='');
$smttpl = 'insitesearch.html';
}
else{
#debug("output $fmt format only....");
}
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
?>
<file_sep>/class/pickup.class.php
<?php
/* PickUp class
* v0.1,
* <EMAIL>, hotmail, gmail}.com
* Wed Sep 19 CST 2018
*/
if(!defined('__ROOT__')){
define('__ROOT__', dirname(dirname(__FILE__)));
}
require_once(__ROOT__.'/inc/webapp.class.php');
class PickUp extends WebApp{
const SID = 'sid';
const PICK_TOP_N = 12;
const PICK_MAX_FIELD_LENGTH = 12;
var $ver = 0.01;
var $fieldList = array();
#
public function __construct($args=null){
#$this->setTbl(GConf::get('tblpre').'mytbl');
//- init parent
parent::__construct($args);
$this->currTime = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time());
}
#
public function __destruct(){
# @todo
}
# public methods
# get option list by field
public function getOptionList($field, $fieldinputtype, $pageCondi, $pageCondiVal){
$options = array();
$hmfield = $this->fieldList;
if(count($hmfield) < 1){
$this->fieldList = $this->get('fieldlist');
}
$fieldtype = $hmfield[$field];
$tbl = $this->getTbl();
$myId = $this->get('myid');
$prtFieldType = 'string';
$isTimeField = false;
if(inString('time', $fieldtype) || inString("date", $fieldtype)){
$isTimeField = true;
}
if($pageCondi == null || $pageCondi == ''){ $pageCondi = '1=1'; }
#debug("class/pickup: pageCondi:$pageCondi");
$fieldDefineLength = $this->_getFieldDefineLength($field, $fieldtype);
if($fieldDefineLength > self::PICK_MAX_FIELD_LENGTH * 20){ # why 20? <255?
#debug("\tfield:$field has too long:$fieldDefineLength skip....\n");
}
else if(inString("char", $fieldtype) || $fieldinputtype == 'select'){
$fieldUniq = $field.'_uniq_all';
$hm = $this->execBy("select substr($field, 1, ".self::PICK_MAX_FIELD_LENGTH
.") as $fieldUniq, count($myId) as icount from $tbl "
." where $pageCondi group by $fieldUniq order by icount desc limit ".self::PICK_TOP_N, null,
$withCache=array('key'=>"read-pickup-$tbl-$field-$pageCondiVal"));
if($hm[0]){
$options = $hm[1];
}
#debug("\t read tbl:$tbl field:$field type:$fieldtype hm:[".serialize($hm)."]");
$prtFieldType = 'string';
}
else if($field == $myId || $isTimeField|| inString('int', $fieldtype)
|| inString('decimal', $fieldtype) || inString('float', $fieldtype)
|| inString('double', $fieldtype)){
$imax = 1;
$imin = 0;
$hm = $this->execBy("select max($field) as imax, min($field) as imin from $tbl "
." where $pageCondi", null,
$withCache=array('key'=>"read-pickup-$tbl-$field-$pageCondiVal"));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1][0];
if($isTimeField){ $imax = strtotime($hm['imax']); }else{ $imax = $hm['imax']; }
if($isTimeField){ $imin = strtotime($hm['imin']); }else{ $imin = $hm['imin']; }
}
$istep = ($imax - $imin) / self::PICK_TOP_N;
$valueUniq = array();
for($i=$imin; $i<$imax; $i+=$istep){
if($imin > 1 || $field == $myId || inString('int', $fieldtype)){
$val = ceil($i);
if($isTimeField){ $val = date("Y-m-d", $val); }
if(isset($valueUniq[$val])){
# @todo
}
else{
$options[] = array($field=>$val);
$valueUniq[$val] = 1;
}
}
else{
$val = $i;
if($isTimeField){ $val = date("Y-m-d", $val); }
else{ $val = sprintf("%0.1f", $val); }
$options[] = array($field=>$val);
}
}
#debug("\t read tbl:$tbl field:$field type:$fieldtype imax:$imax imin:$imin istep:$istep hm:[".serialize($options)."]");
$prtFieldType = 'number';
}
else{
debug("unsupported tbl:$tbl field:$field fieldtype:$fieldtype. 1809191556.");
}
$options = array($options, $prtFieldType);
return $options;
}
# private methods
#
private function _getFieldDefineLength($field, $fieldtype){
$len = 0;
if(preg_match("/char\(([0-9]+)\)/", $fieldtype, $matchArr)){
$len = $matchArr[1];
#debug("found char f:$field length:$len with fieldtype:[$fieldtype]\n");
}
return $len;
}
#
private function _sayHi(){
$rtn = '';
return $rtn;
}
}
?>
<file_sep>/gmis.tables.sql
---- gmis tables, 201908; to sep in install script;
drop table if exists gmis_filedirtbl;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_filedirtbl` (
`id` int(12) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`filename` char(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'file or dir name',
`parentname` char(254) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'file or dir path',
`pparentname` varchar(768) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'file or dir path uplevel',
`idesc` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`itype` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0:file, 1:dir',
`filetype` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'mime type',
`filesize` int(12) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'KB',
`filepath` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'file system dir',
`ioperator` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:01',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:01',
`parentid` int(12) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`parentname`,`filename`),
KEY `key3` (`filename`),
KEY `key4` (`filetype`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_fin_operatelogtbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_fin_operatelogtbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`parentid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`parenttype` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`userid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`actionstr` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_fin_todotbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_fin_todotbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`pid` int(12) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`taskname` char(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`tasktype` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`triggerbyparent` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`triggerbyparentid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`togroup` mediumint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`touser` mediumint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`taskmemo` varchar(2048) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`taskreply` varchar(1024) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`taskfile` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `k2` (`pid`),
KEY `k3` (`touser`),
KEY `k4` (`triggerbyparentid`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_attachefiletbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_attachefiletbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`userid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`parentid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`parenttype` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`filename` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`filetype` char(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`filesize` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`filepath` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_grouptbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_grouptbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`groupname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`grouplevel` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`groupname`),
UNIQUE KEY `key3` (`grouplevel`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_helptbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_helptbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`title` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`content` text NOT NULL,
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`orderno` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`click` mediumint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`reply` mediumint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`isfaq` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`title`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_menulist`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_menulist` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`linkname` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`levelcode` char(48) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`modulename` char(48) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`dynamicpara` char(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`operator` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`disptitle` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`thedb` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `singlecode` (`levelcode`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_objectfieldtbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_objectfieldtbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`parentid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`fieldname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`fieldtype` char(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`fieldlength` mediumint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '32',
`defaultvalue` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`otherset` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`fieldmemo` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`chnname` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`parentid`,`fieldname`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_objectgrouptbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_objectgrouptbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`groupname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`grouplevel` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`groupname`),
UNIQUE KEY `key3` (`grouplevel`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_objectindexkeytbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_objectindexkeytbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`parentid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`indexname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`indextype` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`onfield` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`parentid`,`indexname`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_objecttbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_objecttbl` (
`id` mediumint(6) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`objname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`tblname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`objgroup` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`tblfield` char(254) NOT NULL,
`tblindex` char(254) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`addtodesktop` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL,
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`tblname`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_operateareatbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_operateareatbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`areacode` char(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`areaname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1000-01-01 00:00:00',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`areacode`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_siteusertbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_siteusertbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`email` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`username` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`realname` char(8) NOT NULL,
`password` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`avatar` char(8) NOT NULL,
`company` char(200) NOT NULL,
`gender` int(2) NOT NULL,
`mobile` char(12) NOT NULL,
`qq` int(12) NOT NULL,
`money` char(8) NOT NULL,
`score` char(8) NOT NULL,
`zipcode` char(6) NOT NULL,
`address` char(200) NOT NULL,
`city_id` char(4) NOT NULL,
`enable` int(2) NOT NULL,
`manager` int(2) NOT NULL,
`secret` char(16) NOT NULL,
`recode` char(16) NOT NULL,
`ip` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`istate` int(2) NOT NULL,
UNIQUE KEY `email` (`email`),
KEY `id` (`id`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_toolsettbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_toolsettbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`iname` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`iurl` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '0001-01-01 00:00:01',
`updatetime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`ioperator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `uk1` (`iname`),
KEY `ik1` (`istate`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_info_usertbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_info_usertbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`password` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`realname` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`email` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`usergroup` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`branchoffice` char(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`operatearea` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`operator` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `uniemail` (`email`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_insitesearchtbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_insitesearchtbl` (
`id` int(12) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`idb` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`itbl` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`ifield` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`ivalue` varchar(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`imd5` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'md5(idb, itbl, ifield, ivalue)',
`icount` mediumint(8) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:01',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`imd5`),
KEY `k3` (`ivalue`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_issblackwhitetbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_issblackwhitetbl` (
`id` int(12) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`idb` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`itbl` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`ifield` char(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`isblack` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`iswhite` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:01',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`idb`,`itbl`,`ifield`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_mydesktoptbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_mydesktoptbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`userid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`useremail` char(32) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_mynotetbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_mynotetbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`content` text COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
`notecode` char(24) COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`updatetime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`istate` char(10) COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
`operator` varchar(10) COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `k3` (`inserttime`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_useraccesstbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_useraccesstbl` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`userid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`usergroup` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`objectid` mediumint(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`objectfield` char(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`objectgroup` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`accesstype` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`operatelog` char(64) NOT NULL,
`istate` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',
`inserttime` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT '1001-01-01 00:00:00',
`memo` char(15) NOT NULL,
`operator` char(6) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `key2` (`userid`,`usergroup`,`objectid`,`objectgroup`,`objectfield`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_dict_infotbl`;
CREATE TABLE `gmis_dict_infotbl` (
`id` int(12) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'primary key',
`ikey` char(24) COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'dict key',
`ivalue` char(64) COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'dict value',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
drop table if exists `gmis_dict_detailtbl`;
CREATE TABLE `dict_detailtbl` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`itype` char(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'dict key code',
`ikey` char(128) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'item name',
`ivalue` char(128) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT 'item value',
`iorder` int NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'order num',
`imemo` char(254) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT 'desc for the ikey/ivalue.',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `k3` (`itype`,`ikey`,`ivalue`),
KEY `k2` (`itype`)
);
<file_sep>/extra/xianjinquan.php
<?php
# batchly generate xianjinquan
# <EMAIL> on Sun Jan 31 10:22:15 CST 2016
# Mon May 13 13:07:32 HKT 2019
#
require("../comm/header.inc.php");
$gtbl = new GTbl($tbl, array(), $elementsep);
include("../comm/tblconf.php");
# main actions
$out = "";
if($act == 'dobatch1'){
#$out .= "act:[$act] reqt:".serialize($_REQUEST);
$out .= "<fieldset><legend> 批量生成促销现金券: 步骤2 </legend>
<form id='addstepform' name='addstepform' action='extra/xianjinquan.php?sid=$sid&act=dobatch2&tbl=$tbl&db=$db' method='post'>";
$out .= "<p> 主题：".($sname=Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'sname'))." <input name='sname' type='hidden' value='".$sname."'/> </p>";
$out .= "<p> 面值：".($facevalue=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'facevalue')))." 元 <input name='facevalue' type='hidden' value='".$facevalue."'/> </p>";
$out .= "<p> 数量：".($icount=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'icount')))." 张 <input name='icount' type='hidden' value='".$icount."'/> </p>";
$out .= "<p> 绑定到商品Id：".($bind2productid=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'bind2productid')))." <input name='bind2productid' type='hidden' value='".$bind2productid."'/> </p>";
$out .= "<p> 绑定到商户Id：".($bind2storeid=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'bind2storeid')))." <input name='bind2storeid' type='hidden' value='".$bind2storeid."'/> </p>";
$out .= "<p> 有效截止日期：".($dendtime=Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'dendtime'))." <input name='dendtime' type='hidden' value='".$dendtime."'/> </p>";
$out .= " <p> <input type='button' name='rtnbtn' value='返回修改' onclick=\"javascript:GTAj.backGTAjax('contentarea','1');\"/>
<input type='submit' value='确认无误, 批量生成' id='addmultistepsubmit' onclick=\"javascript:doActionEx(this.form.name,'contentarea');\"/></p>
</form>
</fieldset>";
}
else if($act == 'dobatch2'){
$sname=Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'sname');
$facevalue=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'facevalue'));
$icount=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'icount'));
$bind2productid=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'bind2productid'));
$bind2storeid=intval(Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'bind2storeid'));
$dendtime=Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'dendtime');
$succi = 0;
for($i=0; $i<$icount; $i++){
$scode = date('mdHis', time()).$i;
$tmpsql = "insert into ".$tbl." set sname='$sname', scode='$scode', facevalue=$facevalue, dendtime='$dendtime', dinserttime=NOW(),bind2productid='".$bind2productid."',bind2storeid='".$bind2storeid."'";
$result = $gtbl->execBy($tmpsql);
if($result[0]){
$succi++;
}
debug("extra/xinjinquan: ".$tmpsql." result:".serialize($result));
}
$out .= "成功批量生成 $succi 张 $facevalue 元现金券! 请 <a href='javascript:window.location.reload();'>刷新浏览</a>.";
}
else{
$out .= "<fieldset><legend> 批量生成促销现金券: 步骤1 </legend>
<form id='addstepform' name='addstepform' action='extra/xianjinquan.php?sid=$sid&act=dobatch1&tbl=$tbl&db=$db' method='post'>";
$out .= "<p> 主题：<input name='sname' style=\"width:260px\"/> </p>";
$out .= "<p> 面值：<input name='facevalue'/> <br/> 单位为元, 填写整数 如, 100, 50, 20, 10等 </p>";
$out .= "<p> 数量：<input name='icount'/> <br/> 共 ? 张, 填写整数 如, 100, 50, 20, 10等 </p>";
$out .= "<p> 绑定到商品Id：<input name='bind2productid'/> <br/> 只在浏览该商品时可领用,不填为所有 </p>";
$out .= "<p> 绑定到商户Id：<input name='bind2storeid'/> <br/> 只在浏览该商户的商品时可领用,不填为所有 </p>";
$out .= "<p> 有效截止日期：<input name='dendtime'/><br/>日期格式: YYYY-mm-dd , 如 2019-12-31 </p>";
$out .= "
<p><input type='submit' value='确认, 下一步' id='addmultistepsubmit' onclick=\"javascript:doActionEx(this.form.name,'contentarea');\"/></p>
</form>
</fieldset>";
}
# or
$data['respobj'] = array('output'=>'content');
# module path
$module_path = '';
include_once($appdir."/comm/modulepath.inc.php");
# without html header and/or html footer
$isoput = false;
require("../comm/footer.inc.php");
?><file_sep>/act/insitesearchsort.v1.php
<?php
include_once($appdir.'/class/insitesearch.class.php');
$MIN_CHAR_LENGTH = 4;
$MAX_CHAR_LENGTH = 255;
$tblpre = $_CONFIG['tblpre'];
$fieldBlackList = array(
'un_promotion_p2p_ios'=>array('activaterate'=>1),
'un_promotion'=>array('activaterate'=>1),
'un_promotion_p2p'=>array('activaterate'=>1),
'un_promotion_nopb'=>array('activaterate'=>1),
'un_promotion_cpcm'=>array('activaterate'=>1),
'un_promotion_sub'=>array('activaterate'=>1),
'un_promotion_ios'=>array('activaterate'=>1)
);
$tblBlackList = array($tblpre.'insitesearchtbl'=>1, $tblpre.'info_objecttbl'=>1);
#print_r($tblBlackList);
$iss = new InSiteSearch();
# in-site search sorting
if(true){
$issTblList = array();
$sql = "show tables";
$hm = $gtbl->execBy($sql, null, $withCache=array('key'=>$db.'-show-tables'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$issTblList = $hm;
}
else{
debug("read tables failed. 201805291213.");
}
# tables
foreach($issTblList as $k=>$tmpTblArr){
$tmpTbl = $tmpTblArr['Tables_in_adSystem'];
#debug("tbl:$tmpTbl seri:".serialize($tmpTblArr));
if(isset($tblBlackList[$tmpTbl])){
continue;
}
else if(inString('_temp', $tmpTbl) || inString('temp_', $tmpTbl)){
#debug($tmpMsg="found temp tmptbl:$tmpTbl, skip...\n");
#$out .= $tmpMsg;
continue;
}
else if(inString('_old', $tmpTbl) || inString('old_', $tmpTbl)){
#debug($tmpMsg="found old tmptbl:$tmpTbl, skip...\n");
#$out .= $tmpMsg;
continue;
}
else if(preg_match("/_[0-9]+$/", $tmpTbl)){
#debug($tmpMsg="found rotating tmptbl:$tmpTbl, skip...\n");
#$out .= $tmpMsg;
continue;
}
$issFieldList = array();
$sql = "desc $tmpTbl";
$hm = $gtbl->execBy($sql, null, $withCache=array('key'=>$db.'-'.$tmpTbl.'-desc'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$issFieldList = $hm;
}
else{
debug("desc table:$tmpTbl failed. 201805291217.");
}
# fields
$issTargetField = array();
foreach($issFieldList as $fk=>$tmpField){
$tmpFieldName = $tmpField['Field'];
$tmpFieldType = $tmpField['Type'];
$tmpName = strtolower($tmpFieldName);
if(startsWith($tmpFieldType, 'char') || startsWith($tmpFieldType, 'varchar')){
if(isset($fieldBlackList[$tmpTbl][$tmpFieldName])){
#debug($tmpMsg="found field:$tmpFieldName for blacklist, skip...\n");
$out .= $tmpMsg;
continue;
}
else if(checkSqlKeyword($tmpFieldName)){
#debug($tmpMsg="found field:$tmpFieldName for sql keyword, skip...\n");
#$out .= $tmpMsg;
continue;
}
else if(inString('md5', $tmpName) || inString('url', $tmpName)
|| inString('size', $tmpName)){
#debug($tmpMsg="found field:$tmpFieldName for sql potential md5/url, skip...\n");
#$out .= $tmpMsg;
continue;
}
else if(inString('password', $tmpName) || inString('pwd', $tmpName)){
continue;
}
else{
$tmpLen = 0;
if(preg_match("/char\(([0-9]+)\)/", $tmpFieldType, $matchArr)){
$tmpLen = $matchArr[1];
if($tmpLen < $MIN_CHAR_LENGTH || $tmpLen > $MAX_CHAR_LENGTH){
#debug($tmpMsg="matchArr:".serialize($matchArr)." length:".$matchArr[1]
# ." for $tmpFieldName, skip for out of range\n");
#$out .= $tmpMsg;
}
else{
$issTargetField[] = $tmpFieldName;
#debug("$tmpTbl found field:$tmpFieldName for type:$tmpFieldType."
# ." targetfield:".serialize($issTargetField));
}
}
else{
debug("char field:$tmpFieldName length failed.");
}
}
}
else{
#debug("$tmpTbl skip field:$tmpFieldName for type:$tmpFieldType.");
}
}
# data
if(count($issTargetField) > 0){
$sql = "select ".implode(',', $issTargetField)." from $tmpTbl limit 40, 20";
#debug($tmpMsg=" run sql:$sql\n");
$out .= $tmpMsg;
$hm = $gtbl->execBy($sql, null,
$withCache=array('key'=>$db.'-'.$tmpTbl.'-content-page-size=40??'));
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
debug($tmpMsg="tbl-".($tbli++).":$tmpTl read val:".count($hm)." try to save...\n");
$out .= $tmpMsg;
$result = $iss->saveInfo($hm, $itbl=$tmpTbl, $idb);
$out .= $result;
}
}
else{
debug($tmpMsg="no field left for tbl:$tmpTbl. 201805291224.\n");
$out .= $tmpMsg;
}
}
}
?>
<file_sep>/inc/sessiona.class.php
<?php
/* Session admin, handling users sessions in all apps
* v0.1
* <EMAIL>
* Sat Jul 23 09:50:58 UTC 2011
* Mon, 6 Mar 2017 21:59:03 +0800, implementing
*/
if(!defined('__ROOT__')){
define('__ROOT__', dirname(dirname(__FILE__)));
}
require_once(__ROOT__."/inc/config.class.php");
require_once(__ROOT__."/inc/socket.class.php");
require_once(__ROOT__."/inc/session.class.php");
#require_once(__ROOT__."/inc/class.connectionpool.php");
class SessionA {
var $conf = null;
var $sessionconn = null;
//- construct
function __construct($sessionConf = null){
$sessionConf = ($sessionConf==null ? 'Session_Master' : $sessionConf);
$this->conf = new $sessionConf;
$sessionDriver = GConf::get('sessiondriver');
$this->sessionconn = new $sessionDriver($this->conf);
}
//-
function __destruct(){
$this->close();
}
# get
public function get($k){
# @todo
$k = $this->_md5k($k);
return $this->sessionconn->get($k);
}
# set
public function set($k, $v){
# @todo
$k = $this->_md5k($k);
$rtn = $this->sessionconn->set($k, $v);
return $rtn;
}
# delete
public function rm($k){
$k = $this->_md5k($k);
$rtn = $this->sessionconn->del($k);
return $rtn;
}
# shorten key
private function _md5k($k){
return strlen($k)>32 ? md5($k) : $k;
}
//-
function close(){
# @todo, long conn?
# need sub class to override with actual close handler
$this->sessionconn->close();
return true;
}
}
?>
<file_sep>/act/preset-vars.inc.php
<?php
# collect preset vars from request and foward to class/gtbl
# <EMAIL>, Thu May 6 11:11:48 CST 2021
if(true){
$hmorig = array();
foreach($_REQUEST as $k=>$v){
if(startsWith($k,"pnsk")){
$hmorig[substr($k,4)] = $v;
}
else if(startsWith($k, 'parent')){
$k2 = $v;
$hmorig[$k2] = $_REQUEST[$k2];
}
}
# sync pre-set params
$gtbl->set(GTbl::RESULTSET, $hmorig);
}
?>
<file_sep>/README.md
# gMIS 吉密斯
genral Management Information System (通用管理信息系统)
It is a general Management Information System based on -GWA2 with powerful and configurable I/O.
“In a demand-driven opinion, we faced increasing requests of creating enormous table-based management tools for operation teams in years of 2005-2010 at ChinaM, an affiliate of Telstra in Beijing.
Those shared some common functions and most of them just needed to achieve basic goals (CURDLS) for a table. So we conducted many practices to find one to meet this kind of demand, for all, forever.”
-NatureDNS: -gMIS , -吉密斯 （jí mì sī in Chinese pinyin）, -鸡觅食
### 站点/Official Page
[gMIS 吉米斯](https://ufqi.com/dev/gmis/) @ufqi.com
### History
This project has been started and pondered during the study in [Univ. of Derby](http://www.derby.ac.uk), 2011,
and it is based on some observations and demands from [ChinaM](http://chinam.com), prior to 2010.
In the short time in [Sina](http://weibo.com) Corp.,
and it has been created from top to down and the polishing work are continuing and lasting till now.
### Documents & References
[gMIS Documents & Reference online](https://wadelau.github.io/gmis/index)
[吉米斯在线参考文档](https://wadelau.github.io/gmis/index)
### Updates
[-gMIS Updates](http://ufqi.com/blog/category/computer-tech/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/)
[-gMIS更新官方Blog](http://ufqi.com/blog/category/computer-tech/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/)
gMIS +自动层级目录
gMNIS +删除确认、删除异步及删除延时，delete confirm，aysnc and delay
-gMIS更新：增加input2Select功能(3)
-gmis更新201505，增加linkfieldcopy
-gMIS 更新:字符串处理,op字段及github
-gMIS更新：getSelectOption, getTblRotateName, 附件管理, toExecl等
-gMIS更新：增加默认主页和多层全路径
-gMIS更新兼容Strict SQL Mode
....
### 安装/Installation
#### 自动安装脚本/Automatic installation script
Please put all files under a sub directory and init from the script ./install.php
#### 手工安装/Manual installation
Download all its contents and put them under a single folder, then edit inc/config.inc to customize it.
<file_sep>/act/trigger.php
<?php
#embedded in act/doaddmodi.php or act/dodelete.php
#error_log(__FILE__.": act:[$act] id:[$id] triggers:[".$triggers=$gtbl->getTrigger($id)."]");
$IDTAG = 'id';
if(!isset($fieldlist)){
$fieldlist = array();
}
#if($act == 'list-dodelete'){
if(true){
if($id != ''){
$tblTrigger = $gtbl->getTrigger('');
#error_log(__FILE__.": act:[$act] id:[$id] tbl triggers:[".$triggers=$gtbl->getTrigger()."]");
if($tblTrigger != ''){
$gtbl->setTrigger($IDTAG, $tblTrigger);
debug("id triggers:[".$triggers=$gtbl->getTrigger($IDTAG)."]");
$fieldlist[] = $IDTAG;
}
if(is_array($hmorig) && count($hmorig) > 0){
foreach($hmorig as $k=>$v){
if(!defined($_REQUEST[$K]) || $_REQUEST[$k] == ''){
$_REQUEST[$k] = $v;
}
}
}
}
}
# some triggers bgn, added on Fri Mar 23 21:51:12 CST 2012
# see xml/fin_todotbl.xml
foreach($fieldlist as $i=>$field){
# e.g. <trigger>1::copyto::dijietbl::tuanid=id::tuanid=id</trigger>
# 0:currentFieldValue, 1:action, 2:targetTbl, 3:targetField, 4:where, 5:extra
$triggers = $gtbl->getTrigger($field);
if($triggers != ''){
debug("field:$field triggers:[".$triggers."]");
$fstArr = explode("|",$triggers);
$tmpGtbl = new GTbl('', array(), '');
foreach($fstArr as $k=>$trigger){
$tArr = explode("::", $trigger);
if($tArr[0] == 'ALL' || $tArr[0] == $gtbl->get($field)){
$tmptbl = $tArr[2];
$tmptbl = $tmpGtbl->setTbl($tmptbl);
if($tArr[1] == 'copyto'){
$sqlchk = "select id from $tmptbl where ";
$chkFArr = explode(",", $tArr[4]);
foreach($chkFArr as $k=>$v){
if($v != ''){
$chkField = explode("=", $v);
$sqlchk .= $chkField[0]."='".$gtbl->get($chkField[1])."' and ";
}
}
$sqlchk = substr($sqlchk, 0, strlen($sqlchk)-4);
$sqlchk .= " limit 1";
$sql = "insert into ".$tmptbl." set ";
$sqlupd = "update ".$tmptbl." set ";
$fieldArr = explode(",",$tArr[3]);
foreach($fieldArr as $k=>$v){
if($v != ''){
$vArr = explode("=",$v);
if(strpos($vArr[1],"'") === 0 ||strpos($vArr[1],'"') === 0){ # hss_fin_applylogtbl.xml
$gtbl->set($vArr[1], substr($vArr[1],1,strlen($vArr[1])-2));
}
else if($vArr[1] == 'THIS'){
$vArr[1] = $field;
}
$tmpfieldv = $gtbl->get($vArr[1]);
if($vArr[1] == 'THIS_TABLE' || $vArr[1] == 'THIS_TBL'){
$tmpfieldv = $tbl;
}
else if($vArr[1] == 'THIS_ID'){
$tmpfieldv = $id;
}
else if(in_array($vArr[0], $timefield)){
$tmpfieldv = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", time()); # 'NOW()';
}
$sql .= " ".$vArr[0]."='".$tmpfieldv."',";
$sqlupd .= " ".$vArr[0]."='".$tmpfieldv."',";
}
}
$sql = substr($sql, 0, strlen($sql)-1);
$sqlupd = substr($sqlupd, 0, strlen($sqlupd)-1);
debug(" trigger: sqlchk:[".$sqlchk."]");
$tmpExtraArr = explode(',', $tArr[5]); # extra
$allowInsert = true;
if(in_array('NO_INSERT', $tmpExtraArr)){
$allowInsert = false;
}
$tmphm = $gtbl->execBy($sqlchk, null);
if(!$tmphm[0]){
if($allowInsert){
$tmphm = $gtbl->execBy($sql,null);
}
else{
debug('trigger skip for not allow insert. sql:['.$sql.']');
}
debug(" trigger insert sql:[".$sql."] extraArr:[".serialize($tmpExtraArr)."]");
}
else{
$newtmphm = $tmphm[1];
$sqlupd = $sqlupd." where "; #id='".$newtmphm[0]['id']."' limit 1";
$chkFArr = explode(",", $tArr[4]);
foreach($chkFArr as $k=>$v){
if($v != ''){
$chkField = explode("=", $v);
$sqlupd .= $chkField[0]."='".$gtbl->get($chkField[1])."' and ";
}
}
$sqlupd = substr($sqlupd, 0, strlen($sqlupd)-4);
# no limit 1?
$tmphm = $gtbl->execBy($sqlupd, null);
debug(" trigger upd sql:[".$sqlupd."]");
}
#print_r($tmphm);
}
else if($tArr[1] == 'lockto'){
$sql = "replace into ".$tmptbl." set inserttime=NOW(), operator='".$userid."', ";
$sqlchk = "select id from $tmptbl where ";
$fieldArr = explode(",",$tArr[3]);
foreach($fieldArr as $k=>$v){
if($v != ''){
$vArr = explode("=",$v);
if(strpos($vArr[1],"'") === 0 ||strpos($vArr[1],'"') === 0)
{
$gtbl->set($vArr[1], substr($vArr[1],1,strlen($vArr[1])-1));
}else if($vArr[1] == 'THIS'){
$vArr[1] = $field;
}
$tmpfieldv = $gtbl->get($vArr[1]);
if($vArr[1] == 'THIS_TABLE' || $vArr[1] == 'THIS_TBL'){
$tmpfieldv = $tbl;
}else if($vArr[1] == 'THIS_ID'){
$tmpfieldv = $id;
}
$sql .= " ".$vArr[0]."='".$tmpfieldv."',";
$sqlchk .= " ".$vArr[0]."='".$tmpfieldv."' and";
}
}
$sql .= " mode='r' ";
$sqlchk = substr($sqlchk, 0, strlen($sqlchk)-3);
$tmphm = $gtbl->execBy($sql,null);
#print_r($tmphm);
}
else if($tArr[1] == 'extraact'){
# see xml/hss_tuandui_shouzhitbl.xml
# e.g. <trigger>ALL::extraact::extra/sendmail.php::Offer入口调整修改id=THIS_ID</trigger>
$extraact = $tArr[2];
$args = $tArr[3];
include($appdir."/".$extraact);
}
}
}
}
}
# some triggers end, added on Fri Mar 23 21:51:12 CST 2012
?><file_sep>/act/updatefield.php
<?php
$field = Wht::get($_REQUEST, 'field');
# remedy by wadelau Tue Jun 30 16:17:53 CST 2015
# updt by xenxin, Sat May 22 12:08:50 CST 2021
# same as act/doaddmodi.php
$fieldv = Wht::get($_REQUEST, $field);
$fieldv = urldecode($fieldv);
if($fieldv == ''){
if($gtbl->isNumeric($hmfield[$field]) == 1){
$fieldv = $hmfield[$field."_default"];
#print __FILE__.": field:[".$field."] type:[".$hmfield[$field]."] is int.";
$fieldv = $fieldv=='' ? 0 : $fieldv;
}
}
if(1){
if(strpos($fieldv,"<") !== false){ # added by wadelau on Sun Apr 22 22:09:46 CST 2012
if($fieldInputType == 'textarea'){
# allow all html tags except these below
$fieldv = str_replace("<script","<script", $fieldv);
$fieldv = str_replace("<iframe","<iframe", $fieldv);
$fieldv = str_replace("<embed","<embed", $fieldv);
}
else{
$fieldv = str_replace("<","<", $fieldv);
}
}
else if(strpos($fieldv,"<") !== false){
#error_log(__FILE__.": 0 $fieldv");
$fieldv = preg_replace("/<[^>]+?>/", "", $fieldv); # remedy on Fri, 26 Aug 2016 16:32:13 +0800
$fieldv = str_replace(" ", "", $fieldv);
#error_log(__FILE__.": 1 $fieldv");
}
if(strpos($fieldv, "\n") !== false){
$fieldv = str_replace("\n", "<br/>", $fieldv);
}
}
$gtbl->set($field, $fieldv);
$gtbl->setId($id);
$hm = $gtbl->setBy("$field", "");
if($hm[0]){
$hm = $hm[1];
$out .= "--SUCC--";
}
# read newly-written data, Tue Sep 27 13:28:06 CST 2016
$hmNew = $gtbl->getBy('*', $gtbl->myId.'="'.$id.'"');
if($hmNew[0]){
$hmNew = $hmNew[1][0];
#debug(__FILE__.": resultset-tag:[".$gtbl->resultset."]");
$gtbl->set($gtbl->resultset, $hmNew);
#debug($gtbl->get($gtbl->resultset));
}
# some triggers bgn, added on Fri Mar 23 21:51:12 CST 2012
include("./act/trigger.php");
# some triggers end, added on Fri Mar 23 21:51:12 CST 2012
$gtbl->setId(''); # clear targetId
?>
<file_sep>/act/tblcheck.php
<?php
# do some action defined in table::check tag in xxxx.xml
$checkactions = $gtbl->getTblCHK();
if(count($checkactions) > 0){
foreach($checkactions as $chkact=>$do){
if($chkact == $act){
#$out .= __FILE__.": found preset checkaction:[".$do."]\n";
include($appdir."/".$do);
}
}
}
# manage mode check
$mode = $gtbl->getMode();
$accMode = $mode;
if($mode != ''){
$act2mode = array('add'=>'w',
'addbycopy' => 'w',
'list-addform'=>'w',
'modify'=>'w',
'import'=>'w',
'updatefield'=>'w',
'list'=>'r',
'list-toexcel'=>'r',
'view'=>'r',
'list-dodelete'=>'d',
'print' => 'r',
'deepsearch' => 'r',
'dodeepsearch' => 'r',
'pivot' => 'r',
'pivot-do' => 'r',
'pickup' => 'r',
);
$modechar = $act2mode[$act];
if(!isset($modechar)){
error_log(__FILE__.": unknown act:[$act] in act2mode.201202282117");
}
else{
if($mode == 'o-w'){
# @todo
}
else if(strpos($mode, $modechar) === false){
$out = "<p>访问被拒绝. <br/>act:[$act] is not allowed in mode:[$mode]. 201202282143\n";
$out .= "<br/><br/> 联系上级或技术支持<a href='mailto:".$_CONFIG['adminmail']."?subject="
.$_CONFIG['agentname']."权限申请访问$tbl@$db'> 申请变更 </a> <br/><br/></p>";
if($fmt == ''){
#
}
else if($fmt == 'json'){
$data = array();
$data['out'] = $out;
$data['targetid'] = $id;
$out = json_encode($data);
}
else{
debug($fmt, "unknown fmt:$fmt");
}
#debug("act/tblcheck: out:$out");
print $out;
exit(0);
}
else{
#$out .= "act:[$act] is ready.\n";
}
}
}
?>
<file_sep>/act/synctblindexkey.php
<?php
# embeded in xml/hss_info_objectindexkeytbl, write stat data when modifying
# <EMAIL>, Tue Jul 3 21:53:25 CST 2012
if(1){
$targettbl = '';
$sql = "select tblname from ".$_CONFIG['tblpre']."info_objecttbl where id='".$_REQUEST['parentid']."' limit 1";
$hm = $gtbl->execBy($sql, null);
if($hm[0]){
$targettbl = $hm[1][0]['tblname'];
}
$myindexname = trim($_REQUEST['indexname']);
$myindexname = str_replace("`","", $myindexname);
$myonfield = trim($_REQUEST['onfield']);
$myonfield = str_replace("`","", $myonfield);
if($act == 'list-dodelete'){
$sql = "alter table $targettbl drop index ".$hmorig['fieldname'];
}else if($_REQUEST['id'] == ''){
$sql = "alter table $targettbl add ".$_REQUEST['indextype']." index ".$myindexname;
$sql .= "(".$myonfield.")";
}else if(1){
$sql = "alter table $targettbl drop index ".$hmorig['fieldname'];
$gtbl->execBy($sql, null);
$sql = "alter table $targettbl add ".$_REQUEST['indextype']." index ".$myindexname;
$sql .= "(".$myonfield.")";
}
$gtbl->execBy($sql, null);
error_log(__FILE__.": act:$act, req_id:".$_REQUEST['id']." sql:[".$sql."]");
}
?>
|
4642f530bbd1e677242bd4f85a0cd65538f6e9ab
|
[
"SQL",
"JavaScript",
"Markdown",
"PHP",
"Shell"
] | 36
|
PHP
|
wadelau/gMIS
|
44574030ea18e7717bf0c9097480860fe61ab759
|
18cd206173b25592b8a7b863455227c3ed70a536
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework4;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ATM {
public static void startWork() {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Banking b = new Banking();
// b.addAcc(1, 7777, 300);
// b.addAcc(2, 7787, 300);
// b.addAcc(4, 7778, 300);
// b.addAcc(3, 7877, 300);
System.out.println("1.Данные о счёте" + '\n' + "2.Пополнить счёт" + '\n' + "3.Снять деньги со счёта" + '\n' + "4.Перевод");
int x = sc.nextInt();
switch (x) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Введите номер счёта");
int s = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Введите пинкод:");
int p = sc.nextInt();
int ps = b.checkPass(s);
if (p == ps) b.checkAcc(s);
else System.out.println("Неправильный пинкод");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Введите номер счёта");
int s1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Введите пинкод:");
int p1 = sc.nextInt();
int ps1 = b.checkPass(s1);
if (p1 == ps1) {
b.checkAcc(s1);
System.out.println("Введите сумму пополнения");
double ss = sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Итого");
b.addBalance(s1, ss);
} else System.out.println("Неправильный пинкод");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Введите номер счёта");
int s2 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Введите пинкод:");
int p2 = sc.nextInt();
int ps2 = b.checkPass(s2);
if (p2 == ps2) {
b.checkAcc(s2);
System.out.println("Введите желаемую сумму");
double ss = sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Итого");
b.addBalance(s2, -ss);
} else System.out.println("Неправильный пинкод");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Введите номер счёта с которого будут забирать деньги");
int s3 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Введите номер счёта на который зачисляют деньги");
int s03 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Введите пинкод счета 1");
int p3 = sc.nextInt();
int ps3 = b.checkPass(s3);
if (p3 == ps3) {
b.checkAcc(s3);
System.out.println("Введите желаемую сумму");
double ss = sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Итого");
b.transfer(s3,s03,ss);
} else System.out.println("Неверные данные");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Неправильная команда");
break;
}
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson4;
import by.belhard.j2.lesson4.in.Country;
import by.belhard.j2.lesson4.in.Person;
import by.belhard.j2.lesson4.in.Sex;
import by.belhard.j2.lesson4.in.Worker;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person1 = new Person("Pablo", 23, Sex.MALE);
Person person2 = new Person("Anna", 20, Sex.FEMALE);
person1.setCountry(new Country("Brazil", 123456));
person2.setCountry(person1.getCountry());
System.out.println(person1);
System.out.println(person2);
Worker worker1 =new Worker("Mustafa",45,Sex.MALE);
System.out.println(worker1);
worker1.toWork();
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson5;
public class KItchenWorker extends Worker {
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework3;
public class Prod extends Product {
public Prod(String name, double price) {
super(name, price);
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework3;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Market x = new Market();
Map<String,Product > product =x.getProduct();
product.put("prod1", new Prod("prod1", 10));
product.put("prom1", new Prom("prom1", 20));
product.put("forA1", new ForAnimals("forA1", 15));
product.put("prod2", new Prod("prod2", 30));
Map<String, Product> cart = x.getCart();
cart.put("cart1", product.get("prom1"));
cart.put("cart2", product.get("prom1"));
cart.put("cart3", product.get("prod1"));
System.out.println(cart.values());
double sum = 0;
for (Map.Entry<String, Product> entry : cart.entrySet())
sum += entry.getValue().getPrice();
System.out.println("Full Price=" + sum);
// product.put("prod1", new Prod("prod1", 10));
// product.put("prom1", new Prom("prom1", 20));
// product.put("forA1", new ForAnimals("forA1", 15));
// product.put("prod2", new Prod("prod2", 30));
}
// Market x = new Market();
// public void addTo(){
// HashMap<String,Product> product =x.getProduct();
// product.put("prod1", new Prod("prod1", 10));
// product.put("prom1", new Prom("prom1", 20));
// product.put("forA1", new ForAnimals("forA1", 15));
// product.put("prod2", new Prod("prod2", 30));
//
// HashMap<String, Product> cart = x.getCart();
//
// cart.put("cart1", product.get("prom1"));
// cart.put("cart2", product.get("prom1"));
// cart.put("cart3", product.get("prod1"));
// System.out.println(cart.values());
//}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson5;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*Worker worker = new Worker();
worker.exampleMethod();
Person person1 = new Person();
person1.doWork();
worker.doWork();*/
Person person2 = new FactoryWorker();
person2.doWork();
Person person1 = new Teacher();
System.out.println(person1.getA());
person1.doWork();
System.out.println(person1 instanceof Person);
System.out.println(person2 instanceof Teacher);
System.out.println(new FactoryWorker() instanceof Object);
System.out.println();
Workable monkey =new Monkey();
Workable worker = new Worker();
monkey.doWork();
worker.doWork();
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson5;
public interface Workable {
double PI = 3.1415;
void doWork();
default void exapleDefaultM(){
}
static void examplePrivate(){
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson9.try2;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Car> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(new Car("opel", 3000));
list.add(new Car("opel", 1500));
list.add(new Car("opel", 2000));
list.add(new Car("audi", 6000));
list.add(new Car("audi", 1500));
list.add(new Car("opel", 6000));
Comparator<Car> comparatorCar = ((o1, o2) -> {
int dDistance = o1.getDistance() - o2.getDistance();
if (dDistance == 0)
return o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName());
return dDistance;
});
list.forEach(System.out::println);
List<Car> collect = list.stream().filter(a -> a.getDistance() < 5000).sorted(comparatorCar)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println();
collect.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson11;
import java.sql.*;
public class Main {
private static final String DRIVER_NAME = "com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver";
private static final String USER ="root";
private static final String PASSWORD ="<PASSWORD>";
private static final String URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/company?serverTimezone=UTC";
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Class.forName(DRIVER_NAME);
}catch (ClassNotFoundException e){
System.out.println(DRIVER_NAME + " loading failure");
return;
}
Connection connection;
try {
connection = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASSWORD);
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
//statement.execute("insert into employees values (null,'Bruce',null,150,current_date )");
// int result = statement.executeUpdate("delete from employees where name = 'Bruce'");
// System.out.println(result + "rows");
String query = "select * from employees e join specialties s on (e.specialty_id = s.id);";
statement.executeQuery(query);
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(query);
while (resultSet.next()){
int id = resultSet.getInt("e.id");
String name = resultSet.getString("name");
String specialty =resultSet.getString("specialty");
int salary = resultSet.getInt("salary");
java.util.Date date = resultSet.getDate("date_of_employment");
System.out.printf("%-2d) %-10s %-10s %5d %5$td/%5$tm/%5$tY\n", id, name, specialty, salary, date);
}
// query= "update employees set (salary =salary + ?) where salary < ?;";
PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("update employees set (salary =salary + ?) where salary < ?;");
preparedStatement.setInt(1,100);
preparedStatement.setInt(2,1000);
}catch(SQLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework1;
public class Home2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*int x = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Это" + " " + x + "-я строка");
x++;
} while (x <= 15);*/
for (int i =1; i <= 15; i++){
System.out.printf("%d) Это %d-я строка\n",i,i);}
}
}<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework2;
public class Car {
private String name;
private Coordinate coordinate;
private double km;
public Car(String name, Coordinate coordinate) {
this(name, coordinate, 20);
}
public Car(String name,double x, double y){
this(name, new Coordinate(x,y));
}
public Car(String name,Coordinate coordinate, double km) {
this.name = name;
this.coordinate=coordinate;
this.km = km;
}
public double move(Coordinate point) {
double km = this.coordinate.Distance(point);
this.km += km;
this.coordinate = point;
return km;
}
public double move(double x,double y){
return move(new Coordinate (x,y));
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Coordinate getCoordinate() {
return coordinate;
}
public void setCoordinate(Coordinate coordinate) {
this.coordinate = coordinate;
}
public double getKm() {
return km;
}
public void setKm(double km) {
this.km = km;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", coordinate=" + coordinate +
", distance=" + km +
'}';
}
/*public void toMove(double x ,double y) {
double a;
double b;
a = x - this.x;
b = y - this.y;
km = this.km + Math.sqrt((a*a) + (b*b)) ;
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
// x=(55.75222);
// y=(37.61556);
}*/
/*public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public double getX() {
return x;
}
public void setX(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
public double getY() {
return y;
}
public void setY(double y) {
this.y = y;
}
public double getKm() {
return km;
}
public void setKm(double km) {
this.km = km;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", x=" + x +
", y=" + y +
", distance=" + km +
'}';
}*/
}<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.solo;
import jdk.nashorn.internal.scripts.JO;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int yearNow,yearBorn,userAge,bDay;
String userData;
userData = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Romeli welia?");
yearNow = Integer.parseInt(userData);
userData = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Romel wels daibade?");
yearBorn = Integer.parseInt(userData);
userData = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Gqondat wels dabadebis dge? ki-0, ara-1");
bDay = Integer.parseInt(userData);
userAge = yearNow - yearBorn - bDay;
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Tqveni asaki: " + userAge);
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson5;
public class Worker extends Person{
public void exampleMethod(){
System.out.println("this.a="+ this.a + "super.a = " +super.a);}
@Override
public void doWork(){
System.out.println("umeiu");
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework1;
public class Home {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x=19;
/* if ((x*2) > 20) {
System.out.println(x);
}else if ((x*2) <20) {
System.out.println(-x);
}else
System.out.println("0");*/
int result =0;
if (x*2>20){
result = x;
}
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework4;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class BankingOld {
public Map<Integer, Account> accs = new HashMap<>();
public void checkAcc(int x) {
Account a = accs.get(x);
System.out.println(a);
}
public Integer checkPass(int x) {
int a = accs.get(x).getPass();
return a;
}
public void addAcc(Account account) {
accs.put(account.getName(), account);
}public void addAcc(int name, int pass, double money) {
this.addAcc(new Account(name, pass, money));
}
//
// public void minusBalance(int x, double y){
// int name1 = accs.get(x).getName();
// int pass1 = accs.get(x).getPass();
// double a = accs.get(x).getMoney();
// double sum = a - y;
// addAcc(name1,pass1,sum);
// Account i = accs.get(x);
// System.out.println(i);
// }
public void transfer (int a, int b, double y){
int name1 = accs.get(a).getName();
int pass1 = accs.get(a).getPass();
double s = accs.get(a).getMoney();
int name2 = accs.get(b).getName();
int pass2 = accs.get(b).getName();
double s2 = accs.get(b).getMoney();
double sum = s - y;
double sum2 = s2 +y;
addAcc(name1,pass1,sum);
addAcc(name2,pass2,sum2);
Account i = accs.get(a);
System.out.println(i);
// Account i2 = accs.get(b);
// System.out.println(i+"\n"+ i2);
}
public void addBalance(int x, double y){
int name1 = accs.get(x).getName();
int pass1 = accs.get(x).getPass();
double a = accs.get(x).getMoney();
double sum = a + y;
addAcc(name1,pass1,sum);
Account i = accs.get(x);
System.out.println(i);
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson8.l4;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("example.data"));
int sum1 =0;
int sum2 =0;
int sum3 =0;
int sum4 =0;
double sum5 =0;
String[] line;
while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
line = scanner.nextLine().split(" ");
sum1 +=Integer.parseInt(line[0]);
sum2 +=Integer.parseInt(line[1]);
sum3 +=Integer.parseInt(line[2]);
sum4 +=Integer.parseInt(line[3]);
sum5 +=Double.parseDouble(line[4]);
}
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework2;
public class Coordinate {
private double x;
private double y;
public Coordinate(double x, double y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public double Distance(Coordinate other){
return Math.sqrt((this.x - other.x)*(this.x - other.x)+(this.y - other.y)* (this.y-other.y));
}
public double getX() {
return x;
}
public void setX(double x) {
this.x = x;
}
public double getY() {
return y;
}
public void setY(double y) {
this.y = y;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Coordinate{" +
"x=" + x +
", y=" + y +
'}';
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.lesson5;
public abstract class Person implements Workable {
public int a=10;
public abstract void doWork();
public void sayHello(){
System.out.println("Hello!");
}
public int getA() {
return a;
}
}
<file_sep>package by.belhard.j2.homework2;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car1 = new Car("BMW", 53.8722515,27.616536);
System.out.println(car1);
car1.move(55.75222,37.61556);
System.out.println(car1);
}
//x=53.8722515 y=27.616536
}
|
4a7be22effc9bde9fd686f2b91433d0daf845d38
|
[
"Java"
] | 19
|
Java
|
Galdava/homework
|
ef9e17a235184288bb890931a9dcf45fbec2740c
|
7f5ca5ce593d19ef7d9e020d7fa4d5f130ed3a70
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>CaroseKYS/fis3-parser-get-conf<file_sep>/README.md
# fis3-parser-get-conf
该模块用于在fis3发布项目时为前端js、html以及css代码提供获取服务器端配置信息的能力。
## 使用方法
### 安装模块
npm install -g fis3-parser-get-conf
### 使用基础功能
fis.match('*', function(){
parser: fis.plugin('get-conf')
});
### 配置项
fis.match('*', {
parser: fis.plugin('get-conf', {
confFile: "./conf.json", /*配置文件名称*/
contextPath: "/app", /*上下文路径*/
ifExcluded: function(propStr){
return propStr in {'redis.pass': 1};
}
})
});
+ `confFile` : 服务器端配置文件的路径(相对于当前工作目录)。如果该参数未配置, 则优先使用 **./fdp-config.js** 文件, 如果 **./fdp-config.js** 文件不存在, 则使用 **./fdp-conf.js** 文件。`__getConf` 方法获取的正是该文件中的属性。
+ `ifExcluded`: 是否排除某些属性的判别方法，每次 `__getConf` 方法被调用之前 `ifExcluded` 方法都会被调用，用以判断是否忽略该属性。该方法接受到的参数为 `__getConf` 的参数，如果该方法返回 `true`，则忽略该属性， `__getConf` 方法将得到一个空字符串的返回值。该方法主要用于防止敏感信息泄露。
### 在js文件中获取配属性
var url = __getConf('fdp-sso-client.fdp-sso-server-uri');
var path = __context(); /* ==> /app */
var path = __context('/test'); /* ==> /app/test */
### 在html文件中获取配属性
<a href="__getConf(fdp-sso-client.fdp-sso-server-uri)"></a>
<a href="__context(/index.html)"></a>
### 关于__getConf方法的参数
`__getConf` 方法的参数如果是用 `.` 分割，则表示是递归获取对象属性。如 `__getConf(fdp-sso-client.fdp-sso-server-uri)` 表示获取配置文件中 `fdp-sso-client` 对象的 `fdp-sso-server-uri` 属性值。
<file_sep>/test/index.js
'use strict';
const rewire = require('rewire');
const should = require('should');
var index;
describe('index.js测试', function(){
it('加载模块', function(){
should.doesNotThrow(function(){
index = rewire('../index.js');
});
});
describe('导出方法测试', function(){
var content;
var file;
var opts;
beforeEach(function (){
content = '<p></p>';
file = {isHtmlLike: true};
opts = {confFile: './package.json'};
});
it('未指定配置文件', function(){
opts = {};
should.throws(function(){
index(content, file, opts).should.equal(content);
});
});
it('不获取任何属性', function(){
index(content, file, opts).should.equal(content);
});
it('获取作者姓名属性', function(){
opts['contextPath'] = '/app'
content = '<p class="__getConf(author.name)" data-target="__context(/test)"></p>';
index(content, file, opts).should.equal('<p class="康永胜" data-target="/app/test"></p>');
delete opts['contextPath'];
});
it('css类型文件', function(){
content = '.__getConf(name){z-index: 100;}';
file = {isCssLike: true};
index(content, file, opts).should.equal('.fis3-parser-get-conf{z-index: 100;}');
});
it('js类型文件', function(){
content = '__getConf("name");__context("/app");__context(/app);__context()';
file = {isJsLike: true};
index(content, file, opts).should.equal('"fis3-parser-get-conf";"/app";\'/app\';\'\'');
});
it('js类型文件：添加获取模块id的方法测试', function(){
content = '__seajs_mod_id__';
file = {isJsLike: true, subpath: '/subpath'};
index(content, file, opts).should.equal("seajs.data.ids['/subpath']");
});
it('非js html css类型的文件', function(){
content = '<p class="__getConf(author.name)"></p>';
file = {};
index(content, file, opts).should.equal(content);
});
it('获取不允许获取的配置', function(){
content = '<p class="__getConf(main)"></p>';
opts.ifExcluded = function(propsStr){
return 'main' === propsStr;
};
index.__set__('oConf', null);
index(content, file, opts).should.equal('<p class=""></p>');
});
});
describe('私有方法测试', function(){
describe('_ifExcluded', function(){
var _ifExcluded;
before(function(){
_ifExcluded = index.__get__('_ifExcluded');
});
it('普通调用应当返回false', function(){
_ifExcluded('dsdfsf').should.equal(false);
});
});
describe('_getPropertyTool', function(){
var _getPropertyTool;
before(function(){
_getPropertyTool = index.__get__('_getPropertyTool');
});
it('不传入参数，返回空', function(){
_getPropertyTool().should.equal('');
});
it('查找不存在的属性', function(){
should.equal(_getPropertyTool('name.version'), undefined);
});
});
});
});<file_sep>/index.js
var oConf = null;
var contextPath = '';
var ifExcluded;
var path = require('path');
var fs = require('fs');
/**
* 发布过程中的 __getConf() 与 __context() 方法
* @author 康永胜
* @date 2017-01-12T17:14:31+0800
* @param {[type]} content [description]
* @param {[type]} file [description]
* @param {[type]} opt [description]
* @return {[type]} [description]
*/
module.exports = function(content, file, opt){
contextPath = opt['contextPath'] || '';
if (!oConf) {
try{
oConf = _getConfContent(opt['confFile']);
}catch(e){
console.log(e);
throw 'fis3-parser-get-conf|获取配置信息失败。';
}
ifExcluded = opt.ifExcluded || _ifExcluded;
}
/*处理html css js文件*/
if (file.isHtmlLike || file.isCssLike || file.isJsLike) {
/*__getConf 方法*/
content = content.replace(/__getConf\(\s*(['"]?)([^)]*?)\1\s*\)/ig, function(all, value1, value2){
var prop = _getPropertyTool(value2);
if(file.isJsLike){
return value1 + prop + value1;
}
return prop;
});
/*__context 方法*/
content = content.replace(/__context\(\s*(['"]?)([^)]*?)\1\s*\)/ig, function(all, value1, value2){
value2 = value2 || '';
value2 = contextPath + value2;
if(file.isJsLike){
value1 = value1 || "'";
value2 = value1 + value2 + value1;
}
return value2;
});
/*__seajs_mod_id__ 方法*/
content = content.replace(/__seajs_mod_id__/ig, function(all){
return 'seajs.data.ids[\'' + file.subpath + '\']';
});
return content;
}
return content;
}
/**
* 用于根据属性值列表从配置中获取配置信息
* @author 康永胜
* @date 2017-01-22T16:39:12+0800
* @param {String} propertiesStr [以 "." 分割的属性列表]
* @return {String} [属性值]
*/
function _getPropertyTool(propertiesStr){
if(ifExcluded(propertiesStr)){
return '';
}
propertiesStr = propertiesStr || '';
propertiesStr = propertiesStr.trim();
if(!propertiesStr || !oConf){
return '';
}
var properties = propertiesStr.split('.');
var length = properties.length;
var result = '';
var currentDomain = oConf;
for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
currentDomain = result = currentDomain[properties[i]];
if(!result)break;
}
return result;
}
/**
* 是否将所访问的属性隐藏
* @author 康永胜
* @date 2017-01-22T16:40:30+0800
* @param {String} propertiesStr [以 "." 分割的属性列表]
* @return {boolean} [是否隐藏属性]
*/
function _ifExcluded(propertiesStr){
return false;
}
/**
* 获取配置文件的内容
* @author 康永胜
* @date 2017-02-10T10:37:44+0800
* @param {String} confFile [配置文件名称]
* @return {Object} [配置文件内容]
*/
function _getConfContent(confFile){
var confFile = path.join(process.cwd(), confFile || 'fdp-config.js');
if(!fs.existsSync(confFile)){
confFile = path.join(process.cwd(), 'fdp-conf.js');
}
oConf = require(confFile);
return oConf;
}
|
e69c31a800da49792bb5c32600528bd5af7c7d9e
|
[
"Markdown",
"JavaScript"
] | 3
|
Markdown
|
CaroseKYS/fis3-parser-get-conf
|
ec6bb62867b94639841ecfe706b01f8cc5e8c02e
|
6f040c2e0b61acd562e1f6e3907bb1d4d702cfcd
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>AkhilRamani/Firebase-Google-Auth-ReactNative<file_sep>/configs/oAuth.config.demo.js
import {Platform} from 'react-native';
export const oAuthClientId = Platform.OS === 'android'
? 'android client id'
: 'ios client id'<file_sep>/navigation/switch.navigaton.js
import { createSwitchNavigator, createAppContainer } from 'react-navigation';
import LoadingScreen from '../screens/loading'
import HomeScreen from '../screens/Home'
import LoginScreen from '../screens/Login'
const AppSwitchNavigator = createSwitchNavigator({
LoadingScreen,
LoginScreen,
HomeScreen,
})
export default createAppContainer(AppSwitchNavigator);
|
36a78f0b1a4dd5eeca74a35c3532d4a5c690b05a
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 2
|
JavaScript
|
AkhilRamani/Firebase-Google-Auth-ReactNative
|
10d105343989b9c19bd18a6bde419dd625280c49
|
d8ea36d88142c8f76fd16b29d1854fd24d824249
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>#Third party imports
#Python imports
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
#Local imports
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()
def has_text(url : str, word : str):
"""
This function checks if word is in url
Use word as lowercase
"""
flag = False
r = requests.get(url, verify=False, allow_redirects=True)
if word in r.text:
flag = True
return flag
def get_forms(site : str):
"""
This function extracts all forms and inputs
-- Example --
get_forms('http://wechall.net')
[['/login', 'post', {'username': '', 'password': ''}]]
"""
redirects = []
page = requests.get(site, verify=False, allow_redirects=True)
soup = BeautifulSoup(page.content, 'html.parser')
for tag in soup.find_all('form'):
fields = tag.findAll('input')
formdata = dict( (field.get('name'), field.get('value')) for field in fields)
redirects.append([tag.get('action'), tag.get('method'), formdata])
return redirects
def is_site(domain : str, port : int):
"""
Function to determine if domain has
an http service on determined port
-- Example --
is_site('scanme.nmap.org', 22) => False
is_site('tls-v1-2.badssl.com', 1012) => True
"""
has_site = False
if port == 443:
url = "https://" + domain
else:
url = "http://" + domain + ":" + str(port)
try:
r = requests.get(url, verify=False, allow_redirects=True)
has_site = True
except:
pass
return has_site
def c_or_t(site : str):
"""
Function to determine if site is
content-like or transactional
-- Example --
c_or_t('http://wechall.net') => T
"""
site_type = "C"
if get_forms(site):
site_type = "T"
return site_type
def get_urls(site : str):
"""
Function to parse subdomains
from extracted a-href
by a given url
"""
links = []
page = requests.get(site, verify=False, allow_redirects=True)
soup = BeautifulSoup(page.content, 'html.parser')
for tag in soup.find_all('a', href=True):
if "http" in tag['href']:
links.append(tag['href'].split("/")[2])
return links
<file_sep>sslyze==3.0.1
git+https://github.com/aboul3la/Sublist3r.git
python-nmap
typing
google<file_sep>#Third party imports
import nmap
#Python imports
import random
#Local imports
import utils
import sites
top_ports_tcp = '21-25,53,80,88,110-143,389,443,445,995,993,1723,3306,3389,5900,8080'
top_ports_udp = '53,67-69,88,161,162,3389,5353'
def nmap_scan(site : str, ports=top_ports_tcp, arguments='-Pn -sV -T4'):
"""
Simple nmap scan to check on common ports
No special flags, no scripts, no udp
-- Example --
print(nmap_scan("scanme.nmap.org")
{22: 'OpenSSH 6.6.1p1 Ubuntu 2ubuntu2.13', 25: ' ', 80: 'Apache httpd 2.4.7'}
"""
host = utils.is_alive(site)
result = {}
if host:
nm = nmap.PortScanner()
nm.scan(host, ports, arguments=arguments)
for proto in nm[host].all_protocols():
for port in nm[host][proto].keys():
if nm[host][proto][port]['state'] == "open":
product = nm[host][proto][port]['product']
version = nm[host][proto][port]['version']
result[port] = str(product + " " + version)
elif nm[host][proto][port]['state'] == "filtered":
result[port] = "filtered"
else:
result[port] = "closed"
else:
print("[!] Host {} is down!".format(site))
return result
def nmap_long_scan(site : str):
"""
Long nmap scan to check on all ports
Noisy, no scripts, no udp
"""
long_args = '-Pn -p- --max-retries=1 --min-rate=1000 -A'
return nmap_scan(site, ports='', arguments=long_args)
def nmap_agressive(site : str):
"""
Long agressive nmap scan to check on all ports
Pretty noisy, run all scripts, both TCP and UDP
"""
agres_args = '-Pn -sUT -p- --version-intensity 9 -A'
return nmap_scan(site, ports='', arguments=agres_args)
def nmap_re_scan(site : str, scan: dict):
"""
Simple nmap re-scan on the open ports found
Intensive version, run scripts
"""
mdict = scan.items()
opened = dict(filter(lambda elem: elem[1] != 'filtered' and elem[1] != 'closed', mdict))
args = ','.join([str(i) for i in opened])
return nmap_scan(site, arguments='-p' + args + ' --version-intensity 9 -sC -A')
def nmap_evasion(site : str):
"""
Nmap scan for WAS/IDS evasion
Packet fragmentation
Slow comprehensive
Defined source port
"""
avoid_args = '-f 8 -T0 -g ' + str(random.choice(['80', '443', '53']))
return nmap_scan(site, arguments=avoid_args)
<file_sep>#Third party imports
from sslyze import server_connectivity
from sslyze import synchronous_scanner
from sslyze.plugins import openssl_cipher_suites_plugin as cipher
#Python imports
#Local imports
default_port = 443
# DEPRECATED (SSLYZE = 2.1.4) UPGRADE METHODS TO 3.0.1
def syn_scanner(host, port, command_scanner):
server_connection = server_connectivity.ServerConnectivityTester(
hostname=host,
port=port
)
connection = server_connection.perform()
syn_scanner = synchronous_scanner.SynchronousScanner()
scan_result = syn_scanner.run_scan_command(connection, command_scanner)
return True if len(scan_result.accepted_cipher_list) > 0 else False
def check_ssl2(host : str, port : int = default_port):
return syn_scanner(host, port, cipher.Sslv20ScanCommand())
def check_ssl3(host : str, port : int = default_port):
return syn_scanner(host, port, cipher.Sslv30ScanCommand())
def check_tls10(host : str, port : int = default_port):
return syn_scanner(host, port, cipher.Tlsv10ScanCommand())
def check_tls11(host : str, port : int = default_port):
return syn_scanner(host, port, cipher.Tlsv11ScanCommand())
def check_tls12(host : str, port : int = default_port):
return syn_scanner(host, port, cipher.Tlsv12ScanCommand())
def check_tls13(host : str, port : int = default_port):
return syn_scanner(host, port, cipher.Tlsv13ScanCommand())
def all_scans(host : str, port : int = default_port):
dict_checks = {}
dict_checks['ssl2'] = check_ssl2(host, port)
dict_checks['ssl3'] = check_ssl3(host, port)
dict_checks['tls10'] = check_tls10(host, port)
dict_checks['tls11'] = check_tls11(host, port)
dict_checks['tls12'] = check_tls12(host, port)
dict_checks['tls13'] = check_tls13(host, port)
return dict_checks
def few_scans(host : str, port : int = default_port):
dict_checks = {}
dict_checks['ssl3'] = check_ssl3(host, port)
dict_checks['tls10'] = check_tls10(host, port)
dict_checks['tls11'] = check_tls11(host, port)
return dict_checks
<file_sep>#Third party imports
#Python imports
import socket
#Local imports
def is_alive(site : str):
"""
Function check if site has a public IP address
A.K.A.: Public DNS resolution
-- Example --
check_if_alive("www.google.com") => "192.168.127.12"
check_if_alive("internal.corp") => False
"""
try:
is_alive = socket.gethostbyname(site)
except:
is_alive = False
return is_alive
<file_sep>#Third party imports
import sublist3r
import googlesearch
#Python imports
import random
#Local imports
import utils
import sites
useragent = str(random.choice(['Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64;'\
'x64; rv:47.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/47.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 '\
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 7.0; SM-G892A Build/NRD90M; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 '\
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/60.0.3112.107 Mobile Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_3) AppleWebKit/537.75.14 '\
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Version/7.0.3 Safari/7046A194A']))
def get_subs(domain):
"""
Uses sublist3r to search for subdomains on several engines
-- Example --
get_subs('nequi.com') >> www.nequi.com ; api.nequi.com ; etc...
"""
subdomains = sublist3r.main(domain,
40,
savefile=False,
ports=None,
silent=True,
verbose=False,
enable_bruteforce=False,
engines='google,bing,yahoo,passivedns')
return subdomains
def brute_force(domain, wordlist):
"""
Simple subdomain bruteforcing by DNS reverse lookup
working with a prefix wordlist
"""
brute_list = []
with open(wordlist, 'r') as f1:
open_file = f1.read().splitlines()
for sub in open_file:
if utils.is_alive(sub + "." + domain):
brute_list.append(sub + "." + domain)
if utils.is_alive(sub + domain):
brute_list.append(sub + domain)
return brute_list
def find_by_name(word : str):
"""
Search related subdomains on google given a word
"""
doms = []
for url in googlesearch.search(word,
lang='es',
pause=3.0,
stop=20,
user_agent=useragent):
doms.append(url.split('/')[2])
return doms
<file_sep># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
import random
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()
words = list(open('docs\directory-list.txt'))
codes = [200,301,302,401,403]
common_ext = ['php','aspx','asp','cgi','pl','txt','html']
#Usage found_dir(wordlist, url, [optional] ext)
#The function return a dictionary with the directories and files found and their response codes
def found_dir(wordlist: list, domain: str, ext = common_ext):
results = dict()
for word in wordlist:
useragent = random.choice(['Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64;'\
'x64; rv:47.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/47.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 '\
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 7.0; SM-G892A Build/NRD90M; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 '\
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/60.0.3112.107 Mobile Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_3) AppleWebKit/537.75.14 '\
'(KHTML, like Gecko) Version/7.0.3 Safari/7046A194A'])
headers=[]
r = requests.get(domain+"/"+word, verify = False, allow_redirects = False, headers = headers.append(useragent))
if r.status_code in codes:
results[word]=r.status_code
if ext:
for item in ext:
if requests.get(domain+"/"+word+"."+item, verify = False, allow_redirects = True).status_code in codes:
results[word+"."+ext]=r.status_code
return results
<file_sep>#Third party imports
#Python imports
import sys
#Local imports
import domain
import portscan
#import sslcheck
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print("Usage: python3 {} TARGET".format(sys.argv[0]))
sys.exit(0)
target = sys.argv[1]
# Capture subdomains
print("[+] Target: {}".format(target))
print("[+] Getting sub-domains!")
print("\n[+][+] Subdomains!")
subs = domain.get_subs(target)
print(subs)
subs_brute = domain.brute_force(target, "docs/small.txt")
print(subs_brute)
print("\n[+][+] Possible subdomains! (google search)\n")
subs_by_name = domain.find_by_name(target.split(".")[0])
print(subs_by_name)
subsd = []
for item in subs + subs_brute + subs_by_name:
if target.split(".")[0] in item:
subsd.append(item)
print("\n[+][+] Subdomains found! Remember to check!\n")
subsd = list(set(subsd))
print(subsd)
f1 = open('resultado.csv', '+w')
f1.write('subdominio,port,status\n')
print("\n[+] Port-Scanning!")
for dom in subsd:
print("\n[+] Scanning: {}".format(dom))
res = portscan.nmap_scan(dom)
print("[+] " + str(dom) + " : " + str(res))
for key, value in res.items():
f1.write(dom + ',' + str(key) + ',' + str(value) + '\n')
f1.close()
|
c1c97866db14226e1b3893515a56e95dba4514b3
|
[
"Python",
"Text"
] | 8
|
Python
|
henryval/seek-and-destroy
|
1e7be45c325c0e534e22724d97d6b39b3485c1e5
|
55c7160d7a9e2a25d9a27f926913b15b0687d931
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.ext;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;
import java.util.List;
/**
* <p>文件名称：Page.java</p>
* <p>文件描述：</p>
* <p>版权所有： 版权所有(C)2016-2099</p>
* <p>公 司： 优行科技 </p>
* <p>内容摘要：</p>
* <p>其他说明： </p>
* <p>完成日期：2017年01月17日</p>
*
* @author <EMAIL>
* @version 1.0
*/
public class Page<T> {
private List<T> rows;
private int total;
@JsonIgnore
private int limit = 10;
@JsonIgnore
private int offset = 0;
public Page(int limit, int offset) {
if (offset > 1) {
offset = (offset - 1) * 10;
} else if (offset == 1) {
offset = 0;
}
this.limit = limit;
this.offset = offset;
}
public List<T> getRows() {
return rows;
}
public Page setRows(List<T> rows) {
this.rows = rows;
return this;
}
public int getTotal() {
return total;
}
public Page setTotal(int total) {
this.total = total;
return this;
}
public int getLimit() {
return limit;
}
public Page setLimit(int limit) {
this.limit = limit;
return this;
}
public int getOffset() {
return offset;
}
public Page setOffset(int offset) {
this.offset = offset;
return this;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.model;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class ShMetadata {
private Long id;
private Byte type;
private String dataSourceName;
private String createBy;
private String updateBy;
private String properties;
}<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.dao;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.model.ShMetadata;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dto.ShMetadataDto;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;
import java.util.List;
public interface ShMetadataMapper {
int totalCount(@Param("type") String type, @Param("keywords") String keywords);
List<ShMetadata> queryDataSourceList(@Param("begin") Integer begin, @Param("end") Integer end,
@Param("type") String type, @Param("keywords") String keywords);
int deleteInfo(int i);
void insertInfo(ShMetadataDto shMetadataDto);
void updateInfo(ShMetadataDto shMetadataDto);
List<ShMetadata> queryDataSourceCount();
ShMetadata queryInfoById(Integer materId);
String queryMasterPropertiesById(int i);
Integer queryNameById(String dataSourceName);
List<ShMetadata> queryDataSourceCountNoSharding();
ShMetadataDto queryByName(String name);
List<ShMetadata> queryDataSourceCountNoMysql();
String queryPropertiesByDataSourceName(String dataSourceName);
}<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.service.impl;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.common.Constants;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.common.CuratorService;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.common.Utils;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.dao.ShConfigMapper;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.ext.Page;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.model.ShConfig;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.service.ShConfigService;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.service.ShMetadataService;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dto.ShConfigDto;
import com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dto.ShMetadataDto;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.apache.commons.lang.math.NumberUtils;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
@Service
@Slf4j
public class ShConfigServiceImpl implements ShConfigService {
@Autowired
private ShConfigMapper shConfigMapper;
@Resource
private ShMetadataService shMetadataService;
@Resource
private CuratorService curatorService;
@Override
public void queryConfigList(Page<ShConfigDto> page, String keywords) {
int total = shConfigMapper.totalCount(keywords);
page.setTotal(total);
List<ShConfigDto> list = shConfigMapper.queryConfigList(page.getOffset(), page.getLimit(), keywords);
for (ShConfigDto shConfigDto : list) {
Boolean isValid = curatorService.init(shConfigDto.getRegServerList());
if (!isValid) {
return;
}
String dataSourceName = shConfigDto.getDataSourceName();
ShMetadataDto shMetadataDto = shMetadataService.queryByName(dataSourceName);
Byte datatype = shMetadataDto.getType();
Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
try {
String dataSourcePth = "/" + shConfigDto.getRegNamespace() + "/"
+ shConfigDto.getDataSourceName() + Constants.CONFIG + Constants.DATASOURCE;
String dataSource = curatorService.getData(dataSourcePth);
JSONArray object1 = (JSONArray) JSONObject.parse(dataSource);
for (int i = 0; i < object1.size(); i++) {
JSONObject object = (JSONObject) object1.get(i);
String password = Utils.druidEnc(object.getString("password"));
object.remove("password");
object.put("password", password);
}
map.put("dataSource", JSONObject.toJSONString(object1));
if (Constants.MASTER_SLAVE_INTERGER.equals(datatype)) {
String masterslaveRulePath = "/" + shConfigDto.getRegNamespace() + "/" + shConfigDto.getDataSourceName() + Constants.CONFIG + Constants.MASTERSLAVE + Constants.RUL;
String masterslaveRule = curatorService.getData(masterslaveRulePath);
String configmapPath = "/" + shConfigDto.getRegNamespace() + "/" + shConfigDto.getDataSourceName() + Constants.CONFIG + Constants.MASTERSLAVE + Constants.CONFIGMAP;
String configmap = curatorService.getData(configmapPath);
map.put("masterslaveRule", masterslaveRule);
map.put("configmap", configmap);
} else if (Constants.SHARDING_INTERGER.equals(datatype)) {
String shardingRulePath = "/" + shConfigDto.getRegNamespace() + "/" + shConfigDto.getDataSourceName() + Constants.CONFIG + Constants.SHARDINGS + Constants.RUL;
String shardingPropsPath = "/" + shConfigDto.getRegNamespace() + "/" + shConfigDto.getDataSourceName() + Constants.CONFIG + Constants.SHARDINGS + Constants.PROPS;
String configmapPath = "/" + shConfigDto.getRegNamespace() + "/" + shConfigDto.getDataSourceName() + Constants.CONFIG + Constants.SHARDINGS + Constants.CONFIGMAP;
String shardingRule = curatorService.getData(shardingRulePath);
String shardingProps = curatorService.getData(shardingPropsPath);
String configmap = curatorService.getData(configmapPath);
map.put("configmap", configmap);
map.put("shardingProps", shardingProps);
map.put("shardingRule", shardingRule);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("error queryConfigList", e);
}
shConfigDto.setZkInfo(map);
}
page.setRows(list);
}
@Override
public void updateInfo(ShConfig shConfig) {
shConfigMapper.updateInfo(shConfig);
}
@Override
public void insertInfo(ShConfig shConfig) {
shConfigMapper.insertInfo(shConfig);
}
@Override
public Integer queryIdByRegNamespace(String name) {
return shConfigMapper.queryIdByRegNamespace(name);
}
@Override
public void deleteInfo(String id) {
shConfigMapper.deleteInfo(NumberUtils.toInt(id));
}
@Override
public String queryDataSourceNameByid(int id) {
return shConfigMapper.queryDataSourceNameByid(id);
}
@Override
public void updateStatusById(Long id, byte type) {
shConfigMapper.updateStatusById(id, type);
}
@Override
public void updateStatusByDataSourceName(String name, Byte type) {
shConfigMapper.updateStatusByDataSourceName(name, type);
}
@Override
public List<ShConfig> queryByDataSourceName(String dataSourceName) {
return shConfigMapper.queryByDataSourceName(dataSourceName);
}
}
<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.model;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class ShConfig {
private Long id;
private String regNamespace;
private String regId;
private String regServerList;
private String dataSourceName;
private Byte status;
private String createBy;
private String updateBy;
}<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dto;
import lombok.Data;
import java.util.List;
@Data
public class ShMetadataDto {
private Long id;
private Byte type;
private Byte quote;
private String dataSourceName;
private String createBy;
private String updateBy;
private String properties;
private String typeValue;//type中文字段
private Integer masterId; //主库id
private List<Integer> slaveIds;//从库ids
private String loadBalanceAlgorithmType;//分片算法
private List<Integer> dataSourceNamesId;//分开分表使用的数据库id
private Integer defaultDataSourceId;
private String dataSourceNames;
private String tableRuleConfigs;
private String bindingTableGroups;
private String props;
}
<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.common;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFrameworkFactory;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.cache.NodeCache;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.cache.NodeCacheListener;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.cache.PathChildrenCache;
import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.cache.PathChildrenCacheListener;
import org.apache.curator.retry.ExponentialBackoffRetry;
import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.util.Assert;
import javax.annotation.PreDestroy;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* @author <EMAIL>
* @version 1.0
* @since v1.0 2017/11/13 17:07
*/
@Component
@Slf4j
public class CuratorService {
private CuratorFramework client;
@Value("${zk.connectionTimeoutMs:5000}")
private int connectionTimeoutMs;
@Value("${zk.sessionTimeoutMs:60000}")
private int sessionTimeoutMs;
public Boolean init(String connectString) {
client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder()
.connectString(connectString)
.connectionTimeoutMs(connectionTimeoutMs)
.sessionTimeoutMs(sessionTimeoutMs)
.canBeReadOnly(false)
.retryPolicy(new ExponentialBackoffRetry(1000, 3))
.build();
return initCuratorClient();
}
private Boolean initCuratorClient() {
client.start();
try {
if (!client.blockUntilConnected(connectionTimeoutMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
client.close();
return false;
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
log.error("error initCurator client", e);
}
return true;
}
@PreDestroy
public void destroy() {
client.close();
}
public String create(String path) throws Exception {
return createwithMode(path, "", CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
}
public String create(String path, String data) throws Exception {
Assert.notNull(data, "data must be not null");
return createwithMode(path, data, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
}
public String create(String path, Object data) throws Exception {
Assert.notNull(data, "data must be not null");
return createwithMode(path, data, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
}
public String createwithMode(String path, CreateMode createMode) throws Exception {
return client.create().creatingParentsIfNeeded().withMode(createMode).forPath(path);
}
public String createwithMode(String path, String data, CreateMode createMode) throws Exception {
Assert.notNull(data, "data must be not null");
return client.create().creatingParentsIfNeeded().withMode(createMode)
.forPath(path, data.getBytes());
}
public String createwithMode(String path, Object data, CreateMode createMode) throws Exception {
Assert.notNull(data, "data must be not null");
return client.create().creatingParentsIfNeeded().withMode(createMode)
.forPath(path, JSON.toJSONBytes(data));
}
public Stat update(String path) throws Exception {
return client.setData().forPath(path);
}
public Stat update(String path, String data) throws Exception {
Assert.notNull(data, "data must be not null");
return client.setData().forPath(path, data.getBytes());
}
public Stat update(String path, Object data) throws Exception {
Assert.notNull(data, "data must be not null");
return client.setData().forPath(path, JSON.toJSONBytes(data));
}
public void delete(String path) throws Exception {
client.delete().deletingChildrenIfNeeded().inBackground().forPath(path);
}
public String getData(String path) throws Exception {
return new String(client.getData().forPath(path));
}
public <T> T getData(String path, Class<T> valueType) throws Exception {
return JSON.parseObject(client.getData().forPath(path), valueType);
}
public List<String> getChildren(String path) {
try {
return client.getChildren().forPath(path);
} catch (Exception e) {
//node not exist throw this exception
return null;
}
}
public boolean isExists(String path) throws Exception {
return client.checkExists().forPath(path) != null;
}
/**
* 用来监控一个ZNode的子节点. 当一个子节点增加， 更新，删除时， Path Cache会改变它的状态， 会包含最新的子节点， 子节点的数据和状态。
*/
public PathChildrenCache addListener(String path,
PathChildrenCacheListener pathChildrenCacheListener, Executor executor) throws Exception {
//设置节点的cache
PathChildrenCache pathChildrenCache = new PathChildrenCache(client, path, true);
//设置监听器和处理过程
pathChildrenCache.getListenable().addListener(pathChildrenCacheListener, executor);
//开始监听
pathChildrenCache.start();
return pathChildrenCache;
}
public PathChildrenCache addListener(String path,
PathChildrenCacheListener pathChildrenCacheListener, PathChildrenCache.StartMode startMode,
Executor executor) throws Exception {
//设置节点的cache
PathChildrenCache pathChildrenCache = new PathChildrenCache(client, path, true);
//设置监听器和处理过程
pathChildrenCache.getListenable().addListener(pathChildrenCacheListener, executor);
//开始监听
pathChildrenCache.start(startMode);
return pathChildrenCache;
}
/**
* 当节点的数据修改或者删除时，Node Cache能更新它的状态包含最新的改变。操作和Path cache类似， 只是getCurrentData()返回的类型不同
*/
public void addListener(String path, NodeCacheListener nodeCacheListener, Executor executor)
throws Exception {
//设置节点的cache
NodeCache nodeCache = new NodeCache(client, path);
//设置监听器和处理过程
nodeCache.getListenable().addListener(nodeCacheListener, executor);
//开始监听
nodeCache.start();
}
}
<file_sep>CREATE TABLE `sh_config` (
`id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`reg_namespace` varchar(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '注册中心的命名空间',
`reg_id` varchar(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '注册中心名称',
`reg_server_list` varchar(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '注册中心地址',
`data_source_name` varchar(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '数据源名称',
`status` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '同步状态，0表示未同步，1表示已同步，2表示已修改待同步',
`create_by` varchar(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '创建人',
`update_by` varchar(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '修改人',
`create_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '创建时间',
`update_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '修改时间',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_create_time` (`create_time`),
KEY `idx_update_time` (`update_time`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='分片配置表';
CREATE TABLE `sh_metadata` (
`id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'ID',
`type` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '数据库类型,1-mysql,2-ms,3-shard',
`properties` text NOT NULL COMMENT '数据库属性',
`data_source_name` varchar(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '数据库名称',
`create_by` varchar(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '创建人',
`update_by` varchar(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '修改人',
`create_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '创建时间',
`update_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '修改时间',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_create_time` (`create_time`),
KEY `idx_update_time` (`update_time`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='分片数据源表';
<file_sep>package com.caocao.shardingjdbc.console.dal.ldap;
import com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.dv.util.Base64;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import javax.naming.Context;
import javax.naming.NamingException;
import javax.naming.directory.DirContext;
import javax.naming.directory.InitialDirContext;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Hashtable;
@Slf4j
@Component("ldapHelper")
public class LdapHelper {
private DirContext ctx;
@Autowired
private LdapConfig ldapConfig;
@SuppressWarnings(value = "unchecked")
public DirContext getCtx() {
//设置连接LDAP的实现工厂
Hashtable env = new Hashtable();
env.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory");
// 指定LDAP服务器的主机名和端口号
env.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, ldapConfig.getProviderUrl() + ldapConfig.getRoot());
//给环境提供认证方法
env.put(Context.SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, "simple");
//指定进入的目录识别名DN
env.put(Context.SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, "cn=" + ldapConfig.getAccount());
//进入的目录密码
env.put(Context.SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, ldapConfig.getPassword().trim());
log.info(ldapConfig.getProviderUrl() + ldapConfig.getRoot());
log.info(ldapConfig.getAccount());
log.info(ldapConfig.getPassword());
try {
// 链接ldap // 得到初始目录环境的一个引用
ctx = new InitialDirContext(env);
log.info("认证成功");
} catch (javax.naming.AuthenticationException e) {
log.error("认证失败", e);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("认证出错：", e);
}
return ctx;
}
public void closeCtx() {
try {
ctx.close();
} catch (NamingException ex) {
log.error("error close ctx", ex);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings(value = "unchecked")
public boolean verifySHA(String ldappw, String inputpw)
throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
// MessageDigest 提供了消息摘要算法，如 MD5 或 SHA，的功能，这里LDAP使用的是SHA-1
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");
// 取出加密字符
if (ldappw.startsWith("{SSHA}")) {
ldappw = ldappw.substring(6);
} else if (ldappw.startsWith("{SHA}")) {
ldappw = ldappw.substring(5);
}
// 解码BASE64
byte[] ldappwbyte = Base64.decode(ldappw);
byte[] shacode;
byte[] salt;
// 前20位是SHA-1加密段，20位后是最初加密时的随机明文
if (ldappwbyte.length <= 20) {
shacode = ldappwbyte;
salt = new byte[0];
} else {
shacode = new byte[20];
salt = new byte[ldappwbyte.length - 20];
System.arraycopy(ldappwbyte, 0, shacode, 0, 20);
System.arraycopy(ldappwbyte, 20, salt, 0, salt.length);
}
// 把用户输入的密码添加到摘要计算信息
md.update(inputpw.getBytes());
// 把随机明文添加到摘要计算信息
md.update(salt);
// 按SSHA把当前用户密码进行计算
byte[] inputpwbyte = md.digest();
// 返回校验结果
return MessageDigest.isEqual(shacode, inputpwbyte);
}
}
|
bfe046f3d1c005f30fa9b30231a4a4655c6e6d5c
|
[
"Java",
"SQL"
] | 9
|
Java
|
maozhibin/sharding-jdbc-console
|
98bdc0d3b3b51408476c518acd3e67bb9c4d978c
|
1e41a1b84ea253c8142929392843510b490170e5
|
refs/heads/main
|
<repo_name>singh102/DePaul-SE452-Group8<file_sep>/espy/src/main/java/com/depaul/se452/group8/espy/Profile.java
package com.depaul.se452.group8.espy;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class Profile {
@RequestMapping("/profile")
public String profile() {
return "Profile Page!";
}
}
<file_sep>/espy/src/main/java/com/depaul/se452/group8/espy/Friends.java
package com.depaul.se452.group8.espy;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class Friends {
@RequestMapping("/friends")
public String friends() {
return "Friends Page!";
}
}
<file_sep>/espy/readme.md
Espy
An image sharing application amongst friends
Current pages include:
- localhost:8080
- localhost:8080/profile
- localhost:8080/friendsearch
- localhost:8080/friends
|
b45ff787b3c20aa09e9377591ea7e857b8ccbd87
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java"
] | 3
|
Java
|
singh102/DePaul-SE452-Group8
|
4ce893941e13d33ff27b6d73b761f71d12ae13c1
|
ea765b8fcd18b84fca2c65fc84ea941cabdeb768
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>Edlward/robomaster<file_sep>/XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT/Inc/StatusMachine.h
#ifndef __STATUSMACHINE_H
#define __STATUSMACHINE_H
#include "Driver_Beltraise.h"
#include "Driver_Chassis.h"
#include "Driver_GuideWheel.h"
#include "Driver_Manipulator.h"
#include "Driver_Remote.h"
#include "Driver_Sensor.h"
#include "config.h"
void StatusMachine_Init(void);
void StatusMachine(void const * argument);
extern InputMode_e InputMode;
#endif
<file_sep>/XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT/MDK-ARM/XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT/XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT.build_log.htm
<html>
<body>
<pre>
<h1>µVision Build Log</h1>
<h2>Tool Versions:</h2>
IDE-Version: ¦ÌVision V5.22.0.0
Copyright (C) 2016 ARM Ltd and ARM Germany GmbH. All rights reserved.
License Information: 111 ΢ÈíÓû§, ΢ÈíÖйú, LIC=9WSCX-HFU0W-CWC2K-ZF8U8-PV1YG-FN170
Tool Versions:
Toolchain: MDK-ARM Plus Version: 5.22
Toolchain Path: D:\stm32\mdk\ARM\ARMCC\Bin
C Compiler: Armcc.exe V5.06 update 4 (build 422)
Assembler: Armasm.exe V5.06 update 4 (build 422)
Linker/Locator: ArmLink.exe V5.06 update 4 (build 422)
Library Manager: ArmAr.exe V5.06 update 4 (build 422)
Hex Converter: FromElf.exe V5.06 update 4 (build 422)
CPU DLL: SARMCM3.DLL V5.22
Dialog DLL: DCM.DLL V1.13.9.0
Target DLL: STLink\ST-LINKIII-KEIL_SWO.dll V2.0.18.0
Dialog DLL: TCM.DLL V1.21.0.0
<h2>Project:</h2>
F:\Robomaster\git repertory\XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT\MDK-ARM\XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT.uvprojx
Project File Date: 03/10/2019
<h2>Output:</h2>
*** Using Compiler 'V5.06 update 4 (build 422)', folder: 'D:\stm32\mdk\ARM\ARMCC\Bin'
Build target 'XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT'
compiling BSP.c...
compiling Data_Judge.c...
compiling stm32f4xx_it.c...
compiling BSP_NVIC.c...
compiling BSP_USART.c...
..\Src\BSP_USART.c(226): error: #127: expected a statement
else if(huart->Instance==USART6)
..\Src\BSP_USART.c(248): warning: #12-D: parsing restarts here after previous syntax error
hdma_usart6_rx.Init.Channel =
MA_CHANNEL_5;
..\Src\BSP_USART.c(265): error: #20: identifier "huart" is undefined
_HAL_LINKDMA(huart,hdmarx,hdma_usart6_rx);
..\Src\BSP_USART.c(284): error: #20: identifier "huart" is undefined
_HAL_LINKDMA(huart,hdmatx,hdma_usart6_tx);
..\Src\BSP_USART.c(295): error: #169: expected a declaration
}
..\Src\BSP_USART.c(356): warning: At end of source: #12-D: parsing restarts here after previous syntax error
..\Src\BSP_USART.c: 2 warnings, 4 errors
"XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT\XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT.axf" - 4 Error(s), 2 Warning(s).
<h2>Software Packages used:</h2>
Package Vendor: ARM
http://www.keil.com/pack/ARM.CMSIS.5.0.0.pack
ARM::CMSIS:CORE:5.0.0
CMSIS (Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard)
* Component: CORE Version: 5.0.0
<h2>Collection of Component include folders:</h2>
F:\Robomaster\git repertory\XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT\MDK-ARM\RTE\_XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT
D:\stm32\mdk\ARM\PACK\ARM\CMSIS\5.0.0\CMSIS\Include
D:\stm32\mdk\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F4xx_DFP\2.11.0\Drivers\CMSIS\Device\ST\STM32F4xx\Include
<h2>Collection of Component Files used:</h2>
* Component: ARM::CMSIS:CORE:5.0.0
Target not created.
Build Time Elapsed: 00:00:19
</pre>
</body>
</html>
<file_sep>/XDRM_OMNIKNIGHT/Src/StatusMachine.c
#include "StatusMachine.h"
#include "SuperviseTask.h"
#include "ControlTask.h"
WorkState_e WorkState;
WorkState_e LastWorkState = STOP_STATE;
extern uint32_t time_tick_1ms;
static void WorkStateSwitchProcess(void)
{
//如果从其他模式切换到prapare模式，要将一系列参数初始化
if((LastWorkState != WorkState) && (WorkState == PREPARE_STATE))
{
ControlLoopTaskInit();
RemoteTaskInit();
}
}
void SetWorkState(WorkState_e state)
{
WorkState = state;
}
WorkState_e GetWorkState(void)
{
return WorkState;
}
void WorkStateFSM(void)
{
//几种直接换状态的特殊情况
LastWorkState = WorkState;
if(Is_Lost_Error_Set(LOST_ERROR_RC) || InputMode == STOP)
//存疑，直接使用InputMode和使用函数GetInputMode()有什么区别，我暂时认为没有区别
{
WorkState = STOP_STATE;
return;
}//还没有加陀螺仪以及校准功能，所以目前只有遥控器失控这一种特殊状况
switch (WorkState)
{
case PREPARE_STATE:
{
if(time_tick_1ms > PREPARE_TIME_TICK_MS)
{
if(InputMode == REMOTE_INPUT)
{
WorkState = NORMAL_RC_STATE;
}
if(InputMode == KEYBOARD_INPUT)
{
WorkState = KEYBOARD_RC_STATE;
}
}
}break;
case NORMAL_RC_STATE:
{
if(InputMode == STOP)
{
WorkState = STOP_STATE;
}
}break;
case KEYBOARD_RC_STATE:
{
if(InputMode == STOP)
{
WorkState = STOP_STATE;
}
}break;
case STOP_STATE:
{
if(InputMode != STOP)
{
WorkState = PREPARE_STATE;
}
}break;
}
WorkStateSwitchProcess();
}
void Input_Mode_Select(void)
{
if(RC_CtrlData.rc.s2 == STICK_UP)
{
InputMode = REMOTE_INPUT;
}
if(RC_CtrlData.rc.s2 == STICK_CENTRAL)
{
InputMode = KEYBOARD_INPUT;
}
if(RC_CtrlData.rc.s2 == STICK_DOWN)
{
InputMode = STOP;
}
}
InputMode_e GetInputMode(void)
{
return InputMode;
}
void StatusMachine_Init(void)
{
WorkState = PREPARE_STATE;
}
void StatusMachine_Update(void)
{
Input_Mode_Select();
WorkStateFSM();
}
void StatusMachine(void const * argument)
{
portTickType xLastWakeTime;
xLastWakeTime = xTaskGetTickCount();
/* Infinite loop */
for(;;)
{
StatusMachine_Update();
vTaskDelayUntil(&xLastWakeTime,1/portTICK_RATE_MS);//此时处于阻塞态
}
/* USER CODE END Can_Send_Task */
}
|
bcbb0c48997c50052a5c0b534944cd790c32cb42
|
[
"C",
"HTML"
] | 3
|
C
|
Edlward/robomaster
|
54eede527114762fa859e8f1cea0dc5022fdac92
|
af7071c0be9dff7b248b95c32b6f3752b8c06577
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>from profile_fragment_quality import ProfileFragmentQuality, ProfileFragmentQualityResult
<file_sep># Running Demos
1) Ensure that you have activated an environment with `rosetta` and `fragment_profiling` installed.
2) Ensure that you have correctly configured `ipython` to display notebooks by adding the following to `~/.ipython/profile_default/ipython_notebook_config.py`:
````python
import socket
c.NotebookApp.ip = socket.gethostname()
c.NotebookApp.open_browser = False
c.NotebookApp.port = 8888
````
3) Run `ipython notebook` in the `examples` directory and open the displayed url.
<file_sep>import unittest
import logging
import os
from os import path
import numpy
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.lookup import FragmentMatchLookup
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.store import FragmentDatabase, FragmentSpecification
from interface_fragment_matching.structure_database import StructureDatabase
from fragment_profiling.profile_backbone_quality import ProfileBackboneQuality
class TestProfileBackboneQuality(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
import rosetta
rosetta.init("-out:levels", "all:warning")
from interface_fragment_matching.parallel import openmp_utils
openmp_utils.omp_set_num_threads(1)
def setUp(self):
import rosetta
fragment_db = FragmentDatabase("/work/fordas/workspace/fragment_fitting/threshold_test_fragments/test_sets.h5")
self.test_fragments = fragment_db.fragments["source_fragments_4_mer"].read()
test_fragment_length = fragment_db.fragments["source_fragments_4_mer"].attrs.fragment_length
test_fragment_atoms = fragment_db.fragments["source_fragments_4_mer"].attrs.fragment_atoms.split(",")
self.test_fragment_spec = FragmentSpecification(test_fragment_length, tuple(test_fragment_atoms))
pass_test_structure = rosetta.pose_from_pdb(path.join(path.dirname(__file__), "foldit_17_0001.pdb" ))
self.pass_test_residues = StructureDatabase.extract_residue_entries_from_pose(pass_test_structure)
_, self.pass_test_fragments = self.test_fragment_spec.fragments_from_source_residues(self.pass_test_residues)
fail_test_structure = rosetta.pose_from_pdb(path.join(path.dirname(__file__), "foldit_18_0001.pdb" ))
self.fail_test_residues = StructureDatabase.extract_residue_entries_from_pose(fail_test_structure)
_, self.fail_test_fragments = self.test_fragment_spec.fragments_from_source_residues(self.fail_test_residues)
def test_profiler(self):
profiler = ProfileBackboneQuality(self.test_fragments, self.test_fragment_spec)
pass_results = profiler.perform_backbone_analysis(self.pass_test_fragments).result_summary
self.assertTrue(not any(numpy.isnan(pass_results["match_distance"])))
profiler = ProfileBackboneQuality(self.test_fragments, self.test_fragment_spec)
fail_results = profiler.perform_backbone_analysis(self.fail_test_fragments).result_summary
self.assertTrue(any(numpy.isinf(fail_results["match_distance"])))
<file_sep>#!/usr/bin/env python
from ez_setup import use_setuptools
use_setuptools()
from setuptools import setup, find_packages, Extension
from Cython.Distutils import build_ext
from Cython.Build import cythonize
from os import path
import subprocess
#Cython extensions can be built in the standard fashion via distribute
#but files including numpy headers must have numpy include path specified.
import numpy
#Versioning logic
def get_git_version():
"""Get current version tag via call to git describe.
Version tags are of the format:
v<major>.<minor>.<patch>
"""
try:
version_string = subprocess.check_output(["git", "describe", "--match", "v*"])
return version_string.strip().lstrip("v")
except:
return "0.0.0"
#Cython build logic
cython_subdirs = [
"fragment_profiling",
]
cython_modules= cythonize([path.join(d, "*.pyx") for d in cython_subdirs])
for r in cython_modules:
r.extra_compile_args=["-fopenmp"]
r.extra_link_args=["-fopenmp"]
def pkgconfig(*packages, **kw):
flag_map = {'-I': 'include_dirs', '-L': 'library_dirs', '-l': 'libraries'}
for token in subprocess.check_output(["pkg-config", "--libs", "--cflags"] + list(packages)).strip().split(" "):
kw.setdefault(flag_map.get(token[:2]), []).append(token[2:])
return kw
include_dirs = [numpy.get_include(), path.abspath(".")]
setup(
name="fragment_profiling",
description="Modules for structure fragment profiling.",
author="<NAME>",
author_email="<EMAIL>",
url="https://github.com/fordas/fragment_profiling/",
version=get_git_version(),
provides=["fragment_profiling"],
packages=find_packages(),
install_requires=["interface_fragment_matching", "numpy", "matplotlib"],
setup_requires=["Cython>=0.18"],
tests_require=["nose", "nose-html", "coverage", "nose-progressive"],
test_suite = "nose.collector",
cmdclass = {'build_ext': build_ext},
#Extra options to cythonize are *not* the same 'Extension'
#See Cython.Compiler.Main.CompilationOptions for details
#
#In particular, include_dirs must be specified in setup
# as opposed to Extension if globs are used.
include_dirs=include_dirs,
ext_modules = cython_modules
)
<file_sep>import logging
import numpy
from interface_fragment_matching.tasks.utility import TaskBase
from interface_fragment_matching.structure_database.store import StructureDatabase
from .profile_fragment_quality import ProfileFragmentQuality, FragmentProfilerParameters
from .store import FragmentProfilingDatabase
# Set default omp parameters for interactive use
from interface_fragment_matching.parallel import openmp_utils
if not openmp_utils.omp_get_max_threads():
logging.warning("omp_set_num_threads(%s)", 4)
openmp_utils.omp_set_num_threads(4)
class ProfileFragmentQualityTask(TaskBase):
"""Perform fragment quality profiling on structure residues."""
@property
def state_keys(self):
return ["fragment_specification", "profile_source_database", "logscore_substitution_profile", "select_fragments_per_query_position"]
def __init__(self, fragment_specification, profile_source_database, logscore_substitution_profile, select_fragments_per_query_position):
"""Create profiling task.
fragent_specifiction - Specifiction used to defined profiled fragments.
profile_source_database - Source database to profiling queries.
logscore_substitution_profile - Substitution profile used in profiler.
select_fragments_per_query_position - Result fragments per position.
"""
self.fragment_specification = fragment_specification
self.profile_source_database = profile_source_database
self.logscore_substitution_profile = logscore_substitution_profile
self.select_fragments_per_query_position = select_fragments_per_query_position
TaskBase.__init__(self)
def setup(self):
"""Load source structure database and prepare profiler."""
source_residues = StructureDatabase(self.profile_source_database).residues.read()
self.profiler = ProfileFragmentQuality(
source_residues,
self.logscore_substitution_profile,
self.select_fragments_per_query_position)
TaskBase.setup(self)
def execute(self, target_residues):
"""Segment target residues into fragments and perform per-fragment profiling."""
_, target_fragments = self.fragment_specification.fragments_from_source_residues(
target_residues,
additional_per_residue_fields=["bb", "sc", "ss"])
return self.profiler.perform_fragment_analysis(target_fragments)
class BenchmarkedProfileFragmentQualityTask(TaskBase):
"""Perform fragment quality profiling on structure residues via a benchmarked profiling configuration."""
@property
def state_keys(self):
return ["profiling_database", "profile_benchmark_name", "profiler_parameters"]
def __init__(self, profiling_database, profile_benchmark_name, profiler_parameters):
"""Create profiling task.
profiling_database - Source profiling database.
profile_benchmark_name - Source profiling database.
profiler_parameters - Profiling parameters for run.
"""
self.profiling_database = profiling_database
self.profile_benchmark_name = profile_benchmark_name
self.profiler_parameters = profiler_parameters
TaskBase.__init__(self)
def setup(self):
"""Load source structure database and prepare profiler."""
with FragmentProfilingDatabase(self.profiling_database) as prof_db:
source_residues, source_benchmarks = prof_db.get_profiling_benchmark(self.profile_benchmark_name)
if not self.profiler_parameters in source_benchmarks:
raise ValueError("Provided profiler_parameters %s not present in database. Available parameters:\n%s", self.profiler_parameters, source_benchmarks.keys())
self.profiler = ProfileFragmentQuality(
source_residues,
self.profiler_parameters.logscore_substitution_profile,
self.profiler_parameters.select_fragments_per_query_position,
source_benchmarks)
TaskBase.setup(self)
def execute(self, target_residues):
"""Segment target residues into fragments and perform per-fragment profiling."""
_, target_fragments = self.profiler_parameters.fragment_specification.fragments_from_source_residues(
target_residues,
additional_per_residue_fields=["bb", "sc", "ss"])
return self.profiler.perform_fragment_analysis(target_fragments)
class BenchmarkProfileFragmentQualityTask(ProfileFragmentQualityTask):
@property
def state_keys(self):
return super(BenchmarkProfileFragmentQualityTask, self).state_keys + ["target_structure_database", "return_fragments_per_query_position"]
def __init__(self, target_structure_database, fragment_specification, profile_source_database, logscore_substitution_profile, select_fragments_per_query_position, return_fragments_per_query_position):
ProfileFragmentQualityTask.__init__(self, fragment_specification, profile_source_database, logscore_substitution_profile, select_fragments_per_query_position)
self.target_structure_database = target_structure_database
self.return_fragments_per_query_position = return_fragments_per_query_position
def setup(self):
super(BenchmarkProfileFragmentQualityTask, self).setup()
self.target_residue_cache = StructureDatabase(self.target_structure_database).residue_cache
def execute(self, target_structure_ids):
self.logger.info("execute(<%s ids>)", len(target_structure_ids))
ids = numpy.atleast_1d(numpy.array(target_structure_ids)).astype("u4")
spans = self.target_residue_cache.id_span(ids)
source_residues = numpy.concatenate([self.target_residue_cache.residues[spans[i]["start"]:spans[i]["end"]] for i in xrange(len(spans))])
self.logger.info("source_residues: <%s residues> ", len(source_residues))
result = ProfileFragmentQualityTask.execute(self, source_residues)
return result.prune_fragments_by_start_residue().generate_result_summary(self.return_fragments_per_query_position)
<file_sep>import logging
import os
from os import path
import itertools
import tables
class FragmentProfilingDatabase(object):
logger = logging.getLogger("FragmentProfilingDatabase")
"""Table-backed fragment profiling database. Stores residue reference and fragment profiling benchmarking data.
Contains table entries:
/fragment_profiling_benchmarks/
"""
def __init__(self, store):
"""Load fragment database view over store."""
self.store = None
if isinstance(store, basestring):
self.logger.info("Opening file: %s", store)
try:
is_store = tables.is_pytables_file(store)
except tables.HDF5ExtError:
is_store = False
if is_store:
if os.access(store, os.W_OK):
self.store = tables.open_file(store, "r+")
else:
self.store = tables.open_file(store, "r")
else:
raise ValueError("Store is not a PyTables file: %s" % store)
elif isinstance(store, tables.file.File):
self.logger.info("Opening : %s", store)
self.store = store
else:
raise ValueError("Unable to open store: %s" % store)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.store.filename)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s(store=<%s>)" % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.store.filename)
def __enter__(self):
"""Support for with statement."""
return self
def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Support for with statement."""
self.close()
def close(self):
"""Close database handle and underlying store."""
if self.store is not None:
self.logger.debug("Closing store: %s", self.store)
self.store.close()
def is_setup(self):
"""Check if database is setup with standard paths."""
return ("/fragment_profiling_benchmarks" in self.store)
def setup(self):
"""Create core tables and groups within store."""
self.logger.info("Setting up store: %s", self.store)
self.store.create_group("/", "fragment_profiling_benchmarks", "Profiling benchmark sets.")
self.store.flush()
@property
def profiling_benchmarks(self):
"""Return list of fragment profiling benchmark sets."""
return set(i._v_name for i in self.store.iter_nodes("/fragment_profiling_benchmarks"))
def add_profiling_benchmark(self, name, target_residue_table, profiling_results):
"""Add profiler benchmark data to database."""
self.store.create_group("/fragment_profiling_benchmarks", name, name)
groupname = path.join("/fragment_profiling_benchmarks", name)
if ":" in target_residue_table:
self.store.create_external_link(groupname, "residues", target_residue_table)
else:
self.store.create_soft_link(groupname, "residues", target_residue_table)
self.store.create_group(groupname, "benchmark_sets", "Calculated benchmark distributions for target residues.")
benchmark_group = path.join(groupname, "benchmark_sets")
for c, (params, quantile_results) in zip(itertools.count(), profiling_results.items()):
qt = self.store.create_table(benchmark_group, "profile_%i" % c, quantile_results)
qt.attrs["profile_parameters"] = params
qt.flush()
self.store.flush()
def get_profiling_benchmark(self, name):
"""Get profiler data from the given benchmark set name."""
profiler_residues = self.store.get_node(path.join("/fragment_profiling_benchmarks", name, "residues"))
profiler_residues = profiler_residues().read()
profiler_benchmarks = {}
for b in self.store.get_node(path.join("/fragment_profiling_benchmarks", name, "benchmark_sets")):
profiler_benchmarks[b.attrs["profile_parameters"]] = b.read()
return profiler_residues, profiler_benchmarks
<file_sep>import unittest
import numpy
import numpy.testing
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.rmsd_calc import atom_array_broadcast_rmsd
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.store import FragmentSpecification
from interface_fragment_matching.structure_database import StructureDatabase
from fragment_profiling.profile_fragment_quality import ProfileFragmentQuality
class TestProfileFragmentQuality(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
from interface_fragment_matching.parallel import openmp_utils
openmp_utils.omp_set_num_threads(2)
def setUp(self):
structure_db = StructureDatabase("/work/fordas/test_sets/vall_store.h5")
test_structure_residues = structure_db.residues.readWhere("id == 1")
self.test_fragment_spec = FragmentSpecification(9, "CA")
self.source_test_segment = test_structure_residues[:self.test_fragment_spec.fragment_length + 2]
self.test_structures = numpy.empty((750, len(self.source_test_segment)), self.source_test_segment.dtype)
self.test_structures[:] = numpy.expand_dims(self.source_test_segment, 0)
self.test_structures["id"] = numpy.arange(750).reshape((750, 1))
self.test_structures["sc"]["aa"] = "A"
self.test_structures["sc"]["aa"][...,-2:] = "G"
_, self.test_query_fragments = self.test_fragment_spec.fragments_from_source_residues(
self.source_test_segment, additional_per_residue_fields=["bb", "sc", "ss"])
self.test_query_rmsds = atom_array_broadcast_rmsd(
self.test_query_fragments["coordinates"],
self.test_query_fragments["coordinates"])
def test_profiler(self):
query_fragment = self.test_query_fragments[1].copy()
query_fragment["sc"]["aa"] = self.test_structures[0]["sc"]["aa"][:9]
# Perform query w/ fragment 0 sequence and fragment 1 conformation.
# Should select all fragment 0 instances
profiler_one = ProfileFragmentQuality(self.test_structures.ravel(), "blosum100", 750)
result_one = profiler_one.perform_fragment_analysis(numpy.expand_dims(query_fragment, 0))
numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
result_one.selected_fragment_rmsds,
numpy.repeat(self.test_query_rmsds[0,1], 750).reshape(1, 750))
numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
result_one.selected_fragments["resn"],
numpy.repeat(self.test_query_fragments[0]["resn"], 750).reshape(1, 750))
numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
numpy.sort(result_one.selected_fragments["id"].ravel()),
numpy.arange(750))
# Should select all fragment 0 and single fragment 1
profiler_two = ProfileFragmentQuality(self.test_structures.ravel(), "blosum100", 750 * 2)
result_two = profiler_two.perform_fragment_analysis(numpy.expand_dims(query_fragment, 0))
numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
numpy.sort(result_two.selected_fragment_rmsds),
numpy.repeat(
[self.test_query_rmsds[0, 0], self.test_query_rmsds[0,1]],
750).reshape(1, 750 * 2))
numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
numpy.sort(result_two.selected_fragments["resn"]),
numpy.repeat(
[self.test_query_fragments[0]["resn"], self.test_query_fragments[1]["resn"]],
750).reshape(1, 750 * 2))
numpy.testing.assert_array_almost_equal(
numpy.sort(result_two.selected_fragments["id"].ravel()),
numpy.repeat(numpy.arange(750), 2))
<file_sep>#ifndef _fragment_fitting_rmsd_calc_QCP_Kernal_HPP_
#define _fragment_fitting_rmsd_calc_QCP_Kernal_HPP_
#include <cstdlib>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <limits>
#include <queue>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
namespace fragment_profiling
{
template <class Real, class AlphabetIntegralType, class Index>
class ProfileCalculator
{
public:
ProfileCalculator() {}
virtual ~ProfileCalculator() {}
int select_by_additive_profile_score(
Real* input_profile,
int sequence_length,
int alphabet_size,
AlphabetIntegralType* source_sequences,
Index* source_start_indicies,
int num_sequences,
Index* result_indicies,
Real* result_scores,
int result_count)
{
typedef typename std::pair<Real, Index> ScorePair;
typedef typename std::priority_queue< ScorePair, std::vector<ScorePair>, std::greater<ScorePair> > ResultQueue;
ResultQueue global_results;
#pragma omp parallel
{
ResultQueue local_results;
#pragma omp for schedule(static)
for (int n = 0; n < num_sequences; n++)
{
ScorePair index_score(0, source_start_indicies[n]);
for (int p = 0; p < sequence_length; p++)
{
index_score.first += input_profile[(p * alphabet_size) + source_sequences[source_start_indicies[n] + p]];
}
if (local_results.size() < result_count || index_score > local_results.top())
{
local_results.push(index_score);
while (local_results.size() > result_count)
{
local_results.pop();
}
}
}
#pragma omp critical
{
while (!local_results.empty())
{
if(global_results.size() < result_count || local_results.top() > global_results.top())
{
global_results.push(local_results.top());
while (global_results.size() > result_count)
{
global_results.pop();
}
}
local_results.pop();
}
}
}
int final_result_count;
for (final_result_count = 0; !global_results.empty(); final_result_count++)
{
result_indicies[final_result_count] = global_results.top().second;
result_scores[final_result_count] = global_results.top().first;
global_results.pop();
}
return final_result_count;
}
void extract_additive_profile_scores(
Real* input_profile,
int sequence_length,
int alphabet_size,
AlphabetIntegralType* source_sequences,
Index* source_start_indicies,
int num_sequences,
Real* outscore)
{
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
for (int n = 0; n < num_sequences; n++)
{
outscore[n] = 0;
for (int p = 0; p < sequence_length; p++)
{
outscore[n] += input_profile[(p * alphabet_size) + source_sequences[source_start_indicies[n] + p]];
}
}
}
};
}
#endif
<file_sep>import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(asctime)-15s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
import itertools
import jug
from jug import Task, TaskGenerator, Tasklet, bvalue, barrier
from jug.compound import CompoundTask
import numpy
import tables
import rosetta
from interface_fragment_matching.parallel.utility import map_partitions
from interface_fragment_matching.structure_database.store import StructureDatabase
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.store import FragmentSpecification
from fragment_profiling.tasks import BenchmarkProfileFragmentQualityTask
from fragment_profiling.store import FragmentProfilingDatabase
from fragment_profiling.profile_fragment_quality import FragmentProfilerParameters
def read_structure_ids(db):
return StructureDatabase(db).structures.read()["id"]
def agglomerative_reduction_task(reduction_function, maximum_reduction_entries, sub_values):
if len(sub_values) <= maximum_reduction_entries:
return Task(reduction_function, sub_values)
splits = range(0, len(sub_values), maximum_reduction_entries)
subresults = [agglomerative_reduction_task(reduction_function, maximum_reduction_entries, sub_values[s:e]) for s, e in zip(splits, splits[1:] + [len(sub_values)])]
return Task(reduction_function, subresults)
def agglomerative_reduce(reduction_function, maximum_reduction_entries, values):
return CompoundTask(agglomerative_reduction_task, reduction_function, maximum_reduction_entries, values)
def extract_result_summary_table(result):
summary_table = numpy.empty(
result.query_fragments.shape,
dtype =
result.query_fragments[["id", "resn"]].dtype.descr +
[("lookup_rmsd", result.selected_fragment_rmsds.dtype, result.selected_fragment_rmsds[0].shape)])
summary_table["id"] = result.query_fragments["id"]
summary_table["resn"] = result.query_fragments["resn"]
summary_table["lookup_rmsd"] = numpy.sort(result.selected_fragment_rmsds, axis=-1)
return summary_table
# Define function so jug status show more informative name than 'concatenate'
def reduce_result_summary(summary_data):
return numpy.concatenate(summary_data)
def profile_structure_collection(target_structure_database, target_ids, fragment_specification, profile_source_database, logscore_substitution_profile, select_fragments_per_query_position, keep_top_fragments_per_query_position):
# Add one to result set size to accommodate fragment pruning.
profiler_task = BenchmarkProfileFragmentQualityTask(target_structure_database, fragment_specification, profile_source_database, logscore_substitution_profile, select_fragments_per_query_position, keep_top_fragments_per_query_position)
profiler_results = map_partitions(profiler_task, target_ids, 4000)
result_summary = agglomerative_reduction_task(reduce_result_summary, 100, profiler_results)
return result_summary
def generate_quantile_summary(result_summary_table, quantiles = numpy.linspace(0, 1, 101)):
from scipy.stats.mstats import mquantiles
import pandas
summary_table = pandas.DataFrame.from_items([("id", result_summary_table["id"]), ("rmsd", result_summary_table["quartile"][...,0])])
result = numpy.empty_like(quantiles, dtype=[("quantile", float), ("global_quantile_value", float), ("worst_per_structure_quantile_value", float)])
result["quantile"] = quantiles
result["global_quantile_value"] = mquantiles(summary_table["rmsd"].values, quantiles)
result["worst_per_structure_quantile_value"] = mquantiles(summary_table.groupby("id")["rmsd"].max().values, quantiles)
return result
def dict_element_product(options_dict):
ks = options_dict.keys()
return [tuple(zip(ks, vs)) for vs in itertools.product(*[options_dict[k] for k in ks])]
profile_source_database = "/work/fordas/test_sets/vall_store.h5"
target_structure_database = "/work/fordas/test_sets/vall_store.h5"
target_ids = Task(read_structure_ids, target_structure_database)
keep_top_fragments_per_query_position = 5
initial_candidate_parameter_values = dict(
logscore_substitution_profile = ('blosum100',),
select_fragments_per_query_position = (300, 200),
fragment_specification = (FragmentSpecification(9, "CA"), FragmentSpecification(9, ("N", "CA", "C")))
)
query_size_sweep_parameter_values = dict(
logscore_substitution_profile = ('blosum100',),
select_fragments_per_query_position = (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 500, 1000),
fragment_specification = (FragmentSpecification(9, "CA"), ))
parameter_keys = initial_candidate_parameter_values.keys()
logging.info("parameter_keys: %s", parameter_keys)
parameter_sets = set(dict_element_product(initial_candidate_parameter_values) + dict_element_product(query_size_sweep_parameter_values))
result_summaries = []
quantile_summaries = []
for parameter_values in sorted(parameter_sets):
input_parameter_values = dict(parameter_values)
logging.info("parameter_values: %s", input_parameter_values)
final_result_summary = CompoundTask(
profile_structure_collection,
target_structure_database,
target_ids,
input_parameter_values["fragment_specification"],
profile_source_database,
input_parameter_values["logscore_substitution_profile"],
input_parameter_values["select_fragments_per_query_position"],
keep_top_fragments_per_query_position)
result_summaries.append((parameter_values, final_result_summary))
barrier()
quantile_summaries.append((parameter_values, Task(generate_quantile_summary, final_result_summary)))
def write_summary_store(store_name, collection_name, target_residue_name, quantile_summaries):
quantile_summaries = dict(( FragmentProfilerParameters(**dict(q)), v) for q, v in quantile_summaries)
with FragmentProfilingDatabase(tables.open_file(store_name, "w")) as profile_db:
profile_db.setup()
profile_db.add_profiling_benchmark(collection_name, "/work/fordas/test_sets/vall_store.h5:/residues", quantile_summaries)
Task(write_summary_store, "vall_store_fragment_profiling.h5", "vall_benchmarking", "%s:/residues" % profile_source_database, quantile_summaries)
<file_sep>import logging
from collections import namedtuple
import numpy
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.lookup import FragmentMatchLookup
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.store import FragmentDatabase, FragmentSpecification
class ProfileBackboneQuality(object):
logger = logging.getLogger("fragment_profiling.profile_backbone_quality.ProfileBackboneQuality")
@staticmethod
def from_database(fragment_database_name, fragment_group_name):
"""Initialize profiler from the given database path and fragment group."""
with FragmentDatabase(fragment_database_name) as fragment_database:
test_fragments = fragment_database.fragments[fragment_group_name].read()
test_fragment_length = fragment_database.fragments[fragment_group_name].attrs.fragment_length
test_fragment_atoms = fragment_database.fragments[fragment_group_name].attrs.fragment_atoms.split(",")
test_fragment_spec = FragmentSpecification(test_fragment_length, test_fragment_atoms)
return ProfileBackboneQuality(test_fragments, test_fragment_spec)
def __init__(self, source_fragments, fragment_spec):
self.source_fragments = source_fragments
self.fragment_spec = fragment_spec
self.lookup = FragmentMatchLookup(self.source_fragments)
def perform_backbone_analysis(self, query_fragments):
"""Perform backbone analysis on given fragments."""
query_fragment_coordinates = self.fragment_spec.fragments_to_coordinate_array(query_fragments)
if not query_fragment_coordinates.shape[-2] == self.fragment_spec.fragment_length * len(self.fragment_spec.fragment_atoms):
raise ValueError("query_fragments of incorrect length")
lookup_result = self.lookup.closest_matching_fragment(query_fragment_coordinates)
lookup_result_quantiles = numpy.ones_like(lookup_result, dtype=float)
lookup_result_quantiles[numpy.isinf(lookup_result["match_distance"])] = numpy.nan
return ProfileBackboneQualityResult(query_fragments, lookup_result, lookup_result_quantiles)
class ProfileBackboneQualityResult(namedtuple("ProfileBackboneQualityResultTuple", ["query_fragments", "lookup_results", "lookup_result_quantiles"])):
"""Result container for fragment profiling runs."""
@property
def result_summary(self):
result_summary = numpy.zeros_like(self.lookup_results, dtype=[
("query_id", "u4"), ("query_resn", "u4"),
("match_id", "u4"), ("match_resn", "u4"),
("match_distance", float),
("threshold_distance", float),
("match_quantile", float)])
result_summary["query_id"] = self.query_fragments["id"]
result_summary["query_resn"] = self.query_fragments["resn"]
result_summary["match_distance"] = self.lookup_results["match_distance"]
result_summary["match_quantile"] = self.lookup_result_quantiles
result_summary["match_id"] = self.lookup_results["match"]["id"]
result_summary["match_resn"] = self.lookup_results["match"]["resn"]
result_summary["threshold_distance"] = self.lookup_results["match"]["threshold_distance"]
return result_summary
def residue_maximum_rmsd(self, source_residues, source_fragment_spec):
from interface_fragment_matching.structure_database.store import ResidueCache
residue_max_distance = numpy.empty_like(source_residues, dtype=float)
residue_max_distance[:] = 0
source_cache = ResidueCache(source_residues)
for i in range(len(self.query_fragments)):
f = self.query_fragments[i]
distance = self.lookup_results[i]["match_distance"]
fstart = source_cache.residue_index(f)
fseg = residue_max_distance[fstart: fstart + source_fragment_spec.fragment_length]
fseg[fseg < distance] = distance
return residue_max_distance
def plot_profile(self, ax = None):
from matplotlib import pylab
if ax is None:
ax = pylab.gca()
result_summary = self.result_summary
match_residual = result_summary["match_distance"] - result_summary["threshold_distance"]
indicies = numpy.arange(len(match_residual))
nonmatching_points = list(numpy.flatnonzero(numpy.isinf(match_residual)))
l = True
for s, e in zip([0] + nonmatching_points, nonmatching_points + [len(match_residual)] ):
ax.plot(indicies[s:e], match_residual[s:e], color="blue", label=("Match residual." if l else None))
l = False
l = True
for n in nonmatching_points:
ax.axvspan(n - .5, n + .5, color="red", alpha=.5, label=("Match failure." if l else None))
l = False
ax.legend()
def display_profile(self, source_residues, source_fragment_spec, good_res_threshold = .2, bad_res_threshold = .35):
from interface_fragment_matching.interactive.embed import residues_display
import matplotlib.colors
cmap = matplotlib.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list("gr", ["green", "gold", "red"])
sm = matplotlib.cm.ScalarMappable(matplotlib.colors.Normalize(vmin=good_res_threshold, vmax=bad_res_threshold), cmap=cmap)
residue_maximum_distance = self.residue_maximum_rmsd(source_residues, source_fragment_spec)
res_color = [matplotlib.colors.rgb2hex(c) for c in sm.to_rgba(residue_maximum_distance)]
color_selector = ["%s:residue %i" % e for e in zip(res_color, xrange(1, len(res_color) + 1))]
return residues_display(source_residues, color=color_selector)
<file_sep>import logging
import copy
from collections import namedtuple
import numpy
from .profile_calculation import extract_logscore_profile_scores, select_by_additive_profile_score
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.rmsd_calc import atom_array_broadcast_rmsd
from interface_fragment_matching.fragment_fitting.store import FragmentSpecification
FragmentProfilerParameters = namedtuple("FragmentProfilerParameters", ["fragment_specification", "logscore_substitution_profile", "select_fragments_per_query_position"])
class ProfileFragmentQuality(object):
logger = logging.getLogger("fragment_profling.profile_fragment_quality.ProfileFragmentQuality")
aa_codes ='ARNDCEQGHILKMFPSTWYV'
aa_encoding = dict((aa, i) for i, aa in enumerate(aa_codes))
def __init__(self, source_residues, logscore_substitution_profile, select_fragments_per_query_position, profiler_benchmark_summaries = {}):
self.source_residues = source_residues
self.encoded_source_residue_sequences = self.sequence_array_to_encoding(source_residues["sc"]["aa"])
if isinstance(logscore_substitution_profile, basestring):
import Bio.SubsMat.MatrixInfo
assert logscore_substitution_profile in Bio.SubsMat.MatrixInfo.available_matrices
self.logscore_substitution_profile_name = logscore_substitution_profile
self.logscore_substitution_profile_data = Bio.SubsMat.MatrixInfo.__dict__[logscore_substitution_profile]
else:
self.logscore_substitution_profile_name = None
self.logscore_substitution_profile_data = logscore_substitution_profile
self.logscore_substitution_profile_data = self.encode_score_table(self.logscore_substitution_profile_data)
self.select_fragments_per_query_position = select_fragments_per_query_position
# Cache fragment start indicies over multiple profiling runs.
self._cached_fragment_start_length = None
self._cached_fragment_start_indicies = None
self.profiler_benchmark_summaries = dict(profiler_benchmark_summaries)
def get_fragment_start_residues(self, fragment_length):
"""Get all starting indicies in self.source_residues for the given fragment length."""
if fragment_length != self._cached_fragment_start_length:
fspec = FragmentSpecification(fragment_length)
self._cached_fragment_start_length = fragment_length
self._cached_fragment_start_indicies = fspec.fragment_start_residues_from_residue_array(self.source_residues)
return self._cached_fragment_start_indicies
def perform_fragment_analysis(self, fragments):
"""Perform profile-based fragment quality analysis for given fragments.
fragments - array((n,), dtype=[("sc", ("aa", "S1")), ("coordinates", ...)]
returns - ProfileFragmentQualityResult
"""
self.logger.info("perform_fragment_analysis(<%s fragments>)", len(fragments))
fragments = numpy.array(fragments)
(num_query_fragments,) = fragments.shape
fspec = FragmentSpecification.from_fragment_dtype(fragments.dtype)
source_fragment_start_indicies = self.get_fragment_start_residues(fspec.fragment_length)
# Select dummy fragment with fspec to get dtype
per_position_selected_fragments = numpy.empty(
(len(fragments), self.select_fragments_per_query_position),
dtype = fspec.fragments_from_start_residues(
self.source_residues, numpy.array([0]),
additional_per_residue_fields=["bb", "sc", "ss"]).dtype)
per_position_selection_scores = numpy.empty_like(per_position_selected_fragments, dtype=float)
per_position_selection_rmsds = numpy.empty_like(per_position_selection_scores)
for n in xrange(len(fragments)):
self.logger.debug("profiling fragment: %s", n)
frag = fragments[n]
self.logger.debug("profiling sequence: %s", frag["sc"]["aa"])
frag_sequence = self.sequence_array_to_encoding(frag["sc"]["aa"])
frag_profile = self.position_profile_from_sequence(frag_sequence, self.logscore_substitution_profile_data)
self.logger.debug("profile table: %s", frag_profile)
score_selections = select_by_additive_profile_score(
frag_profile,
self.encoded_source_residue_sequences,
source_fragment_start_indicies,
self.select_fragments_per_query_position)
assert len(score_selections) == self.select_fragments_per_query_position
per_position_selection_scores[n] = score_selections["score"]
per_position_selected_fragments[n] = fspec.fragments_from_start_residues(
self.source_residues,
score_selections["index"],
additional_per_residue_fields=["bb", "sc", "ss"])
per_position_selection_rmsds[n] = atom_array_broadcast_rmsd(
fragments[n]["coordinates"],
per_position_selected_fragments[n]["coordinates"])
search_parameters = FragmentProfilerParameters(fspec, self.logscore_substitution_profile_name, self.select_fragments_per_query_position)
if search_parameters in self.profiler_benchmark_summaries:
query_benchmark_data = self.profiler_benchmark_summaries[search_parameters]
quantile_indicies = numpy.searchsorted(query_benchmark_data["global_quantile_value"], per_position_selection_rmsds)
quantile_indicies[quantile_indicies >= len(query_benchmark_data["global_quantile_value"])] = len(query_benchmark_data["global_quantile_value"]) - 1
selected_fragment_quantiles = query_benchmark_data["quantile"][quantile_indicies]
else:
if self.profiler_benchmark_summaries:
# Log warning if profiler has benchmark data but user's query isn't benchmarked.
self.logger.warning("Query parameters not benchmarked, result quantiles will not be calculated. %s", search_parameters)
selected_fragment_quantiles = None
return ProfileFragmentQualityResult(fragments, per_position_selected_fragments, per_position_selection_rmsds, selected_fragment_quantiles)
def profile_fragment_scoring(self, fragments):
fragments = numpy.array(fragments)
(num_query_fragments,) = fragments.shape
fspec = FragmentSpecification.from_fragment_dtype(fragments.dtype)
source_fragment_start_indicies = self.get_fragment_start_residues(fspec.fragment_length)
# Pre-allocate result score tables.
source_fragment_total_scores = numpy.empty((len(fragments), len(source_fragment_start_indicies)), dtype=self.logscore_substitution_profile_data.dtype)
for n in xrange(len(fragments)):
frag = fragments[n]
frag_sequence = self.sequence_array_to_encoding(frag["sc"]["aa"])
frag_profile = self.position_profile_from_sequence(frag_sequence, self.logscore_substitution_profile_data)
extract_logscore_profile_scores(
frag_profile,
self.encoded_source_residue_sequences,
source_fragment_start_indicies,
source_fragment_total_scores[n])
return source_fragment_total_scores
def position_profile_from_sequence(self, input_sequence, score_table):
"""Create position specific profile table from input sequence and score table.
input_sequence - array-like((sequence_length), int) integer encoded input sequence.
score_table - array((n, n)) score table.
returns - array((sequence_length, n)) position specific score.
"""
assert score_table.ndim == 2 and score_table.shape[0] == score_table.shape[1]
profile = numpy.zeros((len(input_sequence), score_table.shape[1]), dtype=score_table.dtype)
for i in xrange(len(input_sequence)):
profile[i] = score_table[input_sequence[i]]
return profile
def encode_score_table(self, score_table):
"""Convert pairwise score table to integer sequence encoding.
score_table - {(from, to) : score, [...]} dictionary of score table entries.
score_table is assumed to be pre-encoded if array input provided.
returns - array((encoding_size, encoding_size), float) score table.
"""
if isinstance(score_table, numpy.ndarray):
return score_table.copy()
result = numpy.zeros((len(self.aa_encoding), len(self.aa_encoding)), dtype=float)
for (f, t), v in score_table.items():
if f in self.aa_encoding and t in self.aa_encoding:
result[self.aa_encoding[f], self.aa_encoding[t]] = v
result[self.aa_encoding[t], self.aa_encoding[f]] = v
return result
def sequence_array_to_encoding(self, sequence_array):
"""Convert sequence array to integer encoding."""
result = numpy.empty_like(sequence_array, dtype="u2")
result[:] = max(self.aa_encoding.values()) + 1
for aa, i in self.aa_encoding.items():
result[sequence_array == aa] = i
assert numpy.alltrue(result != max(self.aa_encoding.values()) + 1)
return result
def encoding_to_sequence_array(self, encoding_array):
"""Convert encoded aa array to sequence array."""
result = numpy.empty_like(encoding_array, dtype="S1")
result[:] = "."
for aa, i in self.aa_encoding.items():
result[encoding_array == i] = aa
assert numpy.alltrue(result != ".")
return result
class ProfileFragmentQualityResult(namedtuple("ProfileFragmentQualityResult", ["query_fragments", "selected_fragments", "selected_fragment_rmsds", "selected_fragment_quantiles"])):
"""Result container for fragment profiling runs."""
#def __new__(_cls, query_fragments, selected_fragments, selected_fragment_rmsds, selected_fragment_quantiles = None):
#"""Create new result tuple, defaulting to no selected_fragment_quantiles."""
#return super(FragmentSpecification, _cls).__new__(_cls, query_fragments, selected_fragments, selected_fragment_rmsds, selected_fragment_quantiles)
@property
def result_fragment_count(self):
return self.selected_fragments.shape[1]
@property
def query_fragment_count(self):
return self.selected_fragments.shape[0]
def generate_result_summary(self, fragment_count = 0):
"""Generate descriptive summary of result, optionally including top fragment_count fragments.
returns - Summary array fields:
"id" - query id
"resn" - query resn
"count" - total fragment count
"mean" - mean fragment rmsd
"std" - fragment rmsd stddev
"quartile" - 0, .25, .5, .75, 1.0 quantiles of result rmsds
["selected_fragments" - top fragments]
["fragment_quantile" - fragment profile quantile]
"""
result_dtype = [
("id", "u4"), ("resn", "u4"),
("count", "u4"), ("mean", float), ("std", float), ("quartile", float, (5,))]
if fragment_count and fragment_count > 0:
result_dtype += [("selected_fragments", self.selected_fragments.dtype, (fragment_count,))]
if self.selected_fragment_quantiles is not None:
result_dtype += [("fragment_quantile", float)]
result = numpy.empty_like(
self.query_fragments,
result_dtype)
result["id"] = self.query_fragments["id"]
result["resn"] = self.query_fragments["resn"]
result["count"] = self.selected_fragments.shape[-1]
numpy.mean(self.selected_fragment_rmsds, axis=-1, out = result["mean"])
numpy.std(self.selected_fragment_rmsds, axis=-1, out = result["std"])
qr = numpy.percentile(self.selected_fragment_rmsds, [0., 25., 50., 75., 100.], axis=-1)
for q in xrange(len(qr)):
result["quartile"][:,q] = qr[q]
if fragment_count and fragment_count > 0:
fragment_selections = numpy.argsort(self.selected_fragment_rmsds)[...,:fragment_count]
idx = (numpy.expand_dims(numpy.arange(fragment_selections.shape[0]), -1), fragment_selections)
result["selected_fragments"] = self.selected_fragments[idx]
if self.selected_fragment_quantiles is not None:
result["fragment_quantile"] = numpy.min(self.selected_fragment_quantiles, axis=-1)
return result
def restrict_to_top_fragments(self, fragment_count):
"""Return result subset corrosponding to top fragment_count fragments, as ranked by rmsd."""
if fragment_count >= self.selected_fragments.shape[1]:
return copy.deepcopy(self)
fragment_selections = numpy.argsort(self.selected_fragment_rmsds)[...,:fragment_count]
# Create broadcasted selection indicies for fragment selections
idx = (numpy.expand_dims(numpy.arange(fragment_selections.shape[0]), -1), fragment_selections)
return ProfileFragmentQualityResult(self.query_fragments.copy(), self.selected_fragments[idx], self.selected_fragment_rmsds[idx], self.selected_fragment_quantiles[idx] if not self.selected_fragment_quantiles is None else None)
def prune_fragments_by_start_residue(self):
"""Remove result fragments with identical id/resn as query fragment.
Reduces size of result set by amount needed to remove matching fragments.
"""
from interface_fragment_matching.structure_database.store import ResidueCache
matching_start_residue_mask = \
numpy.expand_dims(ResidueCache.residue_unique_id(self.query_fragments), -1) == \
ResidueCache.residue_unique_id(self.selected_fragments)
max_num_duplicates = max(numpy.sum(matching_start_residue_mask, axis=-1))
# Set fragments with matching start residue to infinite RMSD and select subset of fragments
# by rmsd.
work_copy = copy.deepcopy(self)
work_copy.selected_fragment_rmsds[matching_start_residue_mask] = numpy.inf
return work_copy.restrict_to_top_fragments(self.result_fragment_count - max_num_duplicates)
def plot_per_position_fragment_analysis(self, position, target_axis = None):
from matplotlib import pylab
position = int(position)
if position < 0 or position >= self.selected_fragment_rmsds.shape[0]:
raise ValueError("Invalid fragment position specified.")
if target_axis is None:
target_axis = pylab.gca()
fragment_rmsds = numpy.sort(self.selected_fragment_rmsds[position], axis=-1)
target_axis.set_title("Fragment %s rmsd distribution." % position)
target_axis.hist(fragment_rmsds, bins=50, normed=True)
target_axis.grid(False, axis="y")
target_axis.set_xlabel("RMSD")
target_axis = target_axis.twinx()
target_axis.set_yscale("symlog")
target_axis.plot(fragment_rmsds, pylab.arange(len(fragment_rmsds)), label="Fragment count at RMSD.", color="red")
target_axis.legend()
return target_axis
def plot_all_fragment_analysis(self, target_axis = None):
from matplotlib import pylab
if target_axis is None:
fig = pylab.figure()
target_axis = fig.gca()
target_axis.set_title("Per-position fragment profile.")
target_axis.set_xlabel("Position")
target_axis.set_ylabel("Fragment RMSD distribution.")
target_axis.boxplot(self.selected_fragment_rmsds.T)
if self.selected_fragment_quantiles is not None:
rs = self.generate_result_summary()
ax2 = target_axis.twinx()
ax2.plot(
numpy.arange(len(rs)) + 1,
rs["fragment_quantile"],
color="red", alpha=.7, linewidth=4, label="Fragment benchmark quantile.")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 1)
ax2.grid("off", axis="y")
ax2.set_ylabel("Benchmark quantile.")
ax2.legend(loc="best")
|
7e9752593c5fbdd2ca3ca38e70d0bc6ee9d1d38d
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python",
"C++"
] | 11
|
Python
|
asford/fragment_profiling
|
7e600a0f056f1c88226773d37259a7714afe5852
|
8af2416514f6f89a97ffcc4f5ac7f898295bb02d
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep>import firebase from "firebase/app";
import "firebase/auth";
import "firebase/firestore";
import "firebase/storage";
import "firebase/database";
var firebaseConfig = {
apiKey: "<KEY>",
authDomain: "crud-firebase-ae.firebaseapp.com",
projectId: "crud-firebase-ae",
storageBucket: "crud-firebase-ae.appspot.com",
messagingSenderId: "615771571293",
appId: "1:615771571293:web:9e1677a0619b3ebabdf9b4",
};
// Initialize Firebase
var app = firebase.initializeApp(firebaseConfig);
const firestore = app.firestore();
export const firebaseStore = {
contacts: firestore.collection("contacts"),
formatDoc: (doc) => {
return { id: doc.id, ...doc.data() };
},
};
export default app.database().ref();
|
a4058c974c14ff57fbe0d14840fb5517dd64525b
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 1
|
JavaScript
|
AbdelrahmanEssamA/firebase-crud
|
98d2e2f31eb056f62f39f0480148b987460c88ad
|
3a17a0dc112c50fe1db971a17cdbcca8b18eeedc
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace IS\SyliusEcommpayPlugin\Form\Type;
use Symfony\Component\Form\AbstractType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormBuilderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormEvent;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormEvents;
final class EcommpayGatewayConfigurationType extends AbstractType
{
public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
{
$builder
->add('projectId', TextType::class)
->add('secretKey', TextType::class)
;
}
}
<file_sep><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace IS\SyliusEcommpayPlugin;
use Payum\Core\Extension\Context;
use Payum\Core\Extension\ExtensionInterface;
use Payum\Core\Request\Convert;
use Sylius\Bundle\PayumBundle\Request\GetStatus;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Generator\UrlGeneratorInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouterInterface;
final class LocaleExtension implements ExtensionInterface
{
/**
* @var RouterInterface
*/
protected $router;
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $thankYouRoute;
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $locale;
/**
* @param RouterInterface $router
* @param string $thankYouRoute
*/
public function __construct(RouterInterface $router, string $thankYouRoute)
{
$this->router = $router;
$this->thankYouRoute = $thankYouRoute;
}
public function onPreExecute(Context $context)
{
}
public function onExecute(Context $context)
{
$previousStack = $context->getPrevious();
$previousStackSize = count($previousStack);
if ($previousStackSize !== 2) {
return;
}
$request = $context->getRequest();
if (!$request instanceof GetStatus) {
return;
}
$this->locale = $request->getFirstModel()->getOrder()->getLocaleCode();
}
public function onPostExecute(Context $context)
{
$previousStack = $context->getPrevious();
$previousStackSize = count($previousStack);
if ($previousStackSize !== 2) {
return;
}
$request = $context->getRequest();
if (!$context->getRequest() instanceof Convert) {
return;
}
$result = $request->getResult();
$result['merchant_success_url'] = $this->router->generate(
$this->thankYouRoute,
['_locale' => $this->locale],
UrlGeneratorInterface::ABSOLUTE_URL
);
$result['language_code'] = $this->locale;
$request->setResult($result);
}
}
<file_sep><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace IS\SyliusEcommpayPlugin;
use Sylius\Bundle\CoreBundle\Application\SyliusPluginTrait;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Bundle\Bundle;
final class ISSyliusEcommpayPlugin extends Bundle
{
use SyliusPluginTrait;
}
<file_sep># ISSyliusEcommpayPlugin
## Installation
```bash
$ composer require infinite-software/sylius-ecommpay-plugin
```
Add plugin dependencies to your app/AppKernel.php file:
```php
public function registerBundles()
{
return array_merge(parent::registerBundles(), [
...
new IS\SyliusEcommpayPlugin\ISSyliusEcommpayPlugin(),
]);
}
```
Add new Payment Method in your project Admin section with Ecommpay gateway, where you should add provided `secretkey` and `project_id`.
Ask Ecommpay Support to set Callback URL to `http://example.com/payment/notify/unsafe/ecommpay` (or reassign route from this action to another place if needed)
## Adding Payment Page extra parameters
If you need prepend parameters before sending request to Ecommpay (for example from https://developers.ecommpay.com/ru/ru_PP_Parameters.html),
copy contents of `Payum\Ecommpay\Action\ConvertPaymentAction` class into a new file located in `src/Payment/Ecommpay/ConvertPaymentAction`:
```php
namespace App\Payment\Ecommpay;
//use ...;
final class ConvertPaymentAction implements ActionInterface, ApiAwareInterface
{
...
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param Convert $request
*/
public function execute($request)
{
RequestNotSupportedException::assertSupports($this, $request);
/** @var PaymentInterface $payment */
$payment = $request->getSource();
/** @var OrderInterface $order */
$params = [
'payment_id' => $payment->getNumber(),
'payment_amount' => $payment->getTotalAmount(),
'payment_currency' => $payment->getCurrencyCode(),
'project_id' => $this->api['projectId'],
'customer_id' => $payment->getClientId(),
// my extra parameter
'force_payment_method' => 'card'
];
$request->setResult($params);
}
...
}
```
And lastly declare it as service in `services.yaml`. Do not forget to make service `public` like this:
```yaml
App\Payment\Ecommpay\ConvertPaymentAction:
public: true
tags:
- { name: payum.action, factory: ecommpay, alias: payum.action.convert_payment }
```
|
be72900b48a948fe9d9700e9a39585435fdc0b7e
|
[
"Markdown",
"PHP"
] | 4
|
PHP
|
InfiniteSoftware/ISSyliusEcommpayPlugin
|
2cc8300178978a3c9a025bb5c79d8d8878aaf5e0
|
839aa8395fd190f66ce9cffab0f4cd70e168bd3c
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
float A, B;
char menu;
cout<<endl;
cout<< "--------Program Kalkulator Sederhana--------"<<endl;
cout<< "============================================"<<endl;
cout<< " Masukan Nilai A : ";
cin>> A;
cout<< " Masukan Nilai B : ";
cin>> B;
while (B==0) {
cout<< "\nNilai B Tidak Boleh NOL ";
cout<< "\nMasukan Nilai B : ";
cin>> B;
}
do{
cout<<endl;
cout<< " Pilih Jenis Operasinya :";
cout<< " \n1. Perkalian";
cout<< " \n2. Penjumlahan";
cout<< " \n3. Pengurangan";
cout<< " \n4. Pembagian";
cout<< " \n0. Keluar Applikasi";
cout<< " \nMasukan Pilihan : ";cin>> menu;
cout<<endl;
switch (menu){
case '1' :
cout<< "Hasil Perkalian dari "<< A <<" * "<<B<<" : "<< A*B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '2':
cout<< "Hasil Penjumlahan dari "<< A <<" + "<<B<<" : "<< A+B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '3':
cout<< "Hasil Pengurangan dari "<< A <<" - "<<B<<" : "<< A-B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '4':
cout<< "Hasil Pembagian dari "<< A <<" / "<<B<<" : "<< A/B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '0' :
return 0;
default :
cout<< "NO pilihan "<<menu<< " Tidak Ada"<<endl;
break;
}
}
while (menu = 1-4);
}
<file_sep># Praktikum06
Program Kalkulator Sederhana Menggunakan Switch
```
Alur Algortima :
1. Deklarasi variable input A dan B dengan type data float
2. Deklarasi vaariable menu dengan type data char
3. Untuk mencegah nilai B=NOL dengan kode :
while (B==0) {
cout<< "\nNilai B Tidak Boleh NOL ";
cout<< "\nMasukan Nilai B : ";
cin>> B;
}
Penjelasan : Agar ketika memilih menu pembagian teteap ada angka yang di tampilkan
4. Menggunakan Perulangan DO-WHILE untuk perulangan menu, dengan kode :
do{
cout<<endl;
cout<< " Pilih Jenis Operasinya :";
cout<< " \n1. Perkalian";
cout<< " \n2. Penjumlahan";
cout<< " \n3. Pengurangan";
cout<< " \n4. Pembagian";
cout<< " \n0. Keluar Applikasi";
cout<< " \nMasukan Pilihan : ";cin>> menu;
cout<<endl;
while (menu = 1-4);
}
5. Menggunakan pilihan Menu Switch, dengan kode :
switch (menu){
case '1' :
cout<< "Hasil Perkalian dari "<< A <<" * "<<B<<" : "<< A*B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '2':
cout<< "Hasil Penjumlahan dari "<< A <<" + "<<B<<" : "<< A+B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '3':
cout<< "Hasil Pengurangan dari "<< A <<" - "<<B<<" : "<< A-B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '4':
cout<< "Hasil Pembagian dari "<< A <<" / "<<B<<" : "<< A/B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '0' :
return 0;
default :
cout<< "NO pilihan "<<menu<< " Tidak Ada"<<endl;
break;
}
```
Berikut Pseudo-Code :
```
1. A = ...A <--
2. B = ...B <--
3. if(B==0) then goto no 2, else goto no 4
4. Pilih menu =...menu : <-- 1,2,3,4
5. if(menu>4) print "No pilihan Menu Tidak Ada", else goto no 4
6. if(menu=0) goto no 7
7. END
```
Berikut kode Lengkapnya :
```
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
float A, B;
char menu;
cout<<endl;
cout<< "--------Program Kalkulator Sederhana--------"<<endl;
cout<< "============================================"<<endl;
cout<< " Masukan Nilai A : ";
cin>> A;
cout<< " Masukan Nilai B : ";
cin>> B;
while (B==0) {
cout<< "\nNilai B Tidak Boleh NOL ";
cout<< "\nMasukan Nilai B : ";
cin>> B;
}
do{
cout<<endl;
cout<< " Pilih Jenis Operasinya :";
cout<< " \n1. Perkalian";
cout<< " \n2. Penjumlahan";
cout<< " \n3. Pengurangan";
cout<< " \n4. Pembagian";
cout<< " \n0. Keluar Applikasi";
cout<< " \nMasukan Pilihan : ";cin>> menu;
cout<<endl;
switch (menu){
case '1' :
cout<< "Hasil Perkalian dari "<< A <<" * "<<B<<" : "<< A*B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '2':
cout<< "Hasil Penjumlahan dari "<< A <<" + "<<B<<" : "<< A+B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '3':
cout<< "Hasil Pengurangan dari "<< A <<" - "<<B<<" : "<< A-B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '4':
cout<< "Hasil Pembagian dari "<< A <<" / "<<B<<" : "<< A/B<< endl;
cout<<endl;
break;
case '0' :
return 0;
default :
cout<< "NO pilihan "<<menu<< " Tidak Ada"<<endl;
break;
}
}
while (menu = 1-4);
}
```
Berikut Hasilnya :
.png)
.png)
|
e281987767d543072ff2f35e4d9d8388ae11539f
|
[
"Markdown",
"C++"
] | 2
|
C++
|
danangadita91/Praktikum06
|
18df4cc05d82df36f3b2b2797b8d0c986a32c722
|
bccb89197d5dfc497392d9447167b54379fa9cef
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>atakannguvenn/Python-Student-Database<file_sep>/README.md
# Python-Midterm
This was our midterm question in programming design class.
<file_sep>/student.py
class basic :
def __init__(self, name, ID, DOB):
self.name = name
self.id = ID
self.DOB = DOB
def print_id(self):
print(self.id)
class student(basic):
def __init__(self, name, ID, DOB, SID, grade1, grade2, grade3):
super().__init__(name, ID, DOB)
self.SID = SID
self.grade1 = grade1
self.grade2 = grade2
self.grade3 = grade3
def average(self):
avg = (int(self.grade1) + int(self.grade2) + int(self.grade3))/3
print(avg)
y = 0
names = []
ID = []
DOB = []
SID = []
grade1 = []
grade2 = []
grade3 = []
sorted_order = []
sorted_version = []
fp = open("student.txt", "r+")
student_raw = fp.read()
print (student_raw)
student_info = student_raw.split()
for x in range(len(student_info)):
n = x % 7
if n == 0:
names.append(student_info[x])
if n == 1:
ID.append(student_info[x])
if n == 2:
DOB.append(student_info[x])
if n == 3:
SID.append(student_info[x])
if n == 4:
grade1.append(student_info[x])
if n == 5:
grade2.append(student_info[x])
if n == 6:
grade3.append(student_info[x])
student1 = student(names[0], ID[0], DOB[0], SID[0], grade1[0], grade2[0], grade3[0])
student2 = student(names[1], ID[1], DOB[1], SID[1], grade1[1], grade2[1], grade3[1])
student3 = student(names[2], ID[2], DOB[2], SID[2], grade1[2], grade2[2], grade3[2])
student4 = student(names[3], ID[3], DOB[3], SID[3], grade1[3], grade2[3], grade3[3])
student5 = student(names[4], ID[4], DOB[4], SID[4], grade1[4], grade2[4], grade3[4])
print("id of student1 is")
student1.print_id()
print("student1 info is\n", student1.__dict__)
print("student2 info is\n", student2.__dict__)
print("gpa for student1 is")
student1.average()
for x in grade2:
y = int(x) + y
avg = y/5
print("avg of grade2 is" ,avg)
#finding the sorted version index order
sorted_order = sorted(range(len(grade2)), key=lambda k: grade2[k])
for x in range(5):
sorted_version.append(names[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append(" ")
sorted_version.append(ID[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append(" ")
sorted_version.append(DOB[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append(" ")
sorted_version.append(SID[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append(" ")
sorted_version.append(grade1[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append(" ")
sorted_version.append(grade2[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append(" ")
sorted_version.append(grade3[sorted_order[x]])
sorted_version.append("\n")
sorted_version_str = ' '.join(sorted_version)
print(sorted_version_str)
fp.write(sorted_version_str)
fp.close()
|
7edc65939e28ef220b36b0806018eb93ee97a4d1
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python"
] | 2
|
Markdown
|
atakannguvenn/Python-Student-Database
|
4c1f2ecead942dd11e047dd469bacf44bf7b1a00
|
58f80bf17c63047c1f1e7080a80718fcb68dc960
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>import pypyodbc
import random as rand
### TODO: Break generating bits into discrete static functions
class Character():
def __init__(self):
connection = pypyodbc.connect("Driver={SQL Server};Server=localhost;Database=MazeRats;Trusted_Connection=Yes;")
self.cursor = connection.cursor()
self.gender = rand.randint(0,1)
self.firstname = ""
self.surname = ""
if self.gender == 0:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT Name from FemaleNames WHERE NameID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
else:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT Name from MaleNames WHERE NameID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.firstname = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
coin = rand.randint(0,1)
if coin == 0:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT Name FROM UpperSurnames WHERE NameID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
else:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT Name FROM LowerSurnames WHERE NameID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.surname = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.abilities = {
1 : ("+2", "+1", "+0"),
2 : ("+2", "+0", "+1"),
3 : ("+1", "+2", "+0"),
4 : ("+0", "+2", "+1"),
5 : ("+1", "+0", "+2"),
6 : ("+0", "+1", "+2")
}[rand.randint(1,6)]
self.startfeature = {
1 : "+1 attack bonus",
2 : "One spell slot",
3 : "Path - "
}[rand.randint(1,3)]
if self.startfeature == "Path - ":
self.startfeature = {
1 : "Briarborn - Tracking, foraging, survival.",
2 : "Fingersmith - Tinkering, picking locks or pockets",
3 : "Roofrunner - Climbing, leaping, balancing.",
4 : "Shadowjack - Moving silently, hiding in shadows."
}[rand.randint(1,4)]
if self.startfeature == "One spell slot":
self.spell = self.randomSpell()
self.startfeature += " - " + self.spell
self.items = []
for i in range(0, 6):
while True:
choice = rand.randint(1,36)
query = "SELECT GearName FROM StartingGear WHERE GearID =" + str(choice)
self.cursor.execute(query)
result = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
if result not in self.items:
self.items.append(result)
break
self.weapons = []
for i in range(0, 2):
while True:
choice = rand.randint(1, 18)
query = "SELECT WeaponName, WeaponType FROM Weapons WHERE WeaponID =" + str(choice)
self.cursor.execute(query)
res = self.cursor.fetchone()
weap = res[0]
wtype = res[1]
if weap not in self.weapons:
self.weapons.append(str(weap + " (" + wtype + ")"))
break
self.cursor.execute("SELECT AppearanceName FROM Appearance WHERE AppearanceID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.appearance = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT DetailName FROM PhysicalDetail WHERE DetailID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.physdetail = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT BackgroundName FROM Background WHERE BackgroundID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.bg = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT ClothingName FROM Clothing WHERE ClothingID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.clothing = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT PersonalityName FROM Personality WHERE PersonalityID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.person = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT MannerismName FROM Mannerism WHERE MannerismID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
self.manner = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
def returnChar(self):
self.thechar = self.firstname + " " + self.surname \
+ "\nAbilities: Strength " + self.abilities[0] + ", Dexterity " + self.abilities[1] \
+ ", Will " + self.abilities[2] \
+ "\nStarting feature: " + self.startfeature \
+ "\nItems: " + ", ".join(self.items) \
+ "\nWeapons: " + ", ".join(self.weapons) \
+ "\nAppearance: " + self.appearance \
+ "\nPhysical detail: " + self.physdetail \
+ "\nBackground: " + self.bg \
+ "\nClothing: " + self.clothing \
+ "\nPersonality: " + self.person \
+ "\nMannerism: " + self.manner
return self.thechar
def randomSpell(self):
spelltype = rand.randint(1,12)
if spelltype == 1:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 2:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 3:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 4:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 5:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 6:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 7:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 8:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealForms WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 9:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 10:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 11:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellPhysicalElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
elif spelltype == 12:
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealEffects WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
self.cursor.execute("SELECT SName FROM SpellEtherealElements WHERE SID =" + str(rand.randint(1,36)))
spell += " " + self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
return spell<file_sep>import discord
from discord.ext import commands
from os import path
from prefix import prefix
import sys
class fun():
def __init__(self, bot):
self.bot = bot
# Simply throws out a lot of trumpets. dootdoot thnkx mr skeltal
@commands.command(description="Knee deep in the doot.")
async def doot(self):
await self.bot.say(":trumpet:" * 200)
#translate text to full width
@commands.command(description='As wide as text will get.')
async def ominous(self, text : str):
ominous_text = ""
for c in text:
if c == ' ':
ominous_text += " "
else:
# Get the full-width unicode text equivalent of the character
ominous_text += chr(0xFEE0 + ord(c))
ominous_text = prefix.choosePrefix() + ominous_text
await self.bot.say(ominous_text)
def setup(bot):
bot.add_cog(fun(bot))<file_sep>
from os import pardir
from os import path
import random
class prefix():
# Pick a polite prefix.
def choosePrefix():
prefix_list = open(path.abspath(path.join(path.curdir, 'files', 'polite_prefixes.txt'))) \
.readlines()
return (prefix_list[random.randint(0, len(prefix_list) - 1)] + '\n')<file_sep>import discord
from discord.ext import commands
import secret
import logging
import sys
import os
#mr handy's framework is built on Brown bot by @wethegreenpeople
sys.path.append(os.path.join(sys.path[0],'modules'))
#sys.path.insert(0, r'./modules')
#logger = logging.getLogger('discord')
#logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
#handler = logging.FileHandler(filename='discord.log', encoding='utf-8', mode='w')
#handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s:%(levelname)s:%(name)s: %(message)s'))
#logger.addHandler(handler)
description = '''Good to be back, sir.'''
bot = commands.Bot(command_prefix=']', description=description)
@bot.event
async def on_ready():
print('Logged in as')
print(bot.user.name)
print(bot.user.id)
print('------')
await bot.change_status(discord.Game(name="]help for commands."))
bot.load_extension("fun")
bot.load_extension("dice")
bot.load_extension("codephrase")
bot.load_extension('comic')
bot.load_extension('generators')
@bot.event
async def on_message(message):
if message.channel.is_private and message.content.startswith('http') and message.author != bot.user:
try:
invite = await bot.get_invite(message.content)
if isinstance(invite.server, discord.Object):
await bot.accept_invite(invite)
await bot.send_message(message.channel, 'Joined the server.')
log.info('Joined server {0.server.name} via {1.author.name}'.format(invite, message))
else:
log.info('Attempted to rejoin {0.server.name} via {1.author.name}'.format(invite, message))
await bot.send_message(message.channel, 'Already in that server.')
except:
log.info('Failed to join a server invited by {0.author.name}'.format(message))
await bot.send_message(message.channel, 'Could not join server.')
finally:
return
await bot.process_commands(message)
# Loads modules manually for testing and whatnot
@bot.command(pass_context=True, hidden="True")
async def load(ctx, extension_name:str):
if ctx.message.author.id == "<PASSWORD>" or "<PASSWORD>":
try:
bot.load_extension(extension_name)
except (AttributeError, ImportError) as e:
await bot.say("```py\n{}: {}\n```".format(type(e).__name__, str(e)))
return
await bot.say("{} loaded.".format(extension_name))
else:
await bot.say("You do not have permission to load/unload cogs")
# Unloads for whatever reason
@bot.command(pass_context=True, hidden=True)
async def unload(ctx, extension_name:str):
if ctx.message.author.id == "<PASSWORD>" or "<PASSWORD>":
bot.unload_extension(extension_name)
await bot.say("{} unloaded.".format(extension_name))
else:
await bot.say("You do not have permission to load/unload cogs")
# Refreshes modules because unloading and then loading is work for peasents.
@bot.command(pass_context=True, hidden=True)
async def refresh(ctx, extension_name:str):
if ctx.message.author.id:
bot.unload_extension(extension_name)
bot.load_extension(extension_name)
await bot.say("Module refreshed")
else:
await bot.say("You don't have permission to refresh this module")
bot.loop.set_debug(True)
bot.run(secret.botToken)<file_sep>
import discord
from discord.ext import commands
from os import path
from prefix import prefix
import random
import sys
class codephrase():
def __init__(self, bot):
self.bot = bot
@commands.command(description="Generate a code phrase.")
async def codephrase(self):
coin = random.randint(0,1)
result = ""
# get the first list of code words, using system-agnostic path
# delimiters
list1 = open(path.join(path.curdir, 'files', 'code1.txt')) \
.read().split()
# pick a random word
firstword = list1[random.randint(0,48)]
#lather, rinse, repeat
list2 = open(path.join(path.curdir, 'files', 'code2.txt')) \
.read().split()
secondword = list2[random.randint(0,52)]
thirdword = list2[random.randint(0,52)]
if coin == 0:
result = firstword + ' ' + secondword
else:
result = firstword + ' ' + secondword + ' ' + thirdword
result = prefix.choosePrefix() + "Your code phrase is " + result + "."
await self.bot.say(result)
def setup(bot):
bot.add_cog(codephrase(bot))
<file_sep>import bot_ability
import mrhandy
import inspect
import lxml.html
import os
import random
import re
#import soundcloud
import urllib.request
from urllib.parse import quote
##### TO DO
### - full width mode
### - kick it with a dope verse / drop fire bars
### - certified hot flames / hot fire
### - jargon file random entry getter
### -
# instantiate a soundcloud client
#client = soundcloud.Client(client_id = os.environ.get("SOUNDCLOUD_CLIENT_ID"))
#get the slack client from the main bot module
#slack_client = mrhandy.get_slack_client()
class ComicPost():
#change this once we have more comics, if ever
command_name = 'achewood'
command_keywords = ['achewood']
command_helptext = '`Achewood:` Post a random Achewood strip, or '\
'search for strip containing "dialog in quotes."'
command_manpage = "To be implemented later."
def initialize_action(self, command):
if '"' not in command:
response = self.get_achewood()
elif '"' in command:
response = self.get_achewood(command[command.find('"'):command.rfind('"')])
return bot_ability.choose_polite_prefix() + ' ' + response
def get_achewood(self, *arg):
# If no search argument is supplied, grab a random strip using urllib and lxml
if len(arg) == 0:
page = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.ohnorobot.com/random.pl?comic=636')
doc = lxml.html.parse(page)
imgurl = doc.xpath('//img/@src')
return 'http://www.achewood.com' + imgurl[1]
else:
# if there's a search term, first turn it into a searchable string
search = ' '.join(arg)
search = search.replace('"', '')
search = quote(search)
# run the search with ohnorobot
searchpage = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.ohnorobot.com/index.php?s=' \
+ search + '&Search=Search&comic=636')
doc = lxml.html.parse(searchpage).getroot()
# get the links from the results page
links = doc.xpath('//a/@href')
# if there're no results, say so
if 'letsbefriends.php' in links[2]:
return "No strip containing that dialog was found, sir. My apologies."
else:
# otherwise return the best result
best_result = links[2]
page = urllib.request.urlopen(best_result)
doc = lxml.html.parse(page)
imgurl = doc.xpath('//img/@src')
return 'http://www.achewood.com' + imgurl[1]
class DiceRoller():
command_name = 'roll'
command_keywords = ['roll']
command_helptext = '`Roll:` Use `Roll XdY` to roll dice, where X is the number ' \
"of dice and Y is the type of dice, e.g. `roll 2d10`. " \
"Or, use `Roll X [color] <Y [color] ...>` to roll Star Wars: " \
"Edge of the Empire dice. This will definitely crash if you " \
"don't use exactly right syntax. E.g. `roll 1 purple 1 yellow`"
command_manpage = "To be implemented later."
def __init__(self):
self.edge_dice = {'blue':['blank','blank','advantages','successes',\
'successes, advantages','advantages, advantages'],
'black':['blank','blank','threats','threats', \
'failures','failures'],
'purple':['blank','threats','threats','threats', \
'failures', 'threats, failures', 'threats, threats',\
'failures, failures'],
'green':['blank','successes', 'successes', 'advantages', \
'advantages', 'successes, advantages', 'successes, successes', \
'advantages, advantages'],
'yellow':['blank','advantages','successes','successes',\
'advantages, advantages', 'advantages, advantages', \
'successes, advantages', 'successes, advantages', \
'successes, advantages', 'successes, successes', \
'successes, successes', 'triumphs'],
'red':['blank', 'threats', 'threats', 'failures', 'failures', \
'threats, threats', 'threats, threats', 'threats, failures', \
'threats, failures', 'failures, failures', 'failures, failures', \
'despairs']}
def initialize_action(self, command):
# check if command wants standard dice or star wars dice
if (re.search('[0-9]{1,3}d[0-9]{1,3}', command)):
return self.roll_standard_dice(command)
elif any(word in command for word in self.edge_dice.keys()):
return self.roll_edge_dice(command)
# roll normal dice, eg roll 2d20
def roll_standard_dice(self, command):
# make sure the command matches the necessary pattern
if len(re.findall("[0-9]{1,3}", command)) != 0:
# a list of the digit groups in the command using a regular expression
digits = re.findall("[0-9]{1,3}", command)
# break the list down into number of dice...
dice_no = digits[0]
# and the type (ie sides) of the dice
dice_type = digits[1]
response = "Rolling " + dice_no + "d" + dice_type + ": "
result_list = []
# for number of dice to roll...
for i in range(int(dice_no)):
# roll the y-sided die
roll = random.randint(1, int(dice_type))
# append it to the result list for summing the total
result_list.append(roll)
# append it to the response string
response += str(roll)
# as long as it's not the last die being rolled, also append a comma
if i != int(dice_no) - 1:
response += ", "
# return the response and the total
return bot_ability.choose_polite_prefix() + '\n' + \
response + " = " + str(sum(result_list))
else:
return "Terribly sorry, sir, but that is an incorrect command."
def roll_edge_dice(self, command):
### TO DO:
### - Fix this absolutely idiotic code.
### - Cancel out the appropriate rolls (successes/failures, etc) and
### deliver the total.
### - Show which dice are yielding which rolls.
# split the input into dice type and number each type is rolled
rolls = re.findall('\d \w*', command)
# split that into a list
roll_list = [s.split(' ') for s in rolls]
rolldict = {}
# turn the list into a dict with type:number pairs
rolldict.update({roll_list[i][1]:roll_list[i][0] for i in range(len(roll_list))})
response = 'Rolling: '
roll_results = []
total_results = []
for key, value in rolldict.items():
# get the die from the edge_dice dict
die = self.edge_dice[key]
for i in range(int(value)):
# generate a random roll
roll = random.randint(0, len(die) - 1)
roll_results.append(die[roll])
roll_results = (' '.join(roll_results).replace(',','')).split(' ')
count += 1
total_results += [str(roll_results.count(word)) + ' ' + word \
for word in roll_results]
response = ', '.join((list(set(total_results))))
return bot_ability.choose_polite_prefix() + '\n' + "Rolled: " + response
## Class for the generator bot function
class Generator():
command_name = 'generate'
command_keywords = ['generate']
command_helptext = "`Generate code phrases:` use the " \
"keywords `generate` and `code` to generate " \
"top-secret code phrases. *TO DO:* expand to generate " \
"names, etc."
command_manpage = "To be implemented later."
def initialize_action(self, command):
codephrase = self.generate_codephrase()
return bot_ability.choose_polite_prefix() + ' ' + \
"Your code phrase is " + codephrase + "."
# Generate codephrase.
def generate_codephrase(self):
####TO DO - multiple codephrases at once, fix magic numbers
#flip a coin to see if we're making two- or three-word code phrases
coin = random.randint(0,1)
# get the first list of code words, using system-agnostic path
# delimiters
list1 = open(os.path.join(os.path.curdir, 'files', 'code1.txt')) \
.read().split()
# pick a random word
firstword = list1[random.randint(0,48)]
#lather, rinse, repeat
list2 = open(os.path.join(os.path.curdir, 'files', 'code2.txt')) \
.read().split()
secondword = list2[random.randint(0,52)]
thirdword = list2[random.randint(0,52)]
if coin == 0:
return firstword + ' ' + secondword
else:
return firstword + ' ' + secondword + ' ' + thirdword
# Class for the help display function
class HelpDisplay():
command_name = 'help'
command_keywords = ['help']
command_helptext = "`Help:` Displays information on available commands."
command_manpage = "To be implemented later."
def initialize_action(self, command):
# use reflection to get list of classes in this module
ability_objects = [x[1] for x in inspect.getmembers(bot_ability, inspect.isclass)]
response = []
# for each item, add its helptext to the response
for item in ability_objects:
response.append(item.command_helptext)
response = sorted(response)
return '\n'.join(response)
'''
class NerdAlert():
command_name = 'nerd'
command_keywords = ['who', 'the nerd']
command_helptext = "`Who's the nerd:` Ask who the nerd currently is. " \
" *TO DO:* Build the Nerd Accumulator and SCoring Algorithm Response" \
" (N.A.S.C.A.R.)"
def initialize_action(self, command):
#basic who is the nerd support
chance = random.randint(0,100)
if chance >= 98:
the_nerd = "<NAME> is the nerd now, sir."
else:
users = list(slack_client.api_call("users.list").get('members'))
the_nerd = users[random.randint(0, len(users) - 1)].get('real_name')
if the_nerd == 'Mr. Handy':
return "It would appear I am the nerd now, sir, although I must say "\
"I'm not pleased with the notion."
else:
return the_nerd + " is the nerd now, sir."
'''
class OminousMode():
command_name = 'ominous'
command_keywords = ['make', 'ominous']
command_helptext = '`Make "text" ominous:` Make text very ominous.'
command_manpage = 'To be implemented later.'
def initialize_action(self, command):
normal_text = command[command.find('"') + 1:command.rfind('"')]
ominous_text = ""
for c in normal_text:
if c == ' ':
ominous_text += " "
else:
# Get the full-width unicode text equivalent of the character
ominous_text += chr(0xFEE0 + ord(c))
return ominous_text
'''
# Class for the soundcloud music retriever
class SoundCloud():
##need to make this better
command_name = 'kick it'
command_keywords = ['kick it']
command_helptext = "`Kick it:` Kick it with a tasty groove. "\
"*TO DO:* Make... better. "
command_manpage = 'To be implemented later.'
def initialize_action(self, command):
tracks = client.get('/playlists/46223708/tracks')
random_track = random.randint(0, (len(tracks) - 1))
playtrack = tracks[random_track].permalink_url
return bot_ability.choose_polite_prefix() + ' ' + playtrack
'''
# Pick a polite prefix.
def choose_polite_prefix():
prefix_list = open(os.path.join(
os.path.curdir, 'files', 'polite_prefixes.txt')) \
.readlines()
return prefix_list[random.randint(0, len(prefix_list) - 1)]<file_sep>import discord
from discord.ext import commands
from os import path
from prefix import prefix
import random
import sys
class dice():
def __init__(self, bot):
self.bot = bot
@commands.command(description="roll dice in NdN+X format.")
async def roll(self, dice : str):
mod = -1
try:
if '+' in dice:
mod = dice[dice.index('+') + 1:]
dice = dice[0:dice.index('+')]
rolls, limit = map(int, dice.split('d'))
except Exception:
await self.bot.say('Format has to be in NdN+x!')
return
resultsum = 0
result = ', '.join(str(random.randint(1, limit)) for r in range(rolls))
for r in (result.split(', ')):
resultsum += int(r)
if mod != -1:
result += ' = ' + str(resultsum)
result += ' + ' + str(mod)
resultsum += int(mod)
result += ' = ' + str(resultsum)
result = prefix.choosePrefix() + result
await self.bot.say(result)
def setup(bot):
bot.add_cog(dice(bot))<file_sep>import discord
from discord.ext import commands
from mazerats import Character
from os import path
from prefix import prefix
import pypyodbc
import random as rand
import sys
class generators():
def __init__(self, bot):
self.bot = bot
@commands.command(description="Generate a variety of things. Syntax: ']random <schema> <argument>' \n " \
"e.g. ']random mazerats character'")
async def random(self, schema : str, arg : str, count=1):
# try:
i = 0
if schema == 'mazerats':
ch = Character()
if arg == 'character':
result = prefix.choosePrefix()
while (i < count):
ch = Character()
result += ch.returnChar() + "\n\n"
i += 1
if arg == 'spell':
result = prefix.choosePrefix()
while (i < count):
result += ch.randomSpell() + "\n"
i += 1
await self.bot.say(result)
# except Exception:
# await self.bot.say('Format must be "]random <schema> <argument>".')
# return
def setup(bot):
bot.add_cog(generators(bot))<file_sep>import discord
from discord.ext import commands
import lxml.html
from os import path
from prefix import prefix
import random
import sys
import urllib.request
from urllib.parse import quote
class comic():
def __init__(self, bot):
self.bot = bot
@commands.command(description = "Get an achewood")
async def achewood(self, *search):
result = ""
# If no search argument is supplied, grab a random strip using urllib and lxml
if len(search) == 0:
page = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.ohnorobot.com/random.pl?comic=636')
doc = lxml.html.parse(page)
imgurl = doc.xpath('//img/@src')
result = 'http://www.achewood.com' + imgurl[1]
else:
# if there's a search term, first turn it into a searchable string
search = ' '.join(search)
search = search.replace('"', '')
search = quote(search)
# run the search with ohnorobot
searchpage = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.ohnorobot.com/index.php?s=' \
+ search + '&Search=Search&comic=636')
doc = lxml.html.parse(searchpage).getroot()
# get the links from the results page
links = doc.xpath('//a/@href')
# if there're no results, say so
if 'letsbefriends.php' in links[2]:
result = "No strip containing that dialog was found, sir. My apologies."
else:
# otherwise return the best result
best_result = links[2]
page = urllib.request.urlopen(best_result)
doc = lxml.html.parse(page)
imgurl = doc.xpath('//img/@src')
result = 'http://www.achewood.com' + imgurl[1]
result = prefix.choosePrefix() + result
await self.bot.say(result)
def setup(bot):
bot.add_cog(comic(bot))
|
b2f34e5d5d0f99f3b448dd14e3ed2eea62e079bf
|
[
"Python"
] | 9
|
Python
|
cayce-crane/discordbot
|
b0872bc90f777401eacac48bfd0efe36ab1e744b
|
7de9fd507acb2d269593e641a48d4011ee3a65b9
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package com.example.slafuente.imc.modelo;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.util.Log;
/**
* Created by slafuente on 22/01/2017.
*/
public class BaseDatosRegistro extends SQLiteOpenHelper{
//Query para crear la tabla usuario
private static final String sqlCreacionTablaUsuarios = "" +
"CREATE TABLE usuario(email TEXT PRIMARY KEY, password TEXT)";
/**
* Constructor de BaseDatosRegistro
* @param context el contexto
* @param nombre nombre de la bbdd
* @param cursorFactory
* @param version version de la bbdd
*/
public BaseDatosRegistro(Context context, String nombre, SQLiteDatabase.CursorFactory cursorFactory, int version) {
super(context,nombre,cursorFactory,version);
}
/**
* Called when the database is created for the first time. This is where the
* creation of tables and the initial population of the tables should happen.
*/
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.execSQL(sqlCreacionTablaUsuarios);
}
/**
* Called when the database needs to be upgraded. The implementation
* should use this method to drop tables, add tables, or do anything else it
* needs to upgrade to the new schema version.
*/
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
//extraer datos antgua version (selects)
//crear nueva version (create)
//copiar datos antiguos a los nuevos (inserts)
//everything by sql queries
}
/**
* Cerramos la base de datos
* @param db base de datos
*/
private void cerrarBaseDatos(SQLiteDatabase db) {
db.close();
}
/**
* Insertamos un usuario en bbdd
* @param usuario
*/
public void insertarUsuario(Usuario usuario) {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
db.execSQL("INSERT INTO usuario (email, password) VALUES ('"+ usuario.getEmail() + "'"
+ ", '" + usuario.getPassword() + "')");
cerrarBaseDatos(db);
}
/**
* Buscamos y retornamos el usuario en la bbdd
* @param email
* @return Usuario encontrado
*/
public Usuario buscarUsuario(String email, String password) {
Usuario usuario = null;
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getReadableDatabase();
String consulta = "SELECT email,password FROM usuario WHERE email ='" + email +"' AND " +
"password ='"+ password +"'";
Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(consulta, null);
if (cursor != null && cursor.getCount() > 0) {
cursor.moveToFirst();
Log.d(getClass().getCanonicalName(), "email es " + cursor.getString(0));
Log.d(getClass().getCanonicalName(), "password es " + cursor.getString(1));
usuario = new Usuario(cursor.getString(0), cursor.getString(1));
}
//Cerramos cursor y bbdd
cursor.close();
cerrarBaseDatos(db);
return usuario;
}
/**
* Comprobamos que exista el usuario en bbdd mirando si existe el email
* @param email
* @return boolean con usuario esta o no en bbdd
*/
public boolean existeUsuario(String email) {
boolean existe = false;
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getReadableDatabase();
String consulta = "SELECT email FROM usuario WHERE email ='" + email +"'";
Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(consulta, null);
if (cursor != null && cursor.getCount() > 0) {
existe = true;
}
//Cerramos cursor y bbdd
cursor.close();
cerrarBaseDatos(db);
return existe;
}
}
<file_sep>package com.example.slafuente.imc.vista;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import com.example.slafuente.imc.R;
import com.example.slafuente.imc.vista.PantallaFoto;
public class SeleccionarFotoActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_seleccionar_foto);
Intent intentpidefoto = new Intent();
intentpidefoto.setAction(Intent.ACTION_PICK);
intentpidefoto.setType("image/*");//TIPO MIME
startActivityForResult(intentpidefoto, 30);
}
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
//super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK)
{
//El usuario ha seleccionado una foto
Uri uri = data.getData();
Intent selectFoto = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), PantallaFoto.class);
selectFoto.putExtra("imageUri", uri.toString());
startActivity(selectFoto);
} else {
Log.e("ERROR" , "El usuario le dio a salir ");
}
}
}
<file_sep>package com.example.slafuente.imc.vista;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.TextView;
import com.example.slafuente.imc.negocio.AdapterPropio;
import com.example.slafuente.imc.R;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class ResultActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private TextView textView = null;
//Array que asociaremos al adaptador
ArrayList<String> alist = new ArrayList<String>();
String[] array = new String[] {
"< 16 DESNUTRIDO",
" => 16 < 18,5 BAJO PESO",
"=> 18,5 < 25 NORMAL",
">=25 < 31 SOBREPESO",
">= 31 OBESIDAD"
};
//ListAdapter adaptador = null;*/
AdapterPropio ap = null;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_result);
for (int i = 0; i< array.length; i++) {
alist.add(i,array[i]);
}
//Creación del adaptador, vamos a escoger el layout
//adaptador = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, R.layout.fila, array);
textView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.textviewFila) ;
ap = new AdapterPropio(this, alist);
Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.botonMostrar);
TextView resultView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.textResult2);
Intent intent = getIntent();
String result = intent.getStringExtra(MainActivity.EXTRA_RESULT_IMC);
resultView.setText(result);
button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
//Asociamos el adaptador a la vista.
ListView lv = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listaPesos);
lv.setAdapter(ap);
}
});
}
}
|
950485c4787106bc7f464ee3576efbe6fe0094a8
|
[
"Java"
] | 3
|
Java
|
ruizsergi/practicaIMC
|
cc5e64935c192f8380f594e89c5495e9cd0539cc
|
8e3fee5568f54f30dc992e530508c5f935e6e16a
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>LinFanChing/book-test<file_sep>/CG/float-point-pitfall.md
浮点数相关的陷阱
================
误差修正
--------
## 简述
因为被计算机表示浮点数的方式所限制，CPU在进行浮点数计算时会出现误差。如执行`0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3`结果往往为`false`，在四则运算中，加减法对精度的影响较小，而乘法对精度的影响更大，除法的对精度的影响最大。所以，在设计算法时，为了提高最终结果的精度，要尽量减少计算的数量，尤其是乘法和除法的数量。
浮点数与浮点数之间不能直接比较，要引入一个`eps`常量。`eps`是epsilon（$$\varepsilon$$）的简写，在数学中往往代表任意小的量。在对浮点数进行大小比较时，如果他们的差的绝对值小于这个量，那么我们就认为他们是相等的，从而避免了浮点数精度误差对浮点数比较的影响。eps在大部分题目时取`1e-8`就够了，但要根据题目实际的内容进行调整。
## 模板代码
```cpp
// sgn返回x经过eps处理的符号，负数返回-1，正数返回1，x的绝对值如果足够小，就返回0。
const double eps = 1e-8;
int sgn(double x) { return x < -eps ? -1 : x > eps ? 1 : 0; }
```
| 整型比较 | 等价的浮点数比较 |
|----------|-------------------|
| `a == b` | `sgn(a - b) == 0` |
| `a > b` | `sgn(a - b) > 0` |
| `a >= b` | `sgn(a - b) >= 0` |
| `a < b` | `sgn(a - b) < 0` |
| `a <= b` | `sgn(a - b) <= 0` |
| `a != b` | `sgn(a - b) != 0` |
输入输出
--------
用`scanf`输入浮点数时，`double`的占位符是`%lf`，但是浮点数`double`在`printf`系列函数中的标准占位符是`%f`而不是`%lf`，使用时最好使用前者，因为虽然后者在大部分的计算机和编译器中能得到正确结果，但在有些情况下会出错（比如在POJ上）。
开方
----
当提供给C语言中的标准库函数`double sqrt (double x)`的`x`为负值时，`sqrt`会返回`nan`，输出时会显示成`nan`或`-1.#IND00`（根据系统的不同）。在进行计算几何编程时，经常有对接近零的数进行开方的情况，如果输入的数是一个极小的负数，那么`sqrt`会返回`nan`这个错误的结果，导致输出错误。解决的方法就是将`sqrt`包装一下，在每次开方前进行判断。
#### 示例代码
```cpp
double my_sqrt(double x) { return sgn(x) == 0 ? 0.0 : sqrt(x); }
```
负零
----
大部分的标程的输出是不会输出负零的，如下面这段程序：
```cpp
int main() {
printf("%.2f\n", -0.0000000001);
return 0;
}
```
会输出`-0.00`。有时这样的结果是错误的，所以在没有Special Judge的题目要求四舍五入时，不要忘记对负零进行特殊判断。
但有的标程也不会进行这样的特殊判断，所以在WA时不要放弃摸索。
<file_sep>/README.md
前言
====
这是总的算法手册的前言。
<file_sep>/SUMMARY.md
目录
====
<small>这些内容会与其他同学的`SUMMARY.md`合并起来。</small>
* [计算几何](CG/README.md)
* [浮点数相关的陷阱](CG/float-point-pitfall.md)
* [向量](CG/vector.md)
* [线段](CG/segment.md)
* [三角形](CG/triangle.md)
* [多边形](CG/polygon.md)
* [凸包](CG/convex.md)
* [半平面](CG/halfplane.md)
* [圆](CG/circle.md)
* [三维计算几何](CG/3d.md)
<file_sep>/CG/vector.md
向量
====
## 简介
向量，又称矢量，是既有大小又有方向的量，向量的长度即向量的大小称为向量的模。在计算几何中，从$$A$$指向$$B$$的向量记作$$\vec{AB}$$。$$n$$维向量可以用$$n$$个实数来表示。向量的基本运算包括加减法、数乘、点积、叉积和混合积。使用向量这一个基本的数据结构，我们可以用向量表示点和更复杂的各种图形。
## 注意事项
我们一般用一个二维向量来表示点。注意，在有些计算几何相关的题目中，坐标是可以利用整形储存的。在做这样的题目时，坐标一定要用整形变量储存，否则精度上容易出错。具体的将点的坐标用整形变量储存可以需要使用一些技巧，比如计算中计算平方或将坐标扩大二倍等方式。
```cpp
// Pt是Point的缩写
struct Pt {
double x, y;
Pt() { }
Pt(double x, double y) : x(x), y(y) { }
};
double norm(Pt p) { return sqrt(p.x*p.x + p.y*p.y); }
void print(Pt p) { printf("(%f, %f)", p.x, p.y); }
```
## 基本计算
### 加减法
$$\vec{a} \pm \vec{b} = (a_x \pm b_x, a_y \pm b_y)$$
向量的加减法遵从平行四边形法则和三角形法则。
##### 示例代码
```cpp
Pt operator - (Pt a, Pt b) { return Pt(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y); }
Pt operator + (Pt a, Pt b) { return Pt(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y); }
```
### 长度
向量$$\vec{a}=(a_x, a_y)$$的长度是$$\sqrt{a_x^2+a_y^2}$$。
##### 示例代码
```cpp
double len(Pt p) { return sqrt(sqr(p.x)+sqr(p.y)); }
```
### 数乘
$$a\vec{b} = (a b_x, a b_y)$$。
向量的数乘是一个向量和实数的运算。$$a$$如果是零，那么结果是一个零向量，如果$$a$$是一个负数，那么结果向量会改变方向。
##### 示例代码
```cpp
Pt operator * (double A, Pt p) { return Pt(p.x*A, p.y*A); }
Pt operator * (Pt p, double A) { return Pt(p.x*A, p.y*A); }
```
### 点积
又称内积。
$$\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} = a_xb_x + a_yb_y = |\vec{a}||\vec{b}|\cos\theta$$，其中$$\theta$$是$$\vec{a}$$与$$\vec{b}$$的夹角。
#### 应用
点积可以用来计算两向量的夹角。
$$
\cos\beta = \frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|}
$$
##### 示例代码
```cpp
double dot(Pt a, Pt b) { return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y; }
```
### 叉积
叉积又称外积。叉积运算得到的是一个向量，它的大小是$$\vec{a}$$和$$\vec{b}$$所构成的平行四边形的面积，方向与$$\vec{a}$$和$$\vec{b}$$所在平面垂直，$$\vec{a}$$、$$\vec{b}$$与$$\vec{a} \times \vec{b}$$成右手系。
设两向量$$\vec{a}=(a_x, a_y)$$与$$\vec{b}=(b_x, b_y)$$，它们在二维平面上的的叉积为：
$$\vec{a} \times \vec{b} = a_xb_y - a_yb_x$$
##### 示例代码
```cpp
double det(Pt a, Pt b) { return a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x; }
```
#### 性质与应用
叉积拥有两个重要的性质——面积与方向。
两向量叉积得到新向量的长度为这两个所构成的平行四边形的面积，利用这个性质我们可以求三角形的面积。
两向量叉积能反映出两向量方向的信息。如果$$\vec{a} \times \vec{b}$$的符号为正，那么$$\vec{b}$$在$$\vec{a}$$的逆时针方向；如果符号为负，那么$$\vec{b}$$在$$\vec{a}$$的顺时针方向；如果结果为零的话，那么$$\vec{a}$$与$$\vec{b}$$共线。
<center><img src="images/叉积性质的应用.png" style="width:600px;" /></center>
| 计算结果 | $$b$$与$$a$$的方向 |
|----------------------|--------------------------|
| $$|b \times a| > 0$$ | $$a$$在$$b$$的逆时针方向 |
| $$|b \times a| = 0$$ | $$a$$与$$b$$共线 |
| $$|b \times a| < 0$$ | $$a$$在$$b$$的顺时针方向 |
## 模板代码
```cpp
Pt operator - (Pt a, Pt b) { return Pt(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y); }
Pt operator + (Pt a, Pt b) { return Pt(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y); }
Pt operator * (double A, Pt p) { return Pt(p.x*A, p.y*A); }
Pt operator * (Pt p, double A) { return Pt(p.x*A, p.y*A); }
Pt operator / (Pt p, double A) { return Pt(p.x/A, p.y/A); }
```
<file_sep>/CG/triangle.md
三角形
======
## 三角形的面积
三角形的面积可以由叉积直接求出。
$$
S_{\triangle ABC} = |\frac{1}{2} \vec{AB} \times \vec{AC}|
$$
## 判断点在三角形内
判断点$$P$$在三角形 ABC 内部常用的又两种方法，面积法和叉积法。
### 面积法
$$
S_{\triangle PAB} + S_{\triangle PAC} + S_{\triangle PBC} = S_{\triangle ABC}
$$
### 叉积法
利用叉积的正负号判断，如图所示，AP在向量AC的顺时针方向，CP在向量BC的顺时针方向，BP在向量BC的顺时针方向，利用这一性质推广，那么可以利用叉积的正负号来判断一个点是否在一个凸多边形内部。
## 三角形的重心
三角形三条中线的交点叫做三角形重心。
### 性质
设三角形重心为$$O$$，$$BC$$边中点为$$D$$，则有$$AO = 2OD$$。
### 求重心的方法
三角形的重心是三角形三个顶点的坐标的平均值。
## 三角形的外心
三角形三边的垂直平分线的交点，称为三角形外心。
### 性质
外心到三顶点距离相等。过三角形各顶点的圆叫做三角形的外接圆，外接圆的圆心即三角形外心，这个三角形叫做这个圆的内接三角形。
## 三角形的内心
三角形内心为三角形三条内角平分线的交点。
### 性质
与三角形各边都相切的圆叫做三角形的内切圆，内切圆的圆心即是三角形内心，内心到三角形三边距离相等。这个三角形叫做圆的外切三角形。
## 三角形的垂心
三角形三边上的三条高线交于一点，称为三角形垂心。
### 性质
锐角三角形的垂心在三角形内；直角三角形的垂心在直角的顶点；钝角三角形的垂心在三角形外。
## 费马点
费马点是在一个三角形中，到3个顶点距离之和最小的点。
### 计算方法
1. 若三角形ABC的3个内角均小于120度，那么3条距离连线正好平分费马点所在的周角。所以三角形的费马点也称为三角形的等角中心。
2. 若三角形有一内角不小于120度，则此钝角的顶点就是距离和最小的点。
#### 等角中心的计算方法
做任意一条边的外接等边三角形，得到另一点，将此点与此边在三角形中对应的点相连。如此再取另一边作同样的连线，相交点即费马点。
```cpp
#include <math.h>
struct point{double x,y;};
struct line{point a,b;};
double distance(point p1,point p2){
return sqrt((p1.x-p2.x)*(p1.x-p2.x)+(p1.y-p2.y)*(p1.y-p2.y));
}
//已知两条直线求出交点
point intersection(line u,line v){
point ret=u.a;
double t=((u.a.x-v.a.x)*(v.a.y-v.b.y)-(u.a.y-v.a.y)*(v.a.x-v.b.x))
/((u.a.x-u.b.x)*(v.a.y-v.b.y)-(u.a.y-u.b.y)*(v.a.x-v.b.x));
ret.x+=(u.b.x-u.a.x)*t;
ret.y+=(u.b.y-u.a.y)*t;
return ret;
}
//外心
point circumcenter(point a,point b,point c){
line u,v;
u.a.x=(a.x+b.x)/2;
u.a.y=(a.y+b.y)/2;
u.b.x=u.a.x-a.y+b.y;
u.b.y=u.a.y+a.x-b.x;
v.a.x=(a.x+c.x)/2;
v.a.y=(a.y+c.y)/2;
v.b.x=v.a.x-a.y+c.y;
v.b.y=v.a.y+a.x-c.x;
return intersection(u,v);
}
//内心
point incenter(point a,point b,point c){
line u,v;
double m,n;
u.a=a;
m=atan2(b.y-a.y,b.x-a.x);
n=atan2(c.y-a.y,c.x-a.x);
u.b.x=u.a.x+cos((m+n)/2);
u.b.y=u.a.y+sin((m+n)/2);
v.a=b;
m=atan2(a.y-b.y,a.x-b.x);
n=atan2(c.y-b.y,c.x-b.x);
v.b.x=v.a.x+cos((m+n)/2);
v.b.y=v.a.y+sin((m+n)/2);
return intersection(u,v);
}
//垂心
point perpencenter(point a,point b,point c){
line u,v;
u.a=c;
u.b.x=u.a.x-a.y+b.y;
u.b.y=u.a.y+a.x-b.x;
v.a=b;
v.b.x=v.a.x-a.y+c.y;
v.b.y=v.a.y+a.x-c.x;
return intersection(u,v);
}
//重心
//到三角形三顶点距离的平方和最小的点
//三角形内到三边距离之积最大的点
point barycenter(point a,point b,point c){
line u,v;
u.a.x=(a.x+b.x)/2;
u.a.y=(a.y+b.y)/2;
u.b=c;
v.a.x=(a.x+c.x)/2;
v.a.y=(a.y+c.y)/2;
v.b=b;
return intersection(u,v);
}
//费马点（模拟退火）
point fermentpoint(point a,point b,point c){
point u,v;
double step=fabs(a.x)+fabs(a.y)+fabs(b.x)+fabs(b.y)+fabs(c.x)+fabs(c.y);
int i,j,k;
u.x=(a.x+b.x+c.x)/3;
u.y=(a.y+b.y+c.y)/3;
while (step>1e-10) for (k=0;k<10;step/=2,k++)
for (i=-1;i<=1;i++)
for (j=-1;j<=1;j++){
v.x=u.x+step*i;
v.y=u.y+step*j;
if(distance(u,a)+distance(u,b)+distance(u,c) >
distance(v,a)+distance(v,b)+distanc
e(v,c))
u=v;
}
return u;
}
```
<file_sep>/CG/halfplane.md
半平面
======
## 简介
1. 什么是半平面？顾名思义，半平面就是指平面的一半，我们知道，一条直线可以将平面分为两个部分，那么这两个部分就叫做两个半平面。
2. 半平面怎么表示呢？二维坐标系下，直线可以表示为 ax + by + c = 0，那么两个半平面则可以表示为 ax + by + c >= 0 和 ax + by + c < 0，这就是半平面的表示方法。
3. 半平面的交是什么？ 其实就是一个方程组，让你画出满足若干个式子的坐标系上的区域（类似于线性规划的可行域），方程组就是由类似于上面的这些不等式组成的。
4. 半平面交可以干什么？ 半平面交虽然说是半平面的问题，但它其实就是关于直线的问题。一个一个的半平面其实就是一个一个有方向的直线而已。
## 半平面交求法
我们用一个向量$$(x_1,y_1)\rightarrow(x_x,y_x)$$的左侧来描述一个半平面。首先将半平面按照极角排序，极角相同的则只保留最左侧的一个。然后用一个双端队列维护这些半平面：按照顺序插入，在插入半平面$$p_i$$之前判断双端队列尾部的两个半平面的交点是否在半平面$$p_i$$内，如果不是则删除最后一个半平面；判断双端队列尾部的两个半平面交是否在半平面$$p_i$$内，如果不是则删除第一个半平面。插入完毕之后再处理一下双端队列两端多余的半平面，最后求出尾端和顶端的两个半平面的交点即可。
### 模板代码
```cpp
// 计算半平面交
void halfplane_intersect(vector<HP> &v, Convex &output) {
sort(v.begin(), v.end(), cmp_HP);
deque<HP> q;
deque<Pt> ans;
q.push_back(v[0]);
int n = v.size();
for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
if (sgn(arg(v[i].t-v[i].s) - arg(v[i-1].t-v[i-1].s)) == 0)
continue;
while (ans.size() > 0 && !satisfy(ans.back(), v[i])) {
ans.pop_back();
q.pop_back();
}
while (ans.size() > 0 && !satisfy(ans.front(), v[i])) {
ans.pop_front();
q.pop_front();
}
ans.push_back(crosspoint(q.back(), v[i]));
q.push_back(v[i]);
}
while (ans.size() > 0 && !satisfy(ans.back(), q.front())) {
ans.pop_back();
q.pop_back();
}
while (ans.size() > 0 && !satisfy(ans.front(), q.back())) {
ans.pop_front();
q.pop_front();
}
ans.push_back(crosspoint(q.back(), q.front()));
output = vector<Pt>(ans.begin(), ans.end());
}
```
## 凸多边形交
```cpp
// 凸多边形交
void convex_intersection(const Convex &v1, const Convex &v2, Convex &out) {
vector<HP> h;
for (int i = 0, n = v1.size(); i < n; ++i)
h.push_back(HP(v1[i], v1[nxt(i)]));
for (int i = 0, n = v2.size(); i < n; ++i)
h.push_back(HP(v2[i], v2[nxt(i)]));
halfplane_intersect(h, out);
}
```
<file_sep>/CG/polygon.md
多边形
======
## 简单多边形
简单多边形是边不相交的多边形，大部分我们在编程竞赛中的计算几何题目中的多边形都是简单多边形，所以在这个手册中所提到的多边形都是简单多边形。
## 判断点在多边形内
### 判断方法
判断点在多边形内：从该点做一条水平向右的射线，统计射线与多边形相交的情况，若相交次数为偶数，则说明该点在形外，否则在形内。为了便于交点在定点或射线与某些边重合时的判断，可以将每条边看成左开右闭的线段，即若交点为左端点就不计算。
### 示例代码
```cpp
#define nxt(x) ((x+1)%n)
int PtInPolygon(Pt p, Polygon &a) {
int num = 0, d1, d2, k, n = size(a);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
if (PtOnSegment(p, a[i], a[nxt(i)])) {
return 2;
}
k = sgn(det(a[nxt(i)]-a[i], p-a[i]));
d1 = sgn(a[i].y - p.y);
d2 = sgn(a[nxt(i)] - p.y);
if (k > 0 && d1 <= 0 && d2 > 0) num++;
if (k < 0 && d2 <= 0 && d1 > 0) num--;
}
return num != 0;
}
```
## 多边形的面积
### 求法
多边形的面积可以靠三角剖分求得。对多边形的每一条边和原点$$O$$所组成的三角形通过叉积求有向面积并简单求和，就可以求得多边形的有向面积。而且通过求得的有向面积能判断出多边形中点的方向。如果输入多边形点的方向是按照逆时针给出的话，求得的面积就是正数，如果输入的多边形的点是按照顺时针给出的话，求得的面积就是负数。
#### 示例代码
```cpp
#define nxt(x) ((x+1)%n)
double polygon_area(const Polygon &p) {
double ans = 0.0;
int n = p.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
ans += det(p[i], p[nxt(i)]);
return ans / 2.0;
}
```
## 多边形的重心
### 算法
将多边形分割为三角形的并，并对每个三角形求重心，然后以三角形的有向面积为权值将所有面积加权求和即可。
#### 示例代码
```cpp
#define nxt(x) ((x+1)%n)
Pt polygon_mass_center(const Polygon &p) {
Pt ans = Pt(0, 0);
double area = polygon_area(p);
if (sgn(area) == 0) return ans;
int n = p.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
ans = ans + (p[i]+p[nxt(i)]) * det(p[i], p[nxt(i)]);
return ans / area / 6.0;
}
```
## 多边形内的格点数
### Pick公式
给定顶点坐标均是整点的简单多边形，有：
```
面积 = 内部格点数 + 边上格点数 / 2 - 1
```
### 边界的格点数
把每条边当作左开右闭的区间避免重复，一条左开右闭的线段$$AB$$上的格点数为$$gcd(B_x-A_x,B_y-A_y)$$。
```cpp
int polygon_border_point_cnt(const Polygon &p) {
int ans = 0;
int n = p.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
ans += gcd(Abs(int(p[next(i)].x-p[i].x)), Abs(int(p[next(i)].y-p[i].y)));
return ans;
}
int polygon_inside_point_cnt(const Polygon &p) {
return int(polygon_area(p)) + 1 - polygon_border_point_cnt(p) / 2;
}
```
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<h1 id="%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95">三维计算几何</h1>
<h2 id="%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%87%B8%E5%8C%85">三维凸包</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-cpp"><span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><cstdio></span></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><cstring></span></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><algorithm></span></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><vector></span></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><iomanip></span></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><iostream></span></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> <span class="hljs-string"><cmath></span></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">using</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">/* Macros */</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/******************************************************************************/</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> nxt(i) ((i+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)%n)</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> nxt2(i, x) ((i+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)%((x).size()))</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> prv(i) ((i+(x).size()-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)%n)</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> prv2(i, x) ((i+(x).size()-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)%((x).size()))</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> sz(x) (int((x).size()))</span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor">#<span class="hljs-keyword">define</span> setpre(x) do{cout<<setprecision(x)<<setiosflags(ios::fixed);}while(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/* Real number tools */</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/******************************************************************************/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> PI = <span class="hljs-built_in">acos</span>(-<span class="hljs-number">1.0</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> eps = <span class="hljs-number">1e-8</span>;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> <span class="hljs-title">mysqrt</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> x)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> x <= <span class="hljs-number">0.0</span> ? <span class="hljs-number">0.0</span> : <span class="hljs-built_in">sqrt</span>(x);
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> <span class="hljs-title">sq</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> x)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> x*x;
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-title">sgn</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> x)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> x < -eps ? -<span class="hljs-number">1</span> : x > eps ? <span class="hljs-number">1</span> : <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/* 3d Point */</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/******************************************************************************/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> Pt3 {
<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> x, y, z;
Pt3() { }
Pt3(<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> x, <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> y, <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> z) : x(x), y(y), z(z) { }
};
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> Pt3 cPt3;
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> cPt3 & cPt3r;
Pt3 <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> + (cPt3r a, cPt3r b) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Pt3(a.x+b.x, a.y+b.y, a.z+b.z); }
Pt3 <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> - (cPt3r a, cPt3r b) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Pt3(a.x-b.x, a.y-b.y, a.z-b.z); }
Pt3 <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> * (cPt3r a, <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> A) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Pt3(a.x*A, a.y*A, a.z*A); }
Pt3 <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> * (<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> A, cPt3r a) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Pt3(a.x*A, a.y*A, a.z*A); }
Pt3 <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> / (cPt3r a, <span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> A) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Pt3(a.x/A, a.y/A, a.z/A); }
<span class="hljs-keyword">bool</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> == (cPt3r a, cPt3r b) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> !sgn(a.x-b.x) && !sgn(a.y-b.y) && !sgn(a.z-b.z);
}
istream& <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> >> (istream& sm, Pt3 &pt) {
sm >> pt.x >> pt.y >> pt.z; <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sm;
}
ostream & <span class="hljs-keyword">operator</span> << (ostream& sm, cPt3r pt) {
sm << <span class="hljs-string">"("</span> << pt.x << <span class="hljs-string">", "</span> << pt.y << <span class="hljs-string">", "</span> << pt.z << <span class="hljs-string">")"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sm;
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> <span class="hljs-title">len</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r p)</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> mysqrt(sq(p.x) + sq(p.y) + sq(p.z)); }
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> <span class="hljs-title">dist</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r a, cPt3r b)</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> len(a-b); }
<span class="hljs-function">Pt3 <span class="hljs-title">unit</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r p)</span> </span>{ <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> p / len(p); }
<span class="hljs-function">Pt3 <span class="hljs-title">det</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r a, cPt3r b)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> Pt3(a.y*b.z-a.z*b.y, a.z*b.x-a.x*b.z, a.x*b.y-a.y*b.x);
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> <span class="hljs-title">dot</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r a, cPt3r b)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> a.x*b.x + a.y*b.y + a.z*b.z;
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> <span class="hljs-title">mix</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r a, cPt3r b, cPt3r c)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> dot(a, det(b, c));
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/* 3d Line & Segment */</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/******************************************************************************/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> Ln3 {
Pt3 a, b;
Ln3() { }
Ln3(cPt3r a, cPt3r b) : a(a), b(b) { }
};
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> Ln3 cLn3;
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> cLn3 & cLn3r;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">bool</span> <span class="hljs-title">ptonln</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r a, cPt3r b, cPt3r c)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sgn(len(det(a-b, b-c))) <= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/* 3d Plane */</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/******************************************************************************/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> Pl {
Pt3 a, b, c;
Pl() { }
Pl(cPt3r a, cPt3r b, cPt3r c) : a(a), b(b), c(c) { }
};
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> Pl cPl;
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> cPl & cPlr;
<span class="hljs-function">Pt3 <span class="hljs-title">nvec</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPlr pl)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> det(pl.a-pl.b, pl.b-pl.c);
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/* Solution */</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/******************************************************************************/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">bool</span> <span class="hljs-title">cmp</span><span class="hljs-params">(cPt3r a, cPt3r b)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (sgn(a.x-b.x)) <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sgn(a.x-b.x) < <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (sgn(a.y-b.y)) <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sgn(a.y-b.y) < <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (sgn(a.z-b.z)) <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> sgn(a.z-b.z) < <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> Face {
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a, b, c;
Face() { }
Face(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> b, <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> c) : a(a), b(b), c(c) { }
};
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">convex3d</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><Pt3> &p, <span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><Pl> &out)</span> </span>{
sort(p.begin(), p.end(), cmp);
p.erase(unique(p.begin(), p.end()), p.end());
random_shuffle(p.begin(), p.end());
<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><Face> face;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>; i < sz(p); ++i) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (ptonln(p[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>], p[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>], p[i])) <span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span>;
swap(p[i], p[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]);
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> j = i + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>; j < sz(p); ++j)
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (sgn(mix(p[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]-p[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>], p[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]-p[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>], p[j]-p[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>])) != <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {
swap(p[j], p[<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]);
face.push_back(Face(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>));
face.push_back(Face(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>));
<span class="hljs-keyword">goto</span> found;
}
}
found:
<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>> > mark(sz(p), <span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>>(sz(p), <span class="hljs-number">0</span>));
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> v = <span class="hljs-number">3</span>; v < sz(p); ++v) {
<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><Face> tmp;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < sz(face); ++i) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a = face[i].a, b = face[i].b, c = face[i].c;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (sgn(mix(p[a]-p[v], p[b]-p[v], p[c]-p[v])) < <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {
mark[a][b] = mark[b][a] = v;
mark[b][c] = mark[c][b] = v;
mark[c][a] = mark[a][c] = v;
}<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>{
tmp.push_back(face[i]);
}
}
face = tmp;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < sz(tmp); ++i) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> a = face[i].a, b = face[i].b, c = face[i].c;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (mark[a][b] == v) face.push_back(Face(b, a, v));
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (mark[b][c] == v) face.push_back(Face(c, b, v));
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (mark[c][a] == v) face.push_back(Face(a, c, v));
}
}
out.clear();
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < sz(face); ++i)
out.push_back(Pl(p[face[i].a], p[face[i].b], p[face[i].c]));
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><Pt3> p;
<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span><Pl> out;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-title">main</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> n;
<span class="hljs-built_in">cin</span> >> n;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < n; ++i) {
Pt3 pt;
<span class="hljs-built_in">cin</span> >> pt;
p.push_back(pt);
}
convex3d(p, out);
<span class="hljs-keyword">double</span> area = <span class="hljs-number">0.0</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < sz(out); ++i)
area += len(det(out[i].a-out[i].b, out[i].b-out[i].c));
setpre(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">cout</span> << area / <span class="hljs-number">2.0</span> << <span class="hljs-string">"\n"</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
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<file_sep>/CG/convex.md
凸包
====
## 点的有序化
凸包算法多要先对点进行排序。点排序的主要方法有两种——极角排序和水平排序。
### 极角排序
极角排序一般选择一个点做极点，然后以这个点为中心建立极坐标，将输入的点按照极角从小到大排序，如果两个点的极角相同，那么将距离极点较远的点排在前面。
### 水平排序
水平排序将所有点按照$$y$$坐标从小到大排列，$$y$$坐标相同的则按照$$x$$坐标从小到大排序。选取排序后最前面的$$A$$点和最后面的$$B$$点，将$$\vec{AB}$$右边的点按照次序取出，再将左侧的点按照次序逆序取出后连起来就是最终的结果。
### 比较
虽然水平排序比较复杂，但水平排序因为不涉及三角函数操作，精度较高，在条件相同时，最好选择水平排序。
## 凸包求法
### Graham 扫描法
Graham 算法是在某种意义上来说求解二维静态凸包的一种最优的算法，这种算法目前被广泛的应用于对各种以二维静态凸包为基础的 ACM 题目的求解。Graham 算法的时间复杂度大约是 nlogn，因此在求解二维平面上几万个点构成的凸包时，消耗的时间相对较少。
#### 算法描述
这里描述的 Graham 算法是经过改进后的算法而不是原始算法，因为改进之后的算法更易于对算法进行编码。
1. 已知有 n 个点的平面点集 p（p[0]~p[n-1]），找到二维平面中最下最左的点，即 y 坐标最小的点。若有多个 y 值最小的点，取其中 x 值最小的点。
2. 以这个最下最左的点作为基准点（即 p[0]），对二维平面上的点进行极角排序。
3. 将 p[0]、p[1]、p[2]三个点压入栈中（栈用 st 表示，top 表示栈顶指针的位置）。并将 p[0]的值赋给 p[n]。
4. 循环遍历平面点集 p[3]到 p[n]。对于每个 p[i]（ 3<=i<=n）若存在 p[i]在向量st[top-1]st[top]的顺时针方（包括共线）向且栈顶元素不多于 2 个时，将栈顶元素出栈，直到 p[i]在向量 st[top-1]st[top]的逆时针方向或栈中元素个数小于 3 时将 p[i]入栈。
5. 循环结束后，栈 st 中存储的点正好就是凸包的所有顶点，且这些顶点以逆时针的顺序存储在栈中（st[0]~st[top-1]）。注意：由于第三步中，将 p[0]的值赋给了 p[n]，此时栈顶元素 st[top]和 st[0]相同，因为最后入栈的点是 p[n]。
由于 Graham 算法是基于极角排序的，对平面上所有点极角排序的时间复杂度是nlogn，而之后逐点扫描的过程的时间复杂度是 n，因此整个 Graham 算法的时间复杂度接近 nlogn。
#### 实现细节的注意事项
##### 极角大小问题
实际实现 Graham 算法的极角排序并不是真正的按照极角大小排序，因为计算机在表示和计算浮点数时会有一定的误差。一般会利用叉积判断两个点的相对位置来实现极角排序的功能。假设以确定平面中最下最左的点（基准点）P，并已知平面上其它两个不同的点 A B。若点 A 在向量 PB 的逆时针方向，那么我们认为 A 的极角大于 B 的极角，反之 A 的极角小于 B 的极角（具体实现应借助叉积）。
##### 极角相同点的处理
在 Graham 算法中，经常会出现两个点极角相同的情况。对于具有相同极角的两个不同点 A B，那么我们应该把 A B 两点的按照距离基准点距离的降序排列。而对于完全重合的两点，可以暂不做处理。
### 模板代码
```cpp
typedef vector<Pt> Convex;
// 排序比较函数，水平序
bool comp_less(Pt a, Pt b) {
return sgn(a.x-b.x) < 0 || (sgn(a.x-b.x) == 0 && sgn(a.y-b.y) < 0);
}
// 返回a中点计算出的凸包，结果存在res中
void convex_hull(Convex &res, vector<Pt> a) {
res.resize(2 * a.size() + 5);
sort(a.begin(), a.end(), comp_less);
a.erase(unique(a.begin(), a.end()), a.end());
int m = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < int(a.size()); ++i) {
while (m>1 && sgn(det(res[m-1] - res[m-2], a[i] - res[m-2])) <= 0)
--m;
res[m++] = a[i];
}
int k = m;
for (int i = int(a.size()) - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
while (m>k && sgn(det(res[m-1] - res[m-2], a[i] - res[m-2])) <= 0)
--m;
res[m++] = a[i];
}
res.resize(m);
if (a.size() > 1) res.resize(m-1);
}
```
### Jarvis 步进法
Jarvis 步进法运用了一种称为打包的技术来计算一个点集 Q 的凸包。算法的运行时间
为 O(nh)，其中 h 为凸包 CH(Q)的顶点数。 当 h 为 O(lg(n))，Jarvis 步进法在渐进意义上
比 Graham 算法的速度快一点。
从直观上看，可以把 Jarvis 步进法相像成在集合 Q 的外面紧紧的包了一层纸。开始
时，把纸的末端粘在集合中最低的点上，即粘在与 Graham 算法开始时相同的点 p0 上。该
点为凸包的一个顶点。把纸拉向右边使其绷紧，然后再把纸拉高一些，知道碰到一个点。
该点也必定为凸包中的一个顶点。使纸保持绷紧状态，用这种方法继续围绕顶点集合，直
到回到原始点 p0。
更形式的说，Jarvis 步进法构造了 CH(Q)的顶点序列 H=(P0,P1,…,Ph-1)，其中 P0 为
原始点。如图所示，下一个凸包顶点 P1 具有相对与 P0 的最小极角。（如果有数个这样的
点，选择最远的那个点作为 P1。）类似地，P2 具有相对于 P1 的最小的极角，等等。当达
到最高顶点，如 Pk（如果有数个这样的点，选择最远的那个点）时，我们构造好了 CH(Q)
的右链了，为了构造其左链，从 Pk 开始选取相对于 Pk 具有最小极角的点作为 Pk+1，这时
的 x 轴是原 x 轴的反方向，如此继续，根据负 x 轴的极角逐渐形成左链，知道回到原始点
P0。
## 旋转卡壳
### 模板代码
```cpp
// 计算凸包a的直径
double convex_diameter(const Convex &a, int &first, int &second) {
int n = a.size();
double ans = 0.0;
first = second = 0;
if (n == 1) return ans;
for (int i = 0, j = 1; i < n; ++i) {
while (sgn(det(a[nxt(i)]-a[i], a[j]-a[i]) - det(a[nxt(i)]-a[i], a[nxt(j)]-a[i])) < 0)
j = nxt(j);
double d = max((a[i]-a[j]).norm(), (a[nxt(i)]-a[nxt(j)]).norm());
if (d > ans) ans=d, first=i, second=j;
}
return ans;
}
```
<file_sep>/CG/segment.md
# 线段
## 直线与线段的表示方法
我们可以用一条线段的两个端点来表示一条线段。直线的表示有两种方式，一种方式是使用二元一次方程$$y=kx+b$$来表示，另一种是用直线上任意一条长度不为零的线段来表示。由于使用方程表示接近垂直于某坐标轴的直线时容易产生精度误差，所以我们通常使用直线上的某条线段来表示直线。
```cpp
struct Sg {
Pt s, t;
Sg() { }
Sg(Pt s, Pt t) : s(s), t(t) { }
Sg(double a, double b, double c, double d) : s(a, b), t(c, d) { }
};
```
## 点在线段上的判断
判断点$$C$$在线段$$AB$$上的两条依据：
1. $$\vec{CA}\cdot\vec{CB} = 0$$。
2. $$C$$在以$$AB$$为对角顶点的矩形内。
#### 示例代码
```cpp
bool PtOnSegment(Pt s, Pt t, Pt a) {
return !det(a-s, a-t) && min(s.x, t.x) <= a.x && a.x <= max(s.x, t.x) &&
min(s.y, t.y) <= a.y && a.y <= max(s.y, t.y);
}
```
### 另一种方法
判断点$$C$$在$$AB$$为对角线定点的矩形内较麻烦，可以直接判断$$\vec{CA}\cdot\vec{CB}$$的符号来判断$$C$$在直线$$AB$$上是否在$$AB$$之间。
<center><img src="images/test.png" style="width:300px;" /></center>
#### 示例代码
```cpp
bool PtOnSegment(Pt p, Pt a, Pt b) {
return !sgn(det(p-a, b-a)) && sgn(dot(p-a, p-b)) <= 0;
}
```
把上例代码中的`<=`改成`==`就能实现不含线段端点的点在线段上的判断。
## 点在直线上的判断
点在直线上的判断很简单只要把点在线段上的判断的步骤2去掉即可。
#### 示例代码
```cpp
bool PtOnLine(Pt p, Pt s, Pt t) {
return !sgn(det(p-a, b-a));
}
```
## 求点到直线的投影
<center><img src="images/point-line-projection.png" style="width:300px;" /></center>
#### 示例代码
```cpp
Pt PtLineProj(Pt s, Pt t, Pt p) {
double r = dot(p-s, t-s) / (t - s).norm();
return s + (t - s) * r;
}
```
## 判断直线关系
直线有相交和平行两种关系，靠叉乘能简单判断。
```cpp
bool parallel(Pt a, Pt b, Pt s, Pt t) {
return !sgn(det(a-b, s-t));
}
```
## 判断线段关系
线段有相交和不相交两种关系，通常按照以下步骤判断。
1. 快速排斥试验
2. 跨立试验
### 快速排斥试验
设以线段$$P_1P_2$$为对角线的矩形为$$R$$，设以线段$$Q_1Q_2$$为对角线的矩形为$$T$$，如果$$R$$和$$T$$不相交，显然两线段不会相交。
### 跨立试验
如果两线段相交，则两线段必然相互跨立对方。若$$P_1P_2$$跨立$$Q_1Q_2$$，则矢量$$\vec{Q_1P_1}$$和$$\vec{Q_1P_2}$$位于矢量$$\vec{Q_1Q_2}$$的两侧，即$$\vec{Q_1P_1} \times \vec{Q_1Q_2} \cdot \vec{Q_1Q_2} \times \vec{Q_1Q_2} < 0$$。上式可改写成$$\vec{Q_1P_1} \times \vec{Q_1Q_2} \cdot \vec{Q_1Q_2} \times \vec{Q_1P_2} > 0$$。当$$\vec{Q_1P_1} \times \vec{Q_1Q_2} = 0$$时，说明$$\vec{Q_1P_1}$$和$$\vec{Q_1Q_2}$$共线，但是因为已经通过快速排斥试验，所以$$P_1$$一定在线段$$Q_1Q_2$$上；同理，$$\vec{Q_1Q_2} \times \vec{Q_1P_2} = 0$$说明$$P_2$$一定在线段$$Q_1Q_2$$上。所以判断$$P_1P_2$$跨立$$Q_1Q_2$$的依据是：$$\vec{Q_1P_1} \times \vec{Q_1Q_2} \cdot \vec{Q_1Q_2} \ times vec{Q_1P_2} \geq 0$$。同理判断$$Q_1Q_2$$跨立$$P_1P_2$$的依据是：$$\vec{P_1Q_1} \times \vec{P_1P_2} \cdot \vec{P_1P_2} \times \vec{P_1Q_2} \geq 0$$。
<center><img src="images/线段相交判断.png" style="width:900px;" /></center>
## 求点到线段的距离
<!-- <center><img src="images/china.jpg" style="width:400px;" /></center> -->
求线段$$ab$$到点p最短距离的方法为：
根据点$$p$$到的投影点的位置进行判断的方法：
1. 判断线段$$pa$$和$$ab$$所成的夹角，如果是钝角，那么$$|pa|$$是点到线段的最短距离。
2. 判断线段$$pb$$和$$ab$$所成的夹角，如果是钝角，那么$$|pb|$$是点到线段的最短距离。
3. 线段$$pa$$和线段$$pb$$与$$ab$$所成的夹角都不为钝角，那么点$$p$$到线段$$ab$$的距离是点$$p$$到直线$$ab$$的距离，这个距离可以用面积法直接算出来。
#### 示例代码
```cpp
double PtSegmentDist(Pt a, Pt b, Pt p) {
if (sgn(dot(p-a, b-a)) <= 0) return (p-a).norm();
if (sgn(dot(p-b, a-b)) <= 0) return (p-b).norm();
return fabs(det(a-p, b-p)) / (a-b).norm();
}
```
<file_sep>/CG/3d.md
三维计算几何
============
## 三维凸包
```cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
/* Macros */
/******************************************************************************/
#define nxt(i) ((i+1)%n)
#define nxt2(i, x) ((i+1)%((x).size()))
#define prv(i) ((i+(x).size()-1)%n)
#define prv2(i, x) ((i+(x).size()-1)%((x).size()))
#define sz(x) (int((x).size()))
#define setpre(x) do{cout<<setprecision(x)<<setiosflags(ios::fixed);}while(0)
/* Real number tools */
/******************************************************************************/
const double PI = acos(-1.0);
const double eps = 1e-8;
double mysqrt(double x) {
return x <= 0.0 ? 0.0 : sqrt(x);
}
double sq(double x) {
return x*x;
}
int sgn(double x) {
return x < -eps ? -1 : x > eps ? 1 : 0;
}
/* 3d Point */
/******************************************************************************/
struct Pt3 {
double x, y, z;
Pt3() { }
Pt3(double x, double y, double z) : x(x), y(y), z(z) { }
};
typedef const Pt3 cPt3;
typedef cPt3 & cPt3r;
Pt3 operator + (cPt3r a, cPt3r b) { return Pt3(a.x+b.x, a.y+b.y, a.z+b.z); }
Pt3 operator - (cPt3r a, cPt3r b) { return Pt3(a.x-b.x, a.y-b.y, a.z-b.z); }
Pt3 operator * (cPt3r a, double A) { return Pt3(a.x*A, a.y*A, a.z*A); }
Pt3 operator * (double A, cPt3r a) { return Pt3(a.x*A, a.y*A, a.z*A); }
Pt3 operator / (cPt3r a, double A) { return Pt3(a.x/A, a.y/A, a.z/A); }
bool operator == (cPt3r a, cPt3r b) {
return !sgn(a.x-b.x) && !sgn(a.y-b.y) && !sgn(a.z-b.z);
}
istream& operator >> (istream& sm, Pt3 &pt) {
sm >> pt.x >> pt.y >> pt.z; return sm;
}
ostream & operator << (ostream& sm, cPt3r pt) {
sm << "(" << pt.x << ", " << pt.y << ", " << pt.z << ")"; return sm;
}
double len(cPt3r p) { return mysqrt(sq(p.x) + sq(p.y) + sq(p.z)); }
double dist(cPt3r a, cPt3r b) { return len(a-b); }
Pt3 unit(cPt3r p) { return p / len(p); }
Pt3 det(cPt3r a, cPt3r b) {
return Pt3(a.y*b.z-a.z*b.y, a.z*b.x-a.x*b.z, a.x*b.y-a.y*b.x);
}
double dot(cPt3r a, cPt3r b) {
return a.x*b.x + a.y*b.y + a.z*b.z;
}
double mix(cPt3r a, cPt3r b, cPt3r c) {
return dot(a, det(b, c));
}
/* 3d Line & Segment */
/******************************************************************************/
struct Ln3 {
Pt3 a, b;
Ln3() { }
Ln3(cPt3r a, cPt3r b) : a(a), b(b) { }
};
typedef const Ln3 cLn3;
typedef cLn3 & cLn3r;
bool ptonln(cPt3r a, cPt3r b, cPt3r c) {
return sgn(len(det(a-b, b-c))) <= 0;
}
/* 3d Plane */
/******************************************************************************/
struct Pl {
Pt3 a, b, c;
Pl() { }
Pl(cPt3r a, cPt3r b, cPt3r c) : a(a), b(b), c(c) { }
};
typedef const Pl cPl;
typedef cPl & cPlr;
Pt3 nvec(cPlr pl) {
return det(pl.a-pl.b, pl.b-pl.c);
}
/* Solution */
/******************************************************************************/
bool cmp(cPt3r a, cPt3r b) {
if (sgn(a.x-b.x)) return sgn(a.x-b.x) < 0;
if (sgn(a.y-b.y)) return sgn(a.y-b.y) < 0;
if (sgn(a.z-b.z)) return sgn(a.z-b.z) < 0;
return false;
}
struct Face {
int a, b, c;
Face() { }
Face(int a, int b, int c) : a(a), b(b), c(c) { }
};
void convex3d(vector<Pt3> &p, vector<Pl> &out) {
sort(p.begin(), p.end(), cmp);
p.erase(unique(p.begin(), p.end()), p.end());
random_shuffle(p.begin(), p.end());
vector<Face> face;
for (int i = 2; i < sz(p); ++i) {
if (ptonln(p[0], p[1], p[i])) continue;
swap(p[i], p[2]);
for (int j = i + 1; j < sz(p); ++j)
if (sgn(mix(p[1]-p[0], p[2]-p[1], p[j]-p[0])) != 0) {
swap(p[j], p[3]);
face.push_back(Face(0, 1, 2));
face.push_back(Face(0, 2, 1));
goto found;
}
}
found:
vector<vector<int> > mark(sz(p), vector<int>(sz(p), 0));
for (int v = 3; v < sz(p); ++v) {
vector<Face> tmp;
for (int i = 0; i < sz(face); ++i) {
int a = face[i].a, b = face[i].b, c = face[i].c;
if (sgn(mix(p[a]-p[v], p[b]-p[v], p[c]-p[v])) < 0) {
mark[a][b] = mark[b][a] = v;
mark[b][c] = mark[c][b] = v;
mark[c][a] = mark[a][c] = v;
}else{
tmp.push_back(face[i]);
}
}
face = tmp;
for (int i = 0; i < sz(tmp); ++i) {
int a = face[i].a, b = face[i].b, c = face[i].c;
if (mark[a][b] == v) face.push_back(Face(b, a, v));
if (mark[b][c] == v) face.push_back(Face(c, b, v));
if (mark[c][a] == v) face.push_back(Face(a, c, v));
}
}
out.clear();
for (int i = 0; i < sz(face); ++i)
out.push_back(Pl(p[face[i].a], p[face[i].b], p[face[i].c]));
}
vector<Pt3> p;
vector<Pl> out;
int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
Pt3 pt;
cin >> pt;
p.push_back(pt);
}
convex3d(p, out);
double area = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < sz(out); ++i)
area += len(det(out[i].a-out[i].b, out[i].b-out[i].c));
setpre(3);
cout << area / 2.0 << "\n";
return 0;
}
```
<file_sep>/CG/circle.md
圆
==
## 圆与线求交
将线段AB写成参数方程P=A+t(B-A)，带入圆的方程，得到一个一元二次方程。解出t就可以求得线段所在直线与圆的交点。如果0<=t<=1则说明点在线段上。
```cpp
void circle_cross_line(Pt a, Pt b, Pt o, double r, Pt ret[], int &num) {
double ox = o.x, oy = o.y, ax = a.x, ay = a.y, bx = b.x, by = b.y;
double dx = bx-ax, dy = by-ay;
double A = dx*dx + dy*dy;
double B = 2*dx*(ax-ox) + 2*dy*(ay-oy);
double C = sqr(ax-ox) + sqr(ay-oy) - sqr(r);
double delta = B*B - 4*A*C;
num = 0;
if (sgn(delta) >= 0) {
double t1 = (-B - Sqrt(delta)) / (2*A);
double t2 = (-B + Sqrt(delta)) / (2*A);
if (sgn(t1-1) <= 0 && sgn(t1) >= 0)
ret[num++] = Pt(ax + t1*dx, ay + t1*dy);
if (sgn(t2-1) <= 0 && sgn(t2) >= 0)
ret[num++] = Pt(ax + t2*dx, ay + t2*dy);
}
}
```
## 圆与圆求交
```cpp
// 计算圆a和圆b的交点，注意要先判断两圆相交
void circle_circle_cross(Pt ap, double ar, Pt bp, double br, Pt p[]) {
double d = (ap - bp).norm();
double cost = (ar*ar + d*d - br*br) / (2*ar*d);
double sint = sqrt(1.0 - cost*cost);
Pt v = (bp - ap) / (bp - ap).norm() * ar;
p[0] = ap + rotate(v, cost, -sint);
p[1] = ap + rotate(v, cost, sint);
}
```
## 圆与多边形交
## 圆的面积并
<file_sep>/CG/README.md
计算几何
========
计算几何在ACM/ICPC竞赛的题目中属于较容易的内容。但计算几何往往代码量多，有时需要按照多种情况进行讨论，还有考虑到复杂的浮点数精度问题，所以常常容易卡题。所以计算几何对平时模板的积累就非常重要。
* [浮点数相关的陷阱](float-point-pitfall.md)
* [向量](vector.md)
* [线段](segment.md)
* [三角形](triangle.md)
* [多边形](polygon.md)
* [凸包](convex.md)
* [半平面](halfplane.md)
* [圆](circle.md)
* [三维计算几何](3d.md)
<file_sep>/_book/CG/tmp.cpp
bool PtOnSegment(Pt s, Pt t, Pt a) {
return !det(a-s, a-t) && min(s.x, t.x) <= a.x && a.x <= max(s.x, t.x) &&
min(s.y, t.y) <= a.y && a.y <= max(s.y, t.y);
}
|
e47cc90694434eb374830f4753c8dc0beddc143d
|
[
"Markdown",
"HTML",
"C++"
] | 14
|
Markdown
|
LinFanChing/book-test
|
392da3ac674feffa04f3f5fd38292d9775954987
|
05490964b97bfdecefb2b6bac55270ef0fd7d9c7
|
refs/heads/main
|
<repo_name>Nehal1207/GamersBlog<file_sep>/middleware/index.js
var game =require("../models/game");
var Comment =require("../models/comment");
var middlewareObj = {};
middlewareObj.checkgameOwnership = function (req, res, next) {
if (req.isAuthenticated()) {
game.findById(req.params.id, function(err, foundgame) {
if (err || !foundgame) {
req.flash("error","post not found.");
res.redirect("/games");
} else {
//does the user own the game?
if (foundgame.author.id.equals(req.user._id) || req.user.isAdmin) {
next();
} else {
req.flash("error","You do not have permission to this post.");
res.redirect("back");
}
}
})
} else {
req.flash("error","You need to be logged in to that.");
res.redirect("back");
}
}
middlewareObj.checkCommentOwnership = function (req, res, next) {
if (req.isAuthenticated()) {
Comment.findById(req.params.comment_id, function(err, foundComment) {
if (err || !foundComment) {
req.flash("error","Comment not found.");
res.redirect("/games");
} else {
game.findById(req.params.id, function(err, foundgame) {
if (err || !foundgame) {
req.flash("error","post not found.");
res.redirect("/games");
} else {
//does the user own the comment?
if (foundComment.author.id.equals(req.user._id) || req.user.isAdmin) {
next();
} else {
req.flash("error","You do not have permission to this comment.");
res.redirect("back");
}
}
})
}
})
} else {
req.flash("error","You need to be logged in to do that.");
res.redirect("back");
}
}
//middleware
middlewareObj.isLoggedIn = function (req, res, next) {
if (req.isAuthenticated()) {
return next();
}
req.flash("error","You need to be logged in to do that");
res.redirect("/login");
}
module.exports = middlewareObj;<file_sep>/routes/games.js
var express = require("express");
var router = express.Router();
var game = require("../models/game");
var middleware = require("../middleware")
var multer = require('multer');
var storage = multer.diskStorage({
filename: function(req, file, callback) {
callback(null, Date.now() + file.originalname);
}
});
var imageFilter = function (req, file, cb) {
if (!file.originalname.match(/\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$/i)) {
return cb(new Error('Only image files are allowed!'), false);
}
cb(null, true);
};
var upload = multer({ storage: storage, fileFilter: imageFilter})
var cloudinary = require('cloudinary');
cloudinary.config({
cloud_name: 'cloudinaryneon',
api_key: process.env.CLOUDINARY_API_KEY,
api_secret: process.env.CLOUDINARY_API_SECRET
});
function escapeRegex(text) {
return text.replace(/[-[\]{}()*+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g, "\\$&");
};
router.get("/", function(req, res) {
if(req.query.search) {
const regex = new RegExp(escapeRegex(req.query.search), 'gi');
//Get all games fro the DB
game.find({"name": regex}, function(err, allgames) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
}
else {
res.render("games/index", { games: allgames });
}
});
} else {
//Get all games fro the DB
game.find({}, function(err, allgames) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
}
else {
res.render("games/index", { games: allgames });
}
});
}
});
router.post("/", middleware.isLoggedIn, upload.single('image'), function(req, res) {
cloudinary.uploader.upload(req.file.path, function(result) {
req.body.game.image = result.secure_url;
req.body.game.author = {
id: req.user._id,
username: req.user.username
}
game.create(req.body.game, function(err, game) {
if (err || !game) {
req.flash('error', err.message);
return res.redirect('/games');
}
res.redirect('/games/' + game.id);
});
});
});
router.get("/new",middleware.isLoggedIn, function(req, res) {
res.render("games/new");
});
router.get("/:id", function(req, res) {
game.findById(req.params.id).populate("comments").exec(function(err, foundgame) {
if (err || !foundgame) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
res.render("games/show", { game: foundgame });
}
});
});
router.get("/:id/edit", middleware.checkgameOwnership, function(req, res) {
game.findById(req.params.id, function(err, foundgame ) {
if (err || !foundgame) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
res.redirect("/games");
} else {
res.render("games/edit", { game: foundgame });
}
});
});
router.put("/:id", middleware.checkgameOwnership, upload.single('image'), function(req, res) {
if(req.file){
cloudinary.uploader.upload(req.file.path, function(result) {
req.body.game.image = result.secure_url;
req.body.game.body = req.sanitize(req.body.game.body);
game.findByIdAndUpdate(req.params.id, req.body.game, function(err, updatedgame) {
if (err || !updatedgame) {
res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
req.flash("success","post successfully updated.");
res.redirect("/games/" + req.params.id);
}
});
});
} else {
req.body.game.body = req.sanitize(req.body.game.body);
game.findByIdAndUpdate(req.params.id, req.body.game, function(err, updatedgame) {
if (err || !updatedgame) {
res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
req.flash("success","post successfully updated.");
res.redirect("/games/" + req.params.id);
}
});
}
});
router.delete("/:id", middleware.checkgameOwnership, function(req, res) {
game.findByIdAndRemove(req.params.id, function(err) {
if (err) {
res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
req.flash("success","post successfully deleted.");
res.redirect("/games");
}
});
});
module.exports = router;
<file_sep>/routes/comments.js
var express = require("express");
var router = express.Router({ mergeParams: true });
var Comment = require("../models/comment");
var game = require("../models/game");
var middleware = require("../middleware")
var moment = require("moment")
router.get("/new", middleware.isLoggedIn, function (req, res) {
game.findById(req.params.id, function(err, game) {
if (err || !game) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
return res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
res.render("comments/new", { game: game });
}
});
});
router.post("/", middleware.isLoggedIn, function(req, res) {
game.findById(req.params.id, function(err, foundgame) {
if (err || !foundgame) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
return res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
Comment.create(req.body.comment, function(err, comment) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
}
else {
comment.author.id = req.user._id;
comment.author.username = req.user.username;
comment.author.dateAdded = moment(Date.now()).format("DD/MM/YYYY");
comment.save();
foundgame.comments.push(comment._id);
foundgame.save();
req.flash("success","Comment successfully added.");
res.redirect('/games/' + foundgame._id);
}
});
}
});
});
//Comment edit route
router.get("/:comment_id/edit", middleware.checkCommentOwnership, function (req, res) {
game.findById(req.params.id, function(err, foundgame) {
if(err || !foundgame){
req.flash("error", "Error has occured")
return res.redirect("/games");
}
Comment.findById(req.params.comment_id, function (err, foundComment) {
if (err) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
res.redirect("/games");
} else {
res.render("comments/edit", {game_id: req.params.id, comment: foundComment});
}
});
})
});
//comment update route
router.put("/:comment_id", function(req, res) {
//find comment ID in DB
Comment.findByIdAndUpdate(req.params.comment_id, req.body.comment, function(err, updatedComment) {
if (err) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
res.redirect("back");
}
else {
req.flash("success","Comment successfully updated.");
res.redirect("/games/" + req.params.id);
}
});
});
//comment destroy route
router.delete("/:comment_id", middleware.checkCommentOwnership, function(req, res){
//find Comment ID in DB
Comment.findByIdAndRemove(req.params.comment_id, function(err) {
if (err) {
req.flash("error","Something went wrong.");
res.redirect("/games");
}
else {
req.flash("success","Comment deleted.");
res.redirect("/games/" + req.params.id);
}
});
});
module.exports = router;
|
d7483e1356787b0407d82b95a67673487af565e2
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 3
|
JavaScript
|
Nehal1207/GamersBlog
|
82f3764321404f7588945df33206c10f7c1c5722
|
02527cf5c6b6db5ccf3a8297df11f08c1607fd8b
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>dusekdan/GodAll-Spigot<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/danieldusek/godall/Constants.java
package com.danieldusek.godall;
public class Constants {
final public static String ON_TOGGLE = "on";
final public static String OFF_TOGGLE = "off";
final public static String RELOAD = "reload";
final public static String MESSAGE_DISABLED = "God mode disabled.";
final public static String MESSAGE_ENABLED = "God mode enabled.";
final public static String MESSAGE_USE = "Use /godall on, or /godall off";
final public static String MESSAGE_NO_PERMISSIONS = "You don't have permission to use /godall command.";
final public static String RELOAD_USE = "Use /godall reload to reload configuration changes from config.";
final public static String RELOAD_NO_PERMISSIONS = "You don't have permission to use /godall reload command.";
final public static String RELOAD_PERFORMED = "Successfully reloaded configuration for GodAll plugin.";
final public static String USE_PERMISSION_NODE = "godall.use";
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/danieldusek/godall/commands/GodAllCommand.java
package com.danieldusek.godall.commands;
import com.danieldusek.godall.Constants;
import com.danieldusek.godall.GodAll;
import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
import org.bukkit.command.Command;
import org.bukkit.command.CommandExecutor;
import org.bukkit.command.CommandSender;
import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
import org.bukkit.plugin.Plugin;
public class GodAllCommand implements CommandExecutor {
final private GodAll i;
public GodAllCommand(Plugin plugin) {
this.i = (GodAll) plugin;
}
@Override
public boolean onCommand(CommandSender sender, Command command, String label, String[] args) {
if (!sender.hasPermission(Constants.USE_PERMISSION_NODE)) {
sender.sendMessage(Constants.MESSAGE_NO_PERMISSIONS);
return true;
}
if (args.length != 1) {
sender.sendMessage(Constants.MESSAGE_USE);
return true;
}
if (args[0].equalsIgnoreCase(Constants.RELOAD)) {
reloadCommand(sender);
return true;
}
for (Player player : Bukkit.getOnlinePlayers()) {
if (args[0].equalsIgnoreCase(Constants.ON_TOGGLE)) {
this.i.godEnabled = true;
player.setInvulnerable(true);
player.sendMessage(Constants.MESSAGE_ENABLED);
} else if (args[0].equalsIgnoreCase(Constants.OFF_TOGGLE)) {
this.i.godEnabled = false;
player.setInvulnerable(false);
player.sendMessage(Constants.MESSAGE_DISABLED);
} else {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
private void reloadCommand(CommandSender sender) {
this.i.reloadConfig();
sender.sendMessage(Constants.RELOAD_PERFORMED);
}
}
|
9c169400eedcd29e07b11f8f22989c0dbea50825
|
[
"Java"
] | 2
|
Java
|
dusekdan/GodAll-Spigot
|
2d07878067e3edcc8dda529aad3ffa4e34aff237
|
c551dae38b3968058dce1b0cef62c78984b3e95f
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>yunnuoyang/hzitsummerexperience<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/test1/PrintDoubleArray.java
package test1;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* 给定一个空的int类型的二维数组array[n][m]。
* 按下面的填充规则, 请编写一个函数将此二维数组填满并打印出来.
* 输入描述:
* 输入的包括两个正整数，表示二维数组的大小n，m(1 <= n, m <= 10)。
* 输出描述:
* 打印结果，每行行末无空格。
* 示例1
*
* 输入
* 复制
* 4 4
* 输出
* 复制
* 1 2 4 7 1+0 1+1 1+2 1+2+4 1,2,3 2*i-1 2,3,4
* 3 5 8 11 2,3,3 3,4,4
* 6 9 12 14 3,3,2 4,4,3
* 10 13 15 16 3,2,1 4,3,2
*/
public class PrintDoubleArray {
@Test
public void test(){
}
public int[][] printDoubleArray(int linelenth,int highLenth){
int [][] arr=new int[highLenth][linelenth];
int start=1;
for (int i = 0; i <linelenth ; i++) {
}
return null;
}
}
<file_sep>/ssh/src/com/struts/dao/UserDao.java
package com.struts.dao;
import com.struts.pojo.Chairman;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
public class UserDao {
private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
public void setSessionFactory(SessionFactory sessionFactory) {
this.sessionFactory = sessionFactory;
}
public void save(Chairman chairman){
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tran = session.beginTransaction();
session.save(chairman);
tran.commit();
session.close();
}
}
<file_sep>/baidudisk/src/main/java/com/disk/intercepter/utils/FileUtils.java
package com.disk.intercepter.utils;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class FileUtils {
private static SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMddHHmmssSSS");
private static SimpleDateFormat formatDate = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy年MM月dd日");
public static String getUnqiueByName(String filename){
if(filename==null || filename.trim().length()==0){
return "";
}
return format.format(new Date())+filename.substring(filename.lastIndexOf("."));
}
public static String loadEmailContent(String fileName) {
try {
fileName = fileName.startsWith("/")?fileName:"/"+fileName;
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(MailSend.class.getResourceAsStream(fileName),"utf-8");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
String s;
while ((s=br.readLine())!=null) {
//通过读取当前的环境变量，得到当前系统的换行符
sb.append(s).append("<br>");
// sb.append(s).append(System.getProperties().getProperty("line.separator"));
}
br.close();
String content = replace(sb.toString());
System.out.println(content);
return content;
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "";
}
private static String replace(String content){
String date = formatDate.format(new Date());
return content.replace(",date,", date);
}
/**
* 计算文件的MD5
* @param filename
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
private static byte[] createChecksum(String filename) throws Exception {
InputStream fis = new FileInputStream(filename);
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
MessageDigest complete = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
byte[] buffer;
int size = fis.available();
//如果文件小于20M
if(size>=0 && size<20480){
buffer=new byte[size];
fis.read(buffer);
// buffer = bis.readAllBytes();
complete.update(buffer);//使用指定的字节数组更新摘要
}else {
buffer = new byte[10240];
int numRead;
do {
numRead = bis.read(buffer);
if (numRead > 0) {
complete.update(buffer, 0, numRead);//使用指定的字节数组更新摘要
}
} while (numRead != -1);
}
fis.close();
return complete.digest();
}
public static String getMD5(File file) throws Exception {
return getMD5Checksum(file.getAbsolutePath());
}
public static String getMD5Checksum(String filename) throws Exception {
byte[] b = createChecksum(filename);
String result = "";
for (int i=0; i < b.length; i++) {
result += Integer.toString( ( b[i] & 0xff ) + 0x100, 16).substring( 1 );
}
return result;
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/aop/MyProxy.java
package com.aop;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.sql.Date;
public class MyProxy implements InvocationHandler {
private Object obj;
MyProxy(Object obj){
this.obj=obj;
}
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("===售票时间===="+new Date(System.currentTimeMillis())+"======");
proxy=this.obj;
method.invoke(proxy,args);
return proxy;
}
public Object getObj(){
return Proxy.newProxyInstance(this.obj.getClass().getClassLoader(),this.obj.getClass().getInterfaces(),this);
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/test/java/TestSqlSession.java
import com.mybatis.mapper.IStudentMapper;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class TestSqlSession {
static SqlSessionFactoryBuilder sfb=new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
static SqlSessionFactory build = sfb.build(TestSqlSession.class.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/mybatis-config.xml"));
static SqlSession sqlSession = build.openSession();
public static void main(String[] args) {
// testInitParam();
// testMap();
testSelectObj();
}
public static void testSelectObj(){
IStudentMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(IStudentMapper.class);
Object[] integer = mapper.selectObj();
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(integer));
}
/**
* 生成的sql:select count(*) from student where sno=2
*/
public static void testMap(){
IStudentMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(IStudentMapper.class);
Map map=new HashMap();
map.put("sno",2);
Integer integer = mapper.count$(map);
System.out.println(integer);
}
/**
* 生成的sql:select count(*) from student where sno=?
*/
public static void testInitParam(){
IStudentMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(IStudentMapper.class);
Integer count = mapper.count2(1);
System.out.println(count);
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/aop/TryProxy.java
package com.aop;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
public class TryProxy implements InvocationHandler {
private Object object;
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
method.invoke(proxy, args);
return proxy;
}
public Object getNewInstance(Object object,String methodName,Object... args){
try {
return this.invoke(object,object.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(methodName),args);
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
throwable.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
@Test
public void test(){
ISaleTicket iSaleTicket=new SaleTicket();
TryProxy tryProxy = new TryProxy();
ISaleTicket sale = (ISaleTicket) getNewInstance(iSaleTicket, "sale", null);
sale.sale();
}
}
<file_sep>/hibernate01/src/main/java/com/hibernate/test/TestEhcache.java
package com.hibernate.test;
import com.hibernate.pojo.Detail;
import com.hibernate.pojo.People;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.query.Query;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.List;
public class TestEhcache {
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
People people = session.get(People.class, 38);
System.out.println(people.getName()+""+people.getYear());
session.close();
Session session1 = HibernateUtils.getSession();
People people1 = session1.get(People.class, 38);
System.out.println(people1.getName()+""+people1.getYear());
session.close();
}
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session=HibernateUtils.getSession();
Detail detail = session.get(Detail.class, 2);
System.out.println(detail.getEmail()+""+detail.getEmail());
session.close();
Session session1=HibernateUtils.getSession();
Detail detail1 = session1.get(Detail.class, 2);
System.out.println(detail1.getEmail()+""+detail1.getEmail());
session.close();
}
@Test
public void testQueryCache(){
Session session=HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Detail> query = session.createQuery("from Detail", Detail.class);
query.setCacheable(true);
query.list()
.forEach(detail -> System.out.println(detail.getEmail()+""+detail.getEmail()));
session.close();
Session session1=HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Detail> query1 = session1.createQuery("from Detail", Detail.class);
query1.setCacheable(true);
query1.list()
.forEach(detail -> System.out.println(detail.getEmail()+""+detail.getEmail()));
session1.close();
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/com/b/linknode/SingleList.java
package com.b.linknode;
import org.junit.Test;
public class SingleList<T> {
private SNode head;
public void add(T t){
SNode<T> curNode=new SNode<T>(t);
if(head==null){
head=curNode;
}else {
SNode<T> temp=head;//临时存储节点
while(temp.next!=null){
temp=temp.next;//将最后一个节点迭代出来
}
temp.next=curNode;
}
}
@Test
public void test(){
SingleList<String> list=new SingleList();
list.add("234");
list.add("abc");
list.add("kls");
System.out.println(list);
}
private class SNode<T>{
SNode next;
T value;
public SNode(T value) {
this.value = value;
}
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/aop/aspectj/AopService.java
package com.spring.aop.aspectj;
/**
* 测试aop的service
*/
public class AopService {
public void post(String word){
System.out.println("===========AopService===========");
}
}
<file_sep>/hibernate01/src/main/java/com/hibernate/test/HibernateTest.java
package com.hibernate.test;
import com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity;
import com.hibernate.pojo.People;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.boot.Metadata;
import org.hibernate.boot.MetadataSources;
import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceRegistryBuilder;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistry;
import org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaExport;
import org.hibernate.tool.schema.TargetType;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
public class HibernateTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//5.2以前的使用正向工程
// Configuration cfg = new Configuration().configure();
// SchemaExport export = new SchemaExport(cfg);
// export.create(true, true);
//5.2加载配置文件正向工程
// ServiceRegistry registry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().configure().build();
// Metadata metadata = new MetadataSources(registry).buildMetadata();
// SchemaExport export = new SchemaExport();
// export.create(EnumSet.of(TargetType.DATABASE),metadata);
// getAndLoad();
}
@Test
public void add(){
Configuration configuration=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
People people = new People();
people.setName("小明");
people.setYear(22);
session.save(people);
transaction.commit();
}
@Test
public void del(){
Configuration configuration=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
People people = new People();
session.delete(people);
transaction.commit();
session.close();
}
@Test
public void getAndLoad(){
Configuration configuration=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
GoodsEntity goodsEntity = session.load(GoodsEntity.class, 6l);
System.out.println("***************");
System.out.println("===="+goodsEntity.getGoodsName());
session.close();
}
@Test
public void moneyToOneSave(){
Configuration configuration=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
People people=new People();
people.setName("小王");
people.setYear(20l);
GoodsEntity goodsEntity=new GoodsEntity();
goodsEntity.setGoodsName("瓜子");
goodsEntity.setGoodsPrice(33);
goodsEntity.setPeople(people);
Set<GoodsEntity> entities = people.getGoodsEntities();
entities.add(goodsEntity);
people.setGoodsEntities(entities);
// session.save(people);
session.save(goodsEntity);
transaction.commit();
session.close();
}
@Test
public void oneToMonetSearch(){
Configuration configuration=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction tran = session.beginTransaction();
// People people = session.load(People.class, 14);
// System.out.println("***************");
// System.out.println("===="+people.getName());
// for(GoodsEntity goodsEntity:people.getGoodsEntities()){
// System.out.println(goodsEntity.getGoodsName());
// }
GoodsEntity goodsEntity=new GoodsEntity();
goodsEntity.setGoodsName("电冰箱");
goodsEntity.setGoodsPrice(2000);
GoodsEntity goodsEntity1=new GoodsEntity();
goodsEntity1.setGoodsName("电视机");
goodsEntity1.setGoodsPrice(2000);
People people=new People();
people.setName("奉先");
people.setYear(40l);
Set<GoodsEntity> goodsEntities = people.getGoodsEntities();
goodsEntities.add(goodsEntity);
goodsEntities.add(goodsEntity1);
people.setGoodsEntities(goodsEntities);
session.save(people);
tran.commit();
session.close();
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/test/java/Cache.java
import com.mybatis.mapper.IStudentMapper;
import com.mybatis.pojo.Student;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder;
import java.util.List;
public class Cache {
static SqlSessionFactoryBuilder sfb=new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
static SqlSessionFactory build = sfb.build(TestSqlSession2.class.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/mybatis-config.xml"));
static SqlSession sqlSession = build.openSession();
// Cache Hit Ratio [com.mybatis.mapper.IStudentMapper]: 0.5
public static void main(String[] args) {
t1();
SqlSession sqlSession = build.openSession();
IStudentMapper studentMapper = sqlSession.getMapper(IStudentMapper.class);
List<Student> students = studentMapper.querryQritirea(null);
students.forEach(s->{
System.out.println(s.getSname());
});
}
private static void t1(){
IStudentMapper studentMapper = sqlSession.getMapper(IStudentMapper.class);
List<Student> students = studentMapper.querryQritirea(null);
students.forEach(s->{
System.out.println(s.getSname());
});
sqlSession.close();
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/test1/Test1.java
package test1;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Stack;
public class Test1 {
public void test1(){
}
/**
* 请实现一个函数，将一个字符串中的每个空格替换成“%20”。
* 例如，当字符串为We Are Happy.则经过替换之后的字符串为We%20Are%20Happy。
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
StringBuffer str=new StringBuffer();
str.append("a b c");
String a = a(str);
System.out.println(a);
}
public String a(StringBuffer str){
String s1 = str.toString();
//记录串的长度
int length = s1.length();
char[] chars = s1.toCharArray();
StringBuffer sbf=new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i <length ; i++) {
String s = String.valueOf(chars[i]);
if(s.trim().length()==0){
sbf.append("%20");
continue;
}
sbf.append(chars[i]);
}
return sbf.toString();
}
/***
* 在一个二维数组中（每个一维数组的长度相同），每一行都按照从左到右递增的顺序排序
* 每一列都按照从上到下递增的顺序排序。
* 请完成一个函数，输入这样的一个二维数组和一个整数，判断数组中是否含有该整数。
*/
@Test
public void test3(){
int a = 0;
int[][] arr = {{6,1,2},{3,5,4},{9,8,7},{10,11,12}};
boolean b = find(2, arr);
System.out.println(b);
}
public boolean find(int target, int [][] array) {
//求出一位数组的长度
int length = array[0].length;
//二位数组的长度
int alllen = array.length;
//i是外层，j是内层
int temp=0;
//将所有的二维数组的值放入一个一维数组
int a[][]=new int[alllen][length];
for (int i = 0; i <alllen ; i++) {
//对横行进行排序
sort(array[i],array[i].length);
}
for (int i = 0; i <alllen-1 ; i++) {
int t=0;
for (int j = 0; j <length ; j++) {
if(array[i][j]>array[i+1][j]){
t=array[i][j];
array[i][j]=array[i+1][j];
array[i+1][j]=t;
}
}
}
for (int i = 0; i <alllen ; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j <length ; j++) {
if(array[i][j]==target){
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* 冒泡排序
* @param arr
* @param n
*/
public void sort(int arr[],int n){
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
// 提前退出冒泡循环的标志位,即一次比较中没有交换任何元素，这个数组就已经是有序的了
boolean flag = false;
for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; ++j) { //此处你可能会疑问的j<n-i-1，因为冒泡是把每轮循环中较大的数飘到后面，
// 数组下标又是从0开始的，i下标后面已经排序的个数就得多减1，总结就是i增多少，j的循环位置减多少
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) { //即这两个相邻的数是逆序的，交换
int temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
flag = true;
}
}
if (!flag) break;//没有数据交换，数组已经有序，退出排序
}
}
@Test
public void print(){
ListNode listNode1=new ListNode(3);
ListNode listNode2 = new ListNode(0);
listNode1.next=listNode2;
listNode2.next=new ListNode(5);
printListFromTailToHead(listNode1);
// intListFromTailToHead(listNode1);
}
/**
* 输入一个链表，按链表值从尾到头的顺序返回一个ArrayList
* @param listNode
* @return
*/
public ArrayList<Integer> printListFromTailToHead(ListNode listNode) {
int[] a=new int[30];
int index=0;
ArrayList<Integer> arrayList=null;
while(listNode!=null){
a[index]=listNode.val;
listNode= listNode.next;
index++;
}
arrayList=new ArrayList();
for (int i = index-1; i >=0 ; i--) {
arrayList.add(a[i]);
}
return arrayList;
}
class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next = null;
ListNode(int val) {
this.val = val;
}
}
public ArrayList<Integer> intListFromTailToHead(ListNode listNode) {
ArrayList<Integer> arrayList=new ArrayList<>();
String[] sbf=new String[1024];
int index=0;
while(listNode!=null){
int val = listNode.val;
if(val!=0){
sbf[index]=String.valueOf(val);
}else if(val==0){
sbf[index]="0";
index++;
continue;
}
listNode= listNode.next;
index++;
}
for (int i = index; i >-0 ; i--) {
arrayList.add(Integer.parseInt(sbf[i]));
}
return arrayList;
}
public ArrayList<Integer> prtListFromTailToHead(ListNode listNode) {
ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = null;
Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack();
while (listNode != null) {
stack.push(listNode.val);
listNode = listNode.next;
}
arrayList = new ArrayList();
while (!stack.empty()) {
arrayList.add(stack.pop());
}
return arrayList;
}
/**
* 递归版本
*/
ArrayList<Integer> arrayList=new ArrayList<Integer>();
public ArrayList<Integer> rintListFromTailToHead(ListNode listNode) {
if(listNode!=null){
this.rintListFromTailToHead(listNode.next);
arrayList.add(listNode.val);
}
return arrayList;
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/main/java/com/mybatis/mapper/IStudentMapperDen.java
package com.mybatis.mapper;
import com.mybatis.pojo.Student;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.SelectProvider;
public interface IStudentMapperDen {
@SelectProvider(method = "CritieriaSQL",type = CritieriaSQL.class)
Student getStudent(Student student);
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/aop/aspectj/AdviceAfterReturning.java
package com.spring.aop.aspectj;
import org.springframework.aop.AfterReturningAdvice;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.sql.Date;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
/**
* 后置增强
*/
public class AdviceAfterReturning implements AfterReturningAdvice {
private Logger logger=Logger.getLogger("AdviceAfterReturning");
private static DateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy年MM月dd日 hh时mm分ss秒");
@Override
public void afterReturning(Object result, Method method, Object[] arg2, Object arg3) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("\n后置通知开始：");
logger.info("[后置通知：系统日志][" + sdf.format(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis())) + "]"
+ "\n类名："+arg3.getClass()
+ "\n方法名："+method.getName()
+ "\n参数：("+ Arrays.toString(arg2)
+ "\n方法返回结果："+result
+ ")====结束\n");
System.out.println("*************************后置通知结束****************************");
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/aop/BeforeAop.java
package com.spring.aop;
import org.springframework.aop.BeforeAdvice;
import org.springframework.aop.MethodBeforeAdvice;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.sql.Date;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
public class BeforeAop implements MethodBeforeAdvice {
private Logger logger=Logger.getLogger("BeforeAop");
@Override
public void before(Method method, Object[] objects, Object o) throws Throwable {
System.out.println(method.getName()+"前置增强。。。。。。。。。。。");
logger.info("当前系统时间"+new Date(System.currentTimeMillis())+""+ Arrays.toString(objects)+"所在类"+o.getClass().getName());
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/day1/pojo/Component.java
package com.spring.day1.pojo;
import java.util.*;
/**
* 测试spring的集合注入
*/
public class Component {
private List list;
private Set set;
private Map map;
private Properties properties;
String [] array;
public void setList(List list) {
this.list = list;
}
public void setSet(Set set) {
this.set = set;
}
public void setMap(Map map) {
this.map = map;
}
public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
this.properties = properties;
}
public void setArray(String[] array) {
this.array = array;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Component{" +
"list=" + list +
", set=" + set +
", map=" + map +
", properties=" + properties +
", array=" + Arrays.toString(array) +
'}';
}
}
<file_sep>/baidudisk/src/main/resources/param.properties
init=join @PropertySource("classpath:param.properties")<file_sep>/hibernate01/src/main/java/com/hibernate/pojo/People.java
package com.hibernate.pojo;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
/**
* 用于正向工程的表
*/
public class People {
private int id;
private String name;
private long year;
private Set<GoodsEntity> goodsEntities=new HashSet<>();
public Set<GoodsEntity> getGoodsEntities() {
return goodsEntities;
}
public void setGoodsEntities(Set<GoodsEntity> goodsEntities) {
this.goodsEntities = goodsEntities;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public long getYear() {
return year;
}
public void setYear(long year) {
this.year = year;
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/aop/ThrowsAdvice.java
package com.spring.aop;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
public class ThrowsAdvice implements org.springframework.aop.ThrowsAdvice {
private Logger logger=Logger.getLogger("ThrowsAdvice");
public void ThrowsAdvice() {
logger.info("ThrowsAdvice在运行..............."+new SimpleDateFormat().format(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis())));
}
public void afterThrowing(Method method, Object[] args, Object target, Throwable subclass){
System.err.println("[异常日志]\n 时间：" + new Date()
+ "\n 业务类：" + target.getClass().getName()
+ "\n业务方法："+ method.getName()
+ "\n 参数："+ printArray(args)
+ "\n异常信息："+ subclass.getMessage()
+ "\n堆栈信息：" + subclass.getStackTrace());
System.out.println("\n*************************异常通知结束****************************");
}
private String printArray(Object[] args){
String s = "";
for(Object o : args){
s += o.toString();
}
return s;
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/main/java/com/mybatis/mapper/IStudentMapper.java
package com.mybatis.mapper;
import com.mybatis.pojo.Student;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
public interface IStudentMapper {
public Integer count();
public Integer count2(int param);
public Integer count$(Map map);
public Object[] selectObj();
int insert(Map map);
List<Student> getAssosiation();
List<Student> getLink();
List<Student> querryQritirea(Student stu);
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/aop/aspectj/Test.java
package com.spring.aop.aspectj;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import java.util.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context=
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
("com.spring.aop.aspectj/applicationContext.xml");
AopService service = (AopService) context.getBean("service");
service.post("哈哈哈");
}
@org.junit.Test
public void test(){
int b='2';
int a=1%2;
System.out.println(a+"=="+b);
// Vector
// ArrayList
// LinkedList
// List
// TreeMap
Collection
}
public Test() {
test();
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/test1/InversOut.java
package test1;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Stack;
/**
* 反转输出
*/
public class InversOut {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("输入数据进行反转");
String data = sc.nextLine().trim();
int a = Integer.parseInt(data);
int[] temp=new int[10];
for (int i=0;i<temp.length-1;i++){
if(i==0){
temp[i]= a%10;
}
a= get(a);
temp[i+1]= a%10;
}
System.out.println("反转输出");
for(int j=0;j<temp.length;j++){
if(temp[j]!=0){
System.out.print(temp[j]);
}
}
}
public static int get(int a){
a=a/10;
return a;
}
@Test
public void testStack(){
Stack stack=new Stack();
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(4);
while (!stack.empty()){
Object pop = stack.pop();
System.out.println(pop);
}
}
}
<file_sep>/hibernate01/src/main/java/com/hibernate/test/TestManyToMany.java
package com.hibernate.test;
import com.hibernate.pojo.Employee;
import com.hibernate.pojo.Project;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Set;
public class TestManyToMany {
@Test
public void save(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
Project project=new Project();
project.setPname("雨霏霏");
Employee emp=new Employee();
emp.setEname("赵小六");
Employee emp2=new Employee();
emp2.setEname("灵儿");
Set<Employee> employees = project.getEmployees();
employees.add(emp);
employees.add(emp2);
project.setEmployees(employees);
session.save(project);
transaction.commit();
session.close();
}
@Test
public void get(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Transaction tran = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee = session.get(Employee.class, 1);
Set<Project> projects = employee.getProjects();
for(Project project:projects){
System.out.println(project.getPname());
}
tran.commit();
session.close();
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/com/d/Thread.java
package com.d;
/**
* sleep和wait
* 这两个方法来自不同的类分别是Thread和Object
* 最主要是sleep方法没有释放锁，而wait方法释放了锁，使得其他线程可以使用同步控制块或者方法(锁代码块和方法锁)。
* wait，notify和notifyAll只能在同步控制方法或者同步控制块里面使用，而sleep可以在任何地方使用(使用范围)
* sleep必须捕获异常，而wait，notify和notifyAll不需要捕获异常
*/
public class Thread {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// ThreadDemo t=new ThreadDemo();
// java.lang.Thread thread=new java.lang.Thread(t);
// thread.start();
// thread.notify();
java.lang.Thread thread = new java.lang.Thread(new ThreadDemo());
thread.start();
try {
thread.sleep(5000);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// thread.interrupt();
// new java.lang.Thread(new ThreadDemo()).start();
// Thread.class.notifyAll();
}
}
class ThreadDemo implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized (ThreadDemo.class) {
System.out.println("enter thread1...");
System.out.println("thread1 is waiting...");
try {
//调用wait()方法，线程会放弃对象锁，进入等待此对象的等待锁定池
ThreadDemo.class.wait();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("thread1 is going on ....");
System.out.println("thread1 is over!!!");
}
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/demo01/Printer.java
package demo01;
/**
* 打印机
*/
public class Printer {
private Ink ink; //墨盒接口
private Paper paper;//纸张接口
public Printer(Ink ink,Paper paper){
this.ink = ink;
this.paper = paper;
}
public Printer(){
// System.out.println("********Printer**********");
}
public void work(){
if(ink == null){
System.out.println("请安装墨盒！");
}else{
ink.print();
}
if (paper==null){
System.out.println("没有纸张了，请放入纸张！");
}else{
paper.page();
}
}
public void setInk(Ink ink) {
this.ink = ink;
}
public void setPaper(Paper paper) {
this.paper = paper;
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/test/java/AliasTest.java
import com.mybatis.mapper.ISchoolMapper;
import com.mybatis.pojo.School;
import com.mybatis.pojo.Student;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder;
import java.util.List;
public class AliasTest {
static SqlSessionFactoryBuilder sfb=new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
static SqlSessionFactory build = sfb.build(TestSqlSession2.class.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/mybatis-config.xml"));
static SqlSession sqlSession = build.openSession();
public static void main(String[] args) {
ISchoolMapper school = sqlSession.getMapper(ISchoolMapper.class);
List<School> schoolByOrder = school.getSchoolByOrder();
List<School> schools = school.find();
schoolByOrder.forEach((s)->{
System.out.println(s.getScid()+s.getScname());
});
}
}
<file_sep>/baidudisk/src/main/java/com/disk/intercepter/service/IRegister.java
package com.disk.intercepter.service;
import com.disk.intercepter.pojo.Netuser;
public interface IRegister {
void saveNetUser(Netuser netuser);
boolean checkUser(String username);
Netuser isExit(Netuser nu, String loginName);
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/com/a/lamda/TestLambda2.java
package com.a.lamda;
import org.junit.Test;
public class TestLambda2 {
/**
* 在一个二维数组中（每个一维数组的长度相同），
* 每一行都按照从左到右递增的顺序排序，
* 每一列都按照从上到下递增的顺序排序。
* 请完成一个函数，输入这样的一个二维数组和一个整数，判断数组中是否含有该整数。
* 321
* 456
* 879
* 123
* 456
* 789
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
int a[][] ={{3,2,1},{4,5,6},{8,7,9}};
int s=3;
// int[][] sort = sort(a);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String name = "顺顺";
f1(name);
f2(name);
}
private static void f2(String name) {
name = "丰丰";
f1(name);
}
static void f1(String name){
System.out.println(name);
}
}
<file_sep>/hibernate/src/main/java/com/hibernate/pojo/Emp.java
package com.hibernate.pojo;
import java.sql.Date;
public class Emp {
private String empNum;
private String eName;
private Date startDate;
}
<file_sep>/hibernate01/src/main/java/com/hibernate/test/XMLQueryTest.java
package com.hibernate.test;
import com.hibernate.pojo.Detail;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.query.Query;
import org.junit.Test;
public class XMLQueryTest {
/**
* XML中的sql-query
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Detail> query = session.createNamedQuery("allDetails", Detail.class);
query.list()
.forEach((d)->{
System.out.println(d.getUsername()+d.getBirthday());
});
}
/**
* XML中的query
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Detail> query = session.createNamedQuery("allDetails2", Detail.class);
query.list()
.forEach((d)->{
System.out.println(d.getUsername()+d.getBirthday());
});
}
}
<file_sep>/hibernate01/src/main/java/com/hibernate/test/CofigurationAttributeTest.java
package com.hibernate.test;
import com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity;
import com.hibernate.pojo.People;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.query.Query;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.List;
/**
* 测试fetch,order-by,fetch-size,等属性的作用
*/
public class CofigurationAttributeTest {
/**
* fetch:在一对多的主表即一的一方进行配置
* 当fetch=join 时，发送内连接查询，查询一的一方的单条数据会产生左连接查询可能会有迪卡尔积的问题，适合数据量小的查询，
* select people0_.id as id1_4_0_, people0_.name as name2_4_0_, people0_.year as year3_4_0_, goodsentit1_.pid as pid4_3_1_, goodsentit1_.id as id1_3_1_, goodsentit1_.id as id1_3_2_,
* goodsentit1_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_2_, goodsentit1_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_2_, goodsentit1_.pid as pid4_3_2_ from
* people people0_ left outer join goods goodsentit1_ on people0_.id=goodsentit1_.pid where people0_.id=?
* 当fetch=select 时，发送两条查询语句，可能会产生n+1问题，数据量大的情况下采用此种查询
* Hibernate: select people0_.id as id1_4_0_, people0_.name as name2_4_0_, people0_.year as year3_4_0_ from people people0_ where people0_.id=?
* Hibernate: select goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_, goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_, goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_, goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_1_,
* goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_1_, goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_ from goods goodsentit0_ where goodsentit0_.pid=?
* 当fetch=subselect 时,发送两条语句，一条为子查询对一的一方的多条记录查询有效
*
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<People> query = session.createQuery(" from People ", People.class);
List<People> list = query.list();
list.forEach(people -> System.out.println(people.getName()+"=="+people.getGoodsEntities().size()));
}
/**
*
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
People people = session.get(People.class, 38);
System.out.println(people.getName()+""+people.getGoodsEntities().size());
}
@Test
public void test3(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
GoodsEntity goodsEntity = session.get(GoodsEntity.class, 92l);
System.out.println(goodsEntity.getGoodsName()+""+goodsEntity.getPeople());
}
@Test
public void test4(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
List<GoodsEntity > goodsEntity = session.createQuery("from GoodsEntity ",GoodsEntity.class).list();
goodsEntity.forEach(goodsEntity1 -> System.out.println(goodsEntity1.getGoodsName()+""+goodsEntity1.getPeople().getName()));
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/com/a/lamda/TestLamda.java
package com.a.lamda;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
public class TestLamda {
@Test
public void testCompare(){
Comparator<Integer> com=new Comparator<Integer>() {
@Override
public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {
return Integer.compare(o1,o2);
}
};
TreeSet<Integer> treeSet=new TreeSet<>(com);
treeSet.add(3);
treeSet.add(8);
treeSet.add(133);
treeSet.add(5);
//按照从小到大进行排序，通过实现了Comparator接口
//输出3，5，8，133
for(Integer i:treeSet){
System.out.println(i);
}
}
@Test
public void testLambdaComparator(){
Comparator<Integer> com=(x,y)->Integer.compare(x,y);
TreeSet<Integer> treeSet=new TreeSet<>(com);
treeSet.add(3);
treeSet.add(8);
treeSet.add(133);
treeSet.add(5);
//按照从小到大进行排序，通过实现了Comparator接口
//输出3，5，8，133
for(Integer i:treeSet){
System.out.println(i);
}
}
@Test
public void testIndentiti(){
CompareByMe compareByMe= new CompareByMe<Integer,Integer>(){
public boolean test(Integer int1,Integer int2) {
return int1>int2;
}
};
//可以比较大小
int a=8;
int b=7;
System.out.println(compareByMe.test(a,b));
}
@Test
public void test(){
List list=new ArrayList();
list.add(2);
list.add(24);
list.add(23);
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
/**
* Stream API
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
List<Employe> employes=new ArrayList<>();
employes.add(new Employe("张三",88.2));
employes.add(new Employe("li",93.4));
employes.add(new Employe("王五",99.2));
employes.add(new Employe("赵六233421",100.9));
employes.add(new Employe("天气",333.3));
employes.stream()
.filter(employe -> employe.getSalary()>90)
.filter(employe -> employe.getName().length()>4)
.limit(3)
.forEach(System.out::println);
// employes.stream().map().collect()
}
@Test
public void test2(){
Consumer consumer=(x)-> System.out.println(x);
consumer.accept("大家好啊");
}
@Test
public void test3(){
Comparator<Integer> com=(x,y)->Integer.compare(x,y);
int compare = com.compare(3, 2);
/*Integer中的比较的源代码
public static int compare(int x, int y) {
return (x < y) ? -1 : ((x == y) ? 0 : 1);
}
*/
System.out.println(compare);
}
@Test
public void test4(){
// WebApplicationContext
// ApplicationContext
Runnable runnable=()->{
System.out.println("执行run方法");
};
Thread thread=new Thread(()->{
System.out.println("执行run方法");
});
thread.start();
}
/**
* 对一个数进行操作
*/
@Test
public void test5(){
Integer operater = operater(3, (x) -> x * x);
System.out.println(operater);
}
public Integer operater(Integer a,MyFun myFun){
return myFun.getValue(a);
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/aop/ISaleTicket.java
package com.aop;
public interface ISaleTicket {
void sale();
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/test/java/AnnoTest.java
import com.mybatis.mapper.ISchoolAnnoMapper;
import com.mybatis.mapper.IStudentMapper;
import com.mybatis.mapper.IStudentMapperDen;
import com.mybatis.pojo.School;
import com.mybatis.pojo.Student;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder;
import java.util.List;
public class AnnoTest {
static SqlSessionFactoryBuilder sfb=new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
static SqlSessionFactory build = sfb.build(TestSqlSession2.class.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/mybatis-config.xml"));
static SqlSession sqlSession = build.openSession();
public static void main(String[] args) {
critiera();
}
public static void critiera(){
IStudentMapperDen mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(IStudentMapperDen.class);
Student student=new Student();
student.setSname("%张%");
Student student1 = mapper.getStudent(student);
System.out.println(student1.getSname()+"==="+student1.getSno());
}
private void find(){
ISchoolAnnoMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(ISchoolAnnoMapper.class);
List<School> school = mapper.getSchool(1);
school.forEach(s->{
System.out.println(s.getScname());
});
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/main/java/com/mybatis/handler/MyHandler.java
package com.mybatis.handler;
import org.apache.ibatis.type.BaseTypeHandler;
import org.apache.ibatis.type.JdbcType;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import java.sql.CallableStatement;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
/**
* 自定义的handler进行类型转换
*/
public class MyHandler extends BaseTypeHandler<String> {
Logger logger=Logger.getLogger(MyHandler.class);
@Override
public void setNonNullParameter(PreparedStatement preparedStatement, int i, String s, JdbcType jdbcType) throws SQLException {
System.out.println("!!!!!!!"+i+"11111"+s);
//# The error may involve com.mybatis.mapper.IEmpMapper.MyParamHandler
//### The error occurred while setting parameters
//### SQL: insert into(id,name,sex) emp values(?,?,?)
logger.info("到达了设置参数的方法，快开始吧");
String value;
System.out.println(s+"==="+i);
if("男".equals(s)){
value="1";
}else{
value="0";
}
preparedStatement.setString(3,value);
}
/**
*
* @param resultSet 结果集映射
* @param s 获取的列名
* @return
* @throws SQLException
*/
@Override
public String getNullableResult(ResultSet resultSet, String s) throws SQLException {
System.out.println("=======99>"+s);
int anInt = resultSet.getInt(s);
return anInt==1?"男":"女";
}
@Override
public String getNullableResult(ResultSet resultSet, int i) throws SQLException {
System.out.println("=============>"+i);
return null;
}
@Override
public String getNullableResult(CallableStatement callableStatement, int i) throws SQLException {
return null;
}
}
<file_sep>/mybatis01/src/test/java/TestSchool.java
import com.mybatis.pojo.School;
import com.mybatis.pojo.Student;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactory;
import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSessionFactoryBuilder;
public class TestSchool {
static SqlSessionFactoryBuilder sfb=new SqlSessionFactoryBuilder();
static SqlSessionFactory build = sfb.build(TestSqlSession2.class.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/mybatis-config.xml"));
static SqlSession sqlSession = build.openSession();
public static void main(String[] args) {
School school=new School();
school.setScid(1);
school.setScname("友谊中学");
sqlSession.insert("addSchool",school);
Student student=new Student();
student.setSno(3);
student.setSname("林秦吉");
student.setScid(school.getScid());
sqlSession.insert("insert",student);
sqlSession.commit();
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/com/e/FlowSort.java
package com.e;
/**
* 冒泡排序
*/
public class FlowSort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr ={3,43,63,7,68,7};
for (int i = 0; i <arr.length; i++) {
int temp;
for (int j = 0; j <i ; j++) {
if(arr[i]<arr[j]){
temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=temp;
}
}
}
System.out.println(arr);
System.out.println(arr);
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/aop/SaleTicket.java
package com.aop;
//被代理对象
public class SaleTicket implements ISaleTicket{
//spring织入点
@Override
public void sale(){
System.out.println("=========================售票了=============================");
}
}
<file_sep>/java8/src/main/java/test1/Point.java
package test1;
public class Point {
static int x;
int y;
}
class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Point p1 = new Point();
Point p2 = new Point();
p1.x = 10;
p1.y= 20;
System.out.print(p2.x+ ", ");
System.out.print(p2.y);
}
}
<file_sep>/baidudisk/src/main/java/com/disk/controller/LoginAction.java
package com.disk.controller;
import com.disk.intercepter.service.IRegister;
import com.disk.intercepter.pojo.Netuser;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ModelDriven;
import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
public class LoginAction extends BaseController implements ModelDriven<Netuser> {
private Netuser nu=new Netuser();
@Autowired
private IRegister register;
private String loginName;
private String rempas;
public String dologin(){
Cookie[] cookies = ServletActionContext.getRequest().getCookies();
for(Cookie c:cookies){
//先将sessionId清除
ServletActionContext.getRequest().getSession().invalidate();
System.out.println(c.getName()+"======");
if ("remember".equals(c.getName())){
return SUCCESS;
}
}
Netuser isExit=register.isExit(nu,loginName);
if(rempas!=null&&isExit!=null) {
//将记住的用户的密码设置进入cookie
httpServletResponse.addCookie(new Cookie("remember",isExit.getUsername()+isExit.getPassword()));
}
if (isExit==null)return ERROR;
else
return SUCCESS;
}
public void setRempas(String rempas) {
this.rempas = rempas;
}
public void setLoginName(String loginName) {
this.loginName = loginName;
}
public void setNu(Netuser nu) {
this.nu = nu;
}
@Override
public Netuser getModel() {
return nu;
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/day1/pojo/StaticObject.java
package com.spring.day1.pojo;
/**
* 测试抽象类静态方法
*/
public abstract class StaticObject {
public static String run(){
System.out.println("=====================");
return "跑起来了吧";
}
}
<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/day1/test/Test.java
package com.spring.day1.test;
import com.spring.day1.pojo.Component;
import com.spring.day1.pojo.LinkComponent;
import com.spring.day1.pojo.StaticObject;
import demo01.Ink;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Test {
@org.junit.Test
public void test1(){
//父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext parent=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
//将子容器绑定给父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext child=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[]{"spring1.xml"},parent);
ApplicationContext parent1 = child.getParent();
System.out.println(parent.hashCode()+"======"+parent1.hashCode());
Ink ink = (Ink) parent1.getBean("ink");
ink.print();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void test2(){
//父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext parent=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
//将子容器绑定给父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext child=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[]{"spring1.xml"},parent);
ApplicationContext parent1 = child.getParent();
System.out.println(parent.hashCode()+"======"+parent1.hashCode());
Component component = (Component) child.getBean("component");
System.out.println(component);
}
@org.junit.Test
public void test3(){
//父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext parent=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
//将子容器绑定给父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext child=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[]{"spring1.xml"},parent);
ApplicationContext parent1 = child.getParent();
LinkComponent linkComponent = (LinkComponent) child.getBean("linkComponent");
System.out.println(linkComponent.getComponent());
}
@org.junit.Test
public void test4(){
//父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext parent=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
//将子容器绑定给父容器
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext child=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[]{"spring1.xml"},parent);
ApplicationContext parent1 = child.getParent();
child.getBean("staticObject");
}
@org.junit.Test
public void test5(){
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext parent=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
}
}
<file_sep>/hibernate01/Hibernate5笔记.md
### Hibernate5笔记
#### hibernate的三态
hibernate由游离态，持久态，瞬时态。
游离态：session中没有，数据库中有此对象
持久态：session中有，数据库中也有
瞬时态：对象刚刚创建，session中没有，数据库中也没有。
补充（mysql是关系型数据库，存储与硬盘中。读写速度必定低于h2等内存数据库。除了关系型数据库还有nosql数据库，如redis,mongodb,直接存储对象）
#### 持久化，序列化
持久化概念是指将内存中的数据以文件的形式存储在文件中。如，一个应用程序中的数据存储在数据库中，excel,txt等文件都可以作为数据的持久化存储文件。
序列化是指将对象以流的方式进行存储、传输。具有序列化id唯一可以进行反序列化。
#### ORM概念
orm是指对象关系映射技术（Object Relation Mapping）,并不只是hibernate所具有的特殊功能。是一种泛指的概念。hibernate是全自动的orm框架，类似的半自动化框架还有mybatis。jpa是Java Persistence API的简称中文名Java持久层API，是JDK 5.0注解或XML描述对象－关系表的映射关系，并将运行期的实体对象持久化到数据库中。
PA的总体思想和现有Hibernate、TopLink、JDO等ORM框架大体一致。总的来说，JPA包括以下3方面的技术：
**ORM映射元数据**
JPA支持XML和[JDK](https://baike.baidu.com/item/JDK)5.0注解两种元数据的形式，元数据描述对象和表之间的映射关系，框架据此将实体[对象持久化](https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E6%8C%81%E4%B9%85%E5%8C%96)到数据库表中；
**API**
用来操作实体对象，执行CRUD操作，框架在后台替代我们完成所有的事情，开发者从繁琐的JDBC和SQL代码中解脱出来。
**查询语言**
这是持久化操作中很重要的一个方面，通过[面向对象](https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1)而非面向数据库的查询语言查询数据，避免程序的SQL语句紧密耦合。
#### EJB概念
EJB是sun的JavaEE服务器端[组件模型](https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B)，设计目标与核心应用是部署分布式应用程序。简单来说就是把已经编写好的程序（即：类）打包放在服务器上执行。凭借java跨平台的优势，用EJB技术部署的[分布式系统](https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/4905336)可以不限于特定的平台。EJB (Enterprise [JavaBean](https://baike.baidu.com/item/JavaBean))是J2EE(javaEE)的一部分，定义了一个用于开发基于组件的企业多重应用程序的标准。其特点包括[网络服务](https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/9498645)中心支持和核心开发工具(SDK)。 在J2EE里，Enterprise Java Beans(EJB)称为Java 企业Bean，是Java的核心代码，分别是会话Bean（Session Bean），实体Bean（Entity Bean）和消息驱动Bean（MessageDriven Bean）。在EJB3.0推出以后，实体Bean被单独分了出来，形成了新的规范[JPA](https://baike.baidu.com/item/JPA)。
#### Hibernate的get()与load()的区别
当使用get()查询的数据不存在时，会正常执行，展示null值。
当使用load()进行查询的数据不存在时，会抛出异常，因此，不建议使用load方法。
#### lazy的使用
使用get()方法获取数据时，lazy默认的时false，因此在箭头处直接执行sql语句进行查询
使用load()方法进行获取时，lazy默认为true，会在使用时才执行sql查询，进箭头处才会执行sql。
lazy属性时hibernate的一种优化策略，在必要时会节省数据库连接资源的开销。
lazy有三个属性：true、false、extra
【true】:默认取值，它的意思是只有在调用这个集合获取里面的元素对象时，才发出查询语句，加载其
集合元素的数据
【false】:取消懒加载特性，即在加载对象的同时，就发出第二条查询语句加载其关联集合的数据
【extra】:一种比较聪明的懒加载策略，即调用集合的size/contains等方法的时候，hibernate并不会去加载整个集合的数据，而是发出一条聪明的SQL语句，以便获得需要的值，只有在真正需要用到这些集合元素对象数据的时候，才去发出查询语句加载所有对象的数据。
#### inverse属性
设inverse="true" 时，表示 Set/Collection 关系由另一方来维护，由不包含这个关系的一方来维护这个关系，所以才称为“反转”了，具体体现在sql语句不同，会增加一条update语句，是由对方提供的语句管理
#### 关联关系的几种方式
##### 1.maney-to-one
我们在多的一方配置单向的<money-to-one>
```java
<!--多的一方配置的属性与数据库的外键进行关系映射-->
<!--name为实体中的关系，column为数据库中的参考外键-->
<many-to-one name="people" column="pid"></many-to-one>
```
然后再代码出进行保存测试
```java
People people=new People();
people.setName("小王");
people.setYear(20l);
GoodsEntity goodsEntity=new GoodsEntity();
goodsEntity.setGoodsName("瓜子");
goodsEntity.setGoodsPrice(33);
goodsEntity.setPeople(people);
session.save(goodsEntity);
transaction.commit();
```
按照逻辑应当先保存people，当不先进行people的保存时，运行程序会抛出如下异常
```java
java.lang.IllegalStateException: org.hibernate.TransientObjectException: object references an unsaved transient instance - save the transient instance before flushing: com.hibernate.pojo.People
Caused by: org.hibernate.TransientObjectException: object references an unsaved transient instance - save the transient instance before flushing: com.hibernate.pojo.People
at org.hibernate.engine.internal.ForeignKeys.getEntityIdentifierIfNotUnsaved(ForeignKeys.java:350)
at org.hibernate.type.EntityType.getIdentifier(EntityType.java:495)
at org.hibernate.type.ManyToOneType.isDirty(ManyToOneType.java:332)
at org.hibernate.type.ManyToOneType.isDirty(ManyToOneType.java:343)
at org.hibernate.type.TypeHelper.findDirty(TypeHelper.java:315)
at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.doFlush(SessionImpl.java:1454)
... 31 more
```
出现此种情况，我们再置文件中写上cascade属性设置为级联便可
```java
<!--多的一方配置的属性与数据库的外键进行关系映射-->
<many-to-one name="people" column="pid" cascade="save-update"></many-to-one>
```
默认会先执行主表的插入操作，然后进行从表的插入操作。
##### 2.one-to-money
再一的一方中给实体类添加set集合，再一的配置文件中添加如下标签
```java
<set name="goodsEntities"><!-- 实体类中的属性名称-->
<key>
<column name="pid"></column><!--关联的外键的列名-->
</key>
<one-to-many class="com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity"/><!--关联的实体类（多的一方）-->
</set>
```
看程序再关联查询中的结果，可知，在红线处打印了第二条sql，关联查询时采用的时懒加载。可以在set标签上配置lazy="false"，来关闭懒加载的属性。
在执行一对多的一的一方的保存时
```
hibernate一共打印了五条数据，先执行主表的插入，然后执行从表的插入，再在从表的外键中建立主从表的关系维护，执行update语句。（此处主表数据一条，从表数据两条）
```
注：以上均为单向维护。
##### 3.OneToOne
一对一的关系的映射有两种在数据库级别上边。
1：从表的主键参考主表的主键，主表的主键既做主键又做外键
```mysql
create table user(
id int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
accpass varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
create table reader (
`accid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`username` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`birthday` date DEFAULT NULL,
`email` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`accid`),
CONSTRAINT `detail_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`accid`) REFERENCES `account` (`id`)
)
```
2：从表的主键参考主表的外键，主表的外键是一个普通的键
配置文件中主表与从表的配置文件都需要配置
```chinese
<one-to-one name="实体所对应的属性的名称" class="另一张关系表的classpath下的绝对路径"/>
```
例1：主表配置
```
<generator class="native"></generator><!--采用数据库的本地的策略-->
<one-to-one name="detailByAccid" class="com.hibernate.pojo.Detail"/>
```
从表配置
```java
<id name="accid">
<column name="accid" sql-type="int(11)"/>
<generator class="foreign"><!--外键的配置，此处需要配置关联的属性-->
<param name="property">accountByAccid</param>
</generator>
</id>
<one-to-one name="accountByAccid" class="com.hibernate.pojo.Account"/>
```
以上配置为第一种的一对一配置
例二：主表不变
从表配置
```java
<class name="com.wdzl.pojo.Detail2" table="detail2" schema="hib">
<id name="detid">
<column name="detid" sql-type="int(10)"/>
<generator class="native"></generator>
</id><!--unique属性确定唯一性，在实体类中不用set集合，直接使用引用对象-->
<many-to-one name="account" cascade="all" unique="true" class="com.wdzl.pojo.Account">
<column name="accid" not-null="true"/><!--外键的列名-->
</many-to-one>
</class>
```
##### 4.Many-To-Many
在配置many-to-many时，数据库表方面，采取三张表，两张实体表，一张关系表
```mysql
-- 创建员工表
CREATE TABLE employee(
eno INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
ename VARCHAR(30)
);
-- 创建项目表
CREATE TABLE project(
pno INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
pname VARCHAR(30)
);
-- 关系表
CREATE TABLE `ep_relation` (
`pid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`eid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `FK_ep_relation_e` (`eid`),
KEY `FK_ep_relation_p` (`pid`),
CONSTRAINT `FK_ep_relation_e` FOREIGN KEY (`eid`) REFERENCES `employee` (`eno`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT `FK_ep_relation_p` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `project` (`pno`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
```
而在实体类中我们只创建两个实体类，在类中使用面向对象的思想建立set集合来描述两者之间的关系
如：
```
public class Project {
private int pno;
private String pname;
private Set<Employee> employees=new HashSet<>();
}
public class Employee {
private int eno;
private String ename;
private Set<Project> projects=new HashSet<>();
}
```
在xml的定义中，我们均采用set集合进行many-to-many的标签进行关系的设置
```java
<class name="com.hibernate.pojo.Project" table="project" schema="demo">
<id name="pno">
<column name="pno" sql-type="int(11)"/>
<generator class="increment"></generator>
</id>
<property name="pname">
<column name="pname" sql-type="varchar(30)" length="30" not-null="true"/>
</property>
<!--当此处的inverse="true"时，则关系由对方进行维护，我们在代码出保存由Project对象建立的关系时，可以从数据库中看到中间表中没有数据之间的关系映射，即缺少与代码中对应的数据之间的关联关系-->
<set name="employees" table="ep_relation" cascade="save-update" inverse="true">
<key><!-- 此处的pid为此类与关系表的外键的column值-->
<column name="pid"></column>
</key>
<!-- 此处的eid为对方在关系表中的外键的column值-->
<many-to-many column="eid" not-found="ignore" class="com.hibernate.pojo.Employee"></many-to-many>
</set>
</class>
<class name="com.hibernate.pojo.Employee" table="employee" schema="demo">
<id name="eno">
<column name="eno" sql-type="int(11)"/>
<generator class="increment"></generator>
</id>
<property name="ename">
<column name="ename" sql-type="varchar(30)" length="30" not-null="true"/>
</property>
<set name="projects" table="ep_relation">
<key> <!-- 此处的eid为对方在关系表中的外键的column值-->
<column name="eid"></column>
</key>
<!-- 此处的eid为对方在关系表中的外键的column值-->
<many-to-many column="pid" class="com.hibernate.pojo.Project"></many-to-many>
</set>
</class>
```
保存的示例代码
```java
@Test
public void save(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
Project project=new Project();
project.setPname("雨霏霏");
Employee emp=new Employee();
emp.setEname("赵小六");
Employee emp2=new Employee();
emp2.setEname("灵儿");
Set<Employee> employees = project.getEmployees();
employees.add(emp);
employees.add(emp2);
project.setEmployees(employees);
//保存Project对象的所建立起来的关联关系，及数据，在其inverse="true"时，则中间表的关系数据的插入由对方进行维护
session.save(project);
transaction.commit();
session.close();
}
```
#### hibernate的hql语句
```java
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<People> people = session.createQuery("from People ", People.class);
people.list()
.stream()
.filter(people1 -> people1.getName().contains("小"))
.limit(3)
.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p.getName()));
}
/**
* 命名参数的方式
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<People> people = session.createQuery("from People where id=:a ", People.class)
.setParameter("a",15);
people.list()
.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p.getName()));
}
/**
* Query<Object[]> people中的泛型的变量的类型由参数的个数决定
* 参数为多个，但不是全部属性值，则用Object数组进行接收，
* 参数如果是单个则可以使用与之所对应的具体的属性类型进行接收
*/
@Test
public void test3(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Object[]> people = session.createQuery("select id,name,year as y from People where id=:a ")
.setParameter("a",15);
List<Object[]> list = people.list();
list.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p[0]+""+p[1]+""+p[2]));
}
/**
* Query中的返回的结果的类型可以是String，Object类型
*/
@Test
public void test4(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<String> people = session.createQuery("select name from People where id=:a ")
.setParameter("a",15);
List<String> list = people.list();
list.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p));
}
/**
* 一对一关系中设置lazy 延迟加载失效，一对一关系采用主表（既做主键又作外键）的配置关系
* 在主表中设置constrained=true可以实现延迟加载
*/
@Test
public void test5(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Account> people = session.createQuery("from Account ");
List<Account> list = people.list();
list.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p.getAccpass()+p.getDetailByAccid().getUsername()));
}
@Test
public void test6(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
//Asc升序，默认升序
Query<Account> people = session.createQuery("from Account order by id desc");
List<Account> list = people.list();
list.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p.getAccid()+p.getDetailByAccid().getUsername()));
}
/**
* 聚合语句
*/
@Test
public void test7(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Object[]> objs=session.createQuery("select count(*),max(id),min(id),sum(id),avg(id) from Account");
objs.list()
.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p[0]+"总数量 "+p[1]+"最大值"+p[2]+"最小值"+p[3]+"总和"+p[4]+"平均数"));
}
/**
* 分页 :分页查询的公式，当前页数据=（当前页页码-1）*每页总记录数
*/
@Test
public void test8(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Account> people = session.createQuery("from Account");
int curPage=2;//当前页页码
int maxCount=2;//每页总记录数
//设置每页总记录数
people.setMaxResults(maxCount);
//设置从当前数据记录开始计算
people.setFirstResult((curPage-1)*maxCount);
List<Account> list = people.list();
list.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p.getAccid()+p.getDetailByAccid().getUsername()));
}
/**
* 子查询 select * from a where a.id in(select id where a)
* 组查询group by having
* 连接查询 inner join ,left join ,right join
*/
@Test
public void test9(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Object[]> people = session.createQuery(
"select p.name,count(g.people.id) from People p left join GoodsEntity g " +
"on g.people.id=p.id group by p.id,p.name having count(g.people.id)<3");
CriteriaBuilder builder = session.getCriteriaBuilder();
List<Object[]> list = people.list();
list.forEach((p)->System.out.println(p[0]+""+p[1]));
}
```
#### hibernate的QBC查询
版本5.3
```java
/**
* QBC之where查询
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
// 获得CriteriaBuilder 用来创建CriteriaQuery
CriteriaBuilder builder = session.getCriteriaBuilder();
// 创建CriteriaQuery 参数为返回结果类型
CriteriaQuery<Account> criteria = builder.createQuery(Account.class);
// 返会查询表 参数类型为要查询的持久类
Root<Account> root = criteria.from(Account.class);
// 设置where条件
criteria.where(builder.equal(root.get("accname"), "3424556"));
// 创建query 查询
Query<Account> query = session.createQuery(criteria);
// 返回结果
Account account = query.getSingleResult();
System.out.println(account.getAccname()+account.getAccpass());
}
/**
*查询总数目
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
// 获得CriteriaBuilder 用来创建CriteriaQuery
CriteriaBuilder builder = session.getCriteriaBuilder();
// 参数为查询的结果类型
CriteriaQuery<Long> criteria = builder.createQuery(Long.class);
// 从什么表查询
Root<Account> root = criteria.from(Account.class);
// 就是sql select 之后的语句
criteria.select(builder.count(root));
// 使用query 实现查询
Query<Long> query = session.createQuery(criteria);
// 结果集
Long result = query.uniqueResult();
System.out.println(result);
}
```
#### hibernate的XML中的sql语句
类似与mybatis的配置
```java
<sql-query name="allDetails">
<return class="com.hibernate.pojo.Detail" alias="detail"></return>
select * from detail
</sql-query>
<query name="allDetails2" >
from Detail
</query>
```
执行代码
```java
/**
* XML中的sql-query
*/
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Detail> query = session.createNamedQuery("allDetails", Detail.class);
query.list()
.forEach((d)->{
System.out.println(d.getUsername()+d.getBirthday());
});
}
/**
* XML中的query
*/
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<Detail> query = session.createNamedQuery("allDetails2", Detail.class);
query.list()
.forEach((d)->{
System.out.println(d.getUsername()+d.getBirthday());
});
}
```
hibernate的属性配置
```java
<!--设置update与insert属性可以在程序修改属性值时受到约束，不会修改相应的配置的属性所对应的列名的值-->
<property name="birthday" update="false" insert="false">
<column name="birthday" sql-type="date" not-null="true"/>
</property>
```
##### fetch
当fetch=join 时，发送左连接查询，查询一的一方的单条数据会产生左连接查询可能会有迪卡尔积的问题，适合数据量小的查询，直接在主表进行配置
```java
<set name="goodsEntities" fetch="join" lazy="false" cascade="save-update" >
<key>
<column name="pid"></column>
</key>
<one-to-many class="com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity"/>
</set>
```
代码：只有在查询单个主表的对象才会显示出差异,如果查询主对象的集合数据则此配置无效
```java
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
People people = session.get(People.class, 38);
System.out.println(people.getName()+""+people.getGoodsEntities().size());
}
```
console:
```mysql
Hibernate:
select
people0_.id as id1_4_0_,
people0_.name as name2_4_0_,
people0_.year as year3_4_0_,
goodsentit1_.pid as pid4_3_1_,
goodsentit1_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit1_.id as id1_3_2_,
goodsentit1_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_2_,
goodsentit1_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_2_,
goodsentit1_.pid as pid4_3_2_
from
people people0_
left outer join
goods goodsentit1_
on people0_.id=goodsentit1_.pid
where
people0_.id=?
小王2
```
当fetch=select时，发送两条查询语句，可能会产生n+1问题，数据量大的情况下采用此种查询,发送多条sql,单记录与多记录的主表查询效果一样。
如：单记录查询（区别join的单表）
```java
<set name="goodsEntities" fetch="select" lazy="false" cascade="save-update" >
<key>
<column name="pid"></column>
</key>
<one-to-many class="com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity"/>
</set>
@Test
public void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
People people = session.get(People.class, 38);
System.out.println(people.getName()+""+people.getGoodsEntities().size());
}
```
console:
```mysql
Hibernate:
select
people0_.id as id1_4_0_,
people0_.name as name2_4_0_,
people0_.year as year3_4_0_
from
people people0_
where
people0_.id=?
Hibernate:
select
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_
from
goods goodsentit0_
where
goodsentit0_.pid=?
小王2
```
当fetch=subselect时，当fetch=subselect 时,发送两条语句，一条为子查询对一的一方的多条记录查询有效
```java
<set name="goodsEntities" fetch="subselect" lazy="false" cascade="save-update" >
<key>
<column name="pid"></column>
</key>
<one-to-many class="com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity"/>
</set>
@Test
public void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
Query<People> query = session.createQuery(" from People ", People.class);
List<People> list = query.list();
list.forEach(people -> System.out.println(people.getName()+"=="+people.getGoodsEntities().size()));
}
```
console:
```mysql
Hibernate:
select
people0_.id as id1_4_,
people0_.name as name2_4_,
people0_.year as year3_4_
from
people people0_
Hibernate:
select
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_
from
goods goodsentit0_
where
goodsentit0_.pid in (
select
people0_.id
from
people people0_
)
```
##### batch-size
(可选, 默认为1) 指定通过延迟加载取得集合实例的批处理块大小（"batch size"）。注：lazy属性默认设置true
```java
<!--batch-size (可选, 默认为1) 指定通过延迟加载取得集合实例的批处理块大小（"batch size"）。 -->
<set name="goodsEntities" batch-size="2" lazy="false" cascade="save-update" >
<key>
<column name="pid"></column>
</key>
<one-to-many class="com.hibernate.pojo.GoodsEntity"/>
</set>
```
sql体现:数据库的数据主表四条不同的数据，将四条数据分为两批数据进行处理，sql改变，提高查询效率
```mysql
Hibernate:
select
people0_.id as id1_4_,
people0_.name as name2_4_,
people0_.year as year3_4_
from
people people0_
Hibernate:
select
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_
from
goods goodsentit0_
where
goodsentit0_.pid in (
?, ?
)
小王==2
张三==2
Hibernate:
select
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_
from
goods goodsentit0_
where
goodsentit0_.pid in (
?, ?
)
李四==2
w5==1
```
设置为3时
```mysql
Hibernate:
select
people0_.id as id1_4_,
people0_.name as name2_4_,
people0_.year as year3_4_
from
people people0_
Hibernate:
select
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_
from
goods goodsentit0_
where
goodsentit0_.pid in (
?, ?, ?
)
小王==2
张三==2
李四==2
Hibernate:
select
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_1_,
goodsentit0_.id as id1_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_name as goods_na2_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.goods_price as goods_pr3_3_0_,
goodsentit0_.pid as pid4_3_0_
from
goods goodsentit0_
where
goodsentit0_.pid=?
w5==1
```
参考资料
```java
many to many
序号 属性 说明
1 name 属性名
2 column (可选): 外间字段名。它也可以通过嵌套的元素指定。
3 class (可选 - 默认是通过反射得到属性类型): 关联的类的名字。
4 cascade （级联） (可选): 指明哪些操作会从父对象级联到关联的对象。
5 fetch (可选 - 默认为 select ): 在外连接抓取（outer-join fetching）和序列选择抓取（sequential select fetching）两者中选择其一。
6 update, insert (可选 - defaults to true ) 指定对应的字段是否包含在用于UPDATE 和/或 INSERT 的SQL语句中。如果二者都是false ,则这是一个纯粹的 “外源性（derived）”关联，它的值是通过映射到同一个（或多个）字段的某些其他属性得到 或者通过trigger(触发器）、或其他程序。
7 property-ref (可选) 指定关联类的一个属性，这个属性将会和本外键相对应。 如果没有指定，会使用对方关联类的主键。
8 access (可选 - 默认是 property ): Hibernate用来访问属性的策略。
9 unique (可选): 使用DDL为外键字段生成一个唯一约束。此外， 这也可以用作property-ref 的目标属性。这使关联同时具有 一对一的效果。
10 not-null (可选): 使用DDL为外键字段生成一个非空约束。
11 optimistic-lock (可选 - 默认为 true ): 指定这个属性在做更新时是否需要获得乐观锁定（optimistic lock）。 换句话说，它决定这个属性发生脏数据时版本（version）的值是否增长。
12 lazy (可选 - 默认为 proxy ): 默认情况下，单点关联是经过代理的。lazy="true" 指定此属性应该在实例变量第一次被访问时应该延迟抓取（fetche lazily）（需要运行时字节码的增强）。lazy="false" 指定此关联总是被预先抓取。
13 not-found (可选 - 默认为 exception ): 指定外键引用的数据不存在时如何处理： ignore 会将数据不存在作为关联到一个空对象（null）处理。
14 entity-name (optional): 被关联的类的实体名。
```
```
set节点有以下属性（摘自Hibernate文档）：
序号 属性 说明
1 name 集合属性的名称
2 table (可选，默认为属性的名称)这个集合表的名称(不能在一对多的关联关系中使用)
3 schema (可选) 表的schema的名称, 他将覆盖在根元素中定义的schema
4 lazy (可选，默认为false) lazy(可选--默认为false) 允许延迟加载（lazy initialization ）(不能在数组中使用)
5 inverse (可选，默认为false) 标记这个集合作为双向关联关系中的方向一端。
6 cascade (可选，默认为none) 让操作级联到子实体all: 所有情况下均进行关联操作，即save-update和delete。 none: 所有情况下均不进行关联操作。这是默认值。 save-update: 在执行save/update/saveOrUpdate时进行关联操作。 delete: 在执行delete 时进行关联操作。
7 sort (可选)指定集合的排序顺序, 其可以为自然的(natural)或者给定一个用来比较的类。
8 order-by (可选, 仅用于jdk1.4) 指定表的字段(一个或几个)再加上asc或者desc(可选), 定义Map,Set和Bag的迭代顺序
9 where (可选) 指定任意的SQL where条件, 该条件将在重新载入或者删除这个集合时使用(当集合中的数据仅仅是所有可用数据的一个子集时这个条件非常有用)
10 outer-join (可选)指定这个集合,只要可能,应该通过外连接(outer join)取得。在每一个SQL语句中, 只能有一个集合可以被通过外连接抓取(译者注: 这里提到的SQL语句是取得集合所属类的数据的Select语句)
11 batch-size (可选, 默认为1) 指定通过延迟加载取得集合实例的批处理块大小（"batch size"）。
12 access (可选-默认为属性property):Hibernate取得属性值时使用的策略
```
#### Session一级缓存测试
```java
public static void main(String[] args) {
test3();
}
public static void test3(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
People people = session.get(People.class,3);
Transaction tran = session.beginTransaction();
people.setName("QQQQQXQ");
session.flush();//默认会提交事务，将持久态的对象持久化到数据库中
// tran.commit();
session.close();
}
public static void test2(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
System.out.println(session.hashCode());
People people = new People();
people.setId(3);
System.out.println(">>>>>---1--"+student1.getSname());
session.refresh(student1);//和数据库端同步
System.out.println(">>>>>---2--"+student1.getSname());
session.close();
}
/**
* 一级缓存 Session级别的缓存
* 验证方式：是否发起SQL查询
*/
public static void test1(){
Session session = HibernateUtils.getSession();
System.out.println(session.hashCode());
People people = session.get(People.class,3);
System.out.println("********************");
//从session缓存中移除对象
//session.evict(student1);
//清空缓存
session.clear();
People people2 = session.get(People.class,3);
System.out.println(people.hashCode()+"==="+people2.hashCode());
session.close();
}
```
#### 关于Hibernate的查询语句与mybatis的感受
hibernate由于时全自动化的orm框架，所以在查询时为了避免字段的重复，默认给每一个字段提供了一个别名，页有效的避免了与数据库的关键字相同的查询错误。而mybatis由于是属于半自动化的框架，在提供灵活性的sql语句查询时，不可避免地会遇到hibernate相同的问题，提供的结果集映射的别名配置，框架更加灵活，相较于hibernate。orm框架所有的查询都是在查询的结果集上进行进一层的封装，因此，别名机制是非常有利于大量数据的查询的区分的。（ps:现在才感受到各级别软件的设计之美，赞）
文章代码地址已上传gitub:https://github.com/yunnuoyang/hzitsummerexperience.git其中的hibernate01的module中有部分测试代码<file_sep>/spring/src/main/java/com/spring/aop/aspectj/LogAdvice.java
package com.spring.aop.aspectj;
import org.aspectj.lang.JoinPoint;
import java.util.Arrays;
//切面类
public class LogAdvice {
//自定义增强的方法内容
public void myBefore(JoinPoint point){
//获取方法名代理对象的方法名
String methodName = point.getSignature().getName();
Object[] params = point.getArgs();
//类的全路径名
String clsName = point.getTarget().getClass().getName();
//
String kind = point.getKind();
System.out.println(methodName+"******前置通知********|"+ Arrays.toString(params)+""+kind+"|=="+clsName);
}
public void myAfter(){
System.out.println("*********最终通知*******");
}
public void myAfterReturn(){
System.out.println("*********后置通知*******");
}
}
|
cc04d4a057f081ab8e1347d2206aaacbcc255194
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java",
"INI"
] | 44
|
Java
|
yunnuoyang/hzitsummerexperience
|
dfa97c57b448293b93c4a2812b974a3c2976550b
|
06efb8857bb6820f6756136374a1d93976f05beb
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep># Movie-Search-App
A movie search application built with springboot for searching movies of your choice
<file_sep>package com.moviesreachwithmongdb.repository;
import com.moviesreachwithmongdb.model.Movie;
import org.springframework.data.mongodb.repository.MongoRepository;
public interface MovieRepository extends MongoRepository<Movie,String> {
}
<file_sep>package com.moviesreachwithmongdb.controller;
import com.moviesreachwithmongdb.model.Movie;
import com.moviesreachwithmongdb.repository.MovieRepository;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
@RestController
public class MovieController {
@Autowired
private MovieRepository movieRepo;
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST, value = "/movie")
//Post /Movie
public ResponseEntity<String> createMovie(@RequestBody Movie movie) {
try {
movieRepo.save(movie);
return new ResponseEntity("Successfully added movie" + movie.getTitle(), HttpStatus.OK);
} catch (Exception e) {
return new ResponseEntity(e.getMessage(), HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
}
}
// GET /movie
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, value = "/movie")
public ResponseEntity getAllMovies() {
List<Movie> movies = movieRepo.findAll();
if (movies.size() > 0) {
return new ResponseEntity(movies, HttpStatus.OK);
} else {
return new ResponseEntity("No movies found", HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
}
// Delete /movie/{/id}
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE, value = "/movie/{id}")
public ResponseEntity deleteMovieById(@PathVariable("id") String id) {
try {
movieRepo.deleteById(id);
return new ResponseEntity("Successfully deleted movie with id " + id, HttpStatus.OK);
} catch (Exception e) {
return new ResponseEntity(e.getMessage(), HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
}
//PUT /movie/{/id}
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT, value = "/movie/{id}")
public ResponseEntity updateById(@PathVariable("id") String id, @RequestBody Movie newMovie) {
Optional<Movie> movieOptional = movieRepo.findById(id);
if (movieOptional.isPresent()) {
Movie movieToSave = movieOptional.get();
movieToSave.setTitle(newMovie.getTitle());
movieToSave.setRating(newMovie.getRating());
movieToSave.setGenre(newMovie.getGenre());
movieRepo.save(movieToSave);
return new ResponseEntity("Update Movie with id" + id + "found", HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
else {
return new ResponseEntity("No Movie with id"+id+" found",HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
}
}
|
9c0634ae2a9e95b4fa2f307bf02031d8534db74b
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java"
] | 3
|
Markdown
|
Peterbamidele/Movie-Search-App
|
33214e1b24d18c99e00afe621ad682d9fb322785
|
1136803bee2759fd34ba57a0b85ed5ca5b5c2c00
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>from flask import Flask, send_file
from src.predict import predict
from tensorflow.keras.models import load_model
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def hello():
return "Working!"
@app.route("/getGraph", methods=['GET'])
def get_graph():
model = load_model('./models/model.h5')
predict('./data/bitcoin.new.csv', model)
return send_file('images/prediction.png', mimetype='image/png')
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", debug=True)<file_sep>import requests
import pytz
import sys
import os
import csv
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
from time import sleep
from random import randint
URL = "https://production.api.coindesk.com/v2/price/values/"
COIN = "BTC"
API_TIMEZONE = pytz.timezone("Europe/Madrid")
CODE = f"{COIN}_USD"
DATA_FOLDER = "data"
DATA_FILE = "bitcoin.csv"
DATA_PATH = os.path.join(DATA_FOLDER, DATA_FILE)
DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.now(tz=API_TIMEZONE) - relativedelta(month=1)
DEFAULT_END_DATE = datetime.now(tz=API_TIMEZONE)
def wait():
sleep_seconds = randint(5,7)
sleep(sleep_seconds)
def write_dataframe_to_csv(dataframe, path=DATA_PATH):
index_col = "Date"
dataframe = dataframe.drop_duplicates(index_col).sort_values(by=[index_col])
return dataframe.to_csv(path, sep=',', line_terminator='\n', index=False)
def read_dataframe_from_csv(path=DATA_PATH):
return pd.read_csv(path, sep=',')
def dates_query_params(start_date, end_date):
return f"start_date={start_date}&end_date={end_date}"
def fetch_hourly_between_dates(start_date=DEFAULT_START_DATE, end_date=DEFAULT_END_DATE):
try:
start_date = start_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%m")
end_date = end_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%m")
date_param = dates_query_params(start_date, end_date)
fetch_url = f"{URL}{COIN}?{date_param}"
print(fetch_url)
response = requests.get(fetch_url)
data = response.json().get("data")
return data
except:
print("Cannot fetch more data")
return
def format_timestamp(timestamp):
datetime_wo_timezone = datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp//1000.0)
datetime_localized = API_TIMEZONE.localize(datetime_wo_timezone)
return datetime_localized.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
def parse_response_data(entries, **kwargs):
if not entries:
raise ValueError("No entries provided")
entries = [(format_timestamp(ts), price) for ts, price, *r in entries]
return entries
def run_between_dates(start_date, end_date):
raw_data = fetch_hourly_between_dates(start_date, end_date)
if raw_data:
parsed_data = parse_response_data(**raw_data)
return parsed_data # return list of lists
else:
return []
def run_monthly(end_date):
#print((end_date - relativedelta(months=1), end_date))
return run_between_dates(end_date - relativedelta(months=1), end_date)
def run_for_last_n_months(n_months=1):
data = []
for n in range(n_months):
data.extend(run_monthly(
DEFAULT_END_DATE - relativedelta(months=n)
))
wait()
return data
def populate():
n_months = 24
#n_months = 3
records = run_for_last_n_months(n_months)
dataframe = pd.DataFrame.from_records(records, columns=['Date', 'Close'])
write_dataframe_to_csv(dataframe)
def check_data():
df = read_dataframe_from_csv()
for index in range(len(df)):
try:
start = pd.to_datetime(df['Date'][index])
end = pd.to_datetime(df['Date'][index+1])
diff_seconds = (end - start).total_seconds()
diff_expected = 3600.0
#if diff_seconds != diff_expected:
if diff_seconds < diff_expected - 100 or diff_seconds > diff_expected + 100:
print(f"Error diffing datetime <{diff_seconds}> between {index}-{index+1}")
except KeyError:
return
except Exception as e:
raise e
def update():
# read latest_data
df = read_dataframe_from_csv()
# latest_date = pd.to_datetime(df["datetime"].iloc[-1]).to_pydatetime()
# get latest_date
# get time_diff
# (if time_diff > 1 month)
# n_months between latest_date and now
# fetch latest_n_months
# else fetch between dates(latest_date, now)
records = run_monthly(DEFAULT_END_DATE)
dataframe = df.append(pd.DataFrame.from_records(records, columns=['Date', 'Close']))
print(dataframe.tail())
write_dataframe_to_csv(dataframe)
def print_help():
print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <command>")
print("Commands: \n\t populate: populate data \n\t update: fetch latest data \n\t check: check current data for failing rows")
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
cmd = sys.argv[1]
except:
print_help()
exit(1)
if cmd == "populate":
populate()
if cmd == "update":
update()
if cmd == "check":
check_data()
<file_sep>Flask basic server
### Run in local
1. Install pipenv
* sudo apt-get update
* sudo apt-get install pipenv
2. Run:
* pipenv shell
* pipenv install
3. Run:
* pipenv run python3 init.py
### Run with Docker
1. Build image: `docker build -t api-flask .`
2. Run container: `docker run -p 5000:5000 api-flask`
* With volume: `docker run -p 5000:5000 -v "$(pwd):/app" api-flask`
### Dataset generation
__The csv has a header row__, be careful
- `src/coindesk.py populate` to populate data csv
- `src/coindesk.py update` to update with latest data
- `src/coindesk.py check` to check diff between dates
* Alternative dataset with script:
- `src/bitflyer.py` to populate data csv
## Train model from scratch
`pipenv shell`
Open the Python terminal and run:
```
from model import get_model
from train import train
model = get_model()
train(csv_path='./data/bitcoin.new.csv', model=model, num_epochs=50)
model.save('./models/model.h5')
```
<file_sep>import csv
import datetime
import os
import requests
import time
print("Starting")
start = 1577437200000
end = int(round(time.time() * 1000))
product_code = 'BTC_USD'
output = f'data/bitcoin.csv'
url = f"https://bitflyer.com/api/trade/chartdata?product_code={product_code}&start={start}&end={end}"
r = requests.get(url)
print(f"got response: {r.status_code} from {url}")
data = r.json()
if not os.path.exists('output'):
os.makedirs('my_folder')
wtr = csv.writer(open(output, 'w'), delimiter=',', lineterminator='\n')
for row in data:
date = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(row[0]/1000.0)
date = date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
wtr.writerow([date, product_code, row[1]])
print(f"finished, check file: {output}")
<file_sep>from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.optimizers import Adam
from keras.layers import Dense, LSTM, LeakyReLU, Dropout
def get_model(num_units: int = 64, learning_rate: float = 1e-4, activation_function: str = 'sigmoid'):
adam = Adam(lr=learning_rate)
loss_function = 'mean_absolute_error'
regressor = Sequential()
# First LSTM layer with Dropout regularisation
regressor.add(LSTM(units=50, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(None,1)))
regressor.add(Dropout(0.2))
# Second LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units=50, return_sequences=True))
regressor.add(Dropout(0.2))
# Third LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units=50, return_sequences=True))
regressor.add(Dropout(0.5))
# Fourth LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units=50))
regressor.add(Dropout(0.5))
# The output layer
regressor.add(Dense(units=1))
# Compiling the RNN
regressor.compile(optimizer=adam, loss=loss_function)
return regressor<file_sep>FROM python:3.7
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN pip install pipenv
RUN pipenv lock --requirements > requirements.txt
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
EXPOSE 5000
CMD ["python", "init.py"]
<file_sep>import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from src.utils import univariate_data
def train(
csv_path: str,
model,
batch_size: int = 10,
num_epochs: int = 5,
past_history: int = 72,
future_target: int = 0,
train_split_ratio: float = 1.0,
validation_split_ratio: float = 0.0
):
data = pd.read_csv(csv_path, names=['Date', 'Close'])
data = data.sort_values('Date')
price = data[['Close']]
# Normalize data
min_max_scaler = MinMaxScaler()
norm_data = min_max_scaler.fit_transform(price.values)
# Data split
train_split = int(len(norm_data) * train_split_ratio)
x_train, y_train = univariate_data(norm_data,
0,
train_split,
past_history,
future_target)
x_test, y_test = univariate_data(norm_data,
train_split,
None,
past_history,
future_target)
history = model.fit(
x_train,
y_train,
validation_split=validation_split_ratio,
batch_size=batch_size,
epochs=num_epochs,
shuffle=False
)
loss = history.history['loss']
if validation_split_ratio > 0:
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']
return loss, val_loss
return loss, 0
<file_sep>import os
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from src.utils import univariate_data, get_test_data
def predict(
csv_path: str,
model,
past_history: int = 72,
future_target: int = 0,
num_hours_past: int = 120
):
data = pd.read_csv(csv_path, names=['Date', 'Close'])
data = data.sort_values('Date')
price = data[['Close']]
# Normalize data
min_max_scaler = MinMaxScaler()
norm_data = min_max_scaler.fit_transform(price.values)
_, y_test = univariate_data(norm_data,
int(len(norm_data) - num_hours_past),
None,
past_history,
future_target)
x_test = get_test_data(norm_data,
int(len(norm_data) - num_hours_past),
past_history)
original = pd.DataFrame(min_max_scaler.inverse_transform(y_test))
predictions = pd.DataFrame(min_max_scaler.inverse_transform(model.predict(x_test)))
plt.clf()
ax = sns.lineplot(x=original.index, y=original[0], label="Real Data", color='royalblue')
ax = sns.lineplot(x=predictions.index, y=predictions[0], label="Prediction", color='tomato')
ax.set_title('Bitcoin price', size = 14, fontweight='bold')
ax.set_xlabel("Hours", size = 14)
ax.set_ylabel("Cost (USD)", size = 14)
ax.set_xticklabels('', size=10)
#ax.get_figure().savefig('../images/prediction.png')
plt.savefig(os.getcwd() + '/images/prediction.png')
|
d65158cae0077c30343c8194296aff66299e4b91
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python",
"Dockerfile"
] | 8
|
Python
|
Matacristos/api-flask
|
43346d19f8553a93876f983ebcca882e08d8b49a
|
3fee48bb792f08339c2358c67b0880424ec92ccd
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>erikkukamezou/kadai7-25-2<file_sep>/config/unicorn.rb
worker_processes Integer(ENV["WEB_CONCURRENCY"] || 3)
timeout 15
preload_app true
worker_processes 4
listen 'unix:///tmp/nginx.socket', backlog: 1024
before_fork do |server,worker|
FileUtils.touch('/tmp/app-initialized')
end
|
e694dd20ca0514daa44b7b452619aff69fc73180
|
[
"Ruby"
] | 1
|
Ruby
|
erikkukamezou/kadai7-25-2
|
ffb1e362fecd73740267927336a8d3503854ec22
|
0035915021f7aa865194d8b1b7b74c9509226aba
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>class NumberCleaner
def self.clean(number)
number.gsub(/\D+/, '')
end
end<file_sep>class LuhnValidator
def initialize(number)
@number = number
end
def valid?
number_sum % 10 == 0
end
private
def number_sum
@number.split('').reverse.map.each_with_index do |number, i|
((i + 1).even? ? (number.to_i * 2) : number).to_s.split('')
end.flatten.map(&:to_i).reduce(:+)
end
end<file_sep>require 'luhn_credit_card/pretty_printer'
class TextFilePrinter
def self.parse(file_path)
File.readlines(file_path).map do |number|
PrettyPrinter.print( LuhnCreditCard.new(number) )
end.join("\n")
end
end<file_sep>lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
spec.name = "luhn_credit_card"
spec.version = '0.0.2'
spec.authors = ["<NAME>"]
spec.email = ["<EMAIL>"]
spec.summary = %q{Credit card validations using Luhn Algorithm.}
spec.description = %q{It's a simple tool that provides helper methods for credit card number validations using Luhn Algorithm.}
spec.license = "MIT"
spec.files = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0")
spec.executables = spec.files.grep(%r{^bin/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", "~> 1.7"
spec.add_development_dependency 'rspec', '~> 3.1', '>= 3.1.0'
spec.add_development_dependency 'simplecov', '~> 0.9'
end
<file_sep>class PrettyPrinter
def self.print(card)
"#{card.type}: #{card.number} (#{card.status})"
end
end<file_sep>luhn_credit_card
=====
### Usage
```
gem install luhn_credit_card
```
#### As a single number validator:
```ruby
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('4111111111111111')
credit_card.type # => 'VISA'
credit_card.status # => :valid
credit_card.valid? # => true
```
#### As a text file with numbers parser:
```
4111111111111111
4111111111111
4012888888881881
378282246310005
6011111111111117
5105105105105100
5105 1051 0510 5106
9111111111111111
```
```ruby
LuhnCreditCard.pretty_print_from_file(file_path)
# =>
"VISA: 4111111111111111 (valid)
VISA: 4111111111111 (invalid)
VISA: 4012888888881881 (valid)
AMEX: 378282246310005 (valid)
Discover: 6011111111111117 (valid)
MasterCard: 5105105105105100 (valid)
MasterCard: 5105105105105106 (invalid)
Unknown: 9111111111111111 (invalid)"
```
### Development
```
gem install bundler
bundle install
rspec spec
```
<file_sep>require 'luhn_credit_card/number_cleaner'
require 'luhn_credit_card/text_file_printer'
require 'luhn_credit_card/type_finder'
require 'luhn_credit_card/luhn_validator'
class LuhnCreditCard
attr_reader :number
def self.pretty_print_from_file(file_path)
begin
TextFilePrinter.parse(file_path)
rescue => e
# Log the error
nil
end
end
def initialize(number)
@number = NumberCleaner.clean(number)
end
def type
TypeFinder.for(number)
end
def valid?
LuhnValidator.new(number).valid?
end
def status
valid? ? :valid : :invalid
end
end<file_sep>class TypeFinder
CHARACTERISTICS = {
'AMEX' => { begins_with: ['34', '37'], length: [15] },
'Discover' => { begins_with: ['6011'], length: [16] },
'MasterCard' => { begins_with: ('51'..'55').to_a, length: [16] },
'VISA' => { begins_with: ['4'], length: [13, 16] }
}
def self.for(number)
CHARACTERISTICS.detect do |card, settings|
return card if settings[:begins_with].detect {
|n_start| number.start_with? n_start
} && settings[:length].include?(number.size)
end
'Unknown'
end
end<file_sep>require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.start
require 'rspec'
require 'luhn_credit_card'
require 'luhn_credit_card/text_file_printer'<file_sep>require 'spec_helper'
describe LuhnCreditCard do
context 'initial attributes' do
describe '#number' do
context 'when spaced number' do
let(:credit_card) { LuhnCreditCard.new('3782 8224 6310 005') }
it 'returns plain number' do
expect(credit_card.number).to eq '378282246310005'
end
end
context 'when number ends with \n' do
let(:credit_card) { LuhnCreditCard.new('378282246310005\n') }
it 'returns plain number' do
expect(credit_card.number).to eq '378282246310005'
end
end
context 'when spaced number and ends with \n' do
let(:credit_card) { LuhnCreditCard.new('3782 8224 6310 005\n') }
it 'returns plain number' do
expect(credit_card.number).to eq '378282246310005'
end
end
end
end
describe '#valid?' do
context 'AMEX' do
it 'when valid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('3782 8224 6310 005')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq true
end
it 'when invalid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('3782 8224 6310 0051')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq false
end
end
context 'VISA' do
it 'when valid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('4111111111111111')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq true
end
it 'when invalid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('4111111111111')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq false
end
end
context 'MasterCard' do
it 'when valid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('5105105105105100')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq true
end
it 'when invalid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('5105105105105106')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq false
end
end
context 'Discover' do
it 'when valid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('6011111111111117')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq true
end
it 'when invalid' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('6011 1111 1111 1127')
expect(credit_card.valid?).to eq false
end
end
end
describe '#status' do
let(:number) { 'whatever 123' }
let(:credit_card) { LuhnCreditCard.new(number) }
it 'when true' do
allow(credit_card).to receive(:valid?).and_return(true)
expect(credit_card.status).to eq :valid
end
it 'when false' do
allow(credit_card).to receive(:valid?).and_return(false)
expect(credit_card.status).to eq :invalid
end
end
describe '#type' do
it 'when AMEX' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('378282246310005')
expect(credit_card.type).to eq 'AMEX'
end
it 'when Discover' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('6011111111111117')
expect(credit_card.type).to eq 'Discover'
end
it 'when MasterCard' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('5105 1051 0510 5106')
expect(credit_card.type).to eq 'MasterCard'
end
it 'when VISA' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('4012888888881881')
expect(credit_card.type).to eq 'VISA'
end
it 'when Unknown' do
credit_card = LuhnCreditCard.new('9111111111111111')
expect(credit_card.type).to eq 'Unknown'
end
end
describe '.pretty_print_from_file(path)' do
context 'when path is provided' do
let(:file_path) do
File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'support', 'credit_cards.txt')
end
it 'returns formated string with validation info' do
expect(LuhnCreditCard.pretty_print_from_file(file_path)).to eq(
"VISA: 4111111111111111 (valid)
VISA: 4111111111111 (invalid)
VISA: 4012888888881881 (valid)
AMEX: 378282246310005 (valid)
Discover: 6011111111111117 (valid)
MasterCard: 5105105105105100 (valid)
MasterCard: 5105105105105106 (invalid)
Unknown: 9111111111111111 (invalid)"
)
end
end
context 'when path is not provided' do
it 'returns nil' do
expect(LuhnCreditCard.pretty_print_from_file(nil)).to be_nil
end
end
context 'when path from wrong format txt file is provided' do
let(:file_path) do
File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'support', 'crazy_file.txt')
end
it 'returns nil' do
expect(LuhnCreditCard.pretty_print_from_file(file_path)).to be_nil
end
end
end
end
|
65b5ed7f739e295b6de6732b351208ea78abd60f
|
[
"Markdown",
"Ruby"
] | 10
|
Ruby
|
kln/luhn_credit_card
|
de862e53afea654efe134d4e9383531fdb976333
|
b1ab849adbee1acd0e8934007894c5ebc177776a
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>zvadym/vue-chat<file_sep>/src/store/modules/auth/mutations.js
export default {
setAccessToken(state, token) {
state.jwtAccess = token
},
setRefreshToken(state, token) {
state.jwtRefresh = token
},
clearAuthCredentials(state) {
state.jwtAccess = null
state.jwtRefresh = null
},
updateTimeoutId(state, timeoutId) {
state.timeoutId = timeoutId
},
setAuthUser(state, uid) {
state.authUserId = uid
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/socket/index.js
import Vue from 'vue'
import WS from '@/services/websocket/index'
export default {
namespaced: false,
state: {
isConnected: false,
message: '',
reconnectError: false
},
mutations: {
SOCKET_ONOPEN(state, event) {
if (!state.isConnected) {
Vue.prototype.$socket = event.currentTarget
state.isConnected = true
}
},
SOCKET_ONCLOSE(state) {
Vue.prototype.$socket = null
state.isConnected = false
},
SOCKET_ONERROR(state, event) {
console.error(state, event)
},
SOCKET_ONMESSAGE(state, message) {
// default handler called for all methods
// Notice: All events handled by `passToStoreHandler`
state.message = message
},
SOCKET_RECONNECT(state, count) {
// mutations for reconnect methods
console.info(state, count)
},
SOCKET_RECONNECT_ERROR(state) {
state.reconnectError = true
}
},
actions: {
socketConnect({ rootGetters }) {
WS.connect(rootGetters['auth/jwtAccess'])
},
socketDisconnect() {
WS.disconnect()
},
socketOnEvent({ dispatch }, event) {
// It works like if it set `VueNativeSock.format=json`
// but in this way it's possible to control things
// and, as it is done below, add prefix to action name
if (event.isTrusted && event.data) {
const data = JSON.parse(event.data)
if (data.action) {
let action = 'socket__' + data.action
if (data.namespace) {
action = data.namespace + '/' + action
}
dispatch(action, data.data, {
root: true
})
}
}
},
socketConnectToRoom(context, roomId) {
WS.connectToRoom(roomId)
},
socketConnectToMember(context, memberId) {
WS.connectToMember(memberId)
}
}
}
<file_sep>/src/services/websocket/index.js
import Vue from 'vue'
const vm = new Vue()
export default {
connect(token) {
vm.$connect(process.env.VUE_APP_WEBSOCKET_BASE_URL + '?token=' + token)
},
disconnect() {
vm.$disconnect()
},
connectToRoom(id) {
vm.$socket.send(
JSON.stringify({
type: 'room-join',
id
})
)
},
connectToMember(id) {
vm.$socket.send(
JSON.stringify({
type: 'member-join',
id
})
)
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/messenger/mutations.js
export default {
//
// **** Rooms
//
addRoom(state, data) {
state.rooms.push(data)
},
updateRoom(state, data) {
state.rooms = [
...state.rooms.filter(element => element.id !== data.id),
data
]
},
setActiveRoom(state, id) {
state.activeRoomId = id
},
//
// **** Messages
//
addMessage(state, data) {
state.messages.push(data)
},
updateMessage(state, data) {
state.messages = [
...state.messages.filter(element => element.id !== data.id),
data
]
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/users/actions.api.js
import api from '@/services/api/index'
export default {
apiGetUsers({ dispatch }) {
api.getAllUsers().then(data => {
let promises = []
data.forEach(item => promises.push(dispatch('addUser', { data: item })))
return Promise.all(promises)
})
},
apiGetUser({ commit, dispatch, getters }, userId) {
if (!getters['getById'](userId) && !getters['isLoading'](userId)) {
console.log('apiGetUser', userId)
commit('addToLoadingQueue', userId)
return api.getUserData(userId).then(payload => {
commit('removeFromLoadingQueue', payload.id)
return dispatch('addUser', { data: payload })
})
}
},
apiTouchUser() {
api.updateMyStatus()
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/index.js
import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'
import { createStore } from 'vuex-extensions'
import auth from './modules/auth/index'
import messenger from './modules/messenger/index'
import socket from './modules/socket/index'
import users from './modules/users/index'
Vue.use(Vuex)
export default createStore(Vuex.Store, {
strict: true,
modules: {
auth,
messenger,
socket,
users
},
state: {},
mutations: {},
actions: {}
})
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/messenger/getters.js
import _ from 'lodash'
export default {
rooms: state => state.rooms,
roomsOrdered: state => _.orderBy(state.rooms, ['updatedAt'], ['desc']),
getRoomById: state => cid => state.rooms.find(c => c.id === +cid),
getRoomByTitle: state => title => state.rooms.find(c => c.title === title),
activeRoom: state => state.rooms.find(i => i.id === state.activeRoomId),
roomMessages: state => rid =>
_.orderBy(
state.messages.filter(m => m.roomId === rid),
['createdAt'],
['asc']
),
getMessageById: state => mid => state.messages.find(c => c.id === +mid)
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/messenger/actions.js
import roomActions from './actions.room'
import messageActions from './actions.message'
import socketActions from './actions.socket'
export default {
...roomActions,
...messageActions,
...socketActions
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# Vue messenger
It's my side project written for practice.
It's a simple slack-like messenger with features like public/private channels and notifications.
## Details
- **Vue + Vuex** - base
- **JSON Web Tokens** - used for authorization (see my [vue-jwt proof of concept](https://github.com/zvadym/vue-jwt-client) repo)
- **Vuetify** - used as UI framework
- **Django REST framework** - used for API
- **Django Channels2** - used for websocket messaging
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/auth/index.js
import actions from './actions'
import getters from './getters'
import mutations from './mutations'
export default {
namespaced: true,
state: {
authUserId: null,
jwtAccess: null,
jwtRefresh: null,
timeoutId: null
},
getters,
actions,
mutations
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/users/mutations.js
export default {
addToLoadingQueue(state, uid) {
state.usersLoading.push(uid)
},
removeFromLoadingQueue(state, uid) {
state.usersLoading.splice(state.usersLoading.indexOf(uid), 1)
},
addUser(state, user) {
state.users.push(user)
},
updateUser(state, user) {
state.users = [
...state.users.filter(element => element.id !== user.id),
user
]
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/users/actions.socket.js
import { dataToModel } from './actions'
import bus from '@/bus'
export default {
socket__updateUser({ commit }, payload) {
commit('updateUser', dataToModel(payload))
},
socket__createUser({ dispatch }, payload) {
bus.$emit(
'flash',
'A new member is joined - ' + dataToModel(payload).fullName,
'info'
)
return dispatch('addUser', { data: payload })
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/auth/actions.js
import jwtDecode from 'jwt-decode'
import bus from '@/bus'
import api from '@/services/api/index'
export default {
login({ dispatch }, { email, password }) {
return api
.login({ email, password })
.then(({ accessToken, refreshToken }) => {
window.localStorage.setItem('auth_refresh_token', refreshToken)
return dispatch('updateRefreshToken', refreshToken).then(() =>
dispatch('updateAccessToken', accessToken)
)
})
.catch(error => {
throw error
// (!) Also see axios config for basic error handling
})
},
logout({ commit, state }) {
return api.logout({ refreshToken: state.jwtRefresh }).then(() => {
commit('clearAuthCredentials')
window.localStorage.removeItem('auth_refresh_token')
return true
})
},
refreshAccessToken({ dispatch, state }) {
return api
.refresh({ refreshToken: state.jwtRefresh })
.then(response => {
bus.$emit('flash', 'Access token is updated')
return dispatch('updateAccessToken', response.data.access)
})
.catch(() => {
throw new Error('Bad refresh token')
})
},
verify({ state }) {
return api.verify({ refreshToken: state.jwtRefresh })
},
updateAccessToken({ commit, dispatch }, token) {
commit('setAccessToken', token)
// Set current AuthUser
return dispatch('setAuthUser', { id: jwtDecode(token).user_id }).then(() =>
// Refresh "access" token when it expires
dispatch('setRefreshTimer', new Date(jwtDecode(token).exp * 1000)).then(
() =>
// Open socket
dispatch('socketConnect', null, { root: true })
)
)
},
updateRefreshToken({ commit }, token) {
commit('setRefreshToken', token)
return token
},
setRefreshTimer({ state, commit, dispatch }, expirationTime) {
clearTimeout(state.timeoutId)
const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
bus.$emit('flash', 'Access token is expired')
dispatch('refreshAccessToken')
}, expirationTime - new Date())
return commit('updateTimeoutId', timeoutId)
},
setAuthUser({ commit }, { id }) {
commit('setAuthUser', id)
},
tryAutoLogin({ commit, dispatch }) {
const refreshToken = window.localStorage.getItem('auth_refresh_token')
if (!refreshToken) {
return
}
const expirationDate = new Date(jwtDecode(refreshToken).exp * 1000)
if (new Date() >= expirationDate) {
bus.$emit('flash', 'Autologin is failed. Tokes is expired.', 'warning')
window.localStorage.removeItem('auth_refresh_token')
commit('clearAuthCredentials')
return
}
return dispatch('updateRefreshToken', refreshToken)
.then(() => dispatch('refreshAccessToken'))
.then(() => bus.$emit('flash', 'Autologin => success', 'success'))
.catch(error =>
bus.$emit('flash', `Autologin failded - ${error.message}`, 'warning')
)
}
}
<file_sep>/src/services/api/auth.js
import axios from '@/axios'
export default {
login({ email, password }) {
return axios
.post(process.env.VUE_APP_API_LOGIN_URL, {
username: email,
password: <PASSWORD>
})
.then(response => {
return {
accessToken: response.data.access,
refreshToken: response.data.refresh
}
})
},
logout({ refreshToken }) {
return axios.post(process.env.VUE_APP_API_LOGOUT_URL, {
refresh: refreshToken
})
},
refresh({ refreshToken }) {
return axios.post(process.env.VUE_APP_API_REFRESH_URL, {
refresh: refreshToken
})
},
verify({ refreshToken }) {
return axios.post(process.env.VUE_APP_API_VERIFY_URL, {
token: refreshToken
})
}
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/messenger/actions.socket.js
import bus from '@/bus'
import { dataToModel } from './actions.room'
export default {
socket__addMessage({ dispatch }, payload) {
dispatch('addMessage', { data: payload })
},
socket__updateRoom({ commit }, payload) {
commit('updateRoom', dataToModel(payload))
},
socket__addRoom({ dispatch, getters }, payload) {
if (!getters.getRoomById(payload.id)) {
dispatch('addRoom', { data: payload }).then(room => {
bus.$emit(
'flash',
`New room "${room.title}" is created by ${room.author.fullName}`,
'info'
)
})
}
},
socket__addNotification({ dispatch }, payload) {
dispatch('addMessage', { data: payload, isNotification: true })
}
}
<file_sep>/tests/unit/LoginView.spec.js
import Vue from "vue";
import Vuex from "vuex";
import Vuetify from "vuetify";
import { mount, createLocalVue } from "@vue/test-utils";
import { createStore } from "vuex-extensions";
import LoginView from "@/views/LoginView.vue";
const localVue = createLocalVue();
localVue.use(Vuex);
Vue.use(Vuetify);
const createConfig = (data = {}) => {
const store = createStore(Vuex.Store, {
strict: true,
state: {},
modules: {
auth: {
namespaced: true,
actions: {
tryAutoLogin() {
return true;
}
},
getters: {
isAuthenticated() {
return false;
}
}
}
}
});
return {
mocks: {},
sync: false,
store,
localVue,
vuetify: new Vuetify(),
...data
};
};
describe("LoginView.vue", () => {
it("validate valid form", async () => {
const wrapper = mount(LoginView, createConfig());
wrapper.vm.credentials.password = "<PASSWORD>";
wrapper.vm.credentials.email = "<EMAIL>";
await wrapper.vm.$nextTick();
wrapper.vm.$refs.form.validate();
expect(wrapper.vm.$refs.form.value).toBe(true);
});
it("validate invalid form", async () => {
const wrapper = mount(LoginView, createConfig());
wrapper.vm.credentials.password = "<PASSWORD>";
wrapper.vm.credentials.email = "wrong_email";
await wrapper.vm.$nextTick();
wrapper.vm.$refs.form.validate();
expect(wrapper.vm.$refs.form.value).toBe(false);
});
});
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/users/getters.js
export default {
getById: state => id => state.users.find(item => item.id === id),
getAuthUser: (state, getters, rootState) =>
rootState.auth.authUserId && getters.getById(rootState.auth.authUserId),
isLoading: state => id => state.usersLoading.find(item => item === id)
}
<file_sep>/src/services/api/index.js
import authApi from './auth'
import roomApi from './rooms'
import userApi from './users'
export default {
...authApi,
...roomApi,
...userApi
}
<file_sep>/src/store/modules/users/models.js
import store from '@/store'
import BaseModel from '@/store/models'
export class UserModel extends BaseModel {
fields() {
return [
'id',
'fistName',
'lastName',
'email',
'avatar',
'lastActionAt',
'initials'
]
}
defaults() {
return {
lastActionAt: Date.now()
}
}
get_initials_value(field, modelData) {
return `${modelData['firstName'][0]}${modelData['lastName'][0]}`.toUpperCase()
}
get_lastActionAt_value(field, modelData) {
const val = modelData[field]
if (!val) {
return null
}
return new Date(val)
}
get fullName() {
return this.lastName
}
static getById(id) {
return new UserModel(store.getters['users/getById'](id) || {})
}
}
|
556c2b4d633257e7e1b89328260a6da8ad184dbb
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 19
|
JavaScript
|
zvadym/vue-chat
|
2ecea77c29098463cdd20565f04766941c040454
|
4b8b1750585f8377cc47807b3c727c244d9939b9
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep><?php
require '../vendor/autoload.php';
use VytautasUoga\Task\FormValidator;
use VytautasUoga\Task\Form;
//check if supports javascript for ajax form handling
session_start();
$_SESSION['js'] = true;
if ($_SESSION['js'] == true && isset($_POST['name'])) {
$validation = new FormValidator($_POST);
$errors = $validation->validateForm();
if(empty($errors)) {
$form = new Form($_POST);
$data = $form->insertFormData();
echo $data;
} else {
$error['error'] = $errors;
echo json_encode($error);
}
}
<file_sep># chat
change database credentials `/src/DatabaseConnection.php`
<file_sep><?php
namespace VytautasUoga\Task;
class FormValidator
{
private $data;
private $errors = [];
private static $fields = ['name', 'last_name', 'email', 'birthdate', 'message'];
public function __construct($post_data)
{
$this->data = $post_data;
}
public function validateForm()
{
$this->validateName();
$this->validateLastname();
$this->validateEmail();
$this->validateBirth();
$this->validateMessage();
return $this->errors;
}
private function validateName()
{
$val = trim($this->data['name']);
if(empty($val)) {
$this->addError('name', 'įveskite vardą');
} else {
if(!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9]{3,15}$/', $val)) {
$this->addError('name','vardą turi sudaryti 3-15 raidės arba skaičiai');
}
}
}
private function validateLastname()
{
$val = trim($this->data['last_name']);
if(empty($val)) {
$this->addError('last_name', 'įveskite pavardę');
} else {
if(!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9]{3,15}$/', $val)) {
$this->addError('last_name','pavardę turi sudaryti 3-15 raidės arba skaičiai');
}
}
}
private function validateEmail()
{
$val = trim($this->data['email']);
if(!empty($val) && !filter_var($val, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$this->addError('email', 'neteisingai įvestas el.pašto adresas');
}
}
private function validateBirth()
{
$val = trim($this->data['birthdate']);
if(empty($val)) {
$this->addError('birthdate', 'įveskite savo gimimo datą');
}
}
private function validateMessage()
{
$val = $this->data['message'];
if(empty($val)) {
$this->addError('message', 'žinutė negali būti tuščia');
} else {
if(!preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9 .:()?!.,]{2,255}$/', $val)) {
$this->addError('message','žinutę turi sudaryti 2-255 simboliai');
}
}
}
private function addError($key, $val)
{
$this->errors[$key] = $val;
}
}<file_sep><?php
namespace VytautasUoga\Task;
class User extends DatabaseConnection
{
public function insertUser(string $name, string $last_name, string $birth, string $email)
{
$mysqli = $this->connect();
$exists = $this->checkUserExists($name, $last_name, $birth);
if (!$exists) {
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO users (name, last_name, birth, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param('ssss', $name, $last_name, $birth, $email);
if ($stmt->execute()) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
} else {
return $exists; // user id
}
}
private function checkUserExists(string $name, string $last_name, string $birth)
{
$mysqli = $this->connect();
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT id FROM users WHERE name = ? AND last_name = ? AND birth = ?");
$stmt->bind_param('sss', $name, $last_name, $birth);
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();
if ($result->num_rows === 0) {
return false;
} else {
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
$id = $row['id'];
}
return $id;
}
}
public function getUserAge(string $user_birth)
{
$user_birth = strtotime($user_birth);
$current_date = strtotime(date('Y-m-d'));
$age = -1;
while ($user_birth < $current_date) {
$age++;
$user_birth = strtotime("+1 year", $user_birth);
}
return $age;
}
public function getUser(int $user_id)
{
$sql = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ".$user_id;
$result = $this->connect()->query($sql);
$user = $result->fetch_assoc();
return $user;
}
public function getLastUserId()
{
$last_id = "SELECT id FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1";
$result = $this->connect()->query($last_id);
$row = $result->fetch_assoc();
$last_id = $row['id'];
return $last_id;
}
}<file_sep><?php
namespace VytautasUoga\Task;
class Message extends DatabaseConnection
{
const MESSAGES_PER_PAGE = 5;
protected function getAllMessages()
{
$sql = "SELECT * FROM messages ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 30";
$result = $this->connect()->query($sql);
$numRows = $result->num_rows;
if ($numRows > 0) {
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
$data[] = $row;
}
return $data;
}
}
public function insertMessage(int $user_id, string $message)
{
$mysqli = $this->connect();
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO messages (user_id, message) VALUES (?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param('is', $user_id, $message);
if ($stmt->execute()) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
public function getNumberOfPages()
{
$datas = $this->getAllMessages();
$datas = count($datas);
$number_of_pages = ceil($datas/self::MESSAGES_PER_PAGE);
return $number_of_pages;
}
public function getPageMessages(int $current_page)
{
$mysqli = $this->connect();
// $current_page = $mysqli->real_escape_string($current_page);
$page_first_message = ($current_page-1)*5;
$sql = "SELECT * FROM messages ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT ". $page_first_message .",5";
$result = $mysqli->query($sql);
$numRows = $result->num_rows;
if ($numRows > 0) {
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
$messages[] = $row;
}
return $messages;
}
}
}<file_sep><?php
use VytautasUoga\Task\User;
use VytautasUoga\Task\Message;
namespace VytautasUoga\Task;
class Form
{
private $data;
public function __construct($post_data)
{
$this->data = $post_data;
}
public function insertFormData()
{
$name = trim($this->data['name']);
$last_name = trim($this->data['last_name']);
$birth = trim($this->data['birthdate']);
$message = trim($this->data['message']);
$email = trim($this->data['email']);
// insert user data
$user = new User();
$success = $user->insertUser($name, $last_name, $birth, $email);
if ($success) {
// check if user already exists
if (is_numeric($success)) {
$user_id = $success;
} else {
$user_id = $user->getLastUserId();
}
$age = $user->getUserAge($birth);
$this->data['age'] = $age;
// insert user message
$messages = new Message();
$success = $messages->insertMessage($user_id, $message);
if (!$success) {
echo "Nepavyko išsaugoti žinutės";
die();
}
} else {
echo "Nepavyko išsaugoti jūsų duomenų";
die();
}
return json_encode($this->data);
}
}
<file_sep><?php
namespace VytautasUoga\Task;
use mysqli;
class DatabaseConnection
{
private $server_name;
private $user_name;
private $password;
private $db_name;
protected function connect()
{
$this->server_name = "localhost";
$this->user_name = "debian-sys-maint";
$this->password = "<PASSWORD>";
$this->db_name = "task";
$mysqli = new mysqli($this->server_name, $this->user_name, $this->password, $this->db_name);
$mysqli->set_charset("utf8mb4");
if ($mysqli->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $mysqli->connect_error);
}
return $mysqli;
}
}<file_sep><?php
require '../vendor/autoload.php';
use VytautasUoga\Task\User;
use VytautasUoga\Task\Message;
// ajax pagination
if (isset($_GET["page1"])) {
$current_page = $_GET["page1"];
$messages_obj = new Message();
$page_messages = $messages_obj->getPageMessages($current_page);
foreach ($page_messages as $message) :
$users = new User();
$user = $users->getUser($message['user_id']);
?>
<li>
<span><?= $message['date_add']; ?></span>
<?php if(!empty($user['email'])) : ?>
<a href="mailto:<?= $user['email']; ?>"><?= $user['name']; ?></a>,
<?php else:
echo $user['name'].',';
endif; ?>
<?= $users->getUserAge($user['birth']); ?> m.<br/>
<?= $message['message']; ?>
</li>
<?php endforeach;
}<file_sep>
<?php
require __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
use VytautasUoga\Task\User;
use VytautasUoga\Task\Message;
use VytautasUoga\Task\Form;
use VytautasUoga\Task\FormValidator;
// check and insert form data
if(isset($_POST['submit'])) {
$validation = new FormValidator($_POST);
$errors = $validation->validateForm();
if(empty($errors)) {
$form = new Form($_POST);
$form->insertFormData();
}
}
// php pagination, detect page
if(!isset($_GET['page'])) {
$current_page = 1;
} else {
$current_page = $_GET['page'];
}
?>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<title>Žinutės</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" type="text/css" href="css/screen.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="wrapper">
<h1>Jūsų žinutės</h1>
<!-- form -->
<form action="index.php" method="post" id="form">
<p <?= (isset($errors['name'])) ? 'class="err"' : '' ?>>
<label for="name">Vardas *</label><br/>
<?= (isset($errors['name'])) ? $errors['name'].'<br/>' : '<span class="error"></span><br/>'; ?>
<input id="name" type="text" name="name"
value="<?= htmlspecialchars($_POST['name']) ?? '' ?>" />
</p>
<p <?= (isset($errors['last_name'])) ? 'class="err"' : '' ?>>
<label for="last_name">Pavardė *</label><br/>
<?= (isset($errors['last_name'])) ? $errors['last_name'].'<br/>' : '<span class="error"></span><br/>' ?>
<input
id="last_name"
type="text"
name="last_name"
value="<?= htmlspecialchars($_POST['last_name']) ?? '' ?>"
/>
</p>
<p <?= (isset($errors['birthdate'])) ? 'class="err"' : '' ?>>
<label for="birthdate">Gimimo data *</label><br/>
<?= (isset($errors['birthdate'])) ? $errors['birthdate'].'<br/>' : '<span class="error"></span><br/>' ?>
<input
id="birthdate"
type="date"
name="birthdate"
min="1900-01-01"
max="<?= date_create('now')->modify('-1 day')->format('Y-m-d');?>"
value="<?= htmlspecialchars($_POST['birthdate']) ?? '' ?>"
/>
</p>
<p <?= (isset($errors['email'])) ? 'class="err"' : '' ?>>
<label for="email">El.pašto adresas</label><br/>
<?= (isset($errors['email'])) ? $errors['email'].'<br/>' : '<span class="error"></span><br/>' ?>
<input id="email" type="text" name="email" value="<?= htmlspecialchars($_POST['email']) ?? '' ?>" />
</p>
<p <?= (isset($errors['message'])) ? 'class="err"' : '' ?>>
<label for="message">Jūsų žinutė *</label><br/>
<?= (isset($errors['message'])) ? $errors['message'].'<br/>' : '<span class="error"></span><br/>' ?>
<textarea id="message" name="message" value="<?= htmlspecialchars($_POST['message']) ?? '' ?>"></textarea>
</p>
<p>
<span>* - privalomi laukai</span>
<input type="submit" value="Skelbti" name="submit" />
<img id="loader" style="display: none;" src="img/ajax-loader.gif" alt="" />
</p>
</form>
<!-- messages container -->
<?php
$messages_obj = new Message();
$total_pages = $messages_obj->getNumberOfPages();
$page_messages = $messages_obj->getPageMessages($current_page);
?>
<ul id="messages-container">
<?php if (count($page_messages) > 0) :
foreach ($page_messages as $message) :
$users = new User();
$user = $users->getUser($message['user_id']);
?>
<li>
<span><?= $message['date_add']; ?></span>
<?php if(!empty($user['email'])) : ?>
<a href="mailto:<?= $user['email']; ?>"><?= $user['name']; ?></a>,
<?php else:
echo $user['name'].',';
endif; ?>
<?= $users->getUserAge($user['birth']); ?> m.<br/>
<?= $message['message']; ?>
</li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
<?php else : ?>
<li style="text-align: center;">Žinučių nėra!</li>
<?php endif; ?>
</ul>
<!-- pages numbers -->
<div style="text-align: center;">
<?php for ($page=1; $page <= $total_pages; $page++) : ?>
<a
href="index.php?page=<?= $page ?>"
class="page-link <?= ($page == $current_page) ? 'active' : '' ?>"
data-id="<?= $page ?>"
>
<?= $page ?>
</a>
<?php endfor; ?>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-3.4.1.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
<file_sep>$(document).ready(function() {
$("input[type='submit']").click(function(e){
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: 'src/FormHandler.php',
data: $( "#form" ).serialize(),
dataType: "json",
beforeSend: function() {
$('#loader').show();
$("input[type='submit']").hide();
$("input, textarea").attr('readonly', true);
// setting first page and getting page messages before new message inserted
$.ajax({
url: "src/AjaxPagination.php",
type: "GET",
data: {
page1 : 1
},
cache: false,
success: function(dataResult){
$("#messages-container").html(dataResult);
}
});
},
complete: function(){
$('#loader').hide();
$("input[type='submit']").show();
$("input, textarea").attr('readonly', false);
$("#form textarea").val('');
},
success: function(data) {
// check form errors
if(data.error) {
$('#form').find('.error').css('display', 'none');
$('#form').children().removeClass('err');
$.each(data.error, function(index, value) {
var input = $('#form').find('#'+index);
input.parent().addClass('err');
input.parent().find('.error').html(value).css('display', 'block');
});
} else {
var date_add = formatDate();
var email = data.email;
var messageHtml = '<li><span>'+date_add+'</span>';
if (email.length > 4) {
messageHtml += '<a href="mailto:'+email+'">'+data.name+', </a>';
} else {
messageHtml += data.name+', ';
}
messageHtml += data.age+' m.<br/>'+ data.message+'</li>';
var messages_count = $('#messages-container li').length;
console.log(messages_count);
if (messages_count > 4) {
$('#messages-container').children().last().remove();
}
$('#messages-container').prepend(messageHtml).html();
$('.page-link').removeClass("active");
$('.page-link').first().addClass("active");
$('#form').find('.error').css('display', 'none');
$('#form').children().removeClass('err');
}
},
error: function(error) {
alert(error.responseText);
}
});
e.preventDefault();
});
// messages pages navigation
$(".page-link").click(function(e){
var id = $(this).attr("data-id");
$.ajax({
url: "src/AjaxPagination.php",
type: "GET",
data: {
page1 : id
},
cache: false,
success: function(dataResult){
$("#messages-container").html(dataResult);
},
error: function(error) {
alert('Error_ajax_page');
}
});
e.preventDefault();
$(this).parent().find(".active").removeClass("active");
$(this).addClass("active");
});
function formatDate() {
var currentdate = new Date($.now());
var month = (currentdate.getMonth()+1);
var day = currentdate.getDate();
var hour = currentdate.getHours();
var min = currentdate.getMinutes();
var second = currentdate.getSeconds();
if (day < 10) {
day = "0" + day;
}
if (month < 10) {
month = "0" + month;
}
if (hour < 10) {
hour = "0" + hour;
}
if (min < 10) {
min = "0" + min;
}
if (second < 10) {
second = "0" + second;
}
var date = currentdate.getFullYear()+"-"+month+"-"+day+" "+hour+":"+min+":"+second;
return date;
}
});
|
bbec2c80debadb734d01e4bd3d10459eb583f451
|
[
"Markdown",
"JavaScript",
"PHP"
] | 10
|
PHP
|
coolas7/chat
|
231092d9fa7c1b919aeee444c659f20b9e9e9304
|
95c52c583455ada9cd9ae2cd19ad5502bce4bfb7
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>AnttiSlunga/rpsls-engine<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/engine/rpsls/warriors/Rock.java
package com.engine.rpsls.warriors;
import com.api.rpsls.Warrior;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class Rock extends Warrior{
public Rock() {
this.setName("Rock");
}
@Override
public List<String> wins() {
return Arrays.asList("Scissors", "Lizard");
}
@Override
public List<String> loses() {
return Arrays.asList("Paper", "Spock");
}
}
<file_sep>/src/main/java/com/engine/rpsls/GameEngineImpl.java
package com.engine.rpsls;
import com.api.rpsls.FightResult;
import com.api.rpsls.GameEngine;
import com.api.rpsls.Warrior;
import com.engine.rpsls.warriors.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
@Component
public class GameEngineImpl implements GameEngine {
public FightResult fight(Warrior warrior1, Warrior warrior2) {
return warrior1.fight(warrior2);
}
public Map<String, Warrior> getWarriors() {
Map<String, Warrior> warriors = new HashMap<String, Warrior>();
warriors.put("lizard", new Lizard());
warriors.put("paper", new Paper());
warriors.put("rock", new Rock());
warriors.put("scissors", new Scissors());
warriors.put("spock", new Spock());
return warriors;
}
public Warrior getWarriorByName(String name) {
return getWarriors().get(name);
}
}
<file_sep>/README.md
# rpsls-engine
|
f985466f8d69eb800ed3bac8a5d156c5d2d43387
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java"
] | 3
|
Java
|
AnttiSlunga/rpsls-engine
|
e6129726f50648d3a7d9213af5a7bbaf1d079014
|
34c3966753e7508fd96fa5c25d1bc68364b83610
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package de.trion.sample.webframe;
import de.trion.sample.util.SampleWebserver;
import java.awt.Desktop;
import java.net.URI;
/**
* Sample to demonstrate running the web application as standalone
*/
public class WebStandalone
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
SampleWebserver.serve();
if(Desktop.isDesktopSupported())
{
Desktop.getDesktop().browse(new URI("http://localhost:8081/sample.html"));
}
}
}
<file_sep><div class="jumbotron">
<h1>About</h1>
<p>This application was created to demonstrate integration of desktop Swing applications with browser based applications.</p>
<p>If you have questions or feedback for this sample, please drop us a line: <a href="https://www.trion.de/#pk_campaign=jwebbridge">trion.de</a> or create a PR on github.</p>
</div><file_sep># Sample for Java Desktop integration
This project is to illustrate the concept of web and desktop integration, for example for migrating rich desktop applications to the web.
After cloning you can run it using
```
cd JavaFXWebView
mvn clean install
java -jar target/java-web-bridge-1.0.0.CI-SNAPSHOT.jar
```
A more complex example is in the EnterpriseSample folder. You can run it using
```
cd EnterpriseSample
mvn clean install
java -jar target/enterprise-java-web-bridge-1.0.0.CI-SNAPSHOT.jar
```
<file_sep>// sample business logic, for demonstration purposes kept in one file
var app = angular.module('sampleApp', ['ngRoute']);
app.config(['$routeProvider',
function ($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider.
when('/about', {
templateUrl: 'view-about.html',
activeTab: 'about'
}).
when('/home', {
templateUrl: 'view-home.html',
activeTab: 'home'
}).
when('/contracts', {
templateUrl: 'view-contracts.html',
activeTab: 'contracts'
}).
when('/invoices', {
templateUrl: 'view-invoices.html',
activeTab: 'invoices'
}).
otherwise({
redirectTo: '/home'
});
}]);
app.run(['$rootScope', '$route', function ($rootScope, $route) {
$rootScope.isTabActive = function (tabName) {
if (!$route.current) {
return false;
}
return $route.current.activeTab === tabName;
};
}]);
app.factory('InvoiceService', function () {
var api = {
getInvoices: function () {
var invoices = [];
var invoice = {number: "acme-2", date: "2015-11-01", companyId: 1, paid: false };
invoices.push(invoice);
invoice = {number: "acme-1", date: "2015-10-21", companyId: 1, paid: true };
invoices.push(invoice);
invoice = {number: "acme-1", date: "2015-10-21", companyId: 1, paid: true };
invoices.push(invoice);
invoice = {number: "wonder-1", date: "2015-11-11", companyId: 2, paid: false };
invoices.push(invoice);
return invoices;
}
};
if (window.appFrame) {
api.getInvoices = function () {
var data = window.appFrame.getInvoices();
return JSON.parse(data);
};
}
return api;
});
app.factory('ContractService', function ($http, $q) {
var contracts;
return {
getContracts: function () {
var deferred = $q.defer();
if(!contracts) {
$http.get("/api/contracts").then(function successCallback(data){
contracts = data;
deferred.resolve(data);
});
}
else {
deferred.resolve(contracts);
}
return deferred.promise;
}
};
});
app.factory('StatusService', function ($http) {
var api = {
statusUpdate: function(status) {
}
};
if (window.appFrame) {
api.statusUpdate = function(status) {
window.appFrame.updateStatus(status);
};
}
return api;
});
app.factory('MailService', function ($http) {
var api = {
sendMail: function (contract) {
$("#mailReceiver").text(contract.name + ", " + contract.company);
$("#mailDialog").modal('show');
}
};
if (window.appFrame) {
api.sendMail = function (contract) {
window.appFrame.sendMail(contract);
};
}
return api;
});
app.controller("ContractCtrl", function($scope, MailService, StatusService, ContractService) {
ContractService.getContracts().then(function(result) {
$scope.contracts = result.data;
});
$scope.sendMail = function (contract) {
MailService.sendMail(contract);
};
$scope.disable = function (contract) {
contract.active = false;
StatusService.statusUpdate("Disabled partner " + contract.name);
};
$scope.enable = function (contract) {
contract.active = true;
StatusService.statusUpdate("Enabled partner " + contract.name);
};
});
app.controller("InvoiceCtrl", function($scope, InvoiceService, ContractService) {
ContractService.getContracts().then(function(result) {
$scope.contracts = result.data;
});
$scope.findCompanyById = function (id) {
if (!$scope.contracts) {
return {};
}
for(var i = 0; i < $scope.contracts.length; i++) {
var item = $scope.contracts[i];
if (item.companyId == id) {
return item;
}
}
return {};
};
$scope.invoices = InvoiceService.getInvoices();
});
|
b407c7cbda756452e6fedcedae277fc40a99f67c
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java",
"JavaScript",
"HTML"
] | 4
|
Java
|
stefanbecke/java-web-bridge
|
a991f72c791071b27dc84f311273ad2defc88fe9
|
caba6d094bd1b80ab1ceeca849dbe2b65f92d58e
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: Dialog.Chars
The Dialog.Chars is a Dialog object, to support selection of special
characters.
Arguments:
options - optional, see options below
Options:
others - see Dialog options
Inherits from:
[Dialog]
*/
Dialog.Chars = new Class({
Extends: Dialog.Selection,
options: {
//onAction: function(value){},
items: '.body td',
chars: [
'nbsp|iexcl|cent|pound|curren|yen|brvbar|sect|uml|copy|ordf',
'laquo|not|reg|macr|deg|plusmn|sup2|sup3|acute|micro|para',
'middot|cedil|sup1|ordm|raquo|frac14|frac12|frac34|iquest|times|divide',
'Agrave|Aacute|Acirc|Atilde|Auml|Aring|AElig|Ccedil|Egrave|Eacute|Ecirc',
'Euml|Igrave|Iacute|Icirc|Iuml|ETH|Ntilde|Ograve|Oacute|Ocirc|Otilde',
'Ouml|Oslash|Ugrave|Uacute|Ucirc|Uuml|Yacute|THORN|szlig|agrave|aacute',
'acirc|atilde|auml|aring|aelig|ccedil|egrave|eacute|ecirc|euml|igrave',
'iacute|icirc|iuml|eth|ntilde|ograve|oacute|ocirc|otilde|ouml|oslash',
'ugrave|uacute|ucirc|uuml|thorn|yuml|OElig|oelig|Scaron|scaron|Yuml',
'ndash|mdash|lsquo|rsquo|ldquo|rdquo|dagger|Dagger|bull|hellip|permil',
'euro|trade|larr|uarr|rarr|darr|harr|crarr|loz|diams|infin'
]
},
initialize:function(options){
this.setClass('.chars',options);
//options.cssClass = '.chars'+(options.cssClass||'')
this.parent(options);
},
setBody: function(){
/* inspired by smarkup */
var content = this.options.chars.map(function(line){
return '<tr>' +
line.split('|').map(function(c){
return '<td title="&'+ c + ';">&'+ c + ';</td>';
}).join('') + '</tr>';
});
return this.parent(
'table'.slick({ html: '<tbody>'+content.join('')+'</tbody>' })
);
}
});
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Dynamic Style: Tips
Add Tip behavior to a set of DOM Elements
Bootstrap
(start code)
//tip anchors
<element> Caption
<body> ...body... </body>
</element>
//layout of the tip, with absolute position
div.tooltip(.active)(.top|.left|.right|.bottom)
div.tooltip-inner
<body> ... </body>
div.tooltip-arrow
(end)
*/
var Tips = function Tips(elements,options){
var tt = 'div.tooltip',
TheTip = [tt,[tt+'-inner'/*,tt+'-arrow'*/]].slick().inject(document.body),
inner = TheTip.getFirst();
$$(elements).addEvents({
mousemove: function(e){
TheTip.setStyles({ top:e.page.y +10, left:e.page.x + 10 });
},
mouseenter: function(e){
inner.adopt( this.getFirst() ) ;
TheTip.addClass('in'); //.fade('in');
},
mouseleave: function(e){
TheTip.removeClass('in'); //.fade('out');
this.adopt( inner.getFirst() );
}
});
}
/*TIP position logic
position: function(event){
var windowPadding={x:0, y:0};
var size = window.getSize(),
scroll = window.getScroll(),
tip = {x: this.tip.offsetWidth, y: this.tip.offsetHeight},
props = {x: 'left', y: 'top'},
bounds = {y: false, x2: false, y2: false, x: false},
obj = {};
for (var z in props){
obj[props[z]] = event.page[z] + this.options.offset[z];
if (obj[props[z]] < 0) bounds[z] = true;
if ((obj[props[z]] + tip[z] - scroll[z]) > size[z] - windowPadding[z]){
obj[props[z]] = event.page[z] - this.options.offset[z] - tip[z];
bounds[z+'2'] = true;
}
}
this.tip.setStyles(obj);
},
*/
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Function: naturalSort
Sorts the elements of an array, using a more 'natural' algoritm.
Maintains a cache of the prepared sortable array.
Example:
[0, 1, "017", 6, , 21 ].naturalSort(); //[0, 1, 6, "017", 21]
[[6,"chap 1-14"],["05","chap 1-4"]].naturalSort(1); //[["05","chap 1-4"],[6,"chap 1-14"]]
rows.naturalSort( 3 );
*/
/*jshint forin:false, noarg:true, noempty:true, undef:true, unused:true, plusplus:false, immed:false, browser:true, mootools:true */
!function(){
/*
Function: makeSortable
Parse the column and guess its data-type.
Then convert all values according to that data-type.
Cache the sortable values in rows[0-n].cache.
Empty rows will sort based on the title attribute of the cells.
Supported data-types:
numeric - numeric value, with . as decimal separator
date - dates as supported by javascript Date.parse
See https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Core_JavaScript_1.5_Reference/Global_Objects/Date/parse
ip4 - ip addresses (like 172.16.58.3)
euro - currency values (like £10.4, $50, €0.5)
kmgt - storage values (like 2 MB, 4GB, 1.2kb, 8Tb)
Arguments:
rows - array of rows each pointing to a DOM tr element
rows[i].data caches the converted data.
column - index (0..n) of the processed column
Returns:
comparison function which can be used to sort the table
*/
function makeSortable(thisArray, column){
var num=[], dmy=[], kmgt=[], nat=[], val, i, len = thisArray.length, isNode,
//split string in sequences of digits
reNAT = /([-+]?\d+)|(\D+)/g,
KMGTre = /(:?[\d.,]+)\s*([kmgt])b/, //eg 2 MB, 4GB, 1.2kb, 8Tb
KMGTmul = { k:1, m:1e3, g:1e6, t:1e9 },
KMGTparse = function( val ){
return KMGTre.test( val.toLowerCase() ) ?
val.toFloat() * KMGTmul[ RegExp.$2 ] : NaN;
};
for( i=0; i<len; i++ ){
//1. Retrieve the value to be sorted: native js value, or dom elements
val = thisArray[i];
isNode = val && val.nodeType;
//if 'column' => retrieve the nth DOM-element or the nth Array-item
if( !isNaN(column) ) val = ( isNode ? val.getChildren() : val )[column];
//retrieve the value and convert to string
val = (''+(isNode ? val.get('text') || val.get('title') : val)).trim();
//2. Convert and store in type specific arrays (num,dmy,kmgt,nat)
//CHECKME: some corner cases: numbers with leading zero's, confusing date string
if( /(?:^0\d+)|(?:^[^\+\-\d]+\d+$)/.test(val) ){ num=dmy=0; }
if( num && isNaN( num[i] = +val ) ) num=0;
if( nat && !( nat[i] = val.match(reNAT) ) ) nat=0;
//Only strings with non-numeric values
if( dmy && ( num || isNaN( dmy[i] = Date.parse(val) ) ) ) dmy=0;
if( kmgt && isNaN( kmgt[i] = KMGTparse(val) ) ) kmgt=0;
}
console.log("[",kmgt?"kmgt":dmy?"dmy":num?"num":nat?"nat":'no conversion',"] ");
//console.log(nat);
//console.log(kmgt||dmy||num||nat||thisArray);
return kmgt || dmy || num || nat || thisArray;
}
/*
Function: naturalCmp
Comparison function for sorting "natural sortable" arrays.
The entries of sortable arrays consists of tupples:
( .[1] is the sortable value, .[0] is the original value )
The sortable value is either a scalar or an array.
*/
function naturalCmp(a,b){
var aa, bb, i=0, t;
// retrieve the sortable values: scalars or tokenized arrays
a = a[1]; b = b[1];
// scalars, always same types - integer, float, date, string
if( typeof a !='object' ) return (a<b) ? -1 : (a>b) ? 1 : 0;
//if( !a.length ) return a.localeCompare(b);
while( (aa = a[i]) ){
if( !( bb = b[i++] ) ) return 1; //fixme
t = aa - bb; //auto-conversion to numbers, if possible
if( t ) return t; //otherwise fall-through to string comparison
if( aa !== bb ) return (aa > bb) ? 1 : -1;
//if( aa !== bb ) return aa.localeCompare(bb);
}
return b[i] ? -1 : 0;
}
Array.implement('naturalSort',function(column, force){
var thisArray = this, sortable, i, len = thisArray.length,
cache = 'cache';
console.log('naturalSort',column,force)
//1. read sortable cache or make a new sortable array
if( isNaN(column) ){ // 1D array : [ .. ]
sortable = thisArray[cache] || [];
if( column/*==force*/ || !sortable.length/*==0*/ ){
sortable = thisArray[cache] = makeSortable(thisArray);
}
} else { // 2D array : [[..],[..],..]
sortable = thisArray[0][cache] || [];
if( !sortable.length ) for(i=0; i<len; i++) thisArray[i][cache] = []; //init row caches
if( force || (sortable[column]==undefined) ){
sortable = makeSortable(thisArray, column);
for(i=0; i<len; i++) thisArray[i][cache][column] = sortable[i]; //cache sortable values
} else {
for(i=0; i<len; i++) sortable[i]=thisArray[i][cache][column]; //retrieve cached column
}
}
console.log(this.cache);
//2. Do the actual sorting
for( i=0; i<len; i++) sortable[i] = [ thisArray[i], sortable[i] ];
sortable.sort( naturalCmp );
for( i=0; i<len; i++) thisArray[i] = sortable[i][0];
return thisArray;
});
}();
<file_sep>/*!
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
*/
/*
DirectSnippet definitions for JSPWiki, aka ''smartpairs''.
These snippets are directly expanded on keypress.
*/
Wiki.DirectSnips = {
'"' : '"',
'(' : ')',
'[' : ']',
'{' : '}',
'%%' : ' /%',
"'" : {
snippet:"'",
scope:{
"[{":"}]" //plugin parameters
}
}
};
/*
Function: tabSnippets
Definitions for the JSPWiki editor commands.
Following commands are predefined by the snipe editor:
- find : toggles the find and replace dialog
- sections : toggle sections dropdown dialog, which allows to switch
between certain sections of the document or the whole document
- undo : undo last command, set the editor to the previous stable state
- redo : revert last undo command
A command consists of triggers, attributes, snippets, events and dialogs.
Triggers :
========
click events, suggestion dialogs, TAB-completion and Ctrl-keys.
Click events are attached to DOM elements with a .cmd css-class.
If the DOM element also contains a .pop css-class, a dialog will be opened.
TAB-completion can be turned on/off via the 'tabcompletion' flag.
The 'keyup' event can trigger a suggestion dialog:
- the suggest(txta,caret) function validates the suggestion context
It returns true/false and can modify the snippet with
- snip.start : begin offset of the matched prefix
- snip.match : matched prefix (string)
- snip.tail: (optional) replaceable tail
Attributes :
==========
- initialize: function(cmd, snip) called once at initialization
- key: shortcut key (ctrl-key)
- scope: set to TRUE when the cmd is valid
- nscope: set to TRUE when the cmd is not valid
- cmdId: wysiwyg mode only (commandIdentifier)
Snippet :
=======
The snippet contains the inserted or replaced text.
- static snippet: "some string"
- snippet with parameters in {} brackets: "some {dialog1} string"
A {.} will be replaced by the selected text.
A {dialog-1} opens a dialog, and inserts the returned info (eg color, selection...)
- dynamic snippet: javascript function.
Example:
snippet: function(){
this.dialogs.exec( dialog-name, ...
onChange: function(value){ }
)
}
Event :
=====
Fires an event back to the invoking Object (Wiki.Edit in our case)
Example:
smartpairs: { event: 'config' }
Dialogs :
=======
(btw -- you do use unique names, do you?)
- <dialog-name>: [ Dialog.SubClass, {dialog-parameters, event-handlers} ]
- <dialog-name>: "dialog initialization string"
This is a short notation for Dialog.Selection, or..
[Selection, "put here your dialog initialization string"]
The Dialog Classes are subclass of Dialog. (eg. Dialog.Selection)
Examples:
acl: {
nscope: { "[{" : "}]" },
snippet: "[\\{ ALLOW {permission} {principal(s)} }]"
permission: "view|edit|delete",
"principals(s)": [Dialog.Selection, {
onOpen: function(){ this.setBody( AJAX-request list of principals ); }
]
}
link: {
suggest: function(){
//match [, but not [[ or [{
//defines .start, .selection, .trail ??
}
snippet: "{wikiLink}",
//or snippet: function(){ this.dialogs.exec('wikiLink'); },
wikiLink: [Dialog.Link, {
onOpen: function(){
AJAX-retrieval of link suggestions
}
}]
}
color: {
nscope: {"%%(":")"},
action: "%%(color:#000000; background:#ffffff;) {.} \%",
}
colorsuggestion: {
scope: {"%%(":")"},
suggest: function(){
//match #cccccc
}
snippet: "{color}",
color: [ dialog.Color, {
//parms
}]
}
*/
Wiki.Snips = {
find: {
key: "f"
//predefined find dialog triggered via Ctrl-f or a toolbar 'find' button
},
//sections:
//predefined section dialog triggered via a toolbar 'sections' button
//TODO: turn it into a suggestion menu for header lines
undo: {
//event: "undo", //predefined snipe event
action: function(){ this.undoredo.onUndo(); },
key: "z"
},
redo: {
//event: "redo", //predefined snipe event
action: function(){ this.undoredo.onRedo(); },
key: "y"
},
smartpairs: { event: 'config' },
livepreview: { event: 'config' },
autosuggest: { event: 'config' },
tabcompletion: { event: 'config' },
previewcolumn: { event: 'config' },
br: {
key: "shift+enter",
snippet: "\\\\\n"
},
hr: "\n----\n",
h: {
xxxsuggest: function(txta,caret){
var c,result=txta.slice(0,caret.start).match( /(?:^|[\n\r])(!{1,3}[^\n\r]*)$/ );
if( result ){
c = result[1];
result = {
start: caret.start - c.length,
match: c + txta.slice(caret.start).match( /[^\n\r]*/ )||'' //entire line
};
}
return result;
},
h: [Dialog.Selection, {
onOpen: function(){
var value = (this.getValue().replace(/^!+\s?/,'')||'Title'), //remove !markup
val = value.trim().trunc(20),
k = ['!!! '+value,'!! '+value,'! '+value],
v = ['<h2>'+val+'</h2>','<h3>'+val+'</h3>','<h4>'+val+'</h4>'];
this.setBody( v.associate( k ) );
}
}]
},
font: {
nScope: {
"%%(":")",
"font-family:":";"
},
/*
suggest: function(txta,caret){
//match /%%(:?.*)font-family:([^;\)]+)/
},*/
snippet: "%%(font-family:{font};) {.}/% ",
font: [Dialog.Font, {}]
},
color: {
nscope: { '%%(': ')' },
snippet: "%%(color:{#000000}; background:{#ffffff};) {.} ",
suggest: function(txta, caret){
//match "#cccccc;" pattern
var c,d, result = txta.slice(0,caret.end).match( /#[0-9a-f]{0,6}$/i );
if( result ){
c = result[0];
d = txta.slice( caret.end ).match( /^[0-9a-f]+/i )||'';
result = {
start: caret.end - c.length, //position of # char
match: (c+d).slice(0,7)
};
}
return result;
},
color: [ Dialog.Color, {
//colorImage:'./test-dialog-assets/circle-256.png'
}]
},
symbol: { synonym:"chars" },
chars: {
nScope: { "%%(":")" },
snippet: "{&entity;}",
suggest: function(txta, caret){
//match &xxx;
var c,result = txta.slice(0,caret.end).match( /&[\da-zA-Z]*;?$/ );
if( result ){
c = result[0];
result = {
start: caret.end - c.length,
match: c,
tail: txta.slice( caret.end ).match( /^[\da-zA-Z]*;?/ )||''
}
}
return result;
},
chars: [Dialog.Chars, {caption:"Special Chars".localize()}]
},
style: { synonym:"css"},
css: {
nScope: { "%%(":")" },
snippet: "%%{css} {.} /% ",
suggest: function(txta, caret){
//match %%(.w+)
var c, result = txta.slice(0,caret.end).match(/%%[\da-zA-Z(\-\_:#;)]*$/);
if(result){
c = result[0].slice(2); //drop the %% prefix
result = {
start: caret.end - c.length,
match: c + txta.slice( caret.end ).match( /^[\da-zA-Z(:#;)]*/ )||''
};
}
return result;
},
css: {
"(css:value;)":"any css definitions",
"text-success":"text-success",
"text-information":"text-information",
"text-warning":"text-warning",
"text-error":"text-error",
success:"success",
information:"information",
warning:"warning",
error:"error",
commentbox:"commentbox",
quote:"quoted paragraph",
sub:"sub-script<span class='sub'>2</span>",
sup:"super-script<span class='sup'>2</span>",
strike:"<span class='strike'>strikethrough</span>",
pretify:"prettify code block",
reflection:"image reflection"
//xflow:"wide content with scroll bars"
}
},
//simple tab completion commands
sub: "%%sub {subscript text}/% ",
sup: "%%sup {superscript text}/% ",
strike: "%%strike {strikethrough text}/% ",
xflow: "\n%%xflow\n{wide content}\n/%\n ",
quote: "\n%%quote \n{quoted text}\n/%\n",
dl: "\n;{term}:{definition-text} ",
pre: "\n\\{\\{\\{\n{some preformatted block}\n}}}\n",
code: "\n%%prettify \n\\{\\{\\{\n{/* some code block */}\n}}}\n/%\n",
mono: "\\{\\{{monospaced text}}} ",
link: {
key:'l',
commandIdentifier:'createlink',
suggest: function(txta, caret){
//match [link] or [link, do not match [{, [[
//match '[' + 'any char except \n, [, { or ]' at end of the string
var result = txta.getFromStart().match( /\[([^\[\{\]\n\r]*)$/ ),
link;
if( result ){
link = result[1].split('|').getLast(); //exclude "text|" prefix
result = {
start: caret.start - link.length ,
//if no input yet, then get list attachments of this wikipage
match: link,
tail: txta.slice( caret.start ).search( /[\n\r\]]/ )
};
}
return result;
},
//snippet: "[{display text}|{pagename or url}|{attributes}] ",
snippet: "[{link}] ",
//attributes: "accesskey='X'|title='description'|target='_blank'
// 'accesskey', 'charset', 'class', 'hreflang', 'id', 'lang', 'dir',
// 'rel', 'rev', 'style', 'tabindex', 'target', 'title', 'type'
// display-text
// wiki-page or url -- allow to validate the url ; preview the page/url
// title: descriptive text
//- target: _blank --new-- window yes or no
//link: [ Dialog.Link, { ...
link: [ Dialog.Selection, {
onOpen: function(dialog){
//console.log("****"+dialog.getValue()+"****", Wiki.PageName)
var dialog = this,
key = dialog.getValue();
if( !key || (key.trim()=='')) key = Wiki.PageName + '/';
//console.log('json lookup for '+key);
Wiki.jsonrpc('search.getSuggestions', [key,30], function(result,exception){
if( result.list && result.list[0] /*length!=0*/ ){
dialog.setBody( result.list );
} else {
dialog.hide();
}
});
}
}]
},
bold: {
key:'b',
snippet:"__{bold text}__ "
},
italic: {
key:'i',
snippet: "''{italic text}'' "
},
allow: { synonym: "acl" },
acl: {
snippet: "\n[\\{ALLOW {permission} {principal(,principal)} \\}]\n",
permission: "view|edit|modify|comment|rename|upload|delete",
//permission:[Dialog.Selection, {body:"view|edit|modify|comment|rename|upload|delete"}]
"principal(,principal)": function(){
return "Anonymous|Asserted|Authenticated|All";
//FIXME: retrieve list of available wiki user groups through ajax call
}
},
img: {
snippet:"\n[\\{Image src='{img.jpg}' width='{400px}' height='{300px}' align='{text-align}' style='{css-style}' class='{css-class}' }]\n ",
'text-align':'left|center|right'
},
plugin: {
snippet: "\n[\\{{plugin}}]\n",
suggest: function(txta, xcaret){
//match [{
},
plugin: {
"TableOfContents title='Page contents' numbered='true' prefix='Chap. '":"Table Of Contents (toc)",
"If name='value' page='pagename' exists='true' contains='regexp'\n\nbody\n":"Test a page variable",
"SET alias='{pagename}'":"Make a Page Alias",
"SET name='value'":"Set a page variable",
"$varname":"Get a page variable",
"InsertPage page='pagename'":"Insert Page",
"CurrentTimePlugin format='yyyy mmm-dd'":"Current Time",
"Search query='Janne' max='10'":"Search query",
"ReferredPagesPlugin page='pagename' type='local|external|attachment' depth='1..8' include='regexp' exclude='regexp'":"Incoming Links (aka referred pages)",
"ReferringPagesPlugin page='pagename' separator=',' include='regexp' exclude='regexp'":"Outgoing Links (aka referring pages)",
"WeblogPlugin page='pagename' startDate='300604' days='30' maxEntries='30' allowComments='false'":"Display weblog posts",
"WeblogEntryPlugin":"New weblog entry"
}
},
tab: {
nScope: {
"%%(":")",
"%%tabbedSection":"/%"
},
snippet:"%%tabbedSection \n%%tab-{tabTitle1}\n{tab content 1}\n/%\n%%tab-{tabTitle2}\n{tab content 2}\n/%\n/%\n "
},
toc: {
nScope: { "[{":"}]" },
snippet:"\n[\\{TableOfContents }]\n"
},
table: "\n||heading-1||heading-2\n| cell11 | cell12\n| cell21 | cell22\n",
me: { alias: 'sign'},
sign: function(){
var name = Wiki.UserName || 'UserName';
return "\\\\\n--" + name + ", "+ new Date().toISOString() + "\\\\\n";
},
date: function(k) {
return new Date().toISOString()+' ';
//return "[{Date value='" + d.toISOString() + "' }]"
//return "[{Date " + d.toISOString() + " }]"
},
abra: {
suggest:"abra",
snippet:"cadabra"
},
abrar: {
suggest:"abrar",
snippet:"acurix"
},
lorem: "This is is just some sample. Don’t even bother reading it; you will just waste your time. Why do you keep reading? Do I have to use Lorem Ipsum to stop you? OK, here goes: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipi sicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Still reading? Gosh, you’re impossible. I’ll stop here to spare you.",
Lorem: { synonym: "lorem" }
}
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: TableX.Zebra
Simple class to add odd/even coloring to tables.
When the first color == 'table' or '' the predefined css class ''.odd''
is used to color the alternative rows.
Usage:
> new TableX.Zebra( table-element, {colors:['eee','fff']});
> new TableX.Zebra( table-element, {colors:['red']});
*/
TableX.Zebra = function(table, options){
function stripe(){
this.rows.filter( Element.isVisible ).each( function(row,j){
j &= 1; //0,1,0,1...
if( isArr ){
row.setStyle('background-color', colors[j]||'');
} else {
row.ifClass(j, 'odd', '');
}
});
};
var colors = options.colors,
isArr = colors[0];
if ( isArr ){ colors = colors.map( function(c){ return new Color(c); }); }
//console.log("ZEBRA ",options.colors, colors[0],colors[1]);
stripe.call( new TableX(table, { onRefresh:stripe }) );
}
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/* Dynamic Styles
Uses global var 'Wiki', and a number of Classes.
*/
!function( wiki ){
var hints, TheSlimbox, T = TableX;
/*
Style: %%graphBar .. /%
*/
wiki.add('div[class^=graphBars]', GraphBar )
//FIXME -- OBSOLETE ?? top level TAB of the page
.add('.page > .tabmenu a:not([href])', Tab )
/*
Style: %%tabbedSection .. /% , %%tabs .. /%, %%pills .. /%
*/
.add('.tabbedSection,.tabs', Tab )
.add('.pills', Tab, { nav:'ul.nav.nav-pills' } )
/*
Style: Accordion
> %%accordion .. /%
> %%leftAccordion .. /%
> %%rightAccordion .. /%
> %%tabbedAccordion .. /%
*/
.add('[class^=accordion]', Accordion)
.add('[class^=leftAccordion]', Accordion, { type:'pills', position:'pull-left' })
.add('[class^=rightAccordion]', Accordion, { type:'pills', position:'pull-right' })
.add('.tabbedAccordion', Accordion, { type:'tabs' })
.add('.pillsAccordion', Accordion, { type:'pills' })
/*
Style: %%category .. /%
*/
.add( '.category a.wikipage', function(element) {
new Wiki.Category(element, Wiki.toPageName(element.href), Wiki.XHRCategories);
})
/*
BOOTSTRAP Style: %%alert .. /%
*/
.add('.alert', function(element){
element.addClass('alert-warning alert-dismissable').grab(
'button.close[type="button"][html="×"]'.slick()
.addEvent('click',function(){ element.dispose(); }),
'top'
);
})
/*
BOOTSTRAP Style %%quote .. /%
*/
.add('.quote', function(element){
'blockquote'.slick().wraps( 'p'.slick().wraps(element));
})
/*
Plugin: Viewer
> %%viewer [link to youtube, vimeo, some-wiki-page, http://some-external-site ..] /%
> [description | url to youtube... | class='viewer']
*/
.add('a.viewer, div.viewer a', function( a ){
Viewer.preload(a.href, { width:800, height:600 }, function( element ){
var next = a.getNext();
if( next && next.match('img.outlink') ) next.dispose();
element.addClass('viewport').replaces(a);
});
});
/*
Plugin: Viewer.Slimbox
Injects slimbox button, after each link inside the %%slimbox container.
The slimbox button opens a modal overlay box with a rich media viewer.
When the %%slimbox container contains multiple links, 'next' and 'previous' buttons
are added to navigate between all media.
Example:
> %%slimbox [any supported link] /%
> [link-description | link-url | class='slimbox']
DOM structure:
JSPWiki support attachment links (with paperclip), inline images and external links.
Notice how inline images are converted to attachement links.
(start code)
div.slimbox
a.attachment[href="url.(png|bmp|tiff|jpg|jpeg|gif)"] Image link
a.infolink[href="url]
img[src=attachment_small.png] (small jspwiki paperclip)
img.inline[src="url2"]
a.external[href="url3"] External link
img.outlink[src=out.png]
(end)
becomes
(start code)
div.slimbox
a.attachment[href="url1"] Image link
a.slimboxbtn[href="url1"][title=Image link] »
a.infolink[href="url]
img[src=attachment_small.png] (small paperclip)
a.attachment[href="url2"] url2
a.slimboxbtn[href="url2"][title=url2] »
a.external[href="url3"] External link
a.slimboxbtn[href="url3"][title=External link]
img.outlink[src=out.png]
(end)
Example of the short notation with the .slimbox class
> a.slimbox[href="url"] Link
becomes
> a.slimbox[href="url"] Link
*/
//helper function
function filterJSPWikiLinks(element){
return element.match('a') ?
[element] :
element.getElements( element.match('.slimbox-attachments') ?
'a[href].attachment' :
// img:not([src$=/attachment_small.png]):not(.outlink)
// a[href].attachment,
// a[href].external,a[href].wikipage
'img:not([src$=/attachment_small.png]):not(.outlink),a[href].attachment,a[href].external,a[href].wikipage'
);
}
wiki.once('body', function( elements ){
//create singleton TheSlimbox
TheSlimbox = new Viewer.Slimbox({
hints: {
//use defaults as much as possible
btn: 'slimbox.btn'.localize(),
caption: 'slimbox.caption'.localize()
}
});
})
// [ link-description | link-url | class='slimbox-link' ]
// replaces the link by a slimbox-link
.add('a.slimbox-link', function( element ){
TheSlimbox.watch([element]);
})
.add('.slimbox-attachments,*[class~=slimbox],*[class~=lightbox]', function( element ){
var arr = filterJSPWikiLinks(element);
TheSlimbox.watch(arr, 'button.slimbox-btn');
//jspwiki -- replace inline images by attachment links
$$(arr).filter('img[src]').each(function( element ){
'a.attachment'.slick({
href:element.src,
html:element.title||element.alt
}).replaces( element );
});
/*FFS: replacing img[src], should also add the info paperclip
.grab( [
'a.infolink',{href:element.src},[
'img[alt="(info)"]',{src:".../attachment_small.png"}
]
].slick()
)
*/
})
/*
Plugin: Viewer.Carousel (embed auto-rotating media viewer into a wiki page)
> %%carousel [link-1] [link-2] .. [link-n]/% => carousel viewer next,previous
> %%carousel-auto [link-1] [link-2] .. [link-n]/% => with auto-rotation
*/
.add( '.carousel', function( element ){
new Viewer.Carousel( filterJSPWikiLinks( element ), {
container: element,
});
});
/*
Plugin: Collapsible.Box, Collapsible.List
Create collabsible boxes and (un)ordered lists.
The collapse status (open/close) is persisted in a cookie.
Depends on:
Wiki, Cookie, Cookie.Flag, Collapsible, Collapsible.Box, Collapsible.List
> %%collapse
> %%collapsebox
> %%collapsebox-closed
*/
//helper function
function collapseFn(element, cookie){
var TCollapsible = Collapsible,
clazz = element.className,
list = "collapse",
box = list+"box";
cookie = new Cookie.Flags(
'JSPWikiCollapse' + (cookie || wiki.PageName),
{ path:wiki.BasePath, duration:20 }
);
if( clazz == list ){
new TCollapsible.List(element,{ cookie:cookie });
} else if( clazz.indexOf(box)==0 ){
new TCollapsible.Box(element,{
cookie:cookie,
collapsed:clazz.indexOf(box+'-closed')==0
});
}
}
wiki
.add('.page div[class^=collapse]',collapseFn )
.add('.sidebar div[class^=collapse]',collapseFn, 'Sidebar')
/*
Style: Comment Box
Wiki Markup:
(start code)
%%commentbox .. /%
%%commentbox-Caption .... /%
%%commentbox
!Caption
..
/%
(end)
*/
.add('div[class^=commentbox]', CommentBox, { prefix:'commentbox' } )
/*
Style: Columns
> %%columns(-width) .. /%
*/
.add( 'div[class*=columns]', Columns, { prefix:'columns' } )
/*
Dynamic Style: Code-Prettifier
JSPWiki wrapper around http://google-code-prettify.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/README.html
TODO: add option to overrule the choice of language:
> "bsh", "c", "cc", "cpp", "cs", "csh", "cyc", "cv", "htm", "html",
> "java", "js", "m", "mxml", "perl", "pl", "pm", "py", "rb", "sh",
> "xhtml", "xml", "xsl"
Example:
> %%prettify {{{
> some code snippet here ...
> }}} /%
*/
.add('div.prettify pre, div.prettify code', function(element){
element.addClass('prettyprint');
//brute-force line-number injection
'pre.prettylines'.slick({
html: element.innerHTML.trim().split('\n').map(function(line,i){ return i+1 }).join('\n')
}).inject(element,'before');
})
.once('.prettyprint', prettyPrint) //after element.prettyPrint decoration, prettify them
/*
Style: Reflection for images
> %%reflection-30-50 //size of reflection images is 30% height by 50% wide
*/
.add('[class^=reflection]', function(element){
var args = "reflection".sliceArgs( element );
if( args ) element.getElements('img').reflect({
height:args[0]/100,
width:args[1]/100
});
})
/*
Dynamic Style: %%sortable, %%table-filter, %%zebra
> %%zebra ... /% => default odd row colors (light grey)
> %%zebra-table ... /% => default odd row colors (light grey)
> %%zebra-eee ... /% => odd rows get backgroundcolor #eee
> %%zebra-pink ... /% => odd rows get backgroundcolor red
> %%zebra-eee-red ... /% => odd rows: #eee, even rows: red
*/
.add('.sortable table', T.Sort, {hints:
Object.map({
sort: "sort.click",
atoz: "sort.ascending",
ztoa: "sort.descending"
},String.localize)
})
.add('.table-filter table', T.Filter, {
hint:"filter.hint".localize()
})
/*
.add('.table-filter table', function(element){
new T_TableX.Filter(element,{ /--list:['one$','James'],--/ hint:hints.filter});
})
*/
.add('.zebra,div[class*=zebra]', function(element){
var args = 'zebra'.sliceArgs(element);
element.getElements('table').each(function(table){
new T.Zebra(table, { colors:args });
});
})
/*
TODO
Combined table styling
%%table-striped-bordered-hover-condensed-filter-sort-<color>
%%sortable .. /%
%%table-filter .. /%
%%zebra-table .. /%
FFS %%table-scrollable (keep head fixed, max height for the table)
.add('div[class^=table-]',function(element){
var args = 'table'.sliceArgs(element), arg,
tables = element.getElements('table'),
hints = Object.map({
sort: "sort.click",
atoz: "sort.ascending",
ztoa: "sort.descending",
filter: "filter.hint"
},String.localize);
while(args[0]){
arg = shift(args);
if( arg.test('striped|bordered|hover|condensed'){
tables.addClass('table-'+arg);
}
else if( arg == 'filter' ){
tables.each( function(t){ new T.Filter(t, {hint:hints.filter}); });
}
else if( arg == 'sort' ){
tables.each( function(t){ new T.Sort(t, {hints:hints}); });
}
}
})
*/
/*
Add BOOTSTRAP Styles
Scrollable area's
- pre (%%scrollable {{{ ... }}})
*/
.add('div.scrollable > pre', function(element){
element.addClass('pre-scrollable'); //decorate pre elements with bootstrap class
})
/*
Add BOOTSTRAP Font Icon style
Convert .icon-<icon-name> into appropriate class-name depending on the font family
Glyphicon : .glyphicon.glyphicon-<icon-name>
Font-Awesome: .fa.fa-<icon-name>
FontJspwiki (via icomoon) : .icon-<icon-name>
*/
.add('[class^=icon-]', function(element){
//element.className='glyphicon glyph'+element.className;
//element.className = 'fa fa-'+element.className.slice(5);
})
/*
Add BOOTSTRAP
*/
.add('[class^=list]', function(element){
var args = "list".sliceArgs(element),
lists = element.getElements("ul|ol");
args.each( function( arg ){
if( arg.test('unstyled|hover|group|nostyle') ){
lists.addClass( 'list-'+arg );
}
if( arg.test('group') ){
lists.each( function(item){
item.getElements('li').addClass('list-group-item');
});
}
});
})
/*
Labels
Support %%label, %%label-default, %%label-primary, %%label-info, %%label-success; %%label-warning, %%label-danger
*/
.add('*[class^=label]',function(element){
element.addClass( 'label'.fetchContext(element) );
})
/*
Plugin: Tips
Add mouse-hover Tips to your pages. Depends on Mootools Tips plugin.
Wiki-markup:
> %%tip ... /%
> %%tip-Caption ... /%
DOM Structure:
(start code)
//before
div.tip-TipCaption ...tip-body...
//after
a.tooltip-anchor Tip Caption
div.tip-TipCaption ...tip-body...
(end)
*/
.once('*[class^=tip]', function(tips){
var caption, more = 'tip.default.title'.localize();
tips = tips.map( function(tip){
caption = (tip.className.split('-')[1]||more).deCamelize();
return 'a.tip-link'.slick({ text: caption }).wraps(tip);
});
Tips( tips ); //activate tips behavior
});
}( Wiki );
<file_sep>/*!
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: UndoRedo
The UndoRedo class implements a simple undo/redo stack to save and restore
the state of an 'undo-able' object.
The object needs to provide a {{getState()}} and a {{putState(obj)}} methods.
Whenever the object changes, it should call the UndoRedo onChange() handler.
Optionally, event-handlers can be attached for undo() and redo() functions.
Arguments:
obj - the undo-able object
options - optional, see options below
Options:
maxundo - integer , maximal size of the undo and redo stack (default 20)
redo - (optional) DOM element, will get a click handler to the redo() function
undo - (optional) DOM element, will get a click handler to the undo() function
Example:
(start code)
var undoredo = new UndoRedo(this, {
redoElement:'redoID',
undoElement:'undoID'
});
//when a change occurs on the calling object which needs to be persisted
undoredo.onChange( );
(end)
*/
var UndoRedo = new Class({
Implements: Options,
options: {
//redo : redo button selector
//undo : undo button selector
maxundo:40
},
initialize: function(obj, options){
var self = this,
btn = this.btn = { redo:options.redo, undo:options.undo };
self.setOptions(options);
self.obj = obj;
self.redo = [];
self.undo = [];
self.btnStyle();
},
/*
Function: onChange
Call the onChange function to persist the current state of the undo-able object.
The UndoRedo class will call the {{obj.getState()}} to retrieve the state info.
Arguments:
state - (optional) state object to be persisted. If not present,
the state will be retrieved via a call to the {{obj.getState()}} function.
*/
onChange: function(state){
var self = this;
self.undo.push( state || self.obj.getState() );
self.redo = [];
if(self.undo[self.options.maxundo]){
self.undo.shift();
}
self.btnStyle();
},
/*
Function: onUndo
Click event-handler to recall the state of the object
*/
onUndo: function(e){
var self = this;
if(e){ e.stop(); }
//if(self.undo.length > 0){
if(self.undo[0] /*length>0*/){
self.redo.push( self.obj.getState() );
self.obj.putState( self.undo.pop() );
}
self.btnStyle();
},
/*
Function: onRedo
Click event-handler to recall the state of the object after a previous undo action.
The state will be reset by means of the {{obj.putState()}} method
*/
onRedo: function(e){
var self = this;
if(e){ e.stop(); }
//if(self.redo.length > 0){
if(self.redo[0] /*.length > 0*/){
self.undo.push( self.obj.getState() );
self.obj.putState( self.redo.pop() );
}
self.btnStyle();
},
/*
Function: btnStyle
Helper function to change the css style of the undo/redo buttons.
*/
btnStyle: function(){
var self = this, btn = self.btn;
if(btn.undo){ btn.undo.ifClass( !self.undo[0] /*length==0*/, 'disabled'); }
if(btn.redo){ btn.redo.ifClass( !self.redo[0] /*length==0*/, 'disabled'); }
}
});
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Moo-extend: String-extensions
Element: ifClass(), addHover(),onHover(), hoverUpdate(), getDefaultValue(), observe()
*/
Element.implement({
/*
Function: ifClass
Convenience function.
Add or remove a css class from an element depending on a conditional flag.
Arguments:
flag : (boolean)
T_Class : (string) css class name, add on true, remove on false
F_Class : (string) css class name, remove on true, add on false
Returns:
(element) - This Element
Examples:
> $('page').ifClass( i>5, 'hideMe' );
*/
ifClass : function(flag, T_Class, F_Class){
return this.addClass(flag?T_Class:F_Class).removeClass(flag?F_Class:T_Class);
},
/*
Function: wrapChildren
This method moves this Element around its children elements.
The Element is moved to the position of the passed element and becomes the parent.
All child-nodes are moved to the new element.
Arguments:
el - DOM element.
Returns:
(element) This Element.
DOM Structure:
(start code)
//before
div#firstElement
<children>
//javaScript
var secondElement = 'div#secondElement'.slick();
secondElement.wrapChildren($('myFirstElement'));
//after
div#firstElement
div#secondElement
<children>
(end)
*/
wrapChildren : function(el){
while( el.firstChild ){ this.appendChild( el.firstChild ); }
el.appendChild( this ) ;
return this;
},
/*
Function: addHover
Shortcut function to add 'hover' css class to an element.
This allows to support :hover effects on all elements, also in IE.
Arguments
clazz - (optional) hover class-name, default is {{hover}}
Returns:
(element) - This Element
Examples:
> $('thisElement').addHover();
*/
addHover: function( clazz ){
clazz = clazz || 'hover';
return this.addEvents({
mouseenter: function(){ this.addClass(clazz); },
mouseleave: function(){ this.removeClass(clazz); }
});
},
/*
Function: onHover
Convert element into a hover menu.
Arguments:
toggle - (string,optional) A CSS selector to match the hoverable toggle element
Example
> $('li.dropdown-menu').onHover('ul');
*/
onHover: function( toggle, onOpen ){
var element = this;
if( toggle = element.getParent(toggle) ){
element.fade('hide');
toggle.addEvents({
mouseenter: function(){ element.fade(0.9); toggle.addClass('open'); if(onOpen) onOpen(); },
mouseleave: function(){ element.fade(0); toggle.removeClass('open'); }
});
}
return element;
},
/*
Function: onToggle
Set/reset '.active' class, based on 'data-toggle' attribute.
Arguments:
toggle - A CSS selector of one or more clickable toggle button
A special selector "buttons" is available for style toggling
of a group of checkboxes or radio-buttons. (ref. Bootstrap)
active - CSS classname to toggle this element (default .active )
Example
(start code)
wiki.add('div[data-toggle]', function(element){
element.onToggle( element.get('data-toggle') );
})
(end)
DOM Structure
(start code)
//normal toggle case
div[data-toggle="button#somebutton"](.active) That
..
button#somebutton Click here to toggle that
//special toggle case with "buttons" selector
div.btn-group[data-toggle="buttons"]
label.btn.btn-default(.active)
input[type="radio"][name="aRadio"] checked='checked' value="One" />
label.btn.btn-default(.active)
input[type="radio"][name="aRadio"] value="Two" />
(end)
*/
onToggle: function( toggle, active ){
var element = this;
if( toggle == "buttons" ){
(toggle = function(e){
//FIXME: differentiate between radioboxes and checkboxes !!
element.getElements(".active").removeClass("active");
element.getElements(":checked !").addClass("active");
})();
element.addEvent('click', toggle);
} else {
//if(!document.getElements(toggle)[0]){ console.log("toggle error:",toggle); }
document.getElements(toggle).addEvent('click', function(event){
event.stop();
element.toggleClass( active || 'active');
});
}
return element;
},
/*
Function: getDefaultValue
Returns the default value of a form element.
Inspired by get('value') of mootools, v1.1
Note:
Checkboxes will return true/false depending on the default checked status.
( input.checked to read actual value )
The value returned in a POST will be input.get('value')
and is depending on the value set by the 'value' attribute (optional)
Returns:
(value) - the default value of the element; or false if not applicable.
Examples:
> $('thisElement').getDefaultValue();
*/
getDefaultValue: function(){
var self = this,
type = self.get('type'),
values = [];
switch( self.get('tag') ){
case 'select':
Array.from(this.options).each( function(option){
if (option.defaultSelected){ values.push(option.value||option.text); }
});
return (self.multiple) ? values : values[0];
case 'input':
if( type == 'checkbox' ){ //checkbox.get-value = returns 'on' on some browsers, T/F on others
return ('input[type=checkbox]'+(self.defaultChecked?":checked":"")).slick().get('value');
}
if( !'radio|hidden|text|password'.test(type) ){ break; }
case 'textarea':
return self.defaultValue;
default: return false;
}
},
/*
Function: groupChildren(start, grab)
groups lists of children, which are delimited by certain DOM elements.
Arguments
- start : (string) css selector to match delimiting DOM elements
- grab : (string) css selector, grabs a subset of dom elements
and replaces the start element
- replacesFn: (callback function) called at the point of replacing the
start-element with the grab-element
DOM Structure:
(start code)
//before groupChildren(start,grab)
start
b
b
start
b
//after groupChildren(start,grab)
grab [data-inherit="{text:.<start.text>.,id:.<start.id>.}"]
b
b
grab [data-inherit="{text:.<start.text>.,id:.<start.id>.}"]
b
Example:
> el.groupChildren(/hr/i,'div.col');
> el.groupChildren(/h[1-6]/i,'div.col');
> el.groupChildren( container.getTag(), 'div');
*/
groupChildren:function(start, grab, replacesFn){
var next,
group = grab.slick().inject(this,'top'),
firstGroupDone = false;
//need at least one start element to get going
if( this.getElement(start) ){
while( next = group.nextSibling ){
if( ( next.nodeType!=3 ) && next.match(start) ){ //start a new group
if( firstGroupDone ){ group = grab.slick(); } //make a new group
if( replacesFn ) replacesFn(group, next);
group.replaces( next ); //destroys the matched start element
firstGroupDone = true;
} else {
group.appendChild( next ); //grap all other elements in the group
}
}
}
return this;
},
/*
Function: observe
Observe a dom element for changes, and trigger a callback function.
Arguments:
fn - callback function
options - (object)
options.event - (string) event-type to observe, default = 'keyup'
options.delay - (number) timeout in ms, default = 300ms
Example:
> $(formInput).observe(function(){
> alert('my value changed to '+this.get('value') );
> });
*/
observe: function(callback, options){
var element = this,
value = element.get('value'),
event = (options && options.event) || 'keyup',
delay = (options && options.delay) || 300,
timer = null;
return element.set({autocomplete:'off'}).addEvent(event, function(){
var v = element.get('value');
if( v != value ){
value = v;
//console.log('observer ',v);
clearTimeout( timer );
timer = callback.delay(delay, element);
}
});
}
});
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: Behavior
Behavior is a way to initiate certain UI components for elements on the page
by a given selector. The callback is only called once of each element.
Inspired by: https://github.com/arian/elements-util/blob/master/lib/behavior.js
Extended for jspwiki.
Example:
var behavior = new Behavior()
// define a new slider behavior, which initiates a slider class.
behavior.add('.slider', function(element){
new Slider(element)
})
//this function is invoked once, with all Elements passed as argument
behavior.once('.slider', function(elements){
new Slider(elements)
})
...
window.addEvent('domready', function(){ behavior.update() });
*/
var Behavior = new Class({
initialize: function(){
this.behaviors = [];
},
add: function(selector, behavior, options, once){
this.behaviors.push({s: selector, b: behavior, o: options, once:once});
return this;
},
once: function(selector, behavior, options){
return this.add(selector, behavior, options, true);
},
update: function(){
//console.log(this.behaviors);
var cache = "_bhvr", updated, type, nodes;
this.behaviors.each( function( behavior ){
nodes = $$(behavior.s);
type = typeOf(behavior.b);
//console.log("BEHAVIOR ", behavior.once?"ONCE ":"", nodes.length, behavior.s, typeOf(behavior.b) );
if( behavior.once && nodes[0] ){
if( type == 'class'){ new behavior.b(nodes, behavior.o); }
else if( type == 'function'){ behavior.b(nodes, behavior.o); }
} else {
nodes.each( function(node){
updated = node[cache] || (node[cache] = []);
if ( updated.indexOf(behavior) == -1 ){
//if( type == 'string' ) node[behavior.b](behavior.o);
if( type == 'class'){ new behavior.b(node, behavior.o); }
else if( type == 'function'){ behavior.b.call(node, node, behavior.o); }
updated.push( behavior );
}
});
}
})
return this;
}
});
<file_sep>/*!
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: Snipe
The Snipe class decorates a TEXTAREA object with extra capabilities such as
section editing, tab-completion, auto-indentation,
smart typing pairs, suggestion popups, toolbars, undo and redo functionality,
advanced find & replace capabilities etc.
The snip-editor can be configured with a set of snippet commands.
See [getSnippet] for more info on how to define snippets.
Credit:
Snipe (short for Snip-Editor) was inspired by postEditor (by <NAME> aka IceBeat,
http://icebeat.bitacoras.com ) and ''textMate'' (http://macromates.com/).
It has been written to fit as wiki markup editor for the JSPWIKI project.
Arguments:
el - textarea element
options - optional, see below
Options:
tab - (string) number of spaces used to insert/remove a tab in the textarea;
default is 4
snippets - (snippet-object) set of snippets, which will be expanded when
clicking a button or pressing the TAB key. See [getSnippet], [tabSnippet]
tabcompletion - (boolean, default false) when set to true,
the tabSnippet keywords will be expanded
when pressing the TAB key. See also [tabSnippet]
directsnips - (snippet-object) set of snippets which are directly expanded
on key-down. See [getSnippet], [directSnippet]
smartpairs - (boolean, default false) when set to true,
the direct snip (aka smart pairs) will be expanded on keypress.
See also [directSnippet]
buttons - (array of Elements), each button elemnet will bind its click-event
with [onButtonClick}. When the click event fires, the {{rel}} attribute
or the text of the element will be used as snippet keyword.
See also [tabSnippet].
dialogs - set of dialogs, consisting of either a Dialog object,
or a set of {dialog-options} for the predefined
dialogs suchs as Font, Color and Special.
See property [initializeDialogs] and [openDialog]
findForm - (object) list of form-controls. See [onFindAndReplace] handler.
next - (Element), when pressing Shift-Enter, the textarea will ''blur'' and
this ''next'' element will ge the focus.
This compensates the overwritting default TAB handling of the browser.
onresize - (function, optional), when present, a textarea resize bar
with css class {{resize-bar}} is added after the textarea,
allowing to resize the heigth of the textarea.
This onresize callback function is called whenever
the height of the textarea is changed.
Dependencies:
[Textarea]
[UndoRedo]
[Snipe.Commands]
Example:
(start code)
new Snipe( "mainTextarea", {
snippets: { bold:"**{bold text}**", italic:"''{italic text}''" },
tabcompletion:true,
directsnips: { '(':')', '[' : ']' },
buttons: $$('a.tool'),
next:'nextInputField'
});
(end)
*/
var Snipe = new Class({
Implements: [Options, Events],
Binds: ['sync','shortcut','keystroke','suggest'],
options: {
tab: " ", //default tab = 4 spaces
//autosuggest:false,
//tabcompletion:false,
//autocompletion:false,
snippets: {},
directsnips: {},
//container: null, //DOM element, container for toolbar buttons
sectionCursor: 'all',
sectionParser: function(){ return {}; }
},
initialize: function(el, options){
options = this.setOptions(options).options;
var self = this,
/*
The textarea is cloned into a mainarea and workarea.
The workarea is visible and used for the actual editing.
It contains either the full document or a particular section.
The mainarea is hidden and contains always the full document.
On submit, the mainarea is send back to the server.
*/
main = self.mainarea = $(el),
work = main.clone().erase('name') //.clone(true,false), dont copy ID and name
.inject( main.hide(), 'before' ),
container = options.container || work.form;
// Augment the textarea element with extra capabilities
// Make sure the content of the mainarea is always in sync with the workarea
textarea = self.textarea = new Textarea( work );
self.undoredo = new UndoRedo( self, {
undo:container.getElement('[data-cmd=undo]'),
redo:container.getElement('[data-cmd=redo]')
});
//The Commands class processes all commands
// entered via tab-completion, button clicks, dialogs or suggestion dialogs.
// Valid commands are given back to the Snipe editor via the onAction event.
self.commands = new Snipe.Commands( container, {
onOpen: function(/*cmd, eventHdl*/){ /*work.focus();*/ },
onClose: function(){ work.focus(); },
onAction: function(cmd){ self.action(cmd, Array.slice(arguments,1) ); },
//predefined dialogs
dialogs: {
find: [ Dialog.Find, {
//dialog: container.getElement('.dialog.find'),
data: {
//feed the find dialog with searchable content: selection or all
get: function(){
var s = textarea.getSelection();
return (s=='') ? work.value : s;
},
set: function(v){
var s = textarea.getSelectionRange();
self.undoredo.onChange();
s.thin ? work.value = v : textarea.setSelection(v);
}
}
}]
}
});
self.initSnippets( options.snippets );
self.clearContext();
work.addEvents({
keydown: self.keystroke,
keypress: self.keystroke,
//fixme: any click outside the suggestion block should clear the active snip -- blur ?
//blur: self.clearContext.bind(self), //(and hide any open dialogs)
keyup: self.suggest,
click: self.suggest,
change: function(parm){ self.fireEvent('change',parm); }
});
//catch shortcut keys when focus on toolbar or textarea
container.addEvent('keypress', self.shortcut);
},
/*
Function: initSnippets
Initialize the snippets and collect all shortcut keys and suggestion snips
*/
initSnippets: function( snips ){
var self = this,
cmd, snip, key, dialogs = {},
ismac = Browser.Platform.mac, //navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Mac OS X')!=-1
shortcut = (ismac ? 'meta+' : 'control+');
self.keys = {};
self.suggestions = {};
for( cmd in snips ){
snip = snips[cmd];
if( typeOf(snip)=='string' ){ snip = {snippet:snip}; }
Function.from( snip.initialize )(cmd, snip);
if( key = snip.key ){
if( key.indexOf('+')<0 ){ key = shortcut+key; }
self.keys[key.toLowerCase()] = cmd;
}
if( typeOf(snip.suggest)=='function' ){ self.suggestions[cmd] = snip; }
//check for default snip dialogs -- they have the same name as the command
//EG: find:{find:[Dialog.Find,{options}] }
if( snip[cmd] ){ dialogs[cmd] = snip[cmd]; }
}
//initialize all detected dialogs
console.log("snip dialogs",Object.keys(dialogs).length);
self.commands.addDialogs(dialogs, self.textarea);
},
/*
Function: toElement
Retrieve textarea DOM element;
Example:
> var snipe = new Snipe('textarea-element');
> $('textarea-element') == snipe.toElement();
> $('textarea-element') == $(snipe);
*/
toElement: function(){
return $(this.textarea);
},
/*
Function: get
Retrieve some of the public properties of the snip-editor.
Arguments:
item - textarea|snippets|tabcompletion|directsnips|smartpairs|autosuggest
*/
get: function(item){
return( /mainarea|textarea/.test(item) ? this[item] :
/snippets|directsnips|autosuggest|tabcompletion|smartpairs/.test(item) ? this.options[item] :
null );
},
/*
Function: set
Set/Reset some of the public options of the snip-editor.
Arguments:
item - snippets|tabcompletion|directsnips|smartpairs|autosuggest
value - new value
Returns
this Snipe object
*/
set: function(item, value){
if( /snippets|directsnips|autosuggest|tabcompletion|smartpairs/.test(item) ){
this.options[item] = value;
}
return this;
},
/*
Function: shortcut.
Handle shortcut keys: Ctrl+shortcut key.
This is a "Keypress" event handler connected to the container element
of the snip editor.
Note:
Safari seems to choke on Cmd+b and Cmd+i. All other Cmd+keys are fine. !?
It seems in those cases, the event is fired on document level only.
*/
shortcut: function(e){
var key = (e.shift ? 'shift+':'') +
(e.control ? 'control+':'') +
(e.meta ? 'meta+':'') +
(e.alt ? 'alt+':'') +
e.key,
keycmd = this.keys[key];
//console.log(key);
if ( keycmd ){
console.log(this.keys,'shortcut',key,keycmd);
e.stop();
this.commands.action( keycmd );
}
},
/*
Function: keystroke
This is a cross-browser keystroke handler for keyPress and keyDown
events on the textarea.
Note:
The KeyPress is used to accept regular character keys.
The KeyDown event captures all special keys, such as Enter, Del, Backspace, Esc, ...
To work around some browser incompatibilities, a hack with the {{event.which}}
attribute is used to grab the actual special chars.
Ref. keyboard event paper by <NAME>, http://unixpapa.com/js/key.html
Todo: check on Opera
Arguments:
e - (event) keypress or keydown event.
*/
keystroke: function(e){
//console.log(e.key, e.code + " keystroke "+e.shift+" "+e.type+"+meta="+e.meta+" +ctrl="+e.control );
if( e.type=='keydown' ){
//Exit if this is a normal key; process special chars with the keydown event
if( e.key.length==1 ) return;
} else { // e.type=='keypress'
//CHECKME
//Only process regular character keys via keypress event
//Note: cross-browser hack with 'which' attribute for special chars
if( !e.event.which /*which==0*/ ){ return; }
//CHECKME: Reset faulty 'special char' treatment by mootools
//console.log( e.key, String.fromCharCode(e.code).toLowerCase());
e.key = String.fromCharCode(e.code).toLowerCase();
}
var self = this,
txta = self.textarea,
el = $(txta),
key = e.key,
caret = txta.getSelectionRange(),
scroll = el.getScroll();
el.focus();
if( /up|down|esc/.test(key) ){
self.clearContext();
} else if( /tab|enter|delete|backspace/.test(key) ){
self[key](e, txta, caret);
} else {
self.directSnippet(e, txta, caret);
}
el.scrollTo(scroll);
},
/*
Function: enter
When the Enter key is pressed, the next line will be ''auto-indented''
or space-aligned with the previous line.
Except if the Enter was pressed on an empty line.
Arguments:
e - event
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
*/
enter: function(e, txta, caret) {
//if( this.hasContext() ){
//fixme
//how to 'continue previous snippet ??
//eg '\n* {unordered list item}' followed by TAB or ENTER
//snippet should always start with \n;
//snippet should have a 'continue on enter' flag ?
//}
this.clearContext();
if( caret.thin ){
var prevline = txta.getFromStart().split(/\r?\n/).pop(),
indent = prevline.match( /^\s+/ );
if( indent && (indent != prevline) ){
e.stop();
txta.insertAfter( '\n' + indent[0] );
}
}
},
/*
Function: backspace
Remove single-character directsnips such as {{ (), [], {} }}
Arguments:
e - event
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
*/
backspace: function(e, txta, caret) {
if( caret.thin && (caret.start > 0) ){
var key = txta.getValue().charAt(caret.start-1),
snip = this.getSnippet( this.options.directsnips, key );
if( snip && (snip.snippet == txta.getValue().charAt(caret.start)) ){
/* remove the closing pair character */
txta.setSelectionRange( caret.start, caret.start+1 )
.setSelection('');
}
}
},
/*
Function: delete
Removes the next TAB (4spaces) if matched
Arguments:
e - event
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
*/
"delete": function(e, txta, caret) {
var tab = this.options.tab;
if( caret.thin && !txta.getTillEnd().indexOf(tab) /*index==0*/ ){
e.stop();
txta.setSelectionRange(caret.start, caret.start + tab.length)
.setSelection('');
}
},
/*
Function: tab
Perform tab-completion function.
Pressing a tab can lead to :
- expansion of a snippet command cmd and selection of the first parameter
- selection of the next snippet parameter (if active snippet)
- otherwise, expansion to set of spaces (4)
Arguments:
e - event
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
*/
tab: function(e, txta, caret){
var self = this,
snips = self.options.snippets,
fromStart = txta.getFromStart(),
len = fromStart.length,
cmd, cmdlen; // ok = false;
e.stop();
if( self.options.tabcompletion ){
if( self.hasContext() ){
return self.nextAction(txta, caret);
}
if( caret.thin ){
//lookup the command backwards from the text preceeding the caret
for( cmd in snips ){
cmdlen = cmd.length;
if( (len >= cmdlen) && (cmd == fromStart.slice( - cmdlen )) ){
//first remove the command
txta.setSelectionRange(caret.start - cmdlen, caret.start)
.setSelection('');
return self.commands.action( cmd );
}
}
}
}
//if you are still here, convert the tab into spaces
self.convertTabToSpaces(e, txta, caret);
},
/*
Function: convertTabToSpaces
Convert tabs to spaces. When no snippets are detected, the default
treatment of the TAB key is to insert a number of spaces.
Indentation is also applied in case of multi-line selections.
Arguments:
e - event
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
*/
convertTabToSpaces: function(e, txta, caret){
var tab = this.options.tab,
selection = txta.getSelection(),
fromStart = txta.getFromStart();
isCaretAtStart = txta.isCaretAtStartOfLine();
//handle multi-line selection
if( selection.indexOf('\n') > -1 ){
if( isCaretAtStart ){ selection = '\n' + selection; }
if( e.shift ){
//shift-tab: remove leading tab space-block
selection = selection.replace(RegExp('\n'+tab,'g'),'\n');
} else {
//tab: auto-indent by inserting a tab space-block
selection = selection.replace(/\n/g,'\n'+tab);
}
txta.setSelection( isCaretAtStart ? selection.slice(1) : selection );
} else {
if( e.shift ){
//shift-tab: remove 'backward' tab space-block
if( fromStart.test( tab + '$' ) ){
txta.setSelectionRange( caret.start - tab.length, caret.start )
.setSelection('');
}
} else {
//tab: insert a tab space-block
txta.setSelection( tab )
.setSelectionRange( caret.start + tab.length );
}
}
},
/*
Function: setContext
Store the active snip. (state)
EG, subsequent handling of dialogs.
As long as a snippet is active, the textarea gets the css class {{.activeSnip}}.
Arguments:
snip - snippet object to make active
*/
hasContext: function(){
return !!this.context.snip;
},
setContext: function( snip, suggest ){
this.context = {snip:snip, suggest:suggest};
$(this).addClass('activeSnip');
},
/*
Function: clearContext
Clear the context object, and remove the css class from the textarea.
Also make sure that no dialogs are left open.
*/
clearContext: function(){
this.context = {};
this.commands.close();
$(this).removeClass('activeSnip').focus();
},
/*
Function: getSnippet
Retrieve and validate the snippet. Returns false when the snippet is not
found or not in scope.
About snippets:
In the simplest case, you can use snippets to insert plain text that you do not
want to type again and again. The snippet is expanded when hitting
the Tab key: the ''snippet'' is replaced by ''snippet expansion text''.
(start code)
var tabSnippets = {
<snippet1> : <snippet expansion text>,
<snippet2> : <snippet expansion text>
}
(end)
See also [DirectSnippets].
For example, following snippet will expand the ''toc'' text into the
TableOfContents wiki plugin call. Don't forget to escape '{' and '}'
with a backslash, because they have a special meaning. (see below)
Use the '\n' charater to define multi-line snippets. Start the snippet
with '\n' to make sure the snippet starts on a new line.
(start code)
"toc": "\n[\{TableOfContents \}]\n"
(end)
After tab-completion, the caret is placed just after the expanded snippet.
Snippet parameters:
If you want, you can put ''{parameters}'' inside the snippet. Pressing the tab
will jump to the next parameter. If you are ok with the default value,
just tab over it. If not, start typing to overwrite it.
(start code)
"bold": "__{some bold text}__"
(end)
You can have multiple ''{parameters}'' too. Pressing more tabs will get you there.
(start code)
"link": "[{link text}|{pagename}]"
(end)
Extended snippet syntax:
So far we discussed the simple snippet syntax. In order to unlock more advanced
snippet features, you'll need to use the extended snippet syntax.
(start code)
"toc": {
snippet : "\n[\{TableOfContents \}]\n"
}
(end)
which is actually the same as
(start code)
"toc": "\n[\{TableOfContents \}]\n"
(end)
Snippet synonyms:
Instead of defining the snippet text, you can also refer to another snippet.
This allows you to create synonyms.
(start code)
"allow": {
synonym: "acl"
}
(end)
Dynamic snippets:
Next to static snippet texts, you can also dynamically generate
the snippet text through a javascript function. For example, you could
use ajax calls to populate the snippet on the fly. The function should return
either the string (simple snippet syntax) or a snippet object.
(eg return {{ { snippet:"..." } }} )
(start code)
"date": function(e, textarea){
return new Date().toLocaleString();
}
(end)
or
(start code)
"date": function(e, textarea){
var d = new Date().toLocaleString();
return { 'snippet': d };
}
(end)
Snippet scope:
See [inScope] to see how to restrict the scope of a snippet.
Parameter dialog boxes:
To help the entry of parameters, you can specify a predefined set of choices
for a ''{parameter}'', as a string (with | separator), js array or js object.
A parameter dialog box will be displayed to provide easy selection of
one of the choices. See [Dialog.Selection].
Example of parameter suggestion-list:
(start code)
"acl": {
snippet: "[\{ALLOW {permission} {principal(,principal)} \}]",
permission: "view|edit|modify|comment|rename|upload|delete",
"principal(,principal)": "Anonymous|Asserted|Authenticated|All"
}
}
"acl": {
snippet: "[\{ALLOW {permission} {principal(,principal)} \}]",
permission: [view,edit,modify]
}
}
"acl": {
snippet: "[\{ALLOW {permission} {principal(,principal)} \}]",
permission: {'Only read access':'view','Read and write access':'edit','R/W, rename, delete access':'modify' }
}
}
(end)
Arguments:
snips - snippet collection object for lookup of the key
key - snippet key. If not present, retreive the key from
the textarea just to the left of the caret. (i.e. tab-completion)
Returns:
Return a snippet object or false.
(start code)
returned_object = false || {
key: "snippet-key",
snippet: " snippet-string ",
text: " converted snippet-string, no-parameter braces, auto-indented ",
parms: [parm1, parm2, "last-snippet-string" ]
}
(end)
*/
getSnippet: function( snips, cmd ){
var self = this,
txta = self.textarea,
fromStart = txta.getFromStart(),
snip = snips[cmd],
tab = this.options.tab,
parms = [],
s,last;
if( snip && snip.synonym ){ snip = snips[snip.synonym]; }
snip = Function.from(snip)(self, [cmd]);
if( typeOf(snip) == 'string' ){ snip = { snippet:snip }; }
if( !snip || !self.inScope(snip, fromStart) ){ return false; }
s = snip.snippet || '';
//parse snippet and build the parms[] array with all {parameters}
s = s.replace( /\\?\{([^{}]+)\}/g, function(match, name){
if( match.charAt(0) == '\\' ){ return match.slice(1); }
parms.push(name);
return name;
}).replace( /\\\{/g, '{' );
//and finally, replace the escaped '\{' by real '{' chars
//also push the last piece of the snippet onto the parms[] array
last = parms.getLast();
if(last){ parms.push( s.slice(s.lastIndexOf(last) + last.length) ); }
//collapse \n of previous line if the snippet starts with \n
if( s.test(/^\n/) && ( fromStart.test( /(^|[\n\r]\s*)$/ ) ) ) {
s = s.slice(1);
//console.log("remove leading \\n");
}
//collapse \n of subsequent line when the snippet ends with a \n
if( s.test(/\n$/) && ( txta.getTillEnd().test( /^\s*[\n\r]/ ) ) ) {
s = s.slice(0,-1);
//console.log("remove trailing \\n");
}
//auto-indent the snippet's internal newlines \n
var prevline = fromStart.split(/\r?\n/).pop(),
indent = prevline.match(/^\s+/);
if( indent ){ s = s.replace( /\n/g, '\n' + indent[0] ); }
//complete the snip object
snip.text = s;
snip.parms = parms;
return snip;
},
/*
Function: inScope
Sometimes it is useful to restrict the scope of a snippet, and only allow
the snippet expansion in specific parts of the text. The scope parameter allows
you to do that by defining start and end delimiting strings.
For example, the following "fn" snippet will only expands when it appears
inside the scope of a script tag.
(start code)
"fn": {
snippet: "function( {args} )\{ \n {body}\n\}\n",
scope: {"<script":"</script"} //should be inside this bracket
}
(end)
The opposite is possible too. Use the 'nScope' or not-in-scope parameter
to make sure the snippet is only inserted when not in scope.
(start code)
"special": {
snippet: "{special}",
nScope: { "%%(":")" } //should not be inside this bracket
},
(end)
Arguments:
snip - Snippet Object
text - (string) used to check for open scope items
Returns:
True when the snippet is in scope, false otherwise.
*/
inScope: function(snip, text){
var pattern, pos, scope=snip.scope, nscope=snip.nscope;
if( scope ){
if( typeOf(scope)=='function' ){
return scope( this.textarea );
} else {
for( pattern in scope ){
pos = text.lastIndexOf(pattern);
if( (pos > -1) && (text.indexOf( scope[pattern], pos ) == -1) ){ return 1 /*true*/; }
}
return false;
}
}
if( nscope ){
for( pattern in nscope ){
pos = text.lastIndexOf(pattern);
if( (pos > -1) && (text.indexOf( nscope[pattern], pos ) == -1) ){ return !1 /*false*/; }
}
}
return 1 /*true*/;
},
/*
Function: directSnippet
Direct snippet are invoked immediately when the key is pressed
as opposed to a [tabSnippet] which are expanded after pressing the Tab key.
Direct snippets are typically used for smart typing pairs,
such as {{ (), [] or {}. }}
Direct snippets can also be defined through javascript functions
or restricted to a certain scope. (ref. [getSnippet], [inScope] )
First, the snippet is retrieved based on the entered character.
Then, the opening- and closing- chars are inserted around the selection.
Arguments:
e - event
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
Example:
(start code)
directSnippets: {
'"' : '"',
'(' : ')',
'{' : '}',
"<" : ">",
"'" : {
snippet:"'",
scope:{
"<javascript":"</javascript",
"<code":"</code",
"<html":"</html"
}
}
}
(end)
*/
directSnippet: function(e, txta, caret){
var self = this,
options = self.options,
snip = self.getSnippet( options.directsnips, e.key );
if( snip && options.smartpairs ){
e.stop();
txta.setSelection( e.key, txta.getSelection(), snip.snippet )
.setSelectionRange( caret.start+1, caret.end+1 );
}
},
/*
Function: action
This function executes the proper action.
The command can be given throug TAB-completion or by pressing a button.
It looks up the snippet and inserts its value in the textarea.
When text was selected prior to the click event, the selection will
be injected in one of the snippet {parameter}.
Additionally, when the snippet only contains one {parameter},
the snippet will toggle: i.e. remove the snippet when already present,
otherwise insert the snippet.
TODO:
Prior to the insertion of the snippet, the caret will be moved to the beginning of the line.
Prior to the insertion of the snippet, the caret will be moved to the beginning of the next line.
Arguments:
e - (event) keypress or keydown event.
*/
action: function( cmd, args ){
var self = this,
txta = self.textarea,
caret = txta.getSelectionRange(),
snip = self.context.snip || self.getSnippet(self.options.snippets, cmd),
s;
//console.log("Action: "+cmd+" ("+args+") text=["+snip.text+"] parms=["+snip.parms+"] "+!!snip);
if( snip ){
s = snip.text;
if( snip.action ){ //eg undo, redo
return snip.action.call(self, cmd, snip, args );
}
self.undoredo.onChange();
if( snip.event ){
return self.fireEvent(snip.event, [cmd, args]);
}
$(txta).focus();
if( self.options.autosuggest && self.context.suggest ){
return self.suggestAction( cmd, args );
}
if( !caret.thin && (snip.parms.length==2) ){
s = self.toggleSnip(txta, snip, caret);
//console.log("toggle snippet: "+s+" parms:"+snip.parms);
}
//inject args into the snippet parms
if( args ){
args.each( function(arg){
if(snip.parms.length > 1){
s = s.replace( snip.parms.shift(), arg );
}
});
//console.log("inject args: "+s+" "+snip.parms);
}
//inject selected text into first snippet parm
if( !caret.thin && (snip.parms[1] /*length>1*/) ){
s = s.replace( snip.parms.shift(), txta.getSelection() );
//console.log("inject selection: "+s+" "+snip.parms);
}
//now insert the snippet text
txta.setSelection( s );
if( !snip.parms.length/*length==0*/ ){
//when no selection, move caret after the inserted snippet,
//otherwise leave the selection unchanged
if( caret.thin ){ txta.setSelectionRange( caret.start + s.length ); }
//console.log("action:: should we clear this ? " + self.hasContext() );
self.clearContext();
} else {
//this snippet has one or more parameters
//store the active snip and process the next {parameter}
//checkme !!
if( !self.hasContext() ){ self.setContext( snip ); }
caret = txta.getSelectionRange(); //update new caret
self.nextAction(txta, caret);
}
}
},
/*
Function: toggleSnip
Toggle the prefix and suffix of a snippet.
Eg. toggle between {{__text__}} and {{text}}.
The selection will be matched against the snippet.
Precondition:
- the selection is not empty (caret.thin = false)
- the snippet has exatly one {parameter}
Arguments:
txta - Textarea object
snip - Snippet object
caret - Caret object {start, end, thin}
Returns:
- (string) replacement string for the selection.
By default, returns snip.text
- the snip.parms will be set to [] is toggle was executed successfully
Eventually the selection will be extended if the
prefix and suffix were just outside the selection.
*/
toggleSnip: function(txta, snip, caret){
var s = snip.text,
//get the first and last textual parts of the snippet
arr = s.trim().split( snip.parms[0] ),
fst = arr[0],
lst = arr[1],
re = new RegExp( '^\\s*' + fst.trim().escapeRegExp() + '\\s*(.*)\\s*' + lst.trim().escapeRegExp() + '\\s*$' );
if( (fst+lst)!='' ){
s = txta.getSelection();
snip.parms = [];
// if pfx & sfx (with optional whitespace) are matched: remove them
if( s.test(re) ){
s = s.replace( re, '$1' );
// if pfx/sfx are matched just outside the selection: extend selection
} else if( txta.getFromStart().test(fst+'$') && txta.getTillEnd().test('^'+lst) ){
txta.setSelectionRange(caret.start-fst.length, caret.end+lst.length);
// otherwise, insert snippet and set caret between pfx and sfx
} else {
txta.setSelection( fst+lst ).setSelectionRange( caret.start + fst.length );
}
}
return s;
},
/*
Method: suggest
Suggestion snippets are dialog-boxes appearing as you type.
When clicking items in the suggest dialogs, content is inserted
in the textarea.
*/
suggest: function(){
var self = this,
txta = self.textarea,
caret = txta.getSelectionRange(),
fromStart = txta.getFromStart(),
suggestions = self.suggestions,
cmd, suggest, snip;
if( !self.options.autosuggest ) return;
for( cmd in suggestions ){
snip = suggestions[cmd];
suggest = snip.suggest(txta, caret);
if( suggest /*&& self.inScope(snip, fromStart)*/ ){
if(!suggest.tail) suggest.tail = 0; //ensure default value
//console.log( "Suggest: "+ cmd + " [" + JSON.encode(suggest)+"]" );
self.setContext( snip, suggest );
return self.commands.action(cmd, suggest.match);
}
}
//if you got here, no suggestions
this.clearContext();
},
/*
Method: suggestAction
<todo>
suggest = { start: start-position , match:'string', tail: length }
*/
suggestAction: function( cmd, value ){
var self = this,
txta = self.textarea,
suggest = self.context.suggest,
end = suggest.start + suggest.match.length + suggest.tail;
//console.log('SuggestAction: '+ cmd+' (' +value + ') [' + JSON.encode(suggest) + ']');
//set the selection to the replaceable text, and inject the new value
txta.setSelectionRange( suggest.start, end ).setSelection( value );
//if tail, set the selection on the tail --why ??
if( suggest.tail>0 ){
txta.setSelectionRange( end - suggest.tail, txta.getSelectionRange().end );
}
self.clearContext();
return self.suggest();
},
/*
Function: nextAction
Process the next ''{parameter}'' of the active snippet as you tab along
or after you clicked a button or closed a dialog.
Arguments:
txta - Textarea object
caret - caret object, indicating the start/end of the textarea selection
*/
nextAction: function(txta, caret){
var self = this,
snip = self.context.snip,
parms = snip.parms,
dialog,
pos;
while( parms[0] /*.length > 0*/ ){
dialog = parms.shift();
pos = txta.getValue().indexOf(dialog, caret.start);
//console.log("next action: "+dialog+ " pos:" + pos + " parms: "+parms+" caret:"+caret.start);
//found the next {dialog} or possibly the end of the snippet
if( (dialog !='') && (pos > -1) ){
if( parms[0] /*.length > 0*/ ){
// select the next {dialog}
txta.setSelectionRange( pos, pos + dialog.length );
//invoke the new dialog
//console.log('next action: invoke '+dialog+" "+snip[dialog])
self.commands.action( dialog, snip[dialog] );
//remember every selected snippet dialog
self.undoredo.onChange();
return; // and retain the context snip for subsequent {dialogs}
} else {
// no more {dialogs}, move the caret after the end of the snippet
txta.setSelectionRange( pos + dialog.length );
}
}
}
self.clearContext();
},
/*
Function: getState
Return the current state which consist of the content and selection of the textarea.
It implements the ''Undoable'' interface called from the [UndoRedo] class.
*/
getState: function(){
var txta = this.textarea,
el = $(txta);
return {
main: this.mainarea.value,
value: el.get('value'),
cursor: txta.getSelectionRange(),
scrollTop: el.scrollTop,
scrollLeft: el.scrollLeft
};
},
/*
Function: putState
Set a state of the Snip editor. This works in conjunction with the [UndoRedo] class.
Argument:
state - object originally created by the getState funcion
*/
putState: function(state){
var self = this,
txta = self.textarea,
el = $(txta);
self.clearContext();
self.mainarea.value = state.main;
el.value = state.value;
el.scrollTop = state.scrollTop;
el.scrollLeft = state.scrollLeft;
txta.setSelectionRange( state.cursor.start, state.cursor.end )
.fireEvent('change',[state.value]);
}
});
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
//TODO: refactor me
/*
Javascript routines to support JSPWiki Group management
GroupContent.jsp
div#viewgroup
form#deleteGroup
GroupTab.jsp
form#groupForm
NewGroupContent.jsp
*/
Wiki.add('#groupForm',function(form){
});
var WikiGroup =
{
MembersID : "membersfield",
//GroupTltID : "grouptemplate",
GroupID : "groupfield",
NewGroupID : "newgroup",
GroupInfoID : "groupinfo",
CancelBtnID : "cancelButton",
SaveBtnID : "saveButton",
CreateBtnID : "createButton",
DeleteBtnID : "deleteButton",
groups : { "(new)": { members:"", groupInfo:"" } },
cursor : null,
isEditOn : false,
isCreateOn : false,
putGroup: function(group, members, groupInfo, isSelected){
this.groups[group] = { members: members, groupInfo: groupInfo };
var g = $("grouptemplate");
gg = g.clone().removeProperty('id').setHTML(group).inject(g.getParent()).show();
if(isSelected || !this.cursor) this.onMouseOverGroup(gg);
} ,
onMouseOverGroup: function(node){
if(this.isEditOn) return;
this.setCursor(node);
var g = this.groups[ (node.id == this.GroupID) ? "(new)": node.innerHTML ];
$(this.MembersID).value = g.members;
$(this.GroupInfoID).innerHTML = g.groupInfo;
} ,
setCursor: function(node){
if(this.cursor) $(this.cursor).removeClass('cursor');
this.cursor = $(node).addClass('cursor');
} ,
//create new group: focus on input field
onClickNew: function(){
if(this.isEditOn) return;
this.isCreateOn = true;
$(this.MembersID).value = "";
this.toggle();
} ,
//toggle edit status of Group Editor
toggle: function(){
this.isEditOn = !this.isEditOn; //toggle
$(this.MembersID ).disabled =
$(this.SaveBtnID ).disabled =
$(this.CreateBtnID).disabled =
$(this.CancelBtnID).disabled = !this.isEditOn;
var del = $(this.DeleteBtnID);
if(del) del.disabled = this.isCreateOn || !this.isEditOn;
if(this.isCreateOn) { $(this.CreateBtnID).toggle(); $(this.SaveBtnID).toggle() };
var newGrp = $(this.NewGroupID),
members = $(this.MembersID);
if(this.isEditOn){
members.getParent().addClass("cursor");
newGrp.disabled = !this.isCreateOn;
if(this.isCreateOn) { newGrp.focus(); } else { members.focus(); }
} else {
members.getParent().removeClass("cursor");
if(this.isCreateOn){
this.isCreateOn = false;
newGrp.value = newGrp.defaultValue;
members.value = "";
}
newGrp.blur();
members.blur();
newGrp.disabled = false;
}
} ,
// submit form to create new group
onSubmitNew: function(form, actionURL){
var newGrp = $(this.NewGroupID);
if(newGrp.value == newGrp.defaultValue){
alert("group.validName".localize());
newGrp.focus();
} else this.onSubmit(form, actionURL);
} ,
// submit form: fill out actual group and members info
onSubmit: function(form, actionURL){
if(! this.cursor) return false;
var g = (this.cursor.id == this.GroupID) ? $(this.NewGroupID).value: this.cursor.innerHTML;
/* form.action = actionURL; -- doesn't work in IE */
form.setAttribute("action", actionURL) ;
form.group.value = g;
form.members.value = $(this.MembersID).value;
form.action.value = "save";
Wiki.submitOnce(form);
form.submit();
}
}
<file_sep>/*!
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: Wiki.Edit
The WikiEdit class implements the JSPWiki's specific editor, with support
for JSPWIki's markup, suggestion popups, ajax based page preview, etc...
It uses an enhanced textarea based on the [SnipEditor] class.
*/
!function( wiki ){
var container,
textarea,
snipe,
preview, previewcache,
sectionDropDown;
wiki.add('#editform', function( element ){
container = element;
textarea = container.getElement('.editor');
preview = container.getElement('.ajaxpreview');
sectionDropDown = container.getElement('[data-sections]');
onbeforeunload( textarea );
snipe = new Snipe( textarea, {
snippets: wiki.Snips,
directsnips: wiki.DirectSnips,
onChange: preview ? livepreview : null,
onConfig: config
});
if( wiki.Context == 'edit' && sectionDropDown ){
new Snipe.Sections( sectionDropDown, {
snipe: snipe,
parser: sectionParser
});
}
resizer( element.getElement('.resizer'), 'EditorCookie' );
/*
Initialize the configuration checkboxes:
set the checkbox according to the wiki-prefs (cookie) and configure the snip-editor.
*/
['tabcompletion','smartpairs','autosuggest','livepreview','previewcolumn'].each( function(cmd){
var el = container.getElement('[data-cmd='+cmd+']');
if( el ){
//console.log('init config ',cmd);
el.checked = !!wiki.get(cmd);
config( cmd );
}
})
});
/*
Function: onbeforeunload
Install an onbeforeunload handler, which is called ''before'' the page unloads.
The user gets a warning in case the textarea was changed, without saving.
The onbeforeunload handler is automatically removed on regular exit of the page.
*/
function onbeforeunload( textarea ){
window.onbeforeunload = function(){
if( textarea.value != textarea.defaultValue ){ return "edit.areyousure".localize(); }
};
textarea.getParent('form').addEvent('submit', function(){
window.onbeforeunload = null;
});
}
/*
Function: makeResizable
Activate the resize handle.
While dragging the textarea, also update the size of the
preview area. Store the new height in the 'EditorSize' prefs cookie.
Arguments:
element - draggable resize handle (DOM element)
options - { cookie: name of the cookie to persist the editor size across pageloads }
Globals:
wiki - main wiki object, to get/set preference fields
textarea - resizable textarea (DOM element)
preview - preview (DOM element)
*/
function resizer( handle, cookie ){
var height = 'height',
textarea = snipe.toElement(),
size = wiki.get(cookie),
y;
function dragging(add){ handle.ifClass(add,'dragging'); }
if( size ){
textarea.setStyle(height, size);
preview.setStyle(height, size);
}
if( handle ){
//console.log("resizer ",textarea,preview);
textarea.makeResizable({
handle: handle,
modifiers: { x:null },
onDrag: function(){
y = this.value.now.y;
preview.setStyle(height, y);
wiki.set(cookie, y);
},
onBeforeStart: dragging.pass(true),
onComplete: dragging.pass(false),
onCancel: dragging.pass(false)
});
}
}
/*
Function: livepreview
Linked as onChange handler to the SnipEditor.
Make AJAX call to the backend to convert the contents of the textarea
(wiki markup) to HTML.
FIXME: should work bothways. wysiwyg <-> wikimarkup
*/
function livepreview(v){
var text = snipe.toElement().get('value');
if( !$('livepreview').checked ){
//clean preview area
if( previewcache ){
preview.empty();
previewcache = null;
}
} else if( previewcache != text.length ){
previewcache = text.length;
//return preview.set('html',preview.get('html')+' Lorem ipsum'); //test code
new Request.HTML({
url: wiki.XHRPreview,
data: {
page: wiki.PageName,
wikimarkup: text
},
update: preview,
onRequest: function(){ preview.addClass('loading'); },
onComplete: function(){
preview.removeClass('loading');
wiki.update();
}
}).send();
}
}
/*
Function: config
Change the configuration of the snip-editor, and store it
in the wiki-prefs. (cookie)
The configuration is read from DOM checkbox elements.
The name of the DOM checkboxes correponds with the cookie names,
and the cookienames correspond with the snip-editor state attribute, if applicable.
- invoked by initconfig, to initialize checkboxes with cookie values.
- invoked when the config cmd checkboxes are clicked (ref. snippet commands)
Argument:
cmd - which configuration command has been triggered or needs to be initialized.
*/
function config( cmd ){
var el = container.getElement('[data-cmd='+cmd+']'),
state, editarea;
if( el ){
wiki.set(cmd, state = el.checked);
if( cmd.test(/livepreview|previewcolumn/) ){
editarea = container.getElement('.edit-area').ifClass(state,cmd);
if( cmd == 'livepreview' ){
container.getElement('[data-cmd=previewcolumn]').disabled = !state;
} else { //cmd == 'previewcolumn'
if(state){
editarea.adopt(preview);
} else {
preview.inject( container.getElement('.resizer'), 'after');
}
}
}
snipe.set(cmd, state).fireEvent('change');
}
}
/*
Function: sectionParser
Convert a jspwiki-markup page to an array of page sections.
Sections are marked with a JSPWiki header line. ( !, !! !!! )
This function is a callback function for the [SnipEditor].
It is called by [snipeditor.buildToc] every time the textarea of the
snipeditor is being changed.
Returns:
This function returns a array of objects [{title, start, depth}]
title - (string) plain title of the section (no wiki markup)
start - (number) offset within the text string where this section starts
depth - (number) nesting level of the section 0,1...n
*/
function sectionParser( text ){
var result = [],
DELIM = '\u00a4',
tt = text
// mask any header markup inside a {{{ ... }}} but keep length of the text unchanged!
.replace(/\{\{\{([\s\S]*?)\}\}\}/g, function(match){
return match.replace( /^!/mg, ' ' );
})
// break string up into array of headers and section-bodies :
// [0] : text prior to the first header
// [1,odd] : header markup !, !! or !!!
// [2,even] : remainder of the section, starting with header title
.replace( /^([!]{1,3})/mg, DELIM+"$1"+DELIM )
.split(DELIM),
pos = tt.shift().length, //get length of the first element, prior to first section
count = tt.length,
i, hlen, title;
for( i=0; i<count; i=i+2 ){
hlen = tt[i].length;
//take first line
title = tt[i+1].split(/[\r\n]/)[0]
//remove unescaped(~) inline wiki markup __,'',{{,}}, %%(*), /%
.replace(/(^|[^~])(__|''|\{\{|\}\}|%%\([^\)]+\)|%%\S+\s|%%\([^\)]+\)|\/%)/g,'$1')
//and remove wiki-markup escape chars ~
.replace(/~([^~])/g, '$1');
//depth: convert length of header markup (!!!,!!,!) into #depth-level: 3,2,1 => 0,1,2
result.push({ title:title, start:pos, depth:3-hlen });
pos += hlen + tt[i+1].length;
}
return result;
}
}(Wiki);
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: Dialog.Font
The Dialog.Font is a Dialog.Selection object, to selecting a font.
Each selectable item is redered in its proper font.
Arguments:
options - optional, see options below
Options:
fonts - (object) set of font definitions with name/value
others - see Dialog.Selection options
Inherits from:
[Dialog.Selection]
Example
(start code)
dialog= new Dialog.Font({
fonts:{'Font name1':'font1', 'Font name2':'font2'},
caption:"Select a Font",
onSelect:function(value){ alert( value ); }
});
(end)
*/
Dialog.Font = new Class({
Extends:Dialog.Selection,
options: {
fonts: {
'arial':'Arial',
'comic sans ms':'Comic Sans',
'courier new':'Courier New',
'garamond':'Garamond',
'georgia':'Georgia',
'helvetica':'Helvetica',
'impact':'Impact',
'times new roman':'Times',
'tahoma':'Tahoma',
'trebuchet ms':'Trebuchet',
'verdana':'Verdana'
}
},
initialize:function(options){
var self = this, fonts = options.fonts;
//options.cssClass = '.font'+(options.cssClass||'')
this.setClass('.font',options);
options.body = fonts ? fonts : self.options.fonts;
self.parent(options);
self.getItems().each(function(li){
li.setStyle('font-family', li.get('title') );
});
}
});
<file_sep>/*
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: Textarea
The textarea class enriches a TEXTAREA element, and provides cross browser
support to handle text selection: get and set the selected text,
changing the selection, etc.
It also provide support to retrieve and validate the caret/cursor position.
Example:
(start code)
<script>
var txta = new Textarea( "mainTextarea" );
</script>
(end)
*/
var Textarea = new Class({
Implements: [Options,Events],
//options: { onChange:function(e){} );
initialize: function(el,options){
var self = this,
txta = self.ta = $(el),
lastValue,
lastLength = -1,
changeFn = function(e){
var v = txta.value;
if( v.length != lastLength || v !== lastValue ){
self.fireEvent('change', e);
lastLength = v.length;
lastValue = v;
}
};
self.setOptions(options);
txta.addEvents({ change:changeFn, keyup:changeFn });
//Create shadow div to support pixel measurement of the caret in the textarea
//self.taShadow = new Element('div',{
// styles: { position:'absolute', visibility:'hidden', overflow:'auto'/*,top:0, left:0, zIndex:1, white-space:pre-wrap*/ }
//})
self.taShadow = new Element('div[style=position:absolute;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto]')
.inject(txta,'before')
.setStyles( txta.getStyles(
'font-family0font-size0line-height0text-indent0padding-top0padding-right0padding-bottom0padding-left0border-left-width0border-right-width0border-left-style0border-right-style0white-space0word-wrap'
.split(0)
));
return this;
},
/*
Function: toElement
Return the DOM textarea element.
This allows the dollar function to return
the element when passed an instance of the class. (mootools 1.2.x)
Example:
> var txta = new Textarea('textarea-element');
> $('textarea-element') == txta.toElement();
> $('textarea-element') == $(txta); //mootools 1.2.x
*/
toElement: function(){
return this.ta;
},
/*
Function: getValue
Returns the value (text content) of the textarea.
*/
getValue: function(){
return this.ta.value;
},
/*
Function: slice
Mimics the string slice function on the value (text content) of the textarea.
Arguments:
Ref. javascript slice function
*/
slice: function(start,end){
return this.ta.value.slice(start,end);
},
/*
Function: getFromStart
Returns the first not selected part of the textarea, till the start of the selection.
*/
getFromStart: function(){
return this.slice( 0, this.getSelectionRange().start );
},
/*
Function: getTillEnd
Returns the last not selected part of the textarea, starting from the end of the selection.
*/
getTillEnd: function(){
return this.slice( this.getSelectionRange().end );
},
/*
Function: getSelection
Returns the selected text as a string
Note:
IE fixme: this may return any selection, not only selected text in this textarea
//if(Browser.Engine.trident) return document.selection.createRange().text;
*/
getSelection: function(){
var cur = this.getSelectionRange();
return this.slice(cur.start, cur.end);
},
/*
Function: setSelectionRange
Selects the selection range of the textarea from start to end
Arguments:
start - start position of the selection
end - (optional) end position of the seletion (default == start)
Returns:
Textarea object
*/
setSelectionRange: function(start, end){
var txta = this.ta,
value,diff,range;
if(!end){ end = start; }
if( txta.setSelectionRange ){
txta.setSelectionRange(start, end);
} else {
value = txta.value;
diff = value.slice(start, end - start).replace(/\r/g, '').length;
start = value.slice(0, start).replace(/\r/g, '').length;
range = txta.createTextRange();
range.collapse(1 /*true*/);
range.moveEnd('character', start + diff);
range.moveStart('character', start);
range.select();
//textarea.scrollTop = scrollPosition;
//textarea.focus();
}
return this;
},
/*
Function: getSelectionRange
Returns an object describing the textarea selection range.
Returns:
{{ { 'start':number, 'end':number, 'thin':boolean } }}
start - coordinate of the selection
end - coordinate of the selection
thin - boolean indicates whether selection is empty (start==end)
*/
/* ffs
getIERanges: function(){
this.ta.focus();
var txta = this.ta,
range = document.selection.createRange(),
re = this.createTextRange(),
dupe = re.duplicate();
re.moveToBookmark(range.getBookmark());
dupe.setEndPoint('EndToStart', re);
return { start: dupe.text.length, end: dupe.text.length + range.text.length, length: range.text.length, text: range.text };
},
*/
getSelectionRange: function(){
var txta = this.ta,
caret = { start: 0, end: 0 /*, thin: true*/ },
range, dup, value, offset;
if( txta.selectionStart!=null ){
caret = { start: txta.selectionStart, end: txta.selectionEnd };
} else {
range = document.selection.createRange();
//if (!range || range.parentElement() != txta){ return caret; }
if ( range && range.parentElement() == txta ){
dup = range.duplicate();
value = txta.value;
offset = value.length - value.match(/[\n\r]*$/)[0].length;
dup.moveToElementText(txta);
dup.setEndPoint('StartToEnd', range);
caret.end = offset - dup.text.length;
dup.setEndPoint('StartToStart', range);
caret.start = offset - dup.text.length;
}
}
caret.thin = (caret.start==caret.end);
return caret;
},
/*
Function: setSelection
Replaces the selection with a new value (concatenation of arguments).
On return, the selection is set to the replaced text string.
Arguments:
string - string to be inserted in the textarea.
If multiple arguments are passed, all strings will be concatenated.
Returns:
Textarea object, with a new selection
Example:
> txta.setSelection("new", " value"); //replace selection by 'new value'
*/
setSelection: function(){
var value = Array.from(arguments).join('').replace(/\r/g, ''),
txta = this.ta,
scrollTop = txta.scrollTop, //cache top
start,end,v,range;
if( txta.selectionStart!=null ){
start = txta.selectionStart;
end = txta.selectionEnd;
v = txta.value;
//txta.value = v.substr(0, start) + value + v.substr(end);
txta.value = v.slice(0, start) + value + v.substr(end);
txta.selectionStart = start;
txta.selectionEnd = start + value.length;
} else {
txta.focus();
range = document.selection.createRange();
range.text = value;
range.collapse(1 /*true*/);
range.moveStart("character", -value.length);
range.select();
}
txta.focus();
txta.scrollTop = scrollTop;
txta.fireEvent('change');
return this;
},
/*
Function: insertAfter
Inserts the arguments after the selection, and puts caret after inserted value
Arguments:
string( one or more) - string to be inserted in the textarea.
Returns:
Textarea object
*/
insertAfter: function(){
var value = Array.from(arguments).join('');
return this.setSelection( value )
.setSelectionRange( this.getSelectionRange().start + value.length );
},
/*
Function: isCaretAtStartOfLine
Returns boolean indicating whether caret is at the start of a line.
*/
isCaretAtStartOfLine: function(){
var i = this.getSelectionRange().start;
return( (i<1) || ( this.ta.value.charAt( i-1 ).test( /[\n\r]/ ) ) );
},
/*
Function: getCoordinates
Returns the absolute coordinates (px) of the character at a certain offset in the textarea.
Default returns pixel coordinates of the selection.
Credits:
Inspired by http://github.com/sergeche/tx-content-assist.
Arguments:
offset - character index
If omitted, the pixel position of the caret is returned.
Returns:
{{ { top, left, width, height, right, bottom } }}
*/
getCoordinates: function( offset ){
var txta = this.ta,
taShadow = this.taShadow,
delta = 0,
el,css,style,t,l,w,h;
//prepare taShadow
css = txta.getStyles(['padding-left','padding-right','border-left-width','border-right-width']);
for(style in css){ delta +=css[style].toInt() }
//default offset is the position of the caret
if( !offset ){ offset = this.getSelectionRange().end; }
el = taShadow.set({
styles: {
width: txta.offsetWidth - delta,
height: txta.getStyle('height') //ensure proper handling of scrollbars - if any
},
//FIXME: should we put the full selection inside the <i></i> bracket ? (iso a single char)
html: txta.value.slice(0, offset) + '<i>A</i>' + txta.value.slice(offset+1)
}).getElement('i');
t = txta.offsetTop + el.offsetTop - txta.scrollTop;
l = txta.offsetLeft + el.offsetLeft - txta.scrollLeft;
w = el.offsetWidth;
h = el.offsetHeight;
return {top:t, left:l, width:w, height:h, right:l+w, bottom:t+h}
}
});
<file_sep>/*!
JSPWiki - a JSP-based WikiWiki clone.
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); fyou may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
*/
/*
Class: SnipEditor.Sections
This dialog displays the list of page sections.
A page section includes the header
(all) - allows to select all sections (auto generated)
start-of-page - only present when first section starts on an offset > 0
section1..n - section titles, with indentation level depending on their weight
The set of sections is generated by the parseSections() callback handler.
This parser returns an array of section 'descriptors':
> [ {title:text, start:char-offset, indent:indentation-level}, ... ]
Clicking an entry triggers the updateSections() callback handler.
FIXME: why not fire an onAction event (similar to other dialogs)
Depends:
Snipe
*/
Snipe.Sections = new Class({
Implements: [Events],
Binds: ['show','update','action'],
options: {
//snipe:snip-editor
//parser: function
all: "( all )".localize(),
startOfPage: "Start of Page".localize()
},
initialize: function(element, options){
var self = this;
self.element = element //dropdown menu
.onHover( self.container = element.get('data-sections'), self.show )
.addEvent( 'click:relay(a)', self.action );
self.container = element.getParent( element.get('data-sections') );
self.parser = options.parser;
self.main = options.snipe.get('mainarea');
self.work = options.snipe.toElement().addEvents({
keyup: self.update,
change: self.update
});
self.parse();
self.action( location.search ); //url?section=0..n
self.show();
},
/*
Function: parse
Invoke the external parser on the contents of the main textarea.
This external parser should return an array with an entry for each section:
[ {title:text, start:char-offset, depth:nesting level}, ... ]
> 0 : start-of-page (if applicable) => title=s-1 => cursor=-1
> 1..n : page sections => title=s0..sn => cursor=0..n
*/
parse: function(){
this.sections = this.parser( this.main.value );
},
/*
Function: onOpen
UPDATE/RFEFRESH the textarea section dialog.
Build the DOM list-items
(start code)
ul.dropdown-menu
li
a.indent-0.section-2 (all)
li
a.indent-0.section-1 Start Of Page
li.divider
li
a.indent-0.section0 Title-Section-0
li
a.indent-0.section1 Title-Section-1
...
li
a.indent-0.section99 Title-Section-2
(end)
*/
//onOpen: function( dialog ){
show: function( ){
var options = this.options,
data = [],
sections = this.sections,
addItem = function(indent,name,offset){
data.push('li',['a.indent-'+indent+'.section'+offset,{ html:name }]);
}
addItem(0, options.all ,-2);
if( sections[0] ){
if( sections[0].start > 0 ){ addItem(0, options.startOfPage, -1); }
data.push('li.divider');
sections.each( function(item, idx){
addItem( item.depth, item.title.trunc(36), idx );
});
}
this.element.empty().adopt( data.slick() );
},
/*
Function: update
Make sure that changes to the work textarea are propagated to the main textarea.
This functions handles the correct insertion of the changed section into the main
textarea.
*/
update: function(){
//console.log("Sections: update");
var self = this,
main = self.main,
work = self.work.value,
sections = self.sections,
s = main.value,
//insert \n to ensure the next section always starts on a new line.
linefeed = (work.slice(-1) != '\n') ? '\n' : '';
//console.log('change txta: from='+sections.begin+ ' end='+sections.end);
main.value = s.slice(0, self.begin) + work + linefeed + s.slice(self.end);
self.end = self.begin + work.length;
self.parse();
},
/*
Function: onAction
This function copies the selected section from the main to the work textarea.
It is invoked at initialization and through the dialog onAction click handler.
Arguments:
item - index of selected section: all, -1, 0..n
*/
//onAction:function( item ){
/*
setValue: function(value){
},
action: function(item){
var value = item.get('title');
this.setValue(value).parent(value);
},
*/
action:function( item ){
var self = this,
main = self.main.value,
sections = self.sections,
begin = 0,
end = main.length;
if( item ){
//item.target => event.target; this is an onclick invocation
if( item.target ) item = item.target.className;
//section-2=All, section-1=StartOfPage, section0..section99=rest
item = ( item.match( /section=?(-?\d+)/ )||[,-2])[1].toInt();
if( item == -1 ){
//show the Start Of Page, prior to the first real section
end = sections[0].start;
} else if(item >= 0 && sections[item] ){
begin = sections[item].start;
//if( item+1 < sections.length ){ end = sections[item+1].start; }
if( sections[item+1] ){ end = sections[item+1].start; }
}
}
self.work.value = main.slice(begin, end);
self.begin = begin;
self.end = end;
//now close the hover menu and focus the text-area...
self.container.removeClass('open');
self.container.ifClass( item >= -1, 'section-selected');
}
});
|
549c3ac020db0bcf20fd15f431d40ad6fb6a690e
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 15
|
JavaScript
|
linetor/JSPAnalysis
|
b40d8ed3d6d485b9a3fffabdabfadb1d7fca4be7
|
3c270bd5dbe256883340976a35f1a461f30f2829
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>kingsdigitallab/african-rock-art<file_sep>/_pages/country.md
---
layout: country_index
permalink: /country/
title: Countries
collection: coll_country
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/malawi.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 3Rc64q2rIcq4sGuGywWmAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:21:35.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:56:05.842000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 12
name: 'Malawi '
slug: malawi
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=107993%7C107992%7C108205%7C107988%7C107990%7C107989%7C107991%7C107982%7C27049
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
- sys:
id: 3cyuIf03T2A0AsgWwoWcgm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:34.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:49:55.624000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20243'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3739870&partId=1&searchText=MALMPH0070006&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3cyuIf03T2A0AsgWwoWcgm/854c599e052c9ed2e5458ff22437bc17/MALMPH0070006.jpg"
- sys:
id: 64o0AnaZnGAiWmaMIImUA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:34.232000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:50:40.402000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20144'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738287&partId=1&searchText=MALTWA0010013&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/64o0AnaZnGAiWmaMIImUA8/74fb87e6d78416403b25cc95fe0929ba/MALTWA0010013.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5Et44XU3HUQiOeSAY0yIMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:34.082000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:51:20.705000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20354'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3733432&partId=1&searchText=MALPHA0010017&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Et44XU3HUQiOeSAY0yIMY/0e7c2c118b52323fe13dea781164c232/MALPHA0010017.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 5C6UTnDXt6A4q6ggIcYMmu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:11.921000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:51:26.975000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: 'Namzeze, Malawi '
slug: namzeze
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5kJvUt9jLqo0GuIoWskUgA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.101000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:32:20.393000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Namzeze, one of the most emblematic sites in the Chongoni rock art area,
is currently one of the three that can be visited and is open to the public. Unlike
many of the other sites, which are grouped together, the Namzeze shelter is
isolated in the centre of the protected area. Located in a position overlooking
the valley towards the Chongoni Hill, the impressive rock face of Namzeze
contains some of the best examples of both traditions of Malawian rock art,
the red schematic and white paintings. The site also has a strong symbolism
for the Chewa people who still inhabit the area and for whom the white paintings
of the later period still have deep spiritual implications. '
- sys:
id: MUbQnik9qKECmGamGEkKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.019000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:33:30.093000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1IFNGAi4IkScieYwOmGiMA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.189000000 Z
title: MALDED0060001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1IFNGAi4IkScieYwOmGiMA/c57b23e18a40a00a63f25361a859805e/MALDED0060001.jpg"
caption: View of the landscape from Namzeze, with two signs indicating the presence
of rock art paintings and codes of behaviour in the foreground. 2013,2034.19844
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730077&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5R7b3Vb7H2UueCms0uC6Cy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.819000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:34:17.661000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3mGBPrPBdYqWW4MUUissms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.998000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.998000000 Z
title: MALDED0060017
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mGBPrPBdYqWW4MUUissms/0989042b0914b15d42be755ae787f5de/MALDED0060017.jpg"
caption: Rock art panel with red and white depictions. Namzeze. 2013,2034.19860
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730116&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1DWS9OfqHuK6Sca6IMYEEU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.189000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 2'
body: "The superimpositions in the panel above show that the red, schematic
paintings covering most of the rock face are undoubtedly older than those
made in white. Representations include a multitude of geometric signs: series
of parallel lines, grid-style shapes, concentric ovals and circular shapes
made with series of dots. In some cases the red signs were infilled with
series of tiny white dots, a feature uncommon in the red schematic rock art
depictions but with the best examples represented here in Namzeze. Its interpretation,
as with most geometric depictions, is a challenging issue, but these types
of paintings have been traditionally related to ancestors of Batwa people,
hunter-gatherers, who inhabited the region until the 1800s. Studies of Batwa
ethnography and cosmology point to these places as related to fertility and
rainmaking ceremonies. It is difficult to establish the chronology. The
oldest occupation documented in the region is dated to the mid-first millennium
BC, and the red images precede the arrival of the Chewa people in the 2nd
millennium AD, responsible for the white paintings style, but there is no
datable evidence for the paintings. \n"
- sys:
id: 1sxQJiwCfecQeO88iQiQgm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:34:50.814000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY/d24ebe749ebd39df56c7587ec2ab9825/MALNAM0010015.jpg"
caption: Detail of red geometric sign infilled with white dots. Namzeze. 2013,2034.
20283 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730246&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4NKmod8inm0CKoKWeIE4CW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.031000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.031000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The second type of painting found in Namzeze is radically different and
depicts mainly quadrupeds and birds, as well as some geometric symbols and
a car, proof of a relatively recent date for some of these paintings. Quadrupeds
have a very characteristic rectangular body and hooves that in some cases
are represented as feet. The technique is very different too, consisting
of white clay daubed on the wall with the fingers. These white figures usually
appear surrounding the previous depictions, in some rare occasions overlapping
them. In this case, the authorship, chronology and interpretation of the
paintings are more straightforward. Researchers agree that these types of
paintings have been made by the Chewa, a group of farmers that arrived to
the region around the 16th century and have maintained rock art painting traditions
until the 20th century (as the car represented in this shelter proves).
- sys:
id: 5LnKSbFOfuiEwG4gKk2muG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.972000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.972000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1AdufAw4d6U6ioCOEiQyye
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.002000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.002000000 Z
title: MALDED0060019
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AdufAw4d6U6ioCOEiQyye/d6ab356b64107c958388d56ebc74a7e9/MALDED0060019.jpg"
caption: Rock art panel with red geometric signs and white animal-like figures,
Namzeze. 2013,2034.19862 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730114&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4b9kxjjlvWgowy6QaKISeM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Regarding the interpretation of the paintings, they are directly related
to the *nyau*, a secret society of the Chewa and other neighbouring groups
in Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique which plays a significant role in funerary
and girl’s initiation ceremonies. The *nyau* rituals include dancing and
rely heavily on the use of masks, including face masks as well as other mobile
structures carried by one or two people. These masks are central for the
*nyau* secret society and are kept in secret, hidden from non-initiates. The
white paintings of Namzeze and many other sites have been interpreted as representations
of masks, depicted during initiation ceremonies that took place in these isolated
shelters where secrets of the *nyau* were explained to the new initiates. '
- sys:
id: 10PySD1RyuIycESgkSC6wc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.859000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.859000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010035
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8/2e085aba2bd10c62941a32016835323c/MALNAM0010035.jpg"
caption: White animal-like figures related to the Nyau rituals. Namzeze. 2013,2034.19892 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730149&partId=1
- sys:
id: 7oK266GlZ6uWwAyIQU2Ka2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.733000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:05:31.732000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 5'
body: "In fact, some of the more than 100 types of masks can be easily identified
in the rock shelters. The most common is the *kasiyamaliro*, a big structure
representing an antelope, with a rectangular shape and meant to be carried
by two people (an [excellent example](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=472359&partId=1)
can be seen in Room 25 in the British Museum), but others, such as the *Galimoto*
(a car structure) and birds are also documented. Some of the features of
the animals depicted in this panel corroborate with this interpretation: the
shape of the hooves which is more similar to feet, and the fact that in some
cases the feet of the forelegs and the hind legs are facing each other, as
if they corresponded to two different people. Some researchers have interpreted
this feature as a pictorial tool to teach people the proper way of wearing
and using the structure to avoid stumbling, which would expose the men hidden
in the structure and thus the secret of the mask would be revealed. \n"
- sys:
id: 3aGsr1Cs7Ccqu2AeSqo6GI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.151000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.151000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3oM6s0shy0UgQe8MAgy0GK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.101000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.101000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010036
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3oM6s0shy0UgQe8MAgy0GK/f85d336dfd78d4665fb96b6010db6682/MALNAM0010036.jpg"
caption: Detail of a white animal with the legs facing each other, interpreted
as a costume for a Nyau masquerade, Namzeze. 2013,2034.20304 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730272&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1XMXz5051iESkU004EmQsi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.173000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2hJ1GBmp4cgOsaYWaCU684
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.309000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.309000000 Z
title: 17-03-2016 171
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2hJ1GBmp4cgOsaYWaCU684/bc96220c1a95462408c1b72f33fbc183/17-03-2016_171.jpg"
caption: 'Costume for Nyau masquerade in form of an animal construction (kasiyamaliro). Af1993,09.150 '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=472359&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4uCXTRqJMQeYuogAgOWY8Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.059000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.059000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 6'
body: "Paintings associated to the *nyau* secret society were used during a
very specific period of time (before that other styles of white paintings
were used), when the secret society was persecuted first by Ngoni invaders
in the 19th century, then by missionaries and colonial governments in the
20th century. With their traditional practices and places forbidden, the members
of this society had to look for alternative ways to teach the secrets of the
secret society secrets, with the paintings starting to represent *nyau* objects,
to be used as a didactic tool. The Namzeze paintings show very explicitly
the adaptability of societies to their different challenges and historical
contexts. Either as a tool to summon the rain or as a coded message to transmit
sacred secrets, the painted symbols depicted in Namzeze show the incredible
complexity of rock art meanings throughout time, and their importance for
the communities that painted them. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 43haKDmJdC0QCSgEkw0gyW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.058000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:01:31.562000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: '<NAME>. 2001. ''Forbidden Images: Rock Paintings and the Nyau
Secret Society of Central Malawi and Eastern Zambia''. *African Archaeological
Review, 18 (4)* pp. 187-212'
background_images:
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id: 7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010035
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8/2e085aba2bd10c62941a32016835323c/MALNAM0010035.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
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title: MALNAM0010015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY/d24ebe749ebd39df56c7587ec2ab9825/MALNAM0010015.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: TDxrMhDuc8QiYm8sa4Kqm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.278000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.278000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: Key Facts'
image_count: '759'
date_range: 1,000 BC onwards
main_areas: 'Chongoni Hills '
techniques: Painting
main_themes: Cattle, anthropomorphs, geometric symbols
thematic_articles:
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id: 2ULickNOv688OaGigYCWYm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:26:39.131000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:28:31.662000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 2
title: Landscapes of Rock Art
slug: landscapes-of-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 62Htpy9mk8Gw28EuUE6SiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 16:58:24.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 16:58:24.956000000 Z
title: SOADRB0050042_1
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chapters:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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citations:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:16:49.135000000 Z
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title: SOANTC0030004
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title: SOANTC0050054
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
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id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
id: 4nyZGLwHTO2CK8a2uc2q6U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:48.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. David
Phillipson (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. <NAME>, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>ela, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by Pavel Červiček in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
- sys:
id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\nClark, J.C.D. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\nLeakey, M. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Verlag. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\n<NAME>. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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id: 4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:42:27.348000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:25:55.914000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1298'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592557
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq/31cde536c4abf1c0795761f8e35b255c/2013_2034.1298.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:53.440000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:26:40.898000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA/9fc2e1d88f73a01852e1871f631bf4ff/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: Yh91lE4KycSSwYOQQOqkW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.867000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.867000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Malawi: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3xJlmjTd44aAqYWCeI82ac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.966000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.966000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 1'
body: "Malawi is a landlocked country in south-eastern Africa, located between
Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. It stretches from north to south with the
eastern boundary of the country marked by the Lake Malawi. Rock art can be
found throughout the country but is especially abundant in central Malawi,
near the western border with Mozambique. It consists exclusively of paintings
attributed to two very distinctive groups (hunter-gatherers and farmers),
and shows obvious links with other sites located in Zambia and western Mozambique.
The images consist mainly of animals, anthropomorphic figures and geometric
symbols, with a chronology that ranges from the Late Stone Age to the 1950s.
\ \n"
- sys:
id: 5KKSbUlQm4MUMEgAUaweyu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.937000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 2'
body: 'The geography of Malawi is conditioned by the Great Rift Valley, which
runs from north to south and which contains Lake Malawi (also known as Lake
Nyasa). Almost 600 km long and more than 50 km wide, Lake Malawi is the second
biggest lake in Africa and a key geographical feature of Malawi and the surrounding
countries, as well as an important economic resource for the country. The
rest of the country west of the Rift Valley is dominated by high plateaus,
mostly ranging from 900-1200 m above sea level but reaching 2500 m in the
Nyika Plateau to the north and 3000 m at Mt. Mulanje, to the south. The climate
is equatorial, with strong seasonal differences, and hotter in the southern
part of the country. '
- sys:
id: 1zuN2gMyiAg88cw2aKGYWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.761000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.761000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: pDDj71RyBUyqiqsouEeew
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.282000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.282000000 Z
title: MALCHE0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/pDDj71RyBUyqiqsouEeew/a0ab78ba58be69235256271b0af54de2/MALCHE0010001.jpg"
caption: Landscape in the Chongoni Hills. 2013,2034.20054 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3737098&partId=1
- sys:
id: 2iANG11zHqMAmKYmsIKeu8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.150000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Although rock art can be found in several areas in Malawi, the main concentration
of sites is located in the Chongoni area, in the westernmost part of central
Malawi, very near the border with Mozambique. In that area around 150 rock
art sites have been located so far, belonging to the two main traditions of
rock art found in the country. Other smaller concentrations of rock art can
be found to the south and to the north-west, and around the southern side
of Lake Malawi. The distribution of the different styles of Malawian rock
art varies substantially: while the older paintings attributed to hunter-gatherers
can be found everywhere throughout the country, those made by farmers are
concentrated in the Chongoni area, as well as nearby areas of Mozambique and
Zambia. Rock art is usually scattered throughout the landscape, in hilly areas
where gneiss outcrops provide shelters and well-protected surfaces adequate
for painting. '
- sys:
id: 271lgJ95Pmkmu0s8a4Qw2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.218000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.218000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3lEqMHYBwIse0EmgGkOygW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.051000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.051000000 Z
title: MALMPH0030003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3lEqMHYBwIse0EmgGkOygW/26ce17dd2e9b61bef2220ce2ba9afb60/MALMPH0030003.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel showing a lizard and several geometric shapes. Mphunzi,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.20205 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3739366&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5qpJtPXB4W0a4a04aQeSgG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.145000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 4'
body: 'Rock art in Malawi has been documented by Europeans since at least the
1920s, although it wasn’t until the 1950s when the first articles on the subject
were published, and it was only in 1978 a first synthesis on Malawian rock
art was undertaken (Lindgren, N.E. & Schoffeleers, J.M. 1978). In the 1980s
research increased, especially on Chongoni rock art as its importance as a
secret society artefact became evident. In 1995 the Chongoni rock art area
was comprehensively studied by <NAME> as a part of his doctoral research
(1995), which is still the main reference on the topic. Most of the research
on Malawi rock art has focused on the study of the two different painting
traditions found in Malawi. A basic proposal was made in 1978 when the red
paintings—mostly geometric—considered older and attributed to hunter-gatherers,
while white paintings were related to more modern groups of farmers which
arrived early in the 2nd millennium AD and preserved their painting traditions
until the 1950s. Since 1978, the knowledge of these two groups has substantially
improved, with a more refined proposal made by <NAME> in his doctoral
dissertation. '
- sys:
id: 1JMW93aEcQSEcwcG06gg6y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 14:56:42.286000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2OXCOlKLfWO4yUYMc6YiOK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.017000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.017000000 Z
title: MALDED0090006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2OXCOlKLfWO4yUYMc6YiOK/0446391cb8c39e21a2baeca5d2566522/MALDED0090006.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel with multitude of red geometric signs. Nthulu, Chongoni
Hills. 2013,2034.20003 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3733695&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20003&page=1
- sys:
id: 5lHiHzAofecm6YEEG8YGOu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.950000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.950000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 5'
body: 'Another important aspect of rock art research in Malawi has been to look
at the maintenance of painting traditions until relatively recent times. These
exceptional examples have provided fertile ground for further research,
as many of these later paintings have been effectively interpreted as parts
of initiation rituals that are still undertaken today. The study of the secret
societies that preserve this knowledge has been a characteristic feature of
Malawi rock art research since the 1970s (Lindgren, N.E. & Schoffeleers,
J.M. 1978). '
- sys:
id: 1oucgcWELuwwQ8QgCG4kKY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.830000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.830000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: 'Themes '
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 6'
body: 'Rock art in Malawi is clearly defined in two groups with different styles,
chronologies and production contexts. The first one is characterized by red
schematic paintings with parallels in Central Africa from Malawi to Angola.
These paintings are associated with the ancestors of modern Batwa hunter-gatherers,
and can be classified into two different types. The first can be considered
the most characteristic and is represented by circles with radiating lines,
concentric circles, ovals, wavy or parallel lines. In some cases, red figures
are infilled in white painting or white dots. The second type is very scarce
(only two examples have been found in Chongoni) and depicts very schematic
animals, sometimes accompanied by humans. Both types are finely executed with
red oxide pigment. Regarding their interpretation, the figures seem to have
been associated with rainmaking and fertility concepts. '
- sys:
id: 2shnvvJ5isC2AcYeUmYogI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.783000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:55:24.416000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2D4MCayW9iK0Oi00QGWsIq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.074000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.074000000 Z
title: MALMPH0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2D4MCayW9iK0Oi00QGWsIq/278456bd2263cfcc1be94ccd74ad8437/MALMPH0010008.jpg"
caption: Rock art panel with red geometric depictions ascribed to hunter-gatherers.
Mphunzi. 2013,2034.20202 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738324&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1ggf46GoBKEqigYYyegCyC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:56:52.968000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 7'
body: 'The second and more modern rock art tradition found in Malawi is represented
by white figures made with white clay daubed onto rock surfaces with the finger.
Associated with the agriculturalist Chewa people, the depictions usually represent
zoomorphic, spread-eagled or snake-like figures which could represent mythological
beings, sometimes accompanied by geometric symbols. As in the case of the
schematic figures, two types of paintings have been proposed: those related
to spread-eagled figures and those representing zoomorphs (animal-like figures).
The paintings were made until several decades ago, as testified by depictions
of cars that can be found at some sites. In this case, the interpretation
of the paintings is straightforward, as the images depicted can still be related
to current rituals often employing masks in a variety of shapes. The spread-eagled
paintings may be associated with a Chewa girl’s initiation ceremony and would
act as a mnemonic tool during the ritual, while the zoomorphic paintings may
depict spirit characters of the Chewa men’s secret society, the *nyau*. In
many cases, these paintings can overlap the older red paintings already existing
at some sites'
- sys:
id: 2QkvnVmQb64kASYWcmGcge
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.051000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.051000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3jS61b3w2AMEwogGu2CoEI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.175000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.175000000 Z
title: MALCHE0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3jS61b3w2AMEwogGu2CoEI/807f22eb6e58077d7a003f3e893a91a3/MALCHE0010011.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel with multitude of white human-like and reptile-like
depictions, surrounded by red and white geometric signs. Chentcherere. 2013,2034.20064d
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3737077&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5x1toGMQuWueQmUiYUmSa2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.009000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 8'
body: 'Although it is generally accepted that the red schematic paintings are
older than the white ones, the exact chronology of these styles is still under
discussion. The earliest evidence for human occupation in the region according
to the archaeological record is around 2,500 years ago, and it is generally
assumed that Late Stone Age hunters and gatherers made this rock art. Unfortunately
no datable evidence has been found although groups of these people survived
until the 1800s in Malawi. For the white paintings, chronologies are more
accurate: the Chewa people are thought to have arrived to central Malawi in
the 15th century, and as aforementioned, painting traditions were still alive
in the mid-20th century. '
- sys:
id: 5qd3rUg0MwUMKM2CkEgII
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.940000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:28:33.674000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xzgTrXwqQKa0Wa0w6K06k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-21 15:01:45.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-21 15:01:45.256000000 Z
title: MALPHA0010009
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xzgTrXwqQKa0Wa0w6K06k/dbe565ce1dd67cb2835e2a9201be3e7f/MALPHA0010009.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel with multitude of white human-like and reptile-like
depictions, surrounded by geometric signs. Phanga la Ngoni. 2013,2034.20346
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3733409&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: Ao0sic2MKGOE4G66MYqkm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:02:45.154000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "Lindg<NAME>. & <NAME>. 1978. 'Rock art and nyau
symbolism in Malawi' *Malawi Government, Department of Antiquities 18.* Malawi,
Montfort Press \n\nSmith, B.W. 1995. 'Rock art in south-Central Africa:
A study based on the pictographsof Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama District
Zambia'. Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation\n\nSmith,
B.W. 2014. 'Chongoni rock art area' In: <NAME>. (ed) *Encyclopedia of Global
Archaeology*, pp. 1448-1452. New York, Springer\n"
background_images:
- sys:
id: 6JgzRM8OJiUKiayKQ228Sw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.003000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.003000000 Z
title: MALCHE0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6JgzRM8OJiUKiayKQ228Sw/bd974f27c56e33738cc6e0f7c29275e8/MALCHE0010001.jpg"
- sys:
id: NTffnJXH20AWqI04asQ8k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 13:45:27.414000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 13:45:27.414000000 Z
title: MALDED0060066
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/NTffnJXH20AWqI04asQ8k/a4bd99365aa8a60347ba956c7196cc6c/MALDED0060066.jpg"
- sys:
id: 36UwCkPblCA86cUS8Cc6e8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.020000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.020000000 Z
title: MALCHE0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/36UwCkPblCA86cUS8Cc6e8/da2426b400a51c8c62284b51169c81c9/MALCHE0010011.jpg"
region: Southern Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/mauritania.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 19GvoR0748mEow0i6iaYka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:54:03.919000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 17:03:29.064000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 9
name: Mauritania
slug: mauritania
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=17542
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
- sys:
id: 6a9PIc2PD2GoSys6umKim
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.597000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:15:13.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12277'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645968&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12277&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6a9PIc2PD2GoSys6umKim/df4fd71d342462545f28c306a798de62/2013_2034.12277.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5u1VecbrbOq4cCICyqiOAw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.656000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:20:04.418000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12427'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646352&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12427&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5u1VecbrbOq4cCICyqiOAw/c4223338beae42378b3c34f8ab1b5a8e/2013_2034.12421.jpg"
- sys:
id: W4EibqP766CYAamWyqkQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:21:05.070000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12332'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646132&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12332&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/W4EibqP766CYAamWyqkQK/523fee62695a3de60ff7940899dfaaf1/2013_2034.12332.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4zNeoXAAesUaCGoaSic6qO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:21:40.547000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12285'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4zNeoXAAesUaCGoaSic6qO/97398e8ebe5bd8be1adf57f450a72e08/2013_2034.12285.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: QsOItel9sWUGymKiQe8QC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:34:24.351000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:43:50.662000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Guilemsi, Mauritania
slug: guilemsi
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3PyEd6v57yqOQ4GyumkyG8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:56.057000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:56.057000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 1'
body: A significant concentration of rock art in Mauritania is in the region
of Guilemsi, an 11-km long ridge, about 70 m high at its highest point. Guilemsi
is located in the desert, around 50 km north of the town of Tidjika, and about
200 km west of the renowned Neolithic sites at Dhar Tichitt. Guilemsi’s south
face contains many ravines with rock shelters, and the rock painting sites
scattered around the area are to be found in open shelters and ridges or boulders
on the cliff faces, as well as on the stone banks of a dry river. These sites
are notable both for the solely painted nature of the rock art, and the variety
of its subject matter.
- sys:
id: 68H1B3nwreqsiWmGqa488G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:21:40.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:31:27.636000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1uRo8OtMas0sE0uiOUSIok
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.328000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12416'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uRo8OtMas0sE0uiOUSIok/71ebc908be14899de348803b21cddc31/2013_2034.12416.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure on horseback. Guilemsi, <NAME>, 2013,2034.12418
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646307&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12418&page=1
- sys:
id: 6MRt7S2BckWkaGcGW4iEMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:11.911000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:11.911000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 2'
body: There are many stone constructions at Guilemsi that have been known to
archaeologists for decades, although they have not received the academic attention
that those further to the East in the Tichitt-Walata region had. The Dhars
Tagant, Tichitt, Walata and Néma form an enormous crescent-shaped chain of
sandstone escarpments, enclosing much of southern Mauritania and associated
with a Neolithic ‘Tichitt Tradition’, which is based on the remains of over
400 apparent settlements along the escarpment ridges. This culture is thought
to have existed between about 2,000 BC and 200 BC, based on pastoralism and
the cultivation of millet, before declining due to the increasing aridity
of the environment and possible incursion by other cultural groups from the
North.
- sys:
id: 2uYbn8i2oQQEcu4gMYyKCQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:22:17.768000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:32:15.715000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5MkqJUXrj2o4e8SmweeoW2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.333000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.333000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12357'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MkqJUXrj2o4e8SmweeoW2/92eeb35eb7e827596e213cd06cf9fe4a/2013_2034.12357.jpg"
caption: View looking South from the West summit on the sandstone ridge of Guilemsi,
Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12357 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646542&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12357&page=1
- sys:
id: 1CiJq8i5liqkImaM4mEWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:28.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:28.226000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The Tichitt Tradition is characterised by dry stonewall remains, and these
are found at Guilemsi, although the extent of the connection with the Tichitt
culture to the East is unclear. The ridge at Guilemsi contains many apparent
funerary monuments consisting of rectangular stone platforms, as well as apparent
dwelling structures. Some of the funerary monuments appear to be associated
with rock shelters, but any connection of the stone structures to the rock
art remains unknown.
- sys:
id: 1blgrBPnEoSKqeCASmUgGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:22:58.090000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:32:49.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7yy2sbn6PCoeuqyQOAgcA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12494'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7yy2sbn6PCoeuqyQOAgcA8/0914de8f403684d18accff0284017210/2013_2034.12494.jpg"
caption: Stonewall remains, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034. 12494 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646554&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12494&page=1
- sys:
id: 2d8TB564qE4E6yw6I0MG2A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:44.594000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:44.594000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 4'
body: The rock art at Guilemsi appears to be all painted, which marks a contrast
to Tichitt sites which more often feature engraved rock art. The only non-painted
rock markings encountered at Guilemsi was several groups of cupules (round,
man-made depressions in the rock) which were found in three rock shelters.
Some of the paintings in the area are unusual in themselves- one of the most
striking is a panel of handprints in red (Fig. 4.), as well as a couple of
rare paintings appearing to be of big cats, and the heads and finely rendered
horns of seven antelope, perhaps oryx (Fig. 5.).
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:23:33.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:33:17.453000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12382'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6uIYZ0iOROas4Uqo4u4UyW/3215c1e93f536598e0a14be6fcecfa82/2013_2034.12382.jpg"
caption: Paint handprints on rock shelter wall, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12382 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646167&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12382&page=1
- sys:
id: 3exPT8hfMAQ2SUIeGqKgSU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:24:09.355000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:34:51.120000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2QrzxNR1jq4w8EO2KEUUoE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.317000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12421'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2QrzxNR1jq4w8EO2KEUUoE/10c62c938cb1ed9f9b6d25edf4d17205/2013_2034.12421.jpg"
caption: Painted heads of seven antelope (oryx?), rock shelter wall, Guilemsi,
Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12427 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646352&partId=1&searchText=Painted+heads+of+seven+antelope+&page=1
- sys:
id: 3Q3fT8FApyQooa8cikOkiU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:05.118000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:05.118000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Cattle, perhaps the most common animal subject in Mauritanian rock art,
are also depicted here, notably in another singular scene: one of an otherwise
naturalistic cow with dramatically elongated legs, next to an artificially
inflated-looking human figure (Fig. 8). Domestic cattle were present in the
area from at least the second Millennium BC, so these paintings must post-date
this, although whether they are associated with Tichitt-Tradition pastoralists
or later groups is not known. The fact that even the more normally-proportioned
cattle representations at Guilemsi are depicted in a variety of styles (Figs.
6 & 7) while in the same vicinity may suggest successive (or perhaps even
contemporary) painting by peoples with different stylistic traditions.'
- sys:
id: 2WJOpXkkG4C4sce8wkcE4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:24:46.144000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:03:22.300000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 32ojd6nNewwy8qSU0kuYYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:20:01.824000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:20:01.824000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12381'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/32ojd6nNewwy8qSU0kuYYk/3328ca79a097f10fe9b125c43352c0a8/2013_2034.12381.jpg"
caption: Painted bichrome cow, cave wall, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12381
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646170&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12381+&page=1
- sys:
id: Z2iJHm63qoW8e8wsAqCAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:25:17.499000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:04:00.340000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3Z70aGhdUsOCKyWyK6u8eE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.681000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12449'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3Z70aGhdUsOCKyWyK6u8eE/c818ef2eba7505c159c231e4aa35ad4a/2013_2034.12449.jpg"
caption: Two schematic painted cattle, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12449
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3647071&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12449&page=1
- sys:
id: 56Ia1KTWDKwuw0ekagww6K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:23.129000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:23.129000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'Two of the most impressive panels of paintings from Guilemsi involve
not cattle but another important domesticate: ridden horses. There is evidence
of horses having reached the far West of North Africa by about 600 AD, but
horses may have been used in the area much earlier, from the mid-1st Millennium
BC, if not earlier. Although elsewhere in the Sahara the earliest horse images
appear to show them used for draught purposes rather than riding, in Mauritania,
almost all depictions of horses in rock art show them being ridden, often
by apparently armed riders (eg. Fig. 11). At Guilemsi, there are several styles
of paintings showing horses and riders: the ‘bi-triangular’ and stick-figure
like styles (Figs. 10 & 11), which have been proposed to be associated with
early Berber peoples, and another style, showing horses with elongated, stylised
bodies and short necks (Fig. 9). These horse depictions appear to be of a
form thus far unrecorded in the rock art of the area, and as such are an interesting
addition to the known corpus, as Mauritanian rock art has not been as thoroughly
studied as that of other Saharan countries.'
- sys:
id: 6mPD0Om12wAcaOmOiaumYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:25:53.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:04:24.323000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2CFj8amCm8aMkkmQ0emk0o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12474'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2CFj8amCm8aMkkmQ0emk0o/c4ea95ada7f53b9ffb0c43bb6f412b8f/2013_2034.12474.jpg"
caption: Painted figures of contorted cow and human figure, and regularly-proportioned
cow, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12474 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646484&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12474+&page=1
- sys:
id: 2da6EUC7TC6wSWGAOwQaAO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:26:22.515000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:04:47.280000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 58CHInxW4wagKgwCAsWcqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.272000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.272000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12411'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58CHInxW4wagKgwCAsWcqY/f1370f3f0700aaae60918abb3821cb22/2013_2034.12411.jpg"
caption: Painted figures of mounted horses on cave wall, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12411 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646326&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12411+&page=1
- sys:
id: 4UfKI7DmWA4A4eqocC0iMG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:26:54.429000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:05:23.813000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nZtTK8uIEc2MqGAqQC8c6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.680000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12454'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nZtTK8uIEc2MqGAqQC8c6/c36ab38978b6ccdc3ff693edeeb20091/2013_2034.12454.jpg"
caption: Three painted “bi-triangular” schematic horses and riders, with white
geometric shape and several unidentified figures. Guilemsi, <NAME>.
2013,2034.12454 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3648285&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12454&page=1
- sys:
id: 16gHbuP8Hqo4KwCQK0sWeI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:45.101000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:45.101000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 7'
body: Another very interesting tableau is that in Fig. 11, which is to the right
of the panel in Fig. 9, but in executed in a very different style. It appears
to depict a group of armed horsemen, and warriors on foot, vanquishing others
who are unmounted, who lie, presumably dead, to the left of the horsemen,
surrounded by spears. This is an unusually dynamic depiction of conflict,
and it is not known whether it depicts an imagined or real confrontation,
or, if real, whether it is the work of an artist from the culture of the horsemen
or those opposing them.
- sys:
id: 60nybfnB4cmoOaIQq8sWkC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:27:25.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-17 17:56:58.326000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1EGPJpRMnmuk6Y6c0Qigos
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.251000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.251000000 Z
title: '2013,20134.12436'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EGPJpRMnmuk6Y6c0Qigos/332e9d6c97776b73a42854cff4ea81b4/2013_20134.12436.jpg"
caption: Painted figures of mounted horses with armed riders, two armed human
figures on foot, several prone human figures, with possible mounted cow at
lower right. Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,20134.12424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646333&partId=1&searchText=Guilemsi,+Tagant&&page=2
- sys:
id: 41eYfH850QI2GswScg6uE8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:31:05.524000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:31:05.524000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 8'
body: |-
It has been suggested that the painting of the horse scenes, in line with similar images from other rock art traditions, may be a cathartic spiritual exercise made, possibly by victims of raids, in response to violent intercultural contact. However as with the other images, without an accurate way of scientifically dating such paintings, it is hard to know exactly when they were painted and therefore difficult to propose of or by whom, much less ascribe motivations. Stone tools and the remains of iron smelting activity at Guilemsi suggest successive occupations, possibly over a long period.
Stylistic links to other sites may be made, however: despite the fact that some of the iconography at Guilemsi appears quite unique, other elements, such as the bichrome cow in Fig. 6, and other square figures at Guilemsi of a man and giraffe, have similar looking counterparts in the Tichitt region, while the “bi-triangular” horses are found elsewhere in the Tagant and Adrar regions of Mauritania, and even as far away as Chad. Understanding of these links is still nascent, as is the interpretation of most Mauritanian rock art, but the variety present at Guilemsi is a valuable addition to the record, and more such sites may remain to be brought to the notice of scholars.
citations:
- sys:
id: 1Y8dbSWSLaGs4Iyeq8COE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:18.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:18.975000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., & <NAME>., *Funerary Monuments and Horse Paintings: A Preliminary Report on the Archaeology of a Site in the Tagant Region of South East Mauritania- Near Dhar Tichitt*. The journal of North African Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, pp. 459-470
<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., & <NAME>. 2006, *Some Mauritanian Rock art Sites*. Sahara. Prehistory and History of the Sahara, Vol. 17, pp.143-148
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12382'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6uIYZ0iOROas4Uqo4u4UyW/3215c1e93f536598e0a14be6fcecfa82/2013_2034.12382.jpg"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12494'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7yy2sbn6PCoeuqyQOAgcA8/0914de8f403684d18accff0284017210/2013_2034.12494.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 6IUFnTtK7eQeQawcmcoy0Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:26:24.685000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:32:32.000000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Mauritania: key facts'
image_count: '208 images '
date_range: Mostly 3,000 BC onwards
main_areas: Adrar and Tagant Plateaux, Tichitt-Walata area
techniques: Engravings, painting
main_themes: Cattle, hunting scenes with antelope and ostrich, horse riders, camels
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 7oNFGUa6g8qSweyAyyiCAe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:11:30.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:51:34.879000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: The domesticated horse in northern African rock art
slug: the-domesticated-horse
lead_image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 27bcd1mylKoMWiCQ2KuKMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 1'
body: Throughout northern Africa, there is a wealth of rock art depicting the
domestic horse and its various uses, providing valuable evidence for the uses
of horses at various times in history, as well as a testament to their importance
to Saharan peoples.
- sys:
id: 2EbfpTN9L6E0sYmuGyiaec
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:26.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:39:29.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
caption: 'Painted horse and rider, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6406 © TARA/David
Coulson. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641775&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6406&page=1
- sys:
id: 4QexWBEVXiAksikIK6g2S4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:49.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:28.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horses and chariots
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 2'
body: The first introduction of the domestic horse to Ancient Egypt- and thereby
to Africa- is usually cited at around 1600 BC, linked with the arrival in
Egypt of the Hyksos, a group from the Levant who ruled much of Northern Egypt
during the Second Intermediate Period. By this point, horses had probably
only been domesticated for about 2,000 years, but with the advent of the chariot
after the 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia, the horse proved to be a valuable
martial asset in the ancient world. One of the first clear records of the
use of horses and chariots in battle in Africa is found in depictions from
the mortuary complex of the Pharaoh Ahmose at Abydos from around 1525 BC,
showing their use by Egyptians in defeating the Hyksos, and horses feature
prominently in later Egyptian art.
- sys:
id: 22x06a7DteI0C2U6w6oKes
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:52.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:52.214000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW/b68bd24c9b19c5c8c7752bfb75a5db0e/2013_2034.1001.jpg"
caption: Painted two-horse chariot, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1001
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588526&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1001&page=1
- sys:
id: 1voXfvqIcQkgUYqq4w8isQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 3'
body: 'Some of the most renowned images of horses in Saharan rock art are also
those of chariot teams: in particular, those of the so-called ‘flying gallop’
style chariot pictures, from the Tassili n’Ajjer and Acacus mountains in modern
Algeria and Libya. These distinctive images are characterised by depictions
of one or more horses pulling a chariot with their legs outstretched in a
stylised manner and are sometimes attributed to the Garamantes, a group who
were a local power in the central Sahara from about 500 BC-700 AD. But the
Ajjer Plateau is over a thousand miles from the Nile- how and when did the
horse and chariot first make their way across the Western Desert to the rest
of North Africa in the first place? Egyptian accounts indicate that by the
11th century BC Libyans (people living on the north African coast around the
border of modern Egypt and Libya) were using chariots in war. Classical sources
later write about the chariots of the Garamantes and of chariot use by peoples
of the far western Sahara continuing into the 1st century BC, by which time
the chariot horse had largely been eclipsed in war by the cavalry mount.'
- sys:
id: LWROS2FhUkywWI60eQYIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:53:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:33.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4574'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce/ac95a5214a326794542e0707c0d819d7/2013_2034.4574.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure and horse. Tarssed Jebest, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Horse displays Arabian breed-type characteristics such as dished face and
high tail carriage. 2013,2034.4574 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603790&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4574+&page=1
- sys:
id: 6eaH84QdUs46sEQoSmAG2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Riding
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 4'
body: As well as the unique iconography of rock art chariot depictions, there
are also numerous paintings and engravings across northern Africa of people
riding horses. Riding may have been practiced since the earliest times of
horse domestication, though the earliest definitive depictions of horses being
ridden come from the Middle East in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC.
Images of horses and riders in rock art occur in various areas of Morocco,
Egypt and Sudan and are particularly notable in the Ennedi region of Chad
and the Adrar and Tagant plateaus in Mauritania (interestingly, however, no
definite images of horses are known in the Gilf Kebir/Jebel Uweinat area at
the border of Egypt, Sudan and Libya).
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:23.846000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:52.743000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
title: ME22958
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo/703945afad6a8e3c97d10b09c487381c/ME22958.jpg"
caption: Terracotta mould of man on horseback, Old Babylonian, Mesopotamia 2000-1600
BC. One of the oldest known depictions of horse riding in the world. British
Museum ME22958 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=388860&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=22958&page=1
- sys:
id: 5YkSCzujy8o08yuomIu6Ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:43.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:12:34.068000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Painted ‘bitriangular’
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C/c798c1afb41006855c34363ec2b54557/Fig._5._Painted____bitriangular___.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bi-triangular’ horse and rider with saddle. Oued Jrid, Assaba,
Mauritania. 2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1vZDFfKXU0US2qkuaikG8m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:13.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:14:56.468000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 5'
body: Traditional chronologies for Saharan rock art areas tend to place depictions
of ridden horses chronologically after those of horses and chariots, and in
general use horse depictions to categorise regional stylistic periods of rock
art according to broad date boundaries. As such, in most places, the ‘horse’
rock art period is usually said to cover about a thousand years from the end
of the 2nd millennium BC. It is then considered to be succeeded by a ‘camel’
period, where the appearance of images of dromedaries – known only to have
been introduced to the eastern Sahara from Arabia at the end of the 1st century
BC – reflects the next momentous influx of a beast of burden to the area and
thus a new dating parameter ([read more about depictions of camels in the
Sahara](https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/)).
However, such simplistic categorisation can be misleading. For one thing,
although mounting horses certainly gained popularity over driving them, it
is not always clear that depictions of ridden horses are not contemporary
with those of chariots. Further, the horse remained an important martial tool
after the use of war-chariots declined. Even after the introduction of the
camel, there are several apparently contemporary depictions featuring both
horse and camel riders.
- sys:
id: 2gaHPgtyEwsyQcUqEIaGaq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:55:29.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:32:44.364000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5739'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4/7f48ae9c550dd6b4f0e80b8da10a3da6/2013_2034.5739.jpg"
caption: Engraved ridden horse and camel. Draa Valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5739
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619780&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5739+&page=1
- sys:
id: 583LKSbz9SSg00uwsqquAG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Berber Horses
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 6'
body: As the more manoeuvrable rider rose in popularity against the chariot
as a weapon of war, historical reports from classical authors like Strabo
tell us of the prowess of African horsemen such as the cavalry of the Numidians,
a Berber group that allied with Carthage against the Romans in the 3rd century
BC. Berber peoples would remain heavily associated with horse breeding and
riding, and the later rock art of Mauritania has been attributed to Berber
horsemen, or the sight of them. Although horses may already have reached the
areas of modern Mauritania and Mali by this point, archaeological evidence
does not confirm their presence in these south-westerly regions of the Sahara
until much later, in the mid-1st millennium AD, and it has been suggested
that some of the horse paintings in Mauritania may be as recent as 16th century.
- sys:
id: 7zrBlvCEGkW86Qm8k2GQAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:24.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:16:52.557000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5202'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy/7fba0330e151fc416d62333f3093d950/2013_2034.5202.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders surrounded by Libyan-Berber script. Oued
<NAME>. These images appear to depict riders using Arab-style saddles
and stirrups, thus making them probably no older than 7th c. AD. 2013,2034.5202
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624404&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5202&page=1
- sys:
id: 45vpX8SP7aGeOS0qGaoo4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 7'
body: 'Certainly, from the 14th century AD, horses became a key commodity in
trans-Saharan trade routes and became items of great military value in West
Africa following the introduction of equipment such as saddles with structured
trees (frames). Indeed, discernible images of such accoutrements in Saharan
rock art can help to date it following the likely introduction of the equipment
to the area: for example, the clear depiction of saddles suggests an image
to be no older than the 1st century AD; images including stirrups are even
more recent.'
- sys:
id: 7GeTQBofPamw0GeEAuGGee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:57.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:02.520000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
title: RRM12824
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO/8c3a7c2d372f2c48a868d60201909932/RRM12824.jpg"
caption: 19th-century Moroccan stirrups with typical curved base of the type
possibly visible in the image above. 1939,0311.7-8 © Trustees of the British
Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=217451&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6mNtqnqaEE2geSkU0IiYYe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:32.195000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:50.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 8'
body: 'Another intriguing possibility is that of gaining clues on the origins
of modern horse breeds from rock art, in particular the ancient Barb breed
native to the Maghreb, where it is still bred. Ancient Mesopotamian horses
were generally depicted as heavily-built, and it has been suggested that the
basic type for the delicate Arabian horse, with its dished (concave) facial
profile and high-set tail, may have been developed in north-east Africa prior
to its subsequent appearance and cultivation in Arabia, and that these features
may be observed in Ancient Egyptian images from the New Kingdom. Likewise,
there is the possibility that some of the more naturalistic paintings from
the central Sahara show the similarly gracile features of the progenitors
of the Barb, distinguishable from the Arab by its straight profile and low-set
tail. Like the Arab, the Barb is a desert horse: hardy, sure-footed and able
to withstand great heat; it is recognised as an ancient breed with an important
genetic legacy, both in the ancestry of the Iberian horses later used throughout
the Americas, and that of the modern racing thoroughbred.'
- sys:
id: 3OM1XJI6ruwGOwwmkKOKaY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:25.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:30:30.915000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1452'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk/45bbff5b29985eb19679e1e513499d6b/2013_2034.1452.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders, Awis, Acacus Mountains, Libya. High head
carriage and full rumps suggest Arabian/Barb breed type features. Riders have
been obscured. 2013,2034.1452 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592678&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1452&page=1
- sys:
id: 40E0pTCrUIkk00uGWsus4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:49.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:33:55.443000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Barb horses
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa/87f29480513be0a531e0a93b51f9eae5/Fig._10._Barb_horses.jpg"
caption: Barb horses ridden at a festival in Agadir, Morocco. ©Notwist (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_warriors_show.JPG
- sys:
id: 3z5YSVu9y8caY6AoYWge2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The symbolism of the horse
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 9'
body: However, caution must be taken in drawing such comparisons based on morphology
alone, especially given the gulf of time that has elapsed and the relative
paucity of ‘naturalistic’ rock art images. Indeed, there is huge diversity
of horse depictions throughout northern Africa, with some forms highly schematic.
This variation is not only in style – and, as previously noted, in time period
and geography – but also in context, as of course images of one subject cannot
be divorced from the other images around them, on whichever surface has been
chosen, and are integral to these surroundings.
- sys:
id: 1FRP1Z2hyQEWUSOoKqgic2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:21.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:39.821000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs/d793f6266f2ff486e0e99256c2c0ca39/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Engraved ‘Libyan Warrior-style’ figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.11147+&page=1
- sys:
id: 45pI4ivRk4IM6gaG40gUU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:41.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:59.784000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Human figure
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s/e48fda8e2a23b12e6afde5c560c3f164/Fig._12._Human_figure.jpg"
caption: Human figure painted over by horse to appear mounted (digitally enhanced
image). © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 54hoc6Htwck8eyewsa6kA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 10'
body: The nature of the depictions in this sense speaks intriguingly of the
apparent symbolism and implied value of the horse image in different cultural
contexts. Where some Tassilian horses are delicately painted in lifelike detail,
the stockier images of horses associated with the so-called ‘Libyan Warrior’
style petroglyphs of the Aïr mountains and Adrar des Ifoghas in Niger and
Mali appear more as symbolic accoutrements to the central human figures and
tend not to be shown as ridden. By contrast, there are paintings in the Ennedi
plateau of Chad where galloping horse figures have clearly been painted over
existing walking human figures to make them appear as if riding.
- sys:
id: 4XMm1Mdm7Y0QacMuy44EKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:06.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:42:27.444000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6297'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS/698c254a9a10c5a9a56d69e0525bca83/2013_2034.6297.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, <NAME>, <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6297 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637529&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6297&page=1
- sys:
id: 4rB9FCopjOCC4iA2wOG48w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:26.549000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:43:34.211000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Engraved horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM/33a068fa954954fd3b9b446c943e0791/Fig._14._Engraved_horse.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Eastern Aïr Mountains. 2013,2034.9421 ©TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640574&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9421&page=1
- sys:
id: 6tFSQzFupywiK6aESCgCia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:56.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:47:26.838000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 11'
body: |-
In each of these cases, the original symbolic intent of the artists have been lost to time, but with these horse depictions, as with so much African rock art imagery, there is great scope for further future analysis. Particularly intriguing, for example, are the striking stylistic similarities in horse depictions across great distances, such the horse depictions with bi-triangular bodies (see above), or with fishbone-style tails which may be found almost two thousand miles apart in Chad and Mauritania.
Whatever the myriad circumstances and significances of the images, it is clear that following its introduction to the continent, the hardy and surefooted desert horse’s usefulness for draught, transport and fighting purposes transformed the societies which used it and gave it a powerful symbolic value.
- sys:
id: 2P6ERbclfOIcGEgI6e0IUq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:46.042000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:45:12.419000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
title: Fig. 15. Painted horse, Terkei
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g/7586f05e83f708ca9d9fca693ae0cd83/Fig._15._Painted_horse__Terkei.jpg"
caption: Painted horse, Terkei, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6537 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640682&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6537&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 32AXGC1EcoSi4KcogoY2qu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2000, *The Origins and Development
of African Livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography*.
London; New York, NY: UCL Press\n \n<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>.,
2012. *The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot*. London: British Museum Press\n
\nLaw, R., 1980. *The Horse in West African History*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press\n \nHachid, M. 2000. *Les Premieres Berbères*. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud\n
\nLhote, H. 1952. 'Le cheval et le chameau dans les peintures et gravures
rupestres du Sahara', *Bulletin de l'Institut franç ais de l'Afrique noire*
15: 1138-228\n \n<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2010, *A gift from the desert:
the art, history, and culture of the Arabian horse*. Lexington, KY: Kentucky
Horse Park\n\n"
background_images:
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title: EAF 141485
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA/cf02168ca83c922f27eca33f16e8cc90/EAF_141485.jpg"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
title: 01522751 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8/5918544d0289f9c4b2b4724f4cda7a2d/01522751_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1KwPIcPzMga0YWq8ogEyCO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:25:56.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:15.151000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would
probably depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in
the distance, a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become
synonymous with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
id: 4p7wUbC6FyiEYsm8ukI0ES
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
id: 1LsXHHPAZaIoUksC2US08G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep,
horses and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were
domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and
spread from there to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st
century AD onwards. The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
have been documented through many different historical sources, from Roman
texts to sculptures or coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock
art, where camels became so abundant that they have given their name to a
whole period. The depictions of camels provide an incredible amount of information
about the life, culture and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities
from the beginnings of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late
years of the 7th century.
- sys:
id: j3q9XWFlMOMSK6kG2UWiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:00.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
title: EA26664
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua/e00bb3c81c6c9b44b5e224f5a8ce33a2/EA26664.jpg"
caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have
evolved so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising
that dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people,
commodities and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
- sys:
id: 2KjIpAzb9Kw4O82Yi6kg2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:36.039000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:39:34.523000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
title: Af1937,0105.16
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W/4a850695b34c1766d1ee5a06f61f2b36/Af1937_0105.16.jpg"
caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
- sys:
id: 12mIwQ0wG2qWasw4wKQkO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:00.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:45:29.810000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. Man
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum/3dbaa11c18703b33840a6cda2c2517f2/Fig._4._Man.jpg"
caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
id: 6UIdhB0rYsSQikE8Yom4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC.
However, it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due
to the River Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier
for these animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian
era, and probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through
the south of the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid,
and during the following centuries camels became a key element in the North
African societies. They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting
heavy goods and even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used,
improving the range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems
that the large caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory
or slaves came later, when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the
establishment of vast trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region
that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: YLb3uCAWcKm288oak4ukS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:46.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:46:15.751000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8/74efd37612ec798fd91c2a46c65587f7/1923_0401.850.jpg"
caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man
leading a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD.
1923,0401.850 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
id: 3uitqbkcY8s8GCcicKkcI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways
in which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are
found in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions
– black; sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect.
They usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally,
dogs and horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent
the oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female
camels herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
id: 5OWosKxtUASWIO6IUii0EW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:17.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:11:49.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu/85c0b70ab40ead396c695fe493081801/2013_2034.383.jpg"
caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. W<NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383
© David Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Ocb7A3ig8OOkc2AAQIEmo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:48.147000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:12:22.249000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. Oued Djerat, Algeria. 2013,2034.5117
© David Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iTHcZ38wwSyGK8UIqY2yQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:09.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. Kozen Pass, Chad. 2013,2034.7295 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
id: 2zqiJv33OUM2eEMIK2042i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
id: 6dOm7ewqmA6oaM4cK4cy8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI/2b279eff2a6f42121ab0f6519d694a92/As1974_29.17.jpg"
caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be
put around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the
British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jE9BeKCBUEK8Igg8kCkUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and
are often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle
was designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight
over the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider
to control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and
swords that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient.
This new kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today,
appears only in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in
the rock art of Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles
that are recognizable in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets
are identifiable in the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those
still used today by desert peoples.'
- sys:
id: 6yZaDQMr1Sc0sWgOG6MGQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:46.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:33:25.754000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jHyVlfWXugI2acowekUGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:15:13.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:36:07.603000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK/1db47ae083ff605b9533898d9d9fb10d/2013_2034.4471.jpg"
caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. <NAME>,
Tassili, Algeria. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
- sys:
id: 57goC8PzUs6G4UqeG0AgmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:16:51.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:33:53.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at <NAME>, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
- sys:
id: 3QPr46gQP6sQWswuSA2wog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk,
meat and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and
economic networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 54fiYzKXEQw0ggSyo0mk44
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:13.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:01:13.379000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, Archael Guelta, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©David Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ymik3z5wMUEway6omqKQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau/65c691f09cd60bb7aa08457e18eaa624/CHAENP0340003_1_.JPG"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/BPzulf3QNqMC4Iqs4EoCG/356b921099bfccf59008b69060d20d75/CHAENP0340001_1_.JPG"
- sys:
id: 1hw0sVC0XOUA4AsiG4AA0q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: 'Introduction to rock art in northern Africa '
slug: rock-art-in-northern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: axu12ftQUoS04AQkcSWYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: 'The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world, covering almost
8,600,000 km² and comprising most of northern Africa, from the Red Sea to
the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is considered a distinct entity, it is composed
of a variety of geographical regions and environments, including sand seas,
hammadas (stone deserts), seasonal watercourses, oases, mountain ranges and
rocky plains. Rock art is found throughout this area, principally in the desert
mountain and hill ranges, where stone ''canvas'' is abundant: the highlands
of Adrar in Mauritania and Adrar des Ifoghas in Mali, the Atlas Mountains
of Morocco and Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria,
the mountainous areas of Tadrart Acacus and Messak in Libya, the Aïr Mountains
of Nigeria, the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains in Chad, the Gilf Kebir
plateau of Egypt and Sudan, as well as the length of the Nile Valley.'
- sys:
id: 4DelCmwI7mQ4MC2WcuAskq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:19.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:12:21.657000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
caption: Bubalus Period engraving. Pelorovis Antiquus, Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.3840 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593438&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3840&page=1
- sys:
id: 2XmfdPdXW0Y4cy6k4O4caO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:31.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:40:03.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Types of rock art and distribution
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: |+
Although the styles and subjects of north African rock art vary, there are commonalities: images are most often figurative and frequently depict animals, both wild and domestic. There are also many images of human figures, sometimes with accessories such as recognisable weaponry or clothing. These may be painted or engraved, with frequent occurrences of both, at times in the same context. Engravings are generally more common, although this may simply be a preservation bias due to their greater durability.
The physical context of rock art sites varies depending on geographical and topographical factors – for example, Moroccan rock engravings are often found on open rocky outcrops, while Tunisia’s Djebibina rock art sites have all been found in rock shelters. Rock art in the vast and harsh environments of the Sahara is often inaccessible and hard to find, and there is probably a great deal of rock art that is yet to be seen by archaeologists; what is known has mostly been documented within the last century.
- sys:
id: 2HqgiB8BAkqGi4uwao68Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of research
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional chapter 2.5'
body: Although the existence of rock art throughout the Sahara was known to
local communities, it was not until the nineteenth century that it became
known to Europeans, thanks to explorers such as <NAME>, who crossed
the Messak Plateau in Libya in 1850, first noting the existence of engravings.
Further explorations in the early twentieth century by celebrated travellers,
ethnographers and archaeologists such as <NAME>, <NAME>, László
Almásy, <NAME> and <NAME> brought the rock art of Sahara, and
northern Africa in general, to the awareness of a European public.
- sys:
id: 5I9fUCNjB668UygkSQcCeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:54.847000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:13:53.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1424'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC/240a45012afba4ff5508633fcaea3462/2013_2034.1424.jpg"
caption: Pastoral Period painting, cattle and human figure. Tin Taborak, Acacus
Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592663
- sys:
id: 5OkqapzKtqEcomSucG0EoQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:52.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:45:37.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Attribution and dating
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'The investigations of these researchers and those who have followed them
have sought to date and attribute these artworks, with varying measures of
success. Rock art may be associated with certain cultures through known parallels
with the imagery in other artefacts, such as Naqada Period designs in Egyptian
rock art that mirror those on dateable pottery. Authorship may be also guessed
at through corroborating evidence: for example, due to knowledge of their
chariot use, and the location of rock art depicting chariots in the central
Sahara, it has been suggested that it was produced by – or at the same time
as – the height of the Garamantes culture, a historical ethnic group who formed
a local power around what is now southern Libya from 500 BC–700 AD. However,
opportunities to anchor rock art imagery in this way to known ancient cultures
are few and far between, and rock art is generally ascribed to anonymous hunter-gatherers,
nomadic peoples, or pastoralists, with occasional imagery-based comparisons
made with contemporary groups, such as the Fulani peoples.'
- sys:
id: 2KmaZb90L6qoEAK46o46uK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:22.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:16:53.318000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1152'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I/cac0592abfe1b31d7cf7f589355a216e/2013_2034.1152.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, human figures. Wadi Tafak, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.1152 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592099&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 27ticyFfocuOIGwioIWWYA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:26.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:18:29.234000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: |-
Occasionally, association with writing in the form of, for example, Libyan-Berber or Arabic graffiti can give a known dating margin, but in general, lack of contemporary writing and written sources (Herodotus wrote about the Garamantes) leaves much open to conjecture.
Other forms of (rare) circumstantial evidence, such as rock art covered by a dateable stratigraphic layer, and (more common) stylistic image-based dating have been used instead to form a chronology of Saharan rock art periods that is widely agreed upon, although dates are contested. The first stage, known as the Early Hunter, Wild Fauna or Bubalus Period, is posited at about 12,000–6,000 years ago, and is typified by naturalistic engravings of wild animals, in particular an extinct form of buffalo identifiable by its long horns.
- sys:
id: q472iFYzIsWgqWG2esg28
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:58.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:19:11.991000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi/4080b87891cb255e12a17216d7e71286/2013_2034.4570.jpg"
caption: Horse Period painting, charioteer and standing horses. Tarssed Jebest,
<NAME>, Algeria. 2013,2034.4570 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3603794
- sys:
id: 7tsWGNvkQgACuKEMmC0uwG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: A possibly concurrent phase is known as the Round Head Period (about 10,000
to 8,000 years ago) due to the large discoid heads of the painted human figures.
Following this is the most widespread style, the Pastoral Period (around 7,500
to 4,000 years ago), which is characterised by numerous paintings and engravings
of cows, as well as occasional hunting scenes. The Horse Period (around 3,000
to 2,000 years ago) features recognisable horses and chariots and the final
Camel Period (around 2,000 years ago to present) features domestic dromedary
camels, which we know to have been widely used across the Sahara from that
time.
- sys:
id: 13V2nQ2cVoaGiGaUwWiQAC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:56:25.598000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:39:22.861000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.1424 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ/bad4ec8dd7c6ae553d623e4238641561/2013_2034.1424_1.jpg"
caption: Camel engraving. <NAME>, <NAME>, Sudan. 2013,2034.335 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586831
- sys:
id: 3A64bY4VeMGkKCsGCGwu4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:00:04.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:30:04.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "While this chronology serves as a useful framework, it must be remembered
that the area – and the time period in which rock art was produced – is extensive
and there is significant temporal and spatial variability within and across
sites. There are some commonalities in rock art styles and themes across the
Sahara, but there are also regional variations and idiosyncrasies, and a lack
of evidence that any of these were directly, or even indirectly, related.
The engravings of weaponry motifs from Morocco and the painted ‘swimming’
figures of the Gilf Kebir Plateau in Egypt and Sudan are not only completely
different, but unique to their areas. Being thousands of kilometres apart
and so different in style and composition, they serve to illustrate the limitations
inherent in examining northern African rock art as a unit. The contemporary
political and environmental challenges to accessing rock art sites in countries
across the Sahara serves as another limiting factor in their study, but as
dating techniques improve and further discoveries are made, this is a field
with the potential to help illuminate much of the prehistory of northern Africa.\n\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 4AWHcnuAVOAkkW0GcaK6We
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen. Paris: Payot & Rivages
<NAME>. 1995. Les images rupestres du Sahara. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2001. Saharan Africa in (ed) <NAME>, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
Riemer, H. 2013. Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts, Kuper, R. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
<NAME>. 1999. L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain. Paris, L'Harmattan
Soukopova, J. 2012. Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Vernet, R. 1993. Préhistoire de la Mauritanie. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
title: EAF135068
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i/5a0d13fdd2150f0ff81a63afadd4258e/EAF135068.jpg"
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id: 2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
title: EAF131007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo/393c91068f4dc0ca540c35a79b965288/EAF131007.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 5uLhtUXIeA0kma8usA44eM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:13:33.481000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:40:48.819000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Mauritania: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7ZVEMUYkGAcAwIGQ2aYiu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:03:29.927000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:03:29.927000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 1'
body: Mauritania is one of Africa’s westernmost countries, stretching over 1,000
km inland from the Atlantic coast into the Sahara. Mauritania’s corpus of
rock art is extensive and mostly appears to have been produced within the
last 4,000 years.
- sys:
id: 6rGE0FRNFmqKCEwOOy2sEg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:53:11.539000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:41:03.423000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6a9PIc2PD2GoSys6umKim
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.597000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:15:13.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12277'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645968&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12277&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6a9PIc2PD2GoSys6umKim/df4fd71d342462545f28c306a798de62/2013_2034.12277.jpg"
caption: Painted horses, riders and standing human figure. Oued <NAME>
<NAME>. 2013,2034.12277 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iaQquq
- sys:
id: 6BfTuIwDOEMoiw6AUYSiYm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:04:41.054000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:41:57.874000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 2'
body: |-
In total Mauritania covers about 1,030,700 km², most of which forms part of the western portion of the Sahara desert. The southern part of Mauritania incorporates some of the more temperate Sahelian zone, forming part of the geographical and cultural border between Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa. The landscape of the country is generally characterised by its flatness, but the two major neighbouring plateaux in the East-Centre of the country – the Tagant in the South and the Adrar further North – are furnished with rock shelters, boulders and other surfaces upon which can be found abundant rock art, more often engraved than painted.
The principal concentrations of rock art in Mauritania are located in these two areas, as well as in the North around Bir Moghreïn (in the Mauritanian extension of the Zemmur mountains), the Hank ridge near the borders of Algeria and Mali and the Tichitt-Walata area to the east of the Tagant plateau.
__Adrar__
There are about thirty known rock art sites in the Adrar region, although, as with most Mauritanian rock art, study has not been comprehensive and there may be many more as yet undocumented. Engraved rock art sites dominate along the northern edge of the massif, with some of the most significant to be found at the sites of El Beyyed and El Ghallaouiya. Rarer paintings of cattle are also to be found at El Ghallaouiya, as well as at the site of Amogjar.
__Tagant__
Less well studied than Adrar, the Tagant plateau contains several painting sites showing horses and riders such as those at the sites of Agneitir Dalma and Tinchmart. The archaeologically significant area of the Tichitt-Walata ridge, a chain of escarpments known for its Neolithic settlements, is largely located within the wider Tagant region to the east of the plateau, and also features many engravings and some paintings.
- sys:
id: 1xRX7rqW0s4Wo0ewQCUGWu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:22.127000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:22.127000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 3'
body: |-
Recording and research on Mauritanian rock art has been limited in comparison with other Saharan rock art traditions, and has mainly been undertaken by French scholars, as Mauritania was formerly part of French West Africa. The first major publications cataloguing rock art sites in the country were those of Théodore Monod (1937-8), based on recordings collected on expeditions made between 1934 and 1936 and covering the entire western Saharan region. Following this, the explorers <NAME> and Odette du Puigaudeau published some paintings of the Tagant region in1939. A more comprehensive study of the paintings, engravings and inscriptions of West and North West Africa was made by <NAME> (1954), and emphasised the importance of systematically recording and studying the images in their contexts. More recently (1993), <NAME> produced a synthesis of known Mauritanian rock art in his *Préhistoire de la Mauritanie*.
Many individual Mauritanian rock art sites have also been recorded and published over the decades since the 1940s, particularly in the context of associated archaeological sites, such as those at Tegdaoust and in the Tichitt-Walata region.
- sys:
id: 66wyHEf39KoaOmm4YA8ko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:53:57.337000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:53:57.337000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4lA1J5Jly0MSImIsQ2GwUo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.581000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.2312'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4lA1J5Jly0MSImIsQ2GwUo/91ed83183f46bedf859da6b1fb5ffcaa/2013_2034.2312.jpg"
caption: 'Painted geometric circle design, <NAME>, <NAME>, Mauritania.
2013,2034.2312 © TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3618068&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.2312&page=1
- sys:
id: 3Lde3TfwY8aWu26K84weUa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:45.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:45.305000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
The range of subject matter in the rock art of Mauritania is similar to that of other Saharan countries, consisting primarily of images of domestic cattle, along with those of horses both mounted and unmounted, human figures and weaponry, wild fauna, hunting scenes, camels and Libyco-Berber/Tifinagh and Arabic script. Images of goats and sheep are extremely rare.
Some general geographic tendencies in style and type can be made out, for example, deeply cut and polished naturalistic engravings of large wild animals are concentrated in the North of the country. There is an apparent North-South divide in engraving style, with images becoming more schematic further south. Rarer painting sites are clustered in certain areas such as north of Bir Moghreïn in the far north, and certain Adrar sites, with horse and rider paintings most common in the Tagant and Tichitt-Walata regions.
- sys:
id: AHzKqrsBricmEQwCmOYyQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:54:38.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-17 18:03:32.564000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5u1VecbrbOq4cCICyqiOAw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.656000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:20:04.418000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12427'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646352&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12427&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5u1VecbrbOq4cCICyqiOAw/c4223338beae42378b3c34f8ab1b5a8e/2013_2034.12421.jpg"
caption: Painted heads of antelope facing left, Guilemsi, Tadrart, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12427 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646352&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12427&page=1
- sys:
id: 4itpl0jzpKAqkcCa6yKqa6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:05.325000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:05.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 5'
body: |-
Mauritanian rock art consists most commonly of similar-looking scenes of cattle, hunting tableaux, or camel depictions, but there are some exceptions of interest, for example: the monumental bull engraving from Akhrejit in the Dhar Tichitt, which is nearly 5 metres long; the unusually naturalistic paintings of cattle at Amogjar and Tenses in the Adrar; and the curiously shaped painted horses at Guilemsi in the Tagant-Titchitt region.
In addition, although images of chariots apparently drawn by oxen are known elsewhere in the Sahara, chariots in Saharan rock art are normally associated with horses. In Mauritania, however, there are several images of ox chariots or carts – both painted and engraved – as well as depictions of cattle apparently bearing burdens/saddles, or mounted. Moreover, Mauritania has no known depictions of chariots where the draught animal is identifiably a horse, although there are many images of horses and riders. Sometimes chariots are depicted independent of any animals drawing them, and in all there are over 200 known images of chariots in the country.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:55:35.339000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:55:35.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5LOsfjF8UEYmIUaQ00cA8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.657000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.657000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12381'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5LOsfjF8UEYmIUaQ00cA8i/2f5c949384c4cd1e5a23e4cc77a4904f/2013_2034.12381.jpg"
caption: Cattle painted with different designs, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12381 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646170&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12381+&page=1
- sys:
id: 2mhsdlyizy886WMQkoOmmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:56:29.522000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:56:29.522000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6Cccz71bd66Es0EcmMqICa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.724000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.724000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12449'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Cccz71bd66Es0EcmMqICa/82071c6a91a03c64020c9d7ce81fc354/2013_2034.12449.jpg"
caption: Cattle painted with different designs, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12449 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3647071&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12449&page=1
- sys:
id: 5vzOFu8OlOEAUMGS0KYIw2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:27.333000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 6'
body: 'As is the case with all Saharan rock art, sites found in Mauritania are
very difficult to date, especially absolutely. Monod remarked: ‘it is impossible
to propose even approximate dates: no landmark pinpoints the end of the Neolithic
and the arrival of Libyan (Berber) horsemen’ (Monod, 1938, p.128). Relative
chronologies of rock art styles are easier to identify than specific dates,
as they may be based on visible elements such as superimpositions in paintings,
and the darkness level of accrued patina in engravings. In Mauritania, researchers
have generally paid particular attention to patina as well as themes and styles
in order to try and place a timeframe on different rock art traditions. Even
this is an inexact science – however, Monod did propose a three-phase chronology,
with 1) ‘Ancient’ prehistoric rock art showing large wild fauna and cattle,
2) ‘Middle’ pre-Islamic art showing horses, camels, riders, arms and armour,
hunting scenes and Libyco-Berber script and 3) ‘Modern’ Islamic-era art with
modern Tifinagh and Arabic inscriptions.'
- sys:
id: 79JveWwduEWS0GOECouiCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:57:03.931000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:57:03.931000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: W4EibqP766CYAamWyqkQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:21:05.070000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12332'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646132&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12332&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/W4EibqP766CYAamWyqkQK/523fee62695a3de60ff7940899dfaaf1/2013_2034.12332.jpg"
caption: Engraved geometric shapes, M’Treoka, <NAME>, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12332
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646132&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12332&page=1
- sys:
id: 4AtrIwkF7OaKCEAiQ2GASg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:44.804000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:44.804000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 7'
body: Mauny later proposed a more nuanced chronology, based also on style and
technique, along the same lines as Monod’s. Mauny’s proposed divisions include
a ‘naturalist’ period from 5,000–2,000 BC, a cattle pastoralist phase from
2,500–1,000 BC, a horse period from 1,200 BC onwards, a ‘Libyco-Berber’ group
from 200 BC–700 AD and a final ‘Arabo-Berber’ phase from 700 AD onwards (Mauny,
1954). While the oldest rock art, such as the paintings at Amogjar, could
be more than 5,000 years old, it appears that most Mauritanian rock art probably
post-dates 2,000 BC, with some, particularly that involving camels, made within
the last 2,000 years.
- sys:
id: 4lUHWxICtWgQ0w6iy28iEI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:10.157000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:10.157000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 8'
body: 'Further evidence from the archaeological record and historical knowledge
is helpful in ascribing dates and authorship to some of the rock art. The
time period over which rock art was produced in Mauritania coincided with
dramatic changes in the climate and the desertification of the Sahara, which
settled at present levels of aridity following increased dry periods: around
1,500 BC in the North, and by the mid-1st Millenium AD in the South. There
is some evidence for a combination of hunting and pastoral activity in the
North-East prior to the desertification, with pastoralism becoming an important
means of subsistence in the South after 2,000 BC.'
- sys:
id: 48cLDAbqdim44m0G0kAiMm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:12.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:12.334000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6gZ1qhryX6EM26sQo4MWYQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12340'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6gZ1qhryX6EM26sQo4MWYQ/ffd1149106f1364f7e7c15130243b5cc/2013_2034.12340.jpg"
caption: Crocodiles in pool below engraving site at M’Treoka with relict populations
of crocodiles. Hodh el Garbi, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12340 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646115&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12340&page=1
- sys:
id: 2f2rsdCUH6yWQkC2y4i6aC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:28.228000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:28.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 9'
body: The first solid archaeological evidence for horses this far west is from
about 600 AD. However, horses and chariots could have been introduced over
a thousand years before, possibly by early Berber peoples from the North,
who are thought to have made increased incursions from the 4th Millennium
onwards, and with whom much of the rock art is usually associated. Chariot
images can be reasonably assumed to date from the time we know chariots were
in use in the Sahara – i.e. not earlier than 1,200 BC.
- sys:
id: 3bDBY7ve9GkIoEAeqCKe6M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:55.785000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:55.785000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 10'
body: 'Generally, the study of Mauritanian rock art traditions has focused more
on cataloguing the images and categorising them by style, technique and perceived
age than investigating their potential cultural significance. The limitations
in the ability to scientifically date these images, and the fact that they
are not usually associated with other archaeological materials, hinders effective
attempts at interpretation or ascribing authorship, beyond basic ‘Neolithic’
‘pastoralist’, or ‘early Berber’. Even this may not be clear-cut or mutually
exclusive: for example, incoming Berber peoples in the Adrar Plateau after
2,000 BC are thought to have been cattle pastoralists, as their non-Berber
predecessors probably were. In addition, while the desertification process
was definitive from this time on, fluctuations and regional microclimates
made pastoralism viable relatively recently in some areas – in the Adrar there
is still evidence of cattle rearing as late as 1,000 BC or after, and some
areas of the Tagant region may have been able to support cattle as late as
the 18th century. Thus subject matter alone is not necessarily indicative
of date or authorship: depictions of cattle may be Berber or non-Berber, as
old as the 4th millennium BC or as recent as the 1st, if not later.'
- sys:
id: 3j9ouDudwkk8qqEqqsOI4i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:46.100000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:46.100000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4zNeoXAAesUaCGoaSic6qO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:21:40.547000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12285'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4zNeoXAAesUaCGoaSic6qO/97398e8ebe5bd8be1adf57f450a72e08/2013_2034.12285.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bitriangular’ horse and rider with saddle, Guilemsi, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Rfj3BIjRugQEoOOwug8Qm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:08:21.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:08:21.025000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 11'
body: It is possible to make some more specific inferences based on style. Some
of the more naturalistic cattle paintings from the Adrar have been compared
in style to the Bovidian style paintings of the Tassili n’Ajjer in Libya,
and some of the more geometric designs to others in Senegal and Mali. Links
have also been suggested between some cattle and symbolic images and modern
Fulani and Tuareg traditions and iconography. In terms of significance, changes
to rock art style over time, from naturalistic to schematic, have been remarked
upon as perhaps somehow reflecting environmental changes from savannah to
steppe and desert. It has also been debated whether some of the geometric
symbols and images of riders on horseback were the result of conflict, perhaps
made by the victims of Berber invasions as catharsis or to ward off evil.
- sys:
id: 2NWh1MPulOkK4kQSgKuwyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:59:21.672000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:59:21.672000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6NlmQWPzJSiCWEIek2ySa8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12390'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6NlmQWPzJSiCWEIek2ySa8/f6454e19c8de0ed0ba409100bc3cd56b/2013_2034.12390.jpg"
caption: Handprint, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.2013,2034.12390 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646185&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12390&page=1
- sys:
id: 32ujQ27WmIokwSaq0g8y8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:08:35.046000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:08:35.046000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 12'
body: At this point, however, such inferences are fragmentary and speculative,
and it is clear that more comprehensive study of rock art in context in the
region is desirable, as it potentially holds much interest for the study of
the history and prehistory of Mauritania. It is also an endangered resource,
due to a combination of environmental factors, such as extremes of temperature
which damage and split the rocks, and human interference from looting and
vandalism.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4BBq4ePWQEC2Y2OmceCGgW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:51:23.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:51:23.581000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., 2010. *Mauritanian Rock Art: A New Recording*. Biblioteca Alexandrina, Alexandria
<NAME>, 1954 *Gravures, peintures et inscriptions rupestres de l'Ouest africain*. Vol. 11. Institut français d'Afrique noire
Monod, T., 1938. *Contributions à l’étude du Sahara Occidental. Gravures, Peintures et Inscriptions rupestres*. Publications du Comité d’études historiques et scientifiques de l’Afrique occidentale française, Paris
<NAME>. 1993. *Préhistoire de la Mauritanie*. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
Vernet, R. & <NAME>. *Dictionnaire Archéologique de la Mauritanie*. CRIAA, Université de Nouakchott
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.333000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.333000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12357'
description:
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title: '2013,2034.12416'
description:
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id: 6uIYZ0iOROas4Uqo4u4UyW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12382'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6uIYZ0iOROas4Uqo4u4UyW/3215c1e93f536598e0a14be6fcecfa82/2013_2034.12382.jpg"
region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/kenya-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 142GjmRwVygmAiU6Q0AYmA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:35:38.627000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:43:02.363000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Kenya: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2sEl2XznyQ66Eg22skoqYu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:28:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:51:02.714000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 1'
body: Rock art is distributed widely throughout Kenya, although historically rock
art research has not been as extensive as in neighbouring countries such as
Tanzania. Some of Kenya's various rock art traditions are attributed to or associated
with the ancestors of modern regional cultural groups, and as such sites sometimes
retain local religious importance. Both painted and engraved imagery tends towards
the symbolic and geometric, with occasional depictions of schematic animals
and people. It must be noted that there are still probably many Kenyan rock
art sites which have not yet become known outside of their local communities,
if they are known at all.
- sys:
id: 6nL6NLL93GQUyiQaWAgakG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:23:16.663000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 16:02:48.785000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 191BlqkgSUmU20ckCQqCyk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
title: KENMTE0010018 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/191BlqkgSUmU20ckCQqCyk/72813bbadf5ed408fa5515940ff369f8/KENMTE0010018_1.jpg"
caption: Painted panel with cattle. Kakapel, south of Mount Elgon 2013,2034.13640
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3699416&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13640&page=1
- sys:
id: 2VIFeJyqys02i4Uc4wGmas
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:29:20.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 16:15:40.192000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 2'
body: Kenya covers about 569,140km², bordering Ethiopia and Somalia in the north
and east and Tanzania and Uganda in the south and west. The country stretches
from a low-lying eastern coastal strip, inland to highland regions in the west
of the country. Kenya's western half is divided by the eastern section of the
East African Rift, the long area of tectonic divergence which runs from the
coasts of Djibouti, Eritrea and Somalia down through Ethiopia and Kenya and
into Uganda, curving around the eastern edge of the Lake Victoria basin. There
are a significant number of painted rock art sites throughout west-central and
southern Kenya.
- sys:
id: 69Hu2xajVCWIyOCCI6cQuC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:23:43.746000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:39:32.374000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4ZkoqzwyVaAuciGqmAUqwC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.623000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.623000000 Z
title: KENKAJ0010017 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ZkoqzwyVaAuciGqmAUqwC/240ce914ba1f5a1a6c05c71b1f587617/KENKAJ0010017_1.jpg"
caption: 'View of the Rift Valley near Mount Suswa 2013,2034.12836 © <NAME>/TARA. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3776423&partId=1
- sys:
id: 54kNwI6Yq4wU88i6MoaM0K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:30:05.512000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:30:05.512000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Although researchers had been noting and investigating rock art in the
neighbouring countries of Tanzania and Uganda from the early years of the 20th
Century, the first published mention of Kenyan rock art appeared only in 1946,
with <NAME>''s descriptions of engravings at Surima, in the northern Turkana
region. It was in the 1960s that sustained academic attention began to be paid
to other sites in the country. In 1961 <NAME> published an account of
a rock shelter (now known as Kiptogot Cave) with painted images of cattle on
the slopes of Mount Elgon near Kitale. Wright suggested potential parallels
in style with some Ethiopian pastoralist rock art. In 1968 <NAME> was
the first archaeologist to investigate the unique Namoratung’a burial sites
to the east of Lake Turkana, with their engraved standing stones, the interpretation
of which would be continued with the work of <NAME> and <NAME>
in the 1970s. In the same decade significant painting sites at Lake Victoria,
north of the lake near the Ugandan border, and in the far south were also reported
on by <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>. Research and discovery has
continued and is likely that many rock art sites in Kenya remain to be documented.
As recently as 2005, 21 previously unknown rock art sites in the Samburu area
of central Kenya were recorded during dedicated survey work organised by the
British Institute in East Africa. '
- sys:
id: 1VQjZKKOhCUCC0sMKmI2EG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:24:16.333000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 17:16:53.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3o8IJEfzbWI4qiywkMu8WM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.505000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010004 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3o8IJEfzbWI4qiywkMu8WM/6c5d99356b89ab8e961c347207547889/KENVIC0010004_1.jpg"
caption: Painted panel showing concentric circles and spirals. Kwitone Shelter,
Mfangano Island. 2013,2034.14238 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3685727&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14238&page=1
- sys:
id: 4t7LVO1JeES8agW2AK2Q0k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:31:05.485000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:31:13.826000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 4'
body: "Figurative imagery only features prominently in about 10% of the known
rock art sites of Kenya. That which exists tends to consist of very schematic
images of cattle, wild animals and people. The majority of both painted and
engraved rock art iconography throughout Kenya comprises symbols, with common
patterns including circles, sometimes concentric or containing crosses, spirals,
parallel or cross-hatched lines and curvilinear shapes. Circular ground depressions
in the rock surface, known as cupules, are also a common variant of rock art
in Kenya, along with rock gongs, which show evidence of the use of natural rock
formations as percussive instruments.\n\nInterpretation, cultural attribution
and proposed dates for these works vary widely across technique and area, although
there are common themes. It has been suggested that the schematic nature and
similarities in the art may point to shared East African symbolic understandings
common to different cultural groups, for example equating circular shapes (some
of the most popular motifs in Eastern and Central African rock art in general)
with chieftainship or the sun, or acting as navigation devices.\n\nGiven the
variations in distance, age and nature of the sites, there is a danger of generalising,
but there are factors which may contribute to more incisive interpretations
of specific sites and symbols. One set of interpretations for geometric shapes
in Kenyan rock art points to the similarities of certain of these symbols to
cattle brands used by Nilotic peoples throughout Kenya, including the Turkana,
Samburu and Masai groups. Although the engravings at Namoratung'a are not thought
to have been made by ancestral Turkana people, Lynch and Robbins noted the similarities
of some of the symbols found there to contemporary local Turkana cattle brands.
\ These symbols are pecked on stones at graves containing mens’ remains and
have been proposed to represent male lineages, as animal brands traditionally
do in contemporary Nilotic ethnic groups. Further south, it is known that some
more recent rock paintings representing brand and shield patterns were made
by Masai and Samburu men, in shelters used for meat-feasting—a practice forbidden
in their home compounds after their formal initiation as warriors—or as initiation
sites. Actual representations of cattle are rare, with the vibrant paintings
at Kakapel near the Ugandan border the most reknowned. Their creators are unknown
although Masai and Samburu have been known to paint occasional schematic cattle
in the past. \n"
- sys:
id: 2J6pAiklT2mgAqmGWYiKm4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:24:54.228000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:24:54.228000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6sJEag1degeScYa0IYY66a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:19:31.878000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:19:31.878000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13567'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6sJEag1degeScYa0IYY66a/7b598c98a08f07a8af2290ee301c897d/KENLOK0040007.jpg"
caption: Stone circles at Namoratung’a. 2013,2034.13567 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660580&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13567&page=1
- sys:
id: 2FBovUnIEU0om2mG2qCKAM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:31:50.127000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 17:19:42.052000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 5'
body: Not all of Kenya's rock art is associated with pastoralists. Much of the
symbolic art, particularly to the south and west, is attributed to the ’Batwa’,
ancestors of modern Batwa and related, traditionally hunter-gatherer cultural
groups living around the Great Lakes Region of East and Central Africa. Circular
designs and “Sunburst” symbols are some of the most common motifs usually associated
with the Batwa rock art tradition; it has been proposed that they may have been
associated with fertility or rainmaking. Some rock art on Mfangano Island,
in the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria, has retained the latter association,
having been used until the recent past by local Abasuba people for rainmaking
purposes, despite their not having produced it originally. This re-use of symbolic
sites in Kenya and the difficulty of dating further confuses the question of
attribution for the art. The same rock art sites used by different cultural
groups at different times and for different reasons. Such is the case at Kakapel
for example, where it is posited that the earliest paintings may be hunter-gatherer
in origin, with more recent cattle images added later, and Namoratung’a, with
some engravings apparently hundreds of years old and others made within the
last century.
- sys:
id: 1Rc5KyPQDS0KG8mY0g2CwI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:25:30.561000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 17:20:10.830000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1rIqvHUlxCgqW2caioAo4I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:18:52.034000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:22:07.193000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//downloads.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1rIqvHUlxCgqW2caioAo4I/eaa5e32c3a5c09c5904157da0d3a9f0b/KENLAI0060017.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man observing Maa-speaker symbols, possibly representing cattle
brands. Laikipia 2013,2034.13018 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700186&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13018&page=1
- sys:
id: 63k9ZNUpEW0wseK2kKmSS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:19.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:19.445000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 6'
body: It is instructive to consider the use of rock art sites within their physical
contexts as well as the rock art motifs themselves. Locality and landscape
are significant, for example at Namoratung’a, where the engraved basalt pillars
at a related nearby site have been posited to be positioned according to astronomical
calculations, based on an ancient Cushitic calendar. There are various ways
in which the creation and continued use of sites in Kenya may have been significantly
interactive, such as in the ritual playing of rock gongs, or in the potential
use of rows of cupules as gaming boards for forms of Mancala, a token game common
through central and Southern Africa which was originally introduced to Kenya
via Indian Ocean trade. It is not known if cupules were actually created for
this purpose—it has been suggested for example that in some areas, cupules
were formed for purely practical purposes, in the pulverising of food or materials
for smelting activities. In Kenya, as elsewhere, what actually constitutes rock
art is not always easy to identify.
- sys:
id: 473wFp8s7CKyuyuIW22KCs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:26:01.650000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:01:02.004000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6CNVylYrKwUkk0YCcaYmE4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:20:17.930000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:20:17.930000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13694'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6CNVylYrKwUkk0YCcaYmE4/084ab0278a8863a0cbc3ac1f631eceea/KENNEP0020002.jpg"
caption: Rock gong with cupules. Lewa Downs Conservancy, Kenya. 2013,2034.13694
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3701781&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13694&page=1
- sys:
id: 24Sdya41Gk4migwmYa60SW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:57.237000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:57.237000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 7'
body: "Rock art ascribed to Batwa peoples could be anywhere between 15,000-1,000
years old, while pastoralist art is more recent. Radiocarbon dating of rock
art is difficult unless it is buried and associated with other uncontaminated
organic remains and as such, scientifically dated rock art from Kenya is rare.
\ Radiocarbon dates from human remains in graves at Namoratung’a South date
from the mid-1st Century BC to the mid-1st Millennium AD, but as dates like
these are not directly relatable to the rock art, researchers have tended to
concentrate on assigning chronologies based on varying levels of patination
and style, without being able to ascribe more than estimated production dates.
\ \n\nThere are occasionally defining limits which aid in dating specific sites,
for example, cattle did not arrive in Eastern Africa until about 2,000 BC, so
representations of cattle must postdate this. In addition, in some cases, artworks
known to have been associated with certain groups cannot have been produced
prior to, or post, certain dates for political reasons. For example, Masai paintings
at Lukenya Hill are known to have been painted prior to 1915, as Masai people
were displaced from this area by European settlers after this date. \n\nThe
diversity of Kenyan rock art in motif, distribution and cultural context so
far frustrates any attempts for a cohesive chronology, but the continuing local
engagement with rock art sites in Kenya can potentially serve as a useful dating
and interpretive resource for researchers alongside continuing archaeological
research."
- sys:
id: 5FBcxryfEQMUwYeYakwMSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:26:31.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:41:13.806000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4dt5Tw7AXeoiMOkAqGIoWa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.959000000 Z
title: KENTUR0010065 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4dt5Tw7AXeoiMOkAqGIoWa/53ffe55ad755f4931e5651e84da47892/KENTUR0010065_1.jpg"
caption: Engraved rock art showing giraffes and human figures. Turkana County,
Lewa Downs Conservancy, Kenya. 2013,2034.13848 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3663256&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13848+&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 1r3TUrs7ziOaQ08iEOQ2gC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:27:37.639000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:55:17.747000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1975. *Meat-feasting Sites and Cattle Brands: Patterns of Rock-shelter Utilization in East Africa*. Azania, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 107-122
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2011. *A re-consideration of the rock engravings at the burial site of Namoratung'a South, Northern Kenya and their relationship to modern Turkana livestock brands*. South African Archaeological Bulletin Vol. 66, Issue194, pp. 121-128
<NAME>. 1992. *Ethnographic Context of Rock Art Sites in East Africa in Rock Art and Ethnology*. AURA Occasional Papers, (5) pp. 67-70, Australian Rock Art Research Association, Melbourne
<NAME>. 1974. *The Prehistoric rock art of the lake Victoria region*. Azania, IX, 1-50.
---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/written-in-stone.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 5QHjLLZ7gs846I0a68CGCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:59:00.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:29:03.345000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 6
title: 'Written in stone: the Libyco-Berber scripts'
slug: written-in-stone
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:39:38.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:25:55.339000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4200'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk/3dd6ae7d242722aa740c7229eb70d4e7/ALGDJA0040010.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3fpuPIJW9i2ESgqYsEMe02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:07.520000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:16.531000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'A remarkable feature of North African rock art is the existence of numerous
engraved or painted inscriptions which can be found throughout the Sahara Desert.
These inscriptions, generically named Libyco-Berber, are found from the west
of Egypt to the Canary Islands and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Sahel countries
to the south. Together with Egyptian hieroglyphs, they show us one of the earliest
written languages in Africa and represent a most interesting and challenging
topic in North African history. They appear in two different formats: engraved
on *stelae* (mainly on the Mediterranean coast and its hinterland) or on rock
faces, either isolated or alongside rock art paintings or engravings of the
later periods of rock art.'
- sys:
id: 6MFGcsOw2QYceK2eWSsGqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:43:10.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:32:20.694000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:39:38.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:25:55.339000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4200'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk/3dd6ae7d242722aa740c7229eb70d4e7/ALGDJA0040010.jpg"
caption: View of red wolf or lion with an spiral tail. A Libyco-Berber script
has been written under the belly, and another one can be seen to the lower left
of the photograph. Tin Aboteka, Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4200 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601330&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4200&page=1
- sys:
id: TwRWy4YkkUmg2yMGIWOQw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:54.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:33:58.483000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Libyco-Berber characters were identified as written language as early as
the 17th century, when some inscriptions in the language were documented in
the Roman city of Dougga (Tunisia). They were deciphered by <NAME> in
1843 through the comparison of personal names with equivalent Punic names in
bilingual scenes, although a few characters still remain uncertain. Since the
beginning of the 19th century onwards many different proposals have been made
to explain the origin, expansion and translation of these alphabets. There are
three main explanations of its origin - the most accepted theory considers that
the Libyco-Berber alphabet and principles of writing were borrowed from the
Phoenician script, with other symbols added locally.
- sys:
id: pfjxB9ZjI4c68SYYOcc6C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:43:34.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:35:37.505000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1i0U2eePgyWQKE8WgOEuug
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:16.321000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:56:27.808000000 Z
title: Libyco theme figure 2
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1i0U2eePgyWQKE8WgOEuug/03cf171fe9cde8389b055b4740f8d1fd/29-10-2015_11.05.jpg"
caption: Half of a bilingual inscription written in Numidian, part of a monument
dedicated to Ateban, a Numidian prince. Numidian is one of the languages written
in Libyco-Berber alphabets. 1852,0305.1 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368104&partId=1&searchText=1852,0305.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 2QHgN5FuFGK4aoaWUcKuG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:30.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:30.377000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 3'
body: A second, recent proposal has defended an indigenous (autochthonous) origin
deriving from a stock of ancient signs –tribal tattoos, marks of ownership,
or even geometric rock art- which could have resulted in the creation of the
alphabet. Finally, a mixture of both theories accepts the borrowing of the idea
of script and some Phoenician signs, which would be complemented with indigenous
symbols. Although none of these theories can be fully accepted or refuted at
the present moment, the proposal of a Phoenician borrowing has a wider support
among linguistics and archaeologists.
- sys:
id: 67cDVCAn3GMK8m2guKMeuY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:44:09.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:37:11.219000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4996'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O/4d864b520d505029c7c8b90cd9e5fde2/ALGTOD0050035.jpg"
caption: Engraved panel full of camels and human figures, surrounded by Libyco-Berber
graffiti. <NAME>, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4996 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3623989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4996&page=1
- sys:
id: 4UXtnuK0VGkYKMGyuqseKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:56.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:56.343000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'How is the Libyco-Berber alphabet composed? In fact, we should talk about
Libyco-Berber alphabets, as one of the main characteristics of these scripts
is their variety. In the mid-20th century, two main groups (eastern and western)
were proposed, but this division is not so evident, and some studies have identified
up to 25 different groups (grouped in 5 major families); some of them show strong
similarities while between others up to half of the alphabetic symbols may
be different. However, all these variants share common features: Libyco-Berber
alphabetic symbols tend to be geometric, consisting of straight lines, circles
and dots combined in different ways.'
- sys:
id: 13CDv9voc48oCmC0wqG4AA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:44:51.935000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:37:41.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5rTkM78qGckOKu2q4AIUAI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:51.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:28:43.019000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9338'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5rTkM78qGckOKu2q4AIUAI/1868823d4c9b78591d8fd94d156a8afc/NIGEAM0040013.jpg"
caption: View of Libyan warrior holding a spear, surrounded by Libyco-Berber scripts.
Ibel, Niger. 2013,2034.9338 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641907&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9338&page=1
- sys:
id: 1gWJWaxXZYc4IiUyiC8IkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:32.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:32.328000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 5'
body: 'The study of Libyco-Berber script faces some huge challenges. In addition
to its aforementioned variability, it is necessary to differentiate the ancient
languages spoken and written in North Africa during the Classical Antiquity
for which a generic term of Libyco-Berber is used. Furthermore, Tifinagh script,
the modern script of Tuareg people shares some symbols with the Libyco-Berber
alphabet, but otherwise is a quite different language. Contemporary Tuareg cannot
understand the old Libyco-Berber inscriptions although they recognize some symbols.
Chronology represents another challenge: although the first dated inscription
on a *stela* is from 138 BC, some pottery sherds with Libyco-Berber symbols
could date from the 3rd century BC. For some researchers the oldest date (as
old as the 7th century BC) is believed to correspond to an engraving located
in the Moroccan High Atlas, although that theory is still under discussion.
Finally, the characteristics of the scripts present some problems: they are
usually short, repetitive and in many cases incomplete. Moreover, Libyco-Berber
can be written in different directions (from right to left, bottom to top),
complicating the identification, transcription and translation of the inscriptions. '
- sys:
id: 6K1hjSQHrGSmMIwyi4aEci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:46:00.776000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:39:20.711000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 373GOE3JagQYoyY2gySyMy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:18.933000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:18.933000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5878'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/373GOE3JagQYoyY2gySyMy/75c096cc7f233cedc2f75f58b0b41290/Oukaimeden_adapted.jpg"
caption: Panel with elephants and human figures superimposed by two Libyco-Berber
inscriptions, which some consider one of the oldest written in this alphabet,
enhanced for a better view of the symbols. Oukaïmeden, Morocco. 2013,2034.5878
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613939&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5878&page=1
- sys:
id: 3ik84OMvkQaEu6yOAeCMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:51.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:51.719000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 6'
body: Considering all these problems, what do we know about Libyco-Berber scripts?
First of all, they normally used only consonants, although due to the influence
of Punic (the language used in areas controlled or influenced by Carthage) and
Latin, vowels were added in some alphabet variants. The translation of Libyco-Berber
scripts is complicated, since the existing texts are very short and can only
be translated through comparison with equivalent texts in Punic or Latin. Most
of the translated scripts are very simple and correspond to personal and site
names, or fixed formulations as “X son of Y”, characteristics of funerary epigraphy,
or others such as, “It’s me, X”. Perhaps surprisingly, some of the translated
inscriptions have an amorous meaning, with expressions as “I, X, love Y”. As
the known Libyco-Berber corpus of inscriptions grows, it seems possible that
more and more inscriptions will be translated, leading to a better understanding
of the languages.
- sys:
id: 1t5dVxKpiIqeqy82O4McOI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:46:35.246000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:43:47.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 7x2yrpGfGEKaUQgyuiOYwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:38.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:38.056000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3203'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7x2yrpGfGEKaUQgyuiOYwk/27f613c48b37dbb1114df7b733465787/LIBMES0180013.jpg"
caption: Panel depicting cattle, giraffes and Libyco-Berber graffiti. In Galgiwen,
Libya. 2013,2034.3203 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3589647&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.3203&page=1
- sys:
id: 3Ju6IkGoneueE2gYQKaAQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:16.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:27:17.030000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 7'
body: Of course, the Libyco-Berber scripts evolved through time, although discussion
is still going on about the chronologies and rhythms of this process. After
the adoption and development of the alphabet, the Libyco-Berber reached a consideration
of “official language” in the Numidian kingdom, which flourished in the north-western
coast of Africa during the two latest centuries BC. The kingdom was highly influenced
by Carthage and Rome, resulting in the existence of bilingual inscriptions that
were the key to the translation of Libyco-Berber scripts. After Roman conquest,
Libyco-Berber was progressively abandoned as a written language in the area,
but inscriptions in the Sahara were still common until an unknown moment in
the first millennium BC (the scripts sometimes receiving the name of Tifinagh).
The Berber language, however, has been preserved and a new alphabet was developed
in the 1960s to be used by Berber people.
- sys:
id: 1fPVVfXalmoKy2mUUCQQOw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:47:18.568000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:44:36.059000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4468'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY/0ec84dd4272a7227215c45d16f1451c5/ALGDJA0100009.jpg"
caption: Raid scene on a camel caravan, with several interspersed Libyco-Berber
inscriptions. Tassili plateau, Djanet, Algeria. 2013,2034.4468 ©TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4468&page=1
- sys:
id: 5GOzFzswmcs8qgiqQgcQ2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:52.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:52.167000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 8'
body: The many challenges that surround the study of Libyco-Berber scripts have
led to a complex crossroads of terms, chronologies and theories which sometimes
are contradictory and confusing. For the Rock Art Image Project, a decision
had to be made to define the painted or engraved scripts in the collection and
the chosen term was Libyco-Berber, as most of the images are associated with
paintings of the Horse and Camel periods and thus considered to be up to 3,000
years old. Using the term Tifinagh could lead to misunderstandings with more
modern scripts and the alphabet currently used by Berber peoples throughout
North Africa.
- sys:
id: 6qjMP5OeukCMEiWWieE4O8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:47:52.571000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:46:54.999000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: FGpTfysHqEay4OMO66YSE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:42:18.963000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:42:18.963000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.2792'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/FGpTfysHqEay4OMO66YSE/c735c56a5dff7302beb58cec0e35bc85/LIBMES0040160.jpg"
caption: Libyco-Berber inscription engraved near a cow. Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.2792 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584843&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.2792&page=1
- sys:
id: NeG74FoyYuOowaaaUYgQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:53:11.586000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:53:11.586000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Undoubtedly, the deciphering of forgotten languages captures the imagination
and is one of the most exciting challenges in the study of ancient cultures.
However, it is usually a difficult enterprise, as extraordinary finds which
aid translation such as the Rosetta Stone are fairly exceptional and most of
the time the transcription and translation of these languages is a long and
difficult process in which the meaning of words and grammar rules is slowly
unravelled. Although there are no shortcuts to this method, there are some initiatives
that help to ease the task. One of them is making available catalogues of high
quality images of inscriptions which can be studied and analysed by specialists.
In that sense, the Libyco-Berber inscriptions present in the Rock Art Image
Project catalogue can be truly helpful for all those interested in one of the
most fascinating languages in the world; a language, which albeit modified has
endured in different forms for hundreds of years.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4r54ew5pNSwQ8ckQ8w8swY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:48:24.656000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:28:59.132000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2012. Rock Art, Scripts and proto-scripts in Africa: the Libyco-berber example. In: Delmas, A. and Penn, P. (eds.), *Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500 – 1900*. Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 3-29.
<NAME>. 2007. Origin and Development of the Libyco-Berber Script. Berber Studies 15. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
[http://lbi-project.org/](http://lbi-project.org/)
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/uganda.md
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name: Uganda
slug: uganda
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title: Nyero, Uganda
slug: nyero
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First documented in 1913 (in the Teso Report†), the geometric paintings at Nyero are among the most important and well documented rock art sites in Uganda, and are on the Tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage sites‡.
Nyero is located in eastern Uganda in the Kumi District, about 200 km from the capital city Kampala. It comprises six rock shelters in total, but initially only three were recorded and referred to as shrines by local communities, who had no knowledge of the origins of the paintings. The authorship of the paintings remains in some debate.
Initially, the rock art was thought to be the work of San|Bushmen of southern Africa. However, archaeological, genetic and ethnographic evidence has subsequently attributed the paintings to the ancestors of Batwa people, hunter-gatherers who are descendants of ancient aboriginal groups once spread across East and Central Africa and most probably the original inhabitants of this landscape. Today they live in small groups near the Rwanda/Uganda border.
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caption: Site of Nyero 1. 2013,2034.14796 © TARA/<NAME>
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More recent studies have proposed that the rock art was the work of settled human groups and not early hunter-gatherers. It has been proposed that rock shelters were used by semi-nomadic peoples devoted to animal herding, and used as reference points in the landscape. Generally positioned away from flat land, they may have served to direct herders of cattle and/or goats towards paths and water. The unknown identity of the rock artists makes dating problematic, but some of the paintings may be up to 12,000 years old.
Notwithstanding the problems associated with attribution and chronology, many of the rock paintings in Uganda show serious damage due to long exposure to the elements. At Nyero 2, the paintings are partially covered with mineral salts, while at Nyero 5 the paintings have been destroyed or are obscured by rain wash-off. The physical condition of the paintings is testament to their antiquity.
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__Nyero Rock Art sites:__
__Nyero 1__
This is a small rock shelter on the outer edge of the outcrop and comprises six sets of concentric circles with a central image of a ‘floral motif’ and a so-called ‘acacia pod’ shape. The geometrics in this shelter are all painted in white.
__Nyero 2__
This is the main shelter, the overhang of which is formed by an enormous boulder (estimated to weigh at least 20,000 tons) which has broken away; a vertical rock against the back wall measures 10m in height. The panel at Nyero 2 consists of more than forty images such as vertical divided sausage shapes, so-called ‘canoes‘, unidentified faint markings, ‘U’ shapes, lines and dots, with evidence of superimposition; but is dominated by concentric circles. A unique feature of the paintings are the so-called ‘canoes’ or parts of ‘canoes’, so-called because of their resemblance in form. The depictions are all painted in shades of red.
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caption: Paintings at Nyero 2. 2013,2034.14840 © TARA/<NAME>
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caption: Close up of concentric circles and large canoe shaped object design.
2013,2034.14851 © TARA/<NAME>
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The paintings are protected from direct rain by the overhang and rocks to the front and sides protect the paintings from the sun, which is likely to have contributed to their preservation. Early users of the shelter placed ritual gifts on its south-eastern side; the tradition of using this space to place money either before or after receiving help from ancestral spirits is continued by the local community.
As well as the rock art, a bone incised with three concentric circles and four parallel lines, and pieces of prepared ochre were excavated from this site in 1945. These are the only evidence of prehistoric portable art so far found in Uganda.
__Nyero 3__
Located about eight minutes’ walk from Nyero 2, this shelter is formed by a large boulder perched on supporting rocks. Paintings consist of white concentric circles; the outer circles surrounded by double curved designs, between which are double lines divided into small compartments.
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caption: White concentric circle at Nyero 3. 2013,2034.14888 © TARA/<NAME>
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__Nyero 4__
This is a small shelter on the south-western side of the hill where there are a few traces of red finger-painted concentric circles, two conical shapes and lines.
__Nyero 5__
Situated on the western side of the hill, this shelter has a red geometric motif composed of a combination of circular and linear shapes made with both a brush and a finger. However, the images are quite difficult to distinguish as they are damaged by natural water erosion.
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__Nyero 6__
Situated on the top of the hill, this shelter has a good view of the landscape. This site features two red finger-painted outlines of small oval shapes and a slanting L-shape as well as an outlined cross with a small circle below. The painted surface is now subject to severe exfoliation as it is open to the rain and morning sun.
The sites at Nyero are believed locally to have been sacred ancestral places where, in the past, people would have travelled long distances to make offerings of food, beer and money in times of drought, misfortune and for child birth. Nyero was also regarded as a magical place where rain ceremonies were held. Oral histories have recorded strong attachments to the site and individual and community prayers were held seasonally. The antiquity of the images and their association with long-forgotten peoples may serve to enhance Nyero as a special and sacred place for local communities.
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<NAME>. 2010. *Surrogate Surfaces: A contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand
<NAME> and <NAME> (eds). 2014. *Uganda Rock Art Sites: A Vanishing Heritage of Lake Victoria Region*. Kampala: National Museum of Uganda
† An annual report submitted by each region to the Governor of Uganda during British colonial rule.
‡ A Tentative List is an inventory of those properties considered to be of cultural and/or natural heritage of outstanding universal value and therefore suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List.
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image_count: 863 images
date_range: c.12,000 to 1,000 years ago.
main_areas: Concentrated in the east and south east of the country in and around
Lake Victoria and also in north-eastern Uganda.
techniques: Mostly painted in red and white pigment, with some engravings.
main_themes: Geometric designs in red and white pigment follow a basic and recurring
repertoire of shapes including circular, rectangular, elongated ovals (or sausage-shaped),
dots and lines.
famous_for: Concentric circles with emanating rays are a unique feature of Ugandan
rock art.
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title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
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The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at <NAME> and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
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col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
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id: 36QhSWVHKgOeMQmSMcGeWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting
shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are
places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat
in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle.
During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were
painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand
their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners,
but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease.
Different symbols may be used for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
- sys:
id: 3HGWtlhoS424kQCMo6soOe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a
similar visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its
167 megalithic stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds
of geometric motifs. Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the
brand marks that the Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other
livestock in the area, although local people claim no authorship for the funerary
engravings (Russell, 2013:4).
- sys:
id: kgoyTkeS0oQIoaOaaWwwm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter
adorned with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia,
Kenya. 2013,2034.13006 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership
as we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It
has been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by
camel keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell,
2013:18). Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place
their clan marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees
and wells (Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
- sys:
id: 3sW37nPBleC8WSwA8SEEQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy/a234f96f9931ec3fdddcf1ab54a33cd9/2013_2034.13451.jpg"
caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with
meat-feasting or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic
of something else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu
people reported that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting
shelters were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were
made to mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear
representations of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja,
shows a dung painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which
is said to represent cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols,
painted in fat and red ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on
the Mesakin and Korongo Hills in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child
to whom prayers are offered (Bell, 1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles
bisected by two crosses represent boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn
diagonally) or a slanting line (like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough
pastoralist geometric motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa,
attempting to find the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The
examples discussed here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors,
even in the same location, and that identical symbols can be the products
of very different behaviours. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
Gramly R 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1TDQd4TutiKwIAE8mOkYEU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
title: KENLOK0030053
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1TDQd4TutiKwIAE8mOkYEU/718ff84615930ddafb1f1fdc67b5e479/KENLOK0030053.JPG"
- sys:
id: 2SCvEkDjAcIewkiu6iSGC4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.845000000 Z
title: KENKAJ0030008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2SCvEkDjAcIewkiu6iSGC4/b2e2e928e5d9a6a25aca5c99058dfd76/KENKAJ0030008.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 3DbhHAYYD6icYiuK62SY2w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:47:24.211000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:43:10.697000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Uganda: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5yJzv38jjG6o0u4Q4ISYeM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:01.243000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:01.243000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 1'
body: Rock art in Uganda is mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the country,
but more broadly sits within a regional belt of geometric rock art spanning
East and Central Africa. It is mainly geometric in nature and includes both
paintings (red and white being the most common pigment) and engravings; it
comprises a basic and recurring repertoire of shapes including circular, rectangular,
sausage, dot and lines. Concentric circles with rays emanating from them are
a unique feature of Ugandan rock art.
- sys:
id: 4TrHjE4Umk8eoscoQUaMWC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:21:57.842000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:05:24.474000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 40ezg2Ddosc4yYM0Myes8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.421000000 Z
title: UGANGO0020031 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40ezg2Ddosc4yYM0Myes8U/7d118bce5cf73e7a0fd8b7953a604bcd/UGANGO0020031_1.jpg"
caption: Circular motifs.Ngora, Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.14768 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691105&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14768&page=1
- sys:
id: 4fHCnfKB5Ymqg4gigEIm0g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:36.716000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:36.716000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 2'
body: One of the most well-known sites is at Nyero, a large granite outcrop
situated between Mbale and Soroti in the east of the country. Nyero consists
of a cluster of six sites and is on the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage
sites†. All of the paintings found here are geometric in design and
have been attributed to the ancestral Batwa, and dated to before 1250 AD.
- sys:
id: 5BePUMaSPKsSiUweSq2yyG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:04.177000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:04.177000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 3'
body: Uganda is located in East Africa, comprises an area of 236,040 km² and
shares borders with Kenya to the east, South Sudan in the north, Democratic
Republic of Congo in the west, and Rwanda and Tanzania in the south. It sits
in the heart of the Great Lakes region, flanked by Lake Edward, Lake Albert
and Lake Victoria, the latter being the second largest inland freshwater lake
in the world, containing numerous islands. While much of its border is lakeshore,
the country is landlocked. Predominantly plateau, Uganda is cradled by mountains
with Margherita peak (5,199m) on Mount Stanley the third highest point in
Africa.
- sys:
id: 3IwOIf4phe6KkoEu24goAw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:22:43.586000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:07:19.503000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6LAhyXtnagaeiiYcyqAUS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:54:00.944000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:47:44.145000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15198'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690931&partId=1&searchText=UGAVIC0010001&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6LAhyXtnagaeiiYcyqAUS8/06fee85996cb2e9625cbfd6b7a6a07dc/UGAVIC0010001_1.jpg"
caption: Large boulder containing painted rock art overlooking Lake Victoria.
2013,2034.15198 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690931&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.15198&page=1
- sys:
id: xTETlLO8WkqiiuYO0cgym
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:58.092000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:58.092000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research History
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
The first documentation of rock art in Uganda occurred in 1913 (Teso Report) at Nyero, a painted rock shelter of the Later Iron Age period. After its initial recording the site was subsequently cited in a 1945 excavation report (Harwich, 1961) and meticulously noted by <NAME> during the 1950s. Only a small number of studies of Ugandan rock art rock art have been published (Wayland 1938; Lawrance 1953; Posnansky 1961; Morton 1967; Chaplin 1974), with early analyses being predominantly descriptive and highly speculative.
The first major publications on Ugandan rock art emerged in the 1960s (Posnansky 1961; Morton 1967; Chaplin 1974) with rock art researchers proposing that the geometric and non-representational depictions served a documentary purpose of identifying cultural groups such as hunter-gatherers, cultivators or pastoralists. During this decade researchers attempted to place the rock art in a chronological framework, tying it to broader archaeological sequences. Political instability greatly impeded research during the 1970s and 1980s, although Chaplin’s thesis and in-depth survey on prehistoric rock art of Lake Victoria was published posthumously in 1974.
- sys:
id: 3z8AAdZC2sEWOOqc4kcESq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:24:00.757000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:09:06.452000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2FHA4qasM0YkYeY20OK20e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:54:11.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:54:11.681000000 Z
title: UGAVIC0060056 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FHA4qasM0YkYeY20OK20e/8dc76eadeb33620beaeedbba6b04399b/UGAVIC0060056_1.jpg"
caption: Painted ceiling of a rock shelter attributed to the BaTwa. Lolui Island,
Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691242&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.15306&page=1
- sys:
id: 17HHIh3cvwkm8eMqIaYi4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:37:14.262000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:43:31.000000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 5'
body: Much of the interpretation of the rock art in the region was based on
the assumption that the art was attributable to the so-called “Bushmen” of
southern Africa, using these explanations to understand the rock art of Uganda.
C<NAME>’s (2010) recent doctoral thesis on rock art in Uganda has
opened up these debates, “tackling the more slippery issues of attribution,
interpretation and understanding of rock art” (Namono, 2010:40).
- sys:
id: 49Hty9jIlWSeoOi2uckwwg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:37:41.691000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:37:41.691000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronologies/Styles
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 6'
body: "__Paintings__\n\nThe geometric rock art that predominates in Uganda is
attributed to the Batwa cultural group. Modern Batwa are descendants of ancient
aboriginal forest-dwelling hunter-gatherer groups based in the Great Lakes
region of central Africa. Their rock art has been divided into two traditions:
firstly, the red animal tradition that comprises finely painted representations
of animals in red pigment painted in a figurative style. These are all in
the far north-eastern corner of Uganda. Antelope are the most common animals
depicted, but this imagery also includes elephant, rhino, lion, leopard, giraffe,
hyena, warthog, wild pig, ostrich and buffalo. \n"
- sys:
id: rehKUDcDviQGqmiwAikco
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:24:31.625000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:09:53.569000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6Rp8Jyx6Tu8CagewSGkKaG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.413000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.413000000 Z
title: UGAMOR0010021 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Rp8Jyx6Tu8CagewSGkKaG/8425bc465938ddae5cfed284f96a6e6f/UGAMOR0010021_1.jpg"
caption: Painted red cattle and figures holding bows. Kanamugeot, Northern Province,
Uganda, 2013,2034.14633 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690004&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14633&page=1
- sys:
id: 2KG09KRWisSWmogUWA4sGQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:08.326000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:08.326000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 7'
body: "While some of the animals are remarkably naturalistic in their portrayal,
the majority are highly distorted and difficult to identify to species level,
and are associated with rows of dots superimposing the animal forms. The second
tradition, the red geometrics include images painted in red and applied with
the fingertip; the most common motifs comprise concentric circles, concentric
circles with radiating lines, dots, U-shapes, dotted, straight, horizontal
and vertical lines and interlinked lines. Other motifs and shapes are described
as ‘acacia pod’, ‘canoes’, and ‘dumbbell’; a testament to the problems researchers
face when attempting to use descriptive terms in identifying complex designs.
\n\n__Engravings__\n\nGeometric engravings occur in and around Lake Victoria
and also in north-eastern Uganda. Motifs comprise concentric circles, grids,
concentric circles with internal radiating spokes, lines and dots. Proportionally,
there are fewer engravings than paintings but as Namono (2010) has observed
this may reflect a research bias rather than an actual disparity.\n"
- sys:
id: 6re1Gh7nxe4YK4MmumWu4m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:25:05.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:10:31.191000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4TE2BAQkM8S0640ECkYayA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:43.648000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:43.648000000 Z
title: UGANAS0002 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4TE2BAQkM8S0640ECkYayA/3a5a54bd23c2ecaa637d19e132e40263/UGANAS0002_1.jpg"
caption: Engraved rock with concentric circle motif. Kampala, Uganda. 2013,2034.14710
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690111&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14710&page=1
- sys:
id: 6qgdyPfErKwIISIUuWEsMU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:44.670000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:44.670000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 8'
body: Another common type of engraving is small cupules aligned in rows, found
predominantly on hilltops or large rock slabs near water sources. None have
been found on vertical rock faces or in rock shelters. They are known locally
as *omweso* (a traditional board game of Uganda) as there are similarities
between these and the traditional *mancala* game, originally introduced to
Africa with the Indian Ocean trade.
- sys:
id: 2fzT5T0btesSgMyuyUqAu0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:25:46.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:11:49.658000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2kLCq0ponGEOemeycuauI2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:48.341000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:48.341000000 Z
title: UGAMUK0050001 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2kLCq0ponGEOemeycuauI2/55631bb48e53718bd799a7e8799f7439/UGAMUK0050001_1.jpg"
caption: Large rock with grid of small carved cupules. Kimera, Central Province,
Uganda. 2013,2034.14676 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690085&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14676&page=1
- sys:
id: 6waesLr6j6I24eySaQO2Q6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:39:35.319000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:44:11.747000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 9'
body: |-
Attempts to understand the chronology of Ugandan rock in the 1960s were based on sequences focusing on pigments used in paintings. Lawrance proposed that yellow paintings were the oldest; followed by orange, red, purple, red and white; white and dirty white were the latest in the sequence. It is highly problematic developing sequences based on pigments because of the ways in which they chemically react with particular surfaces, other pigments and the natural elements, which can compromise the integrity of the pigment. However, there appears to be a consistency (across East and Central Africa) that suggests red and white geometric paintings are the oldest and have been in existence for millennia.
Initially thought to be the work of San Bushmen of southern Africa, archaeological, genetic and ethnographic evidence has subsequently attributed the paintings to the Batwa people, a cultural group who are today found in small groups near the Rwanda/Uganda border. If it is accepted that the geometric imagery was made by these hunter-gatherers then the rock art of Uganda probably dates from between 12,000 to 1,000 years ago.
- sys:
id: 5eNs55lpIWoiCM2W6iwGkM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:26:33.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:12:35.188000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 7awPQKadFK2k6mMegimuIE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:43.661000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:43.661000000 Z
title: UGATES0030003 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7awPQKadFK2k6mMegimuIE/0b3a8c2a03bcc34f8821f30bf0cf1367/UGATES0030003_1.jpg"
caption: Complex white motif comprising six concentric circles surrounded by
curvilinear tentacles. Nyero, Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.14892 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3673779&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14892&page=1
- sys:
id: UOkpq4WM6qoYMUky2Ws4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:39:56.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:44:55.317000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 10'
body: However, more recent studies have proposed that these were the work of
settled human groups and not early hunter-gatherers. Radiocarbon dating at
Nyero (and another site at Kakoro) has dated the paintings to between 5,000
and 1,600 years ago. It has been proposed that rock shelters were used by
semi-nomadic peoples engaged in animal herding, which they used as reference
points in the landscape. Generally positioned away from flat land, they may
have served to direct herders of cattle and/or goats towards paths and water.
- sys:
id: 3HOpYjRGGciiYMS24EcSqO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:40:20.558000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:40:20.558000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 11'
body: A recent comprehensive study (Namono, 2010) of the potential meaning of
geometric art in Uganda looked at the ways in which the geometric shapes in
the rock art can be associated with the ethnographies of hunter-gatherers
of the region. The approach proposed that the symbolism of geometric rock
art derives from a gendered forest worldview. The forest is pivotal to hunter/gatherer
cosmology in this region, whereby it plays a central role in cultural production
and reproduction over time and is regarded as both male and female. The forest
is not only a source of subsistence and well-being but informs their identity
and the rock art reflects these complex concepts.
- sys:
id: 3qOC0kMyiQQOKgc2k2aICQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:27:14.840000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:13:32.803000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5gAcaHufAso60GKYiKsei2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:48.306000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:48.306000000 Z
title: UGANGO0010001 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5gAcaHufAso60GKYiKsei2/b93cc028065d4f5c5dbe953558d1a4bb/UGANGO0010001_1.jpg"
caption: View looking towards the forested location of a painted rock art site.
Ngora, Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.14711 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690354&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14711&page=1
- sys:
id: 4r8ruNjScUCigsS6kWe6Yg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:40:41.970000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:45:09.119000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 12'
body: It is difficult to determine when rock art sites were last used, and in
some cases, such as at Nyero, sites are still in use by local peoples with
offerings being made and sites associated with rain-making rituals. However,
the advent of colonialism influenced such traditions bringing a change in
the way the forest was venerated, used and conceptualised.
citations:
- sys:
id: R9NAlFnoYuGyywYgIccK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:42:30.538000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:42:30.538000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
† A Tentative List is an inventory of those properties considered to be of cultural and/or natural heritage of outstanding universal value and therefore suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List.
<NAME>. 1974. ‘The Prehistoric Art of the Lake Victoria Region’, in *Azania* 9, pp: 1-50.
<NAME>. 1961. *Red Dust: Memories of the Uganda Police* 1935-1955. London:
Vincent Stuart Ltd.
<NAME>. 1953. ‘Rock Paintings in Teso’, in *Uganda Journal* 17, pp: 8-13.
<NAME>. 1967. ‘Rock Engravings from Loteteleit, Karamoja’, in *Uganda Journal* 19, p:90.
<NAME>. 2010. Surrogate Surfaces: *A contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand
<NAME>. 1961. ‘Rock Paintings on Lolui Island, Lake Victoria’ in *Uganda Journal*, 25, pp: 105-11.
<NAME>. 1938. ‘Note on Prehistoric Inscription in Ankole Uganda’, in *Uganda
Journal* 5, pp: 252 – 53.
background_images:
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id: 3x2PiewS1i8ou4ik4Oe0eI
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:16:24.740000000 Z
title: UGAVIC0050009 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3x2PiewS1i8ou4ik4Oe0eI/d14a880ca6ff92cd2017f57426a08d83/UGAVIC0050009_jpeg.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:16:31.945000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:48:49.387000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.14850'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3673353&partId=1&searchText=UGATES0020029&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1PIG4cOXQg4GYcssAoIcgE/128ac1905e76484c13aa53c4356475b9/UGATES0020029_jpeg.jpg"
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id: 3QpNCcuYEUaGiSisY0Qeoc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:15:13.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:15:13.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.14633'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3QpNCcuYEUaGiSisY0Qeoc/769a299227cfaaace934a1b79e09e4b9/UGAMOR0010021.jpg"
region: Eastern and central Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/malawi/namzeze.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: 'Malawi '
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 5C6UTnDXt6A4q6ggIcYMmu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:11.921000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:51:26.975000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: 'Namzeze, Malawi '
slug: namzeze
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5kJvUt9jLqo0GuIoWskUgA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.101000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:32:20.393000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Namzeze, one of the most emblematic sites in the Chongoni rock art area,
is currently one of the three that can be visited and is open to the public. Unlike
many of the other sites, which are grouped together, the Namzeze shelter is
isolated in the centre of the protected area. Located in a position overlooking
the valley towards the Chongoni Hill, the impressive rock face of Namzeze contains
some of the best examples of both traditions of Malawian rock art, the red schematic
and white paintings. The site also has a strong symbolism for the Chewa people
who still inhabit the area and for whom the white paintings of the later period
still have deep spiritual implications. '
- sys:
id: MUbQnik9qKECmGamGEkKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.019000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:33:30.093000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1IFNGAi4IkScieYwOmGiMA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.189000000 Z
title: MALDED0060001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1IFNGAi4IkScieYwOmGiMA/c57b23e18a40a00a63f25361a859805e/MALDED0060001.jpg"
caption: View of the landscape from Namzeze, with two signs indicating the presence
of rock art paintings and codes of behaviour in the foreground. 2013,2034.19844
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730077&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5R7b3Vb7H2UueCms0uC6Cy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.819000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:34:17.661000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3mGBPrPBdYqWW4MUUissms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.998000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.998000000 Z
title: MALDED0060017
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mGBPrPBdYqWW4MUUissms/0989042b0914b15d42be755ae787f5de/MALDED0060017.jpg"
caption: Rock art panel with red and white depictions. Namzeze. 2013,2034.19860
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730116&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1DWS9OfqHuK6Sca6IMYEEU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.189000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 2'
body: "The superimpositions in the panel above show that the red, schematic paintings
covering most of the rock face are undoubtedly older than those made in white.
\ Representations include a multitude of geometric signs: series of parallel
lines, grid-style shapes, concentric ovals and circular shapes made with series
of dots. In some cases the red signs were infilled with series of tiny white
dots, a feature uncommon in the red schematic rock art depictions but with the
best examples represented here in Namzeze. Its interpretation, as with most
geometric depictions, is a challenging issue, but these types of paintings have
been traditionally related to ancestors of Batwa people, hunter-gatherers,
who inhabited the region until the 1800s. Studies of Batwa ethnography and
cosmology point to these places as related to fertility and rainmaking ceremonies.
\ It is difficult to establish the chronology. The oldest occupation documented
in the region is dated to the mid-first millennium BC, and the red images precede
the arrival of the Chewa people in the 2nd millennium AD, responsible for the
white paintings style, but there is no datable evidence for the paintings. \n"
- sys:
id: 1sxQJiwCfecQeO88iQiQgm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:34:50.814000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY/d24ebe749ebd39df56c7587ec2ab9825/MALNAM0010015.jpg"
caption: Detail of red geometric sign infilled with white dots. Namzeze. 2013,2034.
20283 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730246&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4NKmod8inm0CKoKWeIE4CW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.031000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:23.031000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The second type of painting found in Namzeze is radically different and
depicts mainly quadrupeds and birds, as well as some geometric symbols and a
car, proof of a relatively recent date for some of these paintings. Quadrupeds
have a very characteristic rectangular body and hooves that in some cases are
represented as feet. The technique is very different too, consisting of white
clay daubed on the wall with the fingers. These white figures usually appear
surrounding the previous depictions, in some rare occasions overlapping them. In
this case, the authorship, chronology and interpretation of the paintings are
more straightforward. Researchers agree that these types of paintings have
been made by the Chewa, a group of farmers that arrived to the region around
the 16th century and have maintained rock art painting traditions until the
20th century (as the car represented in this shelter proves).
- sys:
id: 5LnKSbFOfuiEwG4gKk2muG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.972000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.972000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1AdufAw4d6U6ioCOEiQyye
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.002000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.002000000 Z
title: MALDED0060019
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AdufAw4d6U6ioCOEiQyye/d6ab356b64107c958388d56ebc74a7e9/MALDED0060019.jpg"
caption: Rock art panel with red geometric signs and white animal-like figures,
Namzeze. 2013,2034.19862 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730114&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4b9kxjjlvWgowy6QaKISeM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Regarding the interpretation of the paintings, they are directly related
to the *nyau*, a secret society of the Chewa and other neighbouring groups in
Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique which plays a significant role in funerary and
girl’s initiation ceremonies. The *nyau* rituals include dancing and rely heavily
on the use of masks, including face masks as well as other mobile structures
carried by one or two people. These masks are central for the *nyau* secret
society and are kept in secret, hidden from non-initiates. The white paintings
of Namzeze and many other sites have been interpreted as representations of
masks, depicted during initiation ceremonies that took place in these isolated
shelters where secrets of the *nyau* were explained to the new initiates. '
- sys:
id: 10PySD1RyuIycESgkSC6wc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.859000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.859000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010035
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8/2e085aba2bd10c62941a32016835323c/MALNAM0010035.jpg"
caption: White animal-like figures related to the Nyau rituals. Namzeze. 2013,2034.19892 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730149&partId=1
- sys:
id: 7oK266GlZ6uWwAyIQU2Ka2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.733000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:05:31.732000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 5'
body: "In fact, some of the more than 100 types of masks can be easily identified
in the rock shelters. The most common is the *kasiyamaliro*, a big structure
representing an antelope, with a rectangular shape and meant to be carried by
two people (an [excellent example](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=472359&partId=1)
can be seen in Room 25 in the British Museum), but others, such as the *Galimoto*
(a car structure) and birds are also documented. Some of the features of the
animals depicted in this panel corroborate with this interpretation: the shape
of the hooves which is more similar to feet, and the fact that in some cases
the feet of the forelegs and the hind legs are facing each other, as if they
corresponded to two different people. Some researchers have interpreted this
feature as a pictorial tool to teach people the proper way of wearing and using
the structure to avoid stumbling, which would expose the men hidden in the structure
and thus the secret of the mask would be revealed. \n"
- sys:
id: 3aGsr1Cs7Ccqu2AeSqo6GI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.151000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.151000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3oM6s0shy0UgQe8MAgy0GK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.101000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.101000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010036
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3oM6s0shy0UgQe8MAgy0GK/f85d336dfd78d4665fb96b6010db6682/MALNAM0010036.jpg"
caption: Detail of a white animal with the legs facing each other, interpreted
as a costume for a Nyau masquerade, Namzeze. 2013,2034.20304 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730272&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1XMXz5051iESkU004EmQsi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.173000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2hJ1GBmp4cgOsaYWaCU684
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.309000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.309000000 Z
title: 17-03-2016 171
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2hJ1GBmp4cgOsaYWaCU684/bc96220c1a95462408c1b72f33fbc183/17-03-2016_171.jpg"
caption: 'Costume for Nyau masquerade in form of an animal construction (kasiyamaliro). Af1993,09.150 '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=472359&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4uCXTRqJMQeYuogAgOWY8Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.059000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.059000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: featured site, chapter 6'
body: "Paintings associated to the *nyau* secret society were used during a very
specific period of time (before that other styles of white paintings were used),
when the secret society was persecuted first by Ngoni invaders in the 19th century,
then by missionaries and colonial governments in the 20th century. With their
traditional practices and places forbidden, the members of this society had
to look for alternative ways to teach the secrets of the secret society secrets,
with the paintings starting to represent *nyau* objects, to be used as a didactic
tool. The Namzeze paintings show very explicitly the adaptability of societies
to their different challenges and historical contexts. Either as a tool to summon
the rain or as a coded message to transmit sacred secrets, the painted symbols
depicted in Namzeze show the incredible complexity of rock art meanings throughout
time, and their importance for the communities that painted them. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 43haKDmJdC0QCSgEkw0gyW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:22.058000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:01:31.562000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: '<NAME>. 2001. ''Forbidden Images: Rock Paintings and the Nyau
Secret Society of Central Malawi and Eastern Zambia''. *African Archaeological
Review, 18 (4)* pp. 187-212'
background_images:
- sys:
id: 7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.077000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010035
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7iE4ypc2QwGUOmSAscwqC8/2e085aba2bd10c62941a32016835323c/MALNAM0010035.jpg"
- sys:
id: 26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.075000000 Z
title: MALNAM0010015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/26hf0yyVDWY6MAGWQeiaMY/d24ebe749ebd39df56c7587ec2ab9825/MALNAM0010015.jpg"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/nigeria/ikom-monoliths .md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Nigeria
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 3pCjM8ACHeyCo28Kuye6Oa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:41:45.814000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:41:45.814000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 1
title: Ikom Monoliths, Cross River State, Nigeria
slug: 'ikom-monoliths '
chapters:
- sys:
id: 6tTnRXJY5O4oiMcUIg2e6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:00:49.285000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:00:49.285000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The Ikom Monoliths, originally consisting of around 400-450 engraved standing
stones and distributed around thirty communities in the Ikom area of Cross River
State, Nigeria, are thought to be up to 1500 years old. In more recent years,
threatened by fire, theft, vandalism and neglect, there are now estimated to
be less than 250.
- sys:
id: 5WVd1xtyCW8IkIm8MkyqoA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:03:19.623000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:03:19.623000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6ndlBNzj4kC4IyysaSk20Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:02:00.372000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:02:00.372000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0040011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ndlBNzj4kC4IyysaSk20Y/a9e3b2d35c3e0ee55a93cef88d92b9e3/NIGCRM0040011.jpg"
caption: Monolith from Nnaborakpa with village elder standing in the background.
2013,2034.24046 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 3wE6yzisV22Cq6S266Q8CO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:13:13.390000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:13:13.390000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'The majority of the stones are skilfully carved in hard, medium-textured
basaltic rock, with a few carved in sandstone and shelly limestone. Varying
in height from 0.91-1.83m (3-6 feet) and sculpted into a phallus-shape, the
stones share common decorative features. They depict stylised human features
comprising two eyes, an open mouth, a head crowned with rings, a pointed beard,
an elaborately marked navel, two hands with five fingers, a nose and a variety
of facial markings. Emphasis is placed on the head while the rest of the body
tapers into the base of the phallus’ shaped monolith, with limbs and legs suggested.
They are also linearly inscribed with complex geometric motifs, which have been
compared to the rock arts of Tanzania in that the meanings of the symbols are
known to only the artists (UNESCO, 2007). '
- sys:
id: 5Ep1vP8VXOi2se8O6qIY2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:46:21.095000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:46:21.095000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3EPsiq8TFKE0omSUGy2OiW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:44:18.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:44:18.764000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0090006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3EPsiq8TFKE0omSUGy2OiW/920454e1f1e3b5ed3e7c24108a6c46ee/NIGCRM0090006.jpg"
caption: Monolith from Agba. 2013,2034.24215© <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 4fEnlxdHhSc4gUcGMyaegi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:50:43.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:50:43.447000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1FTDyPet3WiyQYiq2UYEeu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:49:44.361000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:49:44.361000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0020001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1FTDyPet3WiyQYiq2UYEeu/5691015503e7f726f99676e2976ef569/NIGCRM0020001.jpg"
caption: Monolith from Njemetop. 2013,2034.23963 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 21hKs1bzN6imgeCkiouquo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:51:41.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:51:41.445000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The effects of weathering has resulted in erosion and deterioration, and
as such in 2007 were added to the World Monuments Fund’s list of sites in danger
and are being considered for inclusion into UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list.
Furthermore, it is estimated that the total numbers of monoliths is now thought
to be less than 250, with many having been distributed among major museums throughout
the world.
- sys:
id: 5Lj0qQJbj2eUyGsMEUegiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:04.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:04.301000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1wBaFXQ6iY2igSUc0Qwm02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:52:33.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:52:33.766000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0070021
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wBaFXQ6iY2igSUc0Qwm02/9bf58633776be1e68afbcc3a2bdf0279/NIGCRM0070021.jpg"
caption: Moss and lichen growing on one of the monoliths occluding facial feaures,
Nikirigom. 2013,2034.24103 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 5IN3UXWyqswwO0qu4q6Ukc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:55:42.020000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:55:42.020000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4GxwIaZP680CyIGeQ4YesO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:53.364000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:53.364000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0100031
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4GxwIaZP680CyIGeQ4YesO/1a6e720fb39268f67947f11e6a496cce/NIGCRM0100031.jpg"
caption: Fallen monolith that has been damaged by fire, Edamkono. 2013,2034.24278
© <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 5UGVq9x89UIaMYwOmaCWYq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:03:17.080000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:03:17.080000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 4'
body: Known as Akwasnshi or Atal among the local Ejagham people of Cross River,
the monoliths can be found in the centre of the village or in the central meeting
place of the village elders, but also in the uncultivated forest outside the
villages. In each village in which they are found, the upright stones are positioned
in circles, sometimes perfect circles, facing each other. Some are slightly
carved as very low reliefs, while others are inscribed engravings.
- sys:
id: 7afrXxiCmAmIq2Ae8CEMsQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:55.030000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:55.030000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4Rzr1W9YZ2yecY6MGkQ8Y8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:07.843000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:07.843000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0010062
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Rzr1W9YZ2yecY6MGkQ8Y8/b45ad7ea3470fdabaea542144334b4f2/NIGCRM0010062.jpg"
caption: View of five standing stones and one fallen stone in a clearing, Alok.
2013,2034.23933 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 2mMylBVqvaQ6gIgoAiO6MU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:05:49.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:05:49.581000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Whilst the stones seem to share common features, each monolith is unique
in its design and execution, and are thought to “bear a complex codified iconography
and an ancient writing, communication and graphic system composed in a complex
traditional design configuration” (UNESCO 2007).
- sys:
id: 20UEFUXCJOO6ki86sMi6q2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:35:55.321000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:35:55.321000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 6'
body: |
Local ethnographies about the Ikom monoliths are based in oral traditions and as such there are numerous meanings associated with the stones. For example, stone circles are used as places of sacrifice and community meeting places. They were created as memorials of departed heroes or beloved family members and represent powerful ancestral spirits to whom offerings are still made (Esu and Ukata, 2012:112). In addition local community leaders also ascribed religious significance of the stones whereby particular stone are dedicated to the god of harvest, the god of fertility and the god of war (Esu and Ukata, 2012:113).
The local communities in the area value the monoliths in their traditional practices, beliefs and rituals, such as being ceremonially painted at the time of the [Yam festival](http://africanrockart.org/news/monoliths-cross-river-state-nigeria "monoliths cross river state").
- sys:
id: 5Azwtj3SEgoEweaESQUY0e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:39:23.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:39:23.421000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: rOeKzKuGw8EMG08MyM02Q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:38:21.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:38:21.345000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0010081
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rOeKzKuGw8EMG08MyM02Q/a8e500a01a2d3f45d2c761aeb181d904/NIGCRM0010081.jpg"
caption: 'Monoith being opainted in orange, blue and white by local woman. Standing
to the left is Chief Silvanus Akong of Alok village. 2013,2034.23952 © David
Coulson/TARA '
- sys:
id: 47U5H0p6yQUWagCwYauyci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:40:23.912000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:40:23.912000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 7'
body: 'Recent criticism has focused on ways in which scholars have situated these
sculptural forms within Western/European anthropological and archaeological
discourse that has reduced them to “mere artefacts and monuments” rather than
attending to their “artistic attributes, content and context” (Akpang, 2014:67-68). '
citations:
- sys:
id: 5XzFExCZYA4mKGY0ua6Iwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. 2014. ‘Beyond Anthropological and Associational
discourse- interrogating the minimalism of Ikom Monoliths as concept and found
object art’, in \n*Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences*, Vol.2,
Issue 1, pp.67-84.\n\nAllison P. 1967. *Cross River State Monoliths*. Lagos:
Department of Antiquities, Federal Republic of Nigeria.\n\nEsu, <NAME>. and Ukata,
S. 2012. ‘Enhancing the tourism value of Cross River state monoliths and stone
circles through geo-mapping and ethnographic study (part 1)’, in *Journal of
Hospitality Management and Tourism*, Vol. 3(6), pp. 106-116.\n\nLe Quellec,
J-L. 2004. *Rock Art in Africa: Mythology and Legend*. Paris: Flammarion.\n\nMangut,
J. and Mangut, <NAME>. 2012. ‘Harnessing the Potentials of Rock Art Sites in Birnin
Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria for Tourism Development’, in *Journal of Tourism
and Heritage*, Vol.1 No. 1 pp: 36-42.\n\nShaw, T. 1978. *Nigeria its Archaeology
and Early History*. London: Thames and\nHudson.\n\nUNESCO. 2007. ‘Alok Ikom
Monoliths’ UNESCO [Online], Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5173/\n\nVaughan
J. H. 1962. ‘Rock paintings and Rock gong among the Marghi of\nNigeria’ in *Man*,
62, pp:49-52.\n\n\n"
background_images:
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title: NIGCRM0090006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3EPsiq8TFKE0omSUGy2OiW/920454e1f1e3b5ed3e7c24108a6c46ee/NIGCRM0090006.jpg"
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title: NIGCRM0010081
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rOeKzKuGw8EMG08MyM02Q/a8e500a01a2d3f45d2c761aeb181d904/NIGCRM0010081.jpg"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/zimbabwe-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 57nTuvCZRm2kQIWosYeEQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:22.969000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:22.969000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Zimbabwe: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7wG2jigwgw4cGsusgAeCGc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.433000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction - Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Zimbabwe is a landlocked country surrounded by Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana
and South Africa, occupying a large, granitic high plateau between the Zambezi
and Limpopo river systems, with a tropical climate moderated by altitude. The
highest part of the country is the eastern Highlands; a north-south mountain
range reaching altitudes of 2,500 m. Rock art is located in two main areas,
the northern region of Mashonaland and the south-western area of Matabeleland.
These areas are full of granite hills and boulders that provide excellent shelters
for the paintings. The Matobo hills in Matabeleland constitute one of the most
outstanding examples of rock art in Southern Africa. The total number of Zimbabwean
rock art sites is unknown, but estimations made point to thousands of sites
throughout the country, with more being discovered annually. '
- sys:
id: 1vTYjbXbXuoWIu8Og2Ga6u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:16.773000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:40:06.610000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40o6cuVD1mg0GcouA8Iaym
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:06:48.519000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:06:48.519000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0280001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40o6cuVD1mg0GcouA8Iaym/32da0eecea127afbf2c5f839534485da/ZIMMSL0280001.jpg"
caption: Rocky outcrop in Mashonaland, Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.23240 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775899&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23240&page=1
- sys:
id: 2P8CUhzioUcQ2WQUCmy4eK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.382000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 18:50:57.591000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: History of the research
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 2'
body: 'Zimbabwean rock art was first reported by Europeans in 1927, when Miles
Burkitt visited southern Africa, but is especially linked to <NAME>,
one of the most renowned researchers in the first decades of the 20th century.
<NAME> travelled to the region in 1928 with a German team and thoroughly
documented numerous paintings, identifying many of the most characteristic features
of Zimbabwean rock art. However, he failed in identifying the authors of the
paintings, ascribing them to external influences of “high civilizations” instead
to the local communities who made them. Subsequently, work was continued by
<NAME>, who for forty years documented rock art paintings
constituting a huge corpus of tracings, but without developing an interpretative
framework for them. In the 1950s, another historic researcher, the <NAME>
Breuil, visited Zimbabwe and studied the paintings, again suggesting an Egyptian
or Minoan origin. It wasn’t until the 1960s and 1970s when a more objective
approach to the study of rock art started, with <NAME> the most prominent
figure in research from the 1980s onwards. Garlake wrote the first comprehensive
books on Zimbabwean rock art (Garlake 1987), integrating it within the general
framework of southern Africa and raising awareness about the importance of these
archaeological expressions. In 2003 the Matobo Hills were included in the World
Heritage List acknowledging the relevance of Zimbabwean rock art for African
heritage. '
- sys:
id: cUUCZ3TJ1mmO48egCGE2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:33.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:41:14.221000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2fUMJJmhu0gAW4Kkoscw2i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:30.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:30.277000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0070001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2fUMJJmhu0gAW4Kkoscw2i/6c0c5908e2526dae2378c771a641e1f0/ZIMMSL0070001.jpg"
caption: Yellow elephant calf painted on the roof of a shelter. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.22675 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775294&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22675&page=1
- sys:
id: 1GwWneVcV2OGekOmYsisAk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.340000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.340000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 3'
body: The rock art of Zimbabwe is some of the richest in Africa both in variety
and complexity, the vast majority being painted figures infilled or outlined
usually with just one colour, although bichrome examples are also known. The
human figure is the most often represented engaged in different activities -hunting,
walking, dancing- either isolated or in groups of up to forty people. The figures
are depicted in different styles, from the very schematic to relatively naturalistic
outlines, with men far more represented than women, and usually depicted carrying
bows and arrows. In some cases, these figures are part of very complex scenes
including animals and geometric symbols, some of which have been interpreted
as trance-like scenes similar to those in South Africa with figures bleeding
from their noses, crouching or dancing in groups or sharing animal traits. A
very specific type of depiction is human figures with hugely distended abdomens,
a trait that is associated either with fertility or mystic potency concepts.
- sys:
id: 7cZfHMXB84oouoceeswCUQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:40.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:42:32.233000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 51wED0wl4cSWQAWcEqAKek
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:45.461000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:45.461000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0230014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/51wED0wl4cSWQAWcEqAKek/7e367c5c29de4def2fd4fbc4f81b7dd1/ZIMMSL0230014.jpg"
caption: Complex scene of human figures and antelopes. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.23055 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775708&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23055&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JiGtVlFnOqOUEqWcOyCms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.331000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.331000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 4'
body: 'Along with human figures, animals are widely represented in Zimbabwean
rock art, with kudu depictions dominating, but also with zebra, tsessebe and
sable antelopes commonly represented. Surprisingly, other antelopes such as
eland, waterbucks or wildebeest are very rarely represented, while other animals
(lions, cheetah, birds, ant bears, porcupines, baboons or warthogs) are very
scarce. Fish and crocodiles are relatively common, the latter represented as
if seen from above or below. There seems to be a preference for the depiction
of females rather than males, especially in the case of antelopes or elephants.
Regardless of the type of animal, the depictions seem to have a deep symbolism
far beyond the representation of animals just hunted and consumed, often being
surrounded by dots, flecks or networks of lines. That symbolism is especially
important in the case of the elephant, which is often depicted being hunted
by groups of men. '
- sys:
id: 60AofQXYWsUsusmsKwaGyS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:54.647000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:43:25.464000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 37IO99TlpSsMKoCoOskwyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:59.626000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:59.626000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0210014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/37IO99TlpSsMKoCoOskwyO/5156a40344d65934a2c8bdf86d3f78b9/ZIMMSL0210014.jpg"
caption: Group of human figures and different types of animals including giraffes,
antelopes and warthogs. 2013,2034.22962 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775615&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22962&page=1
- sys:
id: 36YlRmgg8EIiueMgCamy6e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.275000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.275000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 5'
body: 'Human figures and animals are accompanied by many geometric symbols, usually
related to trance-like contexts and include dots, wavy lines or stripes. One
of the most original types of symbols known as ‘formlings’, are oblong figures
divided in clusters and frequently combining several colours. These are difficult
to interpret but could be associated with complex ideas related to trance states,
although some other interpretations, such as their relating to beehives, have
been suggested (Garlake 1995: 97).'
- sys:
id: 5icNtVo3wWOg2EA62yK0gI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:08.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:44:25.781000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: nRXWoI9Gk8uy2go42GomE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:12.467000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:12.467000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0060005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/nRXWoI9Gk8uy2go42GomE/2bb4e21572df0610dfa429bb8b6f4bf2/ZIMMTB0060005.jpg"
caption: Depiction of a formling surrounding by animals. Matabeleland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.23465 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763606&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23465&page=1
- sys:
id: 5RnaGufDxeImKGM0msMOs6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 22:03:55.089000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 6'
body: |-
Traditionally, the themes expressed in Zimbabwean rock art have been identified as the same as those of the San|Bushmen¹ from South Africa and in many cases are undoubtedly related, and provide key hints for their interpretation. However, there are also differences, such as the emphasis given to different animals, the higher presence of trees and plants in Zimbabwe or the smaller presence of trance scenes in the north compared to that of the Drakensberg. Moreover, the lack of ethnographic information for Zimbabwean paintings and their older chronology make it difficult to establish the same type of associations as those made for other areas with more direct connections rock art to known cultures, as happens in South Africa. Although in a minority, rock art of a later chronology can be attributed to Iron Age farmers, characterized by more schematic figures, usually white and painted thickly with the finger or the hand. As is the case in other areas in Central Africa, some of these later depictions are related to rain making and initiation ceremonies.
¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted them.
- sys:
id: 62IspwBATCWA6aAe2Ymya8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:32.651000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:45:17.976000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4sy93JCmHKCso2muMWoOc0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:28.407000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:28.407000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0120052
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4sy93JCmHKCso2muMWoOc0/ac69dd7a46cecd5c4ca9663931e915ed/ZIMMSL0120052.jpg"
caption: Iron Age painting depicting a zebra. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.22780
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775418&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22780&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ovLRkQ1IMUeuGQMoEaymO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.470000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 19:02:39.778000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 6'
body: "As with much rock art, the dating of Zimbabwe paintings is a challenging
subject, although there is a consensus about them being significantly older
than those of the Drakensberg and probably dated at before 2,000 years ago.
The lack of any type of agriculture-related images in the paintings, which was
established by the 1st millennium AD, sets a relative dating for the depictions,
while the scarcity of sheep (introduced by the second half of the first millennium
BC in the area) points to a time period in which these animals were still uncommon.
These hints and the fact that, unlike in other areas there are not historical
subjects represented in the paintings, seems to indicate that Zimbabwean paintings
are at least 1,000 years old. However, archaeological evidence (Walker 2012:
44) suggests that rock art could be significantly older than that, at least
several thousands of years old. \n\n"
- sys:
id: 6j6wS0WtRmsKI20YK80AKC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:48.982000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:46:14.971000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6J08sWPtfOs88AmM20u02u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:00:29.957000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:00:29.957000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0220013
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6J08sWPtfOs88AmM20u02u/a3611f2b43b406427bd87003e5341612/ZIMMSL0220013.jpg"
caption: Sable antelope, crocodile or lizard and human figure. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.23028 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775685&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23028&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: MXZ2L6VLmU2KqsWqcqO2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.696000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.696000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. (1995): The hunter's vision: the prehistoric
art of Zimbabwe. British Museum Press, London.\n\n<NAME>. (1987):
The painted caves: an introduction to the prehistoric art of Zimbabwe. Modus
Publications, Harare. \n\n<NAME>. & <NAME>
(1959): Prehistoric rock art of the Federation of Rhodesia & Nyasaland. National
Publications Trust, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury [Harare].\n\nWalker, N.
(2012): The Rock Art of the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe. Adoranten: 38-59\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/chad/niola-doa.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Chad
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 3l1e5Bn0NOggigQsmiGG8q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:45:15.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:38.130000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Niola Doa, Chad
slug: niola-doa
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2HKVwIp55eweW6WcioyIAg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:21.650000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:21.650000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The Ennedi Plateau is a mountainous region in the north-eastern corner of
Chad, an impressive sandstone massif eroded by wind and temperature changes
into series of terraces, gorges, cliffs and outliers. Although it is part of
the Sahara, the climate of the Ennedi Plateau is much more suitable for human
habitation than most of the desert, with regular rain during summer, wadis (seasonal
rivers) flowing once or twice a year, and a relatively large range of flora
and fauna – including some of the few remaining populations of Saharan crocodiles
west of the Nile. Throughout the caves, canyons and shelters of the Ennedi Plateau,
thousands of images – dating from 5000 BC onwards – have been painted and engraved,
comprising one of the biggest collections of rock art in the Sahara and characterised
by a huge variety of styles and themes.
- sys:
id: 5fxX9unUx2i8G6Cw0II2Qk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:39:08.235000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:39:08.235000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3x13gapfeoswomWyA0gyWS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.707000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.707000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6150'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3x13gapfeoswomWyA0gyWS/25cf96fec447ce7f0bf93d75ac2efa7f/2013_2034.6150.jpg"
caption: View of the second main group of engraved human figures. Ennedi Plateau.
2013,2034.6150 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637019&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6150&page=1
- sys:
id: 5JEd4uYIEMAQsCKkKIeWIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:38.368000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:38.368000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'Within this kaleidoscope, a series of engravings have become especially
renowned for their singularity and quality: several groups of life-sized human
figures depicted following very regular stylistic conventions. They were first
reported internationally in the early 1950s; during the following decades more
sites were discovered, almost all of them around Wadi Guirchi, and especially
near a site known as <NAME>. To date, six sites have been documented, totalling
about 40 depictions. Most of the figures were engraved on big, vertical boulders,
in groups, although occasionally they appear isolated. They follow a very regular
pattern: most of them are life-sized or even bigger and are represented upright
facing right or left, with one arm bent upwards holding a stick resting over
the neck or shoulder and the other arm stretched downwards. In some cases, the
figures have an unidentified, horizontal object placed at the neck, probably
an ornament. Interspersed among the bigger figures, there are smaller versions
which are slightly different, some of them with the arms in the same position
as the others but without sticks, and some facing forwards with hands on hips.
In general, figures seem to be naked, although in some cases the smaller figures
are depicted with skirts.'
- sys:
id: 6mkGfHTaJaqiAgiQYQqIYW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:06.201000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:06.201000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:11:12.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6164'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637058&partId=1&searchText=Niola+Doa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI/15c83103aa2766992fd90414a29ea01b/2013_2034.6164.jpg"
caption: Detail of the first main group of engraved human figures, where the standardized
position of the arms and the stick can be observed. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6164
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637058&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6164&page=1
- sys:
id: 6HD9yuFPckYYWOaWeQmA4Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:56.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:56.088000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 3'
body: Another characteristic feature of these images is their abnormally wide
buttocks and thighs, which have been interpreted as steatopygia (a genetic condition
resulting in an accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks). Although the
best documented examples of steatopygia (both in rock art and contemporary groups)
correspond to southern Africa, steatopygic depictions occur elsewhere in North
African rock art, with examples in other parts of the Ennedi Plateau, but also
in Egypt and Sudan, where they occasionally appear incised in pottery.
- sys:
id: 3Nd1QIszi8wcWsm4W2CGw8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:36.716000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:36.716000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4r9HybjNjOaMU2wI44IUWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6175'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4r9HybjNjOaMU2wI44IUWw/dd398573be19287063d1427947409e9d/2013_2034.6175.jpg"
caption: Close-up of figure from the first main group. Note the schematic birds
depicted at the waist –the only known example of zoomorphic pattern in these
figures. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6175 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637066&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6175&page=1
- sys:
id: 5N8CCXZw5OCGiUGMQ8Sw8s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:21.226000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:21.226000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 4'
body: |-
In addition, almost all the figures are decorated with intricate geometric patterns (straight and wavy lines, squares, meanders and, in one case, schematic birds), which could be interpreted as garments, tattoos, scarifications or body paintings. In some cases, figures appear simply outlined, but these very rare cases were probably left unfinished. The decorative patterns extend to the ears, which are always depicted with geometric designs, and to the head, where these designs could correspond to hairstyles.
The decorative richness of the Niola Doa engravings has led to their interpretation as ritual scenes, probably special occasions when body decoration was part of a more complex set of activities with dancing or singing. On some occasions, comparisons have been established between the geometric designs of Niola Doa and different types of body decorations (body painting, scarifications). Scarifications, in particular, have a long tradition within some African cultures and in many cases parallels have been documented between this kind of body decoration and material culture (i.e. pottery, pipes, wood sculptures or clothes). The relative proximity of groups with well-known traditions of scarifications and body painting has led to comparisons which, although suggested, cannot be wholly proved.
- sys:
id: 2clJsITj8kM8uSE6skaYae
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:04.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:16.496000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UndBeXLYs8mK4Y4OWkMU8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.717000000 Z
title: Af,B1.25
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UndBeXLYs8mK4Y4OWkMU8/be1053ea6e513ce14b92a736f6da52cf/Af_B1.25.jpg"
caption: 'Scarification on upper back and shoulder of an adult. Sudan, early 20th
century. Photograph: © British Museum Af,B1.25'
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1412934&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=Af,B1.25&page=1
- sys:
id: 5fnEMAOYzSs8quyaQiiUUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:40.154000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:40.154000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Regarding their chronology, as with most rock art depictions the Niola
Doa figures are difficult to date, although they undoubtedly belong to the older
periods of Chadian rock art. Some parallels have been made with the Round Head-style
figures of the Tassili n’Ajjer (Simonis et al 1994). However, the Round Head
figures of Algeria have a very old chronology (up to 9000 years ago), while
the rock art at the Ennedi Plateau is assumed to be much newer, up to the 5th
or 4th millennium BC. These engravings could, therefore, correspond to what
has been called the Archaic Period in this area, although a Pastoral Period
chronology has also been proposed. In several other sites around the Ennedi
Plateau, similar images have been painted, although whether these images are
contemporary with those of Niola Doa or correspond to a different period is
unclear. Regardless of their chronology, what is undeniable is the major impact
these depictions had on later generations of people living in the area: even
now, the engravings at one of the sites are known as the ‘Dancing Maidens’,
while the name of Niola Doa means ‘The place of the girls’ in the local language.'
citations:
- sys:
id: 2SoR8lQCF2SkAQAyGIYMc8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:51.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:51.721000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME> (1997). *Art rupestre en Ennedi. Looking for
rock paintings and engravings in the Ennedi Hills*, Sépia, Saint-Maur.\n \nSimonis,
R., <NAME>. and <NAME>. (1994) *<NAME>, ‘il luogo delle fanciulle’
(Ennedi, Ciad)*, Sahara 6, pp.51-63."
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:11:12.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6164'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637058&partId=1&searchText=Niola+Doa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI/15c83103aa2766992fd90414a29ea01b/2013_2034.6164.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4BGLzXecpqKOsuwwiIaM6K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:31:44.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:31:44.334000000 Z
title: CHANAS0103
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4BGLzXecpqKOsuwwiIaM6K/a4318baa413e590cc6fb087d62888382/CHANAS0103.jpg"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/libya-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 5v13g3YNLUGuGwMgSI0e6s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:35:54.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:46.961000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Libya: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4WfnZcehd66ieoiASe6Ya2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:44.896000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:44.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Rock art occurs in two main areas in Libya: the Tadrart Acacus and the
Messak Plateau. The oldest works of rock art, from the Acacus Mountains, are
engravings of mammals from the Wild Fauna Period (Early Hunter Period) and could
be up to 12,000 years old. Thousands of paintings dating from up to 8,000-9,000
years ago show a diversity of imagery and include scenes of hunting, pastoralism,
daily life, dancing and a variety of wild and domesticated animals. The Messak
Plateau is home to tens of thousands of engravings, and only a few paintings
have been located in this region to date. The area is best known for larger-than-life-size
engravings of animals such as elephants, rhino and bubalus (a now extinct buffalo),
and some of the most iconic depictions in Saharan rock art, such as the ‘Fighting
Cats’ scene.'
- sys:
id: 4VNJEMI25aagoiEuoUckqg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:26:30.631000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:26:30.631000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 16a6qAimaaWYqcwqUqMKIm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 14:15:08.336000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.420'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3580676
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/16a6qAimaaWYqcwqUqMKIm/35056fde196c5ae13894c78ed1b5fe17/2013_2034.420.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art with figures and animals from the Acacus Mountains,
Fezzan District, Libya. 2013,2034.420 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3580676&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.420&page=1
- sys:
id: 6vqAmqiuY0AIEyUGOcAyQC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:08.049000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:08.049000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 2'
body: The fourth largest country in Africa, Libya is located in the Maghreb region
of North Africa, bordered on the west by Tunisia and Algeria, Egypt to the east,
and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Except for the narrow strip along the
coast, where 80% of the population resides, Libya lies entirely within the Sahara
Desert. The main areas of rock art lie in the south-western corner of the country,
with the Tadrart Acacus continuing into south-eastern Algeria, where they are
simply known as the Tadrart. The Acacus in Libya and the Tadrart in Algeria
are now listed and combined as a trans-frontier World Heritage Site by UNESCO,
linking these two geographically divided sites into a cultural whole.
- sys:
id: 1icEVGCcP2Um64EkAs0OAg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:03.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:03.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: YbgSaS84Eu0gE8yKEcI48
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.208000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.208000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1012'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/YbgSaS84Eu0gE8yKEcI48/c3cf27b1581df5b3cfed28e53439b4f8/2013_2034.1012.jpg"
caption: Tadrart Acacus, Libya. 2013,2034.1012 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588542&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1012&page=1
- sys:
id: 2HfBZlyHUA4MCEuqma8QeC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:46.023000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:46.023000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 3'
body: The Messak rock art has been known to Europeans since Heinrich Barth’s expedition
in 1850, although it was not until 1932 that the engravings were methodically
studied by Leo Frobenius. Some initial interpretative hypotheses about the rock
art in the Acacus were formulated in the late 1930s by Italian archaeologist
<NAME>. Subsequently, the region became the subject of systematic investigation
by <NAME>, another Italian archaeologist, who also published the first
scientific papers on Libyan rock art in the 1960s. Since then, consistent surveying
has continued in this region and stratigraphic excavations of archaeological
deposits have established a cultural sequence dating back to the Holocene Period.
- sys:
id: 5LSSbrA6FqIKi86kuWC0w0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:13.353000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:13.353000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology and early rock art
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
Rock art chronology in North Africa is based largely on the combination of stylistic features, superimposition, subject matter and the degree of weathering or patina. While not an exact science, chronological periods are recognisable in the depictions, which generally correspond to climatic and environmental phases. Some of the oldest images are found on the Messak plateau and represent a Sahara that was significantly wetter and more fertile than today, exemplified by representations of large mammals – some of which are aquatic species – incised into the rock faces.
The chronology of the Tadrart Acacus during the Holocene has been established more firmly through the excavation and dating of archaeological sites. Based on this evidence, these earliest images may coincide with the first Holocene occupation of the area by specialised hunter-gatherers – known as the 'Early Acacus' Period – which some researchers date to around 11,000 years ago.
- sys:
id: 3UZhGFp3eosaOSOaUGwEOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:31.261000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:31.261000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4eOnyF3wVymkGMgOkmQsYm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.169000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 14:28:23.158000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3106'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586141
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4eOnyF3wVymkGMgOkmQsYm/ef9fa1bb02dc7c8ddb0ced9c9fcaa85e/2013_2034.3106.jpg"
caption: Engraved image of a crocodile, <NAME>, <NAME>tafet. 2013,2034.3106
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586141&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3106&page=1
- sys:
id: 4FFgcDY7xucWsKmsiUQa8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:36.221000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:36.221000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Round Head Period
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 5'
body: From around 9,000 years ago, the archaeological record in the Acacus changes;
sites are larger, featuring more formalised stone structures with heavy grinding
equipment and large pots. Subsistence strategies based on hunting and gathering
remain, but archaeological evidence suggests the presence of corralling Barbary
sheep and the storage of wild cereals. Fragments of grinding stones with traces
of colour from the Takarkori rock shelter, dating from between 6,800–5,400 BC,
may have been used as palettes for rock or body painting, and have been connected
chronologically to the Round Head Period. A large proportion of paintings in
this period portray very large figures with round, featureless heads and can
often be depicted in ‘floating’ positions; women often have their hands raised,
interpreted as postures of supplication.
- sys:
id: 5zzGfyoQUw00yqkeuYuQ4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:01.442000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:01.442000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2diYKwS63u0MYs8eC4aesU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.217000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.899'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2diYKwS63u0MYs8eC4aesU/699e9277d3628340b4719c18a1f57ec4/2013_2034.899.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting radiocarbon-dated to 8590±390 BP. Uan Tamuat,
Acacus Mountains. 2013,2034.899 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3587474&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.899&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UNszL8ap2g6CqEi60aUGC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:32:06.214000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:32:06.214000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Pastoral Period
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 6'
body: The introduction of domesticates into the region has been identified archaeologically
at around 8,000 years ago, although full exploitation of cattle for dairying
is much later at around 6,000 years ago. The development to full pastoral systems
in the region is complex and prolonged, so it is challenging to track any changes
from the rock art itself, but the painting of large herds must be connected
to a full pastoral society.
- sys:
id: 65IyLhOxpecyEUyiQOaSe4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:36.906000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:36.906000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3EDRZDxlckISY0Gc0c44QK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.853000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.853000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.734'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3EDRZDxlckISY0Gc0c44QK/9d3d834b088da6e1d5b97a8d01254d82/2013_2034.734.jpg"
caption: Herders and cattle, Wadi Tanshal, Acacus Mountains. 2013,2034.734 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586048&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.734&page=1
- sys:
id: 1qfXWyJGO0SAIM40qw4aa4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:32:47.033000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 14:42:33.634000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horse and Camel Periods
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 7'
body: |-
Historical records have tended to date the introduction of both the horse and the camel in northern Africa rather than the archaeological record. Yet, in terms of rock art research in this region, less attention has been given to these styles; the reason for this may be that the earliest rock art attracted more scholarly consideration than the later depictions. However, their representation certainly demonstrates the changing natural and cultural environment and associated human responses and adaptations.
The rock art of Libya is a visual testament to the changing fortunes of this part of the Sahara and the cultural groups who have occupied and navigated the area over thousands of years. The engravings and paintings act as a legacy, tracing the environmental effects of climate change, how people have adapted to that change and the cultural worlds they have created.
- sys:
id: 33lGJfCTG0iWmcaMS8Miqy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:09.712000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:09.712000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4ShhlHTP4A08k6Ck0WmCme
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.861000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ShhlHTP4A08k6Ck0WmCme/c88441d7390ce9362b6ef2ab371070e9/2013_2034.1450.jpg"
caption: Engraved figures on horseback. Awis, Acacus Mountains. 2013,2034.1450
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592680&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1450&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 51iLulV0KkWce0SIkgewo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:53.864000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:53.864000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, M.Legrand, <NAME> and <NAME>. 2005. *The Climate-Environment-Society Nexus in the Sahara from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day*. The Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 10, No 3-4, pp. 253-292
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 2001. *African Rock Art*. New York: <NAME> di Lernia, S. 2012. Thoughts on the rock art of the Tadrart Acacus Mts., SW Libya. Adoranten pp. 19-37
<NAME>. 2004. *Sahara: Histoire de l’art rupestre libyen*. Grenoble: J<NAME>
Le Quellec, J. 1998. *Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen*. Paris: Payot & Rivages
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/morocco-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 6aJoaZnAAMsKUGGaAmkYIe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:42:41.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:41:48.166000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Morocco: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3PqAqA0X0cKoOKsc2ciiae
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:43:14.313000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:43:14.313000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Morocco is located at the north-western corner of Africa, in a unique area
forming a link between the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe and
Africa. More than 300 rock art sites have been documented in the country so
far, mainly located in two areas: the High Atlas Mountains, and the Sahara desert
region to the south and east. They comprise mainly engravings, which could be
up to 5,000 years old, and include domestic and wild animals, warriors, weapons
and scenes of battles and hunting. Antelope and cattle are the most represented
animals in Moroccan rock art, although elephants and rhinoceros are common too.'
- sys:
id: 4htOF13DGEcYas2yAUI6oI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:39:31.073000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:39:31.073000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4Jt8P55Z56SkEegOMO6euY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5277'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Jt8P55Z56SkEegOMO6euY/698f587066b8b4fa30b14b0badf55817/2013_2034.5277.jpg"
caption: Engraved rock art of a rhinoceros and an oval shape, from Ait Ouazik,
Draa valley, Ouazarzate province, Morocco. 2013,2034.5277 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603526&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=40983&page=2
- sys:
id: 2UTNFDWbM4wCMAA2weoWUw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:39:56.904000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:32:33.859000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 46fV0mfFKMUYyywY0iUGYK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5654'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46fV0mfFKMUYyywY0iUGYK/5341c01a6cc0cc3baed490b90509e26f/2013_2034.5654.jpg"
caption: Southern Morocco landscape, with the Anti-Atlas mountains in the background.
2013,2034.5654 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3605659&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=40983&museumno=2013,2034.5654&page=1
- sys:
id: 4Dc0V6fW8wWcquEyqkemKK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:00.368000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:00.368000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 2'
body: Morocco has a very variable geography, with the Atlas Mountains crossing
the country from the southwest to the northeast and separating the coastal plains
to the west from the Sahara Desert that runs to the east and south. The distribution
of rock art in the country is very irregular, with some zones crowded with sites
and others almost devoid of depictions. The two main areas of rock art sites
are the High Atlas zone and the area to the east and south of the Atlas Mountains.
The first area groups more than seven thousand engravings around the Oukaïmeden
valley, the Yagour plateau and the Jebel Rat site. They are at high altitude
(more than 2000 metres above sea level), and mainly represent weapons, cattle
and anthropomorphic figures, along with numerous geometric symbols.
- sys:
id: 1ZpASVa0UcU4EEagkAm4MQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:40:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:40:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6AO1Pff4UowYQMsYU444qS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:47.431000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:47.432000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5866'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6AO1Pff4UowYQMsYU444qS/63b08d76fe217ca864a582ef1b634b1f/2013_2034.5866.jpg"
caption: Circular engravings in the valley of Oukaïmeden, High Atlas. 2013,2034.5866
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613845&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=40983&museumno=2013,2034.5866+&page=1
- sys:
id: 30E1RdstwIuyse04A6sAUE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:21.467000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:21.467000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 3'
body: The second main zone, an arid region where the majority of Moroccan rock
art sites are situated, contains the oldest engravings in the country, some
of them linked to the Saharan styles. The variety of themes depicted is wide,
from abundant scenes of riders to isolated animals or complex geometric symbols.
This collection comprises about seven hundred images, most of them corresponding
to the southern area of Morocco around the Draa valley and the town of Tata,
although a High Atlas (Oukaïmeden) site is also included.
- sys:
id: 1GwI61s72o2AgsESI8kkCI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:44.525000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:44.525000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 4'
body: 'European audiences began studying the rock art in Morocco decades after
the study of rock art in Algeria and Libya, with the first news of rock art
coming from French and German travellers late in the 19th century. The most
significant boost came after the Treaty of Fes in 1912, when the presence of
the colonial authorities led indirectly to an increasing knowledge of rock art
sites, as Spanish and French officers started to show interest in the engravings.
However, it was not until after Moroccan independence in 1956 that systematic
research began throughout the country. Since then, archaeological information
has progressively grown, although regional syntheses are still scarce: only
the Atlas (Malhomme, Rodrigue) and part of southern Morocco (Simoneau) have
exhaustive catalogues of sites. The first comprehensive study of Moroccan rock
art was made in 2001 (Searight), when for the first time, a global approach
to Moroccan rock art areas, themes and chronology was undertaken.'
- sys:
id: 4Rkp5dL3BegaOyGkisoMwg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:02.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:02.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 5'
body: 'As in most countries, mammals are the most frequent depictions, especially
cattle, horses and different types of antelope. Many other animals, such as
giraffes, elephants, rhinoceros, dromedaries or lions are depicted, if more
scarcely. The second main theme is human figures, especially in the south of
the country, where depictions of Libyan-Berber riders are very common. In the
High Atlas area they are usually depicted isolated, surrounded by weapons, which
are another big theme in Moroccan rock art: a panoply of these can be seen,
including daggers, bows and arrows, spears, shields, axes and halberds.'
- sys:
id: ZigzuAFbcOgC8IEGkwEQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:40:59.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:36:19.352000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2iKZIRebewsGGQiKiOgQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.729000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:04:25.512000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5558'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3605427&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5558&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2iKZIRebewsGGQiKiOgQq/7a6ea71bedef21c05b78d13fe9883716/2013_2034.5558.jpg"
caption: 'Antelope engravings, Tazina style. 2013,2034.5558 © TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jbUc4v
- sys:
id: 2XErL5q2oE6yg4sYSseM8C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:24.616000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:24.616000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 6'
body: A consensus has yet to be achieved about Moroccan rock art chronology between
the supporters of a long chronology, starting around 4000 BC, and those that
defend a short one, from 2500 BC onwards. The oldest engravings represented
in Moroccan rock art correspond to the Tazina and Pecked Cattle styles, depicting
mainly mammals. From the second half of the second millennium BC onwards, depictions
of human figures start to appear in the High Atlas, associated with daggers
and shields, defining the so-called Dagger/Halberd/Anthropomorph style. During
the first millennium BC, Libyan-Berber hunting and battle scenes start to appear
in southern Morocco; riders, infantrymen and animals depicted in a very schematic
style. The last period of Moroccan rock art, as in the rest of the Sahara, is
the so-called Camel Period, characterized by the appearance of dromedaries.
- sys:
id: 6wwVooOVZSw6SyKQ6eooma
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:41:29.715000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:41:29.715000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2nR1MWquOoWQiikYooK22Q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.719000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5776'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2nR1MWquOoWQiikYooK22Q/3db626f582b41622c7a89a91ff6a6d12/2013_2034.5776.jpg"
caption: Pecked cattle-style engravings. 2013,2034.5776 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619818&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5776&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: UN3bodv8KAWYgsEuyCM2E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:42:11.373000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:42:11.373000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |+
<NAME>. 1959. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 1. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 13
Malhomme, J. 1961. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 2. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 14
<NAME>. 1999. *L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain*. Paris, L'Harmattan
<NAME>. 1977. *Catalogue des sites rupestres du Sud-Marocain*. Rabat, Ministere d'Etat charge des Affaires Culturelles
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/namibia.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 3H6uujNlVmUMacouyayE4K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:20:50.406000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:50:16.809000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 10
name: Namibia
slug: namibia
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=17546
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
- sys:
id: 4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:46:35.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:01:17.553000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20476'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730556&partId=1&searchText=NAMDMT0010010&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA/c1c895d4f72a2260ae166ab9c2148daa/NAMDMT0010010.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5cgvtbKg2IkkMsWAOeIqi0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:46:58.320000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:02:14.734000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21988'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3769890&partId=1&searchText=NAMDMO0040022&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5cgvtbKg2IkkMsWAOeIqi0/4bbb296a22b981820312dd4c63a44073/NAMDMO0040022.jpg"
- sys:
id: 3HjTzHykAUWMwwMMu4e2AE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:11.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:03:06.352000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.22444'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3770077&partId=1&searchText=NAMSNH0030045&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3HjTzHykAUWMwwMMu4e2AE/c1518319d2e20eeed9103daab8fe948d/NAMSNH0030045.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5U3At7fjr2GoEEUycA6m46
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:19.504000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:03:51.111000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21922'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3768143&partId=1&searchText=NAMDMO0020013&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5U3At7fjr2GoEEUycA6m46/ebda186cdcfc4c68f5b0af80470c7d87/NAMDMO0020013.jpg"
- sys:
id: 47PCoKDlCM6AmwuS6kUkwY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:27.715000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:04:53.158000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21288'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3768617&partId=1&searchText=NAMBRH0010005&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/47PCoKDlCM6AmwuS6kUkwY/b834d60849bdb03e767cba886d4edb9d/NAMBRH0010005.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1EmDxtbZEMmgucUegiQCSE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:36.968000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:05:46.811000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.22316'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3772012&partId=1&searchText=NAMSNA0020005&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EmDxtbZEMmgucUegiQCSE/0e849a3b48819bdffea0079fe8442578/NAMSNA0020005.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 2KwE2LvwScQG6CmU4eM2uw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:44.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:44.920000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 1
title: Twyfelfontein, Namibia
slug: twyfelfontein
chapters:
- sys:
id: 8m8JIwGB9YyiOoIaeIsS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:19.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:19.760000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'The proliferation of rock engravings at Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes in
the north-west of central Namibia, forms the largest single grouping of ancient
engraved images in southern Africa. Covering about 57 hectares in the core
area and home to over 2,000 engravings, the rock art sites are situated near
a small but permanent spring. The site was first formally noted by <NAME> in a 1921 report to the Administrator of South West Africa, following
a report to him from a surveyor named Volkmann mentioning the engravings,
near a spring Volkmann named as Uais (/Ui-//aes= place among rocks or jumping
waterhole in Khoekhoegowab, the language of the local Damara people). Later,
the land came into the use of farmer <NAME>, whose concern over the survival
of the spring led ultimately to its being referred to as Twyfelfontein (‘doubtful
spring’ in Afrikaans). In 1963 <NAME> visited the site as part of his
work to record rock art sites throughout South West Africa. Scherz documented
around 2,500 images in the wider valley area, while a 2005 survey of the core
site found 2,075 individual images on 235 separate rock surfaces. '
- sys:
id: guZseTx3LaEuKOia8Yuei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:31.866000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 13:43:41.409000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4CdBm63EZaG0uscOGAOimI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:28.378000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:28.378000000 Z
title: '1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4CdBm63EZaG0uscOGAOimI/e0f06c9a18388056521cd57dc8e096aa/1.jpg"
caption: Engravings of animals including giraffe, elephant and rhinoceros showing
the surrounding sandstone. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.23755
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3772379&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23755&page=1
- sys:
id: 6vS54wtOMwQ0Ce4w2s0Wa0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:37.644000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:37.644000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The engravings are found in several loose conglomerations, on sandstone
surfaces at the base of a hill scarp within the basin of the ephemeral Huab
River, while the few painted panels in the area are found on the underside
of sandstone rock overhangs. The engraved images are pecked and/or ground/polished
and are made in a variety of styles, with ubiquitous geometric patterns of
cross-hatched, looped and linear forms, as well as circles and polished depressions
and cupules. In addition there are numerous depictions of animals, ranging
in style from more naturalistic to stylised and distorted. Chief among the
animal images is the giraffe, which is most numerous. Also common are images
of rhinoceroses, zebra, gemsbok antelope and ostriches. There are occasional
depictions of cattle but images of human beings are almost absent. Also featured
are images of human footprints and animal spoor (hoof and paw prints).
- sys:
id: 5AxeKFL1lYm4Oqm2wG2eow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:49.830000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 13:44:40.593000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4TZJHdTWc0kgOOEqek4OUs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:46.709000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:46.709000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010096
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4TZJHdTWc0kgOOEqek4OUs/f55aa0aabccb385ac37c124564f330e7/NAMDMT0010096.jpg"
caption: 'Engraved giraffes showing a pecked shading technique. Twyfelfontein
| /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.22118 © TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763224&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22118&page=1
- sys:
id: 6gb3MFviE0sMWWy4s2UQGi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:05.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 17:03:01.797000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The figurative images in the engraved art feature several different distinct
styles, ranging from very naturalistic outlines of animals such as giraffes
and rhinoceroses, through carefully delineated but stylised or distorted renditions
of these animals with exaggerated extremities, to very schematic pecked outlines. One
particular aspect of style is a form of relief engraving, whereby in some
deeply pecked figures' muscle masses are delineated. In others, the infill
pecking is graded and sparser in the centre of a figure, giving the impression
of shading. A few of the engravings are highly polished. Perhaps most renowned
among these is the “dancing kudu” image, a stylised image of a kudu antelope
cow rendered atop a flat slab of rock and surrounded by geometric shapes.
- sys:
id: 5sBqpeSh9uUUosCg2IikCu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:17.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:17.975000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: XPX1r31GCsUmOaAIIMQy8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:14.554000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:14.554000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010076
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/XPX1r31GCsUmOaAIIMQy8/c9899e3e4af9424a8bec265ed775b558/NAMDMT0010076.jpg"
caption: Highly polished engraved kudu cow with geometric engravings. Twyfelfontein
| /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.22098 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763207&partId=1&searchText=+2013,2034.22098&page=1
- sys:
id: 16KMXlLrLAiU2mqWAscMCo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:26.702000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:26.702000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 4'
body: "It appears that the kudu figure is pregnant and it has been suggested
that the choice of this animal may have been made in relation to female initiation
practices. This is because the female kudu has a symbolic importance relating
to women’s behaviour in the cosmology of some San|Bushman¹ people, traditionally
hunter-gatherer people whose ancestors are thought to have made most of southern
Africa’s rock paintings and engravings. Other animals known to have symbolic
and metaphorical significance to San|Bushman people are also depicted
here (giraffe images are most numerous) and these images have been interpreted
in the vein of other southern African rock art sites, where images are thought
to reflect the experiences of shamans while in a trance state, and may have
multiple metaphorical and other cultural meanings. \n\nThe engravings were
certainly made in strategic locations and not simply on any available rock
surface, with some images having been deliberately made in places that are
difficult to reach and to see. The reason for this is unclear, though it
has been suggested that such placement might be in relation to the images
serving a preparatory function for shamans preparing to enter a trance. Some
of the engravings have exaggerated features such as elongated limbs and extremities
which may reflect trance experience. One of the engravings appears to depict
a lion with pugmarks (paw prints) instead of feet and third at the end of
the tail. Each of those in the feet have five instead of the correct four
pads and this has been interpreted as meaning that the figure represents a
human shaman in trance who has taken on lion form. A similar suggestion has
been made regarding the frequent depictions of ostriches (Kinahan, 2006).
\ \n\n¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them.\n"
- sys:
id: 7264zOqUmIAMsgq4QKMgOE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:40.171000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 13:45:12.694000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5qTBuuWKukMoO4kcQYiQWa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:45.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:45.908000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0020004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qTBuuWKukMoO4kcQYiQWa/9b1c7477a36f65573bca76410c122d3f/NAMDMT0020004.jpg"
caption: Painted human figures and an ostrich. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, Namibia.
2013,2034.22122 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763727&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22122+&page=1
- sys:
id: 5wA7wWhUVaEywmwauICIiK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:53.771000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:53.771000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 5'
body: "Such interpretations are made on the basis that the artists followed
the same cultural tradition as the ancestral San|Bushman. The few examples
of painted rock art at the site certainly appear to conform to the hunter-gatherer
tradition found elsewhere in Namibia. Following this approach, the geometric
engraved forms may be interpreted as illustrative of so-called ‘entoptic’
phenomena: shapes and patterns observed when entering a trance state, though
an alternative origin for some of the geometrics with particular line and
circle motifs has also been suggested. This proposal suggests that they were
made by ancestral Khoenkhoen herder people, rather than hunter-gatherers,
perhaps in relation to initiation practices. \n\nAttempting to date or sequence
the images based on superimpositioning or patina is difficult – superimposition
of engravings at the site is rare and a range of patination colours seem to
indicate these works having been created over a wide timescale, though it
has been noted that a certain style of spoor images sometimes overlie some
of the animal figures, indicating that this is a younger tradition. Archaeological
fieldwork around the site undertaken in 1968 by <NAME> recovered evidence
of occupation including stone tools, worked ostrich eggshell and stone structures.
\ The dates recovered from radiocarbon dating ranged widely from c.5,850-180
BP (years before present). The relationship between periods of occupation/site
use and the production of rock art is not known, but based on archaeological
evidence from around the wider area it is thought that engravings in the styles
found at Twyfelfontein range from around 6,000 to around 1,000 years old,
though some may be more recent.\n"
- sys:
id: 6uFGb5fXZ6yEESYw6C4S0C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:10.408000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:10.408000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6AdC84mjBuuGMsQo2oCCYo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:05.842000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:05.842000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0040014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6AdC84mjBuuGMsQo2oCCYo/27ba7c664835ba741ab1f4aa43582f1e/NAMDMT0040014.jpg"
caption: Engraved panel showing the figures of giraffe and other animals, rows
of dots, hoof prints and hand prints showing the range of juxtapositioning
and superimposition at the site. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.22143
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763757&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22143&page=1
- sys:
id: 68rfcJmZDaAKGU0WAAysU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:16.915000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:16.915000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'In 1952 the site was made a National Monument and in 2007 Twyfelfontein
| /Ui-//aes was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Portions of
it are currently open to the public for supervised visits and tours. '
citations:
- sys:
id: 2IwYq7P2DuyykIC6iwciC0
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1awSXvy0R0IsIOu2IeqEeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:32.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:32.301000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0040003
description:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:40.370000000 Z
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title: NAMDMT0010062
description:
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key_facts:
sys:
id: 5NZyKdNmfuUCyawIScewak
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:57.283000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 16:51:07.480000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: key facts'
image_count: 1,338 images
date_range: Mainly 6,000 BC to the mid-1st millennium AD
main_areas: Throughout, with particular concentrations in the West and centre
of the country
techniques: Mainly brush painting and pecked engraving
main_themes: Human figures, large fauna, particularly giraffe and antelope, accoutrements
such as personal ornaments and musical instruments, geometric shapes, animal
tracks and human hand and foot prints
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 570TteJLy8EmE4SYAGKcQw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:36:35.946000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-21 13:55:43.874000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: Rhinos in rock art
slug: rhinos-in-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:46:35.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:01:17.553000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20476'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730556&partId=1&searchText=NAMDMT0010010&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA/c1c895d4f72a2260ae166ab9c2148daa/NAMDMT0010010.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
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- sys:
id: 6jA55SyPksGMQIYmYceMkQ
- sys:
id: 7gBWq5BdnOYUGm6O4KK4u0
- sys:
id: 1LYEwVNEogggeMOcuQUOQW
- sys:
id: 4dbpdyyr2UAk4yKAomw42I
- sys:
id: 3VgqyhGcViwkwCoI88W4Ii
- sys:
id: 4TnBbYK1SEueSCAIemKOcA
- sys:
id: 4Z8zcElzjOCyO6iOasMuig
- sys:
id: 2Z9GGCpzCMk4sCKKYsmaU8
- sys:
id: 2S3mX9yJfqoMka8QoWUqOE
- sys:
id: 4KLSIsvlmEMeOsCo8SGOQA
- sys:
id: 1IlptwbzFmIaSkIWWAqw8U
- sys:
id: 2Moq7jFKLCc60oamksKUgU
- sys:
id: 2OfGVIZFbOOm8w6gg6AucI
- sys:
id: 16oCD2X1nmEYmCOMOm6oWi
- sys:
id: 2jfI6k6zKAauIS62IC6weq
- sys:
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- sys:
id: 2QFAA8hik82Y4EAIwGSiEs
- sys:
id: 3ApAq8tLfG6wWaswQEwuaU
- sys:
id: 4S5oC30EcwEUGEuEO6sa4m
- sys:
id: 4Y3xOdstSowoYOGOEmW6K6
- sys:
id: 6ZjeUWwA5aCEMUiIgukK48
citations:
- sys:
id: TwHxmivy8uW8mIKAkkMeA
background_images:
- sys:
id: 2ztUAznRiwc0qiE4iUIQGc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 11:44:42.255000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 11:44:42.255000000 Z
title: Rhinocéros grotte Chauvet
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2ztUAznRiwc0qiE4iUIQGc/5958ce98b795f63e5ee49806275209b7/Rhinoc__ros_grotte_Chauvet.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:26:24.400000000 Z
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title: Black Rhino
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6m2Q1HCGT6Q2cey00sKGmu/92caad1c13d4bbefe80a5a94aef9844e/Black_Rhino.jpg"
- sys:
id: 9cRmg60WNGAk6i8Q6WKWm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:25.736000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:42:15.905000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 2
title: Introduction to rock art in southern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-southern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080007
description:
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chapters:
- sys:
id: 5qv45Cw424smAwqkkg4066
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:01:39.329000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:09:20.849000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |+
The southern African countries of Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Botswana and Namibia contain thousands of rock art sites and southern African rock art has been studied extensively. Due to perceived similarities in subject matter, even across great distances, much southern African rock art has been ascribed to hunter-gatherer painters and engravers who appear to have had a shared set of cultural references. These have been linked with beliefs and practices which remain common to modern San|Bushman¹ people, a number of traditional hunter-gatherer groups who continue to live in Southern Africa, principally in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. There are, however, differences in style and technique between regions, and various rock art traditions are attributed to other cultural groups and their ancestors. As is often the case with rock art, the accurate attribution of authorship, date and motivation is difficult to establish, but the rock art of this region continues to be studied and the richness of the material in terms of subject matter, as well as in the context of the archaeological record, has much to tell us, both about its own provenance and the lives of the people who produced it.
- sys:
id: r3hNyCQVUcGgGmmCKs0sY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:04.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:09:49.095000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and distribution
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 2'
- sys:
id: 5cKrBogJHiAaCs6mMoyqee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:27.584000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:10:55.925000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4RBHhRPKHC2s6yWcEeWs0c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0070001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4RBHhRPKHC2s6yWcEeWs0c/9d9bc5196cfac491fa099fd737b06e34/ZIMMSL0070001.jpg"
caption: Yellow elephant calf painted on the roof of a shelter. Mashonaland,
Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.22675 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iUgvg0
- sys:
id: 69tB5BiRVKG2QQEKoSYw08
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:41.530000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:11:21.260000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'There is wide variation in the physical environments of southern Africa,
ranging from the rainforests of Mozambique to the arid Namib Desert of western
Namibia, with the climate tending to become drier towards the south and west. The
central southern African plateau is divided by the central dip of the Kalahari
basin, and bordered by the Great Escarpment, a sharp drop in altitude towards
the coast which forms a ridge framing much of southern Africa. The escarpment
runs in a rough inland parallel to the coastline, from northern Angola, south
around the Cape and up in the east to the border between Zimbabwe and Malawi. Both
painted and engraved rock art is found throughout southern Africa, with the
type and distribution partially informed by the geographical characteristics
of the different regions. Inland areas with exposed boulders, flat rock ‘pavements’
and rocky outcrops tend to feature engraved rock art, whereas paintings are
more commonly found in the protective rock shelters of mountainous or hilly
areas, often in ranges edging the Great Escarpment. '
- sys:
id: 4BJ17cEGyIC6QYSYGAkoaa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:04.486000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:11:57.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
title: NAMBRG0030001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS/0bb079e491ac899abae435773c74fcf4/NAMBRG0030001.jpg"
caption: View out of a rock shelter in the Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.20452
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3729901
- sys:
id: 499lI34cAE6KAgKU4mkcqq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:14.736000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:17.831000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Types of rock art
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Rock art of the type associated with hunter-gatherers is perhaps the
most widely distributed rock art tradition in southern Africa, with numerous
known examples in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, but also with examples
found in Botswana and Mozambique. This tradition comprises paintings and engravings,
with both techniques featuring images of animals and people. The type and
composition varies from region to region. For example, rock art sites of
the southern Drakensberg and Maloti mountains in South Africa and Lesotho
contain a higher proportion of images of eland antelope, while those in Namibia
in turn feature more giraffes. There are also regional variations in style
and colour: in some sites and areas paintings are polychrome (multi-coloured)
while in others they are not.\n\nDifferences also occur in composition between
painting and engraving sites, with paintings more likely to feature multiple
images on a single surface, often interacting with one another, while engraving
sites more often include isolated images on individual rocks and boulders.
\ However, there are commonalities in both imagery and style, with paintings
throughout southern Africa often including depictions of people, particularly
in procession and carrying items such as bows and arrows. Also heavily featured
in both paintings and engravings are animals, in particular large ungulates
which are often naturalistically depicted, sometimes in great detail. Additionally,
images may include people and animals which appear to have the features of
several species and are harder to identify. Some hunter-gatherer type paintings
are described as ‘fine-line’ paintings because of the delicacy of their rendering
with a thin brush. \n"
- sys:
id: 4NfdPoVtFKaM6K4w8I8ckg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:13.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:40.860000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
title: NAMBRT0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO/67a69f9814e8ec994003bfacff0962cc/NAMBRT0010002.jpg"
caption: " Fine-line paintings of giraffes and line patterns, Brandberg, Namibia.
\ It is thought that giraffes may have been associated with rain in local
belief systems. 2013,2034.21324 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j9778d
- sys:
id: 2nqpXdHTeoyKakEEOMUSA0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:40.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:26.231000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 9
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: "Hunter-gatherer rock paintings are found in particular concentrations
in the Drakensberg-Maloti and Cape Fold Mountains in South Africa and Lesotho,
the Brandberg and Erongo Mountains in Namibia and the Matobo Hills in Zimbabwe,
while engraving sites are found throughout the interior, often near water
courses. \n\nA different form of rock painting from the hunter-gatherer type,
found mainly in the north-eastern portion of southern Africa is that of the
‘late whites’. Paintings in this tradition are so-called because they are
usually associated with Bantu language-speaking Iron Age farming communities
who entered the area from the north from around 2,000 years ago and many of
these images are thought to have been painted later than some of the older
hunter-gatherer paintings. ‘Late white’ paintings take many forms, but have
generally been applied with a finger rather than a brush, and as the name
suggests, are largely white in colour. These images represent animals, people
and geometric shapes, often in quite schematic forms, in contrast to the generally
more naturalistic depictions of the hunter-gatherer art. \n\nSometimes ‘late
white’ art images relate to dateable events or depict objects and scenes which
could only have taken place following European settlement, such as trains.
\ Other forms of southern African rock art also depict European people and
objects. These include images from the Western Cape in South Africa of a
sailing ship, estimated to date from after the mid-17th century, as well as
painted and engraved imagery from throughout South Africa showing people on
horseback with firearms. Such images are sometimes termed ‘contact art’ as
their subject matter demonstrates that they follow the period of first contact
between European and indigenous people. \n"
- sys:
id: 1NrA6Z43fWIgwGoicy2Mw2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:57.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:43.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA/3d924964d904e34e6711c6224a7429e6/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
caption: Painting of a ship from the south Western Cape in South Africa. 2013,2034.19495
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730142&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.19495&page=1
- sys:
id: 4JVHOgrOyAAI8GWAuoyGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:24:14.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:20.511000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "This kind of imagery is found in a variety of styles, and some of those
producing ‘contact’ images in the Cape may have been people of Khoekhoen heritage.
The Khoekhoen were traditionally cattle and sheep herders, culturally related
to modern Nama people and more loosely to San|Bushman hunter-gatherers.
\ A distinct tradition of rock art has been suggested to be of ancestral Khoekhoen
origin. This art is predominantly geometric in form, with a particular focus
on circle and dotted motifs, and engravings in this style are often found
near watercourses. \n"
- sys:
id: 3zUtkjM57Omyko6Q2O0YMG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:05.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:47.538000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: History of research
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: 'The first known reports of African rock art outside of the continent
appear to come from the Bishop of Mozambique, who in 1721 reported sightings
of paintings on rocks to the Royal Academy of History in Lisbon. Following
this, reports, copies and publications of rock art from throughout modern
South Africa were made with increasing frequency by officials and explorers.
From the mid-19th century onwards, rock art from present-day Namibia, Zimbabwe
and Botswana began to be documented, and during the first few decades of the
twentieth century global public interest in the art was piqued by a series
of illustrated publications. The hunter-gatherer rock art in particular had
a strong aesthetic and academic appeal to western audiences, and reports,
photographs and copied images attracted the attention of prominent figures
in archaeology and ethnology such as <NAME>, <NAME> and the
<NAME>, researchers whose interest in rock art worldwide let them to
visit and write about southern African rock art sites. A further intensification
of archaeological and anthropological research and recording in the 1950s-70s,
resulted in new insights into the interpretations and attributions for southern
African rock art. Rock art research continues throughout the area today. '
- sys:
id: 5bPZwsgp3qOGkogYuCIQEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:30.652000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:07.313000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0300015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG/639dd24028612b985042ea65536eef2e/BOTTSD0300015.jpg"
caption: Rhinoceros and cattle painting, <NAME>, Botswana. 2013,2034.20848
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i5xfUJ
- sys:
id: 1QaeG3pF1KOEaooucoMUeE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:37.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:34.546000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: Rather than showing scenes from daily life, as was once assumed, it is
now usually accepted that hunter-gatherer art in southern Africa shows images
and motifs of spiritual and cultural importance. In particular, it is thought
that some images reflect trance visions of San|Bushman spiritual leaders,
or shamans, during which they are considered to enter the world of spirits,
where they are held to perform tasks for themselves and their communities,
such as healing the sick or encouraging rain. This interpretation, which has
been widely accepted, explains certain features of the art, for example the
predominance of certain animals like eland antelope (due to their special
cultural significance) and themes such as dot patterns and zigzag lines (interpreted
as geometric patterns that shamans may see upon entering a trance state).
- sys:
id: 1YgT9SlSNeU8C6Cm62602E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:53.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:08.779000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
title: SOADRB0030002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c/5896c3d088678257f9acd01bd59c4b26/SOADRB0030002.jpg"
caption: 'Painting of an eland and an ambiguous figure in the Drakensberg, South
Africa. Both the eland and this kind of human-like figure are thought to have
had symbolic associations with beliefs about gender and power. 2013,2034.18187©
TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738250&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18187&page=1
- sys:
id: 5byxQopdNCqEC2kCa0OqCm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:00.899000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:37.565000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: "The rock art attributed to ancestral San|Bushman hunter-gatherers
has many varied motifs, some of which may also relate to specific themes such
as initiation or rainmaking (indeed within its cultural context one image
may have several significances). San|Bushman informants in the 19th
century told researchers that certain ambiguously shaped animals in the rock
art repertoire represented animals related to water. Images such as these
are known to researchers as 'rain animals' and it has been suggested that
certain images could reflect—or prompt—the shaman's attempt to control rainfall.
Some 'late white' art has also been proposed to have associations with rainmaking
practices, and indeed the proximity of some geometric rock art images, proposed
to be of possible Khoekhoen origin, to watercourses appears to emphasise the
practical and spiritual significance of water among historical southern African
communities. It has also been proposed that some forms of geometric art attributed
to Khoekhoen people may be linked by tradition and motif to the schematic
art traditions of central Africa, themselves attributed to hunter-gatherers
and possibly made in connection with beliefs about water and fertility. Much
in the “late white” corpus of paintings appears to be connected to initiation
practices, part of a larger set of connected traditions extending north as
far as Kenya. \n\nThe long time periods, cultural connections, and movements
involved can make attribution difficult. For example, the idiosyncratic rock
paintings of Tsodilo Hills in Botswana which appear to have similarities with
the hunter-gatherer style include images of domesticates and may have been
the work of herders. More localised traditions, such as that of engravings
in north-western South Africa representing the homesteads of ancestral Nguni
or Sotho-Tswana language speakers, or the focus on engravings of animal tracks
found in Namibia, demonstrate more specific regional significances. Research
continues and in recent decades, researchers, focusing on studying individual
sites and sets of sites within the landscape and the local historical context,
have discussed how their placement and subject matter may reflect the shifting
balances of power, and changes in their communities over time. \n"
- sys:
id: L9AkWhM1WwUKWC4MQ4iMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:15.123000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:01.026000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
title: NAMSNH0030006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI/3dabb2ba8a3abaa559a6652eb10ea1eb/NAMSNH0030006.jpg"
caption: 'Geometric rock engravings of the type suggested by some to be the
work of Khoekhoen pastoralists and their ancestors. 2013,2034.22405 © TARA/David
Coulson '
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVIIoL
- sys:
id: ayvCEQLjk4uUk8oKikGYw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:22.665000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:16.059000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "Although dating rock art is always difficult, the study of rock art sites
from southern Africa has benefitted from archaeological study and excavations
at rock art sites have sometimes revealed useful information for ascribing
dates. Some of the oldest reliably dated examples of rock art in the world
have been found in the region, with the most well-known examples probably
being the painted plaques from Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia, dated to around
30,000 years ago. A portion of an engraved animal found in South Africa’s
Northern Cape is estimated to be 10,200 years old and painted spalls from
shelter walls in Zimbabwe have been dated to 12,000 years ago or older. However,
it is thought that the majority of existing rock art was made more recently.
\ As ever, subject matter is also helpful in ascribing maximum date ranges.
\ We know, for example,that images of domestic animals are probably less than
2,000 years old. The condition of the art may also help to establish relative
ages, particularly with regards to engravings, which may be in some cases
be categorised by the discolouration of the patina that darkens them over
time. \n\nThe multiplicity of rock art sites throughout southern Africa
form a major component of southern Africa’s archaeological record, with many
interesting clues about the lives of past inhabitants and, in some cases,
continuing religious and cultural importance for contemporary communities.
\ Many sites are open to the public, affording visitors the unique experience
of viewing rock art in situ. Unfortunately, the exposed nature of rock art
in the field leaves it open to potential damage from the environment and vandalism.
\ Many major rock art sites in southern Africa are protected by law in their
respective countries and the Maloti-Drakensberg Park in South Africa and Lesotho,
Twyfelfontein/ǀUi-ǁAis in Namibia, Tsodilo Hills in Botswana and the Matobo
Hills in Zimbabwe are all inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. \n"
- sys:
id: 3Kjcm7V1dYoCuyaqKga0GM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:38.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:17.372000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
title: NAMDME0080012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU/dec59cd8209d3d04b13447e9c985574a/NAMDME0080012.jpg"
caption: Engraved human footprints, Erongo Region, Namibia. 2013,2034.20457
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729958&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20457+&page=1
- sys:
id: 1kwt8c4P0gSkYOq8CO0ucq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:28:16.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:44.294000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: 6GlTdq2WbeIQ6UoeOeUM84
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 10:45:36.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:39:37.963000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |+
<NAME>., <NAME>. and <NAME>. 2010. Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
<NAME>. 1995. The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. London: British Museum Press.
<NAME>. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|BushmanRock Paintings. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press
<NAME>. 1995. 'Neglected Rock Art: The Rock Engravings of Agriculturist Communities in South Africa'. South African Archaeological Bulletin. Vol. 50 No. 162. pp. 132.142.
<NAME>. 1989. Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg. vols. I-VI. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2008. 'Beyond Development - Global Visions and Local Adaptations of a Contested Concept' in Limpricht, C., & M. Biesele (eds) Heritage and Cultures in modern Namibia: in-depth views of the country: a TUCSIN Festschrift. Goettingen : Klaus Hess Publishers. pp 37:46.
<NAME>. 2013. 'Rock Art Research in Africa' in Mitchell, P. and P. Lane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2004. 'Taking Stock: Identifying Khoekhoen Herder Rock Art in Southern Africa'. Current Anthropology Vol. 45, No. 4. pp 499-52.
background_images:
- sys:
id: 6oQGgfcXZYWGaeaiyS44oO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:47.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:41:12.556000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0120015.tiff
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6oQGgfcXZYWGaeaiyS44oO/c8bc0d9d1ceee0d23517a1bc68276b24/ZIMMSL0120015.tiff.jpg"
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:41:44.910000000 Z
title: SOAEFS0030008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ouDCLqDKo4EQWa6QCECi/9c5da3bf755188e90003a9bc55550f6f/SOAEFS0030008.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 8t9OseGfHqIgcUCao2ysq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:01.738000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:39:27.185000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Namibia: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4UiO2GnKUMUwso4aYMqCaG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:48:35.037000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:46:01.299000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Namibia is home to over 1,200 rock art sites countrywide. Most of these
sites appear to correspond with the hunter-gatherer art tradition found throughout
southern Africa, with certain specific regional features. '
- sys:
id: 1dABVOGavUAI6goAY8miaA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:38:31.464000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 14:58:53.570000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 2'
- sys:
id: 5gSXylxGD6eO20EyeOIQSY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:11.461000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:11.461000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3Xk6O4MMsgEYY0WcaiCYqs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:06.642000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:06.642000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3Xk6O4MMsgEYY0WcaiCYqs/fb7f2a4378bb27d56354a99c94ee7624/NAMDMB0010001.jpg"
caption: View of the Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.20454 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729934&partId=1&people=197356&place=17546&museumno=2013,2034.20454+&page=1
- sys:
id: 3KVc3so4EMwom64W8mGmUs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:17.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:51:45.252000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Namibia covers an area of around 815,625km² in the south-west of Africa,
bordering Angola and Zambia in the north, Botswana in the east, and South
Africa to the south. Namibia’s climate is mainly arid or semi-arid, with the
dry environment of the Namib desert covering the entirety of the country’s
coastline in the west and bordered by southern Africa’s Great Escarpment,
a rocky ridge at the edge of the central plateau running in rough parallel
to the coastline. East of the ridge, the central plateau stretches towards
the edge of the basin enclosing the western portion of the Kalahari, a semi-desert
environment extending into Botswana and South Africa. '
- sys:
id: 1uThiykyCAYWWieyOKciQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:30.621000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:53:37.343000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 62AXX05gE8yACQgOgW0kqO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:26.962000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:26.962000000 Z
title: NAMDME0040007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/62AXX05gE8yACQgOgW0kqO/0571a6030a608d5c7390cb521681a48e/NAMDME0040007.jpg"
caption: Painted tableau showing giraffe, springbok, human figures and a tree. Omandumba,
Namibia. 2013,2034.21544 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3767635&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21544&page=1
- sys:
id: 3v5501rl28sYOwW2Cm8ga2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:37.812000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:57:17.099000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 9
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 4'
body: "Rock art is found across the country from the southern border almost
to the northern border, although rock art sites are scarce in the far north.
\ The majority of known rock art sites are found in the rocky and mountainous
areas forming the escarpment edge in the west of the country. Particular
concentrations of rock art are found in the west-centre of the country, north
of the edge of the Namib’s coastal sand sea. Namibia’s most well-known rock
art locales are clustered in this area, among them the Brandberg (also known
as Dâures) and Erongo mountains and the Spitzkoppe peaks, as well as the well-known
engraved rock art complex at Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes. \n\nAt approximately
20km wide, the almost circular granitic intrusion of the Brandberg contains
Namibia’s highest point at over 2,500 ft., containing around 1,000 rock art
sites and around 50,000 individual figures recorded. These include both paintings
and engravings but paintings form the majority. The Erongo mountains, a similar
but less compact formation around 120km to the south-east, contain a further
80 sites and 50km to the west of this, the Spitzkoppe peaks, a group of granite
inselbergs, has a smaller concentration of known sites with 37 so far recorded.
\ Painting sites are most often found on vertical surfaces in rock shelters
or the sides of granitic boulders, while engravings may survive in more exposed
environments such as on boulders, often dolerite or sandstone. \n\nThe most
well-known of the engraving sites is that of Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, around
50 km north of the Brandberg. The rock art complex here is dominated by collections
of engraved images, though some paintings are also present. With well over
2,000 individual images, the Twyfelfontein engravings form the largest known
discrete collection of engraved rock art in southern Africa. \n"
- sys:
id: 18lzX7RJb8skMkC0ousqMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:45.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:56:06.499000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: History of research
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 5'
body: 'The first published mention of rock art in south-western Africa may be
that of <NAME> who mentioned “A strange tale of a rock in which the
tracks of…animals are distinctly visible” in his 1856 book Lake Ngami. Further
reports came in the 1870s when the Reverend <NAME> published an article
in a South African periodical reporting rock art in the Erongo Mountains,
while Commissioner William Coates Palgrave made a report of paintings near
Dassiesfontein, along with some the earliest known photographs of rock art
in Africa. European public awareness of rock art from the region in Europe
was spurred by the January 1910 publication of an article by Oberleutnant
<NAME> featuring images from various sites in a German magazine. The
first monograph on the rock art of the area then known as South West Africa
was published in 1930 (Obermaier & Kühn, 1930), following further reports
by officials, including the explorer and geographer <NAME>, who in
a 1921 report first noted the existence of engravings at Twyfelfontein. '
- sys:
id: 6oW0rqforuI6AQIUaMu4Ks
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:03.966000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:03.966000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4nbVLA22Y0Uw06ICSeGYQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:57.411000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:57.411000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010073
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4nbVLA22Y0Uw06ICSeGYQm/b5c26da0464ec9a64fdde76edcc0fa3e/NAMDMT0010073.jpg"
caption: Engraved kudu cow with geometric engravings. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes,
Namibia. 2013,2034.22095 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763210&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22095&page=1
- sys:
id: 25d3VoqJDWy2OGSEM2a8so
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:14.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 16:36:47.346000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 6'
body: "During the course of an earlier expedition, Maack had stumbled upon a
singular painting in a Brandberg rock shelter. This image came to be well-known
as the ‘White Lady’ of the Brandberg, after the renowned rock art researcher
the <NAME>, who saw Maack’s copy of it and took a keen interest
in the image. Eventually Breuil published a lavishly illustrated volume on
the White Lady in 1955, which made it one of the most famous rock painting
images in the world. During the 1940s and 50s Breuil also explored and published
on rock art sites elsewhere in the Brandberg and Erongo mountains. \n\nErnst
Scherz, who had acted as a guide for Breuil, would go on to conduct extensive
documentation work throughout the country as part of the comprehensive research
project investigating the archaeology of South West Africa run by the University
of Cologne and sponsored by the Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Beginning
in 1963, this resulted in the publications of Scherz’s three-volume opus *Felsbilder
in Sudwest-Afrika* in 1970, 1975 and 1986, containing site by site descriptions
and classifications of painting and engraving sites throughout modern Namibia,
along with discussion of theme and context. The Cologne programme also supported
the work of several other researchers, including the designer and artist Harald
Pager, whose meticulous work recording rock paintings in South Africa’s Drakensberg
had already gained him recognition in the field of rock art research. From
1977, Pager began a seven year project of recording painted rock art sites
in the Brandberg, documenting around 43,000 individual images. Pager’s corpus
has been organised by <NAME> and published posthumously in the
six-volume *Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg*, as a result of which
the Brandberg is one of the most comprehensively documented rock art regions
on earth.\n"
- sys:
id: pt0EDsK0SWU2Cg2EkuQKw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:38.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:59:58.758000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4ZB32q4diwyQMIaOomeQOg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:26.431000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:26.431000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0010016
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ZB32q4diwyQMIaOomeQOg/5dd2b69e51fa5dd4bcd8f24c1cbe6df2/NAMDMB0010016.jpg"
caption: The ‘White Lady’ painting, showing human figures, gemsbok antelope
and a therianthrope (part-human, part-animal figure). <NAME>, Brandberg,
Namibia. 2013,2034.21340 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771011&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21340&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Oc2SJpN9msEGCM0iWUGsw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:47.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:48:16.058000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 7'
body: 'The Cologne programme also sponsored the excavation work of archaeologist
<NAME>, who between 1968 and 1970 worked at numerous sites investigating
Late Stone Age activity in the country. During this time, Wendt recovered
seven slabs bearing pigment from a layer in a cave of the Huns Mountains in
southern Namibia, which have been scientifically dated to 30,000 years ago.
Four of these exhibited pigmented imagery of animals including a possible
rhinoceros, a portion of a possible zebra figure and a complete unidentified
quadruped formed by two of the plaques fitting together. These remain the
oldest known figurative art in Africa. Much further rock art recording and
excavation work has been undertaken since the 1980s in the Spitzkoppe, Erongo,
Brandberg and other areas, with key research led by archaeologists <NAME>,
<NAME>, <NAME>,<NAME> and <NAME>, among others. '
- sys:
id: 1pTemf7LfaYckkgiam004s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:03.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:48:40.803000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 8'
body: "Much of the painted rock art in Namibia may be broadly compared to the
wider hunter-gatherer rock art oeuvre found throughout southern Africa, similar
in theme and composition and believed to be a part of the same general tradition,
which is generally attributed to San|Bushman¹ people and their ancestors.
Imagery includes scenes of human figures carrying bows and other implements,
wild animals and unidentified shapes in different pigments. Overall, human
figures dominate in the paintings of Namibia, making up more than 2/3 of the
painted figures, and where the gender can be recognised, they are more commonly
male than female. Prominent painting subjects and styles in the rock art
of Namibia (particularly the best-studied west-central region) include, at
some sites, clearly delineated dots and patterns on human figures, a particular
tradition of showing human figures with voluminous decorated hairstyles, and
more images of giraffe and kudu, gemsbok and springbok antelope than in other
southern African regions. Other images of animals include those of zebras,
elephants, rhinoceros and ostriches. More occasional motifs found include
plants, cattle, sheep and handprints. \n\n¹ San|Bushmen is a collective
term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living
in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both
'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these
groups, although others have positively adopted them."
- sys:
id: 3EiSSgVDtCWA4C4EOyW2ai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:19.714000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 17:01:09.262000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3eVwGLF6ooeMySiG8G0a8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:15.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:15.764000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0020012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3eVwGLF6ooeMySiG8G0a8U/9c2150eacdb954ceb3f56afcbd4a5517/NAMDMB0020012.jpg"
caption: Painted women carrying bows and showing detail of white dots (personal
ornament or body paint). <NAME>. 2013,2034.21364 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771040&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21364&page=1
- sys:
id: 7LqBKmEh1YMWOEymKkiQSk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:27.064000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:22:02.825000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 9'
body: "Within Namibia, paintings come in a variety of styles, ranging from naturalistic
to stylised. Paintings found at Spitzkoppe tend to be smaller and cruder
than others in the region, where some sites feature tableaux in many colours
while others are entirely monochrome. While the majority of rock paintings
in Namibia seem to conform to the hunter-gatherer style, there are also some
examples of finger paintings in the Brandberg and northern Namibia, which
are much more schematic in style and appear to belong to a different tradition
altogether. \n\nAs with much southern African rock art, the colours visible
today may not always accurately reflect the original look. This is particularly
true for those used for pale colours or white, which may be ‘fugitive’, meaning
that over time they fade or wash away faster than the more stable pigments
around them, leaving gaps which were once coloured. Chemical analyses have
shown that a major binder (used to coalesce dry pigment powder) for painted
rock art in Namibia was blood, and in some cases egg white. \n"
- sys:
id: 2b4cKiDAbeuKMcO6siYG6Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:42.124000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:23:26.466000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3zUEF7pFUIeqsKeW2wOIkw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:37.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:37.704000000 Z
title: NAMDME0070010
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3zUEF7pFUIeqsKeW2wOIkw/15882e5e2123e5477d082edffd38e034/NAMDME0070010.jpg"
caption: Painting showing evidence of ‘fugitive’ pigment. Gemsbok or eland
antelope with only the red pigment remaining. Omandumba, Erongo Mountains,
Namibia. 2013,2034.21647 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771309&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.21647&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UtWlqa1926kMisQkuimQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:49.953000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:49:27.291000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 10'
body: 'Engravings are often pecked and sometimes rubbed or polished. Although
engravings, like paintings, feature animal figures heavily, with images of
ostriches more common than those in paintings, there is a comparative dearth
of engraved human figures. There is also less obvious interaction between
individual engraved figures in the form of ‘scenes’ than in paintings, but
instead more isolated individuals scattered on rock surfaces. Engraved rock
art in Namibia also features a particular preponderance of images of spoor
(animal hoof or paw prints). Some of these engravings are very naturalistic
and may be identified by species whereas others, such as some showing human
footprints, can be quite schematic. In addition, many engravings are geometric
in nature. '
- sys:
id: 6thXaCP5kIYysCy42IUgCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:14.154000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:24:08.309000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6lpq225cZOe0MKaC8cuuy6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:07.502000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:07.502000000 Z
title: NAMWNK0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6lpq225cZOe0MKaC8cuuy6/9815942f1c318fa7f945eb3075f8b109/NAMWNK0010002.jpg"
caption: Examples of engraved spoor corresponding to eland hoof prints, Kalahari,
Namibia. 2013,2034.22459 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3770294&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.22459&page=1
- sys:
id: 17KwAElNmCIGUoK4os22Gw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:22.473000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:49:48.177000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 11'
body: "Namibian rock paintings, and most engravings, have largely been interpreted
in the vein largely espoused by researchers over the past 30 years. This
postulates that much of this rock art reflects the experience of San|Bushman
shamans entering trance states and that rather than being scenes from daily
life, the depictions of animals and activities are highly symbolic within
San|Bushman cosmology, with images acting as reservoirs of spiritual
power. This avenue of interpretation originates largely from the study of
rock art in South Africa and Lesotho. While it appears broadly applicable
here, the fact that direct attributions to known cultural groups in this area
are difficult somewhat hinders direct comparisons with Namibian rock art.
While hunter-gatherer rock painting production in South Africa was practiced
until the recent past, it appears to have ceased in Namibia around a thousand
\ years ago and modern San|Bushman groups in the Kalahari area have no
tradition of rock art production. \n\nAdditionally, hundreds of miles and
different geographical environments separate the rock art centres of north-western
Namibia from those in neighbouring countries. This is particularly apparent
in the differences in terms of animal subject matter, with the numerous depictions
of gemsbok and springbok, explicable by the rock art creators being semi-desert
dwellers where gemsbok and springbok are found locally though largely absent
from rock art elsewhere in southern Africa, where these animals are not found.
\n"
- sys:
id: lwcNbhZZy8koW0Uq2KEkq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:40.163000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:26:46.067000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5UMcF5DE2siok0k4UakAUW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:36.239000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:36.239000000 Z
title: NAMBRH0010024
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5UMcF5DE2siok0k4UakAUW/91a406ca0cb338ddf1c7e4b98325cd63/NAMBRH0010024.jpg"
caption: Examples of painted motifs in rock art of the Brandberg, showing gemsbok
antelope, giraffe, human, zebra and ostrich figures. Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.21303
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3768631&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.21303&page=1
- sys:
id: 6x77m8o4vuuEMeqiSISGCK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:47.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:30:06.342000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 12'
body: "Other differences are found in style and emphasis: the frequency with
which giraffe feature in Namibian paintings and engravings contrasts with
the South African rock art, where the emphasis is more on the eland antelope.
\ This has led some to propose that the giraffe, similarly, must have held
a particular symbolic meaning for the painters of the region. Based on associated
imagery, placement of the rock art sites, and some ethnography (written records
of insights from contemporary San|Bushman culture compiled by anthropologists)
it has been suggested that giraffes may have been linked with rain in local
belief systems, with some Namibian rock painting sites associated specifically
with rainmaking or healing activities. \n\nWhile the more naturalistic examples
of engravings are thought to have also been produced by ancient hunter-gatherers,
as with the paintings, it has been suggested that some geometric engravings
were produced by herding people, possibly ancestral Khoenkhoen, perhaps in
relation to initiation rites. Schematic finger paintings have also been attributed
to pastoralist people. All attributions are tentative, however, because the
majority of the art is thought to be many hundreds of years old and the historical
distinctions between hunter-gatherers and herders is by no means clear-cut
in the archaeological record.\n"
- sys:
id: 6Ljhl9Tm5GGKeU6e6GMSOA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:59.658000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:50:17.361000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 13'
body: "The pieces from the cave Wendt excavated (named ‘Apollo 11 Cave’ after
the moon mission which took place during the period of the excavation work)
are not thought to have fallen from a cave wall but were made on loose rock
pieces. The only parietal art (on a fixed rock surface) dated from excavated
deposits in Namiba so far consists of pieces of painted granite from the largest
painted shelter in the Brandberg, one of which, found in a sedimentary layer
radiocarbon dated to around 2,700 years ago, had clearly fallen from an exposed
rock surface into which researchers were able to refit it. Aside from this,
estimates at the age of rock art are based on superimposition, patination
and associated archaeological finds. \n\nBased on archaeological evidence,
it is thought that the majority of the fine-line hunter-gatherer rock art
in the Brandberg area was produced between around 4,000 and 2,000 years ago,
with the painting tradition in the wider region starting as much as 6,000
years ago. This ceased sometime after the introduction of small domestic stock
to the area, although not immediately, as fine-line paintings of sheep and
paintings and engravings of cattle testify. Across central Namibia, there
appears to be a particularly strong correspondence of finds relating to paintings—such
as grinding equipment and pigments—with dated layers from the 1st millennium
BC.\n"
- sys:
id: 3k0RnznV5Yu2uoGgc0UkCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:21.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:30:47.494000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5SxIVsUotUcuWoI2iyYOSO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:15.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:15.821000000 Z
title: NAMNNO0010020
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5SxIVsUotUcuWoI2iyYOSO/b2b0daf1086aba5ebb54c90b0b1cce42/NAMNNO0010020.jpg"
caption: Finger painted rock art, northern Namibia. 2013,2034.22237 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771279&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.22237&page=1
- sys:
id: 7hIopDzZzGI8iMiuEOOOyG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:29.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:50:37.206000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 14'
body: 'Engravings are more difficult to obtain dates for scientifically. Superimpositioning
and other physical factors can serve to indicate which styles of image are
more recent with both paintings and engravings. For example, in the Brandberg,
monochrome tableaux appear older than detailed polychrome depictions of individuals,
and certain images, such as those of zebras, are thought to be relatively
late. Among engravings of central Namibia, a certain style of hoof print
appears to overlie some figurative images, leading researchers to believe
them younger. Overall it is thought that the engraving and painting traditions
were concurrent, with some clear parallels in style, but that engraving probably
lasted for several hundred years as a tradition after painting ceased. '
- sys:
id: 137eUF3ZZGUGy6SM4cWimS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:45.520000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:40:21.998000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4I7MYP97u8AK8YE88UGOKS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:41.001000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:41.001000000 Z
title: NAMSNA0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4I7MYP97u8AK8YE88UGOKS/0b33b94b43c9ba242717ba831d3f7fe3/NAMSNA0010011.jpg"
caption: Engraved geometric rock art in the style thought to have been made
by herder people. ǁKaras Region, Southern Namibia. 2013,2034.22285 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3772002&partId=1&place=108716&plaA=108716-2-2&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 2Looo7MWBGKQQKAooSausA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:53.399000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:53.399000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
CeSMAP- Study Centre and Museum of Prehistoric Art of Pinerolo. 1997. African pictograms. Pinerolo, Centro Studi e Museo di arte preistorica.
Kinahan, J. 2010. The rock art of /Ui-//aes (Twyfelfontein) Namibia’s first World Heritage Site. Adoranten 2010. Tanumshede: Tanums Hällristningsmuseum
Kinahan, J. 1999. Towards an Archaeology of mimesis and rainmaking in Namibian rock art in : Ucko, P. J., & <NAME>. (1999). The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping your Landscape. London, Routledge pp. 336-357
<NAME>. 2015. IFRAO. Rock art research in Namibia: a synopsis A investigação de arte rupestre na Namíbia: uma visão geral in: Giraldo, H.C. & Arranz, J.J.G (eds.) Symbols in the Landscape: Rock Art and its Context. Proceedings of the XIX International Rock Art Conference IFRAO 2015, Arkeos 37 pp. 1419:1436
<NAME>., Kuhn., & <NAME>. 1930. Bushman art: rock paintings of south-west Africa. London, <NAME>, Oxford University Press
<NAME>. 1989-. Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg. vols. I-VI. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut
<NAME>. & <NAME>: Rock Art in North-Westerpn Central Namibia – its Age and Cultural Background in: <NAME>., & <NAME>. 2008. Heritage and Cultures in modern Namibia: in-depth views of the country : a TUCSIN Festschrift. Windhoek ; Goettingen : Klaus Hess Publishers pp 37:46
<NAME>. 1970, 1975, 1986. Felsbilder in Südwest-Afrika. Teilen I-III. Köln ;Wien: Böhlau
background_images:
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region: Southern Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/tanzania-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 1LiwPCnyFKmciIOKysACI0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.856000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.856000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Tanzania: Country Introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 43gtar9Bd6iwSOOug8Ca2K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.035000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 12:30:57.863000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Introduction
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 1
body: Containing some of the densest concentrations of rock art in East Africa,
Tanzania includes many different styles and periods of rock art, the earliest
of which may date back 10,000 years. Consisting mainly of paintings, rock art
is found predominantly in the Kondoa region and the adjoining Lake Eyasi basin.
Those at Kondoa were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2006, and
were the first to be documented by missionaries in 1908.
- sys:
id: 3cunSLA63KsGEGIw0C8ki
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:11.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:37:31.932000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6jqxlKBK8ggSwAyOIWC2w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:37.419000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:37.419000000 Z
title: TANKON0130004 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6jqxlKBK8ggSwAyOIWC2w/62820080f1ce2792a5bbc9c38ac89b50/TANKON0130004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Painted panel of fine-line paintings of kudu and human figures with bow
and arrow. Msokia, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17086 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3710216&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17086&page=1
- sys:
id: 3fuknu8MJiS2CEUo8c48Mm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.738000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:44:49.657000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Geography and Rock Art distribution
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 2
body: |-
Situated within the Great Lakes Region of East Africa, Tanzania is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east, with a coastline of approx. 800km. At 947,303 km², Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa and is home to Africa's highest mountain, Kilimanjaro (5,895 m, 19,340 feet), located in the north-east of the country.
Central Tanzania is comprised largely of a plateau, which is mainly grassland and contains many national parks. The north of the country is predominantly arable and includes the national capital of Dodoma. The north-east of the country is mountainous and contains the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. Further north-west is Lake Victoria adjoining the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. Concentrations of rock art are found mainly in the Kondoa province of central Tanzania and also the Lake Eyasi Basin in the north of the country.
The rock art of the Lake Eyasi Basin and that of Kondoa share many similarities related to subject matter, styles, pigments and even types of sites. This may possibly reflect a shared art tradition among hunter-gatherers, which is feasible as there are no natural barriers preventing the movement of cultural ideas and techniques.
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caption: Elongated red figure facing right with rounded head and holding a narrow
rectangular object (shield?); the image has been damaged by white water seepage.
Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17497 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3712306&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17497&page=1
- sys:
id: 2s5iBeDTAMk8Y2Awqc024i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.020000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.020000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of rock art research in Tanzania
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 3
body: 'The existence of painted rock art was first reported to Europeans in 1908
by missionaries, but the first scientific explorations date back to the 1930s.
Early surveys were undertaken by L<NAME> (1958), a German physician,
amateur anthropologist and explorer, who traced images in more than 70 rock
shelters in 1935. The renowned paleoanthropologists Mary and <NAME> (1983)
were the first to extensively study the rock art of Tanzania during the 1930s
and 1950s (having noted many sites in the 1920s), documenting over 1600 painted
images at 186 sites north of Kondoa. In the late 1970s and during the 1980s
Fidelis Masao (1979) surveyed 68 rock paintings sites and excavated four of
them while <NAME> (1996) recorded 200 sites in Kondoa. Other researchers
include <NAME> (1971, 1974), <NAME> (1986), <NAME>
(1992), and <NAME> (2008, 2011); all of whom have recorded numerous
sites, contributing to identifying chronologies, styles and possible interpretations.
Conservation and preservation of the rock art has been of importance since the
1930s, and many of the paintings recorded by the Leakeys in the early 1950s
are now severely deteriorated, or in some cases completely destroyed. '
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revision: 2
image:
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description:
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caption: View looking out of rock shelter over Kondoa region, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16942
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709993&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16942&page=1
- sys:
id: i9BKWyIrJeYSQICcciYGC
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 12:32:37.897000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Chronologies
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 4
body: "Scholars have classified the rock art in Tanzania into three main stylistic
groups: Hunter-gatherer, also known as Sandawe, Pastoral, and Late Whites.
Hunter-gatherer and Late White paintings are often found in the same rock shelters
and in some instances, all three types occur at the same site. \n\nNo paintings
have been scientifically dated, but some researchers have proposed the earliest
dates for the art: Anati (1996) has suggested paintings at Kondoa may be up
to 40,000 years old; Leakey (1985) and Coulson and Campbell (2001) up to 10,000
years old. Masao (1979) has estimated the earliest art at perhaps 3000 years
old. These are estimates and not based on radiometric dating techniques, and
as the paintings have been exposed to considerable weathering these very early
dates currently cannot be substantiated.\n\n__Hunter-gatherer__\n\nHunter-gatherer
or Sandawe rock art is characterised by fine-line paintings and includes images
of animals, human figures, handprints and circular designs. These are the earliest
paintings, thought to date to between 3,000-10,000 years ago, and are attributed
to the ancestral Sandawe, a hunter-gatherer group indigenous to north-east Tanzania.
\n\nThis tradition of rock art occurs in the Kondoa region, with just a few
hundred sites in a concentration of less than a 100km in diameter and corresponding
closely to the known distribution of the Sandawe people. Animals, such as giraffe,
elephant, rhinoceros, antelope, plus a few birds and reptiles, dogs and possibly
bees, make up more than half of the images depicted. In addition there are a
few animal tracks depicted: cloven hooves, porcupine and aardvark. \n"
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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title: TANKON0100004 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3fNBqZVcfK8k0Cgo4SsGs6/1e5b30977d1a9f021e3eea07fca43f5a/TANKON0100004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Panel of fine-line red figures with rounded heads seated, standing and
dancing. <NAME>, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17042 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3710340&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17042&page=1
- sys:
id: 7w5bbsaHIcGU8U4KyyQ8W6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:17.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:45:13.087000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 5
body: |2
Typically, human figures are slender and elongated, wearing large elaborate coiffures or headdresses, and sometimes with animal heads. Occasionally they are bent at the waist but they always appear in groups or pairs. A few of the figures are painted with bows and arrows and occur with animals, although whether these represent a hunting scene is uncertain. Women are very scarce. The few handprints present are painted depictions rather than stencils and circular designs are made up of concentric circles sometimes with elaborate rays and occasional rectangles and finger dots.
- sys:
id: QLuzPXhKqOmMSm0weqOGG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:10.897000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3zoMrANvf2SgUmuAu2Wa4W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.115000000 Z
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title: TANKON0370007 jpeg
description:
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caption: Panel of Sandawe red, fine-line paintings showing elephants and slender
elongated figures. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17702 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3712676&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17702&page=1
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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description:
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caption: Seated figure wearing elaborate headdress which is possibly surrounded
by bees. Thawi 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034. 17471 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3711764&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17471&page=1
- sys:
id: 4OiTL2qHFeIEmGUE6OqUcA
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:45:27.688000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: ''
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 6
body: |
__Pastoral__
About 3,000 years ago, Cushitic herders from Ethiopia moved into the region, and were followed by Nilotic cattle pastoralists, ancestors of today’s Maasai. In comparison to hunter-gatherer rock art, Pastoral rock art yields many fewer paintings and generally depicts cattle in profile, and sometimes sheep and/or goats, a few dogs and figures holding sticks and bows. Predominantly painted in black and sometimes red and white, the colour of many images has now faded to a dull grey colour.
- sys:
id: 59cgwuXiu4EyiwGuIog0Wi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:10.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:47:47.628000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1BwSSd5li0MUw4c4QYyAKA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.208000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.208000000 Z
title: TANLEY0020026 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1BwSSd5li0MUw4c4QYyAKA/b8a08110079558a56d9ac1d7bfb813a9/TANLEY0020026_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'Top of this boulder: Red cow facing right superimposed on faded white
cow facing left and figure facing forwards, Eshaw Hills, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17936
© TARA/<NAME>'
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3713196&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17936&page=1
- sys:
id: 4zC1ndduCQa8YUSqii26C6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.874000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:45:36.649000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: ''
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 7
body: |
__Late White__
Late White paintings are crude, finger painted images and often superimpose older images. These were made by Bantu-speaking, iron-working farmers who moved into the region in the last 300-500 years. The most common type of depiction are designs and motifs that include circles, some of which have rays emanating outwards, concentric circles, patterns of dots and grids with outlines, what look like stick figures with multiple arms, as well as handprints. Animal depictions include giraffe, elephant, antelope, snakes, reptiles, baboons and domestic species. Human figures are less common, but when present are notably men facing forwards with hands on hips, sometimes holding weapons.
- sys:
id: 4zIzfG4WDKe6SYSimcaEqg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:10.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:49:16.769000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2iqeQFLDE06A8MW0UcUm2k
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:37.131000000 Z
title: TANKON0020039 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2iqeQFLDE06A8MW0UcUm2k/12b31881421ef6d5f5ccebbc4ec1c009/TANKON0020039_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Numerous finger painted geometric designs covering large granite boulder.
Pahi, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16793 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709639&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16793&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 5CTLCKcFag2yCMmCgoegE4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.786000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 12:42:00.048000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 6
citation_line: "<NAME>. (1996) ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14* September 1996\n\nBwasiri, E.J
(2008) 'The Management of Indigenous Heritage: A Case Study of Mongomi wa Kolo
Rock Shelter, Central Tanzania'. MA Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand
\n\nBwasiri, E.J. (2011) ‘The implications of the management of indigenous
living heritage: the case study of the Mongomi wa Kolo rock paintings World
Heritage Site, Central Tanzania’, in *South African Archaeological Bulletin*
69-193:60-66\n\nCoulson, D. and <NAME>bell (2001) *African Rock Art: Paintings
and Engravings on Stone* New York, Harry N. Abrams, Ltd.\n\nKohl-Larsen, L.
(1958) *Die Bilderstrasse Ostafricas: Felsbilder in Tanganyika*. Kassel, Erich
Roth-Verlag\n\nLeakey, M. (1983) *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania.* London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd\n\nLewis-Williams, J.D. (1986) ‘Beyond
Style and Portrait: A Comparison of Tanzanian and Southern African Rock Art’.
*Contemporary Studies on Khoisan 2.* Hamburg, <NAME> Verlag\n\nLim, I.L.
\ (1992) ‘A Site-Oriented Approach to Rock Art: a Study from Usandawe, Central
Tanzania’. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan\n\nMasao, F.T. (1979)*The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden, <NAME>
Verlag\n\nTen Raa, E. (1971) ‘Dead Art and Living Society: A Study of Rock paintings
in a Social Context’.*Mankind* 8:42-58\n\nTen Raa, E. (1974) ‘A record of some
prehistoric and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’. *Tanzania Notes and Records*
75:9-27\n\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/egypt-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 3HkyZVGe2suiyEMe6ICs4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:45:19.662000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:03.255000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Egypt: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1RtA0G7m6ok8cOWi20EC2s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:37:46.214000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:05:57.139000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 1'
body: The rock art of Egypt was largely unknown outside of the region until the
beginning of the 20th century. The rock paintings and engravings of Egypt feature
a range of subjects and styles, including domestic cattle, wild animals, humans,
boat images and inscriptions. Much of the rock art appears to date from within
the last 8,000 years. However, earlier Palaeolithic engravings have also been
found near the Nile, suggesting a longer time frame for the practice. The majority
of Egypt’s most famous rock art, including the ‘Cave of Swimmers’, is found
in the desert in the far south-west of the country.
- sys:
id: JXxIothd6gke6u68aMS2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:39.571000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:30:48.038000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4yqh628H2wae4Mwe6MQGWa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.324000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:30:00.913000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.25'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577780&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=42209&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4yqh628H2wae4Mwe6MQGWa/41dcae1c01f69ace28bccc26fd712c6f/2013_2034.5277.jpg"
caption: Painted human figures and cows on rock shelter roof. <NAME>, Jebel
Uweinat, Egypt. 2013,2034.25© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVMFd0
- sys:
id: 3Cs9Muna1qeMOCAUyCCuQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:16.091000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:16.091000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 2'
body: Egypt covers about 996,000km² at Africa’s north-east corner and until the
creation of the Suez Canal in 1869, contained Africa’s only direct physical
connection to Eurasia. The country’s most prominent geographical feature, the
river Nile, flows from the highlands of Ethiopia and Central Africa into the
Mediterranean, dividing the eastern portion of the Sahara into the Western and
Eastern Deserts, with the Sinai Peninsula to the east.
- sys:
id: 7IH4mS5LW0cSGcgEaa6ESO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:54.278000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:54.278000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 3'
body: |-
The presence of rock art in Egypt has been noticed by European scholars since the early 19th century. Geographically isolated from the bulk of rock art in the country, the paintings and engravings of Gilf Kebir and Jebel Uweinat were first catalogued in the 1920s by the Egyptian explorers and public figures <NAME> and <NAME>, and thereafter by renowned early twentieth century explorers and ethnographers such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>, whose expeditions helped bring Saharan rock art into wider public consciousness.
Hans Winkler’s seminal *Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt* (1938-9) was one of the first regional catalogues and remains a pre-eminent review of finds. Further cataloguing of rock art images and sites in the southern Nile valley took place at the time of the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s. Where rock art historically was part of larger archaeological research in the area, in recent years it has been subject to more direct and rigorous study which will contribute to a better understanding of chronologies and relationships.
- sys:
id: 3CzPFWoTFeIMaCsMgSy0sg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:39:46.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:44:29.300000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 4'
body: In desert areas, recognisably stylised Pharaonic-period inscriptions and
engravings from between 3,100 and 30 BC can be found on rock faces, particularly
at oases and quarry sites such as Kharga Oasis and Wadi Hammamat in the Western
and Eastern deserts. There is also rock art from later periods like that at
Matna el-Barqa in the Western Desert hinterland, where both Pharaonic and later
Coptic inscriptions mix with images of gods and horsemen. Earlier examples of
engraved rock art may be found in the Nile valley, in what is now southern Egypt
and northern Sudan, linked to progenitors of ancient Egyptian cultures, most
particularly the people of the Naqada Periods (4,000-3,100 BC). This art is
characterised by frequent depictions on pottery of river boats, which occur
in much of the rock art near the Nile, and include, pecked on a boulder at Nag
el-Hamdulab near Aswan, what is considered the first known depiction of a Pharaoh,
on just such a boat. Also prevalent in these areas are numerous engravings of
animals and human figures.
- sys:
id: 2YNlS4f9ZuswQuwKQmIEkU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:34:25.538000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:09:37.165000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3MIwpw8kAMIuGukggC2mUo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.309000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.309000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.108'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3MIwpw8kAMIuGukggC2mUo/a296d679fd2c30c9a1fec354b5028ef9/2013_2034.108.jpg"
caption: Engraved antelope and lion pugmarks on cave wall. Wadi el-Obeiyd, Farafra
Oasis, Western Desert. 2013,2034.108 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577697&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=42209&page=2
- sys:
id: 4jirnWi9nqW0e44wqkOwMi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:40:02.893000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:07:08.214000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 5'
body: Possible links between ancient Egyptian culture and wider Saharan rock art
traditions have been discussed since the rock art of northern Africa first met
European academic attention in the early 20th century. Although the arid Western
Desert appears to have been a significant barrier, relations remain unclear.
- sys:
id: 69gKt6UfRuqKcSuCWUYOkc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:40:26.215000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:21:14.317000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 6'
body: Certainly, not all rock art found in Egypt has direct links to Pharaonic
cultures. Recently, the rock art at Qurta, south of Edfu, of naturalistic outline
engravings of ancient aurochs (ancestors of domestic cattle), were dated reliably
to the Palaeolithic Period, between 16,000 and 15,000 years ago, making them
the oldest known rock art in northern Africa. Between the eighth and fourth
millennia BC, Egypt’s climate was generally temperate, interrupted only briefly
by dry spells, until the increasing aridity thereafter concentrated life in
the Eastern Sahara around the river’s banks.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:35:03.483000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:21:43.897000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1BqBCPqhDiiM0qqeM6Eeie
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.325000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.325000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.126'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1BqBCPqhDiiM0qqeM6Eeie/cc9f8eabaf32202035c94c9e7d444bb2/2013_2034.126.jpg"
caption: Hand prints, blown pigment on cave wall. <NAME>-Obeiyd, Farafra Oasis,
Western Desert. 2013,2034.126 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577677&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=42209&page=1
- sys:
id: 68oUY9MIOA82MUu0SUuYIU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:40:44.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-22 19:36:46.175000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 7'
body: This development fostered both ancient Egyptian culture and isolated populations
of animals elsewhere driven out of their environments by encroaching desert,
some of which, like crocodiles, are represented in the rock engravings found
along the alluvial plains. Engravings of wild fauna continue to be uncovered,
such as that recently found near the Farafra Oasis, with depictions of giraffe
and antelope scratched into the rock face. In a cave nearby, alongside engraved
lion paw prints, are blown-pigment negative paintings of human hands.
- sys:
id: 5iFCF3Y5AsMoKE8mqa2gMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:35:44.393000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:28:38.595000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2eE8VylT2ocoEoAQ22m2Qq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.349000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.349000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2eE8VylT2ocoEoAQ22m2Qq/3a8fa3faf5eb2287751d90b451c1090c/2013_2034.4.jpg"
caption: Engraved cattle. <NAME>, <NAME>. 2013,2034.4 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iW0oAD
- sys:
id: 4lif35hFsIWGGeYmQIK2Sc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:41:00.987000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:30:05.093000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 8'
body: Some of Egypt’s most striking and famous rock art is found far from the
Nile at Gilf Kebir, a vast sandstone plateau in the desert near the Libyan border.
As elsewhere in the Sahara, there are frequent depictions of domestic cattle,
people and wild animals. Like most rock art, the paintings and engravings here
are hard to date accurately but may refer to the ‘Bovidian Period’ (Pastoral
Period) rock art of the wider Sahara, typified by paintings and engravings of
cattle and people (Huyge, 2009). However, the scholarly community recognises
the inherent difficulty of formulating conclusions of direct links with wider
rock art practices. Some evidence of pastoralists in the area means that this
rock art could have been made as early as the fifth millennium BC and are thus
possibly contemporaneous with Predynastic Egyptian cultures, but not necessarily
connected (Riemer, 2013).
- sys:
id: 3MnIkobDNSIWoYeec8QmsI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:41:27.078000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:41:27.078000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 9'
body: The motivation behind producing these images remains elusive. Where a particular
cosmology is better known, it can be speculated, such as the Nile boat paintings
have been suggested to evoke funerary beliefs and practices. If nothing else,
the cattle paintings of Gilf Kebir demonstrate the importance of cattle in the
pastoralist culture that produced them. Despite still being relatively little
known, the ‘mystique’ behind rock art has cultivated popular curiosity, in particular
in Gilf Kebir’s famous ‘Cave of Swimmers’. This is a shallow rock shelter featuring
many painted human figures in strange contortions, as if swimming – images which
have captured the popular imagination, with their glimpse of life in Egypt millennia
before the Pharaohs and their hints at a watery Sahara.
- sys:
id: 3Wc0ODJNxmUc86aiSCseWM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:36:22.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:36:22.741000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2QN2xRgnrOcQKsIM224CYY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.324000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.324000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.212'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2QN2xRgnrOcQKsIM224CYY/6444f91f912b086def593035a40f987b/2013_2034.212.jpg"
caption: Painted human and cattle figures, <NAME>, <NAME>. 2013,2034.212
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577589&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6D5UoHwwO4sg8gmUA8ikWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:37:10.022000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-22 19:38:21.856000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |+
<NAME>. 2009, *Rock Art*. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles, p. 4
<NAME>. 2013. *Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts*, <NAME>. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/hairdressing-in-the-acacus.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: R61tF3euwCmWCUiIgi42q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:46:43.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:44:43.683000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: Hairdressing in the Acacus
slug: hairdressing-in-the-acacus
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.477'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC/10eed798251d37d988ca686b32c6f42d/2013_2034.477.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 6eJZLBozwQuAI08GMkwSi6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:35.115000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:35.115000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 1'
body: Hair is a global form of social communication. Among numerous social groups
throughout Africa, hairstyling and hairdressing hold great cultural and aesthetic
significance. Coiffures have been regarded as indicative of ethnic origin, gender
and stages of life development – as well as simply fashion – and have been related
to power, age, religion and politics. The transitory yet highly visible nature
of hair ensures its suitability as a medium for personal and social expression.
And it is not just the domain of women; elaborate hair-styling for men can be
an equally important indicator of their place in society.
- sys:
id: 3w7Qbm8FOw2oqQsm6WsI0W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:46.614000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:27:05.950000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5vt4IZCBSEmAQESGiGIS6Q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:08.444000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:08.444000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.479'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5vt4IZCBSEmAQESGiGIS6Q/8ea72bce196d2281a0a80d2c2a3b5b5b/2013_2034.479.jpg"
caption: Seated figure showing elaborate coiffure. Wadi Teshuinat, Acacus Mountains,
Fezzan District, Libya. 2013,2034.479 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581661&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6x5pF6pyus2WomGOkkGweC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:59.906000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:29:46.989000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 2'
body: |-
A particularly interesting set of images from Uan Amil in the Acacus Mountains, south-western Libya, reflect the cultural significance of hair in African societies. The scenes depict groups of people engaged in a variety of communal social practices wearing elaborate coiffures, together with some very discrete moments of personal hairdressing.
The image below, which is part of a larger panel, shows an intimate moment between two persons, an individual with an ornate coiffure washing or attending to the hair of another. In some African societies, a person’s choice of hairdresser is dictated by their relationship to them. It is most often the work of friends or family to whom you entrust your hair. In the hands of a stranger or adversary hair can be used as an ingredient in the production a powerful substance that could afflict its owner - such is the potency of hair. This image conveys such intimacy.
- sys:
id: 1XeQI6NL3qeuiosIEoiESE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:39:31.382000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:38:40.565000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.477'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC/10eed798251d37d988ca686b32c6f42d/2013_2034.477.jpg"
caption: Figure on the left wears an ornate hairstyle and attends to the washing
or preparation of another’s hair. 2013,2034.477 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581665&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=+2013,2034.477&page=1
- sys:
id: 2GniIJcZiUSuYWQYYeQmOS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:43:22.643000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:40:09.594000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 3'
body: 'The rock shelter of Uan Amil was discovered in 1957 by the Italian-Libyan
Joint Archaeological Mission surveying in the Acacus and Messak regions of Libya.
Excavations have indicated the shelter was in use over a long period, with at
least three main occupational phases between the 8th and 4th millennium BP.
Italian archaeologist <NAME> has dated these paintings to 6,000 years
ago, while David Coulson has been more cautious and has suggested that the presence
of a metal blade on the arrow head seen at the bottom of this image may indicate
a more recent age. Notwithstanding the problems associated with the dating of
rock art, the subject matter is intriguing. It has been suggested that today’s
Wodaabe nomads of Niger resemble the people on these rock paintings: ‘the cattle
look the same, as do the campsites with their calf-ropes, and the women’s hairstyles
with the special bun on the forehead. The female hair bun is big and round like
a globe.’(Bovin, 2001:12).'
- sys:
id: 5Vp0rW88lqs6UcgaSm6egI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:39:56.320000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:38:59.901000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1KUdkb6fbmW8KOsKWEcu02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:12.261000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:12.261000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.473'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1KUdkb6fbmW8KOsKWEcu02/06c41b36730e0cbf81b105dd400c52ef/2013_2034.473.jpg"
caption: This scene has been variously interpreted as showing preparations for
a wedding. Note the hairwashing scene top right. 2013,2034.473 © TARA/David
Coulson.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581674&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.473&page=1
- sys:
id: 59XlSp8P7O0ms8UI0auQCw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:43:42.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:33:15.417000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 4'
body: |-
The Wodaabe number around 125,000. As pastoral nomads they migrate often and over large geographical areas, keeping mahogany-coloured Zebu cattle which have a hump on their back and long horns, shaped like a lyre. As a cultural group they have attracted much anthropological attention because of their traditional values of beauty (in particular the male beauty pageant) which pervades their everyday lives and practices.
Wodaabe seldom wash their entire bodies mainly because of the scarcity of water. Water from wells is mainly used for drinking by humans and animals. Washing the body and clothes is less of a priority; and hair is hardly ever washed. When Wodaabe put rancid butter on their hair it is to make it soft and shiny and cleanse it of dust and lice. To them rancid butter gives a nice sweet smell (Bovin, 2001:56). In the above image ([2013,2034.473](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581674&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.473&page=1)) at the top right, a vessel sits between the two individuals that may have served to hold rancid butter used in the preparation of the hair. In fact, treating the hair with butter is a widespread practice in African societies. In addition, Wodaabe never cut their hair. Men and women alike desire to have their hair as long as possible. The ideal girl should have long, thick black hair, enough to make a huge round bun on her forehead, while the ideal young male should have long, thick black hair to make braids to the shoulders.
- sys:
id: 5mnMqJRcbuQqk0ucEOAGCw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:40:22.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:48:54.315000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2blaCOYdgYsqqCGakGIwoA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.452000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.452000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.453'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2blaCOYdgYsqqCGakGIwoA/5267369f7e2901448a0f0b0af93ca2a4/2013_2034.453.jpg"
caption: Two herders wearing feathers in their hair. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Fezzan District, Libya. 2013,2034.453 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581631&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.453&page=1
- sys:
id: qhIjVs2Vxe4muMCWawu0k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:44:06.559000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:32:51.163000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 5'
body: |-
A long, narrow face is also admired and this is enhanced by shaping the hair on top of the head, and also using an ostrich feather to elongate the face (Bovin,2001:26). The painting above, from <NAME>, characterises this.
Interestingly, the coiffures in the images here are light in colour and do not conform to the black ideal as indicated above. It has been suggested that this represents Caucasians with blonde hair. However, it may also be a visual strategy to emphasise the aesthetics of the coiffure. Hairstyles in African sculpture are often shown conceptually, rather than mimetically; idealising rather than copying exactly from contemporary hairdressing practices. In this respect representation follows artistic traditions as much as, or more than, it responds to ephemeral shifts in fashion.
- sys:
id: 6aPxu2uKyci0Kee8G4gQcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:40:47.827000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:54:21.695000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4gAFUKBZEsGKMie4cMomwS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.461000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.466'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4gAFUKBZEsGKMie4cMomwS/0770077ecb7b113ef266b26bfe368bb4/2013_2034.466.jpg"
caption: Central figure ‘washing’ their hair while other social practices are
taking place. Uan Amil, Libya. 2013,2034.466 © TARA/<NAME>oulson.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581646&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.466&page=1
- sys:
id: 74IrMM3qGkksSuA4yWU464
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:44:28.703000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:59:10.344000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 6'
body: The cultural importance of hair is evident where depictions of hair-washing,
hairstyling or hair preparation are an active element within more complex social
and cultural activities, such as preparations for a wedding or a scene of supplication.
In addition, the C-shaped feature in the image above has been suggested to be
a coiled snake, and the figure sits between the head and tail. It may seem incongruous
to have hair preparation scenes represented within a tableau representing a
wedding or ceremonial meeting, but may say something more about the nature of
representation. In each case, these may represent a conceptual depiction of
time and space. These activities are not ones that occur concurrently temporally
and spatially, but rather represent an assemblage of discrete moments that contribute
to each ceremony in its entirety.
- sys:
id: tvHqAC4aqc2QQWIS8WA26
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:04.601000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:31:22.408000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1a8FFEsdsuQeYggMCAasii
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.449000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.449000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.465'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1a8FFEsdsuQeYggMCAasii/9c5d70e5961bc74dc11f2170d2ae6b1c/2013_2034.465.jpg"
caption: Larger panel from Uan Amil of a figure ‘washing’ their hair. This scene
has been interpreted as a possible scene of supplication with people visiting
a man in a curved shelter. 2013,2034.465 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581647&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.465&page=1
- sys:
id: 5qMQLHHz7Uqg460WGO6AW0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:44:46.392000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:32:18.314000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 7'
body: The Wodaabe invest vast amounts of time and resources in their outward appearance
and the need to beautify and refine. ‘Art’ is not just something that is aesthetically
pleasing - it is a necessity of life, a necessity that must be exhibited. While
there are likely to be a variety of complex social, economic and cultural motivations,
that necessity is possibly additionally driven or fuelled by a seemingly desolate,
unadorned, irregular landscape. The importance lies in distinguishing oneself
as a cultural being rather than the ‘uncultured other’, such as an animal; and
hair is an apposite medium by which to make this nature/culture distinction.
Hair care in African societies is unmistakably aesthetic in its aspirations
as it gets transferred into other artistic mediums, and the divide between nature
and culture is thoroughly and intentionally in play. To transform hair is to
transform nature, and is truly an artistic discipline.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5Sk9I9j7lm0wuUs2m4Qqw4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:34:37.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:34:37.564000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: 'Bovin, Mette. 2001. Nomads Who Cultivate Beauty. Uppsala: Nordiska
Afrikainstitutet'
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1uxzHwxp9GEUy2miq0C0mM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:13.394000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:13.394000000 Z
title: '01567916 001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uxzHwxp9GEUy2miq0C0mM/9c706cad52d044e1d459bba0166ec2fb/01567916_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 3drvdVaCYoMs04ew2sIE8Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:47.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:47.560000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.466 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3drvdVaCYoMs04ew2sIE8Y/78d8f39af68d603fbc8a46c745148f0e/2013_2034.466_1.jpg"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/somalia-somaliland-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2DBcI8BWaU6mcgAKK6KCsE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:31:41.871000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:43:18.317000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Somalia/ Somaliland: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1KQNUoZNrCkAQ2SymEAMC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:26:17.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:26:17.254000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 1'
body: Somalia is a country located at the corner of the Horn of Africa, bordered
by Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya. Somaliland self-declared independence from
Somalia in 1991 although the government of Somalia has not recognised this and
views it as an autonomous region. A cultural and economic crossroads between
Middle East, Africa and Asia, this area has historically been the centre of
trade routes that linked these regions. It also has a very rich rock art heritage
which has only recently been started to be studied in depth. Most of the known
depictions correspond to painted or engraved cattle scenes, often accompanied
by human figures, dogs and other domestic animals, although some warriors, camels
and geometric symbols (sometimes interpreted as tribal marks) are common too.
- sys:
id: 3dA1xqkTa0mKwo2mQcASWm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:23:03.983000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:37:53.141000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4n4aYQQ3ws86seSuSQC2Q0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:17:32.780000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:17:32.780000000 Z
title: '2013,1023.15855'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4n4aYQQ3ws86seSuSQC2Q0/dbb3602a28b6144aa4c317fe75196363/SOMLAG0030004.jpg"
caption: Figure of painted cattle and human figures, with a semi-desert plain
in the background. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,1023.15855 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691566&partId=1&people=197356&place=41067%7c27048%7c1665&view=list&page=2
- sys:
id: 2OBCFk5x3OmouqCga48C8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:26:58.643000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:18:51.197000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 2'
body: 'The geography of Somaliland is characterized by a coastal semi-desert plain
which runs parallel to the Gulf of Aden coast, crossed by seasonal rivers (wadis)
which make possible some grazing during the rainy season. Farther to the south,
this semi-desert plain gives rise to the Karkaar Mountains. These mountains,
which run from Somaliland into the region of Puntland in Somalia, have an average
height of 1800 meters above sea level and run west to east until Ras Caseyr
(Cape Guardafui) where the north and east coasts of the Horn of Africa meet.
Southward to the mountains there is a big, dry plateau known as the Ogo, whose
western part (the Haud) is one of the few good grazing areas in the country.
The Ogo plateau occupies much of central and eastern Somalia, which to the south
is characterized by the two only permanent rivers in the country, the Jubba
and the Shabeele, born in the Ethiopian highlands and running to the south.
Regarding rock art, the distribution of the known rock art sites shows a high
concentration in Somaliland, with only some sites located to the south in the
Gobolka Hiiraan region. However, this distribution could be a result of lack
of research in other areas. '
- sys:
id: 2OM3VEqOV2esQye48QAu2s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:23:30.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:21:01.481000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2mLUneHM24eEYEQ8W4EKsq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:18:00.392000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:18:00.392000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15623'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2mLUneHM24eEYEQ8W4EKsq/53eef5b06e2341da0768225d38e7847c/SOMGABNAS010005.jpg"
caption: Semi-desert landscape in Somaliland. Dhaga Koure. 2013,2034.15623 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jDoZeS
- sys:
id: 41tEkwH3cIckAgeM0MaO6o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:28.491000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:28.491000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 3'
body: A reconstruction of rock art research history is challenging due to its
contemporary history. To begin with, during the colonial period the country
was divided in three different territories (British, Italian and French) with
very different trajectories, until 1960 when the British and Italian territories
joined to create Somalia. In British Somaliland the first studies of rock art
were carried out by <NAME> and <NAME> in the 1940s, and the first
general overview was published in 1954 by <NAME>, as a part of a regional
synthesis of the Horn of Africa prehistory, followed by limited research done
by Italians in the north-east region in the late 1950s. Since then, research
has been limited, with some general catalogues published in the 1980s and 1990s,
although political instability has often prevented research, especially in the
south-eastern region of Somalia. In fact, most rock art information comes from
wider regional syntheses dedicated to the Horn of Africa. In the early 2000’s
the discovery of the Laas Geel site led to a renewed interest in rock art in
Somaliland, which has allowed a more systematic study of archaeological sites.
Nowadays, about 70 of these sites have been located only in this area, something
which shows the enormous potential of rock art studies in the Horn of Africa.
- sys:
id: 4w2Oo8iJG0A6a6suMusm8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:24:00.701000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:22:27.659000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mWyGCLGFacW2aOUYmGQWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:01.529000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:01.529000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16100'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mWyGCLGFacW2aOUYmGQWs/066214022447d9fbe76ff624e2887a57/SOMLAG0100001.jpg"
caption: View of engraved cattle with lyre-like horns and marked udders. Laas
Geel. 2013,2034.16100© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j68Ld2
- sys:
id: 4gYGUVBkbKwWYqUwAsMs0U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:53.242000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:53.242000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 4'
body: The rock art has traditionally been ascribed to the so-called Ethiopian-Arabican
style, a term coined by Pavel Červiček in 1971 to remark the strong stylistic
relationship between the rock art found in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian
Peninsula. According to this proposal, there was a progressive evolution from
naturalism to schematism, perceptible in the animal depictions throughout the
region. Wild animals seem to be largely absent but for Djibouti, while cattle
depictions seem to have been fundamental elsewhere, either isolated or in herds.
Such is the case with rock art in this region, where cows and bulls are the
most common depictions, in many cases associated to human figures in what seems
to be reverential or ritual scenes. In some of the sites, such as Laas Geel,
the necks of the cows have been decorated with complex geometric patterns interpreted
as a kind of mat used in special occasions to adorn them.
- sys:
id: LmEAuSwhEG6iuQ6K8CioS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:24:22.355000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:26:37.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 10vxtVrFIcuoaww8gEKCSY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:22.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:22.576000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15935'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/10vxtVrFIcuoaww8gEKCSY/c4d210b0ddd69dd44e5bcd59cdecc875/SOMLAG0070012.jpg"
caption: View of painted cattle and human figures. Laas Geel, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15935
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jiF5XI
- sys:
id: 2twRKjr52EwkSI0UMUIws4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:28:12.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:28:12.916000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 5'
body: Along with cattle, other animals were represented (humped cows or zebus,
dogs, sheep, dromedaries), although to a much lesser extent. Wild animals are
very rare, but giraffes have been documented in Laas Geel and elephants and
antelopes in Tug Gerbakele, and lions are relatively common in the schematic,
more modern depictions. Human figures also appear, either distributed in rows
or isolated, sometimes holding weapons. Geometric symbols are also common, usually
associated with other depictions. In Somalia, these symbols have often been
interpreted as tribal or clan marks. With respect to techniques, both engraving
and painting are common, although paintings seem to be predominant.
- sys:
id: 2gSkte21PuqswWM2Q804gi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:24:47.061000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:00:51.600000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 20zCz4hAbmiSm0MuGIkGQk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:38.412000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:38.412000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15386'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/20zCz4hAbmiSm0MuGIkGQk/d36ff89e5284f1536daa5c3c82e345be/SOMDHA0020008.jpg"
caption: Panel or relatively modern chronology showing painted white camels, unidentified
quadrupeds and signs. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15386© TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j4Q3Ar
- sys:
id: 5QuYRZm7SMewQCgO0g2sE2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:28:43.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:13:57.212000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 6'
body: As in many other places, the establishment of accurate chronologies for
Somaliland rock art is challenging. In this case, the lack of long term research
has made things more difficult, and most hypotheses have been based in stylistic
approaches, analysis of depictions and a small set of radiocarbon data and archaeological
excavations. According to this, the oldest depictions could be dated to between
the mid-3rd and the 2rd millennium BC, although older dates have been proposed
for Laas Geel. This phase would be characterized by humpless cows, sheep and
goats as well as wild animals. These sites would indicate the beginning of domestication
in this region, the cattle being as a fundamental pillar of these communities.
From this starting point the relative antiquity of the depictions would be marked
by a tendency to schematism, visible in the superimpositions of several rock
art sites. The introduction of camels would mark a chronology of the end of
the first millennium BC, while the date proposed for the introduction of zebus
(humped cows) should be placed at between the 1st Centuries BC and AD.
- sys:
id: 5Qtce93TSEks2Ukmks8e4E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:25:07.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:24:38.017000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 22wpEosKyYwyycaMgSmQMU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:17.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:17.860000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15564'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/22wpEosKyYwyycaMgSmQMU/526e6ce44e5bf94379b55b2551a44b18/SOMGAB0050003.jpg"
caption: Humped white cow. Dhaga Khoure, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15564 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2ikqWb2
- sys:
id: uPwtnjPhmK6y4kUImq4g8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:29:03.262000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:29:03.262000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 7'
body: Since the 1st millennium BC human figures armed with lances, bows and shields
start to appear alongside the cattle, in some cases distributed in rows and
depicting fighting scenes against other warriors or lions. The moment when this
last period of rock art ended is unknown, but in nearby Eritrea some of these
figures were depicted with firearms, thus implying that they could have reached
a relatively modern date.
- sys:
id: PLXVZ70YMuKQuMOOecEIi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:25:31.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 15:23:32.358000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4njSKDcdtuaCGiSKGKmGEa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:32.901000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:32.901000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15617'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4njSKDcdtuaCGiSKGKmGEa/04b2b2ab0529ebec8831b47816d7f5f2/SOMGAB0090007.jpg"
caption: 'Detail of painted rock art depicting two human figures and a humped
cow, infilled in red and yellow. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15616 ©
TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3711116&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.15616+&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 62GO9AUWhq0GgwQC6keQAU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:32:25.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:13:02.046000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. (1998): Contributo alla conoscenza dell’arte rupestre somala. *Rivista di Scienze Prehistoriche*, 49 (225-246).
<NAME>. (1954): *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. Octagon Press, New York.
<NAME>. (2015), Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire, *African Archaeological Review* 32(1): 111-136.
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/south-africa/gamepass.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: South Africa
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 2XOggE9Gxaew6iMMKS4E4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:15:32.469000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:35:15.580000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 2
title: Game Pass Shelter, South Africa
slug: gamepass
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5WhcFBd6owA0UwoG6iOg4Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:00.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:34:42.735000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Game Pass Shelter, South Africa
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 1'
body: "Game Pass shelter is one of the most well-known rock art sites in South
Africa. Situated in the foothills of the Drakensberg mountains, a sandstone
recess atop a steep slope contains rock paintings made by people from the San|Bushman¹
communities who historically lived as hunter-gatherers throughout southern Africa.
The Drakensberg mountains in particular are known for their wealth of rock paintings,
often showing detailed and brightly coloured images of people, animals and part-human,
part-animal figures known as ‘therianthropes’, with this site a prime example.
One of the panels of paintings here is particularly important in the history
of rock art research, as in the 1970s it helped to inspire a new kind of approach
to the understanding of the meanings and symbolism of San|Bushman paintings
and engravings.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 6mZ8n44JbyOIMKaQYKgm4k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:11.338000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:55:27.144000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: XICyV4qumymqa8eIqCOeS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:27.902000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:27.902000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/XICyV4qumymqa8eIqCOeS/5c82b58cf67f6c300485aea40eb5b05a/SOADRB0080002.jpg"
caption: View of the Game Pass Shelter from below. 2013,2034.18363 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730908&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18363&page=1
- sys:
id: 3xOl8hqio0E2wYYKIKomag
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:45.525000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:57:48.547000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka/fcea216b7327f325bf27e3cebe49378e/SOADRB0080007.jpg"
caption: Painted panel showing multiple eland antelope and other figures. 2013,2034.18368
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18368&page=1
- sys:
id: 3ilqDwqo80Uq6Q42SosqQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:59.726000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:59:22.144000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The most prominent painting panel at Game Pass shows a series of carefully
depicted eland antelope in delicately shaded red, brown and white pigment, largely
super imposing a group of ambiguous anthropomorphic figures wrapped in what
appear to be bell-shaped karosses (traditional skin cloaks). Several small human
figures appear to be running above them. These are some of the best-preserved
rock paintings in the Drakensberg, with the largest animals around 30 cm long. To
the left of this panel are two smaller sets of images, one with two further
eland, some further human-like figures and a human figure with a bow; the other
a small panel, for which the site is most renowned. An image around 50 cm long shows
an eland with its face turned towards the viewer, depicted as if stumbling forwards,
with its hind legs crossed. Grasping the eland's tail is a therianthrope figure
with hooves for feet. Like the eland, this figure has its legs crossed and is
depicted with small lines like raised hairs bristling from its body. To the
right are three further therianthrope figures.
- sys:
id: 3oYyhNlOdWu4oaoG0qUEGC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:08.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:02:39.599000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 777S5VQyBO0cMwKC0ayqKe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:12.516000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:12.516000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/777S5VQyBO0cMwKC0ayqKe/67d88e9197416be62cc8ccc0b576adf9/SOADRB0080015.jpg"
caption: Panel showing an eland antelope with crossed legs and a therianthrope
figure grasping its tail. 2013,2034.18376 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730898&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18376&page=1
- sys:
id: 3t21DyQhhu6KYE24yOuW6E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:26.839000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:02:03.671000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The rock paintings from this site were first brought to public attention
in a 1915 issue of Scientific American, and it has been frequently published
on and discussed through the 20th century. While studying a reproduction of
the image with the stumbling eland in the early 1970s, researcher <NAME>
began to consider that the figure holding the eland's tail might not be a simple
illustration of a man wearing a skin suit, or performing an act of bravura,
as had been suggested by previous researchers, but might be “idiomatic and metaphorical,
rather than illustrative” (Lewis-Williams 1981:91).
- sys:
id: 8JKh5DFTLqMsaCQWAAA4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:41.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:03:14.804000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2QyopQgIx2AAMU46gEM2Wg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:36.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:36.176000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080017
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2QyopQgIx2AAMU46gEM2Wg/614f0c5c375d7d8e8e9be93ce2179a18/SOADRB0080017.jpg"
caption: The figure holding the eland’s tail has similar qualities to the eland
itself. 2013,2034.1838 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730897&partId=1&place=107937&plaA=107937-2-2&page=1
- sys:
id: 1l6QCXODlWoa6kmgWAgco2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:55.229000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 16:42:50.171000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 4'
body: "This idea was partly inspired by the testimony of Qing, a San|Bushman
man who, in 1873, had guided the Colonial Administrator <NAME>
to rock art sites in the mountains of Lesotho, with which the Drakensberg forms
a natural eastern border with South Africa and which also contains many rock
paintings. Qing's explanations of the paintings, some of which Orpen copied,
included a reference to antelope-headed human figures having “died and gone
to live in rivers, who were spoilt at the same time as the elands and… by the
dances of which you have seen paintings”. This, along with testimony and practices
recorded from other South African San|Bushman people at the time, as well
as those living elsewhere in south-western Africa in the 20th century, suggested
to Lewis-Williams that these and other images in San|Bushman rock art may
be a reference to the activities of spiritual leaders or 'shamans', people who,
in San|Bushman communities, are believed to have the power to interact
with spirits and the spirit world in ways which may affect the physical world.
\n\nLewis-Williams and other proponents of this 'shamanistic' approach to interpreting
San|Bushman rock art have proposed that much of its imagery is in fact
related to the shaman's experience during the 'trance dance' ritual found in
all San|Bushman socie-ties. During this activity the shaman enters a hallucinatory
state in which spiritual ‘tasks’ such as healing the sick may be undertaken
on behalf of the community. On entering the trance state the shaman experiences
trembling, sweating, stumbling and other symptoms similar to those of a dying
antelope hit by a poisoned arrow. <NAME> noted that among some San|Bushman
people this process is referred to as ‘dying’ or being ‘spoilt’ and considered
that the similarities between the eland and the therianthrope figure in this
image represent this conceived equivalence.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 4cmGHIbGFqOEqYWwyi0S2e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:08.008000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:05:13.185000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qjFwYmXkca88mMcWSiGgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:04.272000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:04.272000000 Z
title: SOADRB0010012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qjFwYmXkca88mMcWSiGgc/761a55733ca2935fd7056e1a0de33dd6/SOADRB0010012.jpg"
caption: Two eland antelope running in the Drakensberg. 2013,2034.18180 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729855&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18180&page=1
- sys:
id: 1VRoS6FN4ga60gcYImm6c2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:20.350000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 16:47:30.231000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 5'
body: |
Despite the historical presence of other large game animals in the Drakensberg, the eland is the most commonly depicted animal in rock art of the region. <NAME>, noting this and the focus on other particular subjects in the imagery at the expense of others, proposed in her pioneering 1976 study of the rock art of the Southern Drakensberg *People of the Eland* that the paintings are “not a realistic reflection of the daily pursuits or environment of the Bushmen” (Vinnicombe 1976:347). Vinnicombe recalled that when, in the 1930s, an old Sotho man named Mapote, who had San|Bushman half-siblings and had used to paint with them, was requested to demonstrate, he had said that since the San|Bushmen had been “of the eland”, he should first depict an eland. Based on this and recountings of a myth about the creation and death of the first eland from Qing and other contemporary Southern San|Bushman people, Vinnicombe concluded that the eland, although regularly hunted by the Drakensberg San|Bushmen, had been a particularly sacred or powerful animal to them and that “Through the act of painting and re-painting the eland… the mental conflict involved in destroying a creature that was prized and loved by their deity…was…ritually symbolised and resolved” (Vinnicombe, 1976:350).
Building on the idea of the spiritual significance of the eland, the approach proposed by Lewis-Williams offered an alternative interpretation by inferring from ethnography that eland were believed to have spiritual ‘potency’. As part of a complex system of beliefs involving conceptions of power and potency in relation to animals and rites, this potency could be released upon death, with trancing shamans believed to be able to harness it, feeling themselves taking on the attributes of the animal. Thus therianthrope figures like those depicted here may be interpreted as representing hallucinatory experiences of shamans in trance, where they may feel that they are assuming the forms of other animals. It has been argued that other motifs such as geometric forms known as 'entoptics' represent the abstract patterns created by neural networks and ‘seen’ during the early stages of entering an altered state of consciousness and that the paintings themselves may have been created as reservoirs of spiritual potency.
- sys:
id: n044NT3TZAYwKSakkogoU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:38.475000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:05:31.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 60II5zuUne2A80682sYYs2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:34.660000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:34.660000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080019
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/60II5zuUne2A80682sYYs2/bbee114e572cf8a7a403d6802749707c/SOADRB0080019.jpg"
caption: Eland and faded figures. 2013,2034.18391 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730884&partId=1&place=107937&plaA=107937-2-2&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Lheod1OGAYUW4Goi6GAUo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:46.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 16:49:04.072000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 6'
body: "The shamanistic approach to interpreting San|Bushman rock art images,
for which the Game Pass panel is sometimes referred to as the ‘Rosetta Stone’,
gained popularity in the 1980s and has since become the dominant interpretative
framework for researchers. Debate continues about the extent and nature of its
applicability in all of San|Bushman rock art, and the extent to which myth
and ritual not associated with the trance dance may also inform the art. Work
that connects San|Bushman cosmology and practice with images from sites
like Game Pass continue to provide interesting insights into these enigmatic
images. \n\nGame Pass Shelter and many other rock art sites are situated within
the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was inscribed as a UNESCO Transboundary
World Heritage Site in 2000. The site is open to the public and accessible via
a trail from the Kamberg Rock Art Centre.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 4XwNgMsBPaQ06My8Qs4gKU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:35:11.603000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:35:11.603000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'South Africa Featured Site Chapter 7 '
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: 3brqyMy1K0IC0KyOc8AYmE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:59.720000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:59.720000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2009. 'Contested Histories: A Critique of Rock Art in the Drakens-berg Mountains' in Visual Anthropology 22:4, pp. 327 — 343
<NAME>. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|Bushman Rock Paintings. Johannesburg, University of Witwatersrand Press
Vinnicombe, P. 1976. People of The Eland: Rock paintings of the Drakensberg Bushmen as a reflection of their life and thought. Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press
Solomon, A. 1997. ‘The Myth of Ritual Origins: Ethnography, Mythology and Interpre-tation of San|Bushman Rock Art’. South African Archaeological Bulletin 53, pp.3-13
<NAME>., & <NAME>. Art on the Rocks of Southern Africa. London, Mac-donald
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---<file_sep>/_layouts/thematic_index.html
---
layout: default
---
{% assign collection = site.collections | where: "label", page.collection | first %}
<div class="container">
<h1 class="page-heading">Explore {{ page.title }} </h1>
{% for item in collection.docs %}
{% assign introduction = item.contentful.chapters | where: "sys.content_type_id", "chapter" | first %}
{% assign image = item.contentful.lead_image %}
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</div><file_sep>/_coll_introduction/techniques.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 5j76DfcDwk28WOmWMAm20C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:47:55.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-25 16:57:49.881000000 Z
content_type_id: introduction
revision: 6
title: Techniques of production
slug: techniques
lead_image:
- sys:
id: 4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:46:35.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:01:17.553000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20476'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730556&partId=1&searchText=NAMDMT0010010&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA/c1c895d4f72a2260ae166ab9c2148daa/NAMDMT0010010.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3ATyteWLBeyy0IU6cUY8cc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:42:50.596000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:42:50.596000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'General: how made, chapter 1'
body: 'Rock art has been practised for tens of thousands of years and the techniques
by which the paintings and engravings are created, while varied, conform to
basic principles related to resources and technology. An equally important factor
is where the image is placed. Not every rock surface is appropriate to inscribe,
some may need preparing beforehand. While much research focus is generally given
over to subject matter, dating and meaning in rock art studies, consideration
of the techniques of production can provide some insightful observations into
the methodologies by which images are created. Technically speaking, images
can be broadly classified into two main groups: petroglyphs and pictographs.
Petroglyphs are engraved or carved depictions on a rock surface; pictographs
are painted images on a rock surface.'
- sys:
id: HYM6VlWCu2Uk28UwcI6qw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:40:34.705000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-19 17:12:00.737000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 53weII16ScuU6AQ6qWwIuS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4108'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/53weII16ScuU6AQ6qWwIuS/bceed94a08e062929a8c23605155d23f/2013_2034.4108.jpg"
caption: Bichrome antelope. <NAME>, <NAME>’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4108
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595543&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4108&page=1
- sys:
id: 1rfIlXAQBWuOMK4sqiAwau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:43:30.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:43:30.234000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Pictographs - Painting
title_internal: 'General: how made, chapter 2'
body: The pigments used in paintings are dependent on local resources, but typically
have been made of minerals such as ochre that comes in a variety of red, brown
and yellow hues. White is derived from silica, china clay and gypsum and black
is obtained from manganese minerals, charcoal or specularite. Once collected
these minerals were ground to form a powder and mixed with liquids such as egg
albumen, urine, blood, saliva or water to make the pigment easier to apply and
to act as a binding agent. Current research is exploring new methods to be able
to date these ingredients. A variety of tools have been used to apply the pigment
onto rock surfaces including birds’ feathers, animal hair, grasses or reeds
and fingers. This process is not simply a technological one, and for many cultural
groups the pigment itself and the method of application are imbued with symbolic
meaning.
- sys:
id: 5FvF7jgtQkqSuK6gcScAks
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:41:14.113000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-19 17:14:58.388000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5eo1GYHRFS6SYSWoum4Usy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.696000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.696000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.123'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5eo1GYHRFS6SYSWoum4Usy/c698e0e9d7477b42c5375328abfd5a21/2013_2034.123.jpg"
caption: Negative handprints. <NAME>-Obeiyd, Egypt. 2013,2034.123 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?searchText=Search%20the%20collection&museumno=2013,2034.123&ILINK|34484,|assetId=1492207&objectId=3577680&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4CLJOn1uoEQyaSkAooaeQW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:43:48.853000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-19 17:17:14.289000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'General: how made, chapter 3'
body: A very specific type of image is the handprint. These can be made in two
ways, positively and negatively; by covering the hand in paint and applying
it to the rock surface or by placing the hand on the rock and blowing paint
through a tube or from the mouth over the hand to produce a stencil effect.
Most images were made just in one colour, although examples of bichrome or polychrome
are relatively frequent. Again, although very rare, there are some examples
of figures combining engraving and painting.
- sys:
id: 5H7r0joxbOgqeesE4m2MUU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:44:30.108000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:44:30.108000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Petroglyphs – Engraving
title_internal: 'General: how made, chapter 4'
body: Three techniques were generally used to remove the rock surface; incising/engraving
(lines are cut into the rock with a sharp tool); pecking (hammering and chipping
away at the rock surface) and scraping. Rock faces were sometimes ‘prepared’
by scraping, allowing for an improved surface on which to inscribe the image.
Incising or engraving involves scratching into the stone surface using a sharp
lithic flake or metal blade. Pecking is a form of indirect percussion whereby
a second rock is used like a chisel between the hammerstone and the rock face,
while scraping is created using a hard hammerstone, which is battered against
the rock surface. A last, much rarer method of engraving is the bas-relief technique,
where the area around the image is lowered (usually by polishing) thus making
the figure raise over the surface.
- sys:
id: 3GOG2oZPjGmmMCii2QS0yE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:41:50.996000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-19 17:18:09.807000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ViunR9pOs40oei6A4yC6q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.695000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.696000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4328'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ViunR9pOs40oei6A4yC6q/a403a948fda6df00ef8ca14a2b9f409c/2013_2034.4328.jpg"
caption: Polished cattle engravings. Tegharghart, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4328
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601772&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4328&page=1
- sys:
id: 6EyM70F9YIq4eaIucMgaqa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:44:52.817000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:44:52.817000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'General: how made, chapter 5'
body: These methods of engraving are sometimes combined, as happens in the Sahara
where the outline of pecked figures is polished afterwards. Although for the
most part the engravings just depict the figures’ contour, on other occasions
all or part of the image is infilled with pecking or polishing. In all these
techniques, after differing periods of time the engraved surfaces weather and
acquire the same darker patina as the original surface.
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.696000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.123'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5eo1GYHRFS6SYSWoum4Usy/c698e0e9d7477b42c5375328abfd5a21/2013_2034.123.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:39:59.713000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.4108'
description:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/namibia-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 8t9OseGfHqIgcUCao2ysq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:01.738000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:39:27.185000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Namibia: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4UiO2GnKUMUwso4aYMqCaG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:48:35.037000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:46:01.299000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Namibia is home to over 1,200 rock art sites countrywide. Most of these
sites appear to correspond with the hunter-gatherer art tradition found throughout
southern Africa, with certain specific regional features. '
- sys:
id: 1dABVOGavUAI6goAY8miaA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:38:31.464000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 14:58:53.570000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 2'
- sys:
id: 5gSXylxGD6eO20EyeOIQSY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:11.461000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:11.461000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3Xk6O4MMsgEYY0WcaiCYqs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:06.642000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:06.642000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3Xk6O4MMsgEYY0WcaiCYqs/fb7f2a4378bb27d56354a99c94ee7624/NAMDMB0010001.jpg"
caption: View of the Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.20454 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729934&partId=1&people=197356&place=17546&museumno=2013,2034.20454+&page=1
- sys:
id: 3KVc3so4EMwom64W8mGmUs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:17.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:51:45.252000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Namibia covers an area of around 815,625km² in the south-west of Africa,
bordering Angola and Zambia in the north, Botswana in the east, and South Africa
to the south. Namibia’s climate is mainly arid or semi-arid, with the dry environment
of the Namib desert covering the entirety of the country’s coastline in the
west and bordered by southern Africa’s Great Escarpment, a rocky ridge at the
edge of the central plateau running in rough parallel to the coastline. East
of the ridge, the central plateau stretches towards the edge of the basin enclosing
the western portion of the Kalahari, a semi-desert environment extending into
Botswana and South Africa. '
- sys:
id: 1uThiykyCAYWWieyOKciQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:30.621000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:53:37.343000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 62AXX05gE8yACQgOgW0kqO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:26.962000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:26.962000000 Z
title: NAMDME0040007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/62AXX05gE8yACQgOgW0kqO/0571a6030a608d5c7390cb521681a48e/NAMDME0040007.jpg"
caption: Painted tableau showing giraffe, springbok, human figures and a tree. Omandumba,
Namibia. 2013,2034.21544 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3767635&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21544&page=1
- sys:
id: 3v5501rl28sYOwW2Cm8ga2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:37.812000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:57:17.099000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 9
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 4'
body: "Rock art is found across the country from the southern border almost to
the northern border, although rock art sites are scarce in the far north. The
majority of known rock art sites are found in the rocky and mountainous areas
forming the escarpment edge in the west of the country. Particular concentrations
of rock art are found in the west-centre of the country, north of the edge of
the Namib’s coastal sand sea. Namibia’s most well-known rock art locales are
clustered in this area, among them the Brandberg (also known as Dâures) and
Erongo mountains and the Spitzkoppe peaks, as well as the well-known engraved
rock art complex at Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes. \n\nAt approximately 20km wide,
the almost circular granitic intrusion of the Brandberg contains Namibia’s highest
point at over 2,500 ft., containing around 1,000 rock art sites and around 50,000
individual figures recorded. These include both paintings and engravings but
paintings form the majority. The Erongo mountains, a similar but less compact
formation around 120km to the south-east, contain a further 80 sites and 50km
to the west of this, the Spitzkoppe peaks, a group of granite inselbergs, has
a smaller concentration of known sites with 37 so far recorded. Painting sites
are most often found on vertical surfaces in rock shelters or the sides of granitic
boulders, while engravings may survive in more exposed environments such as
on boulders, often dolerite or sandstone. \n\nThe most well-known of the engraving
sites is that of Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, around 50 km north of the Brandberg.
The rock art complex here is dominated by collections of engraved images, though
some paintings are also present. With well over 2,000 individual images, the
Twyfelfontein engravings form the largest known discrete collection of engraved
rock art in southern Africa. \n"
- sys:
id: 18lzX7RJb8skMkC0ousqMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:45.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:56:06.499000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: History of research
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 5'
body: 'The first published mention of rock art in south-western Africa may be
that of <NAME> who mentioned “A strange tale of a rock in which the
tracks of…animals are distinctly visible” in his 1856 book Lake Ngami. Further
reports came in the 1870s when the <NAME> published an article
in a South African periodical reporting rock art in the Erongo Mountains, while
Commissioner <NAME> made a report of paintings near Dassiesfontein,
along with some the earliest known photographs of rock art in Africa. European
public awareness of rock art from the region in Europe was spurred by the January
1910 publication of an article by Oberleutnant <NAME> featuring images
from various sites in a German magazine. The first monograph on the rock art
of the area then known as South West Africa was published in 1930 (Obermaier
& Kühn, 1930), following further reports by officials, including the explorer
and geographer <NAME>, who in a 1921 report first noted the existence
of engravings at Twyfelfontein. '
- sys:
id: 6oW0rqforuI6AQIUaMu4Ks
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:03.966000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:03.966000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4nbVLA22Y0Uw06ICSeGYQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:57.411000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:49:57.411000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010073
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4nbVLA22Y0Uw06ICSeGYQm/b5c26da0464ec9a64fdde76edcc0fa3e/NAMDMT0010073.jpg"
caption: Engraved kudu cow with geometric engravings. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes,
Namibia. 2013,2034.22095 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763210&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22095&page=1
- sys:
id: 25d3VoqJDWy2OGSEM2a8so
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:14.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 16:36:47.346000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 6'
body: "During the course of an earlier expedition, Maack had stumbled upon a singular
painting in a Brandberg rock shelter. This image came to be well-known as the
‘White Lady’ of the Brandberg, after the renowned rock art researcher the Abbé
<NAME>uil, who saw Maack’s copy of it and took a keen interest in the image.
Eventually Breuil published a lavishly illustrated volume on the White Lady
in 1955, which made it one of the most famous rock painting images in the world.
\ During the 1940s and 50s Breuil also explored and published on rock art sites
elsewhere in the Brandberg and Erongo mountains. \n\n<NAME>, who had
acted as a guide for Breuil, would go on to conduct extensive documentation
work throughout the country as part of the comprehensive research project investigating
the archaeology of South West Africa run by the University of Cologne and sponsored
by the Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Beginning in 1963, this resulted in
the publications of Scherz’s three-volume opus *Felsbilder in Sudwest-Afrika*
in 1970, 1975 and 1986, containing site by site descriptions and classifications
of painting and engraving sites throughout modern Namibia, along with discussion
of theme and context. The Cologne programme also supported the work of several
other researchers, including the designer and artist <NAME>, whose meticulous
work recording rock paintings in South Africa’s Drakensberg had already gained
him recognition in the field of rock art research. From 1977, Pager began a
seven year project of recording painted rock art sites in the Brandberg, documenting
around 43,000 individual images. Pager’s corpus has been organised by <NAME> and published posthumously in the six-volume *Rock Paintings of
the Upper Brandberg*, as a result of which the Brandberg is one of the most
comprehensively documented rock art regions on earth.\n"
- sys:
id: pt0EDsK0SWU2Cg2EkuQKw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:38.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:59:58.758000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4ZB32q4diwyQMIaOomeQOg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:26.431000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:26.431000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0010016
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ZB32q4diwyQMIaOomeQOg/5dd2b69e51fa5dd4bcd8f24c1cbe6df2/NAMDMB0010016.jpg"
caption: The ‘White Lady’ painting, showing human figures, gemsbok antelope and
a therianthrope (part-human, part-animal figure). <NAME>, Brandberg,
Namibia. 2013,2034.21340 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771011&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21340&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Oc2SJpN9msEGCM0iWUGsw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:50:47.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:48:16.058000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 7'
body: 'The Cologne programme also sponsored the excavation work of archaeologist
<NAME>, who between 1968 and 1970 worked at numerous sites investigating
Late Stone Age activity in the country. During this time, Wendt recovered seven
slabs bearing pigment from a layer in a cave of the Huns Mountains in southern
Namibia, which have been scientifically dated to 30,000 years ago. Four of these
exhibited pigmented imagery of animals including a possible rhinoceros, a portion
of a possible zebra figure and a complete unidentified quadruped formed by two
of the plaques fitting together. These remain the oldest known figurative art
in Africa. Much further rock art recording and excavation work has been undertaken
since the 1980s in the Spitzkoppe, Erongo, Brandberg and other areas, with key
research led by archaeologists <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>,<NAME> and <NAME>, among others. '
- sys:
id: 1pTemf7LfaYckkgiam004s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:03.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:48:40.803000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 8'
body: "Much of the painted rock art in Namibia may be broadly compared to the
wider hunter-gatherer rock art oeuvre found throughout southern Africa, similar
in theme and composition and believed to be a part of the same general tradition,
which is generally attributed to San|Bushman¹ people and their ancestors.
Imagery includes scenes of human figures carrying bows and other implements,
wild animals and unidentified shapes in different pigments. Overall, human
figures dominate in the paintings of Namibia, making up more than 2/3 of the
painted figures, and where the gender can be recognised, they are more commonly
male than female. Prominent painting subjects and styles in the rock art of
Namibia (particularly the best-studied west-central region) include, at some
sites, clearly delineated dots and patterns on human figures, a particular tradition
of showing human figures with voluminous decorated hairstyles, and more images
of giraffe and kudu, gemsbok and springbok antelope than in other southern African
regions. Other images of animals include those of zebras, elephants, rhinoceros
and ostriches. More occasional motifs found include plants, cattle, sheep and
handprints. \n\n¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the
many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have
related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered
offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively
adopted them."
- sys:
id: 3EiSSgVDtCWA4C4EOyW2ai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:19.714000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 17:01:09.262000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3eVwGLF6ooeMySiG8G0a8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:15.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:15.764000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0020012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3eVwGLF6ooeMySiG8G0a8U/9c2150eacdb954ceb3f56afcbd4a5517/NAMDMB0020012.jpg"
caption: Painted women carrying bows and showing detail of white dots (personal
ornament or body paint). Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.21364 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771040&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21364&page=1
- sys:
id: 7LqBKmEh1YMWOEymKkiQSk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:27.064000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:22:02.825000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 9'
body: "Within Namibia, paintings come in a variety of styles, ranging from naturalistic
to stylised. Paintings found at Spitzkoppe tend to be smaller and cruder than
others in the region, where some sites feature tableaux in many colours while
others are entirely monochrome. While the majority of rock paintings in Namibia
seem to conform to the hunter-gatherer style, there are also some examples of
finger paintings in the Brandberg and northern Namibia, which are much more
schematic in style and appear to belong to a different tradition altogether.
\ \n\nAs with much southern African rock art, the colours visible today may
not always accurately reflect the original look. This is particularly true
for those used for pale colours or white, which may be ‘fugitive’, meaning that
over time they fade or wash away faster than the more stable pigments around
them, leaving gaps which were once coloured. Chemical analyses have shown that
a major binder (used to coalesce dry pigment powder) for painted rock art in
Namibia was blood, and in some cases egg white. \n"
- sys:
id: 2b4cKiDAbeuKMcO6siYG6Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:42.124000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:23:26.466000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3zUEF7pFUIeqsKeW2wOIkw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:37.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:37.704000000 Z
title: NAMDME0070010
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3zUEF7pFUIeqsKeW2wOIkw/15882e5e2123e5477d082edffd38e034/NAMDME0070010.jpg"
caption: Painting showing evidence of ‘fugitive’ pigment. Gemsbok or eland antelope
with only the red pigment remaining. Omandumba, Erongo Mountains, Namibia.
2013,2034.21647 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771309&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.21647&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UtWlqa1926kMisQkuimQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:51:49.953000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:49:27.291000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 10'
body: 'Engravings are often pecked and sometimes rubbed or polished. Although
engravings, like paintings, feature animal figures heavily, with images of ostriches
more common than those in paintings, there is a comparative dearth of engraved
human figures. There is also less obvious interaction between individual engraved
figures in the form of ‘scenes’ than in paintings, but instead more isolated
individuals scattered on rock surfaces. Engraved rock art in Namibia also features
a particular preponderance of images of spoor (animal hoof or paw prints). Some
of these engravings are very naturalistic and may be identified by species whereas
others, such as some showing human footprints, can be quite schematic. In addition,
many engravings are geometric in nature. '
- sys:
id: 6thXaCP5kIYysCy42IUgCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:14.154000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:24:08.309000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6lpq225cZOe0MKaC8cuuy6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:07.502000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:07.502000000 Z
title: NAMWNK0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6lpq225cZOe0MKaC8cuuy6/9815942f1c318fa7f945eb3075f8b109/NAMWNK0010002.jpg"
caption: Examples of engraved spoor corresponding to eland hoof prints, Kalahari,
Namibia. 2013,2034.22459 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3770294&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.22459&page=1
- sys:
id: 17KwAElNmCIGUoK4os22Gw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:22.473000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:49:48.177000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 11'
body: "Namibian rock paintings, and most engravings, have largely been interpreted
in the vein largely espoused by researchers over the past 30 years. This postulates
that much of this rock art reflects the experience of San|Bushman shamans
entering trance states and that rather than being scenes from daily life, the
depictions of animals and activities are highly symbolic within San|Bushman
cosmology, with images acting as reservoirs of spiritual power. This avenue
of interpretation originates largely from the study of rock art in South Africa
and Lesotho. While it appears broadly applicable here, the fact that direct
attributions to known cultural groups in this area are difficult somewhat hinders
direct comparisons with Namibian rock art. While hunter-gatherer rock painting
production in South Africa was practiced until the recent past, it appears to
have ceased in Namibia around a thousand years ago and modern San|Bushman
groups in the Kalahari area have no tradition of rock art production. \n\nAdditionally,
hundreds of miles and different geographical environments separate the rock
art centres of north-western Namibia from those in neighbouring countries. This
is particularly apparent in the differences in terms of animal subject matter,
with the numerous depictions of gemsbok and springbok, explicable by the rock
art creators being semi-desert dwellers where gemsbok and springbok are found
locally though largely absent from rock art elsewhere in southern Africa, where
these animals are not found. \n"
- sys:
id: lwcNbhZZy8koW0Uq2KEkq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:40.163000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:26:46.067000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5UMcF5DE2siok0k4UakAUW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:36.239000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:36.239000000 Z
title: NAMBRH0010024
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5UMcF5DE2siok0k4UakAUW/91a406ca0cb338ddf1c7e4b98325cd63/NAMBRH0010024.jpg"
caption: Examples of painted motifs in rock art of the Brandberg, showing gemsbok
antelope, giraffe, human, zebra and ostrich figures. Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.21303
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3768631&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.21303&page=1
- sys:
id: 6x77m8o4vuuEMeqiSISGCK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:47.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:30:06.342000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 12'
body: "Other differences are found in style and emphasis: the frequency with which
giraffe feature in Namibian paintings and engravings contrasts with the South
African rock art, where the emphasis is more on the eland antelope. This has
led some to propose that the giraffe, similarly, must have held a particular
symbolic meaning for the painters of the region. Based on associated imagery,
placement of the rock art sites, and some ethnography (written records of insights
from contemporary San|Bushman culture compiled by anthropologists) it has
been suggested that giraffes may have been linked with rain in local belief
systems, with some Namibian rock painting sites associated specifically with
rainmaking or healing activities. \n\nWhile the more naturalistic examples of
engravings are thought to have also been produced by ancient hunter-gatherers,
as with the paintings, it has been suggested that some geometric engravings
were produced by herding people, possibly ancestral Khoenkhoen, perhaps in
relation to initiation rites. Schematic finger paintings have also been attributed
to pastoralist people. All attributions are tentative, however, because the
majority of the art is thought to be many hundreds of years old and the historical
distinctions between hunter-gatherers and herders is by no means clear-cut in
the archaeological record.\n"
- sys:
id: 6Ljhl9Tm5GGKeU6e6GMSOA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:52:59.658000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:50:17.361000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 13'
body: "The pieces from the cave Wendt excavated (named ‘Apollo 11 Cave’ after
the moon mission which took place during the period of the excavation work)
are not thought to have fallen from a cave wall but were made on loose rock
pieces. The only parietal art (on a fixed rock surface) dated from excavated
deposits in Namiba so far consists of pieces of painted granite from the largest
painted shelter in the Brandberg, one of which, found in a sedimentary layer
radiocarbon dated to around 2,700 years ago, had clearly fallen from an exposed
rock surface into which researchers were able to refit it. Aside from this,
estimates at the age of rock art are based on superimposition, patination and
associated archaeological finds. \n\nBased on archaeological evidence, it is
thought that the majority of the fine-line hunter-gatherer rock art in the Brandberg
area was produced between around 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, with the painting
tradition in the wider region starting as much as 6,000 years ago. This ceased
sometime after the introduction of small domestic stock to the area, although
not immediately, as fine-line paintings of sheep and paintings and engravings
of cattle testify. Across central Namibia, there appears to be a particularly
strong correspondence of finds relating to paintings—such as grinding equipment
and pigments—with dated layers from the 1st millennium BC.\n"
- sys:
id: 3k0RnznV5Yu2uoGgc0UkCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:21.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:30:47.494000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5SxIVsUotUcuWoI2iyYOSO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:15.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:15.821000000 Z
title: NAMNNO0010020
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5SxIVsUotUcuWoI2iyYOSO/b2b0daf1086aba5ebb54c90b0b1cce42/NAMNNO0010020.jpg"
caption: Finger painted rock art, northern Namibia. 2013,2034.22237 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771279&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.22237&page=1
- sys:
id: 7hIopDzZzGI8iMiuEOOOyG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:29.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:50:37.206000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Namibia: country, chapter 14'
body: 'Engravings are more difficult to obtain dates for scientifically. Superimpositioning
and other physical factors can serve to indicate which styles of image are more
recent with both paintings and engravings. For example, in the Brandberg, monochrome
tableaux appear older than detailed polychrome depictions of individuals, and
certain images, such as those of zebras, are thought to be relatively late. Among
engravings of central Namibia, a certain style of hoof print appears to overlie
some figurative images, leading researchers to believe them younger. Overall
it is thought that the engraving and painting traditions were concurrent, with
some clear parallels in style, but that engraving probably lasted for several
hundred years as a tradition after painting ceased. '
- sys:
id: 137eUF3ZZGUGy6SM4cWimS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:45.520000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 10:40:21.998000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4I7MYP97u8AK8YE88UGOKS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:41.001000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:41.001000000 Z
title: NAMSNA0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4I7MYP97u8AK8YE88UGOKS/0b33b94b43c9ba242717ba831d3f7fe3/NAMSNA0010011.jpg"
caption: Engraved geometric rock art in the style thought to have been made by
herder people. ǁKaras Region, Southern Namibia. 2013,2034.22285 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3772002&partId=1&place=108716&plaA=108716-2-2&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 2Looo7MWBGKQQKAooSausA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:53.399000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:53:53.399000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
CeSMAP- Study Centre and Museum of Prehistoric Art of Pinerolo. 1997. African pictograms. Pinerolo, Centro Studi e Museo di arte preistorica.
<NAME>. 2010. The rock art of /Ui-//aes (Twyfelfontein) Namibia’s first World Heritage Site. Adoranten 2010. Tanumshede: Tanums Hällristningsmuseum
<NAME>. 1999. Towards an Archaeology of mimesis and rainmaking in Namibian rock art in : <NAME>., & <NAME>. (1999). The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping your Landscape. London, Routledge pp. 336-357
<NAME>. 2015. IFRAO. Rock art research in Namibia: a synopsis A investigação de arte rupestre na Namíbia: uma visão geral in: Giraldo, H.C. & Arranz, J.J.G (eds.) Symbols in the Landscape: Rock Art and its Context. Proceedings of the XIX International Rock Art Conference IFRAO 2015, Arkeos 37 pp. 1419:1436
<NAME>., Kuhn., & <NAME>. 1930. Bushman art: rock paintings of south-west Africa. London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press
<NAME>. 1989-. Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg. vols. I-VI. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut
<NAME>. & <NAME>: Rock Art in North-Westerpn Central Namibia – its Age and Cultural Background in: <NAME>., & <NAME>. 2008. Heritage and Cultures in modern Namibia: in-depth views of the country : a TUCSIN Festschrift. Windhoek ; Goettingen : Klaus Hess Publishers pp 37:46
<NAME>. 1970, 1975, 1986. Felsbilder in Südwest-Afrika. Teilen I-III. Köln ;Wien: Böhlau
---<file_sep>/_coll_introduction/origins.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 6hiXYeBCfYyAgq0uSYYA4q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:12:12.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-14 13:19:39.829000000 Z
content_type_id: introduction
revision: 8
title: Origins of rock art in Africa
slug: origins
lead_image:
- sys:
id: 2cVEIKXUmwQqwyOwauuGYc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:14.693000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:14.693000000 Z
title: Apollo.11.Cave
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2cVEIKXUmwQqwyOwauuGYc/7824d383fbab171ac0b32bd9117c066e/Apollo.11.Cave.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: fZLY1sn2JGo800I8oW2us
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:12:41.393000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-19 17:28:15.527000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'General: origins, chapter 1'
body: The oldest scientifically-dated rock art in Africa dates from around 30,000
years ago and is found in Namibia.
- sys:
id: 3B1nQ7Xsooq6Ae4EyE0Oko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:47.465000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:47.465000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2cVEIKXUmwQqwyOwauuGYc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:14.693000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:14.693000000 Z
title: Apollo.11.Cave
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2cVEIKXUmwQqwyOwauuGYc/7824d383fbab171ac0b32bd9117c066e/Apollo.11.Cave.jpg"
caption: Quartzite slabs depicting animals, Apollo 11 Cave, Namibia. Image courtesy
of State Museum of Namibia © State Museum of Namibia
- sys:
id: 6sHCGiplbG4SuMYmeE8UW2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:13:10.958000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:13:10.958000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'General: origins, chapter 2'
body: Between 1969 and 1972, German archaeologist, <NAME>, researching in
an area known locally as 'Goachanas', unearthed several painted slabs in a cave
he named Apollo 11, after NASA’s successful moon landing mission. Seven painted
stone slabs of brown-grey quartzite, depicting a variety of animals painted
in charcoal, ochre and white, were located in a Middle Stone Age deposit. These
images are not easily identifiable to species level, but have been interpreted
variously as felines and/or bovids; one in particular has been observed to be
either a zebra, giraffe or ostrich, demonstrating the ambiguous nature of the
depictions.
- sys:
id: 4jqrHFkmpqs8GWogw8cEAU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:13:34.687000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:13:34.687000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Art and our modern mind
title_internal: 'General: origins, chapter 3'
body: |-
While the Apollo 11 plaques may be the oldest discovered representational art in Africa, this is not the beginning of the story of art. It is now well-established, through genetic and fossil evidence, that anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) developed in Africa more than 100,000 years ago; of these, a small group left the Continent around 60,000-80,000 years ago and spread throughout the rest of the world. Recently discovered examples of patterned stone, ochre and ostrich eggshell, as well as evidence of personal ornamentation emerging from Middle Stone Age Africa (100,000–60,000 years ago), have demonstrated that ‘art’ is not only a much older phenomenon than previously thought, but that it has its roots in the African continent. Africa is where we share a common humanity.
The first examples of what we might term ‘art’ in Africa, dating from between 100,000–60,000 years ago, emerge in two very distinct forms: personal adornment in the form of perforated seashells suspended on twine, and incised and engraved stone, ochre and ostrich eggshell. Despite some sites being 8,000km and 40,000 years apart, an intriguing feature of the earliest art is that these first forays appear remarkably similar. It is worth noting here that the term ‘art’ in this context is highly problematic, in that we cannot assume that humans living 100,000 years ago, or even 10,000 years ago, had a concept of art in the same way that we do, particularly in the modern Western sense. However, it remains a useful umbrella term for our purposes here.
- sys:
id: 4HfDzzg8rC6mA0eU6IQkm2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:14:13.397000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:14:13.397000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Pattern and design
title_internal: 'General: origins, chapter 4'
body: |-
The practice of engraving or incising, which emerges around 12,000 years ago in Saharan rock art, has its antecedents much earlier, up to 100,000 years ago. Incised and engraved stone, bone, ochre and ostrich eggshell have been found at sites in southern Africa. These marked objects share features in the expression of design, exhibiting patterns that have been classified as cross-hatching.
One of the most iconic and well-publicised sites that have yielded cross-hatch incised patterning on ochre is Blombos Cave, on the southern Cape shore of South Africa. Of the more than 8,500 fragments of ochre deriving from the MSA levels, 15 fragments show evidence of engraving. Two of these, dated to 77,000 years ago, have received the most attention for the design of cross-hatch pattern.
- sys:
id: 5On76lx0FUGsGGkymAwei4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:11:15.382000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:11:15.382000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4lvOlwlUMwQqe6Cm2ka20c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:14.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:10:14.666000000 Z
title: Blombos.Cave
description:
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caption: Incised ochre from Blombos Cave, South Africa. Photo by <NAME>
© <NAME>
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'General: origins, chapter 5'
body: |-
For many archaeologists, the incised pieces of ochre at Blombos are the most complex and best-formed evidence for early abstract representations, and are unequivocal evidence for symbolic thought and language. The debate about when we became a symbolic species and acquired fully syntactical language – what archaeologists term ‘modern human behaviour’ – is both complex and contested. It has been proposed that these cross-hatch patterns are clear evidence of thinking symbolically, because the motifs are not representational and as such are culturally constructed and arbitrary. Moreover, in order for the meaning of this motif to be conveyed to others, language is a prerequisite.
The Blombos engravings are not isolated occurrences, since the presence of such designs occur at more than half a dozen other sites in South Africa, suggesting that this pattern is indeed important in some way, and not the result of idiosyncratic behaviour. It is worth noting, however, that for some scholars, the premise that the pattern is symbolic is not so certain. The patterns may indeed have a meaning, but it is how that meaning is associated, either by resemblance (iconic) or correlation (indexical), that is important for our understanding of human cognition.
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title: ostrich.eggshells
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caption: "Fragments of engraved ostrich eggshells from the Diepkloof Rock Shelter,\tWestern
Cape, South Africa, dated to 60,000 BP. Courtesy of <NAME>, Diepkloof
project. © <NAME>"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:14:48.739000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'General: origins, chapter 6'
body: Personal ornamentation and engraved designs are the earliest evidence of
art in Africa, and are inextricably tied up with the development of human cognition.
For tens of thousands of years, there has been not only a capacity for, but
a motivation to adorn and to inscribe, to make visual that which is important.
The interesting and pertinent issue in the context of this project is that the
rock art we are cataloguing, describing and researching comes from a tradition
that goes far back into African prehistory. The techniques and subject matter
resonate over the millennia.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_introduction/chronologies.md
---
contentful:
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content_type_id: introduction
revision: 6
title: Chronologies
slug: chronologies
lead_image:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 1'
body: The axiom that rock art is notoriously difficult to date serves only to
paint a partial picture of the inconsistent and contested chronological records
of rock art in Africa. For example, where research has focused on interpretation,
chronology has been less prominent and as such the capacity for judging meaningful
relationships between sites and imagery has been inhibited; by contrast where
chronologies have led research agendas, the temporal and spatial relationships
are much clearer, but chronologies are hotly disputed. A significant obstacle
is the challenge in directly dating rock art, and current research is exploring
ways forward in refining these techniques. Here, we give an overview of dating
methods and developed chronologies to date in rock art regions across the continent.
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title: '2013,2034.4260'
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caption: Superimposition of handprints and other figures. In Awanghet, Tassili
n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4260 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMkOcV
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Dating paintings
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 2'
body: 'Determining the age of rock art depictions has always been one of the main
goals of research, and a wide range of techniques have been developed to try
to assign a date for rock art images throughout the world. There are two main
approaches to rock art dating: relative and absolute.'
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Relative Dating
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 3'
body: |-
Relative chronologies aim to organise the images from the oldest to the more recent, even if their exact dates are not known, providing the relative position of groups of depictions over time. It uses methods such as the analysis of superimpositions (the figures on the top have to be younger than those underneath), the study of depictions of animals already extinct or newly introduced in areas (for example, camels in the Sahara) or objects that have a known timeframe of usage, such as ships, firearms, chariots, etc.
In some cases, graffiti can be found alongside figures, and linguistic studies can help to determine the age of both texts and depictions. Of course, one of the best ways to establish a relative date for rock art is when it is covered by archaeological deposits that can be dated through radiocarbon methods or archaeological materials. However, that date only states the minimum age of the rock art depictions, as they could have been covered hundreds or thousands of years after the images were painted or engraved. Moreover, these situations are very rare, as most of the time rock art is situated in the open air, without associated archaeological sites.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:56:25.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:56:25.708000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Absolute Dating
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 4'
body: The second type of dating is called absolute dating and provides concrete
dates (or more often, intervals of age) in which the images were made. Although
this could seem the perfect solution for the dating of paintings, the methods
of absolute dating can only be used in very specific contexts, and often have
serious problems of accuracy and reliability. The most efficient is based on
the radiocarbon (carbon-14) method, measuring the amount of carbon remaining
in pigments, although in many depictions the remnants of paint are so sparse
that the size of the samples is too low to be measured. Besides, this method
is destructive, as part of the painting has to be removed from the original
site to collect the sample.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 09:53:54.918000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-19 17:25:47.847000000 Z
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revision: 2
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title: '2013,2034.896'
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caption: Round Head period painting radiocarbon dated to 8590±390 BP. Uan Tamuat,
Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.896 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2gUa6Pu
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Dating engravings
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 5'
body: 'The study of engravings is even more difficult, as it is based on the changes
that affect their surface after they were made. The most obvious is a progressive
change in colour, making the older engravings seems “darker” than the newer.
When the changes in colour are due to chemical, internal processes, the term
used is *patina*, while when they are caused by the accumulation of particles
the process is known as *varnishing*. Finally, the progressive weathering of
the engraving’s traces can also be measured. By studying the pace of these natural
processes, scientists can propose dates for the engravings. However, as with
carbon-14, these methods have several problems that affect their suitability:
the study of these natural processes is slow and costly, and the results can
only be applied to small, concrete areas. There are also problems with the accuracy
of the measurements, and risks of contamination of samples are high. Therefore,
although they are promising, the absolute dating methods are still far from
providing generalized and relatively easy ways to reliably date rock art.'
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caption: Giraffe shows darker patina than cattle suggesting it is an older engraving.
<NAME>. 2013,2034.285 © TARA/<NAME>
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 6'
body: In practice, the dating of rock art is achieved through a combination of
relative and - when possible - absolute dating methods, although relative techniques
are still the more broadly used. Concepts such as style, technique and iconography
are still key tools of analysis, but as absolute dating accuracy and availability
grow, the chronological framework of rock art will be substantially improved.
As scientific research advances, the techniques of rock art dating become more
refined and trustworthy, and in the future, significant progress is expected,
which will mean a revolution for world rock art chronologies.
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Chronologies in northern Africa
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 7'
body: |-
__Stylistic dating__
The importance of dating has been at the forefront of much research in North African rock art, yet there is no consensus of opinion about the precise dating of the phases of rock art in this region. The construction of rock art sequences has been predicated on stylistic analysis, on which most scholars agree in principle, and broadly conforms to the following:
- *Early Hunter*, *Wild Fauna* Period or *Bubalus* Period: 12,000 – 8,000 years ago
- *Round Head* Period: 10,000 – 8,000 years ago
- *Pastoral* Period: 7,500 – 4,000 years ago
- *Horse* Period: 3,000 – 2,000 years ago
- *Camel* Period: 2,000 years ago – present
For the most part, there is general agreement on the dating of the Horse and Camel period, but the earliest phases of rock art - the *Bubalus*/*Round Head*/*Pastoral* periods, are much more contentious. Researchers <NAME> and <NAME> have argued that the *Pastoral* period begins around 6,000 years ago, while others, such as <NAME>, propose an earlier date of 8,000 years ago. Domestic stock is thought to have existed in the Sahara from around 7,500 years ago, making a date of 8,000 years old for paintings of cattle (which may have been wild) feasible. Dating the end of this period is just as problematic, with Lhote and Mori placing it between 3,000-4,000 years ago and Muzzolini about 1,000 years later. However, the largest discrepancy relates to the *Bubalus* and *Round Head* periods, where significantly disparate chronologies have been proposed by Lhote, Mori and Muzzolini. The most extreme of these is the *Bubalus* period, where Mori advocates an Early/Long chronology proposing that the earliest images date back 12,000 years, while Muzzolini suggests a Recent/Short chronology proposing a much later emergence of art in the region at 6,000 years ago.
The application of direct dating will be central in resolving these substantial differences and has yielded some fruitful results on archaeological sites in making meaningful correlations. However, for the time being, the chronologies of Saharan rock art remain ambiguous and contested.
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title: Chronologies in southern Africa
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 8'
body: Although a vast amount of work has been undertaken in rock art research
in southern Africa, the focus has been largely placed on the meaning of images
and their place within a rich ethnographic record. Little attention has been
given to investigating temporal and spatial relationships, and as such there
is a conspicuous absence of secure regional chronologies for southern African
rock art.
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title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 9'
body: |-
__Relative dating__
Based on observations in the field, relative sequences were proposed by <NAME> (1976) for the southern region of the Drakensberg and by <NAME> (1933) and <NAME> (1971) for the northern region. Subsequently, several sites in South Africa have been analysed using a method termed the Harris Matrix. In its original context the Harris Matrix was a diagrammatic tool used in archaeological fieldwork to determine the temporal succession of deposits and stratigraphic relationships. Its use in South African rock art has been limited and often on isolated sites, and one of the drawbacks in this methodology is the lack of information on time lapses between successive images. While a few radiocarbon and Accelerator Mass Spectometry (AMS) dates have been secured for some sites, the absolute dates need to be matched with relative chronologies, which to date are still not firmly established.
__Stylistic dating__
Much rock art research has focused on the San rock paintings found in southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe). The subject matter of San rock art is extremely varied but regional characteristics can be seen; for example, depictions of eland dominate much of the rock art in South Africa, while kudu and elephants prevail in Zimbabwe. The earliest San art is thought to be up to 10,000 years old and continues possibly well into the twentieth century in the Drakensberg mountains.
The spread of farming to South Africa by Bantu-language speakers around 3,500 years ago brought another style of rock art, until it ceased around the mid-1900s. The art is predominantly in white, and applied using fingers, which gives it a rough appearance. Subject matter is varied but dominated by humans and animals. Later rock art reflected contact with European settlers/colonisers, attested to by the numerous depictions of steam trains, soldiers, settlers and guns.
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content_type_id: chapter
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title: Chronologies in central and eastern Africa
title_internal: 'General: chronologies, chapter 10'
body: |-
__Absolute/Relative dating__
Little research has been conducted, either on absolute or relative rock art chronologies in central Africa, and is therefore still poorly understood by comparison with northern and southern Africa. Promising recent radiocarbon dates have been reported from paintings in Angola, but the absence of contextual information with these dates renders them unproductive. Dating rock art by association with archaeological deposits has not proved entirely successful either. Relative chronologies have been suggested, and while there are regional variations, in general two styles of rock art have been identified and associated with a relative chronology: Twa and Sandawe.
__Stylistic dating__
Twa-style art dates to around 3,000 to 1,000 years ago and was made by hunter-gatherer groups in eastern and central Africa. Depictions of animals are rare in Twa art and usually consist of geometric designs, often concentric circles. Ancestral Sandawe art, found mainly in central Tanzania, is thought to date from around 9,000 years ago to the recent past, and includes fairly large naturalistic images of animals in both hunting and domestic scenes. Figures are frequently holding bows and arrows, and are often depicted with elaborate hairstyles and/or headdresses.
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title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'The Matobo Hills (also spelled as Matopo or Matopos Hills) are located
to the south-west of Zimbabwe, in Matabeleland, one of the two main rock art
regions in the country. It is a large region, more than 2000 sq. km, characterized
by granite hills separated by nearly parallel valleys where the vegetation
consists of scattered woodlands and areas covered by grass with an abundance
of wild fruits. The region was occupied since at least the Middle Stone Age,
but the human presence increased in the last millennia BC. The region holds
an incredible amount of rock art; as many as 3,000 sites have been estimated
based on the better surveyed areas. Paintings constitute the vast majority
of depictions, although occasional engravings have also been reported. Paintings
are usually found in rock shelters and associated with archaeological remains,
which show an occupation of the area since the Early Stone Age. '
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content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
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caption: Ladscape of the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23586). ©TARA/David
Coulson
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'The rock art of the Matobo Hills is as varied as that of the rest of
Zimbabwe, mainly consisting of depictions of animals and human figures often
grouped in complex scenes, clustered or represented in rows. Human figures
are predominant, with males being more numerous than women and children very
rare. They are usually depicted in a slender style, facing left or right but
with the upper part of the body facing front, and often carrying bows, arrows
or other objects. Regarding the animals, mammals dominate, with the kudu antelope
being especially numerous although this animal is not commonly found in the
Matobo Hills. A wide range of animals such as smaller antelopes, giraffes,
zebras, ostriches, monkeys, eland antelope, rhinoceros and to a lesser extent
carnivores are also depicted. The animals are represented in very different
attitudes and may be depicted standing still, running or lying. Humans and
animals are often related in hunting scenes. Along with animals and human
figures, a fair number of geometric symbols are present, including a very
characteristic type of motif made of a series of narrow oval-like shapes (formlings)
usually depicted vertically, and sometimes interpreted as beehives. '
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caption: View of a complex panel including hundreds of human figures, animals,
formlings and other unidentified shapes. Inanke Cave, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe
(2013,2034.23350). ©TARA/<NAME>
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'One of the characteristics of the Matobo Hills rock art is the incredible
variety of colours used, which includes a wide range of reds, purples, oranges,
browns and yellows, as well as black, white and grey tones. Colours are often
combined, and in some cases particular colours seem to have been chosen for
specific animals. A common feature in some types of animals as giraffes and
antelopes is the outline of the figure in red or white, with the body infilled
in a different colour. '
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image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:59.400000000 Z
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title: ZIMMTB0020022
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caption: Detail of a bichrome giraffe surrounded by other animals and human
figures. <NAME>, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23367). ©TARA/David
Coulson
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 4'
body: "Many of the depictions in the Matobo Hills are associated with hunter-gatherers,
providing a great amount of information about the social, economic and spiritual
life of these groups. Depictions of daily objects (bows, vessels, digging
sticks, cloaks) appear depicted in the rock art, and humans are shown hunting
animals, fighting other groups and dancing in what seem to be ritual scenes.
In fact, many of the scenes show strong similarities to those found in the
Drakensberg (South Africa), and part of the iconography in the Zimbabwean
paintings – ‘therianthropes’ (part-human, part-animal figures), elongated
figures, rain animals, geometric figures – can be easily related to trance
or rain-making activities similar to those seen in South Africa. These paintings
have been interpreted as representing the trance experiences of shamans (the
term ‘shaman’ is derived from Siberian concepts of Shamanism and its applicability
to San|Bushman¹ cultures has been questioned, but it is utilised here
on the understanding that it sufficiently represents trancers in this academic
context, where it is the most frequently used term to describe them). However,
unlike in South Africa, the Matobo Hills rock art is not recent and researchers
lack the key ethnographic records that help us to interpret the paintings.
Therefore, interpretations cannot be directly extrapolated from the South
African paintings to those of the Matobo Hills, and researchers such as <NAME> have broadened the interpretative framework of this art to include
social issues in addition to the religious. \n\n"
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caption: Human figures running or seated over a wavy, yellow line outlined in
red and infilled in yellow. Maholoholo cave, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23327).
©TARA/<NAME>
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Not all the paintings in the Matobo Hills can be ascribed to groups of
hunter gatherers, though. Although fewer, there are some paintings that correspond
to a later period which were made by Iron Age farmers. Unlike in South Africa,
rock art does not show evidence of interaction between these two groups, and
it is probable that the hunter-gatherers that inhabited the area were either
displaced or absorbed by these new farmer communities. However, some of the
later paintings show some links with the previous hunter-gatherers traditions.
This later art consists mainly of schematic figures (usually animals, including
domestic ones such as goats and cows) and geometric symbols, mostly depicted
in white but also red or black and smeared with the hand or the fingers. '
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revision: 1
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caption: Iron age white paintings. Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23487). ©TARA/<NAME>
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'The Matobo Hills constitute a perfect example of how nature and human
presence can become imbricated, to create a living landscape in which every
hill is recognized individually and many of them are still venerated by the
communities living in the area. Undoubtedly, rock art played a significant
role in this process of progressive sacralisation of the landscape. The importance
of the thousands of sites scattered throughout the hills is an invaluable
testimony of the strong spirituality of hunter-gatherers that created it,
and their deep relation to the land in which they lived. '
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caption: Antelopes and human figures. Bambata cave, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23609).
©TARA/<NAME>
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: Matobo Chapter 7
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
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id: nZhwDQUvyCcK8kYqoWWK2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.690000000 Z
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content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. (2012): The Rock Art of the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe.
Adoranten: 38-59\n\nP<NAME>th (2012): Guide to the Rock Art of the Matopo
Hills, Zimbabwe. Bulawayo, AmaBooks Publishers. \n"
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title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: key facts'
image_count: 1150 images
date_range: Unknown, but most probably several thousands of years old
main_areas: Concentrated to the north around the area of Mashonaland and to the
southwest in Matabeleland
techniques: Mostly painted in a wide range of colours, sometimes combined
main_themes: Wild animals, human figures, hunting or dancing scenes, geometric
symbols
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content_type_id: thematic
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title: Landscapes of Rock Art
slug: landscapes-of-rock-art
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title: Introduction to rock art in southern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-southern-africa
lead_image:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |+
The southern African countries of Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Botswana and Namibia contain thousands of rock art sites and southern African rock art has been studied extensively. Due to perceived similarities in subject matter, even across great distances, much southern African rock art has been ascribed to hunter-gatherer painters and engravers who appear to have had a shared set of cultural references. These have been linked with beliefs and practices which remain common to modern San|Bushman¹ people, a number of traditional hunter-gatherer groups who continue to live in Southern Africa, principally in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. There are, however, differences in style and technique between regions, and various rock art traditions are attributed to other cultural groups and their ancestors. As is often the case with rock art, the accurate attribution of authorship, date and motivation is difficult to establish, but the rock art of this region continues to be studied and the richness of the material in terms of subject matter, as well as in the context of the archaeological record, has much to tell us, both about its own provenance and the lives of the people who produced it.
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and distribution
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 2'
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content_type_id: image
revision: 4
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
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caption: Yellow elephant calf painted on the roof of a shelter. Mashonaland,
Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.22675 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iUgvg0
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'There is wide variation in the physical environments of southern Africa,
ranging from the rainforests of Mozambique to the arid Namib Desert of western
Namibia, with the climate tending to become drier towards the south and west. The
central southern African plateau is divided by the central dip of the Kalahari
basin, and bordered by the Great Escarpment, a sharp drop in altitude towards
the coast which forms a ridge framing much of southern Africa. The escarpment
runs in a rough inland parallel to the coastline, from northern Angola, south
around the Cape and up in the east to the border between Zimbabwe and Malawi. Both
painted and engraved rock art is found throughout southern Africa, with the
type and distribution partially informed by the geographical characteristics
of the different regions. Inland areas with exposed boulders, flat rock ‘pavements’
and rocky outcrops tend to feature engraved rock art, whereas paintings are
more commonly found in the protective rock shelters of mountainous or hilly
areas, often in ranges edging the Great Escarpment. '
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content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
title: NAMBRG0030001
description:
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caption: View out of a rock shelter in the Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.20452
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3729901
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Types of rock art
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Rock art of the type associated with hunter-gatherers is perhaps the
most widely distributed rock art tradition in southern Africa, with numerous
known examples in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, but also with examples
found in Botswana and Mozambique. This tradition comprises paintings and engravings,
with both techniques featuring images of animals and people. The type and
composition varies from region to region. For example, rock art sites of
the southern Drakensberg and Maloti mountains in South Africa and Lesotho
contain a higher proportion of images of eland antelope, while those in Namibia
in turn feature more giraffes. There are also regional variations in style
and colour: in some sites and areas paintings are polychrome (multi-coloured)
while in others they are not.\n\nDifferences also occur in composition between
painting and engraving sites, with paintings more likely to feature multiple
images on a single surface, often interacting with one another, while engraving
sites more often include isolated images on individual rocks and boulders.
\ However, there are commonalities in both imagery and style, with paintings
throughout southern Africa often including depictions of people, particularly
in procession and carrying items such as bows and arrows. Also heavily featured
in both paintings and engravings are animals, in particular large ungulates
which are often naturalistically depicted, sometimes in great detail. Additionally,
images may include people and animals which appear to have the features of
several species and are harder to identify. Some hunter-gatherer type paintings
are described as ‘fine-line’ paintings because of the delicacy of their rendering
with a thin brush. \n"
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revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
title: NAMBRT0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO/67a69f9814e8ec994003bfacff0962cc/NAMBRT0010002.jpg"
caption: " Fine-line paintings of giraffes and line patterns, Brandberg, Namibia.
\ It is thought that giraffes may have been associated with rain in local
belief systems. 2013,2034.21324 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j9778d
- sys:
id: 2nqpXdHTeoyKakEEOMUSA0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:40.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:26.231000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 9
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: "Hunter-gatherer rock paintings are found in particular concentrations
in the Drakensberg-Maloti and Cape Fold Mountains in South Africa and Lesotho,
the Brandberg and Erongo Mountains in Namibia and the Matobo Hills in Zimbabwe,
while engraving sites are found throughout the interior, often near water
courses. \n\nA different form of rock painting from the hunter-gatherer type,
found mainly in the north-eastern portion of southern Africa is that of the
‘late whites’. Paintings in this tradition are so-called because they are
usually associated with Bantu language-speaking Iron Age farming communities
who entered the area from the north from around 2,000 years ago and many of
these images are thought to have been painted later than some of the older
hunter-gatherer paintings. ‘Late white’ paintings take many forms, but have
generally been applied with a finger rather than a brush, and as the name
suggests, are largely white in colour. These images represent animals, people
and geometric shapes, often in quite schematic forms, in contrast to the generally
more naturalistic depictions of the hunter-gatherer art. \n\nSometimes ‘late
white’ art images relate to dateable events or depict objects and scenes which
could only have taken place following European settlement, such as trains.
\ Other forms of southern African rock art also depict European people and
objects. These include images from the Western Cape in South Africa of a
sailing ship, estimated to date from after the mid-17th century, as well as
painted and engraved imagery from throughout South Africa showing people on
horseback with firearms. Such images are sometimes termed ‘contact art’ as
their subject matter demonstrates that they follow the period of first contact
between European and indigenous people. \n"
- sys:
id: 1NrA6Z43fWIgwGoicy2Mw2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:57.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:43.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA/3d924964d904e34e6711c6224a7429e6/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
caption: Painting of a ship from the south Western Cape in South Africa. 2013,2034.19495
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730142&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.19495&page=1
- sys:
id: 4JVHOgrOyAAI8GWAuoyGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:24:14.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:20.511000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "This kind of imagery is found in a variety of styles, and some of those
producing ‘contact’ images in the Cape may have been people of Khoekhoen heritage.
The Khoekhoen were traditionally cattle and sheep herders, culturally related
to modern Nama people and more loosely to San|Bushman hunter-gatherers.
\ A distinct tradition of rock art has been suggested to be of ancestral Khoekhoen
origin. This art is predominantly geometric in form, with a particular focus
on circle and dotted motifs, and engravings in this style are often found
near watercourses. \n"
- sys:
id: 3zUtkjM57Omyko6Q2O0YMG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:05.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:47.538000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: History of research
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: 'The first known reports of African rock art outside of the continent
appear to come from the Bishop of Mozambique, who in 1721 reported sightings
of paintings on rocks to the Royal Academy of History in Lisbon. Following
this, reports, copies and publications of rock art from throughout modern
South Africa were made with increasing frequency by officials and explorers.
From the mid-19th century onwards, rock art from present-day Namibia, Zimbabwe
and Botswana began to be documented, and during the first few decades of the
twentieth century global public interest in the art was piqued by a series
of illustrated publications. The hunter-gatherer rock art in particular had
a strong aesthetic and academic appeal to western audiences, and reports,
photographs and copied images attracted the attention of prominent figures
in archaeology and ethnology such as <NAME>, <NAME> and the
Abbé Breuil, researchers whose interest in rock art worldwide let them to
visit and write about southern African rock art sites. A further intensification
of archaeological and anthropological research and recording in the 1950s-70s,
resulted in new insights into the interpretations and attributions for southern
African rock art. Rock art research continues throughout the area today. '
- sys:
id: 5bPZwsgp3qOGkogYuCIQEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:30.652000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:07.313000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0300015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG/639dd24028612b985042ea65536eef2e/BOTTSD0300015.jpg"
caption: Rhinoceros and cattle painting, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.20848
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i5xfUJ
- sys:
id: 1QaeG3pF1KOEaooucoMUeE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:37.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:34.546000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: Rather than showing scenes from daily life, as was once assumed, it is
now usually accepted that hunter-gatherer art in southern Africa shows images
and motifs of spiritual and cultural importance. In particular, it is thought
that some images reflect trance visions of San|Bushman spiritual leaders,
or shamans, during which they are considered to enter the world of spirits,
where they are held to perform tasks for themselves and their communities,
such as healing the sick or encouraging rain. This interpretation, which has
been widely accepted, explains certain features of the art, for example the
predominance of certain animals like eland antelope (due to their special
cultural significance) and themes such as dot patterns and zigzag lines (interpreted
as geometric patterns that shamans may see upon entering a trance state).
- sys:
id: 1YgT9SlSNeU8C6Cm62602E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:53.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:08.779000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
title: SOADRB0030002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c/5896c3d088678257f9acd01bd59c4b26/SOADRB0030002.jpg"
caption: 'Painting of an eland and an ambiguous figure in the Drakensberg, South
Africa. Both the eland and this kind of human-like figure are thought to have
had symbolic associations with beliefs about gender and power. 2013,2034.18187©
TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738250&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18187&page=1
- sys:
id: 5byxQopdNCqEC2kCa0OqCm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:00.899000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:37.565000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: "The rock art attributed to ancestral San|Bushman hunter-gatherers
has many varied motifs, some of which may also relate to specific themes such
as initiation or rainmaking (indeed within its cultural context one image
may have several significances). San|Bushman informants in the 19th
century told researchers that certain ambiguously shaped animals in the rock
art repertoire represented animals related to water. Images such as these
are known to researchers as 'rain animals' and it has been suggested that
certain images could reflect—or prompt—the shaman's attempt to control rainfall.
Some 'late white' art has also been proposed to have associations with rainmaking
practices, and indeed the proximity of some geometric rock art images, proposed
to be of possible Khoekhoen origin, to watercourses appears to emphasise the
practical and spiritual significance of water among historical southern African
communities. It has also been proposed that some forms of geometric art attributed
to Khoekhoen people may be linked by tradition and motif to the schematic
art traditions of central Africa, themselves attributed to hunter-gatherers
and possibly made in connection with beliefs about water and fertility. Much
in the “late white” corpus of paintings appears to be connected to initiation
practices, part of a larger set of connected traditions extending north as
far as Kenya. \n\nThe long time periods, cultural connections, and movements
involved can make attribution difficult. For example, the idiosyncratic rock
paintings of Tsodilo Hills in Botswana which appear to have similarities with
the hunter-gatherer style include images of domesticates and may have been
the work of herders. More localised traditions, such as that of engravings
in north-western South Africa representing the homesteads of ancestral Nguni
or Sotho-Tswana language speakers, or the focus on engravings of animal tracks
found in Namibia, demonstrate more specific regional significances. Research
continues and in recent decades, researchers, focusing on studying individual
sites and sets of sites within the landscape and the local historical context,
have discussed how their placement and subject matter may reflect the shifting
balances of power, and changes in their communities over time. \n"
- sys:
id: L9AkWhM1WwUKWC4MQ4iMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:15.123000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:01.026000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
title: NAMSNH0030006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI/3dabb2ba8a3abaa559a6652eb10ea1eb/NAMSNH0030006.jpg"
caption: 'Geometric rock engravings of the type suggested by some to be the
work of Khoekhoen pastoralists and their ancestors. 2013,2034.22405 © TARA/David
Coulson '
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVIIoL
- sys:
id: ayvCEQLjk4uUk8oKikGYw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:22.665000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:16.059000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "Although dating rock art is always difficult, the study of rock art sites
from southern Africa has benefitted from archaeological study and excavations
at rock art sites have sometimes revealed useful information for ascribing
dates. Some of the oldest reliably dated examples of rock art in the world
have been found in the region, with the most well-known examples probably
being the painted plaques from Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia, dated to around
30,000 years ago. A portion of an engraved animal found in South Africa’s
Northern Cape is estimated to be 10,200 years old and painted spalls from
shelter walls in Zimbabwe have been dated to 12,000 years ago or older. However,
it is thought that the majority of existing rock art was made more recently.
\ As ever, subject matter is also helpful in ascribing maximum date ranges.
\ We know, for example,that images of domestic animals are probably less than
2,000 years old. The condition of the art may also help to establish relative
ages, particularly with regards to engravings, which may be in some cases
be categorised by the discolouration of the patina that darkens them over
time. \n\nThe multiplicity of rock art sites throughout southern Africa
form a major component of southern Africa’s archaeological record, with many
interesting clues about the lives of past inhabitants and, in some cases,
continuing religious and cultural importance for contemporary communities.
\ Many sites are open to the public, affording visitors the unique experience
of viewing rock art in situ. Unfortunately, the exposed nature of rock art
in the field leaves it open to potential damage from the environment and vandalism.
\ Many major rock art sites in southern Africa are protected by law in their
respective countries and the Maloti-Drakensberg Park in South Africa and Lesotho,
Twyfelfontein/ǀUi-ǁAis in Namibia, Tsodilo Hills in Botswana and the Matobo
Hills in Zimbabwe are all inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. \n"
- sys:
id: 3Kjcm7V1dYoCuyaqKga0GM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:38.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:17.372000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
title: NAMDME0080012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU/dec59cd8209d3d04b13447e9c985574a/NAMDME0080012.jpg"
caption: Engraved human footprints, Erongo Region, Namibia. 2013,2034.20457
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729958&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20457+&page=1
- sys:
id: 1kwt8c4P0gSkYOq8CO0ucq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:28:16.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:44.294000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: 6GlTdq2WbeIQ6UoeOeUM84
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 10:45:36.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:39:37.963000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |+
<NAME>., <NAME>. and <NAME>. 2010. Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Garlake, <NAME>. 1995. The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. London: British Museum Press.
Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|BushmanRock Paintings. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press
<NAME>. 1995. 'Neglected Rock Art: The Rock Engravings of Agriculturist Communities in South Africa'. South African Archaeological Bulletin. Vol. 50 No. 162. pp. 132.142.
<NAME>. 1989. Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg. vols. I-VI. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2008. 'Beyond Development - Global Visions and Local Adaptations of a Contested Concept' in Limpricht, C., & M. Biesele (eds) Heritage and Cultures in modern Namibia: in-depth views of the country: a TUCSIN Festschrift. Goettingen : Klaus Hess Publishers. pp 37:46.
<NAME>. 2013. 'Rock Art Research in Africa' in Mitchell, P. and P. Lane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2004. 'Taking Stock: Identifying Khoekhoen Herder Rock Art in Southern Africa'. Current Anthropology Vol. 45, No. 4. pp 499-52.
background_images:
- sys:
id: 6oQGgfcXZYWGaeaiyS44oO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:47.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:41:12.556000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0120015.tiff
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6oQGgfcXZYWGaeaiyS44oO/c8bc0d9d1ceee0d23517a1bc68276b24/ZIMMSL0120015.tiff.jpg"
- sys:
id: 69ouDCLqDKo4EQWa6QCECi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:55.993000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:41:44.910000000 Z
title: SOAEFS0030008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ouDCLqDKo4EQWa6QCECi/9c5da3bf755188e90003a9bc55550f6f/SOAEFS0030008.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 57nTuvCZRm2kQIWosYeEQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:22.969000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:22.969000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Zimbabwe: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7wG2jigwgw4cGsusgAeCGc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.433000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction - Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Zimbabwe is a landlocked country surrounded by Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana
and South Africa, occupying a large, granitic high plateau between the Zambezi
and Limpopo river systems, with a tropical climate moderated by altitude.
The highest part of the country is the eastern Highlands; a north-south mountain
range reaching altitudes of 2,500 m. Rock art is located in two main areas,
the northern region of Mashonaland and the south-western area of Matabeleland.
These areas are full of granite hills and boulders that provide excellent
shelters for the paintings. The Matobo hills in Matabeleland constitute one
of the most outstanding examples of rock art in Southern Africa. The total
number of Zimbabwean rock art sites is unknown, but estimations made point
to thousands of sites throughout the country, with more being discovered annually. '
- sys:
id: 1vTYjbXbXuoWIu8Og2Ga6u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:16.773000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:40:06.610000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40o6cuVD1mg0GcouA8Iaym
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:06:48.519000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:06:48.519000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0280001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40o6cuVD1mg0GcouA8Iaym/32da0eecea127afbf2c5f839534485da/ZIMMSL0280001.jpg"
caption: Rocky outcrop in Mashonaland, Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.23240 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775899&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23240&page=1
- sys:
id: 2P8CUhzioUcQ2WQUCmy4eK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.382000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 18:50:57.591000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: History of the research
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 2'
body: 'Zimbabwean rock art was first reported by Europeans in 1927, when Miles
Burkitt visited southern Africa, but is especially linked to <NAME>ius,
one of the most renowned researchers in the first decades of the 20th century.
Le<NAME> travelled to the region in 1928 with a German team and thoroughly
documented numerous paintings, identifying many of the most characteristic
features of Zimbabwean rock art. However, he failed in identifying the authors
of the paintings, ascribing them to external influences of “high civilizations”
instead to the local communities who made them. Subsequently, work was continued
by <NAME>, who for forty years documented rock art paintings
constituting a huge corpus of tracings, but without developing an interpretative
framework for them. In the 1950s, another historic researcher, the <NAME>
Breuil, visited Zimbabwe and studied the paintings, again suggesting an Egyptian
or Minoan origin. It wasn’t until the 1960s and 1970s when a more objective
approach to the study of rock art started, with <NAME> the most prominent
figure in research from the 1980s onwards. Garlake wrote the first comprehensive
books on Zimbabwean rock art (Garlake 1987), integrating it within the general
framework of southern Africa and raising awareness about the importance of
these archaeological expressions. In 2003 the Matobo Hills were included in
the World Heritage List acknowledging the relevance of Zimbabwean rock art
for African heritage. '
- sys:
id: cUUCZ3TJ1mmO48egCGE2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:33.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:41:14.221000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2fUMJJmhu0gAW4Kkoscw2i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:30.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:30.277000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0070001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2fUMJJmhu0gAW4Kkoscw2i/6c0c5908e2526dae2378c771a641e1f0/ZIMMSL0070001.jpg"
caption: Yellow elephant calf painted on the roof of a shelter. Mashonaland,
Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.22675 ©TARA/<NAME>son
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775294&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22675&page=1
- sys:
id: 1GwWneVcV2OGekOmYsisAk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.340000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.340000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 3'
body: The rock art of Zimbabwe is some of the richest in Africa both in variety
and complexity, the vast majority being painted figures infilled or outlined
usually with just one colour, although bichrome examples are also known. The
human figure is the most often represented engaged in different activities
-hunting, walking, dancing- either isolated or in groups of up to forty people.
The figures are depicted in different styles, from the very schematic to relatively
naturalistic outlines, with men far more represented than women, and usually
depicted carrying bows and arrows. In some cases, these figures are part of
very complex scenes including animals and geometric symbols, some of which
have been interpreted as trance-like scenes similar to those in South Africa
with figures bleeding from their noses, crouching or dancing in groups or
sharing animal traits. A very specific type of depiction is human figures
with hugely distended abdomens, a trait that is associated either with fertility
or mystic potency concepts.
- sys:
id: 7cZfHMXB84oouoceeswCUQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:40.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:42:32.233000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 51wED0wl4cSWQAWcEqAKek
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:45.461000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:45.461000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0230014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/51wED0wl4cSWQAWcEqAKek/7e367c5c29de4def2fd4fbc4f81b7dd1/ZIMMSL0230014.jpg"
caption: Complex scene of human figures and antelopes. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.23055 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775708&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23055&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JiGtVlFnOqOUEqWcOyCms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.331000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.331000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 4'
body: 'Along with human figures, animals are widely represented in Zimbabwean
rock art, with kudu depictions dominating, but also with zebra, tsessebe and
sable antelopes commonly represented. Surprisingly, other antelopes such as
eland, waterbucks or wildebeest are very rarely represented, while other animals
(lions, cheetah, birds, ant bears, porcupines, baboons or warthogs) are very
scarce. Fish and crocodiles are relatively common, the latter represented
as if seen from above or below. There seems to be a preference for the depiction
of females rather than males, especially in the case of antelopes or elephants.
Regardless of the type of animal, the depictions seem to have a deep symbolism
far beyond the representation of animals just hunted and consumed, often being
surrounded by dots, flecks or networks of lines. That symbolism is especially
important in the case of the elephant, which is often depicted being hunted
by groups of men. '
- sys:
id: 60AofQXYWsUsusmsKwaGyS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:54.647000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:43:25.464000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 37IO99TlpSsMKoCoOskwyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:59.626000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:58:59.626000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0210014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/37IO99TlpSsMKoCoOskwyO/5156a40344d65934a2c8bdf86d3f78b9/ZIMMSL0210014.jpg"
caption: Group of human figures and different types of animals including giraffes,
antelopes and warthogs. 2013,2034.22962 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775615&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22962&page=1
- sys:
id: 36YlRmgg8EIiueMgCamy6e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.275000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.275000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 5'
body: 'Human figures and animals are accompanied by many geometric symbols,
usually related to trance-like contexts and include dots, wavy lines or stripes.
One of the most original types of symbols known as ‘formlings’, are oblong
figures divided in clusters and frequently combining several colours. These
are difficult to interpret but could be associated with complex ideas related
to trance states, although some other interpretations, such as their relating
to beehives, have been suggested (Garlake 1995: 97).'
- sys:
id: 5icNtVo3wWOg2EA62yK0gI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:08.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:44:25.781000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: nRXWoI9Gk8uy2go42GomE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:12.467000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:12.467000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0060005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/nRXWoI9Gk8uy2go42GomE/2bb4e21572df0610dfa429bb8b6f4bf2/ZIMMTB0060005.jpg"
caption: Depiction of a formling surrounding by animals. Matabeleland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.23465 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763606&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23465&page=1
- sys:
id: 5RnaGufDxeImKGM0msMOs6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:52.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 22:03:55.089000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 6'
body: |-
Traditionally, the themes expressed in Zimbabwean rock art have been identified as the same as those of the San|Bushmen¹ from South Africa and in many cases are undoubtedly related, and provide key hints for their interpretation. However, there are also differences, such as the emphasis given to different animals, the higher presence of trees and plants in Zimbabwe or the smaller presence of trance scenes in the north compared to that of the Drakensberg. Moreover, the lack of ethnographic information for Zimbabwean paintings and their older chronology make it difficult to establish the same type of associations as those made for other areas with more direct connections rock art to known cultures, as happens in South Africa. Although in a minority, rock art of a later chronology can be attributed to Iron Age farmers, characterized by more schematic figures, usually white and painted thickly with the finger or the hand. As is the case in other areas in Central Africa, some of these later depictions are related to rain making and initiation ceremonies.
¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted them.
- sys:
id: 62IspwBATCWA6aAe2Ymya8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:32.651000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:45:17.976000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4sy93JCmHKCso2muMWoOc0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:28.407000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:28.407000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0120052
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4sy93JCmHKCso2muMWoOc0/ac69dd7a46cecd5c4ca9663931e915ed/ZIMMSL0120052.jpg"
caption: Iron Age painting depicting a zebra. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.22780
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775418&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22780&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ovLRkQ1IMUeuGQMoEaymO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.470000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 19:02:39.778000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: country, chapter 6'
body: "As with much rock art, the dating of Zimbabwe paintings is a challenging
subject, although there is a consensus about them being significantly older
than those of the Drakensberg and probably dated at before 2,000 years ago.
The lack of any type of agriculture-related images in the paintings, which
was established by the 1st millennium AD, sets a relative dating for the depictions,
while the scarcity of sheep (introduced by the second half of the first millennium
BC in the area) points to a time period in which these animals were still
uncommon. These hints and the fact that, unlike in other areas there are not
historical subjects represented in the paintings, seems to indicate that Zimbabwean
paintings are at least 1,000 years old. However, archaeological evidence (Walker
2012: 44) suggests that rock art could be significantly older than that, at
least several thousands of years old. \n\n"
- sys:
id: 6j6wS0WtRmsKI20YK80AKC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:59:48.982000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:46:14.971000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6J08sWPtfOs88AmM20u02u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:00:29.957000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 12:00:29.957000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0220013
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6J08sWPtfOs88AmM20u02u/a3611f2b43b406427bd87003e5341612/ZIMMSL0220013.jpg"
caption: Sable antelope, crocodile or lizard and human figure. Mashonaland,
Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.23028 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775685&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23028&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: MXZ2L6VLmU2KqsWqcqO2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.696000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.696000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. (1995): The hunter's vision: the prehistoric
art of Zimbabwe. British Museum Press, London.\n\n<NAME>. (1987):
The painted caves: an introduction to the prehistoric art of Zimbabwe. Modus
Publications, Harare. \n\n<NAME>. & <NAME>
(1959): Prehistoric rock art of the Federation of Rhodesia & Nyasaland. National
Publications Trust, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury [Harare].\n\nWalker,
N. (2012): The Rock Art of the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe. Adoranten: 38-59\n"
background_images:
- sys:
id: Jy8edAwMCGiAywQIyi0KI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:31.534000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:31.534000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0100001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Jy8edAwMCGiAywQIyi0KI/4d9692d057fadcc525259a3eb75c00ba/ZIMMTB0100001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4UQayqgP9SoOGMKAwEqcq8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 13:38:10.784000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 13:38:10.784000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0020009
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4UQayqgP9SoOGMKAwEqcq8/0ab1b26bc1803c68c7a29aed52b523ad/ZIMMSL0020009.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4q3Wj7sKA8akoCm4UMYywG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:51.814000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:59:30.879000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0040003
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3775248&partId=1&searchText=ZIMMSL0040003&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4q3Wj7sKA8akoCm4UMYywG/c038814e5c673d11968394b1aec7070c/ZIMMSL0040003.jpg"
region: Southern Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/angola/tchitundu-hulu.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Angola
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 4COYtGhxoAuK82cGysc2cu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-29 19:47:47.835000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Tchitundu-Hulu
slug: tchitundu-hulu
chapters:
- sys:
id: 26QSCtJ2726k0U4WG4uCS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.927000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.927000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Tchitundu-Hulu is the generic name for a group of four rock art sites located
in the Namibe province on the south-west corner of Angola, by the edge of the
Namib desert, about 120 km from the sea. It is a semi-arid plain characterized
by the presence of several inselbergs (isolated hills rising from the plain),
the most important of which is Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume. The group of rock art
sites are surrounded by several seasonal rivers, within a maximum distance of
1 km. Tchitundu-Hulu was first documented by <NAME> in
1953, and since then it has become one of the most studied rock art sites in
Angola, attracting the interest of renowned researchers such as <NAME>,
J. <NAME> and Santos Junior. In 2014 one of the sites was the subject
of a Masters dissertation (Caema 2014), the latest addition to the long term
research on the site. '
- sys:
id: 4gU0r5PSy4CC8Q00ccMMuY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.741000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 7MqUsgyUhi8IIoM8sGKKAO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.210000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7MqUsgyUhi8IIoM8sGKKAO/01aa753abbbd4fa8224263f644d78b1c/ANGTCH0010003.jpg"
caption: "landscape showing an inselberg in the background. Tchitundu-Hulu,
Angola. 2013,2034.21206 © TARA/<NAME> \t"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744327&partId=1
- sys:
id: 3PYi7QceDKQa44gamOE0o4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:30:01.864000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'As forementioned, Tchitundu-Hulu comprises four rock art sites: Tchitundu-Hulu
Mulume, Tchitundu-Hulu Mucai, Pedra das Zebras and Pedra da Lagoa. The first
two combine paintings and engravings, while the latter only have engravings. Pedra
das Zebras and Pedra da Lagoa are Portuguese names which can be translated as
the Rock of the Zebras and the Rock of the Pond, but the name of Tchitundu-Hulu
has different interpretations in the local languages –the hill of heaven, the
hill of the souls or the sacred hill- while Mulume and Mucai are translated
as man and woman, respectively. Therefore, the local names of the site point
to a deep meaning within the communities that inhabited the region. '
- sys:
id: fm44bXnRYc0OiwS4Ywogw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:30:34.170000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'Of the four sites, Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume is the largest , located at the
top of the inselberg, 726m in height. The slopes of the outcrop are covered
by large engravings, most of them consisting of circle-like shapes (simple or
concentric circles, solar-like images), although some depictions of human figures
or animals are also present. In a shelter on the top of the outcrop more than
180 images can be found painted in red or white, with geometric shapes being
again widely predominant. The depictions have abundant superimpositions and
cover the walls, roof and base of the shelter. '
- sys:
id: 35UGg2OapGC2qG4O4Eo2I0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.726000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:42:06.863000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2KFJl6V2WsekUsMaq8M4Ga
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.151000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.151000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010019
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2KFJl6V2WsekUsMaq8M4Ga/8fd5bad6be6601f1a589674820b0770d/ANGTCH0010019.jpg"
caption: Pecked concentric lines. Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, Angola. 2013,2034.21222
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744352&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4RvVnpbsXK0YcYSUUYyw68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.862000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.862000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'In comparison, Tchitundu-Hulu Mucai is situated on the plain around 1,000
m from the inselberg, in a rock outcrop containing engravings on the top and
a shelter at its base covered by painted rock art. The characteristics of both
engravings and paintings are similar to those of Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, although
some black figures are present, too. Paintings often combine two, three or
even more colours, and consist mainly of geometric signs, although there are
anthropomorphs and zoomorphs, in some cases grouped in what seem hunting scenes. The
other two sites (the Rock of the Zebras and the Rock of the Pond) consist of
engravings similar to those of Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, and in some cases their
different patinas show that they were made in different periods. '
- sys:
id: iZUL3BpxqEII82IQGGGGC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:42:37.270000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1HfdgOK6lC4aCke6we2UGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.033000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.033000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1HfdgOK6lC4aCke6we2UGW/308f6b611eeec141c864e431073bf615/ANGTCH0010005.jpg"
caption: Paintings at Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, Angola. 2013,2034.21208 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744324&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5ngD52eGekKEMI2UMeGUWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.771000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:29:43.491000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'The chronology of the Tchitundu-Hulu rock art is difficult to establish,
and it is unclear if the four sites are of the same period at all. Theories
based on the lithic tools dispersed throughout the area ascribed the paintings
to an ancient time period, possibly tens of thousands of years old. Radiocarbon
samples coming from the excavation of Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume showed a date in
the early 1st millennium BC, although the relation of the archaeological remains
and the paintings has not been proved and archaeological materials of a more
modern period were also located. A sample taken from the pigments at the site
rendered a date of the beginning of the first centuries of the 1st millennium
AD. In any case, Tchitundu-Hulu hosts some of the oldest examples of rock art
in the country, and it has been linked to the schematic traditions that characterize
the rock art of Central Africa, more abundant in central Mozambique and Malawi. '
- sys:
id: 6MjjzjwufSQ6QqMqwweiaE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.829000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.829000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6u3Ewi14cgUU28MWOQ0WMI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.182000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.182000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6u3Ewi14cgUU28MWOQ0WMI/6b84b50d8dd0daaefff6ac33cf7799a3/ANGTCH0010011.jpg"
caption: Red and white oval-like figure (bird?). 2013,2034.21214 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744318&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4pyURXLHpYAWm8m882EKqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:30:49.386000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 6'
body: The question of who made the engravings or paintings is another complex
issue for the interpretation of the Tchitundu-Hulu depictions. The harsh conditions
of this semi-desert area probably favoured a seasonal occupation of the region
during the rainy season. The location of Tchitundu-Hulu at the edge of the
desert could also have made this place a strategic site for the communities
living in the region. Several local groups - Kwisi, Kuvale - have traditionally
inhabited the area, but the authorship of these engravings and paintings and
the motives for creating them remains obscure, as does the purpose and cultural
context of the complex images of Tchitundu-Hulu.
citations:
- sys:
id: txWp29xSGOSkuqgOYgeSi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:30.621000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:59:36.553000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: "<NAME>, <NAME>. (2014): 'As pinturas do abrigo do Tchitundu-Hulu
Mucai. Um contributo para o conhecimento da arte rupestre da região.' Unpublished
Masters dissertation \nInstituto Politécnico de Tomar – Universidade de Trás-os-Montes
e Alto Douro. Available at <http://comum.rcaap.pt/handle/10400.26/8309>\n"
background_images:
- sys:
id: 60WuYok9POoqaG2QuksOWI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:34.096000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:16:12.785000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21210'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744322&partId=1&searchText=ANGTCH0010007&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/60WuYok9POoqaG2QuksOWI/0786f5b209c940eb57e2fa98b10f6cfb/ANGTCH0010007.jpg"
- sys:
id: 40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010022`
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk/074e930f8099bbfdf9dd872f874c3a32/ANGTCH0010022.jpg"
---<file_sep>/Rakefile
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'colorize'
require 'html-proofer'
require 'mkmf'
require 'open-uri'
require 'rubocop/rake_task'
require 'yaml'
CONTENTFUL_LABELS = {
'2MFOT4WINOAOokOw2ma6aS': 'featured_site',
'3NZwbeG360yGuoKUUCU8Oy': 'image',
'4WLq0TTLleEcMmEYw66Q8w': 'thematic',
'4avEHZ2i4EkkmWQGg6Cc0c': 'embeded_media',
'4fXS1cA1XGKq4a6IM86Wm': 'country_key_facts',
'5BpsmbwGhUi8wYwIEKO0Oa': 'introduction',
'76etbn9kNUiAY0q6YYu0SY': 'project_page',
'7Ak9U6HXygSaUMmQQWIGQu': 'chapter',
'7Kul7fgXh6YSseagSee8co': 'regional_introduction',
'7bbOALHvAQ8cQ6yS2wOmw0': 'citation',
'Q4XNev9Iom0uGquue2eoS': 'country_information',
'fS8J0UehVuo8YuO2AswYS': 'country'
}.freeze
CONTENTFUL_IGNORED_CONTENT_TYPES = %w[
chapter citation country_key_facts embeded_media featured_site
image project_page
].freeze
IMAGES_PATH = 'assets/images/site'
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Default task
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
task default: %w[test]
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Rubocop tasks
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuboCop::RakeTask.new
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Jekyll tasks
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Usage: rake serve, rake serve:prod
task serve: ['serve:dev']
namespace :serve do
desc 'Serve development Jekyll site locally'
task :dev do
puts 'Starting up development Jekyll site server...'.yellow
ENV['JEKYLL_ENV'] = 'development'
system 'bundle exec jekyll serve --config _config.yml,_config.local.yml'
end
desc 'Serve production Jekyll site locally'
task :prod do
puts 'Starting up production Jekyll site server...'.yellow
ENV['JEKYLL_ENV'] = 'production'
system 'bundle exec jekyll serve --no-watch'
end
end
# Usage: rake build, rake build:prod
task build: ['build:dev']
namespace :build do
desc 'Regenerate files for development'
task :dev do
puts 'Regenerating files for development...'.yellow
ENV['JEKYLL_ENV'] = 'development'
system 'bundle exec jekyll build '\
'--trace --config _config.yml,_config.local.yml --profile'
end
desc 'Regenerate files for production'
task :prod do
puts 'Regenerating files for production...'.yellow
ENV['JEKYLL_ENV'] = 'production'
system 'bundle exec jekyll build --trace'
end
end
# Usage: rake test, rake test:prod
task test: ['test:all']
namespace :test do
options = {
allow_hash_href: true,
cache: {
timeframe: '30d'
},
assume_extension: true,
disable_external: true,
internal_domains: ['kingsdigitallab.github.io'],
empty_alt_ignore: true,
url_swap: { %r{/african-rock-art/?} => '/' }
}
desc 'Test development and production sites'
task :all do
puts 'Testing development and production sites'.yellow
Rake::Task['test:dev'].invoke
puts '---'.yellow
Rake::Task['test:prod'].invoke
end
desc 'Test development site'
task :dev do
puts 'Validating development HTML output in _site...'.yellow
Rake::Task['build:dev'].invoke
HTMLProofer.check_directory('./_site', options).run
end
desc 'Test production site'
task :prod do
puts 'Validating production HTML output in _site...'.yellow
Rake::Task['build:prod'].invoke
HTMLProofer.check_directory('./_site', options).run
end
end
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Contentful tasks
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Usage: rake contentful, rake contentful:import, rake:process
task contentful: ['contentful:all']
namespace :contentful do
desc 'Import and process data from Contentful'
task :all do
puts 'Contentful data import and processing...'.yellow
Rake::Task['contentful:import'].invoke
puts '---'.yellow
Rake::Task['contentful:process'].invoke
puts '---'.yellow
Rake::Task['contentful:assets'].invoke
puts '---'.yellow
Rake::Task['contentful:resize'].invoke
end
desc 'Import data from Contentful'
task :import do
puts 'Contentful data import...'.yellow
system '. ./env.sh && bundle exec jekyll contentful'
end
desc 'Process imported data: '\
're-maps Contentful content types and creates content pages'
task :process do
puts 'Contentful data processing...'.yellow
yaml_path = File.join(Dir.pwd, '_data/ara.yaml')
yaml_data = File.read(yaml_path)
# some terms are encoded in the content using | which should not be
# converted into HTML tables, so they need to be escaped
yaml_data = yaml_data.gsub(/(\w*)\|([a-zA-Z]\w+)/, '\1|\2')
CONTENTFUL_LABELS.each do |key, value|
yaml_data = yaml_data.gsub(Regexp.quote(key), value)
end
File.open(yaml_path, 'w') do |f|
f.write(yaml_data)
f.close
end
yaml = YAML.load_file(yaml_path)
yaml.each do |key, value|
unless CONTENTFUL_IGNORED_CONTENT_TYPES.include?(key)
create_content_pages(key, value)
end
end
end
desc 'Import assets from Contentful; '\
'by default it only downloads new images, '\
'to overwrite existing images do `rake contentful:assets[true]`'
task :assets, [:force] do |_t, args|
args.with_defaults(force: false)
force = args[:force]
puts 'Contentful assets import...'.yellow
Dir.mkdir(IMAGES_PATH) unless File.exist?(IMAGES_PATH)
Rake::Task['contentful:process'].invoke
yaml_path = File.join(Dir.pwd, '_data/ara.yaml')
yaml = YAML.load_file(yaml_path)
yaml.each do |key, value|
case key
when 'image'
value.each do |item|
download_image(item['image'], force) if item['image']
end
when 'country'
value.each do |country|
next unless country['image_carousel'] || country['background_images']
images = []
images += country['image_carousel'] if country['image_carousel']
images += country['background_images'] if country['background_images']
images.each do |image|
download_image(image, force)
end
end
when 'thematic'
value.each do |theme|
next unless theme['lead_image'] || theme['background_images']
images = []
images += [theme['lead_image']] if theme['lead_image']
images += theme['background_images'] if theme['background_images']
images.each do |image|
download_image(image, force)
end
end
end
end
end
desc 'Resizes the images imported from Contentful to a maximum of 500k'
task :resize do
puts 'Resizing images...'.yellow
low_quality_path = "#{IMAGES_PATH}/low"
Dir.mkdir(low_quality_path) unless File.exist?(low_quality_path)
if find_executable('mogrify')
%w[jpg].each do |ext|
puts "Resizing #{ext}s...".yellow
system "mogrify -resize 540x560 -quality 100 \
-define jpeg:extent=500kb #{IMAGES_PATH}/*.#{ext}"
system "mogrify -path #{low_quality_path} \
-quality 10 #{IMAGES_PATH}/*.#{ext}"
%w[140x140 300x180].each do |size|
puts "Creating #{size} surrogates...".green
size_path = "#{IMAGES_PATH}/#{size}"
Dir.mkdir(size_path) unless File.exist?(size_path)
low_quality_path = "#{size_path}/low"
Dir.mkdir(low_quality_path) unless File.exist?(low_quality_path)
system "mogrify -path #{size_path} -resize #{size}^ \
-gravity center -extent #{size} #{IMAGES_PATH}/*.#{ext}"
system "mogrify -path #{low_quality_path} \
-quality 10 #{size_path}/*.#{ext}"
end
end
system "rm -f #{IMAGES_PATH}/*.*~"
else
puts 'Imagemagick not found'.red
end
end
end
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Gallery tasks
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
desc 'Creates surrogates for the gallery images'
task :gallery do
puts 'Processing gallery images...'.yellow
gallery_images_path = 'assets/images/gallery'
low_quality_path = "#{gallery_images_path}/low"
Dir.mkdir(low_quality_path) unless File.exist?(low_quality_path)
if find_executable('mogrify')
%w[jpg].each do |ext|
puts "Resizing #{ext}s...".yellow
system "mogrify -resize 540x560 -quality 100 \
-define jpeg:extent=500kb #{gallery_images_path}/*.#{ext}"
system "mogrify -path #{low_quality_path} \
-quality 10 #{gallery_images_path}/*.#{ext}"
%w[140x140 196x196].each do |size|
puts "Creating #{size} surrogates...".green
size_path = "#{gallery_images_path}/#{size}"
Dir.mkdir(size_path) unless File.exist?(size_path)
low_quality_path = "#{size_path}/low"
Dir.mkdir(low_quality_path) unless File.exist?(low_quality_path)
system "mogrify -path #{size_path} \
-resize #{size} -background white -gravity center -extent #{size} \
#{gallery_images_path}/*.#{ext}"
system "mogrify -path #{low_quality_path} \
-quality 10 #{size_path}/*.#{ext}"
end
end
system "rm -f #{gallery_images_path}/*.*~"
else
puts 'Imagemagick not found'.red
end
end
def create_content_pages(key, data)
# Creates content specific directory (collection)
dir_name = '_coll_' + key
dir_path = File.join(Dir.pwd, dir_name)
Dir.mkdir(dir_path) unless File.exist?(dir_path)
# Creates one content file per item
data.each do |item|
item_hash = { 'contentful' => item }
slug = item['sys']['id']
%w[slug title name].each do |field|
next unless item.include?(field) && !item[field].empty?
slug = slugify(item[field])
break
end
file_path = File.join(dir_path, slug + '.md')
File.open(file_path, 'w') do |f|
f.write(YAML.dump(item_hash))
f.write('---')
end
next unless item.include?('featured_site')
create_featured_site(dir_name, slug, item)
end
end
def slugify(str)
str.strip.downcase.gsub(/\W+/, '-')
end
def create_featured_site(country_dir_name, country_slug, data)
featured_dir_name = country_dir_name + '/' + country_slug
featured_dir_path = File.join(Dir.pwd, featured_dir_name)
Dir.mkdir(featured_dir_path) unless File.exist?(featured_dir_path)
featured_slug = data['featured_site']['slug']
featured_item_hash = {
'breadcrumbs' => [
{ 'label' => 'Countries', 'url' => '../../' },
{ 'label' => data['name'], 'url' => '../' }
],
'layout' => 'featured_site',
'contentful' => data['featured_site']
}
featured_file_path = File.join(featured_dir_path, featured_slug + '.md')
File.open(featured_file_path, 'w') do |f|
f.write(YAML.dump(featured_item_hash))
f.write('---')
end
end
def download_image(image, force)
return unless image['url']
url = "https:#{image['url']}?fm=jpg&fl=progressive&w=540&h=560"
filename = url.split('/')[-1].split('?')[0]
filename = File.basename(filename, File.extname(filename))
filename = "#{IMAGES_PATH}/#{filename}.jpg"
return unless force || !File.file?(filename)
puts "Downloading #{url}:".green
puts " into #{filename}".blue
download = open(url)
IO.copy_stream(download, filename)
end
<file_sep>/_layouts/country.html
---
layout: default
---
<article class="country">
{% assign self = page.contentful %}
{% assign chapters = self.country_introduction.chapters %}
{% assign introduction = chapters[0] %}
{% assign introduction_image = chapters | where: "sys.content_type_id", "image" | first %}
<header class="container">
<h1 class="page-heading">{{ self.name | escape }}</h1>
</header>
<div class="container featured-chapter">
<div class="column-five-twelveth">
<p>{{ introduction.body | markdownify }}</p>
{% if self.featured_site %}
<a class="button orange more" href="{{ self.featured_site.slug }}/">View featured rock art site</a>
{% endif %}
</div>
<div class="column-seven-twelveth">
{% include image.html image=introduction_image.image caption=introduction_image.caption link=introduction_image.col_link class="full-width" %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
<div class="column-one-third">
<h2 class="baskerville">Highlight images</h2>
</div>
<div class="column-one-third">
<p class="heading-sibling">
{% if self.slug == 'nigeria' %}
<a href="images/">Explore rock art</a>
{% else %}
<a href="{{ self.col_url }}" target="_blank">Explore rock art</a>
{% endif %}
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
{% for image in self.image_carousel limit:3 %}
<div class="column-one-third">
<div class="card">
<div class="five-three">
<div class="card-image">
<a href="">
{% include image.html image=image %}
</a>
</div>
</div>
{% if image.description %}
<div class="card-content">
<a href="{{ image.description }}" class="more">Read more about this image</a>
</div>
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
{% endfor %}
</div>
<div class="container chapter">
<div class="column-three-quarters">
<h2 class="chapter-title">Country overview</h2>
{% for field in self.key_facts offset: 2 %}
<h3>{{ field[0] | split: "_" | join: " " | capitalize }}</h3>
<p>{{ field[1] }}</p>
{% endfor %}
</div>
</div>
<div class="container chapter accordion">
<div class="column-three-quarters">
{% include chapters.html chapters=chapters %}
</div>
</div>
{% if self.thematic_articles %}
<div class="container">
<h2>Related content</h2>
{% for related in self.thematic_articles limit:3 %}
<div class="column-one-third">
<div class="card">
{% assign url = "/thematic/" | append: related.slug | append: "/" | relative_url %}
<div class="five-three">
<div class="card-image">
<a href="{{ url }}">
{% include image.html image=related.lead_image %}
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-content">
<h3><a href="{{ url }}">{{ related.title }}</a></h3>
<a href="{{ url }}" class="more hr">Find out more</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{% endfor %}
</div>
{% endif %}
</article>
<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/country-of-standing-stones.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2KyCxSpMowae0oksYsmawq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:32:33.269000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:57:42.412000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'The Country of the Standing Stones: Stela in Southern Ethiopia'
slug: country-of-standing-stones
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk/ad2ce21e5a6a89a0d4ea07bee897b525/ETHTBU0050002.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7lbvgOvsBO0sgeSkwU68K8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:36.149000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:48:54.764000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 1'
body: Ethiopia is home to some of the most impressive archaeological remains in
Africa, such as the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, the Axumite kingdom monoliths
or the Gondar palaces. Most of these sites are located in northern Ethiopia,
but to the south of the country there are also some remarkable archaeological
remains, less well-known but which deserve attention. One of them is the dozens
of graveyards located along the Rift Valley and marked by hundreds of stone
stelae of different types, usually decorated. Ethiopia holds the biggest concentration
of steale in all Africa, a testimony of the complexity of the societies which
inhabited the Horn of Africa at the beginning of the second millennium AD.
- sys:
id: 3q8L69s3O8YOWsS4MAI0gk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:03:36.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:51:45.367000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3lhKPWDnSwEIKmoGaySEIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.448000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.448000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0090003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3lhKPWDnSwEIKmoGaySEIy/a330ae393d066149e80155b81694f6d3/ETHTBU0090003.jpg"
caption: Engraved stela from Silté (now in the Addis Ababa National Museum), probably
of a historic period, completely covered by symbols and human figures. 2013,2034.16388
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704087&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16388&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: wMW6zfth1mIgEiSqIy04S
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:55.931000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:52:16.164000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Although some of the most impressive stelae are located to the north-east
of Ethiopia, in the region where the Axumite Kingdom flourished between the
1st and the 10th centuries AD, the area with the highest concentration of stelae
is to the south-west of the country, from the Manz region to the north of Addis
Ababa to the border with Kenya. It is an extensive area which approximately
follows the Rift Valley and the series of lakes that occupy its floor, and which
roughly covers the Soddo, Wolayta and Sidamo regions. The region has a tropical
climate and is fertile, with warm conditions being predominant and rainfall
being quite abundant, with annual rates of 1200-1500 mm in the lower areas while
in the highlands the rainfall reaches 2.000 mm per year.
- sys:
id: 5BGRogcCPeYgq2SY62eyUk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:24:59.375000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:53:36.787000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce/cf9d160fced55a45a8cb0cc9db8cbd54/ETHTBU0080002.jpg"
caption: Two stelae on which are carved human figures. The faces have carved stripes,
sometimes interpreted as masks. Ambet, Soddo. 2013,2034.16385 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704090&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16385&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 3CBiLCh7ziUkMC264I4oSw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:16.601000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:58:41.825000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'Ethiopian stelae have been known to western scholars since the end of the
19th century, with the first examples documented in 1885 to the north of Addis
Ababa and the news about the main group to the south arriving in 1905. The first
archaeological works in the southern area took place in the 1920’s carried out
by French and German researchers. The work of <NAME>ïs was especially remarkable,
with four expeditions undertaken between 1922 and 1926 which were partially
published in 1931. Along with Azaïs, a German team from the Frobénius Institute
started to study the site of Tuto Fela, a huge cemetery with hundreds of phallic
and anthropomorphic stelae located in the Sidamo region. Since these early studies
the archaeological remains were left unattended until the 1970’s, when Francis
Anfray excavated the site of Gattira-Demma and organized a far more systematic
survey in the area which documented dozens of stelae of different sizes and
types. In the 1980’s, another French team started to study first Tiya and then
Tuto Fela and another important site, Chelba-Tutitti, in a long-term project
which has been going on for thirty years and has been paramount to understand
the types, chronologies and distribution of these archaeological remains. The
historical importance of these stelae was universally recognized in 1980, when
Tiya was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. '
- sys:
id: 3OqDncSoogykaUgAyW0Mei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:25:18.604000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:00:14.418000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zt1z4iJ44c2MWmWcGy4Ey
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.088000000 Z
title: ETHSID0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zt1z4iJ44c2MWmWcGy4Ey/7a08db34b4eba7530b9efb69f42fec36/ETHSID0010002.jpg"
caption: View of the Tuto Fela site, showing some of the stelae standing over
the burials. The stelae are anthropomorphic, corresponding to the second phase
of the cemetery. 2013,2034.16196 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3703783&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16196&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 5NnJiqSSNGkOuooYIEYIWO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:25:38.253000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:01:28.688000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk/ad2ce21e5a6a89a0d4ea07bee897b525/ETHTBU0050002.jpg"
caption: Back of the Tiya stelae, showing the graves attached to them. 2013,2034.16345
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704130&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16345&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 66kOG829XiiESyKSYUcOkI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:40.626000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:40.626000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'The Ethiopian stelae show a great variability in shapes and decorations,
but at least three main groups could be defined. The first corresponds to the
so-called phallic stelae, long cylindrical stones with a hemispherical top delimited
by a groove or ring (Jossaume 2012: 97). The body of the stela is sometimes
decorated with simple geometric patterns. A second type is known as anthropomorphic,
with the top of the piece carved to represent a face and the rest of the piece
decorated with crossed patterns. These two types are common to the east of the
Rift Valley lakes, while to the south of Addis Ababa and to the west of these
lakes several other types are present, most of them representing anthropomorphs
but sometimes plain instead of cylindrical. These figures are usually classified
depending on the shape and especially the features engraved on them –masks,
pendants, swords- with the most lavishly carved considered the most recent.
Probably the best known group is that with swords represented, such as those
of Tiya, characterized by plain stones in which groups of swords (up to nineteen)
are depicted along with dots and other unidentified symbols. Not all the stelae
have these weapons, although those that don’t are otherwise identical in shape
and have other common signs engraved on them. Regarding their chronology the
Ethiopian stela seem to be relatively new, dated from the 10th to the 13th centuries,
sometimes with one type of stela superimposed on another and in other cases
with old types being reused in later tombs.'
- sys:
id: 66jbDvBWhykGwIOOmaYesY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:26:18.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:04:13.365000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 5Bpxor1k1GMmUOoEWWqK2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.437000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.437000000 Z
title: ETHSOD0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Bpxor1k1GMmUOoEWWqK2k/a6ec0e80da1e2b1c7cecdf2ee7951b9e/ETHSOD0050002.jpg"
caption: Example of a phallic cylindrical stela, Gido Wamba, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16290
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3703913&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16290&&page=1
- sys:
id: 3gftSkoIHSsmeCU6M8EkcE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:27:02.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:06:02.999000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6WDEsfzmqQGkyyGImgYmcU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:24.547000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:24.547000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050025
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6WDEsfzmqQGkyyGImgYmcU/5055128d6e0e0b51216e0daeb59c6728/ETHTBU0050025.jpg"
caption: Examples of a plain stela with swords at Tiya, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16365
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704110&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16365&page=1
- sys:
id: 41cBMB2SpOEqy0m66k64Gc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:58.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:58.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 5'
body: 'Regardless of their chronology and shape, most of the stela seem to have
a funerary function, marking the tombs of deceased which were buried in cemeteries
sometimes reaching hundreds of graves. The information collected from sites
of such as Tuto Fela show that not all the burials had an attached stela, and
considering the amount of work necessary to prepare them those which had could
be interpreted as belonging to high status people. In some cases, such as in
Tiya, it seems evident that the stela marked the graves of important personalities
within their communities. It is difficult to determine who the groups that carved
these stelae were, but given their chronology it seems that they could have
been Cushitic or Nilotic-speaking pastoralist communities absorbed by the Oromo
expansion that took place in the sixteenth century. A lot of research has still
to be done about these graveyards and their associated living spaces, and undoubtedly
many groups of stelae are yet to be discovered. Those studied show, however,
the potential interest of ancient communities still poorly known but which were
able to develop complex societies and these material expressions of authority
and power. '
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caption: Stela graveyard in Meskem. 2013,2034.16330 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704143&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16330&page=1
citations:
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id: 6LBJQl0eT62A06YmiSqc4W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:00.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:00.511000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
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citation_line: |
<NAME> (dir.) (1995): *Tiya, l'Éthiopie des Mégalithes, du Biface a l'Art Rupestre dans la Corne d'Afrique*. Paris, UNESCO/CNS.
<NAME>. (2007): Tuto Fela et les stèles du sud de l'Ethiopie. Paris, Éditions recherche sur les civilisations.
<NAME>. (2012): The Superimposed Cemeteries of Tuto Fela in Gedeo Country (Ethiopia), and Thoughts on the Site of Chelba-Tutitti. *Palethnology*, 4, 87-110.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/somalia-somaliland.md
---
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:45:07.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 17:08:34.246000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 14
name: Somalia/Somaliland
slug: somalia-somaliland
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=41067|27048|1665
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
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featured_site:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:53:38.667000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: Laas Geel, Somaliland
slug: laas-geel
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1JcxOsFcCYMqGCWuu8G2Oo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:40:46.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:51:05.773000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 1'
body: Laas Geel, one of the most important rock art sites in the region, is
located in the north-western part of the Horn of Africa, in Somaliland, in
the road that links Hargeisa and Berbera. The site is placed on a granite
outcrop that rises from a plateau at an altitude of 950 meters above sea level,
at the confluence of two seasonal rivers, a key fact to explain the existence
of rock art in the outcrop. Even today, the name of the site (“the camel’s
well” in Somali) makes reference to the availability of water near the surface
of the wadis. The panels are placed at three different levels and distributed
mostly throughout the eastern flank of the outcrop, although isolated depictions
can be found in other slopes.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 6DXjMuJy2AeE0uMuQMOiYQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:17:16.995000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:52:45.006000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 31GgY4I8aIMi6wscCMaysq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:33.941000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15841'
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caption: View of Laas Geel landscape seen from one of the shelters. Laas Geel,
Somaliland. 2013,2034.15841 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2ih7AbC
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id: 6DXjMuJy2AeE0uMuQMOiYQ
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image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:33.941000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15841'
description:
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caption: View of Laas Geel landscape seen from one of the shelters. Laas Geel,
Somaliland. 2013,2034.15841 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2ih7AbC
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:41:31.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:41:31.266000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The site was discovered in 2002 by a French team led by <NAME>
which studied the beginning of Pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. Along with
the paintings, lithic tools were found scattered throughout the site, and
tombs marked with stelae and mounds can be seen in the neighbourhood. The
paintings are distributed along 20 rock shelters, the biggest being around
10 meters long. Most of them correspond to humpless cows with curved or lyre-like
white horns (sometimes with reddish tips) and marked udders. Paintings are
enormously colourful, including red, white, black, violet, brown and yellow
both isolated and combined. However, the most distinctive feature of these
cows is their necks, depicted rectangular, abnormally wide and either blank
or infilled with red and white stripes, either straight or wavy. These strange
necks have been interpreted as mats hanging from the actual neck, in what
could be interpreted as a ceremonial ornament.
images_and_captions:
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id: 4MkPzhKn1KcGAqsYI2KAM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:38:47.035000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:53.979000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:53.979000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16068'
description:
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caption: View of one of the main Lass Geel main panels, taken with a fish
eye lens. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.16068 © TARA/<NAME>oulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iLyTXN
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revision: 2
image:
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title: '2013,2034.16068'
description:
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caption: View of one of the main Lass Geel main panels, taken with a fish eye
lens. Laas Geel, Somaliland. 2013,2034.16068 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iLyTXN
- sys:
id: 3NlNPDdYMUy2WyKIKAAyyQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:42:09.252000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:16:01.889000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title:
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'Cows appear isolated or in groups of up to fifteen, although no clear
representation of herds can be made out, and they are often associated with
human figures with a very standardized shape: frontally depicted with arms
outstretched to the sides, and wearing a kind of shirt, usually white. Heads
are small and sometimes surrounded by a halo of radial dashes as a crown.
These figures always appear related to the cows, either under the neck, between
the legs or behind the hindquarters. In some cases they carry a bow, a stick
or a shield. Along with humans and cows, dogs are well represented too, usually
positioned near the human figures. Other animals are much scarcer: there are
some figures that could correspond to antelopes, monkeys and two lonely depictions
of a giraffe. Throughout most of the panels, geometric symbols are also represented,
often surrounding the cows.'
images_and_captions:
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id: 6iWCErs5moI0koSeU4KCow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:39:17.751000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:55:44.228000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15894'
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caption: View of panel with painted depictions of cattle, antelopes and a
giraffe. Laas Geel, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15894 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709550
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revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15894'
description:
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caption: View of panel with painted depictions of cattle, antelopes and a giraffe.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15894 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709550
- sys:
id: 2L6Reqb06ImeEUeKq0mI4A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:42:51.276000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 4'
body: Unlike many other rock art sites, Laas Geel has been dated quite precisely
thanks to the excavations carried out in one of the shelters by the French
team that documented the site. During the excavation parts of the painted
rock wall were recovered, and therefore the archaeologists have proposed a
chronology of mid-4th to mid-3rd millennia, being one of the oldest evidences
of cattle domestication in the Horn of Africa and the oldest known rock art
site in this region. Unfortunately, although bovine bones were recovered from
the excavation, they were too poorly preserved to determine whether they correspond
to domestic or wild animals.
images_and_captions:
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image:
sys:
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title: '2013,2034.15821'
description:
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caption: View of cow and human figure painted at the middle of the rock art
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2013,2034.15821 © TARA/<NAME>
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:30.632000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15821'
description:
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caption: View of cow and human figure painted at the middle of the rock art
panel, with other cows depicted to the lower left. Laas Geel, Somaliland.
2013,2034.15821 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691509
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:43:38.752000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 5'
body: When discovered, Laas Geel was considered a unique site, and although
its general characteristics corresponded to the so-called Ethiopian-Arabic
style, its specific stylistic features had no parallels in the rock art of
the region. As research has increased, some other sites, such as <NAME>,
Dhambalin and <NAME>, have provided similar depictions to those of Laas
Geel, thus reinforcing the idea of a distinctive “Laas Geel” style which nevertheless
must be interpreted within the broader regional context.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:40:04.102000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15446'
description:
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caption: Group of painted cows with curved horns and marked udders, superimposed
by more modern, white geometric signs. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15446
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3710609
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revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15446'
description:
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caption: Group of painted cows with curved horns and marked udders, superimposed
by more modern, white geometric signs. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15446
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3710609
- sys:
id: 4yBgBkRUdWGgICeIMua8Am
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:44:09.364000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:17:05.456000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'Laas Geel is a marvellous example of the potential of African rock art
still waiting to be discovered and studied. Not only the quality of the images
depicted is astonishing, but the archaeological data associated with the site
and the landscape itself help to reconstruct a key episode in human history
elsewhere: the moment in which animals started to be domesticated. The strong
symbolism which surrounds the figures of cows and humans is a permanent testimony
of the reverence these communities paid to the animals that provided their
sustenance.'
citations:
- sys:
id: 5M3Fqrd5bGqyUGegSo4U84
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:44:40.978000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:44:40.978000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., <NAME>. y <NAME>. (2003b): The Discovery of New Rock Art Paintings in the Horn of Africa: The Rock Shelters of Laas Geel, Republic of Somaliland. *Journal of African Archaeology*, 1 (2): 227-236.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. (eds.) (2010): The decorated shelters of Laas Geel and the rock art of Somaliland. Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée, Montpellier University
background_images:
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key_facts:
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content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somalia/Somaliland: key facts'
image_count: 788 images
date_range: Mostly 3,000 BC onwards
main_areas: North-west, north-east, south.
techniques: Engravings, brush paintings
main_themes: Cattle, anthropomorphs, geometric symbols
thematic_articles:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:25:56.681000000 Z
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would
probably depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in
the distance, a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become
synonymous with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
id: 4p7wUbC6FyiEYsm8ukI0ES
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
id: 1LsXHHPAZaIoUksC2US08G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep,
horses and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were
domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and
spread from there to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st
century AD onwards. The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
have been documented through many different historical sources, from Roman
texts to sculptures or coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock
art, where camels became so abundant that they have given their name to a
whole period. The depictions of camels provide an incredible amount of information
about the life, culture and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities
from the beginnings of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late
years of the 7th century.
- sys:
id: j3q9XWFlMOMSK6kG2UWiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:00.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
title: EA26664
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua/e00bb3c81c6c9b44b5e224f5a8ce33a2/EA26664.jpg"
caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have
evolved so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising
that dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people,
commodities and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
- sys:
id: 2KjIpAzb9Kw4O82Yi6kg2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:36.039000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:39:34.523000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
title: Af1937,0105.16
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W/4a850695b34c1766d1ee5a06f61f2b36/Af1937_0105.16.jpg"
caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
- sys:
id: 12mIwQ0wG2qWasw4wKQkO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:00.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:45:29.810000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. Man
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum/3dbaa11c18703b33840a6cda2c2517f2/Fig._4._Man.jpg"
caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
id: 6UIdhB0rYsSQikE8Yom4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC.
However, it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due
to the River Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier
for these animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian
era, and probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through
the south of the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid,
and during the following centuries camels became a key element in the North
African societies. They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting
heavy goods and even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used,
improving the range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems
that the large caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory
or slaves came later, when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the
establishment of vast trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region
that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: YLb3uCAWcKm288oak4ukS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:46.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:46:15.751000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8/74efd37612ec798fd91c2a46c65587f7/1923_0401.850.jpg"
caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man
leading a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD.
1923,0401.850 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
id: 3uitqbkcY8s8GCcicKkcI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways
in which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are
found in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions
– black; sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect.
They usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally,
dogs and horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent
the oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female
camels herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
id: 5OWosKxtUASWIO6IUii0EW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:17.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:11:49.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu/85c0b70ab40ead396c695fe493081801/2013_2034.383.jpg"
caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. Wadi Teshuinat, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Ocb7A3ig8OOkc2AAQIEmo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:48.147000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:12:22.249000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. Oued Djerat, Algeria. 2013,2034.5117
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iTHcZ38wwSyGK8UIqY2yQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:09.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. Kozen Pass, Chad. 2013,2034.7295 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
id: 2zqiJv33OUM2eEMIK2042i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
id: 6dOm7ewqmA6oaM4cK4cy8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI/2b279eff2a6f42121ab0f6519d694a92/As1974_29.17.jpg"
caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be
put around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the
British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jE9BeKCBUEK8Igg8kCkUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and
are often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle
was designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight
over the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider
to control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and
swords that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient.
This new kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today,
appears only in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in
the rock art of Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles
that are recognizable in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets
are identifiable in the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those
still used today by desert peoples.'
- sys:
id: 6yZaDQMr1Sc0sWgOG6MGQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:46.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:33:25.754000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jHyVlfWXugI2acowekUGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:15:13.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:36:07.603000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK/1db47ae083ff605b9533898d9d9fb10d/2013_2034.4471.jpg"
caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. <NAME>,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
- sys:
id: 57goC8PzUs6G4UqeG0AgmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:16:51.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:33:53.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at <NAME>, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
- sys:
id: 3QPr46gQP6sQWswuSA2wog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk,
meat and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and
economic networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 54fiYzKXEQw0ggSyo0mk44
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:13.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:01:13.379000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, Archael Guelta, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ymik3z5wMUEway6omqKQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340001
description:
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id: 6h9anIEQRGmu8ASywMeqwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:07:20.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:54.244000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
slug: geometric-motifs
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5plObOxqdq6MuC0k4YkCQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:02:35.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:05:34.964000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |-
The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at <NAME> and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
- sys:
id: 71cjHu2xrOC8O6IwSmMSS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:57:39.559000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:06:07.592000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
caption: White symbolic designs possibly representing Maa clans and livestock
brands, Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12976 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
- sys:
id: 36QhSWVHKgOeMQmSMcGeWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting
shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are
places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat
in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle.
During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were
painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand
their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners,
but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease.
Different symbols may be used for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
- sys:
id: 3HGWtlhoS424kQCMo6soOe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a
similar visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its
167 megalithic stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds
of geometric motifs. Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the
brand marks that the Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other
livestock in the area, although local people claim no authorship for the funerary
engravings (Russell, 2013:4).
- sys:
id: kgoyTkeS0oQIoaOaaWwwm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter
adorned with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia,
Kenya. 2013,2034.13006 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership
as we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It
has been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by
camel keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell,
2013:18). Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place
their clan marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees
and wells (Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
- sys:
id: 3sW37nPBleC8WSwA8SEEQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy/a234f96f9931ec3fdddcf1ab54a33cd9/2013_2034.13451.jpg"
caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with
meat-feasting or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic
of something else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu
people reported that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting
shelters were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were
made to mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear
representations of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja,
shows a dung painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which
is said to represent cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols,
painted in fat and red ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on
the Mesakin and Korongo Hills in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child
to whom prayers are offered (Bell, 1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles
bisected by two crosses represent boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn
diagonally) or a slanting line (like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough
pastoralist geometric motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa,
attempting to find the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The
examples discussed here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors,
even in the same location, and that identical symbols can be the products
of very different behaviours. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
Gramly R 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
<NAME>H (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
background_images:
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id: 1TDQd4TutiKwIAE8mOkYEU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
title: KENLOK0030053
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1TDQd4TutiKwIAE8mOkYEU/718ff84615930ddafb1f1fdc67b5e479/KENLOK0030053.JPG"
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title: KENKAJ0030008
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- sys:
id: 5HZTuIVN8AASS4ikIea6m6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
id: 4nyZGLwHTO2CK8a2uc2q6U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:48.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: <NAME>. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and Louis Leakey in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. David
Phillipson (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
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id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by <NAME> in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
- sys:
id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\nClark, J.C.D. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\n<NAME>. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Verlag. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\nSmith, Benjamin. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:42:27.348000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:25:55.914000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1298'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592557
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq/31cde536c4abf1c0795761f8e35b255c/2013_2034.1298.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:53.440000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:26:40.898000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA/9fc2e1d88f73a01852e1871f631bf4ff/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2KyCxSpMowae0oksYsmawq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:32:33.269000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:57:42.412000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'The Country of the Standing Stones: Stela in Southern Ethiopia'
slug: country-of-standing-stones
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk/ad2ce21e5a6a89a0d4ea07bee897b525/ETHTBU0050002.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7lbvgOvsBO0sgeSkwU68K8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:36.149000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:48:54.764000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 1'
body: Ethiopia is home to some of the most impressive archaeological remains
in Africa, such as the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, the Axumite kingdom
monoliths or the Gondar palaces. Most of these sites are located in northern
Ethiopia, but to the south of the country there are also some remarkable archaeological
remains, less well-known but which deserve attention. One of them is the dozens
of graveyards located along the Rift Valley and marked by hundreds of stone
stelae of different types, usually decorated. Ethiopia holds the biggest concentration
of steale in all Africa, a testimony of the complexity of the societies which
inhabited the Horn of Africa at the beginning of the second millennium AD.
- sys:
id: 3q8L69s3O8YOWsS4MAI0gk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:03:36.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:51:45.367000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3lhKPWDnSwEIKmoGaySEIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.448000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.448000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0090003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3lhKPWDnSwEIKmoGaySEIy/a330ae393d066149e80155b81694f6d3/ETHTBU0090003.jpg"
caption: Engraved stela from Silté (now in the Addis Ababa National Museum),
probably of a historic period, completely covered by symbols and human figures. 2013,2034.16388
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704087&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16388&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: wMW6zfth1mIgEiSqIy04S
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:55.931000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:52:16.164000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Although some of the most impressive stelae are located to the north-east
of Ethiopia, in the region where the Axumite Kingdom flourished between the
1st and the 10th centuries AD, the area with the highest concentration of
stelae is to the south-west of the country, from the Manz region to the north
of Addis Ababa to the border with Kenya. It is an extensive area which approximately
follows the Rift Valley and the series of lakes that occupy its floor, and
which roughly covers the Soddo, Wolayta and Sidamo regions. The region has
a tropical climate and is fertile, with warm conditions being predominant
and rainfall being quite abundant, with annual rates of 1200-1500 mm in the
lower areas while in the highlands the rainfall reaches 2.000 mm per year.
- sys:
id: 5BGRogcCPeYgq2SY62eyUk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:24:59.375000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:53:36.787000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce/cf9d160fced55a45a8cb0cc9db8cbd54/ETHTBU0080002.jpg"
caption: Two stelae on which are carved human figures. The faces have carved
stripes, sometimes interpreted as masks. <NAME>. 2013,2034.16385 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704090&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16385&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 3CBiLCh7ziUkMC264I4oSw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:16.601000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:58:41.825000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'Ethiopian stelae have been known to western scholars since the end of
the 19th century, with the first examples documented in 1885 to the north
of Addis Ababa and the news about the main group to the south arriving in
1905. The first archaeological works in the southern area took place in the
1920’s carried out by French and German researchers. The work of <NAME>
was especially remarkable, with four expeditions undertaken between 1922 and
1926 which were partially published in 1931. Along with Azaïs, a German team
from the Frobénius Institute started to study the site of Tuto Fela, a huge
cemetery with hundreds of phallic and anthropomorphic stelae located in the
Sidamo region. Since these early studies the archaeological remains were left
unattended until the 1970’s, when <NAME> excavated the site of Gattira-Demma
and organized a far more systematic survey in the area which documented dozens
of stelae of different sizes and types. In the 1980’s, another French team
started to study first Tiya and then Tuto Fela and another important site,
Chelba-Tutitti, in a long-term project which has been going on for thirty
years and has been paramount to understand the types, chronologies and distribution
of these archaeological remains. The historical importance of these stelae
was universally recognized in 1980, when Tiya was listed as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. '
- sys:
id: 3OqDncSoogykaUgAyW0Mei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:25:18.604000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:00:14.418000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zt1z4iJ44c2MWmWcGy4Ey
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.088000000 Z
title: ETHSID0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zt1z4iJ44c2MWmWcGy4Ey/7a08db34b4eba7530b9efb69f42fec36/ETHSID0010002.jpg"
caption: View of the Tuto Fela site, showing some of the stelae standing over
the burials. The stelae are anthropomorphic, corresponding to the second phase
of the cemetery. 2013,2034.16196 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3703783&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16196&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 5NnJiqSSNGkOuooYIEYIWO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:25:38.253000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:01:28.688000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk/ad2ce21e5a6a89a0d4ea07bee897b525/ETHTBU0050002.jpg"
caption: Back of the Tiya stelae, showing the graves attached to them. 2013,2034.16345
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704130&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16345&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 66kOG829XiiESyKSYUcOkI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:40.626000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:40.626000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'The Ethiopian stelae show a great variability in shapes and decorations,
but at least three main groups could be defined. The first corresponds to
the so-called phallic stelae, long cylindrical stones with a hemispherical
top delimited by a groove or ring (Jossaume 2012: 97). The body of the stela
is sometimes decorated with simple geometric patterns. A second type is known
as anthropomorphic, with the top of the piece carved to represent a face and
the rest of the piece decorated with crossed patterns. These two types are
common to the east of the Rift Valley lakes, while to the south of Addis Ababa
and to the west of these lakes several other types are present, most of them
representing anthropomorphs but sometimes plain instead of cylindrical. These
figures are usually classified depending on the shape and especially the features
engraved on them –masks, pendants, swords- with the most lavishly carved considered
the most recent. Probably the best known group is that with swords represented,
such as those of Tiya, characterized by plain stones in which groups of swords
(up to nineteen) are depicted along with dots and other unidentified symbols.
Not all the stelae have these weapons, although those that don’t are otherwise
identical in shape and have other common signs engraved on them. Regarding
their chronology the Ethiopian stela seem to be relatively new, dated from
the 10th to the 13th centuries, sometimes with one type of stela superimposed
on another and in other cases with old types being reused in later tombs.'
- sys:
id: 66jbDvBWhykGwIOOmaYesY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:26:18.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:04:13.365000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 5Bpxor1k1GMmUOoEWWqK2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.437000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.437000000 Z
title: ETHSOD0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Bpxor1k1GMmUOoEWWqK2k/a6ec0e80da1e2b1c7cecdf2ee7951b9e/ETHSOD0050002.jpg"
caption: Example of a phallic cylindrical stela, Gido Wamba, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16290
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3703913&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16290&&page=1
- sys:
id: 3gftSkoIHSsmeCU6M8EkcE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:27:02.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:06:02.999000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6WDEsfzmqQGkyyGImgYmcU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:24.547000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:24.547000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050025
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6WDEsfzmqQGkyyGImgYmcU/5055128d6e0e0b51216e0daeb59c6728/ETHTBU0050025.jpg"
caption: Examples of a plain stela with swords at Tiya, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16365
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704110&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16365&page=1
- sys:
id: 41cBMB2SpOEqy0m66k64Gc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:58.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:58.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 5'
body: 'Regardless of their chronology and shape, most of the stela seem to have
a funerary function, marking the tombs of deceased which were buried in cemeteries
sometimes reaching hundreds of graves. The information collected from sites
of such as Tuto Fela show that not all the burials had an attached stela,
and considering the amount of work necessary to prepare them those which had
could be interpreted as belonging to high status people. In some cases, such
as in Tiya, it seems evident that the stela marked the graves of important
personalities within their communities. It is difficult to determine who the
groups that carved these stelae were, but given their chronology it seems
that they could have been Cushitic or Nilotic-speaking pastoralist communities
absorbed by the Oromo expansion that took place in the sixteenth century.
A lot of research has still to be done about these graveyards and their associated
living spaces, and undoubtedly many groups of stelae are yet to be discovered.
Those studied show, however, the potential interest of ancient communities
still poorly known but which were able to develop complex societies and these
material expressions of authority and power. '
- sys:
id: 5DJsnYIbRKiAiOqYMWICau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:27:29.739000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:07:15.282000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5zepzVfNDiOQy8gOyAkGig
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.369000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.369000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5zepzVfNDiOQy8gOyAkGig/3131691f0940b7f5c823ec406b1acd03/ETHTBU0010003.jpg"
caption: Stela graveyard in Meskem. 2013,2034.16330 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704143&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16330&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6LBJQl0eT62A06YmiSqc4W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:00.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:00.511000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME> (dir.) (1995): *Tiya, l'Éthiopie des Mégalithes, du Biface a l'Art Rupestre dans la Corne d'Afrique*. Paris, UNESCO/CNS.
<NAME>. (2007): Tuto Fela et les stèles du sud de l'Ethiopie. Paris, Éditions recherche sur les civilisations.
<NAME>. (2012): The Superimposed Cemeteries of Tuto Fela in Gedeo Country (Ethiopia), and Thoughts on the Site of Chelba-Tutitti. *Palethnology*, 4, 87-110.
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce/cf9d160fced55a45a8cb0cc9db8cbd54/ETHTBU0080002.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5zepzVfNDiOQy8gOyAkGig
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.369000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.369000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5zepzVfNDiOQy8gOyAkGig/3131691f0940b7f5c823ec406b1acd03/ETHTBU0010003.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 2DBcI8BWaU6mcgAKK6KCsE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:31:41.871000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:43:18.317000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Somalia/ Somaliland: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1KQNUoZNrCkAQ2SymEAMC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:26:17.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:26:17.254000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 1'
body: Somalia is a country located at the corner of the Horn of Africa, bordered
by Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya. Somaliland self-declared independence from
Somalia in 1991 although the government of Somalia has not recognised this
and views it as an autonomous region. A cultural and economic crossroads between
Middle East, Africa and Asia, this area has historically been the centre of
trade routes that linked these regions. It also has a very rich rock art heritage
which has only recently been started to be studied in depth. Most of the known
depictions correspond to painted or engraved cattle scenes, often accompanied
by human figures, dogs and other domestic animals, although some warriors,
camels and geometric symbols (sometimes interpreted as tribal marks) are common
too.
- sys:
id: 3dA1xqkTa0mKwo2mQcASWm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:23:03.983000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:37:53.141000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4n4aYQQ3ws86seSuSQC2Q0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:17:32.780000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:17:32.780000000 Z
title: '2013,1023.15855'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4n4aYQQ3ws86seSuSQC2Q0/dbb3602a28b6144aa4c317fe75196363/SOMLAG0030004.jpg"
caption: Figure of painted cattle and human figures, with a semi-desert plain
in the background. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,1023.15855 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691566&partId=1&people=197356&place=41067%7c27048%7c1665&view=list&page=2
- sys:
id: 2OBCFk5x3OmouqCga48C8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:26:58.643000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:18:51.197000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 2'
body: 'The geography of Somaliland is characterized by a coastal semi-desert
plain which runs parallel to the Gulf of Aden coast, crossed by seasonal rivers
(wadis) which make possible some grazing during the rainy season. Farther
to the south, this semi-desert plain gives rise to the Karkaar Mountains.
These mountains, which run from Somaliland into the region of Puntland in
Somalia, have an average height of 1800 meters above sea level and run west
to east until Ras Caseyr (Cape Guardafui) where the north and east coasts
of the Horn of Africa meet. Southward to the mountains there is a big, dry
plateau known as the Ogo, whose western part (the Haud) is one of the few
good grazing areas in the country. The Ogo plateau occupies much of central
and eastern Somalia, which to the south is characterized by the two only permanent
rivers in the country, the Jubba and the Shabeele, born in the Ethiopian highlands
and running to the south. Regarding rock art, the distribution of the known
rock art sites shows a high concentration in Somaliland, with only some sites
located to the south in the Gobolka Hiiraan region. However, this distribution
could be a result of lack of research in other areas. '
- sys:
id: 2OM3VEqOV2esQye48QAu2s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:23:30.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:21:01.481000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2mLUneHM24eEYEQ8W4EKsq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:18:00.392000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:18:00.392000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15623'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2mLUneHM24eEYEQ8W4EKsq/53eef5b06e2341da0768225d38e7847c/SOMGABNAS010005.jpg"
caption: Semi-desert landscape in Somaliland. Dhaga Koure. 2013,2034.15623 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jDoZeS
- sys:
id: 41tEkwH3cIckAgeM0MaO6o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:28.491000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:28.491000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 3'
body: A reconstruction of rock art research history is challenging due to its
contemporary history. To begin with, during the colonial period the country
was divided in three different territories (British, Italian and French) with
very different trajectories, until 1960 when the British and Italian territories
joined to create Somalia. In British Somaliland the first studies of rock
art were carried out by <NAME> and <NAME> in the 1940s, and the
first general overview was published in 1954 by <NAME>, as a part of a
regional synthesis of the Horn of Africa prehistory, followed by limited research
done by Italians in the north-east region in the late 1950s. Since then, research
has been limited, with some general catalogues published in the 1980s and
1990s, although political instability has often prevented research, especially
in the south-eastern region of Somalia. In fact, most rock art information
comes from wider regional syntheses dedicated to the Horn of Africa. In the
early 2000’s the discovery of the Laas Geel site led to a renewed interest
in rock art in Somaliland, which has allowed a more systematic study of archaeological
sites. Nowadays, about 70 of these sites have been located only in this area,
something which shows the enormous potential of rock art studies in the Horn
of Africa.
- sys:
id: 4w2Oo8iJG0A6a6suMusm8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:24:00.701000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:22:27.659000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mWyGCLGFacW2aOUYmGQWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:01.529000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:01.529000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16100'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mWyGCLGFacW2aOUYmGQWs/066214022447d9fbe76ff624e2887a57/SOMLAG0100001.jpg"
caption: View of engraved cattle with lyre-like horns and marked udders. Laas
Geel. 2013,2034.16100© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j68Ld2
- sys:
id: 4gYGUVBkbKwWYqUwAsMs0U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:53.242000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:27:53.242000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 4'
body: The rock art has traditionally been ascribed to the so-called Ethiopian-Arabican
style, a term coined by <NAME> in 1971 to remark the strong stylistic
relationship between the rock art found in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian
Peninsula. According to this proposal, there was a progressive evolution from
naturalism to schematism, perceptible in the animal depictions throughout
the region. Wild animals seem to be largely absent but for Djibouti, while
cattle depictions seem to have been fundamental elsewhere, either isolated
or in herds. Such is the case with rock art in this region, where cows and
bulls are the most common depictions, in many cases associated to human figures
in what seems to be reverential or ritual scenes. In some of the sites, such
as Laas Geel, the necks of the cows have been decorated with complex geometric
patterns interpreted as a kind of mat used in special occasions to adorn them.
- sys:
id: LmEAuSwhEG6iuQ6K8CioS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:24:22.355000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 14:26:37.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 10vxtVrFIcuoaww8gEKCSY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:22.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:22.576000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15935'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/10vxtVrFIcuoaww8gEKCSY/c4d210b0ddd69dd44e5bcd59cdecc875/SOMLAG0070012.jpg"
caption: View of painted cattle and human figures. Laas Geel, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15935
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jiF5XI
- sys:
id: 2twRKjr52EwkSI0UMUIws4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:28:12.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:28:12.916000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 5'
body: Along with cattle, other animals were represented (humped cows or zebus,
dogs, sheep, dromedaries), although to a much lesser extent. Wild animals
are very rare, but giraffes have been documented in Laas Geel and elephants
and antelopes in Tug Gerbakele, and lions are relatively common in the schematic,
more modern depictions. Human figures also appear, either distributed in rows
or isolated, sometimes holding weapons. Geometric symbols are also common,
usually associated with other depictions. In Somalia, these symbols have often
been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. With respect to techniques, both
engraving and painting are common, although paintings seem to be predominant.
- sys:
id: 2gSkte21PuqswWM2Q804gi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:24:47.061000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:00:51.600000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 20zCz4hAbmiSm0MuGIkGQk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:38.412000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:19:38.412000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15386'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/20zCz4hAbmiSm0MuGIkGQk/d36ff89e5284f1536daa5c3c82e345be/SOMDHA0020008.jpg"
caption: Panel or relatively modern chronology showing painted white camels,
unidentified quadrupeds and signs. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15386©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j4Q3Ar
- sys:
id: 5QuYRZm7SMewQCgO0g2sE2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:28:43.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:13:57.212000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 6'
body: As in many other places, the establishment of accurate chronologies for
Somaliland rock art is challenging. In this case, the lack of long term research
has made things more difficult, and most hypotheses have been based in stylistic
approaches, analysis of depictions and a small set of radiocarbon data and
archaeological excavations. According to this, the oldest depictions could
be dated to between the mid-3rd and the 2rd millennium BC, although older
dates have been proposed for Laas Geel. This phase would be characterized
by humpless cows, sheep and goats as well as wild animals. These sites would
indicate the beginning of domestication in this region, the cattle being as
a fundamental pillar of these communities. From this starting point the relative
antiquity of the depictions would be marked by a tendency to schematism, visible
in the superimpositions of several rock art sites. The introduction of camels
would mark a chronology of the end of the first millennium BC, while the date
proposed for the introduction of zebus (humped cows) should be placed at between
the 1st Centuries BC and AD.
- sys:
id: 5Qtce93TSEks2Ukmks8e4E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:25:07.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:24:38.017000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 22wpEosKyYwyycaMgSmQMU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:17.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:17.860000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15564'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/22wpEosKyYwyycaMgSmQMU/526e6ce44e5bf94379b55b2551a44b18/SOMGAB0050003.jpg"
caption: Humped white cow. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15564 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2ikqWb2
- sys:
id: uPwtnjPhmK6y4kUImq4g8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:29:03.262000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:29:03.262000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somalia: country, chapter 7'
body: Since the 1st millennium BC human figures armed with lances, bows and
shields start to appear alongside the cattle, in some cases distributed in
rows and depicting fighting scenes against other warriors or lions. The moment
when this last period of rock art ended is unknown, but in nearby Eritrea
some of these figures were depicted with firearms, thus implying that they
could have reached a relatively modern date.
- sys:
id: PLXVZ70YMuKQuMOOecEIi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:25:31.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 15:23:32.358000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4njSKDcdtuaCGiSKGKmGEa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:32.901000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:21:32.901000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15617'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4njSKDcdtuaCGiSKGKmGEa/04b2b2ab0529ebec8831b47816d7f5f2/SOMGAB0090007.jpg"
caption: 'Detail of painted rock art depicting two human figures and a humped
cow, infilled in red and yellow. <NAME>houre, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15616
© TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3711116&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.15616+&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 62GO9AUWhq0GgwQC6keQAU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:32:25.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:13:02.046000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. (1998): Contributo alla conoscenza dell’arte rupestre somala. *Rivista di Scienze Prehistoriche*, 49 (225-246).
<NAME>. (1954): *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. Octagon Press, New York.
<NAME>. (2015), Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire, *African Archaeological Review* 32(1): 111-136.
background_images:
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id: 2RyEtF6eyI6q64Okqw2gOu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:10:44.866000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:10:44.866000000 Z
title: SOMGABNAS010038
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2RyEtF6eyI6q64Okqw2gOu/7baa1a334726754b1f75ae5e2808eea0/SOMGABNAS010038.jpg"
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id: 1iKLJilSqIewGKAe0CuISa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:10:53.312000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:10:53.312000000 Z
title: SOMGAB0060011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1iKLJilSqIewGKAe0CuISa/82fe8243484eca99a44beae93abc7ec0/SOMGAB0060011.jpg"
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id: 2kSvSjWnmQ46yGyeOCkioQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:11:00.915000000 Z
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title: SOMLAG0090043
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2kSvSjWnmQ46yGyeOCkioQ/9ca0920f42ca2603f508a669e93a3b99/SOMLAG0090043.jpg"
region: Eastern and central Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/nigeria-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 1yZL5vCVKkSw0ue6EqCgm0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:55:17.028000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:55:17.028000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Nigeria: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3fiSQDTIRakyMIookukQGA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-16 17:47:22.283000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:49:16.694000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 1'
body: In general, West Africa is not well known for its painted or engraved rock
art and does not have a long history of rock art research. The scarcity of paintings
may be predicated on the topography and more humid conditions of the climate,
but the shortage of discovered sites to date may indicate that the paucity of
evidence is genuine. Painted rock art occurs in the north of the country and
comprises humpless cattle, monkeys, antelope and human figures, mainly painted
in red. More unique sculptural forms include standing stones engraved with stylised
faces and codified motifs, found to the south, and are reminiscent of the burial
stelae at [Tuto Fela in Ethiopia](http://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/#/article/country-of-standing-stones
"Standing Stones of Ethiopia").
- sys:
id: 2TEEwkKGBWa648eEAeik8O
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:51:57.172000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:51:57.172000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 2'
body: Located in West Africa, the Federal Republic of Nigeria shares land borders
with Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.
Its coastline lies in the south on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Niger and Benue River valleys make up Nigeria's most extensive region, merging
into each other to form a distinctive 'Y' shape confluence.
- sys:
id: 5j33Z322RiqSIkgEa6W0MC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:44:24.402000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:44:24.402000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1wpXiaFLE8kImw6a4O0yO8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:43:09.652000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:43:09.652000000 Z
title: NIGCRMNAS0010006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wpXiaFLE8kImw6a4O0yO8/a299524cd0c60d521815d02eb3347c2f/NIGCRMNAS0010006.jpg"
caption: View looking east from the Ikom area towards Cross River and the Cameroon
border. 2013,2034.24321 © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 4JWHrIYC4UgkUe2yqco4Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:56:27.091000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:05:16.491000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Nigeria boasts a variety of landscapes - mangrove forests and swamps border
the southern coastline; plains rise to the north of the valleys; rugged highlands
are located in the southwest and to the southeast of the Benue River; hills
and mountains extend to the border with Cameroon. Between the far south and
far north is a vast savannah made up of three zones: the Guinean forest-savanna
mosaic, the Sudanian savannah, and the Sahel savannah. Painted rock art is located
in the northwest of the country, in the savannah zone, while engraved standing
stones can be found in the more forested southeast.'
- sys:
id: 3kIQbhZ4xOgKeKqEwuoeOg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:23:30.974000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:23:30.974000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6EygE2u9DUWkOAmoMayOQQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:21:19.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:21:19.288000000 Z
title: NIGCRMNAS0010004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EygE2u9DUWkOAmoMayOQQ/b02ac0c0e9384d4c9e144434e63e8369/NIGCRMNAS0010004.jpg"
caption: Boatman at Ofun-Nta, a seaport during the early years of trade on the
Cross River. 2013,2034.24319 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=37854
- sys:
id: 8Gp0HoIrfiQUQGaMKmwO2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:56:06.115000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:56:06.115000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of the research
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 4'
body: |
The existence of carved standing stones in Cross River State was first reported by an Officer of the British Administration in 1905 (Allison, 1967). In the 1960s, <NAME> undertook extensive surveying in the area, resulting in a major publication by the Nigerian Department of Antiquities in 1968. Research was undertaken in the run up to the Nigerian Civil War (also known as the Biafran War 1967-1970), during the course of which many of the monoliths were stolen and made their way on the international antiquities market. Today a number of these monoliths can be found in American and European museums, including [an example](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=611818&partId=1&searchText=ikom&images=on&page=1) from the British Museum.
The painted rock art found in the northeastern region of the country was first systematically studied and documented in the late 1950s. In 1964, the site of <NAME>, in present-day Jigawa State was declared a National Historical Monument, as a means to promote tourism in the country. Unfortunately, criticism that the site has not been well-maintained or managed has impeded tourism development (Mangut and Mangut, 2012:37).
- sys:
id: Bhiu5cJqUgQCmwWuIMsKG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:29:36.099000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:29:36.099000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 5'
body: "Painted rock art sites in northern Nigeria are often located adjacent to
lithophones, also known as rock gongs - these are rocks and boulders that were
used as percussion instruments. Painted rock art and lithophones occur systematically
at Birnin Kudu, “where the lithophones produce eleven different notes“ and are
associated with female rituals that precede marriage (Le Quellec, 2004:74).
Depictions consist of humpless cattle and sheep as well as geometric signs.
Although the original artists and meaning of the rock art are not known, local
communities recognise them today as sacred sites and the images are thought
to be associated with [shamanic activities](http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/africa/nigeria/birnin_kudu/index.php
\"Documenting Rock Art in Nigeria Bradshaw Foundation\"). \n\nIn northern Nigeria,
the painted rock art at Shira in Bauchi State consists of two traditions: naturalistic,
consisting of humans and cattle with suckling calves, and anthropomorphic images.
Paintings are usually executed in dark red on steep rock faces or overhangs
(Mangut and Mangut, 2012:36). Anthropomorphic images have been found nearby
at Geji and Birnin Kudu, and are associated with marriage and initiation (Vaughan,
1962). Also at Geji, subject matter is quite varied including humpless long-horned
cattle, monkeys, horse, human figures and antelope. These are painted in three
different styles, as solid figures, in outline, and outline and stripe (Mangut
and Mangut, 2012:37).\n"
- sys:
id: F5aTJf3MqWMgUeuIsUMIY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:47:57.513000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:47:57.513000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Meaning
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 6'
body: |
In the Marghi region, paintings are made with reddish clay that is found at the bottom of the river during the dry season. Cooked to enhance the brightness of the pigment it is mixed with karite butter. The clay is however rare and as such expensive, so poorer families replace the clay with charcoal ashes, resulting in black pigments. Thus, the differences seen in the colours used for rock paintings are “not related to chronology or symbolism but only to social status” (Le Quellec, 2004:77).
Near Geji, there is a rock shelter known as <NAME>, that is visited by Fulani herders during the rainy season who peck the existing rock paintings to retrieve the pigment. The pigment is mixed with food for both humans and cattle and is consumed to protect “the fertility of the herd and the prosperity of the herders” (Le Quellec, 2004:77). The villagers of Geji did not presume these paintings had been made by humans but had appeared naturally from the rock, and if damaged or destroyed by pecking would reappear the next day (Le Quellec, 2004:79). Unfortunately, such practices have resulted in permanent damage or destruction of rock art.
- sys:
id: 5zxzzlmp2wSkAA82ukiEme
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:49:31.706000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:49:31.706000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 7'
body: Based on the depictions of both long and short-horned humpless cattle at
Birnin Kudu, it has been suggested that paintings predate the introduction of
humped cattle into northern Nigeria, and may be at least a thousand years old
(Shaw 1978). However, depictions of horse at Geji have been used to suggest
that painted rock art in Nigeria are no earlier than the 15th century BC (Mangut
and Mangut, 2012:38). The engraved standing stones at Cross River are thought
to be up to 1500 years old.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5XzFExCZYA4mKGY0ua6Iwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. 2014. ‘Beyond Anthropological and Associational
discourse- interrogating the minimalism of Ikom Monoliths as concept and found
object art’, in \n*Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences*, Vol.2,
Issue 1, pp.67-84.\n\nAllison P. 1967. *Cross River State Monoliths*. Lagos:
Department of Antiquities, Federal Republic of Nigeria.\n\nEsu, <NAME>. and Ukata,
S. 2012. ‘Enhancing the tourism value of Cross River state monoliths and stone
circles through geo-mapping and ethnographic study (part 1)’, in *Journal of
Hospitality Management and Tourism*, Vol. 3(6), pp. 106-116.\n\nLe Quellec,
J-L. 2004. *Rock Art in Africa: Mythology and Legend*. Paris: Flammarion.\n\nMangut,
J. and <NAME>. 2012. ‘Harnessing the Potentials of Rock Art Sites in Birnin
Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria for Tourism Development’, in *Journal of Tourism
and Heritage*, Vol.1 No. 1 pp: 36-42.\n\nShaw, T. 1978. *Nigeria its Archaeology
and Early History*. London: Thames and\nHudson.\n\nUNESCO. 2007. ‘Alok Ikom
Monoliths’ UNESCO [Online], Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5173/\n\nVaughan
J. H. 1962. ‘Rock paintings and Rock gong among the Marghi of\nNigeria’ in *Man*,
62, pp:49-52.\n\n\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/niger-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 3dMpIo4d4cQa2OI4me2ACQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:15:52.509000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:55:14.724000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 4
title: 'Niger: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1edWsVTqzcciiIAUaqYoG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:03:04.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:49:15.950000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 1'
body: Niger is geographically diverse, having both the Sahel (savannah) and the
Sahara (desert). The majority of the country’s rock art – made up predominantly
of engravings – is located in the northern desert area, in and around the Aïr
Mountains, where some of the art is thought to be several thousand years old.
The Djado Plateau in the north-east is also rich in art that includes both paintings
and engravings. One of the most celebrated sites of rock engraving is at a place
called Dabous, to the west of the mountains. Here, two life-size giraffe were
carved on the top of an outcrop, and may be up to 6,000 years old. Other notable
areas for engravings are Iwellene in the northern Aïr Mountains, where some
of the art is thought to be several thousand years old, as well the sites of
Tanakom and Tagueit in the south-eastern Aïr Mountains, where engravings are
located on the sides of two wadis (dry riverbeds).
- sys:
id: 1E25PiKMde8CE8MgQIukKK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:02.416000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:02.416000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2FAYj7hG88aQ0Quq6Wc6gE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:16.151000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:16.151000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9967'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FAYj7hG88aQ0Quq6Wc6gE/49ae0722057f453db4bb15da9c1ee6c0/2013_2034.9967.jpg"
caption: Block-pecked engraving of running hare. 2013,2034.9967 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637684&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 1WQHiGltOAqm4oAc46YAme
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:03:35.303000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:03:35.303000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 2'
body: Links have been made between the rock art of Niger and that of several other
countries – in particular, between the so-called Libyan Warrior art found in
the Aïr Mountains and the rock engravings of the Adrar des Iforas in Mali. Stylistic
similarities also exist with some of the art of the Tadrart (Acacus) and in
south-east Algeria. Further associations have been made between the Early Hunter
art of the Djado Plateau and art in south-west Libya and south-east Algeria.
Equally, similarities have been observed with the Tazina-style engravings in
south-western Algeria and south-eastern Morocco.
- sys:
id: 5bPNREZcAMsO8SuecSaoQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:34.135000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:34.135000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4h5Sa7Ex2M2aEa8YSGW6iU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.744000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.744000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8958'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4h5Sa7Ex2M2aEa8YSGW6iU/b394694db95c753013248a8e398017d4/2013_2034.8958.jpg"
caption: Looking out of a shallow cave, Djado Plateau, Niger. 2013,2034.8958 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637696&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 3OeKLV88XSow8C0iOKcqIg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:04:29.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 17:12:48.554000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 3'
body: "Covering an area of 1.267 million km², this landlocked country borders
seven others. Its south-western borders flank the Niger River, with Burkina
Faso, Benin and Nigeria to the south; its north-eastern borders touch the borders
of Algeria, Libya and Chad in the central Sahara, and Mali to the west. The
climate is mainly hot and dry with much of the country covered by the Sahara
desert. In the extreme south, on the edges of the Sahel, the terrain is mainly
shrub savannah.\n\nUnlike other regions in northern Africa, in the absence of
a generally agreed chronology, scholars have categorised the rock art of Niger
regionally and stylistically, making connections where possible with rock art
of other regions. The rock art of Niger can be broadly divided into the following
regions: \n"
- sys:
id: 516un196R2QI8MKOSMA6mW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 17:13:15.478000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 17:13:15.478000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: Sub heading 1
body: '__Aïr Mountains (northern Niger)__ '
- sys:
id: 57o3riQZdC2CE4IOSgoOke
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:09.992000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:09.992000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6wKZcUGktaAG0IYOagAIQ4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6wKZcUGktaAG0IYOagAIQ4/9ddabc2eb10161fcb2c69cff6817741a/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior figure, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.11147&page=1
- sys:
id: 5p9XKG2DjakmUkWuq6AuIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:00.923000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:54:12.049000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 4'
body: Consisting predominantly of engravings, the majority of depictions in this
region fall within the so-called Libyan Warrior period or style of art, dating
from 1,500–3,000 years ago, characterised by forward-facing figures with metal
weapons and horses. Approximately 1,000 engravings of warriors have been recorded
from the Aïr Mountains in Niger, as well as the Adrar des Iforas in bordering
Mali. Based on investigations into the garments worn, accessories, headdresses
and weaponry, and by studying the placement and superimposition of images, it
has been proposed that there are two main stages of this Libyan Warrior rock
art. The oldest is linked to a pastoral economy based on cattle-rearing, when
metal had been introduced to the region and the use of the spear took over from
the traditional bow. This region also hosts images of wild animals such as Barbary
sheep and ostrich, as well as cattle.
- sys:
id: 61yqtntiEMEgWW8iAAa4Ao
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:54:32.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:54:48.031000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: Sub heading 2
body: __Djado Plateau__
- sys:
id: Kjmi6uh5U2aGEuI0ggoEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:33.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:33.929000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6yxgQFojbUcOUSwyaWwEMC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.057000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:54:03.540000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8891'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637764&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.8891&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6yxgQFojbUcOUSwyaWwEMC/5547eadfdf388937a8c708c145c2dba6/2013_2034.8891.jpg"
caption: Two outline engravings of white rhinoceros. 2013,2034.8891 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637764&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.8891&page=1
- sys:
id: olpDz3t6DeY0qgiiCeIq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:22.441000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:22.441000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 5'
body: Here, both paintings and engravings occur. The earliest engravings include
images of wild animals such as elephants, rhinoceros, giraffe and other game,
and dated to the Early Hunter or Bubalus Period; human figures are very rare.
Tazina-style engravings – similar to those found in south-eastern Morocco –
also occur, as well as polychrome fine-line and finger paintings that are unique
to this area.
- sys:
id: 5F6G6OVWSI4UOWmaq0ocqS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:18.063000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:18.063000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2ANvzNqFfiKkMWAAsWCWKQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.916000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8960'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2ANvzNqFfiKkMWAAsWCWKQ/724f5a5d07a365fdf3b9040aa30d916c/2013_2034.8960.jpg"
caption: White cows with calves and three figures. Djado Plateau, Niger. 2013,2034.8960
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637694&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.8960&page=1
- sys:
id: 3qTgmBHVQc48E4WUuQgkGM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:56.545000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:56.545000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 6'
body: The number of cattle depictions is small, but particular images of calves
attached to a lead can be compared stylistically with images of cattle in Tassili
n’Ajjer, Algeria. Moreover, <NAME> noted the resemblance between these
rock art depictions and the husbandry practices of the present day Wodaabe people
of Niger, who use a similar calf rope. The calf rope (a long rope comprising
loops within which the heads of the calves are secured) is both practical and
symbolic, ensuring the cows always return to their home camp, while also physically
dividing the camp into male and female halves. It is interesting to note the
close relationship between the rock art of regions that today are politically
discrete.
- sys:
id: dGrDTSq3Xqm06eis6sUkU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:06:48.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:06:48.293000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of rock art discovery in Niger
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 7'
body: Until relatively recently rock art research has been sporadic in Niger.
In the 1920s Major Gen. <NAME>, a British explorer and army officer, made
two great expeditions into the Sahara. He was the first person to make a serious
study of the Tuareg and documented some of the rock art in the Aïr Mountains.
Subsequently, French colonial officers noted some sites around 1960. However,
it was French archaeologist <NAME> who undertook major recording programmes
throughout the 1960s and 1970s to document, trace and publish several thousand
engravings. Very little information is known relating the rock art to known
cultural groups, either past or present. Most of the sites were not habitation
sites, and were probably only occasionally visited by nomadic societies in the
past, so very little (if any) archaeological evidence remains. Most of the art
predates the residence of the Tuareg, who now inhabit this area and who appear
to have no direct connections with the art. The Tuareg recognise old script
which sometimes accompanies images as it closely resembles their own writing,
*Tifinagh*; however, it is incomprehensible to them if it is more than 100 years
old.
- sys:
id: 2dnMaAI1RyUiEgWiY8SEsS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:51.550000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:51.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5OBSH7pvt6I6eOAc4OaqEG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.945000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.945000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10009'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5OBSH7pvt6I6eOAc4OaqEG/f667bce1cf4cf3c6dbce0bb5a83383bc/2013_2034.10009.jpg"
caption: Large reground and painted figure surrounded by ancient Tifinagh script.
Northern Air Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10009 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637714&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.10009&page=1
- sys:
id: 37Cl8z71uMqYsoeyqyOegs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:07:24.753000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:07:24.753000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 8'
body: 'The relative chronology for rock art in Niger can be based, as in other
Saharan regions, on stylistic classifications:'
- sys:
id: uNjAW1yrkW6iyE0iqcsQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:58:19.111000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:51:42.139000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1vncvc4BCIG8ymWeS8c28q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.168000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9910'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1vncvc4BCIG8ymWeS8c28q/ee518eb244c2193ea827c7875b30c049/2013_2034.9910.jpg"
caption: Block-pecked elephant. Northern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9910
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVcmsb
- sys:
id: 31SOSm8z04CU4MouUSUSQe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:07:44.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:53:27.619000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 9'
body: Early Hunter or Bubalus Period rock engravings are executed with deeply
incised and smoothened lines, mainly depicting big game such as elephants, rhinoceros,
giraffe and other game (with rhinoceros occurring most often), and are found
on the Djado Plateau, as well as the Mangueni and Tchigai plateaux in north-east
Niger. In the eastern Aïr Mountains, archaeological traces of human occupation
during this early wet phase are evident, dating back 9,500 years.
- sys:
id: 2HafBWCAcMOYykSgSywEK6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:58:42.964000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:54:59.579000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2lW3L3iwz60ekeWsYKgOYC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:53:07.945000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9786'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3637692
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2lW3L3iwz60ekeWsYKgOYC/c303352ed0b0976a3f1508ea30b8a41d/2013_2034.9786.jpg"
caption: Outline and decorated cattle, some with elaborate deliberately turned-back
horns. 2013,2034.9786 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jlwIKc
- sys:
id: 2lLu5BCrhuiWA0eOUSkQYo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:13.631000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:13.631000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 10'
body: Although the Bovidian Period is sparsely represented in comparison to other
rock art regions, both on the Djado Plateau and the Aïr Mountains, this period
can probably be dated to between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago. A few cattle are
depicted in a similar fashion to the big game of the Early Hunter Period, which
raises the question of whether the nomadic cattle-herding culture emerged from
a hunting lifestyle, or at least rapidly succeeded it.
- sys:
id: 6JJPeizRe0WiQIc2yOEaIY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:59:13.005000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:03:18.580000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nBXTYYPN6ucuaImm24iuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:30.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:30.823000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8834'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nBXTYYPN6ucuaImm24iuG/a188d0ae5e00e8934acbf0397ce50194/2013_2034.8834.jpg"
caption: Outline Tazina-style engraving of a giraffe. 2013,2034.8834 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i9uPQ2
- sys:
id: 6lPfzlhbskGkAcU6eiEuIQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:30.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:30.254000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 11'
body: Engravings in the Tazina style are found on the Djado Plateau and have been
likened to those in south-eastern Morocco. While dates in Niger are not generally
agreed, the Tazina period in Morocco is dated from c.5,000–2,000 BC.
- sys:
id: 5cO6JFSdgQgQMIK8egwYwA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:59:45.306000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:04:32.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2wvcOF7LOQa6iEsWyQOUQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.797000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.797000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9875'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2wvcOF7LOQa6iEsWyQOUQi/ba1af764bd58d195ef002f58cca5eb51/2013_2034.9875.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior-style figures. Northern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9875
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i6usdB
- sys:
id: 5s0XmNAWWIwwQ2m8q88AWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:00:12.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:05:53.718000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4fSRLSsTP2MCiquKAEsmkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.833000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9430'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4fSRLSsTP2MCiquKAEsmkQ/ad620450f16447bcbb6e734d2a4c1c0e/2013_2034.9430.jpg"
caption: Two horses attached to two-wheeled chariot with charioteer. Eastern Aïr
Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9430 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i6uJ07
- sys:
id: 5lN8CVda2AG6QAaeyI20O8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:51.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:57:22.081000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 12'
body: Consisting predominantly of rock engravings and found in the Aïr Mountains,
the Horse Period and Libyan Warrior Period date from around 3,000–1,500 years
ago. Depictions are of horses with so-called Libyan Warriors, with metal weapons
or with chariots and charioteers. Human figures, which often appear with horses,
were sometimes depicted with elaborate apparel; others were drawn with stylized
bodies consisting of two triangles joined at the apex. Wild animals such as
Barbary sheep and ostrich, as well as cattle, appear in this art. Art of the
Horse Period is not widely represented in the Djado Plateau, suggesting that
Berber groups did not reach the region in any great numbers – but it has been
proposed that certain peculiarities of style may suggest an influence from Aïr.
- sys:
id: IVnNUsnIeAcAiM42imyI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:00:38.006000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:06:56.071000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2bO7Zt5qJ6UI088i422mMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.796000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9578'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2bO7Zt5qJ6UI088i422mMe/337784cf715978325ffb7bda8179c3ce/2013_2034.9578.jpg"
caption: Crudely pecked camels. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9578 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i9tto4
- sys:
id: ZjY1WlFDm8uM2oycKygUa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:09:10.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:09:10.217000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 13'
body: A small number of engravings from the Camel Period occur on the Djado Plateau,
but as camels were introduced to the Sahara up to 2,000 years ago, the relative
lack of depictions suggests that the plateau was scarcely frequented during
this hyper-arid period.
citations:
- sys:
id: 23N5waXqbei8UswAuiGa8g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:02:17.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:02:17.186000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. ‘Sub-zone 3: Niger’, in *Rock art of Sahara and North Africa: Thematic study*. [ICOMOS](http://www.icomos.org/en/116-english-categories/resources/publications/222-rock-art-of-sahara-and-north-africa-thematic-study).
<NAME>. 2003. ‘One Hundred Years of Archaeology in Niger’, *Journal of World Prehistory*, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 181-234
Muzzolini, Alfred.2001. ‘Saharan Africa’, in D.S. Whitley (ed.) *Handbook of Rock Art Research*. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, pp.605-636.
Striedter, <NAME>.1993. ‘Rock Art research on the Djado Plateau (Niger): a Preliminary Report n Arkana’, in *Rock Art in the Old World*. Walnut Creek, (ed. Michel Lorblanchet). New Delhi: Indira Ghandi National Centre for the Arts, pp.113-128
---<file_sep>/assets/vendor/tooltipster-follower/dist/js/tooltipster-follower.js
/**
* tooltipster-follower v0.1.5
* https://github.com/louisameline/tooltipster-follower/
* Developed by <NAME>
* MIT license
*/
(function (root, factory) {
if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
// AMD. Register as an anonymous module unless amdModuleId is set
define(["tooltipster"], function (a0) {
return (factory(a0));
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<file_sep>/_coll_country/south-africa.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 6kCSAOUxGwi44GMaGwiqOC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:20:21.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:50:40.972000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 12
name: South Africa
slug: south-africa
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=40953
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
- sys:
id: 5Q0aWg25UWIIiKA8ukoEyS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:10:44.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 15:27:42.518000000 Z
title: SOADRB0060022
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738802&partId=1&searchText=Drakensberg+Mountains,+South+Africa.+&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Q0aWg25UWIIiKA8ukoEyS/5f0bca2c21b38c3e8e377e261f8e9e06/SOADRB0060022.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1VzKgiG0y8EIUcGmkueqMk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:10:51.615000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 15:40:37.406000000 Z
title: SOANTC0010007
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730586&partId=1&searchText=Thaba+Sione,+South+Africa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1VzKgiG0y8EIUcGmkueqMk/7b7ae67f3a677dc9e877d3865e39209d/SOANTC0010007.jpg"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:11:05.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 16:24:51.271000000 Z
title: SOANTC0020007
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730618&partId=1&searchText=Driekops+Eiland%2c+South+Africa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5e7KMSlhwksGWkKggGcO6e/29ff3bcaa6a860961bb02131d4361e2e/SOANTC0020007.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6KNIv5SuCQMMYoE4qE4S8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:11:13.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 16:28:35.718000000 Z
title: SOANTC0040005
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3731061&partId=1&searchText=+Kimberley%2c+South+Africa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KNIv5SuCQMMYoE4qE4S8A/059e102e1b8e3d44c707351e7ec9c8ed/SOANTC0040005.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5bGzl4ABJecgssmAccaog2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:11:23.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 16:30:30.968000000 Z
title: SOASWC0050009
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3741695&partId=1&searchText=West+Coast+District+Municipality%2c+South+Africa&page=2
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5bGzl4ABJecgssmAccaog2/de2c686122e5fa00afd2f5bc12b52a7f/SOASWC0050009.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6GqC6D7ckgwSoCCKEQqiEm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:11:37.019000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 16:32:02.304000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3734234&partId=1&searchText=+West+Coast+District+Municipality%2c+South+Africa&page=2
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6GqC6D7ckgwSoCCKEQqiEm/0ff3dcb37da4a9a4c5ef6275563cdfdd/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 2XOggE9Gxaew6iMMKS4E4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:15:32.469000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:35:15.580000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 2
title: Game Pass Shelter, South Africa
slug: gamepass
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5WhcFBd6owA0UwoG6iOg4Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:00.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:34:42.735000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Game Pass Shelter, South Africa
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 1'
body: "Game Pass shelter is one of the most well-known rock art sites in South
Africa. Situated in the foothills of the Drakensberg mountains, a sandstone
recess atop a steep slope contains rock paintings made by people from the
San|Bushman¹ communities who historically lived as hunter-gatherers throughout
southern Africa. The Drakensberg mountains in particular are known for their
wealth of rock paintings, often showing detailed and brightly coloured images
of people, animals and part-human, part-animal figures known as ‘therianthropes’,
with this site a prime example. One of the panels of paintings here is particularly
important in the history of rock art research, as in the 1970s it helped to
inspire a new kind of approach to the understanding of the meanings and symbolism
of San|Bushman paintings and engravings.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 6mZ8n44JbyOIMKaQYKgm4k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:11.338000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:55:27.144000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: XICyV4qumymqa8eIqCOeS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:27.902000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:27.902000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/XICyV4qumymqa8eIqCOeS/5c82b58cf67f6c300485aea40eb5b05a/SOADRB0080002.jpg"
caption: View of the Game Pass Shelter from below. 2013,2034.18363 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730908&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18363&page=1
- sys:
id: 3xOl8hqio0E2wYYKIKomag
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:45.525000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:57:48.547000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka/fcea216b7327f325bf27e3cebe49378e/SOADRB0080007.jpg"
caption: Painted panel showing multiple eland antelope and other figures. 2013,2034.18368
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18368&page=1
- sys:
id: 3ilqDwqo80Uq6Q42SosqQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:59.726000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:59:22.144000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The most prominent painting panel at Game Pass shows a series of carefully
depicted eland antelope in delicately shaded red, brown and white pigment,
largely super imposing a group of ambiguous anthropomorphic figures wrapped
in what appear to be bell-shaped karosses (traditional skin cloaks). Several
small human figures appear to be running above them. These are some of the
best-preserved rock paintings in the Drakensberg, with the largest animals
around 30 cm long. To the left of this panel are two smaller sets of images,
one with two further eland, some further human-like figures and a human figure
with a bow; the other a small panel, for which the site is most renowned.
An image around 50 cm long shows an eland with its face turned towards the
viewer, depicted as if stumbling forwards, with its hind legs crossed. Grasping
the eland's tail is a therianthrope figure with hooves for feet. Like the
eland, this figure has its legs crossed and is depicted with small lines like
raised hairs bristling from its body. To the right are three further therianthrope
figures.
- sys:
id: 3oYyhNlOdWu4oaoG0qUEGC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:08.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:02:39.599000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 777S5VQyBO0cMwKC0ayqKe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:12.516000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:12.516000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/777S5VQyBO0cMwKC0ayqKe/67d88e9197416be62cc8ccc0b576adf9/SOADRB0080015.jpg"
caption: Panel showing an eland antelope with crossed legs and a therianthrope
figure grasping its tail. 2013,2034.18376 ©TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730898&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18376&page=1
- sys:
id: 3t21DyQhhu6KYE24yOuW6E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:26.839000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:02:03.671000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The rock paintings from this site were first brought to public attention
in a 1915 issue of Scientific American, and it has been frequently published
on and discussed through the 20th century. While studying a reproduction
of the image with the stumbling eland in the early 1970s, researcher David
Lewis-Williams began to consider that the figure holding the eland's tail
might not be a simple illustration of a man wearing a skin suit, or performing
an act of bravura, as had been suggested by previous researchers, but might
be “idiomatic and metaphorical, rather than illustrative” (Lewis-Williams
1981:91).
- sys:
id: 8JKh5DFTLqMsaCQWAAA4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:41.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:03:14.804000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2QyopQgIx2AAMU46gEM2Wg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:36.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:36.176000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080017
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2QyopQgIx2AAMU46gEM2Wg/614f0c5c375d7d8e8e9be93ce2179a18/SOADRB0080017.jpg"
caption: The figure holding the eland’s tail has similar qualities to the eland
itself. 2013,2034.1838 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730897&partId=1&place=107937&plaA=107937-2-2&page=1
- sys:
id: 1l6QCXODlWoa6kmgWAgco2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:13:55.229000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 16:42:50.171000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 4'
body: "This idea was partly inspired by the testimony of Qing, a San|Bushman
man who, in 1873, had guided the Colonial Administrator <NAME> Orpen
to rock art sites in the mountains of Lesotho, with which the Drakensberg
forms a natural eastern border with South Africa and which also contains many
rock paintings. Qing's explanations of the paintings, some of which Orpen
copied, included a reference to antelope-headed human figures having “died
and gone to live in rivers, who were spoilt at the same time as the elands
and… by the dances of which you have seen paintings”. This, along with testimony
and practices recorded from other South African San|Bushman people at
the time, as well as those living elsewhere in south-western Africa in the
20th century, suggested to Lewis-Williams that these and other images in San|Bushman
rock art may be a reference to the activities of spiritual leaders or 'shamans',
people who, in San|Bushman communities, are believed to have the power
to interact with spirits and the spirit world in ways which may affect the
physical world. \n\nLewis-Williams and other proponents of this 'shamanistic'
approach to interpreting San|Bushman rock art have proposed that much
of its imagery is in fact related to the shaman's experience during the 'trance
dance' ritual found in all San|Bushman socie-ties. During this activity
the shaman enters a hallucinatory state in which spiritual ‘tasks’ such as
healing the sick may be undertaken on behalf of the community. On entering
the trance state the shaman experiences trembling, sweating, stumbling and
other symptoms similar to those of a dying antelope hit by a poisoned arrow.
Lewis Williams noted that among some San|Bushman people this process
is referred to as ‘dying’ or being ‘spoilt’ and considered that the similarities
between the eland and the therianthrope figure in this image represent this
conceived equivalence.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 4cmGHIbGFqOEqYWwyi0S2e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:08.008000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:05:13.185000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qjFwYmXkca88mMcWSiGgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:04.272000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:04.272000000 Z
title: SOADRB0010012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qjFwYmXkca88mMcWSiGgc/761a55733ca2935fd7056e1a0de33dd6/SOADRB0010012.jpg"
caption: Two eland antelope running in the Drakensberg. 2013,2034.18180 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729855&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18180&page=1
- sys:
id: 1VRoS6FN4ga60gcYImm6c2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:20.350000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 16:47:30.231000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 5'
body: |
Despite the historical presence of other large game animals in the Drakensberg, the eland is the most commonly depicted animal in rock art of the region. Patricia Vinnicombe, noting this and the focus on other particular subjects in the imagery at the expense of others, proposed in her pioneering 1976 study of the rock art of the Southern Drakensberg *People of the Eland* that the paintings are “not a realistic reflection of the daily pursuits or environment of the Bushmen” (Vinnicombe 1976:347). Vinnicombe recalled that when, in the 1930s, an old Sotho man named Mapote, who had San|Bushman half-siblings and had used to paint with them, was requested to demonstrate, he had said that since the San|Bushmen had been “of the eland”, he should first depict an eland. Based on this and recountings of a myth about the creation and death of the first eland from Qing and other contemporary Southern San|Bushman people, Vinnicombe concluded that the eland, although regularly hunted by the Drakensberg San|Bushmen, had been a particularly sacred or powerful animal to them and that “Through the act of painting and re-painting the eland… the mental conflict involved in destroying a creature that was prized and loved by their deity…was…ritually symbolised and resolved” (Vinnicombe, 1976:350).
Building on the idea of the spiritual significance of the eland, the approach proposed by Lewis-Williams offered an alternative interpretation by inferring from ethnography that eland were believed to have spiritual ‘potency’. As part of a complex system of beliefs involving conceptions of power and potency in relation to animals and rites, this potency could be released upon death, with trancing shamans believed to be able to harness it, feeling themselves taking on the attributes of the animal. Thus therianthrope figures like those depicted here may be interpreted as representing hallucinatory experiences of shamans in trance, where they may feel that they are assuming the forms of other animals. It has been argued that other motifs such as geometric forms known as 'entoptics' represent the abstract patterns created by neural networks and ‘seen’ during the early stages of entering an altered state of consciousness and that the paintings themselves may have been created as reservoirs of spiritual potency.
- sys:
id: n044NT3TZAYwKSakkogoU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:38.475000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:05:31.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 60II5zuUne2A80682sYYs2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:34.660000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:34.660000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080019
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/60II5zuUne2A80682sYYs2/bbee114e572cf8a7a403d6802749707c/SOADRB0080019.jpg"
caption: Eland and faded figures. 2013,2034.18391 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730884&partId=1&place=107937&plaA=107937-2-2&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Lheod1OGAYUW4Goi6GAUo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:14:46.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 16:49:04.072000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'South Africa: featured site, chapter 6'
body: "The shamanistic approach to interpreting San|Bushman rock art images,
for which the Game Pass panel is sometimes referred to as the ‘Rosetta Stone’,
gained popularity in the 1980s and has since become the dominant interpretative
framework for researchers. Debate continues about the extent and nature of
its applicability in all of San|Bushman rock art, and the extent to which
myth and ritual not associated with the trance dance may also inform the art.
Work that connects San|Bushman cosmology and practice with images from
sites like Game Pass continue to provide interesting insights into these enigmatic
images. \n\nGame Pass Shelter and many other rock art sites are situated within
the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was inscribed as a UNESCO Transboundary
World Heritage Site in 2000. The site is open to the public and accessible
via a trail from the Kamberg Rock Art Centre.\n\n"
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title_internal: 'South Africa Featured Site Chapter 7 '
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
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citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2009. 'Contested Histories: A Critique of Rock Art in the Drakens-berg Mountains' in Visual Anthropology 22:4, pp. 327 — 343
<NAME>. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|Bushman Rock Paintings. Johannesburg, University of Witwatersrand Press
Vinnicombe, P. 1976. People of The Eland: Rock paintings of the Drakensberg Bushmen as a reflection of their life and thought. Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press
Solomon, A. 1997. ‘The Myth of Ritual Origins: Ethnography, Mythology and Interpre-tation of San|Bushman Rock Art’. South African Archaeological Bulletin 53, pp.3-13
<NAME>., & <NAME>. Art on the Rocks of Southern Africa. London, Mac-donald
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title_internal: 'South Africa: key facts'
image_count: 1,506 images
date_range: Mostly 8,000 BC to the 20th Century
main_areas: Throughout, with particular concentrations in the Drakensberg and
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techniques: Brush painting, finger painting, pecked engraving
main_themes: 'human figures, large fauna, particularly eland antelope, geometric
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title: Introduction
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 1'
body: |
The rock art of South Africa has probably been studied more extensively than that of any other African country. It is estimated that South Africa contains many thousands of rock art sites, with a great variety of styles and techniques. The most well-known rock art in South Africa is that created by the San|Bushman¹ people (several culturally linked groups of indigenous people of southern Africa who were traditionally hunter-gatherers) and their ancestors, with the painted rock shelters of the Drakensberg mountains some of the most well-known rock art sites in the world. However, the range of South African rock art is wide, spanning great distances, many centuries, and different cultural traditions.
¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted them.
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caption: Painted eland antelope, horses and riders. Drakensberg Mountains,
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revision: 4
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 2'
body: South Africa covers around 1,213,090 km², encircling Lesotho and bordered
in the north by Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe and in the west by Mozambique
and Swaziland. Much of the interior of the country consists of a high central
plateau bordered by the Great Escarpment, a rocky ridge which forms the bulk
of the long Drakensberg mountain system in the east and several smaller ranges
in the centre and west of the country, as well as the western border with
Lesotho. Further to the south, the Cape Fold Mountains mirror the bend of
the cape coast. Much of South Africa’s known engraved rock art is found on
igneous or metamorphic formations in the semi-arid environments of the central
plateau. In contrast, painted rock art sites are more commonly located in
the sandstone and quartzite rock shelters of the mountain systems, which form
the edges of the more temperate, low-lying coastal regions in the east and
south of the country.
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Hunter-gatherer rock art
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 3'
body: Much of both the painted and engraved rock art of South Africa is characterised
by its naturalistic depictions of animals, as well as numerous images of people,
ambiguous figures with mixtures of animal and human features, and certain
‘geometric’ or abstract shapes and patterns. These images are the work of
San|Bushman people and their ancestors. Although San|Bushman communities
now live mainly in Namibia, Botswana and north-western South Africa, historically
San|Bushman cultural groups lived more widely throughout southern Africa. Hunter-gatherer
people are thought to have been the only inhabitants of what is now South
Africa until the arrival of herding and farming people from the north from
around 2,000 years ago.
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revision: 2
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revision: 2
title: Farmer rock art
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 4'
body: "Some paintings and engravings in South Africa were made by Bantu language-speaking
farming people. These include a distinct tradition of rock shelter paintings
found in the north-west of the country, featuring mostly white finger-painted
images of animals such as crocodiles and giraffes and other motifs. These
paintings, located in remote areas, are known to have been created by Northern
Sotho people. Further to the south and west, engraved designs showing conjoined
circle motifs are found throughout KwaZulu Natal and some areas of Mpumalanga
and Gauteng Provinces, and appear to have been made by the ancestors of Sotho-Tswana
and Nguni language speakers, perhaps ancestors of modern Zulu people.\n\n"
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Herder rock art and other traditions
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 5'
body: Some rock art styles and motifs elsewhere in South Africa seem to belong
to other unique traditions. It has been proposed that engraved rock art patterns
with particular features including circular, linear and oblong motifs found
at sites across the country, particularly near watercourses, may be the work
of the Khoekhoen people or their ancestors, herders culturally related to
the San|Bushmen. Some paintings also appear to reflect this tradition.
Local rock art traditions specific to certain areas include, among others,
conglomerations of handprints near the coast in the south-western part of
the Western Cape and rows of engraved cupules in the north-east of the country.
There are also several examples from different rock art traditions across
South Africa, of depictions of European people, items or events (such as horses
and firearms) which clearly date from the 17th century or later. In the Karoo
region, rock gongs (natural rock formations with indentations indicating that
they have been used as percussive instruments) are sometimes associated with
engraving sites.
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caption: Paintings showing people in long skirts and hats, with wagons drawn
by horses/mules. Swartruggens, Western Cape, South Africa. 2013,2034.19505
©TARA/<NAME>
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revision: 2
title: Research history
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 6'
body: 'Rock art sites throughout what is now South Africa have likely always
been known to local communities, even where the art''s creators were not from
within them. The presence of rock art in the Cape region has been known to
Europeans since at least the mid- 18th century AD, with one of the first known
reports from the expedition of Ensign <NAME> in 1752, describing paintings
near the Great Fish River in the Eastern Cape. Further written references
to rock art from the area were made throughout the 18th and 19th centuries,
with some of the earliest known reproductions of Southern African rock art
made in the 1770s. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, painted copies
were made of San|Bushman rock art by amateur artists such as <NAME>,
Mark and <NAME> and <NAME>. '
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id: 19Up0IjuAa2c2WQuks6Qka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:07.688000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:51:29.749000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5pQOdclMWsYUoiqUe6UWUk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 10:16:55.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 10:16:55.281000000 Z
title: SOANTC0050054
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5pQOdclMWsYUoiqUe6UWUk/55b07efecee2210caec6f0fdbc227f60/SOANTC0050054.jpg"
caption: "Engraved eland, Northern Cape, South Africa. 2013,2034.18803 ©TARA/David
Coulson\t"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3731055&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18803&page=1
- sys:
id: 57UPgZOAQgOMC2YmuSUeUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:19.692000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 19:45:24.815000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title:
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 7'
body: "Scholarly interest in Southern African rock art increased in the early
20th century and pioneering efforts were made to record both painting and
engraving assemblages. In 1928 renowned archaeologist and ethnologist Leo
Frobenius mounted an expedition to record sites in South Africa as well as
Zimbabwe and Namibia, while in the interior regions over the previous twenty
years, <NAME> had instigated the first systematic rock engraving recording
work. This endeavor was built upon from the late 1950s onwards with the extensive
work of Gerhard and <NAME>. In the same decade <NAME> pioneered
the practice of recording rock art through colour photography, and over the
next twenty years, further recording and analysis projects were undertaken
by researchers such as <NAME> in the Western Cape region and <NAME>
and <NAME> in the Drakensberg mountain area. \n"
- sys:
id: 3ji8ZxGSA0qEugGSKc4AiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:34.228000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:52:17.397000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 49XE8B9AUwcsyuwKS4qIoS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:29.384000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:29.384000000 Z
title: SOADRB0040015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/49XE8B9AUwcsyuwKS4qIoS/0497ecca68dfaaf3b2656a890cff67dd/SOADRB0040015.jpg"
caption: "Multiple painted eland and other antelope, Eland Cave, Drakensberg
Mountains, South Africa. 2013,2034.18216 ©TARA/<NAME>\t"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738339&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18216&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JAfr47aaAUicKcoeSqiGu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:41.600000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-24 12:33:33.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 8'
body: In 1976, Vinnicombe published the seminal work *"People of the Eland"*,
analysing paintings from 150 Drakensberg sites and attempting to gain insight
into their execution and significance through a combination of quantitative
study and reference to San|Bushman ethnography (written records of insights
from San|Bushman culture compiled by anthropologists). Through the 1980s,
interpretation of rock art was further developed, perhaps most significantly
by <NAME>, a collaborator of Vinnicombe's. Lewis-Williams originated
an approach to understanding San|Bushman rock art which posits that the
motivation and meaning for most, if not all, San|Bushman rock art is
based on the centrality of the spiritual leader or'shaman' and the shaman’s
actions in San|Bushman life and belief. Over the past 30 years, the
idea that much of San|Bushman rock art is essentially ‘shamanistic’ in
nature has been dominant in academic discourse.
- sys:
id: 21vXKwU4akskQ6YAsYIo0i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:48.780000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-24 12:36:25.686000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Themes and interpretations
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 9'
body: "Shamanistic interpretations of San|Bushman paintings and engravings
draw on both past records of ‘Southern’ or /Xam San|Bushman people living
historically in South Africa and more recent ethnography based mainly on San|Bushman
communities in Namibia and Botswana, suggesting that their imagery illustrated
and reinforced the power of the actions of shamans. Much of the imagery is
proposed to reflect the shaman’s hallucinatory visions from the 'trance dance’,
a tradition common to San|Bushman groups where shamans enter a trance
state during which they visit a 'spirit world' in which they may go on spiritual
journeys or perform tasks on behalf of their communities. It is thought that
the rock art panels may have acted as reservoirs for the 'potency' that shamans
are considered to possess, with the rock face considered a veil between both
worlds. The images are thought to reflect trance experiences including those
of 'therianthropes’, images of figures with both human and animal features,
explained as shamans who in a trance state feel themselves transformed into
animals. Certain other poses and features found in San|Bushman rock
art, such as so-called 'entoptic' motifs—geometric shapes such as zigzags
and dots—have also been interpreted as reflecting visions that shamans experience
while in a trance state. \n\nDiscussion continues around the extent of the
applicability of 'shamanist' interpretations for all aspects of San|Bushman
art, with research ongoing and scholars also exploring the potential roles
of other elements in rock art production, such as mythology or gender and
initiation rites. Other avenues of study include more regional foci, on specific
cultural and temporal contexts and how the imagery may reflect local power
dynamics through time.\n"
- sys:
id: 6PJbU7cpFYUUMSYqEgS0Am
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:09.071000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:52:56.704000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2hL4pRsxIkw224k00EKeqQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:03.996000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:03.996000000 Z
title: SOADRB0110028
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2hL4pRsxIkw224k00EKeqQ/a0c3c33b1a178f24852aec444656fe55/SOADRB0110028.jpg"
caption: Three painted ‘therianthrope’ figures with antelopes’ heads. Giant’s
Castle Main Caves, Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. 2013,2034.18474 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738986&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18474&page=1
- sys:
id: 3AxyfldmRa4wWoGSgc2cei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:17.413000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:17.413000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 10'
body: 'Although the focus in South African rock art research has been on San|Bushman
art, research has also been done on other rock art traditions, suggesting
different cultural origins. For example, investigation of Northern Sotho
rock art has shown much of it to have been created in relation to boys''and
girls'' initiation ceremonies, while Bantu-language speakers''engravings of
interlinked circle patterns have been interpreted as images of idealised conceptualised
homesteads. Work on attribution for some rock art of uncertain authorship
also has been undertaken. Certain geometric forms of rock engraving may be
of Khoekhoen origin, possibly showing influence from central African geometric
traditions and tracing historical migrations southwards. It has also been
suggested that some finger-painted images in the centre of the country are
the early 19th century work of the Korana people, a group of mixed ancestry
living as raiders on the Cape frontier and incorporating motifs from San|Bushman
and other traditions. '
- sys:
id: 4uS7XV338ke8iiQQ6asKC4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:30.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:30.588000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 11'
body: "The earliest scientifically dated examples of clearly visible painted
parietal art in South Africa comes from Steenbokfontein Cave in the Western
Cape, where collapsed painted portions from the wall buried in sediment have
been radiocarbon dated to at least 3,600 years ago, while in the Drakensberg,
AMS dating carried out on the oxalate crust superimposing a painting of a
human figure has suggested it to be at least 1,800 years old. While it is
thought that the beginnings of the painting tradition in the Drakensberg region
are probably older than this, the relative lack of durability in paint means
that many of the existing paintings were probably made sometime within the
past few hundred years. Sometimes it is apparent when this is the case - several
painting sites in this region show images of both San|Bushman people
and Europeans riding horses and bearing firearms, which dates them to within
the past 350 years and particularly the 19th century. Images of sheep and
cattle also place images within the last 2,000 years. \n\nThe oldest reliably
dated evidence for deliberate engraving in the country is several ochre pieces
incised with abstract patterns found in a buried layer in Blombos cave in
the Western Cape and dated through a number of methods to between 70 and 100,000
years ago. The earliest known figurative engraving date from the country
comes from a slab with an image of a portion of an animal on it, excavated
from Wonderwerk Cave in the Northern Cape and dating from around 10,200 years
ago. Engravings remaining in the open are more difficult to date scientifically,
and various attempts have been made to date and sequence both engravings and
paintings based on style and superimposition, while recent years, work has
been undertaken to apply the Harris Matrix (an archaeological sequencing technique
for relative dating) method to painting chronologies in the Free State, Drakensberg
and Western Cape. This involves using techniques originally conceived for
charting chronology in stratigraphic layering to compare and sequence different
superimposed motifs.\n"
- sys:
id: 2Qms4PsSqQiUMGg4c4CIaS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:46.299000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:53:23.983000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3BojqKseXY0IQkcKOwoC6K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:40.866000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:40.866000000 Z
title: SOANTC0030005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BojqKseXY0IQkcKOwoC6K/8e3971b5cccf481e5485cab60d361961/SOANTC0030005.jpg"
caption: Engraved rhinoceros. Wildebeest Kuil, Northern Cape, South Africa.
2013,2034.18669 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18669&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 1i9uCQ3wrss8UGuMQgC0oW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:54.192000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:54.192000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "Eastwood, E. & Eastwood, C. 2006. Capturing the Spoor: An exploration
of Southern African Rock Art. Cape Town, <NAME>\n\nLewis-Williams, J.D.
& Challis, S. 2011. Deciphering Ancient Minds: The Mystery of San|BushmanBushman
Rock Art. London, Thames & Hudson \n\nLewis-Williams, J.D. 1981. Believing
and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|BushmanRock Paintings. Johannesburg,
University of Witwatersrand Press\n\nMaggs, T. 1995. Neglected Rock Art: The
Rock Engravings of Agriculturist Communities in South Africa. South African
Archaeological Bulletin. Vol. 50 No. 162 pp. 132.142\n\nMazel, A.D. 2009.
Images in time: advances in the dating of Drakensberg rock art since the 1970s.
In: <NAME> & <NAME>, eds., The eland’s people: new perspectives on
the rock art of the Maloti/Drakensberg Bushmen. Essays in memory of Pat Vinnicombe.
Johannesburg: Wits University Press, pp. 81–96\n\nOuzman, S. 2005. The Magical
Arts of a Raider Nation: Central South Africa’s Korana Rock Art. South African
Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 9 pp. 101-113\n\nParkington, J. 2003.
Cederberg Rock Paintings. Cape Town, Krakadouw Trust\n\nParkington, <NAME>,
D. & Rusch, N. 2008. Karoo rock engravings: Marking places in the landscape.
Cape Town, Krakadouw Trust\n\nRussell, T. 2000. The application of the Harris
Matrix to San rock art at Main Caves North, KwaZulu-Natal. South African Archaeological
Bulletin 55. Pp. 60–70\n\nSmith, B. & <NAME>. Taking Stock: Identifying
Khoekhoen Herder Rock Art in Southern Africa. Current Anthropology Vol. 45,
No. 4. pp 499-52\n\nSolomon, A. 1994. “Mythic Women: A Study in Variability
in San Rock Art and Narra-tive”. In: <NAME> & <NAME> (eds.)
Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research. Johannesburg,
Witwatersrand University press\n \nVinnicombe, P. 1976. People of The Eland:
Rock paintings of the Drakensberg Bushmen as a reflection of their life and
thought. Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press\n\nWillcox. A. R. 1963
The Rock Art of Southern Africa. Johannesburg, <NAME> and Sons (Africa)
Pty. Ltd\n\n\n\n"
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 13:39:38.428000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 13:39:38.428000000 Z
title: SOANTC0050031
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title: SOANTC0040005
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3731061&partId=1&searchText=+Kimberley%2c+South+Africa&page=1
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region: Southern Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/ethiopia.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 5UJqbFEWrYQ4a2cC46g6Ee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:50:28.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:58:01.095000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 12
name: Ethiopia
slug: ethiopia
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=39681
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
short_introduction:
image_carousel:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 20:01:43.962000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:35:32.810000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16534'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3705795&partId=1&searchText=cows+ethiopia&page=3
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/JvGmxF8NMGMy8k8E8E0Mm/81c4461e097818737e9f27d006acd9cc/ETHKIM0010014.jpg"
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title: '2013,2034.16305'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704178&partId=1&searchText=ETHSOD0060008&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3vzwt8quvSW0oKO6eeosOk/60e2a4af7e00079913f9b2db085adf47/ETHSOD0060008.jpg"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:38:25.638000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16488'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3705709&partId=1&searchText=ethiopia+red+white+painted&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1xCXP09bCE2a62KY4k6QwW/a9328e58a128d91f5541ffda0ee702e0/ETHGOD0010033.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 20:01:31.556000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:39:35.289000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16316'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704167&partId=1&searchText=ETHSOD0060019&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2vzueS0uoQUgMyeC6AY6iY/a30526c8ece93d7abf4d4beaa6213485/ETHSOD0060019.jpg"
- sys:
id: 58MDK4bR1egMcgKW8AMe8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 20:02:00.661000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:41:27.946000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16473'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3705685&partId=1&searchText=ethiopia+white+painted&page=2
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58MDK4bR1egMcgKW8AMe8E/0b2214edcffae9c129d108cd689c947e/ETHGOD0010018.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6Z9zHHijMAgGuScYAwaoGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 20:02:19.257000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:44:01.733000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16415'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704256&partId=1&place=107473&plaA=107473-2-2&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Z9zHHijMAgGuScYAwaoGg/8d9bff24b057fa4f1cb4f6bf0fd13904/ETHDAG0010020.jpg"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:08:12.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:46:30.555000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16528'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3705773&partId=1&searchText=ethiopia+red+painted+animals&page=2
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6hGkN4Ns2cooU4EscicwkY/e47678a6bec525057a227171c7237951/ETHKIM0010008.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 5I6VFY4EX6GOW2mCag08aU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:54:40.762000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:58.329000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: Shepe, Ethiopia
slug: shepe
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ixjUTf8kEQuQk4GMOy4W6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:41:05.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 11:21:10.230000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The site of Shepe (also known as Chabbé, Šappe or Mancheti) is located
in the Sidamo Zone of Oromia, about 250 km to the south of Addis Ababa. The
region is a fertile, forest-mountainous area traditionally dedicated to the
cultivation of coffee. The site is in a narrow gorge carved by the Shepe River
at 1300 m above sea level, full of vegetation and therefore difficult to detect.
Along this gorge there are several notable engravings depicted in four panels,
forming one of the most impressive – if secluded — rock art sites in the
Horn of Africa. The site was discovered in 1965 by Fitaorari Selechi Defabatchaw,
governor of the Dilla district where the site is located, and was published
by <NAME> two years later. Since that, the importance of Shepe has
been widely recognized and some other sites with similar engravings have been
documented in the surrounding area. This group (known generically as the Shepe-Galma
group) constitutes one of the main areas of Ethiopian rock art, the other
being the Laga Oda-Sourré group in the Harar region.
images_and_captions:
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id: 5EG7K0Z26cUMISeKsAww4s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16227'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc/72c98385edd3833e70e9763f66945e98/ETHSID0050002.jpg"
caption: View of the crease where the Shepe engravings are placed. Shepe,
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16227.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691737&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16227&page=1
- sys:
id: 5EG7K0Z26cUMISeKsAww4s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16227'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc/72c98385edd3833e70e9763f66945e98/ETHSID0050002.jpg"
caption: View of the crease where the Shepe engravings are placed. Shepe, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16227.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691737&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16227&page=1
- sys:
id: 1meXvF3KKYugMos2qqyyyA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:09.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 11:21:36.739000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'The rock art of Shepe consists almost exclusively of engravings of humpless
cows which follow very strict conventions: profile bodies, small heads with
long horns seen from above, U-like bellies and udders very clearly depicted.
Some of the cows have an unidentified, triangular object hanging from their
left horn. In total, around 50 relatively large cows (40 to 70 cm in length)
are depicted throughout the gorge walls, distributed in rows and groups to
represent herds. The most original feature of these engravings is, however,
the technique used to depict them: rather than carving the outline of the
cows, the area around them has been lowered to provide a bas-relief effect
which has no known parallels in the region. The surface of the cows has been
polished to obtain a smooth appearance.'
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 3t1tUJZNRY4kkQAIeKmIea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16236'
description:
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caption: View of the Shepe main panel. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16236.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16236&page=1
- sys:
id: 3t1tUJZNRY4kkQAIeKmIea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16236'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS/3b87b98a6668f272110f5baf48e65a5b/ETHSID0060007.jpg"
caption: View of the Shepe main panel. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16236.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16236&page=1
- sys:
id: 2MCiQOzg1WWksmyW4kiCko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:18.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:18.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The chronology of the Shepe cows is difficult to determine, but stylistically
they have been related to the Laga Oda paintings in the area of Harar and
to other sites in Eritrea and Djibouti. According to most researchers, the
Shepe figures have been ascribed to the so-called Ethiopian-Arabian style,
with a generic chronology from the 3rd to the 1st millennia BC. Shepe engravings
can be considered relatively naturalistic, and therefore should be among the
oldest depictions of this style. Other interpretations, however, consider
Shepe and the nearby sites a completely differentiated school whose chronology
is still unclear but could be more recent.
images_and_captions:
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id: 23e0al3lEEaeCEawuaEuei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW/2722889dec86c49a3d5c1fa47f5c96ff/ETHSID0060006.jpg"
caption: Frontal view of one the Shepe panels. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691723&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16235&page=1
- sys:
id: 23e0al3lEEaeCEawuaEuei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW/2722889dec86c49a3d5c1fa47f5c96ff/ETHSID0060006.jpg"
caption: Frontal view of one the Shepe panels. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691723&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16235&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Ts9l53bJ6uU4OKaqYEAMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:54.888000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:20:03.439000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 4'
body: Regarding their meaning, only conjecture can be made at present, but it
seems quite likely that they were made by pastoral communities to whom cattle
were fundamental. The careful depiction of the udders, the repetition of this
single motif and the effort paid to achieve the bas-relief effect imply a
paramount importance of cattle in the economy and society of the group that
engraved them. The fact that some of the cows have what seem to be adornments
hanging from the horns (a feature documented in other rock art regions as
the Libyan Messak) also points in that direction. Contemporary groups, such
as the Nuer in nearby Sudan have similar traditions of horn adornments, and
throughout the Omo river region different techniques of embellishment (ear
cutting, horn shaping, modifications of the hump) have been documented, and
in all of them cattle are a key cultural mark as well as an economic resource. Of
course, direct links cannot be established between these contemporary examples
and the communities that made the engravings of Shepe, but the cattle depictions
in the ravine are nevertheless a document of the importance and consideration
given to cattle, an animal which was undoubtedly part of these groups’ identity.
citations:
- sys:
id: 435YtX7CQ08gcuU240ucwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:52:31.089000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:20:33.907000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. (1967): Les sculptures rupestres de Chabbè dans le Sidamo. *Annales d'Ethiopie* 7: 19-32.
<NAME>. (ed.) (1995): *Tiya, l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.), Chauvigny.
<NAME>., & <NAME> (2001): New sites of South Ethiopian rock engravings: <NAME>, <NAME>, and remarks on the Sappe-Galma School. *Annales d’Ethiopie*, 17: 205-224.
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:36:14.616000000 Z
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title: ETHSID0080008
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:27.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:27.772000000 Z
title: ETHSOD0030007
description:
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key_facts:
sys:
id: 1jkynD2NtMOCIIQeUAMsQu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:36:57.233000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:36:57.233000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: key facts'
image_count: 552 images
date_range: Mostly 3,000 BC onwards
main_areas: Harar region, Sidamo province
techniques: Engravings, brush paintings, bas-relief
main_themes: Cattle, anthropomorphs, geometric symbols
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 2KyCxSpMowae0oksYsmawq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:32:33.269000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:57:42.412000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'The Country of the Standing Stones: Stela in Southern Ethiopia'
slug: country-of-standing-stones
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk/ad2ce21e5a6a89a0d4ea07bee897b525/ETHTBU0050002.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7lbvgOvsBO0sgeSkwU68K8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:36.149000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:48:54.764000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 1'
body: Ethiopia is home to some of the most impressive archaeological remains
in Africa, such as the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, the Axumite kingdom
monoliths or the Gondar palaces. Most of these sites are located in northern
Ethiopia, but to the south of the country there are also some remarkable archaeological
remains, less well-known but which deserve attention. One of them is the dozens
of graveyards located along the Rift Valley and marked by hundreds of stone
stelae of different types, usually decorated. Ethiopia holds the biggest concentration
of steale in all Africa, a testimony of the complexity of the societies which
inhabited the Horn of Africa at the beginning of the second millennium AD.
- sys:
id: 3q8L69s3O8YOWsS4MAI0gk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:03:36.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:51:45.367000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3lhKPWDnSwEIKmoGaySEIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.448000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.448000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0090003
description:
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caption: Engraved stela from Silté (now in the Addis Ababa National Museum),
probably of a historic period, completely covered by symbols and human figures. 2013,2034.16388
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704087&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16388&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: wMW6zfth1mIgEiSqIy04S
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:55.931000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:52:16.164000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Although some of the most impressive stelae are located to the north-east
of Ethiopia, in the region where the Axumite Kingdom flourished between the
1st and the 10th centuries AD, the area with the highest concentration of
stelae is to the south-west of the country, from the Manz region to the north
of Addis Ababa to the border with Kenya. It is an extensive area which approximately
follows the Rift Valley and the series of lakes that occupy its floor, and
which roughly covers the Soddo, Wolayta and Sidamo regions. The region has
a tropical climate and is fertile, with warm conditions being predominant
and rainfall being quite abundant, with annual rates of 1200-1500 mm in the
lower areas while in the highlands the rainfall reaches 2.000 mm per year.
- sys:
id: 5BGRogcCPeYgq2SY62eyUk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:24:59.375000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:53:36.787000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce/cf9d160fced55a45a8cb0cc9db8cbd54/ETHTBU0080002.jpg"
caption: Two stelae on which are carved human figures. The faces have carved
stripes, sometimes interpreted as masks. <NAME>. 2013,2034.16385 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704090&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16385&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 3CBiLCh7ziUkMC264I4oSw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:16.601000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:58:41.825000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'Ethiopian stelae have been known to western scholars since the end of
the 19th century, with the first examples documented in 1885 to the north
of Addis Ababa and the news about the main group to the south arriving in
1905. The first archaeological works in the southern area took place in the
1920’s carried out by French and German researchers. The work of Père Azaïs
was especially remarkable, with four expeditions undertaken between 1922 and
1926 which were partially published in 1931. Along with Azaïs, a German team
from the Frobénius Institute started to study the site of Tuto Fela, a huge
cemetery with hundreds of phallic and anthropomorphic stelae located in the
Sidamo region. Since these early studies the archaeological remains were left
unattended until the 1970’s, when <NAME> excavated the site of Gattira-Demma
and organized a far more systematic survey in the area which documented dozens
of stelae of different sizes and types. In the 1980’s, another French team
started to study first Tiya and then <NAME> and another important site,
Chelba-Tutitti, in a long-term project which has been going on for thirty
years and has been paramount to understand the types, chronologies and distribution
of these archaeological remains. The historical importance of these stelae
was universally recognized in 1980, when Tiya was listed as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. '
- sys:
id: 3OqDncSoogykaUgAyW0Mei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:25:18.604000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:00:14.418000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zt1z4iJ44c2MWmWcGy4Ey
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.088000000 Z
title: ETHSID0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zt1z4iJ44c2MWmWcGy4Ey/7a08db34b4eba7530b9efb69f42fec36/ETHSID0010002.jpg"
caption: View of the Tuto Fela site, showing some of the stelae standing over
the burials. The stelae are anthropomorphic, corresponding to the second phase
of the cemetery. 2013,2034.16196 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3703783&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16196&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 5NnJiqSSNGkOuooYIEYIWO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:25:38.253000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:01:28.688000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk/ad2ce21e5a6a89a0d4ea07bee897b525/ETHTBU0050002.jpg"
caption: Back of the Tiya stelae, showing the graves attached to them. 2013,2034.16345
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704130&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16345&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 66kOG829XiiESyKSYUcOkI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:40.626000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:40.626000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'The Ethiopian stelae show a great variability in shapes and decorations,
but at least three main groups could be defined. The first corresponds to
the so-called phallic stelae, long cylindrical stones with a hemispherical
top delimited by a groove or ring (Jossaume 2012: 97). The body of the stela
is sometimes decorated with simple geometric patterns. A second type is known
as anthropomorphic, with the top of the piece carved to represent a face and
the rest of the piece decorated with crossed patterns. These two types are
common to the east of the Rift Valley lakes, while to the south of Addis Ababa
and to the west of these lakes several other types are present, most of them
representing anthropomorphs but sometimes plain instead of cylindrical. These
figures are usually classified depending on the shape and especially the features
engraved on them –masks, pendants, swords- with the most lavishly carved considered
the most recent. Probably the best known group is that with swords represented,
such as those of Tiya, characterized by plain stones in which groups of swords
(up to nineteen) are depicted along with dots and other unidentified symbols.
Not all the stelae have these weapons, although those that don’t are otherwise
identical in shape and have other common signs engraved on them. Regarding
their chronology the Ethiopian stela seem to be relatively new, dated from
the 10th to the 13th centuries, sometimes with one type of stela superimposed
on another and in other cases with old types being reused in later tombs.'
- sys:
id: 66jbDvBWhykGwIOOmaYesY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:26:18.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:04:13.365000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 5Bpxor1k1GMmUOoEWWqK2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.437000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.437000000 Z
title: ETHSOD0050002
description:
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caption: Example of a phallic cylindrical stela, Gido Wamba, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16290
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3703913&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16290&&page=1
- sys:
id: 3gftSkoIHSsmeCU6M8EkcE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:27:02.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:06:02.999000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6WDEsfzmqQGkyyGImgYmcU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:24.547000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:24.547000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050025
description:
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caption: Examples of a plain stela with swords at Tiya, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16365
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704110&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16365&page=1
- sys:
id: 41cBMB2SpOEqy0m66k64Gc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:58.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:29:58.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Stela: thematic, chapter 5'
body: 'Regardless of their chronology and shape, most of the stela seem to have
a funerary function, marking the tombs of deceased which were buried in cemeteries
sometimes reaching hundreds of graves. The information collected from sites
of such as Tuto Fela show that not all the burials had an attached stela,
and considering the amount of work necessary to prepare them those which had
could be interpreted as belonging to high status people. In some cases, such
as in Tiya, it seems evident that the stela marked the graves of important
personalities within their communities. It is difficult to determine who the
groups that carved these stelae were, but given their chronology it seems
that they could have been Cushitic or Nilotic-speaking pastoralist communities
absorbed by the Oromo expansion that took place in the sixteenth century.
A lot of research has still to be done about these graveyards and their associated
living spaces, and undoubtedly many groups of stelae are yet to be discovered.
Those studied show, however, the potential interest of ancient communities
still poorly known but which were able to develop complex societies and these
material expressions of authority and power. '
- sys:
id: 5DJsnYIbRKiAiOqYMWICau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:27:29.739000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:07:15.282000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.369000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:34.369000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5zepzVfNDiOQy8gOyAkGig/3131691f0940b7f5c823ec406b1acd03/ETHTBU0010003.jpg"
caption: Stela graveyard in Meskem. 2013,2034.16330 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3704143&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16330&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6LBJQl0eT62A06YmiSqc4W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:00.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:28:00.511000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME> (dir.) (1995): *Tiya, l'Éthiopie des Mégalithes, du Biface a l'Art Rupestre dans la Corne d'Afrique*. Paris, UNESCO/CNS.
<NAME>. (2007): Tuto Fela et les stèles du sud de l'Ethiopie. Paris, Éditions recherche sur les civilisations.
<NAME>. (2012): The Superimposed Cemeteries of Tuto Fela in Gedeo Country (Ethiopia), and Thoughts on the Site of Chelba-Tutitti. *Palethnology*, 4, 87-110.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
id: 4nyZGLwHTO2CK8a2uc2q6U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:48.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. David
Phillipson (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by Pavel Červiček in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
- sys:
id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\nClark, J.C.D. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\n<NAME>. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: <NAME>iner
Verlag. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\nSmith, Benjamin. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:42:27.348000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:25:55.914000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1298'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592557
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq/31cde536c4abf1c0795761f8e35b255c/2013_2034.1298.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:53.440000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:26:40.898000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA/9fc2e1d88f73a01852e1871f631bf4ff/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 1wLn16dmUsUkcm6UgwmaoE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:43:00.803000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:55.895000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 4
title: 'Ethiopia: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 31sjVVkxrOsYoCakaWWIsw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:08.693000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:08.693000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 1'
body: Ethiopia is the biggest country of the Horn of Africa, a very diverse
country which has traditionally been a melting pot of cultures, religions
and ethnicities, acting as a crossroads between the Nile valley region, the
Red Sea and East Africa. Most rock art is located in the southern part of
the country, although smaller concentrations have been documented near the
borders with Eritrea, Sudan and Kenya. Ethiopian rock art shows strong similarities
with other countries in the Horn of Africa as well as Sudan and mostly consists
of cow depictions dated from the 3rd millennium onwards, although other animals,
anthropomorphic figures and geometric symbols are also fairly common.
- sys:
id: 6DDVz3LoAwAoOaE6sg0qew
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:32.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 14:34:31.428000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 2'
body: The geography of Ethiopia is varied and ranges from high plateaus to savannahs
and deserts. The eastern part mostly consists of a range of plateaus and
high mountains, which in some cases reach more than 4000m above sea level.
To the north of these mountains is Lake Tana, the biggest lake in Ethiopia
and the source of the Blue Nile, one of the two tributaries of the Nile. The
mountains are divided in two by the Great Rift Valley, which runs north-east
to south-west, - and is one of the most important areas for the study of human
evolution. The highlands are surrounded by tropical savannah and grassland
regions to the west and south-west, while to the east lays the Danakil desert,
one of the most inhospitable regions on earth. The south-eastern corner of
Ethiopia, which borders Somalia, is a semi-desert plateau ranging from 300-1500
m above sea level.
- sys:
id: W4Ffii79a8aAicMksA4G0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:40:22.095000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 14:42:57.195000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: IIbbaihhGSi02y0qamaIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:43:02.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:43:02.833000000 Z
title: ETHNAS0005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/IIbbaihhGSi02y0qamaIy/b9ff2db6b1f2d89f359fe4f4278c51af/ETHNAS0005.jpg"
caption: View of landscape in southern Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16171 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jqquJj
- sys:
id: 5lRTzejpleGqe2MQ0O4k0o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:53.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 14:48:57.742000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Ethiopian rock art is located around two main areas: around the city
of Harar to the east and the Sidamo region to the south-west. The first group
comprises mainly painted depictions, while the second one is characterized
by a bas-relief technique specific only to this area. However, rock art has
also been discovered in other areas, such as the border with Eritrea, the
area near Kenya and the Benishangul-Gumuz region, a lowland area along the
border with Sudan. As research increases, it is likely that more rock art
sites will be discovered throughout the country. In addition to these engravings
and paintings, Ethiopia is also known for its decorated stelae, tall stone
obelisks that are usually engraved with culturally and religiously important
symbols. One of these places is Tiya, a burial place declared a World Heritage
Site which has 32 richly decorated stelae. Although not strictly rock art
in the traditional sense, they nevertheless represent one of the most interesting
group of archaeological remains in the south of Ethiopia and demonstrate similar
techniques to some of the engraved depictions.'
- sys:
id: 6Aw2hC2mDSGKMsEWYOa80C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:46:38.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:06:35.150000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4w2Qic7EkEe0omyUA2i6QU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:46:16.750000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:46:16.750000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16248'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4w2Qic7EkEe0omyUA2i6QU/5b36c4b2ad5132161c8e8348f760df1c/2013_2034.16248.jpg"
caption: View of engraved cow with curved horns and marked udders. Shepe, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16248 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i9tddD
- sys:
id: 2FarnK5oM0Ese246YsW2WC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:19.763000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:19.763000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 4'
body: Ethiopian rock art has played a key role in the Horn of Africa research,
and the studies undertaken in this country have structured the chronologies,
styles and interpretations of the whole region. Research started as early
as the mid-1930s when the Abbé Henri Breuil proposed a classification of Ethiopian
rock art through the study of the Porc-Epic and Genda-Biftou sites. This proposal
stated a progressive evolution in eight steps from naturalism to schematism,
and set the interpretative framework for succeeding decades. Breuil’s ideas
were generally followed by <NAME> in his synthesis of the rock
art in the Horn of Africa in 1954, and they also appear in the work of Paolo
Graziosi (1964). During the 1960s, research was carried out by <NAME>
in the Sidamo area and by <NAME> near Harar, where a report made
for the Ethiopian government informed about the existence of around ten rock
art sites in the same area.
- sys:
id: 5FlXwLASzY64aWE8kyUQi0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:41:06.599000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:20:14.088000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5rOzA2mToQEA8eCoE2S6yc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:49.577000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:49.577000000 Z
title: ETHLAG0010030
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5rOzA2mToQEA8eCoE2S6yc/8a7fad16c52c41bab12fb032ccfc026c/ETHLAG0010030.jpg"
caption: View of painted cattle and human figures. Laga Oda, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16575 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j3OmG6
- sys:
id: 64V0g8Z7P2EYc4AyAIKuWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:35.423000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:35.423000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 5'
body: Rock art research in Ethiopia has traditionally included the term Ethiopian-Arabian
style, coined in 1971 by Červiček to show the similarities between the depictions
found in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The existence of this
style is currently the paradigm used in most rock art interpretations of the
region, although some concerns have been raised due to its too generic characteristics,
which can be found in many other parts of Africa. The 1990s and 2000s have
seen a remarkable increase of rock art research in the country, with the renewal
of studies in the main areas and the beginning of research in the regions
of Tigray and Benishangul-Gumuz.
- sys:
id: 5NlCEmTba0OqysyQwwQcKk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:41:26.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:21:39.681000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6jqDCZikwg60QmgaSYKsKA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:57.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:57.045000000 Z
title: ETHDAG0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6jqDCZikwg60QmgaSYKsKA/43845a952bb5271b011eed5227486ec2/ETHDAG0010003.jpg"
caption: View of rock shelter full of humped cattle, human figures and unidentified
shapes. Saka Sharifa, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16397 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iAVSEX
- sys:
id: 4iWjeBjtmoEKS42IImMCYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:53.855000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:34:19.840000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 6'
body: Cattle and cattle-related depictions are the main subject of Ethiopian
rock art, regardless of their relative chronology. The oldest depictions (based
on Červiček’s works) are of humpless cows, while in the late stages of rock
art humped cows and camels appear. Goats, sheep and dogs are very occasionally
depicted, and unlike the Saharan rock art, wild animals such as giraffes and
antelopes are scarce. Figures of cattle appear alone or in herds, and the
depictions of cows with calves are a fairly common motif not only in Ethiopia
but in the whole Horn of Africa.
- sys:
id: 4180pjSpqg2mQKuYMq66a4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:41:45.230000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:35:54.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: cyrbFGoA8wEaS8qM4Ys4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:06.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:06.217000000 Z
title: ETHKIM0010014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/cyrbFGoA8wEaS8qM4Ys4c/dae038fef2aa592df7f64faebacd63a9/ETHKIM0010014.jpg"
caption: Group of humped cattle painted in white, with round heads. Kimet, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16534 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iB07QT
- sys:
id: 3jCmlMhq00Wq8g8aSMgqc2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:11.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:11.167000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 7'
body: The other main group of depictions is of anthropomorphs, which are usually
schematic and often distributed in rows. In some cases, the tendency to schematism
is so pronounced that human figures are reduced to an H-like shape. Sometimes,
human figures are represented as warriors, carrying weapons and on occasion
fighting against other humans or big felines. Along with these figurative
themes, geometric signs are very common in Ethiopian rock art, including groups
of dots and other motifs that have been interpreted as symbols associated
with groups that historically lived in the region.
- sys:
id: 1eqq7kEwJUWO0EgC6cqmEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:42:03.855000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 16:28:50.616000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1gmLTDIgQY8i4SgKUMYSc4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:20.229000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:20.229000000 Z
title: ETHKIM0010016
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1gmLTDIgQY8i4SgKUMYSc4/fb8b409508be98645c1d84812937d4ab/ETHKIM0010016.jpg"
caption: View of schematic, red human figure. Kimet, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16536
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jqRjNt
- sys:
id: 6AAXBjdFN6mACg0K8kEGcQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:35.934000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:35.934000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 8'
body: 'Not all themes are distributed in every area. In Sidamo, almost all figures
depict humpless cows, while subjects in the Harar region show a far bigger
variability. Again, differences in techniques are also evident: while depictions
in the Harar region are mainly paintings, in Sidamo many figures are engraved
in a very singular way, lowering the area around the figures to achieve a
bas-relief effect. The clear differences between the Sidamo engravings (known
as the Chabbé-Galma group) and those of the Harar (the Laga Oda-Sourré group)
have led to criticisms about the perceived uniformity of the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
style.'
- sys:
id: 6cRf4VoFgsiuoQUaKoG6Eq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:42:26.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 16:29:56.050000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6johOxHojKY4EkOqEco6c6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:27.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:27.772000000 Z
title: ETHSOD0030007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6johOxHojKY4EkOqEco6c6/2640f76a5871320bf2ff03fefd8c37a7/ETHSOD0030007.jpg"
caption: Engraved grids and geometric signs. Ambe Akirsa, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16270
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iYklVo
- sys:
id: 5oDcrjBLqwk44WoQge2ECA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:41:00.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:41:00.681000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 9'
body: As is the case with most African rock art, absolute dates for depictions
based on radiocarbon techniques are scarce, and therefore most of the chronological
framework of Ethiopian rock art has to rely on the analysis of figures, superimpositions,
parallels with depictions of better known areas and other indirect dating
methods. In Ethiopian rock art it is generally assumed that the oldest depictions
could be dated to the mid-third millennium BC, according to parallels with
other Saharan rock art. As aforementioned, the so-called Ethiopian-Arabian
style shows an evolution from naturalism to schematism, with an older group
(Sourré-Hanakiya) showing strong similarities with rock art in Egypt, Sudan
and Libya. A second, progressively schematic group (Dahtami) would last until
the end of the first millennium BC. This date is supported by the appearance
of camels and humped cows (zebus), which were introduced in the region at
the end of the second half of the 1st millennium BC. The last stages of Ethiopian
rock art relating to camel, warriors and geometric depictions can be considered
to belong to the historical period, in some cases reaching very near to the
present day.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:42:45.233000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 16:31:49.133000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Q738mIexa8sWUwqsai8Ai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:35.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:35.501000000 Z
title: ETHGOD0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Q738mIexa8sWUwqsai8Ai/89f7045007c92e674ef5854118853c04/ETHGOD0010011.jpg"
caption: ": Panel infilled with painted camels, unidentified quadrupeds and
geometric signs. Goda Ajewa, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16466 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jztgzY
citations:
- sys:
id: 6KRR3bOPjUYGU8m6eA4QkC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:41:41.635000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:45:00.268000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. (1971): Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia). *Paideuma*, 17: 121-136.
<NAME>. (1954): T*he Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. Octagon Press, New York.
<NAME>. (1990): Distribution of Rock Paintings and Engravings in Ethiopia. *Proceedings of the First National Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa*, 1990: 289-302.
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region: Eastern and central Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/morocco.md
---
contentful:
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content_type_id: country
revision: 10
name: Morocco
slug: morocco
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=40983
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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title: '2013,2034.5894'
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title: '2013,2034.5874'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613873&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5874&page=1
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title: '2013,2034.5558'
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featured_site:
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content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: Oukaïmeden, Morocco
slug: oukaimeden
chapters:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:09.455000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 1'
body: |-
Oukaïmeden is an alpine-like valley set 2,630 metres above sea level at the core of Morocco’s High Atlas. Records from the 16th century onwards refer to its seasonal profit as summer pasturage by herders coming from villages settled at mid-altitude. It is a well-known place due to the existence of a ski resort, and a well-frequented tourist destination for people coming from Marrakech during the summer. It is also home to one of the most impressive collections of rock art engravings in Morocco, with about 250 rock art sites and one thousand depictions scattered throughout the valley.
Oukaïmeden rock art has been thoroughly studied by Malhome (1959, 1961) and Rodrigue (1999), and along with the Yagour plateau and Jbel Rat constitute the core of High Atlas rock art.
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image:
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title: '2013,2034.5863'
description:
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caption: General view of Oukaimeden valley. 2013,2034.5863 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613833&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5863&page=1
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image:
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title: '2013,2034.5894'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3614035&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5894&page=1
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caption: Engraved anthropomorph surrounded by a dagger and a rectangular shield.
2013,2034.5894 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3614035&partId=1&museumno=2013%2c2034.5894&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:30.214000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:30.214000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 2'
body: High Atlas rock art is remarkably different not only from the rest of
Moroccan rock art, but also from most other depictions documented throughout
the Sahara. Although some of the engravings correspond to cattle depictions
similar to those of nearby regions, there are other images known only in this
region. One particular type comprises detailed, large human figures represented
frontally, surrounded by weapons and other symbols. Another common kind of
depiction is circular shapes with inner designs, which most probably represent
shields. Weapons are also very common, usually depicted in isolation, but
not held by warriors as is common in most of the North African images. Together
with these themes, Oukaïmeden is characterised by a significant number of
elephant representations (something surprising considering its altitude!)
and a huge number of complex, geometric symbols whose interpretation remains
obscure.
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content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.049000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.5874'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613873&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5874&page=1
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caption: Circular engravings (shields?). 2013,2034.5874 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613873&partId=1&museumno=2013%2c2034.5874&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:12:51.006000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
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id: 2joH7nmXU42sE00g0GUgMq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.068000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5907'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2joH7nmXU42sE00g0GUgMq/36076d52020d185a340141311398c879/2013_2034.5907.jpg"
caption: Engraved Bronze Age halberds (two-handed pole weapons). 2013,2034.5907
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3614147&partId=1&museumno=2013%2c2034.5907+&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 3'
body: Chronologically speaking, it seems Oukaïmeden engravings started to appear
during the mid-3rd millennium BC, when the Sahara desert became increasingly
drier and summer grazing became more and more important. The earliest depictions
consisted mainly of animals, especially cattle, which was the species that
benefited the most from green pastures. As time passed, pressure on this resource
grew and tensions arose among the communities that used the valley. From the
2nd millennium BC onwards, animal depictions were replaced by images of weapons
and warriors, showing a different, more violent way of reclaiming rights over
pastures. That situation continued during the long Libyan-Berber period that
started around the mid-1st millennium BC and lasted until the Muslim conquest
of the area, around the 7th century AD. The arrival of Islam does not imply
the immediate disappearance of rock art engravings, but their number decreased
significantly and they progressively lost their significance, becoming incidental
in Oukaïmeden history.
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content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2nGxKesCSgWOeqSqa2eoAc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.081000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.081000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5916'
description:
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caption: Pecked bull on a prominent place within the valley. 2013,2034.5916
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jbIt5Q
- sys:
id: 7DEhcGYGoogSOGqOMmImam
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:17:08.360000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:17:08.360000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Unlike most of the rock art sites in North Africa, Oukaïmeden was not
inhabited the whole year: the heavy snow that falls during the winter prevented
occupation during the winter season. But that same snow made the valley a
strategic resource for the villages placed in the surrounding, lower areas.
During summer, when pastures became drier in the area around Marrakech, herders
would take their sheep and cattle to Oukaïmeden for grazing, much in the way
as it is still done today.'
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:00.276000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:00.276000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: RXRm1UgosSw248YEayEgC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.031000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.031000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5879'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/RXRm1UgosSw248YEayEgC/32ef250086422ca87ff06855c563174d/2013_2034.5879.jpg"
caption: Elephants’ Frieze. Several elephants and a rhinoceros or warthog are
depicted facing right, where two human figures are represented. 2013,2034.5879
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613935&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5879&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 5'
body: |-
Although Oukaïmeden rock art is distributed throughout the valley, there are some sites with scenes that stand above the rest due to their complexity and significance. One of them is the so-called Elephants’ Frieze, a horizontal rock face where four elephants, a feline, a rhinoceros or warthog and two human figures facing the animals were depicted. Two later, vertical Libyan-Berber inscriptions were added to the panel. The scene is placed near a shelter, facing a stream which constitutes one of the main access routes to the valley grazing areas.
The relevance of Oukaïmeden rock art is renowned, and the whole area has been protected since 1951 by the Moroccan government, while the National Centre of Rock Art Heritage in Marrakech has carried on several research projects in the area. However, the interest in the site doesn’t mean its preservation is assured: the growing incidence of tourism, the extraction of stones for building purposes in nearby Marrakech and vandalism are threats that have still to be dealt with. The fragile environment of Oukaïmeden valley adds an extra concern about the preservation of one of the most complete and better-preserved rock sites in Morocco.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5qcDvyXGlUeO0OYGECIQYG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:50.132000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:50.132000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1959. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 1. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 13
Malhomme, J. 1961. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 2. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 14
Rodrigue, A. 1999. *L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain*. Paris, L'Harmattan
Simoneau, A. 1977. *Catalogue des sites rupestres du Sud-Marocain*. Rabat, Ministere d'Etat charge des Affaires Culturelles
background_images:
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id: 1FXFD6ckcAWESOOCMGo4gE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:20.487000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:20.487000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5874'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1FXFD6ckcAWESOOCMGo4gE/03c7c921ee08e8d8d359eddc273fc2e5/2013_2034.5874.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1fKpdeWDQu46gMIW8i4gki
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:33.601000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:33.601000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5879'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fKpdeWDQu46gMIW8i4gki/efd0d1ecaeb976c4d94c4244a8066f4b/2013_2034.5879.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 55xcaWNyV2q0u8YuWKWgCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:27:12.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:27:12.053000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: key facts'
image_count: 921 images
date_range: Mostly 3,000 BC to AD 700
main_areas: High Atlas, Draa Valley, Saguiet el Hamra Valley
techniques: predominantly engravings
main_themes: Cattle, wild animals, weapons, hunting, war scenes with riders
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 5QHjLLZ7gs846I0a68CGCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:59:00.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:29:03.345000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 6
title: 'Written in stone: the Libyco-Berber scripts'
slug: written-in-stone
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:39:38.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:25:55.339000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4200'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk/3dd6ae7d242722aa740c7229eb70d4e7/ALGDJA0040010.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3fpuPIJW9i2ESgqYsEMe02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:07.520000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:16.531000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'A remarkable feature of North African rock art is the existence of numerous
engraved or painted inscriptions which can be found throughout the Sahara
Desert. These inscriptions, generically named Libyco-Berber, are found from
the west of Egypt to the Canary Islands and from the Mediterranean Sea to
the Sahel countries to the south. Together with Egyptian hieroglyphs, they
show us one of the earliest written languages in Africa and represent a most
interesting and challenging topic in North African history. They appear in
two different formats: engraved on *stelae* (mainly on the Mediterranean coast
and its hinterland) or on rock faces, either isolated or alongside rock art
paintings or engravings of the later periods of rock art.'
- sys:
id: 6MFGcsOw2QYceK2eWSsGqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:43:10.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:32:20.694000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:39:38.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:25:55.339000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4200'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk/3dd6ae7d242722aa740c7229eb70d4e7/ALGDJA0040010.jpg"
caption: View of red wolf or lion with an spiral tail. A Libyco-Berber script
has been written under the belly, and another one can be seen to the lower
left of the photograph. <NAME>, Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4200
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601330&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4200&page=1
- sys:
id: TwRWy4YkkUmg2yMGIWOQw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:54.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:33:58.483000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Libyco-Berber characters were identified as written language as early
as the 17th century, when some inscriptions in the language were documented
in the Roman city of Dougga (Tunisia). They were deciphered by <NAME>ulcy
in 1843 through the comparison of personal names with equivalent Punic names
in bilingual scenes, although a few characters still remain uncertain. Since
the beginning of the 19th century onwards many different proposals have been
made to explain the origin, expansion and translation of these alphabets.
There are three main explanations of its origin - the most accepted theory
considers that the Libyco-Berber alphabet and principles of writing were borrowed
from the Phoenician script, with other symbols added locally.
- sys:
id: pfjxB9ZjI4c68SYYOcc6C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:43:34.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:35:37.505000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1i0U2eePgyWQKE8WgOEuug
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:16.321000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:56:27.808000000 Z
title: Libyco theme figure 2
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1i0U2eePgyWQKE8WgOEuug/03cf171fe9cde8389b055b4740f8d1fd/29-10-2015_11.05.jpg"
caption: Half of a bilingual inscription written in Numidian, part of a monument
dedicated to Ateban, a Numidian prince. Numidian is one of the languages written
in Libyco-Berber alphabets. 1852,0305.1 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368104&partId=1&searchText=1852,0305.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 2QHgN5FuFGK4aoaWUcKuG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:30.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:30.377000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 3'
body: A second, recent proposal has defended an indigenous (autochthonous) origin
deriving from a stock of ancient signs –tribal tattoos, marks of ownership,
or even geometric rock art- which could have resulted in the creation of the
alphabet. Finally, a mixture of both theories accepts the borrowing of the
idea of script and some Phoenician signs, which would be complemented with
indigenous symbols. Although none of these theories can be fully accepted
or refuted at the present moment, the proposal of a Phoenician borrowing has
a wider support among linguistics and archaeologists.
- sys:
id: 67cDVCAn3GMK8m2guKMeuY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:44:09.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:37:11.219000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4996'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O/4d864b520d505029c7c8b90cd9e5fde2/ALGTOD0050035.jpg"
caption: Engraved panel full of camels and human figures, surrounded by Libyco-Berber
graffiti. <NAME> n’<NAME>. 2013,2034.4996 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3623989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4996&page=1
- sys:
id: 4UXtnuK0VGkYKMGyuqseKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:56.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:56.343000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'How is the Libyco-Berber alphabet composed? In fact, we should talk about
Libyco-Berber alphabets, as one of the main characteristics of these scripts
is their variety. In the mid-20th century, two main groups (eastern and western)
were proposed, but this division is not so evident, and some studies have
identified up to 25 different groups (grouped in 5 major families); some of
them show strong similarities while between others up to half of the alphabetic
symbols may be different. However, all these variants share common features:
Libyco-Berber alphabetic symbols tend to be geometric, consisting of straight
lines, circles and dots combined in different ways.'
- sys:
id: 13CDv9voc48oCmC0wqG4AA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:44:51.935000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:37:41.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5rTkM78qGckOKu2q4AIUAI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:51.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:28:43.019000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9338'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5rTkM78qGckOKu2q4AIUAI/1868823d4c9b78591d8fd94d156a8afc/NIGEAM0040013.jpg"
caption: View of Libyan warrior holding a spear, surrounded by Libyco-Berber
scripts. Ibel, Niger. 2013,2034.9338 ©TARA/<NAME>oulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641907&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9338&page=1
- sys:
id: 1gWJWaxXZYc4IiUyiC8IkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:32.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:32.328000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 5'
body: 'The study of Libyco-Berber script faces some huge challenges. In addition
to its aforementioned variability, it is necessary to differentiate the ancient
languages spoken and written in North Africa during the Classical Antiquity
for which a generic term of Libyco-Berber is used. Furthermore, Tifinagh script,
the modern script of Tuareg people shares some symbols with the Libyco-Berber
alphabet, but otherwise is a quite different language. Contemporary Tuareg
cannot understand the old Libyco-Berber inscriptions although they recognize
some symbols. Chronology represents another challenge: although the first
dated inscription on a *stela* is from 138 BC, some pottery sherds with Libyco-Berber
symbols could date from the 3rd century BC. For some researchers the oldest
date (as old as the 7th century BC) is believed to correspond to an engraving
located in the Moroccan High Atlas, although that theory is still under discussion.
Finally, the characteristics of the scripts present some problems: they are
usually short, repetitive and in many cases incomplete. Moreover, Libyco-Berber
can be written in different directions (from right to left, bottom to top),
complicating the identification, transcription and translation of the inscriptions. '
- sys:
id: 6K1hjSQHrGSmMIwyi4aEci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:46:00.776000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:39:20.711000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 373GOE3JagQYoyY2gySyMy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:18.933000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:18.933000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5878'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/373GOE3JagQYoyY2gySyMy/75c096cc7f233cedc2f75f58b0b41290/Oukaimeden_adapted.jpg"
caption: Panel with elephants and human figures superimposed by two Libyco-Berber
inscriptions, which some consider one of the oldest written in this alphabet,
enhanced for a better view of the symbols. Oukaïmeden, Morocco. 2013,2034.5878
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613939&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5878&page=1
- sys:
id: 3ik84OMvkQaEu6yOAeCMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:51.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:51.719000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 6'
body: Considering all these problems, what do we know about Libyco-Berber scripts?
First of all, they normally used only consonants, although due to the influence
of Punic (the language used in areas controlled or influenced by Carthage)
and Latin, vowels were added in some alphabet variants. The translation of
Libyco-Berber scripts is complicated, since the existing texts are very short
and can only be translated through comparison with equivalent texts in Punic
or Latin. Most of the translated scripts are very simple and correspond to
personal and site names, or fixed formulations as “X son of Y”, characteristics
of funerary epigraphy, or others such as, “It’s me, X”. Perhaps surprisingly,
some of the translated inscriptions have an amorous meaning, with expressions
as “I, X, love Y”. As the known Libyco-Berber corpus of inscriptions grows,
it seems possible that more and more inscriptions will be translated, leading
to a better understanding of the languages.
- sys:
id: 1t5dVxKpiIqeqy82O4McOI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:46:35.246000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:43:47.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 7x2yrpGfGEKaUQgyuiOYwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:38.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:38.056000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3203'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7x2yrpGfGEKaUQgyuiOYwk/27f613c48b37dbb1114df7b733465787/LIBMES0180013.jpg"
caption: Panel depicting cattle, giraffes and Libyco-Berber graffiti. In Galgiwen,
Libya. 2013,2034.3203 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3589647&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.3203&page=1
- sys:
id: 3Ju6IkGoneueE2gYQKaAQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:16.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:27:17.030000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 7'
body: Of course, the Libyco-Berber scripts evolved through time, although discussion
is still going on about the chronologies and rhythms of this process. After
the adoption and development of the alphabet, the Libyco-Berber reached a
consideration of “official language” in the Numidian kingdom, which flourished
in the north-western coast of Africa during the two latest centuries BC. The
kingdom was highly influenced by Carthage and Rome, resulting in the existence
of bilingual inscriptions that were the key to the translation of Libyco-Berber
scripts. After Roman conquest, Libyco-Berber was progressively abandoned as
a written language in the area, but inscriptions in the Sahara were still
common until an unknown moment in the first millennium BC (the scripts sometimes
receiving the name of Tifinagh). The Berber language, however, has been preserved
and a new alphabet was developed in the 1960s to be used by Berber people.
- sys:
id: 1fPVVfXalmoKy2mUUCQQOw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:47:18.568000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:44:36.059000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4468'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY/0ec84dd4272a7227215c45d16f1451c5/ALGDJA0100009.jpg"
caption: Raid scene on a camel caravan, with several interspersed Libyco-Berber
inscriptions. Tassili plateau, Djanet, Algeria. 2013,2034.4468 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4468&page=1
- sys:
id: 5GOzFzswmcs8qgiqQgcQ2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:52.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:52.167000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 8'
body: The many challenges that surround the study of Libyco-Berber scripts have
led to a complex crossroads of terms, chronologies and theories which sometimes
are contradictory and confusing. For the Rock Art Image Project, a decision
had to be made to define the painted or engraved scripts in the collection
and the chosen term was Libyco-Berber, as most of the images are associated
with paintings of the Horse and Camel periods and thus considered to be up
to 3,000 years old. Using the term Tifinagh could lead to misunderstandings
with more modern scripts and the alphabet currently used by Berber peoples
throughout North Africa.
- sys:
id: 6qjMP5OeukCMEiWWieE4O8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:47:52.571000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:46:54.999000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: FGpTfysHqEay4OMO66YSE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:42:18.963000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:42:18.963000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.2792'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/FGpTfysHqEay4OMO66YSE/c735c56a5dff7302beb58cec0e35bc85/LIBMES0040160.jpg"
caption: Libyco-Berber inscription engraved near a cow. Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.2792 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584843&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.2792&page=1
- sys:
id: NeG74FoyYuOowaaaUYgQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:53:11.586000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:53:11.586000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Undoubtedly, the deciphering of forgotten languages captures the imagination
and is one of the most exciting challenges in the study of ancient cultures.
However, it is usually a difficult enterprise, as extraordinary finds which
aid translation such as the Rosetta Stone are fairly exceptional and most
of the time the transcription and translation of these languages is a long
and difficult process in which the meaning of words and grammar rules is slowly
unravelled. Although there are no shortcuts to this method, there are some
initiatives that help to ease the task. One of them is making available catalogues
of high quality images of inscriptions which can be studied and analysed by
specialists. In that sense, the Libyco-Berber inscriptions present in the
Rock Art Image Project catalogue can be truly helpful for all those interested
in one of the most fascinating languages in the world; a language, which albeit
modified has endured in different forms for hundreds of years.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4r54ew5pNSwQ8ckQ8w8swY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:48:24.656000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:28:59.132000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2012. Rock Art, Scripts and proto-scripts in Africa: the Libyco-berber example. In: Delmas, A. and Penn, P. (eds.), *Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500 – 1900*. Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 3-29.
<NAME>. 2007. Origin and Development of the Libyco-Berber Script. Berber Studies 15. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
[http://lbi-project.org/](http://lbi-project.org/)
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.4996'
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4468'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY/0ec84dd4272a7227215c45d16f1451c5/ALGDJA0100009.jpg"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:10:57.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:23.897000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 6
title: Gone fishing...
slug: gone-fishing
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4497'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa/18b8916dbaa566c488fb1d462f336b88/2013_2034.4497.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3FSGABeX9C2aieeekCUc6I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:39.843000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:59.910000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 1'
body: Fishing is an ancient practice in Africa, dating back 100,000 years, when
modern humans started moving into coastal environments. The remains of thousands
of fish bones and shellfish from sites on the southern African coastline dating
to the Middle Stone Age testify to its antiquity. At the same time that human
populations in Africa were developing more sophisticated terrestrial hunting
technologies, they were also acquiring innovative and productive fishing and
riverine hunting skills. Concomitantly, marine shells were being collected
to thread on to twine, probably for use as items of personal ornamentation.
Archaeological research has shown that aquatic environments have been exploited
for both subsistence and cultural purposes for tens of thousands of years.
- sys:
id: 5rah4C96eWkK6gUgYS2cKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:38.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:46:25.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4497'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa/18b8916dbaa566c488fb1d462f336b88/2013_2034.4497.jpg"
caption: Red outline of a fish swimming right showing dorsal fin and fish scales.
A smaller fish superimposes larger fish underneath near the tail. Tassili
n'Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4497 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602875&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4497&page=1
- sys:
id: 1s82PsQrCsS8C0QQQ0gYie
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:35:04.493000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:48:40.438000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PqImAJY3CeKKkMwqeayoe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:03.906000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:03.906000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5019'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PqImAJY3CeKKkMwqeayoe/19a4c9ac1890f3aa6e7b6ef761b4373b/2013_2034.5019.jpg"
caption: Outline engraving of fish facing right, incised on a sandstone slab
beside a riverbed. Oued Djerat, Algeria. 2013,2034.5019 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624043&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5019&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:35:28.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:48:58.748000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5TVVOzkAlaWKaK4oG2wqq8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:50.727000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:50.727000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.801'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5TVVOzkAlaWKaK4oG2wqq8/d1654d1e9de9bdf1f9a61eca5e81cebd/2013_2034.801.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art showing series of dots in vertical lines that converge
at top and bottom, possibly in a fish shape, placed in area of water seep
on rock face. Afforzighiar, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.801 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586292&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.801&page=1
- sys:
id: cjcvGndmak60E82YEQmEC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:59:31.911000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:59:31.911000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 2'
body: |-
We rarely consider the Sahara as the optimum environment for fishing. Seeing painted and engraved images of fish located in these waterless and unfavourable landscapes therefore seems at odds with our present-day knowledge of this vast desert. However, as we have noted before in these project pages (see introductions to Libya and Algeria), water-dependent animals such as crocodile and hippo have regularly been depicted in Saharan rock art, illustrating a once wetter and more fertile landscape. To date, the African rock art image project has catalogued representations of aquatic species in Libya, Algeria and Morocco, depicted with varying degrees of proficiency and ease of identification. This has been an insightful encounter, because it not only informs our thinking about the nature of the environment in the past and the way people were using their available resources, but also allows us to think about the cultural importance of water-based species.
The rock art in these places is a glimpse into an aquatic past that is now supported by environmental evidence. In a recent collaborative project mapping ancient watercourses in the Sahara, it has been shown that during the Holocene (a period which started around 11,700 years ago), this now arid landscape was once covered by a dense interconnected river system, as well as large bodies of water known as ‘megalakes’. When these lakes overflowed, they linked catchment areas, resulting in a dense palaeoriver network that allowed water-dependent life (fish, molluscs and amphibians) to migrate and disperse across an extensive landscape. This interlinked waterway of the Sahara formed a single and vast biogeographic area. Perhaps not surprisingly, rock art sites appear to be clustered around inland deltas where resources would have been most plentiful.
Across the Sahara, at least twenty-three species of fish have been identified in archaeological deposits from the Holocene, the most common being Tilapia, Catfish, African jewelfish, Silver fish and Nile perch. But can we go as far as to correlate the archaeological record with the rock art to species level?
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:36:02.168000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. African jewelfish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/62OPN6zwbKOym4YUAKCoAY/b23a2b5b8d528ba735cf4e91c7a748c9/Fig._4._African_jewelfish.jpg"
caption: African jewelfish (Hemichromis bimaculatus). Image ©Zhyla (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hemichromis_bimaculatus1.jpg
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:36:34.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:02:17.202000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.982000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.982000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Redbelly Tilapia
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/oV9yR91U3YSg2McmgeCA2/780ac15c52522b76348ecebbd4cc123d/Fig._5._Redbelly_Tilapia.jpg"
caption: Redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii). Image © <NAME> (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFresh_tilapia.jpg
- sys:
id: gbhjHlWzFCKyeeiUGEkaQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:13.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:57:51.334000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 3'
body: Rock art imagery is replete with both very naturalistic representations
and also those which are more conceptual or abstract in nature, and the depictions
of fish are no exception. While some representations are clearly identifiable
as fish, other are more difficult to identify. For example, the image above
from Afforzighiar shows vertical red dots on the left of the photograph are
arranged in a fish-like shape that converges at the top and bottom. Additionally
it has been deliberately placed on a section of the rock face where there
is water seepage, blending the art with the natural environment. The dotted
pattern is reminiscent of the African jewelfish (*Hemichromis bimaculatus*)
or even the Redbelly Tilapia (*Tilapia zillii*), both shown to be species
of fish found throughout much of the Sahara during the Holocene.
- sys:
id: 5XJMMCBGveKKqoIc8kGEQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:00.084000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:04:03.162000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4fQKRSGFIA6OMCe8waOWmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.559'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4fQKRSGFIA6OMCe8waOWmM/0a976c617609964467168ae590f831a8/2013_2034.559.jpg"
caption: Five fish engraved on a rock face. Wadi Intaharin, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.559 ©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3585024&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.559&page=1
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content_type_id: image
revision: 3
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.236000000 Z
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title: Fig. 7. African sharptooth catfish
description:
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caption: African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Image ©W.<NAME>
(Wie146) (Wikimedia Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AClarias_garie_080516_9142_tdp.jpg
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revision: 2
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id: 14NfPoZlKIUOoacY8GWQ4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.971000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.971000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.925'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/14NfPoZlKIUOoacY8GWQ4c/88845134e8a0ef3fcf489e93e67f321e/2013_2034.925.jpg"
caption: Engraved fish. Affozighiar, Acacus Mountains, Libya 2013,2034.925 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3587559&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.925&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Kvn7LZDEcc0iGm0O4u6uY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:36.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:00:54.782000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 4'
body: Some of the engravings bear close morphological resemblances to Catfish,
with even the barbels depicted. Catfish seem to occur more regularly in rock
art than other species of fish, possibly due to their physical characteristics.
They possess an auxiliary breathing organ which allows them to inhabit extremely
de-oxygenated water; in fact, when necessary they can obtain up to 50% of
their total oxygen requirements from the air. In some cases they will leave
the water and crawl on dry ground to escape drying pools. This capacity to
live in very shallow waters and to occupy the liminal spaces between land
and water has elevated them to more than a simple food source and given them
a place of cultural significance in many African societies.
- sys:
id: sTBWoIZ2yyuS04mEIYYus
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:38:21.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:01:22.453000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nZmrbE5yUEuc2qaWc2Age
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:56.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:56.244000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5255'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nZmrbE5yUEuc2qaWc2Age/5bf831c50428a19572df28872a18e3d1/2013_2034.5255.jpg"
caption: Engraved fish on a boulder. Ait Ouazik, <NAME>, Morocco. 2013,2034.5255
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603483&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5255&page=1
- sys:
id: 5RuLsZVAOswgaaKG8CK0AQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:38:50.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:03:15.219000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7M6nZhpTuoUuOOk0oWu8ea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Silver fish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7M6nZhpTuoUuOOk0oWu8ea/04a411cc75ddded8230ee77128e3200a/Fig._10._Silver_fish.jpg"
caption: Silver fish (Raiamas senegalensis). Image ©<NAME> (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACameroon2011_3_(1)_(7003774697).jpg
- sys:
id: 3SIbv3l2WQqe4Wa08Ew6cI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:55.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:55.256000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 5'
body: In arid ecosystems, bodies of water are characterised by daily and seasonal
fluctuations in water temperature, evaporation and other natural phenomena,
and some fish species have adapted well to cope with these extreme changes
in water chemistry. Catfish and Tilapia in particular are able to survive
high salinity, which occurs through evaporation, while Redbelly Tilapia can
also tolerate temperatures above 35° C. Both Sharptooth Catfish and Tilapia
are floodplain dwellers and possess the ability to live and spawn in shallow
waters, making them easily susceptible to predation. Catfish spines were also
used to decorate Saharan pottery with dotted wavy-line patterns. These biological
characteristics, which meant they could be easily hunted, may explain their
frequent depiction in rock art. Perhaps their value was also reinforced by
their being (possibly) the last fish species to survive once aridification
had taken hold in the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 20MArnOyXuuIgo4g642QQa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:01:46.522000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:01:46.522000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Fishing
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 6'
body: Fish are likely to have been caught in a variety of ways, but in the Sahara
the most common technique was to use barbed bone point and/or fish hook technology,
with the former being the most archaeologically visible. Barbed points may
either be fixed – that is permanently attached to a spear or arrow shaft –
or used as ‘harpoons’, when they separate from a shaft on impact and remain
attached by a line. Barbed points can actually be used to catch multiple types
of prey, but the primary use across Africa was for fish.
- sys:
id: 1bwCettQ98qY2wEyiQMOmU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:39:23.290000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:59:03.644000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4cgsOBoxReGOAiCqw2UYM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.242000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.242000000 Z
title: Fig. 11. Bone point from Katanda
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4cgsOBoxReGOAiCqw2UYM8/e84d40b791670fc04e8b47d312248bd5/Fig._11._Bone_point_from_Katanda.jpg"
caption: Bone point from Katanda, DRC, 80,000-90,000 BP. Image ©Human Origins
Program, Smithsonian Institution
col_link: hhttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point
- sys:
id: 159mLyHGvyC4ccwOQMyQIs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:05.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:05.585000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 7'
body: Chronologically, the earliest barbed bone point records are from Katanda
in the Upper Semliki Valley in modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo,
dating to 80,000 – 90,000 years ago. Here people were catching Catfish weighing
up to 68 kg (150 lb), sufficient to feed eighty people for two days. Research
has noted the distribution of barbed bone points across the Sahara, and the
correlation between these locations and the distribution of species requiring
deep water. It is clear that there is continuity in sophisticated fishing
technology and practice that has lasted tens of thousands of years.
- sys:
id: 2IWFdXQZl6WwuCgA6oUa8u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:48.620000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:26:57.354000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Other aquatic species
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 8'
body: Other aquatic species are more difficult to identify and are much rarer.
For example, the image below has been interpreted as a jelly-fish like creature.
However, by manipulating the colour and lighting, the image is a little clearer
and appears to share morphological characteristics, such as the rounded carapace
and small flippers, with a turtle rather than a jellyfish. Furthermore, we
know that softshell turtles (*Trionyx triunguis*) have been found in archaeological
deposits in the Sahara dating to the Holocene. The vertical and wavy strands
hanging down underneath could represent the pattern made in the sand by turtles
when walking rather than being the tendrils of a jellyfish. In addition, the
image from Wadi Tafak below appears to resemble a snail, and is consistent
with what we know about the Capsian culture who inhabited modern Tunisia,
Algeria, and parts of Libya during the early Holocene (10000–6000 BC). Their
distinguishing culinary feature was a fondness for escargots – edible land
snails.
- sys:
id: 5j7XInUteECEA6cSE48k4A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:39:52.787000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:34:45.084000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7pDQ1Q7cm4u4KKkayeugGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.977000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.977000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4298'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7pDQ1Q7cm4u4KKkayeugGY/094c9283ceeded55f016eafbc00e131c/2013_2034.4298.jpg"
caption: Painting of a turtle (digitally manipulated) from Jabbaren, Algeria.
2013,2034.4298 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601635&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4298&page=1
- sys:
id: 2pq6oldgxGsq48iIUsKEyg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:40:52.658000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:35:17.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6k5J6VbwZOq2yg86Y4GsEc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.222000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1167'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6k5J6VbwZOq2yg86Y4GsEc/3db2c57978de4879d82e7b04833d4564/2013_2034.1167.jpg"
caption: Painting of a snail from Wadi Tafak, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1167
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593787&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1167&page=1
- sys:
id: k7ChxGbsyc2iSaOc0k62C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:15.438000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:50:37.252000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Case study – Gobero
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 9'
body: A recently excavated cemetery site called Gobero (Sereno *et al.* 2008),
situated on the western edge of the Ténéré desert in Niger, provides a uniquely
preserved record of human occupation in the Sahara during the Holocene and
puts into context some of the examples of rock art we have looked at here.
Pollen analysis has indicated that during the Holocene, Gobero was situated
in an open savannah landscape of grasses and sedges, with fig trees and tamarisk,
where permanent water and marshy habitats were present.
- sys:
id: 7D5HIm20CW4WMy0IgyQQOu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:41:18.798000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:52:51.807000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5ZHSZA9fHOyAu8kaMceGOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.277000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Aerial view of Gobero
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5ZHSZA9fHOyAu8kaMceGOa/a546de3d31a679d75b67e4e2f4e41c68/Fig._14._Aerial_view_of_Gobero.jpg"
caption: Aerial view of Gobero archaeological site (from Sereno et al. 2008).
col_link: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002995
- sys:
id: 1wHHAMslowaeSOAWaue4Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:47.119000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:47.119000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 10'
body: |-
Approximately 200 burials, ranging over a 5000-year period, were found on the edge of an ancient lake. Grave goods include bones or tusks from wild fauna, ceramics, lithic projectile points, and bone, ivory and shell ornaments. One adult male was buried in a recumbent pose seated on the carapace of a mud turtle. Microliths, bone harpoon points and hooks, and ceramics with dotted wavy-line and zigzag impressed motifs were found in the burial fill, in an associated midden area, and in nearby paleolake deposits. Nile perch (*Lates niloticus*), large catfish, and tilapia dominate the midden fauna, which also includes bones and teeth from hippos, several bovids, small carnivores, softshell turtles and crocodiles.
The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700–6300 BC.) were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers with lakeside funerary sites. Across the ‘green’ Sahara, Catfish, Tilapia and turtles played important roles socially, economically and culturally. We can see this most explicitly in the burial within a turtle carapace in Gobero, but the representation of aquatic animals in rock art is a significant testament to their value.
citations:
- sys:
id: 6JNu3sK5DGaUyWo4omoc2M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:14.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:03:53.071000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: '<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., Saliège
J-F., et al. 2008. *Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene
Population and Environmental Change*. PLoS ONE 3(8): [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995)'
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1MzxjY9CecYwee0IWcCQqe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.418000000 Z
title: EAF 141260
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1MzxjY9CecYwee0IWcCQqe/61da964c9b38a509ca9f602f7ac5747c/EAF_141260.jpg"
- sys:
id: BdGy2n8Krecyks0s4oe8e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.407000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.407000000 Z
title: 01557634 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/BdGy2n8Krecyks0s4oe8e/7130c75aba21829540524182a5350677/01557634_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 7oNFGUa6g8qSweyAyyiCAe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:11:30.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:51:34.879000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: The domesticated horse in northern African rock art
slug: the-domesticated-horse
lead_image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 27bcd1mylKoMWiCQ2KuKMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 1'
body: Throughout northern Africa, there is a wealth of rock art depicting the
domestic horse and its various uses, providing valuable evidence for the uses
of horses at various times in history, as well as a testament to their importance
to Saharan peoples.
- sys:
id: 2EbfpTN9L6E0sYmuGyiaec
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:26.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:39:29.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
caption: 'Painted horse and rider, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6406 © TARA/David
Coulson. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641775&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6406&page=1
- sys:
id: 4QexWBEVXiAksikIK6g2S4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:49.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:28.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horses and chariots
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 2'
body: The first introduction of the domestic horse to Ancient Egypt- and thereby
to Africa- is usually cited at around 1600 BC, linked with the arrival in
Egypt of the Hyksos, a group from the Levant who ruled much of Northern Egypt
during the Second Intermediate Period. By this point, horses had probably
only been domesticated for about 2,000 years, but with the advent of the chariot
after the 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia, the horse proved to be a valuable
martial asset in the ancient world. One of the first clear records of the
use of horses and chariots in battle in Africa is found in depictions from
the mortuary complex of the Pharaoh Ahmose at Abydos from around 1525 BC,
showing their use by Egyptians in defeating the Hyksos, and horses feature
prominently in later Egyptian art.
- sys:
id: 22x06a7DteI0C2U6w6oKes
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:52.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:52.214000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW/b68bd24c9b19c5c8c7752bfb75a5db0e/2013_2034.1001.jpg"
caption: Painted two-horse chariot, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1001
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588526&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1001&page=1
- sys:
id: 1voXfvqIcQkgUYqq4w8isQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 3'
body: 'Some of the most renowned images of horses in Saharan rock art are also
those of chariot teams: in particular, those of the so-called ‘flying gallop’
style chariot pictures, from the Tassili n’Ajjer and Acacus mountains in modern
Algeria and Libya. These distinctive images are characterised by depictions
of one or more horses pulling a chariot with their legs outstretched in a
stylised manner and are sometimes attributed to the Garamantes, a group who
were a local power in the central Sahara from about 500 BC-700 AD. But the
Ajjer Plateau is over a thousand miles from the Nile- how and when did the
horse and chariot first make their way across the Western Desert to the rest
of North Africa in the first place? Egyptian accounts indicate that by the
11th century BC Libyans (people living on the north African coast around the
border of modern Egypt and Libya) were using chariots in war. Classical sources
later write about the chariots of the Garamantes and of chariot use by peoples
of the far western Sahara continuing into the 1st century BC, by which time
the chariot horse had largely been eclipsed in war by the cavalry mount.'
- sys:
id: LWROS2FhUkywWI60eQYIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:53:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:33.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4574'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce/ac95a5214a326794542e0707c0d819d7/2013_2034.4574.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure and horse. Tarssed Jebest, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Horse displays Arabian breed-type characteristics such as dished face and
high tail carriage. 2013,2034.4574 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603790&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4574+&page=1
- sys:
id: 6eaH84QdUs46sEQoSmAG2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Riding
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 4'
body: As well as the unique iconography of rock art chariot depictions, there
are also numerous paintings and engravings across northern Africa of people
riding horses. Riding may have been practiced since the earliest times of
horse domestication, though the earliest definitive depictions of horses being
ridden come from the Middle East in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC.
Images of horses and riders in rock art occur in various areas of Morocco,
Egypt and Sudan and are particularly notable in the Ennedi region of Chad
and the Adrar and Tagant plateaus in Mauritania (interestingly, however, no
definite images of horses are known in the Gilf Kebir/Jebel Uweinat area at
the border of Egypt, Sudan and Libya).
- sys:
id: 6LTzLWMCTSak4IIukAAQMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:23.846000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:52.743000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
title: ME22958
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo/703945afad6a8e3c97d10b09c487381c/ME22958.jpg"
caption: Terracotta mould of man on horseback, Old Babylonian, Mesopotamia 2000-1600
BC. One of the oldest known depictions of horse riding in the world. British
Museum ME22958 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=388860&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=22958&page=1
- sys:
id: 5YkSCzujy8o08yuomIu6Ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:43.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:12:34.068000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Painted ‘bitriangular’
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C/c798c1afb41006855c34363ec2b54557/Fig._5._Painted____bitriangular___.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bi-triangular’ horse and rider with saddle. Oued Jrid, Assaba,
Mauritania. 2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1vZDFfKXU0US2qkuaikG8m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:13.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:14:56.468000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 5'
body: Traditional chronologies for Saharan rock art areas tend to place depictions
of ridden horses chronologically after those of horses and chariots, and in
general use horse depictions to categorise regional stylistic periods of rock
art according to broad date boundaries. As such, in most places, the ‘horse’
rock art period is usually said to cover about a thousand years from the end
of the 2nd millennium BC. It is then considered to be succeeded by a ‘camel’
period, where the appearance of images of dromedaries – known only to have
been introduced to the eastern Sahara from Arabia at the end of the 1st century
BC – reflects the next momentous influx of a beast of burden to the area and
thus a new dating parameter ([read more about depictions of camels in the
Sahara](https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/)).
However, such simplistic categorisation can be misleading. For one thing,
although mounting horses certainly gained popularity over driving them, it
is not always clear that depictions of ridden horses are not contemporary
with those of chariots. Further, the horse remained an important martial tool
after the use of war-chariots declined. Even after the introduction of the
camel, there are several apparently contemporary depictions featuring both
horse and camel riders.
- sys:
id: 2gaHPgtyEwsyQcUqEIaGaq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:55:29.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:32:44.364000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5739'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4/7f48ae9c550dd6b4f0e80b8da10a3da6/2013_2034.5739.jpg"
caption: Engraved ridden horse and camel. Draa Valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5739
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619780&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5739+&page=1
- sys:
id: 583LKSbz9SSg00uwsqquAG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Berber Horses
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 6'
body: As the more manoeuvrable rider rose in popularity against the chariot
as a weapon of war, historical reports from classical authors like Strabo
tell us of the prowess of African horsemen such as the cavalry of the Numidians,
a Berber group that allied with Carthage against the Romans in the 3rd century
BC. Berber peoples would remain heavily associated with horse breeding and
riding, and the later rock art of Mauritania has been attributed to Berber
horsemen, or the sight of them. Although horses may already have reached the
areas of modern Mauritania and Mali by this point, archaeological evidence
does not confirm their presence in these south-westerly regions of the Sahara
until much later, in the mid-1st millennium AD, and it has been suggested
that some of the horse paintings in Mauritania may be as recent as 16th century.
- sys:
id: 7zrBlvCEGkW86Qm8k2GQAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:24.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:16:52.557000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5202'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy/7fba0330e151fc416d62333f3093d950/2013_2034.5202.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders surrounded by Libyan-Berber script. Oued
<NAME>. These images appear to depict riders using Arab-style saddles
and stirrups, thus making them probably no older than 7th c. AD. 2013,2034.5202
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624404&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5202&page=1
- sys:
id: 45vpX8SP7aGeOS0qGaoo4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 7'
body: 'Certainly, from the 14th century AD, horses became a key commodity in
trans-Saharan trade routes and became items of great military value in West
Africa following the introduction of equipment such as saddles with structured
trees (frames). Indeed, discernible images of such accoutrements in Saharan
rock art can help to date it following the likely introduction of the equipment
to the area: for example, the clear depiction of saddles suggests an image
to be no older than the 1st century AD; images including stirrups are even
more recent.'
- sys:
id: 7GeTQBofPamw0GeEAuGGee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:57.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:02.520000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
title: RRM12824
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO/8c3a7c2d372f2c48a868d60201909932/RRM12824.jpg"
caption: 19th-century Moroccan stirrups with typical curved base of the type
possibly visible in the image above. 1939,0311.7-8 © Trustees of the British
Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=217451&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6mNtqnqaEE2geSkU0IiYYe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:32.195000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:50.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 8'
body: 'Another intriguing possibility is that of gaining clues on the origins
of modern horse breeds from rock art, in particular the ancient Barb breed
native to the Maghreb, where it is still bred. Ancient Mesopotamian horses
were generally depicted as heavily-built, and it has been suggested that the
basic type for the delicate Arabian horse, with its dished (concave) facial
profile and high-set tail, may have been developed in north-east Africa prior
to its subsequent appearance and cultivation in Arabia, and that these features
may be observed in Ancient Egyptian images from the New Kingdom. Likewise,
there is the possibility that some of the more naturalistic paintings from
the central Sahara show the similarly gracile features of the progenitors
of the Barb, distinguishable from the Arab by its straight profile and low-set
tail. Like the Arab, the Barb is a desert horse: hardy, sure-footed and able
to withstand great heat; it is recognised as an ancient breed with an important
genetic legacy, both in the ancestry of the Iberian horses later used throughout
the Americas, and that of the modern racing thoroughbred.'
- sys:
id: 3OM1XJI6ruwGOwwmkKOKaY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:25.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:30:30.915000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1452'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk/45bbff5b29985eb19679e1e513499d6b/2013_2034.1452.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders, Awis, Acacus Mountains, Libya. High head
carriage and full rumps suggest Arabian/Barb breed type features. Riders have
been obscured. 2013,2034.1452 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592678&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1452&page=1
- sys:
id: 40E0pTCrUIkk00uGWsus4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:49.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:33:55.443000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Barb horses
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa/87f29480513be0a531e0a93b51f9eae5/Fig._10._Barb_horses.jpg"
caption: Barb horses ridden at a festival in Agadir, Morocco. ©Notwist (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_warriors_show.JPG
- sys:
id: 3z5YSVu9y8caY6AoYWge2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The symbolism of the horse
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 9'
body: However, caution must be taken in drawing such comparisons based on morphology
alone, especially given the gulf of time that has elapsed and the relative
paucity of ‘naturalistic’ rock art images. Indeed, there is huge diversity
of horse depictions throughout northern Africa, with some forms highly schematic.
This variation is not only in style – and, as previously noted, in time period
and geography – but also in context, as of course images of one subject cannot
be divorced from the other images around them, on whichever surface has been
chosen, and are integral to these surroundings.
- sys:
id: 1FRP1Z2hyQEWUSOoKqgic2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:21.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:39.821000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs/d793f6266f2ff486e0e99256c2c0ca39/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Engraved ‘Libyan Warrior-style’ figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.11147+&page=1
- sys:
id: 45pI4ivRk4IM6gaG40gUU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:41.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:59.784000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Human figure
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s/e48fda8e2a23b12e6afde5c560c3f164/Fig._12._Human_figure.jpg"
caption: Human figure painted over by horse to appear mounted (digitally enhanced
image). © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 54hoc6Htwck8eyewsa6kA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 10'
body: The nature of the depictions in this sense speaks intriguingly of the
apparent symbolism and implied value of the horse image in different cultural
contexts. Where some Tassilian horses are delicately painted in lifelike detail,
the stockier images of horses associated with the so-called ‘Libyan Warrior’
style petroglyphs of the Aïr mountains and Adrar des Ifoghas in Niger and
Mali appear more as symbolic accoutrements to the central human figures and
tend not to be shown as ridden. By contrast, there are paintings in the Ennedi
plateau of Chad where galloping horse figures have clearly been painted over
existing walking human figures to make them appear as if riding.
- sys:
id: 4XMm1Mdm7Y0QacMuy44EKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:06.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:42:27.444000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6297'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS/698c254a9a10c5a9a56d69e0525bca83/2013_2034.6297.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, <NAME>, <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6297 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637529&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6297&page=1
- sys:
id: 4rB9FCopjOCC4iA2wOG48w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:26.549000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:43:34.211000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Engraved horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM/33a068fa954954fd3b9b446c943e0791/Fig._14._Engraved_horse.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Eastern Aïr Mountains. 2013,2034.9421 ©TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640574&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9421&page=1
- sys:
id: 6tFSQzFupywiK6aESCgCia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:56.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:47:26.838000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 11'
body: |-
In each of these cases, the original symbolic intent of the artists have been lost to time, but with these horse depictions, as with so much African rock art imagery, there is great scope for further future analysis. Particularly intriguing, for example, are the striking stylistic similarities in horse depictions across great distances, such the horse depictions with bi-triangular bodies (see above), or with fishbone-style tails which may be found almost two thousand miles apart in Chad and Mauritania.
Whatever the myriad circumstances and significances of the images, it is clear that following its introduction to the continent, the hardy and surefooted desert horse’s usefulness for draught, transport and fighting purposes transformed the societies which used it and gave it a powerful symbolic value.
- sys:
id: 2P6ERbclfOIcGEgI6e0IUq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:46.042000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:45:12.419000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
title: Fig. 15. Painted horse, Terkei
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g/7586f05e83f708ca9d9fca693ae0cd83/Fig._15._Painted_horse__Terkei.jpg"
caption: Painted horse, Terkei, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6537 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640682&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6537&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 32AXGC1EcoSi4KcogoY2qu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2000, *The Origins and Development
of African Livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography*.
London; New York, NY: UCL Press\n \nCurtis, C., <NAME>., <NAME>.,
2012. *The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot*. London: British Museum Press\n
\nLaw, R., 1980. *The Horse in West African History*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press\n \nHachid, M. 2000. *Les Premieres Berbères*. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud\n
\nLhote, H. 1952. 'Le cheval et le chameau dans les peintures et gravures
rupestres du Sahara', *Bulletin de l'Institut franç ais de l'Afrique noire*
15: 1138-228\n \n<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2010, *A gift from the desert:
the art, history, and culture of the Arabian horse*. Lexington, KY: Kentucky
Horse Park\n\n"
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
title: EAF 141485
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA/cf02168ca83c922f27eca33f16e8cc90/EAF_141485.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
title: 01522751 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8/5918544d0289f9c4b2b4724f4cda7a2d/01522751_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1hw0sVC0XOUA4AsiG4AA0q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: 'Introduction to rock art in northern Africa '
slug: rock-art-in-northern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: axu12ftQUoS04AQkcSWYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: 'The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world, covering almost
8,600,000 km² and comprising most of northern Africa, from the Red Sea to
the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is considered a distinct entity, it is composed
of a variety of geographical regions and environments, including sand seas,
hammadas (stone deserts), seasonal watercourses, oases, mountain ranges and
rocky plains. Rock art is found throughout this area, principally in the desert
mountain and hill ranges, where stone ''canvas'' is abundant: the highlands
of Adrar in Mauritania and Adrar des Ifoghas in Mali, the Atlas Mountains
of Morocco and Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria,
the mountainous areas of Tadrart Acacus and Messak in Libya, the Aïr Mountains
of Nigeria, the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains in Chad, the Gilf Kebir
plateau of Egypt and Sudan, as well as the length of the Nile Valley.'
- sys:
id: 4DelCmwI7mQ4MC2WcuAskq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:19.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:12:21.657000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
caption: Bubalus Period engraving. Pelorovis Antiquus, Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.3840 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593438&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3840&page=1
- sys:
id: 2XmfdPdXW0Y4cy6k4O4caO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:31.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:40:03.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Types of rock art and distribution
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: |+
Although the styles and subjects of north African rock art vary, there are commonalities: images are most often figurative and frequently depict animals, both wild and domestic. There are also many images of human figures, sometimes with accessories such as recognisable weaponry or clothing. These may be painted or engraved, with frequent occurrences of both, at times in the same context. Engravings are generally more common, although this may simply be a preservation bias due to their greater durability.
The physical context of rock art sites varies depending on geographical and topographical factors – for example, Moroccan rock engravings are often found on open rocky outcrops, while Tunisia’s Djebibina rock art sites have all been found in rock shelters. Rock art in the vast and harsh environments of the Sahara is often inaccessible and hard to find, and there is probably a great deal of rock art that is yet to be seen by archaeologists; what is known has mostly been documented within the last century.
- sys:
id: 2HqgiB8BAkqGi4uwao68Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of research
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional chapter 2.5'
body: Although the existence of rock art throughout the Sahara was known to
local communities, it was not until the nineteenth century that it became
known to Europeans, thanks to explorers such as <NAME>, who crossed
the Messak Plateau in Libya in 1850, first noting the existence of engravings.
Further explorations in the early twentieth century by celebrated travellers,
ethnographers and archaeologists such as <NAME>, <NAME>, László
Almásy, <NAME> and <NAME> brought the rock art of Sahara, and
northern Africa in general, to the awareness of a European public.
- sys:
id: 5I9fUCNjB668UygkSQcCeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:54.847000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:13:53.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1424'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC/240a45012afba4ff5508633fcaea3462/2013_2034.1424.jpg"
caption: Pastoral Period painting, cattle and human figure. <NAME>, Acacus
Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592663
- sys:
id: 5OkqapzKtqEcomSucG0EoQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:52.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:45:37.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Attribution and dating
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'The investigations of these researchers and those who have followed them
have sought to date and attribute these artworks, with varying measures of
success. Rock art may be associated with certain cultures through known parallels
with the imagery in other artefacts, such as Naqada Period designs in Egyptian
rock art that mirror those on dateable pottery. Authorship may be also guessed
at through corroborating evidence: for example, due to knowledge of their
chariot use, and the location of rock art depicting chariots in the central
Sahara, it has been suggested that it was produced by – or at the same time
as – the height of the Garamantes culture, a historical ethnic group who formed
a local power around what is now southern Libya from 500 BC–700 AD. However,
opportunities to anchor rock art imagery in this way to known ancient cultures
are few and far between, and rock art is generally ascribed to anonymous hunter-gatherers,
nomadic peoples, or pastoralists, with occasional imagery-based comparisons
made with contemporary groups, such as the Fulani peoples.'
- sys:
id: 2KmaZb90L6qoEAK46o46uK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:22.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:16:53.318000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1152'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I/cac0592abfe1b31d7cf7f589355a216e/2013_2034.1152.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, human figures. Wadi Tafak, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.1152 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592099&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 27ticyFfocuOIGwioIWWYA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:26.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:18:29.234000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: |-
Occasionally, association with writing in the form of, for example, Libyan-Berber or Arabic graffiti can give a known dating margin, but in general, lack of contemporary writing and written sources (Herodotus wrote about the Garamantes) leaves much open to conjecture.
Other forms of (rare) circumstantial evidence, such as rock art covered by a dateable stratigraphic layer, and (more common) stylistic image-based dating have been used instead to form a chronology of Saharan rock art periods that is widely agreed upon, although dates are contested. The first stage, known as the Early Hunter, Wild Fauna or Bubalus Period, is posited at about 12,000–6,000 years ago, and is typified by naturalistic engravings of wild animals, in particular an extinct form of buffalo identifiable by its long horns.
- sys:
id: q472iFYzIsWgqWG2esg28
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:58.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:19:11.991000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi/4080b87891cb255e12a17216d7e71286/2013_2034.4570.jpg"
caption: Horse Period painting, charioteer and standing horses. Tarssed Jebest,
<NAME>, Algeria. 2013,2034.4570 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3603794
- sys:
id: 7tsWGNvkQgACuKEMmC0uwG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: A possibly concurrent phase is known as the Round Head Period (about 10,000
to 8,000 years ago) due to the large discoid heads of the painted human figures.
Following this is the most widespread style, the Pastoral Period (around 7,500
to 4,000 years ago), which is characterised by numerous paintings and engravings
of cows, as well as occasional hunting scenes. The Horse Period (around 3,000
to 2,000 years ago) features recognisable horses and chariots and the final
Camel Period (around 2,000 years ago to present) features domestic dromedary
camels, which we know to have been widely used across the Sahara from that
time.
- sys:
id: 13V2nQ2cVoaGiGaUwWiQAC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:56:25.598000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:39:22.861000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.1424 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ/bad4ec8dd7c6ae553d623e4238641561/2013_2034.1424_1.jpg"
caption: Camel engraving. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat, Sudan. 2013,2034.335 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586831
- sys:
id: 3A64bY4VeMGkKCsGCGwu4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:00:04.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:30:04.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "While this chronology serves as a useful framework, it must be remembered
that the area – and the time period in which rock art was produced – is extensive
and there is significant temporal and spatial variability within and across
sites. There are some commonalities in rock art styles and themes across the
Sahara, but there are also regional variations and idiosyncrasies, and a lack
of evidence that any of these were directly, or even indirectly, related.
The engravings of weaponry motifs from Morocco and the painted ‘swimming’
figures of the Gilf Kebir Plateau in Egypt and Sudan are not only completely
different, but unique to their areas. Being thousands of kilometres apart
and so different in style and composition, they serve to illustrate the limitations
inherent in examining northern African rock art as a unit. The contemporary
political and environmental challenges to accessing rock art sites in countries
across the Sahara serves as another limiting factor in their study, but as
dating techniques improve and further discoveries are made, this is a field
with the potential to help illuminate much of the prehistory of northern Africa.\n\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 4AWHcnuAVOAkkW0GcaK6We
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen. Paris: Payot & Rivages
Muzzolini, A. 1995. Les images rupestres du Sahara. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2001. Saharan Africa in (ed) David S. Whitley, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
<NAME>. 2013. Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts, Kuper, R. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
<NAME>. 1999. L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain. Paris, L'Harmattan
<NAME>. 2012. Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Vernet, R. 1993. Préhistoire de la Mauritanie. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
title: EAF135068
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i/5a0d13fdd2150f0ff81a63afadd4258e/EAF135068.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
title: EAF131007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo/393c91068f4dc0ca540c35a79b965288/EAF131007.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 6aJoaZnAAMsKUGGaAmkYIe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:42:41.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:41:48.166000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Morocco: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3PqAqA0X0cKoOKsc2ciiae
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:43:14.313000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:43:14.313000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Morocco is located at the north-western corner of Africa, in a unique
area forming a link between the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe
and Africa. More than 300 rock art sites have been documented in the country
so far, mainly located in two areas: the High Atlas Mountains, and the Sahara
desert region to the south and east. They comprise mainly engravings, which
could be up to 5,000 years old, and include domestic and wild animals, warriors,
weapons and scenes of battles and hunting. Antelope and cattle are the most
represented animals in Moroccan rock art, although elephants and rhinoceros
are common too.'
- sys:
id: 4htOF13DGEcYas2yAUI6oI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:39:31.073000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:39:31.073000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4Jt8P55Z56SkEegOMO6euY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5277'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Jt8P55Z56SkEegOMO6euY/698f587066b8b4fa30b14b0badf55817/2013_2034.5277.jpg"
caption: Engraved rock art of a rhinoceros and an oval shape, from Ait Ouazik,
Draa valley, Ouazarzate province, Morocco. 2013,2034.5277 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603526&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=40983&page=2
- sys:
id: 2UTNFDWbM4wCMAA2weoWUw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:39:56.904000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:32:33.859000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 46fV0mfFKMUYyywY0iUGYK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5654'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46fV0mfFKMUYyywY0iUGYK/5341c01a6cc0cc3baed490b90509e26f/2013_2034.5654.jpg"
caption: Southern Morocco landscape, with the Anti-Atlas mountains in the background.
2013,2034.5654 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3605659&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=40983&museumno=2013,2034.5654&page=1
- sys:
id: 4Dc0V6fW8wWcquEyqkemKK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:00.368000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:00.368000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 2'
body: Morocco has a very variable geography, with the Atlas Mountains crossing
the country from the southwest to the northeast and separating the coastal
plains to the west from the Sahara Desert that runs to the east and south.
The distribution of rock art in the country is very irregular, with some zones
crowded with sites and others almost devoid of depictions. The two main areas
of rock art sites are the High Atlas zone and the area to the east and south
of the Atlas Mountains. The first area groups more than seven thousand engravings
around the Oukaïmeden valley, the Yagour plateau and the Jebel Rat site. They
are at high altitude (more than 2000 metres above sea level), and mainly represent
weapons, cattle and anthropomorphic figures, along with numerous geometric
symbols.
- sys:
id: 1ZpASVa0UcU4EEagkAm4MQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:40:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:40:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6AO1Pff4UowYQMsYU444qS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:47.431000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:47.432000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5866'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6AO1Pff4UowYQMsYU444qS/63b08d76fe217ca864a582ef1b634b1f/2013_2034.5866.jpg"
caption: Circular engravings in the valley of Oukaïmeden, High Atlas. 2013,2034.5866
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613845&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=40983&museumno=2013,2034.5866+&page=1
- sys:
id: 30E1RdstwIuyse04A6sAUE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:21.467000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:21.467000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 3'
body: The second main zone, an arid region where the majority of Moroccan rock
art sites are situated, contains the oldest engravings in the country, some
of them linked to the Saharan styles. The variety of themes depicted is wide,
from abundant scenes of riders to isolated animals or complex geometric symbols.
This collection comprises about seven hundred images, most of them corresponding
to the southern area of Morocco around the Draa valley and the town of Tata,
although a High Atlas (Oukaïmeden) site is also included.
- sys:
id: 1GwI61s72o2AgsESI8kkCI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:44.525000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:44:44.525000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 4'
body: 'European audiences began studying the rock art in Morocco decades after
the study of rock art in Algeria and Libya, with the first news of rock art
coming from French and German travellers late in the 19th century. The most
significant boost came after the Treaty of Fes in 1912, when the presence
of the colonial authorities led indirectly to an increasing knowledge of rock
art sites, as Spanish and French officers started to show interest in the
engravings. However, it was not until after Moroccan independence in 1956
that systematic research began throughout the country. Since then, archaeological
information has progressively grown, although regional syntheses are still
scarce: only the Atlas (Malhomme, Rodrigue) and part of southern Morocco (Simoneau)
have exhaustive catalogues of sites. The first comprehensive study of Moroccan
rock art was made in 2001 (Searight), when for the first time, a global approach
to Moroccan rock art areas, themes and chronology was undertaken.'
- sys:
id: 4Rkp5dL3BegaOyGkisoMwg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:02.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:02.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 5'
body: 'As in most countries, mammals are the most frequent depictions, especially
cattle, horses and different types of antelope. Many other animals, such as
giraffes, elephants, rhinoceros, dromedaries or lions are depicted, if more
scarcely. The second main theme is human figures, especially in the south
of the country, where depictions of Libyan-Berber riders are very common.
In the High Atlas area they are usually depicted isolated, surrounded by weapons,
which are another big theme in Moroccan rock art: a panoply of these can be
seen, including daggers, bows and arrows, spears, shields, axes and halberds.'
- sys:
id: ZigzuAFbcOgC8IEGkwEQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:40:59.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:36:19.352000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2iKZIRebewsGGQiKiOgQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.729000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:04:25.512000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5558'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3605427&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5558&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2iKZIRebewsGGQiKiOgQq/7a6ea71bedef21c05b78d13fe9883716/2013_2034.5558.jpg"
caption: 'Antelope engravings, Tazina style. 2013,2034.5558 © TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jbUc4v
- sys:
id: 2XErL5q2oE6yg4sYSseM8C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:24.616000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:45:24.616000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Morocco: country, chapter 6'
body: A consensus has yet to be achieved about Moroccan rock art chronology
between the supporters of a long chronology, starting around 4000 BC, and
those that defend a short one, from 2500 BC onwards. The oldest engravings
represented in Moroccan rock art correspond to the Tazina and Pecked Cattle
styles, depicting mainly mammals. From the second half of the second millennium
BC onwards, depictions of human figures start to appear in the High Atlas,
associated with daggers and shields, defining the so-called Dagger/Halberd/Anthropomorph
style. During the first millennium BC, Libyan-Berber hunting and battle scenes
start to appear in southern Morocco; riders, infantrymen and animals depicted
in a very schematic style. The last period of Moroccan rock art, as in the
rest of the Sahara, is the so-called Camel Period, characterized by the appearance
of dromedaries.
- sys:
id: 6wwVooOVZSw6SyKQ6eooma
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:41:29.715000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:41:29.715000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2nR1MWquOoWQiikYooK22Q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.719000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5776'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2nR1MWquOoWQiikYooK22Q/3db626f582b41622c7a89a91ff6a6d12/2013_2034.5776.jpg"
caption: Pecked cattle-style engravings. 2013,2034.5776 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619818&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5776&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: UN3bodv8KAWYgsEuyCM2E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:42:11.373000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:42:11.373000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |+
<NAME>. 1959. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 1. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 13
Malhomme, J. 1961. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 2. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 14
Rodrigue, A. 1999. *L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain*. Paris, L'Harmattan
Simoneau, A. 1977. *Catalogue des sites rupestres du Sud-Marocain*. Rabat, Ministere d'Etat charge des Affaires Culturelles
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5863'
description:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:38:42.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5277'
description:
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- sys:
id: 3OAdh6uCrCIgCeuQ2E0koa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.049000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:03:43.993000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5874'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613873&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5874&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3OAdh6uCrCIgCeuQ2E0koa/a9fe9a0740e535707c227440bac46571/2013_2034.5874.jpg"
region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/gone-fishing.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2t4epzwnhiUMcmeK4yIYQC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:10:57.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:23.897000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 6
title: Gone fishing...
slug: gone-fishing
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4497'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa/18b8916dbaa566c488fb1d462f336b88/2013_2034.4497.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3FSGABeX9C2aieeekCUc6I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:39.843000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:59.910000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 1'
body: Fishing is an ancient practice in Africa, dating back 100,000 years, when
modern humans started moving into coastal environments. The remains of thousands
of fish bones and shellfish from sites on the southern African coastline dating
to the Middle Stone Age testify to its antiquity. At the same time that human
populations in Africa were developing more sophisticated terrestrial hunting
technologies, they were also acquiring innovative and productive fishing and
riverine hunting skills. Concomitantly, marine shells were being collected to
thread on to twine, probably for use as items of personal ornamentation. Archaeological
research has shown that aquatic environments have been exploited for both subsistence
and cultural purposes for tens of thousands of years.
- sys:
id: 5rah4C96eWkK6gUgYS2cKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:38.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:46:25.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4497'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa/18b8916dbaa566c488fb1d462f336b88/2013_2034.4497.jpg"
caption: Red outline of a fish swimming right showing dorsal fin and fish scales.
A smaller fish superimposes larger fish underneath near the tail. Tassili n'Ajjer,
Algeria. 2013,2034.4497 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602875&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4497&page=1
- sys:
id: 1s82PsQrCsS8C0QQQ0gYie
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:35:04.493000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:48:40.438000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PqImAJY3CeKKkMwqeayoe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:03.906000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:03.906000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5019'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PqImAJY3CeKKkMwqeayoe/19a4c9ac1890f3aa6e7b6ef761b4373b/2013_2034.5019.jpg"
caption: Outline engraving of fish facing right, incised on a sandstone slab beside
a riverbed. <NAME>. 2013,2034.5019 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624043&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5019&page=1
- sys:
id: oie98q7G1MoEw4c6ggEai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:35:28.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:48:58.748000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5TVVOzkAlaWKaK4oG2wqq8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:50.727000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:50.727000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.801'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5TVVOzkAlaWKaK4oG2wqq8/d1654d1e9de9bdf1f9a61eca5e81cebd/2013_2034.801.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art showing series of dots in vertical lines that converge
at top and bottom, possibly in a fish shape, placed in area of water seep on
rock face. Afforzighiar, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.801 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586292&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.801&page=1
- sys:
id: cjcvGndmak60E82YEQmEC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:59:31.911000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:59:31.911000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 2'
body: |-
We rarely consider the Sahara as the optimum environment for fishing. Seeing painted and engraved images of fish located in these waterless and unfavourable landscapes therefore seems at odds with our present-day knowledge of this vast desert. However, as we have noted before in these project pages (see introductions to Libya and Algeria), water-dependent animals such as crocodile and hippo have regularly been depicted in Saharan rock art, illustrating a once wetter and more fertile landscape. To date, the African rock art image project has catalogued representations of aquatic species in Libya, Algeria and Morocco, depicted with varying degrees of proficiency and ease of identification. This has been an insightful encounter, because it not only informs our thinking about the nature of the environment in the past and the way people were using their available resources, but also allows us to think about the cultural importance of water-based species.
The rock art in these places is a glimpse into an aquatic past that is now supported by environmental evidence. In a recent collaborative project mapping ancient watercourses in the Sahara, it has been shown that during the Holocene (a period which started around 11,700 years ago), this now arid landscape was once covered by a dense interconnected river system, as well as large bodies of water known as ‘megalakes’. When these lakes overflowed, they linked catchment areas, resulting in a dense palaeoriver network that allowed water-dependent life (fish, molluscs and amphibians) to migrate and disperse across an extensive landscape. This interlinked waterway of the Sahara formed a single and vast biogeographic area. Perhaps not surprisingly, rock art sites appear to be clustered around inland deltas where resources would have been most plentiful.
Across the Sahara, at least twenty-three species of fish have been identified in archaeological deposits from the Holocene, the most common being Tilapia, Catfish, African jewelfish, Silver fish and Nile perch. But can we go as far as to correlate the archaeological record with the rock art to species level?
- sys:
id: 5J2YaEVcDSk8E8mqsYeYC6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:36:02.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:51:34.767000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 62OPN6zwbKOym4YUAKCoAY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. African jewelfish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/62OPN6zwbKOym4YUAKCoAY/b23a2b5b8d528ba735cf4e91c7a748c9/Fig._4._African_jewelfish.jpg"
caption: African jewelfish (Hemichromis bimaculatus). Image ©Zhyla (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hemichromis_bimaculatus1.jpg
- sys:
id: 4mxD1mNZu8OegCaGC60o8o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:36:34.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:02:17.202000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: oV9yR91U3YSg2McmgeCA2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.982000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.982000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Redbelly Tilapia
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/oV9yR91U3YSg2McmgeCA2/780ac15c52522b76348ecebbd4cc123d/Fig._5._Redbelly_Tilapia.jpg"
caption: Redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii). Image © <NAME> (Wikimedia Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFresh_tilapia.jpg
- sys:
id: gbhjHlWzFCKyeeiUGEkaQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:13.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:57:51.334000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 3'
body: Rock art imagery is replete with both very naturalistic representations
and also those which are more conceptual or abstract in nature, and the depictions
of fish are no exception. While some representations are clearly identifiable
as fish, other are more difficult to identify. For example, the image above
from Afforzighiar shows vertical red dots on the left of the photograph are
arranged in a fish-like shape that converges at the top and bottom. Additionally
it has been deliberately placed on a section of the rock face where there is
water seepage, blending the art with the natural environment. The dotted pattern
is reminiscent of the African jewelfish (*Hemichromis bimaculatus*) or even
the Redbelly Tilapia (*Tilapia zillii*), both shown to be species of fish found
throughout much of the Sahara during the Holocene.
- sys:
id: 5XJMMCBGveKKqoIc8kGEQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:00.084000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:04:03.162000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4fQKRSGFIA6OMCe8waOWmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.559'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4fQKRSGFIA6OMCe8waOWmM/0a976c617609964467168ae590f831a8/2013_2034.559.jpg"
caption: Five fish engraved on a rock face. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.559 ©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3585024&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.559&page=1
- sys:
id: 4gUY4mSYnKYk8UIMSGAike
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:27.294000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:02:43.933000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: rJLJBELLi0yAYiCuM4SWi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.236000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.236000000 Z
title: Fig. 7. African sharptooth catfish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rJLJBELLi0yAYiCuM4SWi/31fdd8fe74786561592c1d104aa2ab13/Fig._7._African_sharptooth_catfish.jpg"
caption: African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Image ©<NAME>
(Wie146) (Wikimedia Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AClarias_garie_080516_9142_tdp.jpg
- sys:
id: 1pIt8kfkgAQ6ueEWMSqyAM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:55.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:59:58.067000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 14NfPoZlKIUOoacY8GWQ4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.971000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.971000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.925'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/14NfPoZlKIUOoacY8GWQ4c/88845134e8a0ef3fcf489e93e67f321e/2013_2034.925.jpg"
caption: Engraved fish. Affozighiar, Acacus Mountains, Libya 2013,2034.925 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3587559&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.925&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Kvn7LZDEcc0iGm0O4u6uY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:36.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:00:54.782000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 4'
body: Some of the engravings bear close morphological resemblances to Catfish,
with even the barbels depicted. Catfish seem to occur more regularly in rock
art than other species of fish, possibly due to their physical characteristics.
They possess an auxiliary breathing organ which allows them to inhabit extremely
de-oxygenated water; in fact, when necessary they can obtain up to 50% of their
total oxygen requirements from the air. In some cases they will leave the water
and crawl on dry ground to escape drying pools. This capacity to live in very
shallow waters and to occupy the liminal spaces between land and water has elevated
them to more than a simple food source and given them a place of cultural significance
in many African societies.
- sys:
id: sTBWoIZ2yyuS04mEIYYus
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:38:21.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:01:22.453000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nZmrbE5yUEuc2qaWc2Age
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:56.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:56.244000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5255'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nZmrbE5yUEuc2qaWc2Age/5bf831c50428a19572df28872a18e3d1/2013_2034.5255.jpg"
caption: Engraved fish on a boulder. <NAME>, <NAME>, Morocco. 2013,2034.5255
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603483&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5255&page=1
- sys:
id: 5RuLsZVAOswgaaKG8CK0AQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:38:50.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:03:15.219000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7M6nZhpTuoUuOOk0oWu8ea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Silver fish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7M6nZhpTuoUuOOk0oWu8ea/04a411cc75ddded8230ee77128e3200a/Fig._10._Silver_fish.jpg"
caption: Silver fish (Raiamas senegalensis). Image ©<NAME> (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACameroon2011_3_(1)_(7003774697).jpg
- sys:
id: 3SIbv3l2WQqe4Wa08Ew6cI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:55.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:55.256000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 5'
body: In arid ecosystems, bodies of water are characterised by daily and seasonal
fluctuations in water temperature, evaporation and other natural phenomena,
and some fish species have adapted well to cope with these extreme changes in
water chemistry. Catfish and Tilapia in particular are able to survive high
salinity, which occurs through evaporation, while Redbelly Tilapia can also
tolerate temperatures above 35° C. Both Sharptooth Catfish and Tilapia are floodplain
dwellers and possess the ability to live and spawn in shallow waters, making
them easily susceptible to predation. Catfish spines were also used to decorate
Saharan pottery with dotted wavy-line patterns. These biological characteristics,
which meant they could be easily hunted, may explain their frequent depiction
in rock art. Perhaps their value was also reinforced by their being (possibly)
the last fish species to survive once aridification had taken hold in the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 20MArnOyXuuIgo4g642QQa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:01:46.522000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:01:46.522000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Fishing
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 6'
body: Fish are likely to have been caught in a variety of ways, but in the Sahara
the most common technique was to use barbed bone point and/or fish hook technology,
with the former being the most archaeologically visible. Barbed points may either
be fixed – that is permanently attached to a spear or arrow shaft – or used
as ‘harpoons’, when they separate from a shaft on impact and remain attached
by a line. Barbed points can actually be used to catch multiple types of prey,
but the primary use across Africa was for fish.
- sys:
id: 1bwCettQ98qY2wEyiQMOmU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:39:23.290000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:59:03.644000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4cgsOBoxReGOAiCqw2UYM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.242000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.242000000 Z
title: Fig. 11. Bone point from Katanda
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4cgsOBoxReGOAiCqw2UYM8/e84d40b791670fc04e8b47d312248bd5/Fig._11._Bone_point_from_Katanda.jpg"
caption: Bone point from Katanda, DRC, 80,000-90,000 BP. Image ©Human Origins
Program, Smithsonian Institution
col_link: hhttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point
- sys:
id: 159mLyHGvyC4ccwOQMyQIs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:05.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:05.585000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 7'
body: Chronologically, the earliest barbed bone point records are from Katanda
in the Upper Semliki Valley in modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo,
dating to 80,000 – 90,000 years ago. Here people were catching Catfish weighing
up to 68 kg (150 lb), sufficient to feed eighty people for two days. Research
has noted the distribution of barbed bone points across the Sahara, and the
correlation between these locations and the distribution of species requiring
deep water. It is clear that there is continuity in sophisticated fishing technology
and practice that has lasted tens of thousands of years.
- sys:
id: 2IWFdXQZl6WwuCgA6oUa8u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:48.620000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:26:57.354000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Other aquatic species
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 8'
body: Other aquatic species are more difficult to identify and are much rarer.
For example, the image below has been interpreted as a jelly-fish like creature.
However, by manipulating the colour and lighting, the image is a little clearer
and appears to share morphological characteristics, such as the rounded carapace
and small flippers, with a turtle rather than a jellyfish. Furthermore, we know
that softshell turtles (*Trionyx triunguis*) have been found in archaeological
deposits in the Sahara dating to the Holocene. The vertical and wavy strands
hanging down underneath could represent the pattern made in the sand by turtles
when walking rather than being the tendrils of a jellyfish. In addition, the
image from Wadi Tafak below appears to resemble a snail, and is consistent with
what we know about the Capsian culture who inhabited modern Tunisia, Algeria,
and parts of Libya during the early Holocene (10000–6000 BC). Their distinguishing
culinary feature was a fondness for escargots – edible land snails.
- sys:
id: 5j7XInUteECEA6cSE48k4A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:39:52.787000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:34:45.084000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7pDQ1Q7cm4u4KKkayeugGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.977000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.977000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4298'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7pDQ1Q7cm4u4KKkayeugGY/094c9283ceeded55f016eafbc00e131c/2013_2034.4298.jpg"
caption: Painting of a turtle (digitally manipulated) from Jabbaren, Algeria.
2013,2034.4298 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601635&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4298&page=1
- sys:
id: 2pq6oldgxGsq48iIUsKEyg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:40:52.658000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:35:17.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6k5J6VbwZOq2yg86Y4GsEc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.222000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1167'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6k5J6VbwZOq2yg86Y4GsEc/3db2c57978de4879d82e7b04833d4564/2013_2034.1167.jpg"
caption: Painting of a snail from Wadi Tafak, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1167
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593787&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1167&page=1
- sys:
id: k7ChxGbsyc2iSaOc0k62C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:15.438000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:50:37.252000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Case study – Gobero
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 9'
body: A recently excavated cemetery site called Gobero (Sereno *et al.* 2008),
situated on the western edge of the Ténéré desert in Niger, provides a uniquely
preserved record of human occupation in the Sahara during the Holocene and puts
into context some of the examples of rock art we have looked at here. Pollen
analysis has indicated that during the Holocene, Gobero was situated in an open
savannah landscape of grasses and sedges, with fig trees and tamarisk, where
permanent water and marshy habitats were present.
- sys:
id: 7D5HIm20CW4WMy0IgyQQOu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:41:18.798000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:52:51.807000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5ZHSZA9fHOyAu8kaMceGOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.277000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Aerial view of Gobero
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5ZHSZA9fHOyAu8kaMceGOa/a546de3d31a679d75b67e4e2f4e41c68/Fig._14._Aerial_view_of_Gobero.jpg"
caption: Aerial view of Gobero archaeological site (from Sereno et al. 2008).
col_link: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002995
- sys:
id: 1wHHAMslowaeSOAWaue4Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:47.119000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:47.119000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 10'
body: |-
Approximately 200 burials, ranging over a 5000-year period, were found on the edge of an ancient lake. Grave goods include bones or tusks from wild fauna, ceramics, lithic projectile points, and bone, ivory and shell ornaments. One adult male was buried in a recumbent pose seated on the carapace of a mud turtle. Microliths, bone harpoon points and hooks, and ceramics with dotted wavy-line and zigzag impressed motifs were found in the burial fill, in an associated midden area, and in nearby paleolake deposits. Nile perch (*Lates niloticus*), large catfish, and tilapia dominate the midden fauna, which also includes bones and teeth from hippos, several bovids, small carnivores, softshell turtles and crocodiles.
The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700–6300 BC.) were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers with lakeside funerary sites. Across the ‘green’ Sahara, Catfish, Tilapia and turtles played important roles socially, economically and culturally. We can see this most explicitly in the burial within a turtle carapace in Gobero, but the representation of aquatic animals in rock art is a significant testament to their value.
citations:
- sys:
id: 6JNu3sK5DGaUyWo4omoc2M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:14.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:03:53.071000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: '<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., et al. 2008. *Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene
Population and Environmental Change*. PLoS ONE 3(8): [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995)'
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/the-domesticated-horse.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 7oNFGUa6g8qSweyAyyiCAe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:11:30.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:51:34.879000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: The domesticated horse in northern African rock art
slug: the-domesticated-horse
lead_image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 27bcd1mylKoMWiCQ2KuKMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 1'
body: Throughout northern Africa, there is a wealth of rock art depicting the
domestic horse and its various uses, providing valuable evidence for the uses
of horses at various times in history, as well as a testament to their importance
to Saharan peoples.
- sys:
id: 2EbfpTN9L6E0sYmuGyiaec
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:26.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:39:29.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
caption: 'Painted horse and rider, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6406 © TARA/David
Coulson. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641775&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6406&page=1
- sys:
id: 4QexWBEVXiAksikIK6g2S4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:49.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:28.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horses and chariots
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 2'
body: The first introduction of the domestic horse to Ancient Egypt- and thereby
to Africa- is usually cited at around 1600 BC, linked with the arrival in Egypt
of the Hyksos, a group from the Levant who ruled much of Northern Egypt during
the Second Intermediate Period. By this point, horses had probably only been
domesticated for about 2,000 years, but with the advent of the chariot after
the 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia, the horse proved to be a valuable martial
asset in the ancient world. One of the first clear records of the use of horses
and chariots in battle in Africa is found in depictions from the mortuary complex
of the Pharaoh Ahmose at Abydos from around 1525 BC, showing their use by Egyptians
in defeating the Hyksos, and horses feature prominently in later Egyptian art.
- sys:
id: 22x06a7DteI0C2U6w6oKes
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:52.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:52.214000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW/b68bd24c9b19c5c8c7752bfb75a5db0e/2013_2034.1001.jpg"
caption: Painted two-horse chariot, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1001 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588526&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1001&page=1
- sys:
id: 1voXfvqIcQkgUYqq4w8isQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 3'
body: 'Some of the most renowned images of horses in Saharan rock art are also
those of chariot teams: in particular, those of the so-called ‘flying gallop’
style chariot pictures, from the Tassili n’Ajjer and Acacus mountains in modern
Algeria and Libya. These distinctive images are characterised by depictions
of one or more horses pulling a chariot with their legs outstretched in a stylised
manner and are sometimes attributed to the Garamantes, a group who were a local
power in the central Sahara from about 500 BC-700 AD. But the Ajjer Plateau
is over a thousand miles from the Nile- how and when did the horse and chariot
first make their way across the Western Desert to the rest of North Africa in
the first place? Egyptian accounts indicate that by the 11th century BC Libyans
(people living on the north African coast around the border of modern Egypt
and Libya) were using chariots in war. Classical sources later write about the
chariots of the Garamantes and of chariot use by peoples of the far western
Sahara continuing into the 1st century BC, by which time the chariot horse had
largely been eclipsed in war by the cavalry mount.'
- sys:
id: LWROS2FhUkywWI60eQYIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:53:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:33.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4574'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce/ac95a5214a326794542e0707c0d819d7/2013_2034.4574.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure and horse. Tarssed Jebest, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Horse displays Arabian breed-type characteristics such as dished face and high
tail carriage. 2013,2034.4574 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603790&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4574+&page=1
- sys:
id: 6eaH84QdUs46sEQoSmAG2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Riding
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 4'
body: As well as the unique iconography of rock art chariot depictions, there
are also numerous paintings and engravings across northern Africa of people
riding horses. Riding may have been practiced since the earliest times of horse
domestication, though the earliest definitive depictions of horses being ridden
come from the Middle East in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC. Images
of horses and riders in rock art occur in various areas of Morocco, Egypt and
Sudan and are particularly notable in the Ennedi region of Chad and the Adrar
and Tagant plateaus in Mauritania (interestingly, however, no definite images
of horses are known in the Gilf Kebir/Jebel Uweinat area at the border of Egypt,
Sudan and Libya).
- sys:
id: 6LTzLWMCTSak4IIukAAQMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:23.846000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:52.743000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
title: ME22958
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo/703945afad6a8e3c97d10b09c487381c/ME22958.jpg"
caption: Terracotta mould of man on horseback, Old Babylonian, Mesopotamia 2000-1600
BC. One of the oldest known depictions of horse riding in the world. British
Museum ME22958 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=388860&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=22958&page=1
- sys:
id: 5YkSCzujy8o08yuomIu6Ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:43.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:12:34.068000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Painted ‘bitriangular’
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C/c798c1afb41006855c34363ec2b54557/Fig._5._Painted____bitriangular___.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bi-triangular’ horse and rider with saddle. Oued Jrid, Assaba,
Mauritania. 2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1vZDFfKXU0US2qkuaikG8m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:13.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:14:56.468000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 5'
body: Traditional chronologies for Saharan rock art areas tend to place depictions
of ridden horses chronologically after those of horses and chariots, and in
general use horse depictions to categorise regional stylistic periods of rock
art according to broad date boundaries. As such, in most places, the ‘horse’
rock art period is usually said to cover about a thousand years from the end
of the 2nd millennium BC. It is then considered to be succeeded by a ‘camel’
period, where the appearance of images of dromedaries – known only to have been
introduced to the eastern Sahara from Arabia at the end of the 1st century BC
– reflects the next momentous influx of a beast of burden to the area and thus
a new dating parameter ([read more about depictions of camels in the Sahara](https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/)).
However, such simplistic categorisation can be misleading. For one thing, although
mounting horses certainly gained popularity over driving them, it is not always
clear that depictions of ridden horses are not contemporary with those of chariots.
Further, the horse remained an important martial tool after the use of war-chariots
declined. Even after the introduction of the camel, there are several apparently
contemporary depictions featuring both horse and camel riders.
- sys:
id: 2gaHPgtyEwsyQcUqEIaGaq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:55:29.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:32:44.364000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5739'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4/7f48ae9c550dd6b4f0e80b8da10a3da6/2013_2034.5739.jpg"
caption: Engraved ridden horse and camel. Draa Valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5739
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619780&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5739+&page=1
- sys:
id: 583LKSbz9SSg00uwsqquAG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Berber Horses
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 6'
body: As the more manoeuvrable rider rose in popularity against the chariot as
a weapon of war, historical reports from classical authors like Strabo tell
us of the prowess of African horsemen such as the cavalry of the Numidians,
a Berber group that allied with Carthage against the Romans in the 3rd century
BC. Berber peoples would remain heavily associated with horse breeding and riding,
and the later rock art of Mauritania has been attributed to Berber horsemen,
or the sight of them. Although horses may already have reached the areas of
modern Mauritania and Mali by this point, archaeological evidence does not confirm
their presence in these south-westerly regions of the Sahara until much later,
in the mid-1st millennium AD, and it has been suggested that some of the horse
paintings in Mauritania may be as recent as 16th century.
- sys:
id: 7zrBlvCEGkW86Qm8k2GQAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:24.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:16:52.557000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5202'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy/7fba0330e151fc416d62333f3093d950/2013_2034.5202.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders surrounded by Libyan-Berber script. Oued Djerat,
Algeria. These images appear to depict riders using Arab-style saddles and stirrups,
thus making them probably no older than 7th c. AD. 2013,2034.5202 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624404&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5202&page=1
- sys:
id: 45vpX8SP7aGeOS0qGaoo4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 7'
body: 'Certainly, from the 14th century AD, horses became a key commodity in trans-Saharan
trade routes and became items of great military value in West Africa following
the introduction of equipment such as saddles with structured trees (frames).
Indeed, discernible images of such accoutrements in Saharan rock art can help
to date it following the likely introduction of the equipment to the area: for
example, the clear depiction of saddles suggests an image to be no older than
the 1st century AD; images including stirrups are even more recent.'
- sys:
id: 7GeTQBofPamw0GeEAuGGee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:57.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:02.520000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
title: RRM12824
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO/8c3a7c2d372f2c48a868d60201909932/RRM12824.jpg"
caption: 19th-century Moroccan stirrups with typical curved base of the type possibly
visible in the image above. 1939,0311.7-8 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=217451&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6mNtqnqaEE2geSkU0IiYYe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:32.195000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:50.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 8'
body: 'Another intriguing possibility is that of gaining clues on the origins
of modern horse breeds from rock art, in particular the ancient Barb breed native
to the Maghreb, where it is still bred. Ancient Mesopotamian horses were generally
depicted as heavily-built, and it has been suggested that the basic type for
the delicate Arabian horse, with its dished (concave) facial profile and high-set
tail, may have been developed in north-east Africa prior to its subsequent appearance
and cultivation in Arabia, and that these features may be observed in Ancient
Egyptian images from the New Kingdom. Likewise, there is the possibility that
some of the more naturalistic paintings from the central Sahara show the similarly
gracile features of the progenitors of the Barb, distinguishable from the Arab
by its straight profile and low-set tail. Like the Arab, the Barb is a desert
horse: hardy, sure-footed and able to withstand great heat; it is recognised
as an ancient breed with an important genetic legacy, both in the ancestry of
the Iberian horses later used throughout the Americas, and that of the modern
racing thoroughbred.'
- sys:
id: 3OM1XJI6ruwGOwwmkKOKaY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:25.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:30:30.915000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1452'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk/45bbff5b29985eb19679e1e513499d6b/2013_2034.1452.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders, Awis, Acacus Mountains, Libya. High head
carriage and full rumps suggest Arabian/Barb breed type features. Riders have
been obscured. 2013,2034.1452 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592678&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1452&page=1
- sys:
id: 40E0pTCrUIkk00uGWsus4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:49.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:33:55.443000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Barb horses
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa/87f29480513be0a531e0a93b51f9eae5/Fig._10._Barb_horses.jpg"
caption: Barb horses ridden at a festival in Agadir, Morocco. ©Notwist (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_warriors_show.JPG
- sys:
id: 3z5YSVu9y8caY6AoYWge2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The symbolism of the horse
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 9'
body: However, caution must be taken in drawing such comparisons based on morphology
alone, especially given the gulf of time that has elapsed and the relative paucity
of ‘naturalistic’ rock art images. Indeed, there is huge diversity of horse
depictions throughout northern Africa, with some forms highly schematic. This
variation is not only in style – and, as previously noted, in time period and
geography – but also in context, as of course images of one subject cannot be
divorced from the other images around them, on whichever surface has been chosen,
and are integral to these surroundings.
- sys:
id: 1FRP1Z2hyQEWUSOoKqgic2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:21.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:39.821000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs/d793f6266f2ff486e0e99256c2c0ca39/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Engraved ‘Libyan Warrior-style’ figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.11147+&page=1
- sys:
id: 45pI4ivRk4IM6gaG40gUU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:41.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:59.784000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Human figure
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s/e48fda8e2a23b12e6afde5c560c3f164/Fig._12._Human_figure.jpg"
caption: Human figure painted over by horse to appear mounted (digitally enhanced
image). © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 54hoc6Htwck8eyewsa6kA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 10'
body: The nature of the depictions in this sense speaks intriguingly of the apparent
symbolism and implied value of the horse image in different cultural contexts.
Where some Tassilian horses are delicately painted in lifelike detail, the stockier
images of horses associated with the so-called ‘Libyan Warrior’ style petroglyphs
of the Aïr mountains and Adrar des Ifoghas in Niger and Mali appear more as
symbolic accoutrements to the central human figures and tend not to be shown
as ridden. By contrast, there are paintings in the Ennedi plateau of Chad where
galloping horse figures have clearly been painted over existing walking human
figures to make them appear as if riding.
- sys:
id: 4XMm1Mdm7Y0QacMuy44EKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:06.184000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
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image:
sys:
id: 21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6297'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS/698c254a9a10c5a9a56d69e0525bca83/2013_2034.6297.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Niola Doa, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6297 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637529&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6297&page=1
- sys:
id: 4rB9FCopjOCC4iA2wOG48w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:26.549000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Engraved horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM/33a068fa954954fd3b9b446c943e0791/Fig._14._Engraved_horse.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Eastern Aïr Mountains. 2013,2034.9421 ©TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640574&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9421&page=1
- sys:
id: 6tFSQzFupywiK6aESCgCia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:56.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:47:26.838000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 11'
body: |-
In each of these cases, the original symbolic intent of the artists have been lost to time, but with these horse depictions, as with so much African rock art imagery, there is great scope for further future analysis. Particularly intriguing, for example, are the striking stylistic similarities in horse depictions across great distances, such the horse depictions with bi-triangular bodies (see above), or with fishbone-style tails which may be found almost two thousand miles apart in Chad and Mauritania.
Whatever the myriad circumstances and significances of the images, it is clear that following its introduction to the continent, the hardy and surefooted desert horse’s usefulness for draught, transport and fighting purposes transformed the societies which used it and gave it a powerful symbolic value.
- sys:
id: 2P6ERbclfOIcGEgI6e0IUq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:46.042000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:45:12.419000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
title: Fig. 15. Painted horse, Terkei
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g/7586f05e83f708ca9d9fca693ae0cd83/Fig._15._Painted_horse__Terkei.jpg"
caption: Painted horse, Terkei, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6537 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640682&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6537&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 32AXGC1EcoSi4KcogoY2qu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2000, *The Origins and Development
of African Livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography*.
London; New York, NY: UCL Press\n \n<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., 2012.
*The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot*. London: British Museum Press\n \nLaw,
R., 1980. *The Horse in West African History*. Oxford: Oxford University Press\n
\nHachid, M. 2000. *Les Premieres Berbères*. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud\n \nLhote,
H. 1952. 'Le cheval et le chameau dans les peintures et gravures rupestres du
Sahara', *Bulletin de l'Institut franç ais de l'Afrique noire* 15: 1138-228\n
\n<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2010, *A gift from the desert: the art, history,
and culture of the Arabian horse*. Lexington, KY: Kentucky Horse Park\n\n"
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_regional_introduction/rock-art-in-southern-africa.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 5dakRbuMDuCMcqeG4460w4
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content_type_id: regional_introduction
revision: 9
title: 'Introduction to rock art in southern Africa '
intro_progress: true
slug: rock-art-in-southern-africa
lead_image:
- sys:
id: 3OZCZuXvlYK4sqSuoqQIqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:52:10.853000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:52:10.854000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080007
description:
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chapters:
- sys:
id: 5qv45Cw424smAwqkkg4066
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:01:39.329000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:09:20.849000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |+
The southern African countries of Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Botswana and Namibia contain thousands of rock art sites and southern African rock art has been studied extensively. Due to perceived similarities in subject matter, even across great distances, much southern African rock art has been ascribed to hunter-gatherer painters and engravers who appear to have had a shared set of cultural references. These have been linked with beliefs and practices which remain common to modern San|Bushman¹ people, a number of traditional hunter-gatherer groups who continue to live in Southern Africa, principally in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. There are, however, differences in style and technique between regions, and various rock art traditions are attributed to other cultural groups and their ancestors. As is often the case with rock art, the accurate attribution of authorship, date and motivation is difficult to establish, but the rock art of this region continues to be studied and the richness of the material in terms of subject matter, as well as in the context of the archaeological record, has much to tell us, both about its own provenance and the lives of the people who produced it.
- sys:
id: r3hNyCQVUcGgGmmCKs0sY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:04.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:09:49.095000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and distribution
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 2'
- sys:
id: 5cKrBogJHiAaCs6mMoyqee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:27.584000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:10:55.925000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4RBHhRPKHC2s6yWcEeWs0c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0070001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4RBHhRPKHC2s6yWcEeWs0c/9d9bc5196cfac491fa099fd737b06e34/ZIMMSL0070001.jpg"
caption: Yellow elephant calf painted on the roof of a shelter. Mashonaland, Zimbabwe.
2013,2034.22675 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iUgvg0
- sys:
id: 69tB5BiRVKG2QQEKoSYw08
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:41.530000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:11:21.260000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'There is wide variation in the physical environments of southern Africa,
ranging from the rainforests of Mozambique to the arid Namib Desert of western
Namibia, with the climate tending to become drier towards the south and west. The
central southern African plateau is divided by the central dip of the Kalahari
basin, and bordered by the Great Escarpment, a sharp drop in altitude towards
the coast which forms a ridge framing much of southern Africa. The escarpment
runs in a rough inland parallel to the coastline, from northern Angola, south
around the Cape and up in the east to the border between Zimbabwe and Malawi. Both
painted and engraved rock art is found throughout southern Africa, with the
type and distribution partially informed by the geographical characteristics
of the different regions. Inland areas with exposed boulders, flat rock ‘pavements’
and rocky outcrops tend to feature engraved rock art, whereas paintings are
more commonly found in the protective rock shelters of mountainous or hilly
areas, often in ranges edging the Great Escarpment. '
- sys:
id: 4BJ17cEGyIC6QYSYGAkoaa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:04.486000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:11:57.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
title: NAMBRG0030001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS/0bb079e491ac899abae435773c74fcf4/NAMBRG0030001.jpg"
caption: View out of a rock shelter in the Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.20452
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3729901
- sys:
id: 499lI34cAE6KAgKU4mkcqq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:14.736000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:17.831000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Types of rock art
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Rock art of the type associated with hunter-gatherers is perhaps the most
widely distributed rock art tradition in southern Africa, with numerous known
examples in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, but also with examples found
in Botswana and Mozambique. This tradition comprises paintings and engravings,
with both techniques featuring images of animals and people. The type and composition
varies from region to region. For example, rock art sites of the southern Drakensberg
and Maloti mountains in South Africa and Lesotho contain a higher proportion
of images of eland antelope, while those in Namibia in turn feature more giraffes.
\ There are also regional variations in style and colour: in some sites and
areas paintings are polychrome (multi-coloured) while in others they are not.\n\nDifferences
also occur in composition between painting and engraving sites, with paintings
more likely to feature multiple images on a single surface, often interacting
with one another, while engraving sites more often include isolated images on
individual rocks and boulders. However, there are commonalities in both imagery
and style, with paintings throughout southern Africa often including depictions
of people, particularly in procession and carrying items such as bows and arrows.
\ Also heavily featured in both paintings and engravings are animals, in particular
large ungulates which are often naturalistically depicted, sometimes in great
detail. Additionally, images may include people and animals which appear to
have the features of several species and are harder to identify. Some hunter-gatherer
type paintings are described as ‘fine-line’ paintings because of the delicacy
of their rendering with a thin brush. \n"
- sys:
id: 4NfdPoVtFKaM6K4w8I8ckg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:13.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:40.860000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
title: NAMBRT0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO/67a69f9814e8ec994003bfacff0962cc/NAMBRT0010002.jpg"
caption: " Fine-line paintings of giraffes and line patterns, Brandberg, Namibia.
\ It is thought that giraffes may have been associated with rain in local belief
systems. 2013,2034.21324 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j9778d
- sys:
id: 2nqpXdHTeoyKakEEOMUSA0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:40.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:26.231000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 9
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: "Hunter-gatherer rock paintings are found in particular concentrations in
the Drakensberg-Maloti and Cape Fold Mountains in South Africa and Lesotho,
the Brandberg and Erongo Mountains in Namibia and the Matobo Hills in Zimbabwe,
while engraving sites are found throughout the interior, often near water courses.
\n\nA different form of rock painting from the hunter-gatherer type, found mainly
in the north-eastern portion of southern Africa is that of the ‘late whites’.
\ Paintings in this tradition are so-called because they are usually associated
with Bantu language-speaking Iron Age farming communities who entered the area
from the north from around 2,000 years ago and many of these images are thought
to have been painted later than some of the older hunter-gatherer paintings.
‘Late white’ paintings take many forms, but have generally been applied with
a finger rather than a brush, and as the name suggests, are largely white in
colour. These images represent animals, people and geometric shapes, often
in quite schematic forms, in contrast to the generally more naturalistic depictions
of the hunter-gatherer art. \n\nSometimes ‘late white’ art images relate to
dateable events or depict objects and scenes which could only have taken place
following European settlement, such as trains. Other forms of southern African
rock art also depict European people and objects. These include images from
the Western Cape in South Africa of a sailing ship, estimated to date from after
the mid-17th century, as well as painted and engraved imagery from throughout
South Africa showing people on horseback with firearms. Such images are sometimes
termed ‘contact art’ as their subject matter demonstrates that they follow the
period of first contact between European and indigenous people. \n"
- sys:
id: 1NrA6Z43fWIgwGoicy2Mw2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:57.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:43.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA/3d924964d904e34e6711c6224a7429e6/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
caption: Painting of a ship from the south Western Cape in South Africa. 2013,2034.19495
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730142&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.19495&page=1
- sys:
id: 4JVHOgrOyAAI8GWAuoyGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:24:14.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:20.511000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "This kind of imagery is found in a variety of styles, and some of those
producing ‘contact’ images in the Cape may have been people of Khoekhoen heritage.
The Khoekhoen were traditionally cattle and sheep herders, culturally related
to modern Nama people and more loosely to San|Bushman hunter-gatherers.
\ A distinct tradition of rock art has been suggested to be of ancestral Khoekhoen
origin. This art is predominantly geometric in form, with a particular focus
on circle and dotted motifs, and engravings in this style are often found near
watercourses. \n"
- sys:
id: 3zUtkjM57Omyko6Q2O0YMG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:05.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:47.538000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: History of research
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: 'The first known reports of African rock art outside of the continent appear
to come from the Bishop of Mozambique, who in 1721 reported sightings of paintings
on rocks to the Royal Academy of History in Lisbon. Following this, reports,
copies and publications of rock art from throughout modern South Africa were
made with increasing frequency by officials and explorers. From the mid-19th
century onwards, rock art from present-day Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana began
to be documented, and during the first few decades of the twentieth century
global public interest in the art was piqued by a series of illustrated publications.
The hunter-gatherer rock art in particular had a strong aesthetic and academic
appeal to western audiences, and reports, photographs and copied images attracted
the attention of prominent figures in archaeology and ethnology such as Miles
Burkitt, <NAME> and the Abbé Breuil, researchers whose interest in rock
art worldwide let them to visit and write about southern African rock art sites. A
further intensification of archaeological and anthropological research and recording
in the 1950s-70s, resulted in new insights into the interpretations and attributions
for southern African rock art. Rock art research continues throughout the area
today. '
- sys:
id: 5bPZwsgp3qOGkogYuCIQEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:30.652000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:07.313000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0300015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG/639dd24028612b985042ea65536eef2e/BOTTSD0300015.jpg"
caption: Rhinoceros and cattle painting, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.20848
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i5xfUJ
- sys:
id: 1QaeG3pF1KOEaooucoMUeE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:37.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:34.546000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: Rather than showing scenes from daily life, as was once assumed, it is now
usually accepted that hunter-gatherer art in southern Africa shows images and
motifs of spiritual and cultural importance. In particular, it is thought that
some images reflect trance visions of San|Bushman spiritual leaders, or
shamans, during which they are considered to enter the world of spirits, where
they are held to perform tasks for themselves and their communities, such as
healing the sick or encouraging rain. This interpretation, which has been widely
accepted, explains certain features of the art, for example the predominance
of certain animals like eland antelope (due to their special cultural significance)
and themes such as dot patterns and zigzag lines (interpreted as geometric patterns
that shamans may see upon entering a trance state).
- sys:
id: 1YgT9SlSNeU8C6Cm62602E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:53.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:08.779000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
title: SOADRB0030002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c/5896c3d088678257f9acd01bd59c4b26/SOADRB0030002.jpg"
caption: 'Painting of an eland and an ambiguous figure in the Drakensberg, South
Africa. Both the eland and this kind of human-like figure are thought to have
had symbolic associations with beliefs about gender and power. 2013,2034.18187©
TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738250&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18187&page=1
- sys:
id: 5byxQopdNCqEC2kCa0OqCm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:00.899000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:37.565000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: "The rock art attributed to ancestral San|Bushman hunter-gatherers
has many varied motifs, some of which may also relate to specific themes such
as initiation or rainmaking (indeed within its cultural context one image may
have several significances). San|Bushman informants in the 19th century
told researchers that certain ambiguously shaped animals in the rock art repertoire
represented animals related to water. Images such as these are known to researchers
as 'rain animals' and it has been suggested that certain images could reflect—or
prompt—the shaman's attempt to control rainfall. Some 'late white' art has also
been proposed to have associations with rainmaking practices, and indeed the
proximity of some geometric rock art images, proposed to be of possible Khoekhoen
origin, to watercourses appears to emphasise the practical and spiritual significance
of water among historical southern African communities. It has also been proposed
that some forms of geometric art attributed to Khoekhoen people may be linked
by tradition and motif to the schematic art traditions of central Africa, themselves
attributed to hunter-gatherers and possibly made in connection with beliefs
about water and fertility. Much in the “late white” corpus of paintings appears
to be connected to initiation practices, part of a larger set of connected traditions
extending north as far as Kenya. \n\nThe long time periods, cultural connections,
and movements involved can make attribution difficult. For example, the idiosyncratic
rock paintings of Tsodilo Hills in Botswana which appear to have similarities
with the hunter-gatherer style include images of domesticates and may have been
the work of herders. More localised traditions, such as that of engravings
in north-western South Africa representing the homesteads of ancestral Nguni
or Sotho-Tswana language speakers, or the focus on engravings of animal tracks
found in Namibia, demonstrate more specific regional significances. Research
continues and in recent decades, researchers, focusing on studying individual
sites and sets of sites within the landscape and the local historical context,
have discussed how their placement and subject matter may reflect the shifting
balances of power, and changes in their communities over time. \n"
- sys:
id: L9AkWhM1WwUKWC4MQ4iMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:15.123000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:01.026000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
title: NAMSNH0030006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI/3dabb2ba8a3abaa559a6652eb10ea1eb/NAMSNH0030006.jpg"
caption: 'Geometric rock engravings of the type suggested by some to be the work
of Khoekhoen pastoralists and their ancestors. 2013,2034.22405 © TARA/David
Coulson '
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVIIoL
- sys:
id: ayvCEQLjk4uUk8oKikGYw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:22.665000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:16.059000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "Although dating rock art is always difficult, the study of rock art sites
from southern Africa has benefitted from archaeological study and excavations
at rock art sites have sometimes revealed useful information for ascribing dates.
\ Some of the oldest reliably dated examples of rock art in the world have been
found in the region, with the most well-known examples probably being the painted
plaques from Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia, dated to around 30,000 years ago. A
portion of an engraved animal found in South Africa’s Northern Cape is estimated
to be 10,200 years old and painted spalls from shelter walls in Zimbabwe have
been dated to 12,000 years ago or older. However, it is thought that the majority
of existing rock art was made more recently. As ever, subject matter is also
helpful in ascribing maximum date ranges. We know, for example,that images
of domestic animals are probably less than 2,000 years old. The condition of
the art may also help to establish relative ages, particularly with regards
to engravings, which may be in some cases be categorised by the discolouration
of the patina that darkens them over time. \n\nThe multiplicity of rock art
sites throughout southern Africa form a major component of southern Africa’s
archaeological record, with many interesting clues about the lives of past inhabitants
and, in some cases, continuing religious and cultural importance for contemporary
communities. Many sites are open to the public, affording visitors the unique
experience of viewing rock art in situ. Unfortunately, the exposed nature of
rock art in the field leaves it open to potential damage from the environment
and vandalism. Many major rock art sites in southern Africa are protected
by law in their respective countries and the Maloti-Drakensberg Park in South
Africa and Lesotho, Twyfelfontein/ǀUi-ǁAis in Namibia, Tsodilo Hills in Botswana
and the Matobo Hills in Zimbabwe are all inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage
list. \n"
- sys:
id: 3Kjcm7V1dYoCuyaqKga0GM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:38.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:17.372000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
title: NAMDME0080012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU/dec59cd8209d3d04b13447e9c985574a/NAMDME0080012.jpg"
caption: Engraved human footprints, Erongo Region, Namibia. 2013,2034.20457 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729958&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20457+&page=1
- sys:
id: 1kwt8c4P0gSkYOq8CO0ucq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:28:16.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:44.294000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: 6GlTdq2WbeIQ6UoeOeUM84
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 10:45:36.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:39:37.963000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |+
<NAME>., <NAME>. and <NAME>. 2010. Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
<NAME>. 1995. The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. London: British Museum Press.
<NAME>. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|BushmanRock Paintings. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press
<NAME>. 1995. 'Neglected Rock Art: The Rock Engravings of Agriculturist Communities in South Africa'. South African Archaeological Bulletin. Vol. 50 No. 162. pp. 132.142.
<NAME>. 1989. Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg. vols. I-VI. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2008. 'Beyond Development - Global Visions and Local Adaptations of a Contested Concept' in Limpricht, C., & M. Biesele (eds) Heritage and Cultures in modern Namibia: in-depth views of the country: a TUCSIN Festschrift. Goettingen : Klaus Hess Publishers. pp 37:46.
<NAME>. 2013. 'Rock Art Research in Africa' in Mitchell, P. and P. Lane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2004. 'Taking Stock: Identifying Khoekhoen Herder Rock Art in Southern Africa'. Current Anthropology Vol. 45, No. 4. pp 499-52.
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/sudan-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 4fITEJHibm4iy8ykmE2s0G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:22:39.465000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:14.925000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Sudan: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1sqHdOmWbeyY42OCS0Sc4u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:28.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:28.564000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Sudan''s known rock art mainly consists of paintings and engravings on
exposed rock surfaces and rock shelters, largely of animals, human figures and
ancient river boats. Most of the published rock art is found in disparate geographical
areas in the northern section of the country: around the Nile valley and close
to the country''s north-western and north-eastern borders. Images include wild
fauna such as antelope, domestic animals like camels, and depictions of boats,
which along with inscriptions and religious imagery can attempt to date these
images.'
- sys:
id: 1993CZTJXsyeWaOscywWs4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:14:29.575000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:12:37.390000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4rPFCqitX2sUOAGUEAqui4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:55.093000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:55.093000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.225'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4rPFCqitX2sUOAGUEAqui4/d0abf71d8e72774026c082d7ae16d71c/2013_2034.225.jpg"
caption: Painted cattle. <NAME>, J<NAME>inat, Sudan. 2013,2034.225 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iwfHwV
- sys:
id: 2qQoPRbg6Q0aMQsc2WWicu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:56.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:56.395000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 2'
body: Sudan covers nearly 2,000,000 km² and is geographically diverse, dominated
in the north by the desert of the southern Sahara and divided by the River Nile,
which flows north from the capital city of Khartoum at the confluence of the
Blue and White Niles and is joined by the Atbara River in the east. East of
the Nile is the arid Nubian Desert, which is part of the larger Sahara, flanked
at the north east by the Red Sea Hills and at the south by clay plains. To the
south and west of the country are semi-arid zones with seasonal watercourses,
with the west dominated by the Jebel Marrah volcanic massif, and the Nuba mountain
range near the southern border.
- sys:
id: 4pTDZNCHuo8Wi22GSsSSMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:19:26.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:19:26.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 3'
body: Historically, rock art research in Sudan has either been incorporated into
larger investigations of the area’s rich archaeological history, or, as in the
Nubian Nile valley, the result of archaeological salvage projects, aimed at
documenting and conserving archaeological sites and artefacts in advance of
engineered flooding events, such as the construction of the Aswan High dam in
the 1960s and the Merowe dam in the early 2000s. This has resulted in significant
rock art and rock gong discoveries, such as that noted near the Second Cataract
(Žába, 1967) and more recently around the Fourth. Rock art remains vulnerable
to damming initiatives – that at Sabu is currently under threat by the Kajbar
Dam proposal at the Third Cataract. There is great scope for further research.
- sys:
id: 4O1OTdhzb2UIQYeuuickg6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:19:49.980000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:08.533000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Rock art types
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
The rock art of Sudan is varied across both time periods and geographical regions. Numerous pecked depictions of domestic cattle can be found in the Red Sea Hills (Pluskota, 2006) as well as depictions of both domestic and wild animals closer to the River Nile, such as those found at Jebel Gorgod in a mountainous area near Sesebi (Schiff Giorgini, 1972). Engravings, like those around the Second, Third, and Fourth Cataracts (areas of rocky rapids) are varied in subject matter and in date, ranging from Neolithic engravings of wild and domestic fauna to those with Medieval Christian imagery, for example around the Dal Cataract (Mills, 1965). These are mixed with others from about 4,000 BC onwards which may be contemporary with the Predynastic cultures and Pharaonic periods of ancient Egypt and in northern Sudan, Nubian Kerma culture (known to the ancient Egyptians as the Kingdom of Kush). These include depictions of Nile river boats and later hieroglyphic inscriptions.
The peripatetic nature of these traceable signatures highlights the need to look beyond modern boundaries when considering ancient rock art traditions of Africa. For millennia prior to the creation of the current Egypt/Sudan border, the highway of the river allowed movement between Egypt and Nubia, the people of the region leaving their marks on a narrow area of fertile land that fostered riverine animals like crocodiles, which are occasionally depicted in the rock engravings. From the 4th millennium BC, following several temperate millennia, savannah animals like giraffe lost their habitat in the increasingly arid environments to east and west, but remain reflected in the rock engravings of what is now desert.
The range in styles and dates for Sudanese rock art emphasises its nature, not as a particular artistic style, but as personal and cultural manipulations of a specific medium. A number of stone percussive instruments known as rock gongs, which produce a sonorous tone when struck and are often apparently associated with cattle engravings, have stimulated discussion about the uses of rock art sites as multisensory ritual venues.
- sys:
id: 4T61G6jdTqmkMKWiEmIcEe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:15:01.481000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:13:14.413000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: AMf0wybjzMekgCuSAs28E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:06:06.627000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.272'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586260&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.272&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/AMf0wybjzMekgCuSAs28E/2afa178fb645276aa051e8dc597f1b1e/2013_2034.272.jpg"
caption: Engraved cattle, giraffe and ostrich. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.272
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586260&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1KCSPDy6Dyqm2g6OkEeGMy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:29.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:29.697000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 5'
body: The understanding of much of Sudanese prehistory as it relates to rock art
remains subject to debate. Some of the best-preserved and most varied rock art
of Sudan’s desert regions is situated only metres from the Egyptian border in
the far north-west corner of the country, in a valley of Jebel Uweinat – the
enormous sandstone and granite outcrop which serves as a boundary between Egypt,
Sudan and Libya. Numerous paintings and engravings are found here, including
images of wild animals, such as giraffe and antelope, humans, dogs and many
cattle. Some of these paintings have been compared with other styles of rock
art in the wider Sahara, including the later Pastoral Period (Muzzolini, 1995).
Others have proposed that a different set of paintings in these sites may be
older, with a stylistic link (although fragile) with the Round Head Period (Van
Noten,1978). However, the scholarly community recognises the inherent difficulty
of formulating conclusions of direct links with wider rock art practices. In
areas around the Nile, where there are similar animal engravings, rock art is
also from a wide range of time periods.
- sys:
id: 5E1CsZXmy4g0484oGIG2W6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:15:30.625000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:13:29.546000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4pB2o28EnCOk6w8m8IwciG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.703000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:06:43.357000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.347'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586942&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.347&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4pB2o28EnCOk6w8m8IwciG/5ce1e4a59f58a180045818bdc3bc8c13/2013_2034.347.jpg"
caption: Engraved ostriches, dogs and antelope. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.347
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586942&partId=1
- sys:
id: 3xX43VnxhuGoG0KKMca2iG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:54.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:54.588000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 6'
body: 'Ascribing dates to rock art like that at Jebel Uweinat is also uncertain
and is more difficult than dating images such as the depictions of Nile river
boats or later Christian cross engravings like those found near the Third Cataract,
where similar motifs are replicated on contemporary pottery and corroborated
elsewhere in the archaeological record. Occasionally rock art may be found in
a dateable stratigraphic context- a giraffe engraving at Gala Abu Ahmed in Wadi
Howar, an ancient Nile tributary, was recently dated to before 1,200-1,300 BC
in this way (Jesse, 2005). In general, other clues are necessary, for example
known domestication dates: wild animal images are often superseded with depictions
of animals like horses and camels. These were only widely known in northeast
Africa from the second and first millennia BC respectively and are therefore
unlikely to be older. However, this is not an exact science: examination of
the superimpositions and levels of patination on some Nile valley cattle engravings
show that they were made over thousands of years up to the not too distant past.
Faced with such challenges, classifying rock art by design style, while problematic,
can prove useful in envisioning chronology.'
- sys:
id: 26BMChmzneksWYm4uQeK6u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:16:01.977000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:13:48.660000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2JHzf9XFUACqyq0AAaw8CQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.755000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:07:20.356000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.334'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586833&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.334&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2JHzf9XFUACqyq0AAaw8CQ/1070836ffd26fec60872b6b97fb72ff5/2013_2034.334.jpg"
caption: Engraved camels and human figures. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.334
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586833&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6LV3FmRkCkCOm8UgKQ2e26
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:17:53.755000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:17:53.755000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 2005. *Rock Art in Lower Wadi Howar, northwest Sudan*. Sahara vol.16, pp. 27-38
<NAME>. 1965. *The Reconnaissance Survey from Gemai to Dal: A Preliminary Report for 1963- 1964*. Kush 13, pp. 1-12
<NAME>. 1995. *Les images rupestres du Sahara*. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2006. *Kirwan Memorial Lecture: Bir Nurayet- the Rock Art Gallery of the Red Sea Hills*. Sudan & Nubia, Bulletin No. 10, pp. 2-7
<NAME>. 1972. *SOLEB, II: Les Nécropoles*. — Firenze: Sansoni
Van Noten, F. 1978. *The Rock Paintings of Jebel Uweinat*. — Graz, Akademischeverlag
<NAME>. 1967. *The Third Czechoslovak Expedition to Nubia in the Frame of the Safeguarding of the Nubian Monuments Project: Preliminary Report*. Fouilles en Nubie (1961-1963). Le Caire: Organisme general des impr. Gouvernementales, pp. 217-224
For further information about archaeology in Sudan, visit [sudarchs.org.uk](http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/)
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/egypt/cave-of-swimmers.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Egypt
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 4af0chnVYAe0e4mqoQwaoy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:07:32.113000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:53:48.674000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Cave of Swimmers, Egypt
slug: cave-of-swimmers
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4pHoZkgWDegMQsumuSUekM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:04:41.300000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:04:41.300000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The ‘Cave of Swimmers’ is one of the most famous rock art sites of the Sahara.
It sits in Wadi Sura, loosely translated as the ‘Valley of Pictures’ due to
the prevalence of rock art in the region.
- sys:
id: 1cUANarsnIIyGQ8MUGaKMM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:01:11.701000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:35:42.682000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5LebP1Vcqs4A4US00uI0Q4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.186'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5LebP1Vcqs4A4US00uI0Q4/56ba762bb737baf4545dc62a6a745bb3/2013_2034.186.jpg"
caption: A view of the entrance to the ‘Cave of Swimmers’. On a promontory at
the entrance to an inlet in Wadi Sura, Gilf Kebir, Egypt. 2013,2034.186 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iV11IU
- sys:
id: 5AJki82zIcK2AEyigEiu2g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:05.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:44:27.933000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The ‘Cave of Swimmers’ is the larger of two shallow caves situated side
by side in the southern part of the Gilf Kebir plateau in Egypt’s Western Desert,
an area so remote and inaccessible that its existence only became known to European
cartographers in 1926. It is so named due to the human figures painted on its
walls with their limbs contorted as if swimming. It has since become world-renowned,
particularly as a key location in the feature film *The English Patient* (1996),
based on Michael Ondaatje’s novel of the same name.
- sys:
id: 1imxvhdhHEYsyKueK6coS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:01:51.007000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:35:41.280000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2halaUUgAMe6ES0uycIIIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.188'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2halaUUgAMe6ES0uycIIIG/ec1812c9c376a941c691641c471b7105/2013_2034.188.jpg"
caption: View out of the cave mouth. 2013,2034.188 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVbiVc
- sys:
id: 2iFZCE50AsqKM4C8ma0IO8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:27.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:27.680000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The book and film feature fictionalised versions of the cave and its real-life
discoverer, <NAME>, as the title character. In reality, Almásy was a
charismatic figure in pre-war Saharan exploration. He argued that the ‘swimming’
figures suggested the prior existence of abundant water in the area and was
therefore evidence that it had not always been arid desert, a radical new theory
at the time that has since been confirmed, although not on the basis of these
paintings as evidence. Rock art is notoriously difficult to date as it was a
tradition practiced for thousands of years. These paintings have been dated
at between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago, although some researchers have suggested
both earlier and later dates.
- sys:
id: 6tD8WMYexGWoiEYeEKAaIw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:02:56.246000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:36:48.650000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3R3Ri8y5pe2I4AM8iauayW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:28:16.164000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.190'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577611&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.190&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3R3Ri8y5pe2I4AM8iauayW/5e53609e755eba8130847a5017e32268/2013_2034.190.jpg"
caption: The main painted panel on the cave wall, showing the famous ‘swimming’
figures (bottom centre and top right). 2013,2034.190 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j0fxBy
- sys:
id: 5VeXJi6wN2Cq00COCo08Sk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:49.205000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:49.205000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'New rock art discoveries in this area have been made in recent years and
add to the debate, which has continued, as have expeditions by academics, tourists
and others. These visitors have sometimes left their own marks on the rock faces
in the form of graffiti, and in the surrounding sand, where the tracks from
previous parties (including Almásy’s) lie undisturbed, adding to the sense of
history: not only of those who produced the paintings, but also of the site
itself. Meanwhile the condition of the paintings, prone to flaking, continues
to deteriorate, further obscuring this tantalising glimpse into the past.'
- sys:
id: QzRyY82AYSMgMGCUcws2m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:03:54.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:37:39.120000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6Fqf4hcw1OeG2IIO442ckW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.192'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Fqf4hcw1OeG2IIO442ckW/6d975af11e82e634f913ca9aed815e44/2013_2034.192.jpg"
caption: Two ‘negative’ hand prints from the left side of the main panel, blown
in different pigments. Three crouched figures are painted across the lower handprint.
2013,2034.192 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iaUQ4J
- sys:
id: 23YZHecGleqeiKYiAQQcq0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:06:06.304000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:06:06.304000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'The ‘swimmers’ are not the only humans depicted here: there are others,
some heavily adorned, some apparently engaged in activities. A meticulously
engraved antelope’s hoofprint adds another element to this fascinating site.
Perhaps most striking are the numerous ‘negative’ handprints, produced by the
artist blowing pigment onto the rock face over splayed fingers. As with so much
rock art, they leave an imprint as immediate and familiar as it is elusive and
enigmatic.'
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.188'
description:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/rockartvr.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2fRpwDPsrmiQaUQMqSI8oA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:40:28.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:40:28.121000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Rock Art VR - Game Pass Shelter Mobile App
slug: rockartvr
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2Sqy60hy3YSo4sQE2Ame6m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-12 22:34:27.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-12 22:34:27.617000000 Z
title: Screen Shot 2016-12-12 at 3.34.33 PM
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Sqy60hy3YSo4sQE2Ame6m/b58f2bdd6c004b4111987aba5c2bd362/Screen_Shot_2016-12-12_at_3.34.33_PM.png"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 6nHJUYFyucgyyMKs6iYwwo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:11:18.812000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-27 14:35:10.794000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3uawILzjCMg28ISmOO2Eyk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:10:04.401000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:13:43.629000000 Z
title: BM RockArt Title Screen
description: BM RockArt Title Screen
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3uawILzjCMg28ISmOO2Eyk/6bc41794e439f8cdf8effeb37301dc85/BM_RockArt_Title_Screen.jpg"
caption: BM RockArt Title Screen
- sys:
id: 2oGC8YIQnmIaewkKes6EqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:15:13.768000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:40:23.061000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 1'
body: "Come and explore a rock art site in South Africa! Using digital imagery
from the African Rock Art Image Project at the British Museum, this interactive
mobile app uses VR technology optimized for Cardboard headsets ([https://vr.google.com/cardboard/](https://vr.google.com/cardboard/))
to allow you to explore the famous rock art site of Game Pass Shelter in South
Africa via an immersive 360° tour with embedded 3D models. \n\n<iframe width=\"560\"
height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/epYu2ONt7cA\" frameborder=\"0\"
allowfullscreen></iframe>"
- sys:
id: 5rjsmkdjUcSEOWIYKuuCIi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:17:09.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:17:09.190000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 45vNSBVEZqgGyOcIAAsOw4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:16:21.372000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:16:29.085000000 Z
title: Screen Shot1
description: Fig. 1. Sample view of the Game Pass Shelter in the app via the
Cardboard headset.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/45vNSBVEZqgGyOcIAAsOw4/d15aa91a686ea13808e9dd699dc6ccb6/Screen_Shot1a.png"
caption: Fig. 1 - Sample view of the Game Pass Shelter in the app via the Cardboard
headset.
- sys:
id: 4iG66vQ2MUu24GywiUEOYG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:17:54.604000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:17:54.604000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 2'
body: This app will take you to Game Pass Shelter, one of the most well-known
rock art sites in South Africa. Situated in the Drakensberg mountains, the shelter
is a sandstone recess atop a steep slope exhibiting vibrant rock paintings of
people and animals. The interactive experience is a 360° tour and panoramic
view of Game Pass, creating the backdrop of the context of the valley from the
photography available, with interactive ‘hotspots’ with embedded 3D models and
additional information from the Rock Art archive.
- sys:
id: 2XMhIpm5TW4mUySacSUggg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:19:05.899000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:19:05.899000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6Z7Fmlzd0kSYk2qU2S0eoo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:18:53.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:18:53.908000000 Z
title: Screen Shot2
description: Panoramic views looking out from Game Pass Shelter in the app.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Z7Fmlzd0kSYk2qU2S0eoo/521141319e9f7a15483d263998245658/Screen_Shot2.png"
caption: Fig. 2 - Panoramic views looking out from Game Pass Shelter in the app.
- sys:
id: 4f4xPt1kfeakUO4AE42yeg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:20:07.762000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:20:07.762000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 3'
body: This app uses images from the African Rock Art Image Project, the largest
archive of digitised images (also known as ‘born digital’ artifacts) recording
rock art sites across Africa. Over 25,000 digital photographs of rock art from
across Africa have been catalogued – originally from the Trust for African Rock
Art (TARA) – through generous support from the Arcadia Fund. The central remit
of the project is to ensure global open access to the TARA archive by developing
new and innovative ways of engaging with the archive.
- sys:
id: CV5a7U4DReuiC0e2yeUai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:23:08.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:23:08.612000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3fD4DQqyTS2UgwoyeqEYkc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:22:56.001000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:22:56.001000000 Z
title: GamePass2
description: Examples of image showing Game Pass Shelter in the African Rock
Art Image Project archives.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3fD4DQqyTS2UgwoyeqEYkc/846c00a66240973feacc7f3449481a1a/GamePass2.jpg"
caption: Fig. 3 - Examples of image showing Game Pass Shelter in the African Rock
Art Image Project archives.
- sys:
id: 4Nw0ySbeZiIEuaimaYIowM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:25:15.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:25:15.926000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 4'
body: |-
Using innovative digital technology and photogrammetry in combination with our extensive archival photographic collections, we started experimenting with making [3D models](https://sketchfab.com/britishmuseum/collections/african-rock-art) of rock art solely using 20-year-old digitised, archival photographs of the rock art sites. Building on this work, we realised it would be possible to use these techniques to further contextualize rock art sites in their landscape environment, combining archival images and records with satellite imagery and 360° images of a site -- a technique which proves hugely important for possible reconstructions of heritage sites largely using historical photos!
Working closely in collaboration with the African Conservation Trust (ACT) ([http://www.projectafrica.com/](http://www.projectafrica.com/)), our colleagues in South Africa, and Soluis ([http://www.soluis.com/heritage/](http://www.soluis.com/heritage/)), our technology partner, we were able to develop the Rock Art VR mobile app by combining our archival photography with additional 360° imagery and mapping of the site of Game Pass Shelter provided by ACT. Rather than simply using modern 3D scanning and regular VR methods, Soluis developed innovative solutions in order to combine the archival imagery, 360° photos, and satellite videos to create an immersive VR tour of Game Pass Shelter that would be still be accessible on widely-available smartphone technology and simple cardboard headsets. By using widely-available mobile technology, it will be possible for ACT and our other project partners in Africa to easily use the app for education and outreach purposes, in particular at rock art centres (Kamberg, Didima, and KZM museum) in South Africa where local custodians teach school children about rock art and its importance.
- sys:
id: 5i0X5VKYQEuYgCCUEUGsQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:26:10.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:26:20.136000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6hYygcn6LKye0KQu4WE2Qi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:25:58.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:25:58.576000000 Z
title: Site%20map
description: Mapping the key features of Game Pass Shelter, as part of the creation
of the Rock Art VR app.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6hYygcn6LKye0KQu4WE2Qi/d29bf98b8aa3c1330957b38d96ffaf9f/Site_20map.jpg"
caption: Fig. 4 - Mapping the key features of Game Pass Shelter, as part of the
creation of the Rock Art VR app.
- sys:
id: 6GhOyZzkrYAuG8agOSeA08
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:26:58.085000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:26:58.085000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 5'
body: 'The app begins (after the title page and instructions for using the cardboard
viewer) with an automated opening sequence showing the location of Game Pass
Shelter in the Drakensberg National Park in South Africa from a satellite view
of the park down to the site itself, with audio narration describing the history
of the site (see user experience diagram below). '
- sys:
id: 3O7wEtT9WgIIy6AWGw4guE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:27:44.722000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:27:44.722000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4MLN0mgROgUe4e444yUUQE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:27:34.108000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:27:34.108000000 Z
title: App UserFlow
description: User experience diagram for the Rock Art VR app.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4MLN0mgROgUe4e444yUUQE/6d08fb56fb7f4f5111ab87bf7b63fb5e/App_UserFlow.png"
caption: Fig. 5 - User experience diagram for the Rock Art VR app.
- sys:
id: 1cN6S7SmRywQYmGwKGsaw2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:28:22.643000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:28:22.643000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 6'
body: The interactive portion of the app then begins, with users following a path
up the hillside to Game Pass Shelter, experiencing six places en route with
360° panoramic views (see example below).
- sys:
id: 75vDJziuic2I02EQKym8Gm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:29:27.383000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:29:27.383000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: a2qVgKlOU0IgeU8CGkooi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:29:15.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:29:15.605000000 Z
title: ScreenShot3
description: Further example of the panoramic views user experience in the app
via Cardboard headsets.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/a2qVgKlOU0IgeU8CGkooi/e503c9cc97a20f4f91746d82a57a5b8d/ScreenShot3.jpg"
caption: Fig. 6 - Further example of the panoramic views user experience in the
app via Cardboard headsets.
- sys:
id: 7EhyKmW3NSKGeYksYOMGs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:30:08.600000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:30:08.600000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 7'
body: This interactive tour is self-led and culminates with the user discovering
two key rock art panels at the shelter site. When the user clicks on the highlighted
rock panels, the user is presented with the option to view each in detail via
3D models whose key features are highlighted and described by connected audio
narration. After visiting the rock art panels, the user can revisit any part
of the tour or choose to leave via the exit screen and credits.
- sys:
id: 3KTPOINSlW6I0O6iEysQW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:32:53.962000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:32:53.962000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5bDwOlwnhm2CgCescKQoS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:31:10.960000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:31:10.960000000 Z
title: PANEL TWO 03 eland face turned towards us
description: 3D model of Panel Two ("Rosetta Stone") of Game Pass Shelter, as
seen in the Rock Art VR app. This model was made by combining archival photos
with new imagery using photogrammetric techniques, and important features
of the modeled are highlighted in the app in connection to audio descriptions.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5bDwOlwnhm2CgCescKQoS6/df333027035218f7e6222351c7a3ad12/PANEL_TWO_04_part_human_part_animal_grasping_at_the_tail.jpg"
caption: Fig. 7 - 3D model of Panel 2 ("Rosetta Stone") of Game Pass Shelter,
as seen in the Rock Art VR app. This model was made by combining archival photos
with new imagery and important features of the model are highlighted in connection
to audio descriptions.
- sys:
id: 4whYOCUWdWiMY2MGiCWao0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:33:43.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:33:43.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 8'
body: 'The desired user’s outcomes for using the app include: 1) to gain a first-hand
experience exploring an African rock art site virtually; 2) to learn about the
African Rock Image Art project and the TARA rock art digital catalogue/website;
3) to increase awareness of the importance of African rock art, in connection
to its endangered nature, artistic heritage, and importance to indigenous groups;
4) to introduce creative digital resources within the British Museum, and increase
interest in our web resources and Collections Online.'
- sys:
id: AmuS3r3zIkMIgSmIEKqcK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:34:51.546000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:35:02.983000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1zVZ5PiOc0ukuISI6GUKQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:34:38.442000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:34:38.442000000 Z
title: IMG 6293
description: Children trying out the Rock Art VR app at our launch event in
November 2016.
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1zVZ5PiOc0ukuISI6GUKQK/52e88e5d3e4768e99b0725145ae20d79/IMG_6293.jpg"
caption: Fig. 8 - Children trying out the Rock Art VR app at our launch event
in November 2016.
- sys:
id: 75ifs3faSWy0qw2eUS4Yu4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:37:17.726000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 16:11:08.975000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Thematic: rockartvr, chapter 9'
body: "We lauched the app in November 2016 with an event in the Great Court at
the British Museum, where over 150 visitors used the app for the first time
and provided us with valuable user feedback. Most people seemed to enjoy their
experience of using the app and saw the huge potential that this technology
could have for experiencing heritage in exciting, new ways and gaining new audiences!
The overall positive feedback has inspired us to further develop new projects
using similar techniques to reconstruct rock art sites destroyed in recent conflicts
using our historical collection of photos.\n\nAdditionally, we hope to continue
to work with our project partners in Africa to further develop educational resources
and DIY digital technology to make African Rock Art Image archive accessible
to both communities and researchers globally. \n\nThe Game Pass Shelter Rock
Art VR app can be downloaded here: \n\nIOS [https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/game-pass-shelter/id1176174140?mt=8
](https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/game-pass-shelter/id1176174140?mt=8) \n\nAndroid
[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.soluis.gamepassshelter&hl=en_GB\n](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.soluis.gamepassshelter&hl=en_GB)\n\nThis
app is made available as an educational resource under an Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike
4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license. Images copyright ©TARA/<NAME>
& African Conservation Trust\n\nFor more information:\n[https://africanrockart.org/](https://africanrockart.org/
\"Trust for African Rock Art (TARA)\")\n[http://www.projectafrica.com/](http://www.projectafrica.com/)"
- sys:
id: 3dnPPXO03ecUwA2ymasCKo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:38:10.252000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:38:10.252000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6p0X9HegW4ikqMIUGCuMMc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:37:56.805000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-13 02:37:56.805000000 Z
title: IMG 6295
description: Drawings inspired by the African Rock Art Image Project's archive
on the replica 'rock wall' at our app launch event!
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6p0X9HegW4ikqMIUGCuMMc/56e4c97464c50ab73c5395ab03e06488/IMG_6295.jpg"
caption: Fig. 9 - Drawings inspired by the African Rock Art Image Project's archive
on the replica 'rock wall' at our app launch event!
background_images:
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id: 2qLasAyYmAM4wUS2gOe4yg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-12 22:40:18.738000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-03-12 22:40:18.738000000 Z
title: Game Pass7
description:
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title: Game Pass3
description:
url: "//assets.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4LZ2y95ptKWk2SwUQgwu4k/a5150665772b9d769f26ccf3c6b39f03/Game_Pass3.tif"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/nigeria/images.md
---
layout: gallery
title: Images
breadcrumbs:
- {label: Countries, url: ../../}
- {label: Nigeria, url: ../}
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/botswana-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 70Jk3F9iU0OaCQGQWkGqM6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:04:27.819000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:04:27.819000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Botswana: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5wtp5JwhDUU0cMoCcWgGgy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:25:13.083000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:25:13.083000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Botswana, a landlocked country in southern Africa, has a landscape defined
by the Kalahari Desert in the west and the Okavango Delta in the north. Rock
art can be found in the north, north-west and east of the country. One of the
most well-known locations is the Tsodilo Hills in the north-west which contains
evidence of human occupation that goes back 100,000 years. This area has yielded
more than 4,000 paintings and has been termed the *Louvre of the Desert*. It
also has engraved cupules and grooves dating back to the first millennium AD. '
- sys:
id: 2UQ5NTtwJO42YcwmMkwQEC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:25:32.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:41:27.865000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nU9N3ePduuQ60SQsiuYUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:37:45.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:37:45.576000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0190005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nU9N3ePduuQ60SQsiuYUO/726dcb36ac6ab50baa1de073e8672153/BOTTSD0190005_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'This schematic painting of a zebra can be found in the Tsodilo Hills
in Botswana, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This image became the first logo
of the National Museum and Art Gallery of Botswana. 2013,2034.20773 © TARA/
<NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758628&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20773&page=1
- sys:
id: 2ZUfI0WpgssmaomWYocswq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:11.853000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:11.853000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 2'
body: The Republic of Botswana is bordered by South Africa to the south, Namibia
to the west and north and Zimbabwe to the north-east. It shares a short border
consisting of a few hundred metres with Zambia to the north. The majority of
this flat country, around 70%, is made up of the Kalahari Desert, with the Okavango
Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas located in the north. Botswana
has a subtropical climate of hot summers and warm winters due to its high altitude
and is semi-arid due to the short rainy season. Rock art is scattered across
the country with the main sites being found in the Tsodilo Hills in the north-
west; the Gubatshaa Hills in the Chobe National Park, east of the Okavango
Delta; Tuli Block in the far east of the country and Manyana in the south-east.
- sys:
id: 5gcQn3IFgAE6UYMQMyUgik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:28.774000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:29:05.947000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 67txlVj7aMsymikMMMKm4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:36:31.689000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:36:31.689000000 Z
title: BOTTSDNAS0010017
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/67txlVj7aMsymikMMMKm4U/1cc7960b055b1328802e0c794a3e65b6/BOTTSDNAS0010017_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'Aerial view of Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.21162 © TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762286&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21162&page=1
- sys:
id: FXOBNXwFq0WAuyUQC4uGm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:42.821000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:41:00.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 3'
body: |
German geologist Siegfried Passarge visited the Tsodilo Hills on the 1st July 1898, mapping the area, writing on the geology and photographing a few rock paintings. In 1907, he published tracings of his photos in Die Buschmänner der Kalahari. A passing mention of the Hills was made in 1913 in a brief report by <NAME>, but it was <NAME>, a French industrialist and explorer, who raised the profile of Tsodilo Hills when over two days he photographed and prepared tracings of what has come to be known as the “Rhino Panel” on September 27-28 1951.
<NAME>’s publication of *The Lost World of the Kalahari* in 1958 brought Tsodilo Hills and its rock art to the attention of the wider world. Van der Post, an Afrikaner, had planned to make a film of the rock art in the region, but a number of events including the shooting of a steenbok (a severe crime locally), the cameras jamming and swarms of bees descending upon their camp, conspired against him and resulted in van der Post leaving the Hills in despair. However, he also left an apologetic note at the rock art panel he had been trying to film as a way of assuaging the wrath of the “Spirit of the Hills” as he put it. The rock face he was trying to film, comprising eland, giraffe and handprints, is now known as “Van der Post Panel”.
- sys:
id: vMbGVjcFe8YOcigyG6iuc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:52.599000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:41:44.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 54OlxJkeXK0ywWs4oQMqAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:38:11.611000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:38:11.611000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0040004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/54OlxJkeXK0ywWs4oQMqAK/875873fafa0f76e30cf3fcdcd7799454/BOTTSD0040004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'View of the Van der Post Panel in the Tsodilo Hills as the sun is setting.
2013,2034.20449 © TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729885&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20449&page=1
- sys:
id: dqvTnHT7xeCC0omYUgyas
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:59.386000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:26:59.386000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 4'
body: |
In 1963 <NAME> visited the region with <NAME>, an ethnographer who had studied the San|Bushmen in Botswana. As Director of Botswana’s National Museum, Campbell had a little government funding to record the rock art and excavate the rock shelters. Subsequently he collaborated with archaeologists <NAME>, <NAME>, and paleo-geographer <NAME>.
During the 1990s, Campbell, along with the staff from the National Museum recorded around 400 rock art sites numbering over 4,000 individual paintings. In 2001 Tsodilo Hills became a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its spiritual significance to local peoples, as well as its unique record of human settlement over many millennia.
- sys:
id: 6oBrvFH0WcGAAOqYEg2Q4s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:09.816000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:41:53.538000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6Nezz3ZlxCMOeSOiEKuG0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:38:28.208000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:38:28.208000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0170011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Nezz3ZlxCMOeSOiEKuG0s/ba6319e8dbe59b7609ad756a15489bc2/BOTTSD0170011_jpeg.jpg"
caption: '<NAME> next to painted rock art at Rhino Cave in the Tsodilo
Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.20750 © TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758479&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20750&page=1
- sys:
id: 7DJn8Jqhy0cwGwksoWSOIS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:18.797000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:41:18.565000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Distribution and themes
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 5'
body: |-
Tuli Block is a narrow fringe of land in the far east of the country that borders South Africa and lies on the banks of the Limpopo River. This area is characterised by rock engravings of human and animal footprints, and cupules, which hold spiritual importance both for San|Bushman¹ hunter-gatherers and Tswana farmers. The engravings are thought to refer to a local myth that tells of an ancestor, named Matsieng, who is believed to have emerged from a waterhole followed by his animals. However, there are several localities in the region that claim this origin myth. It is thought the engravings in this area were created by the San|Bushmen and linked to their belief system, appropriated later by the Tswana farmers.
The most renowned rock art in Botswana comes from the Tsodilo Hills in the north-west of the country. With more than 4,500 paintings preserved in an area of 10km² it has been termed the “Louvre of the Desert”. Tsodilo is made up of four main hills; Male Hill, Female Hill, Child Hill and North Hill, and paintings occur on all four. The subject matter, comprised of red and white paintings, includes animals, human figures and geometric designs. Red paintings are likely to have been made by San|Bushmen, while the white paintings are more difficult to attribute authorship to but may be a later continuation of the red tradition. There are no engraved images at Tsodilo but cupules and ground grooves are a common feature. Dating of the paintings at Tsodilo has been difficult, and because many of them occur on exposed surfaces where they are susceptible to damage by the sun, rain and wind, what remains is probably not very old. However, paintings of cattle, which are also badly faded, probably date to between AD 800 and 1150 when people kept these animals in this area.
¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted them.
- sys:
id: 5TetNeY7kWwAQWW0gks2ya
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:26.815000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:43:00.396000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4bfNSUilHiW0aqEus0CQeI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:38:44.342000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:38:44.342000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0300004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4bfNSUilHiW0aqEus0CQeI/be79f76088201d6fabfcf13ed6cf9df5/BOTTSD0300004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Two painted rhinoceros on Female Hill, Tsodilo, Botswana. 2013,2034.20450
© TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729906&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20450&page=1
- sys:
id: 4zsMKPKa9qCmqy0YU4mCu0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:35.809000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:42:24.988000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 19Wy6q0o68Saeo0uISC4e6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:05.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:05.578000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0570002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19Wy6q0o68Saeo0uISC4e6/1b50517b69d707e8c2b03599e1a182f5/BOTTSD0570002_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Known as the ‘Giraffe Panel’ this site is located on the east side of
Female Hill at Tsodilo. 2013,2034.21232 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744521&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21232&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Uz37dTcS4WM0wsMqykGyM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:44.093000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:44.093000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 6'
body: '250 km east of the Tsodilo Hills, on the eastern side of the Okavango Delta,
lie the Gubatshaa Hills. Paintings here consist of geometric designs and finger
painted animals such as eland, elephant, antelope and giraffe. Geometric designs
are stylistically different from those at Tsodilo but share similarities with
some painted designs in Carnarvon District, Northern Cape, South Africa. '
- sys:
id: G2bUDmiGmi4UwaEcU8GeC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:53.423000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:42:46.477000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: FTRXrT2TQao4qQ2O6Yiea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:20.609000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:20.609000000 Z
title: BOTGUB0010004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/FTRXrT2TQao4qQ2O6Yiea/beb96fd5bfa4c52cf6a5ef1776c0096c/BOTGUB0010004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Geometric designs at Gubatshaa Hils. These differ from those at Tsodilo
Hills but share similarities with painted design in the Northern Cape of South
Africa. 2013,2034.20507 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3755221&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20507&page=1
- sys:
id: 47oOZzqdvqw4624OYwIwMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:00.942000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:00.942000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 7'
body: 'Rock art is rare in the south-east of the country, but the site of Manyana
is noteworthy because it is the only one that has been excavated. The paintings
are found at five sites along a rock outcrop of 0.75 km at the base of the Koboleng
Hills, and while once richly decorated, many of the paintings have now faded.
It is difficult to determine exactly when the paintings were made, but excavation
shows the use of ochre from the earliest occupation levels dating to the Late
Stone Age, around AD 100 - 800, with the latest occupation levels dating to
the Late Iron Age, around AD 1600-1700. Interestingly, none of the paintings
were done in white, a colour found at many other sites in Botswana and other
regions of southern Africa, and often attributed to paintings of Iron Age date.
In addition, there are no images of eland or figures combining human/antelope
form which are common occurrences in South African rock art. '
- sys:
id: 2eBKXXsYDuuoy4UmoGAcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:09.513000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:43:52.079000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5DlH7qo75uqEUsW4qmGywg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:36.074000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:36.074000000 Z
title: BOTMAN0010005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5DlH7qo75uqEUsW4qmGywg/5b4e35d5e2f7648155d762f230aac57f/BOTMAN0010005_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Three faded yellow giraffe at Manyana. 2013,2034.20530 © TARA/ David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3755681&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20530&page=1
- sys:
id: dPgwiUL3AkUeqOoAcmgG0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:17.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:45:07.843000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Cupules and grooves
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 8'
body: Cupules and grooves can be found in the Tsodilo Hills, and also in the eastern
part of the country in Tuli Block and Gubatshaa Hills. Engravings include human
footprints and animal tracks. Most sites with engravings and/or cupules occur
near water; for example at the site of Riverslee in the Tuli Block they encircle
a waterhole while at Basinghall the cupule site is near the Limpopo River.
- sys:
id: 5dJBDiteWQoIui2AKAAC00
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:26.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:46:13.060000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 66x1NGJT6Eku8UIAYqQEMW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:52.783000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:39:52.783000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0410013
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/66x1NGJT6Eku8UIAYqQEMW/0390827df5133b4dad256c5abb3e6e3f/BOTTSD0410013_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Boulder engraved with elongated oval grooves found in Crab Shelter on
the west side of Female Hill, Tsodilo, Botswana. 2013,2034.20922 © TARA/ David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761599&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20922&page=1
- sys:
id: 4Jy5ySl2ByIo6wE442Ua4k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:33.030000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:33.030000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 9'
body: Because the identity of the artists are unknown to us we can only speculate
on the function and/or meanings of the art in relation to other rock art traditions
in southern Africa. These may include fertility, health, abundance, protection
against evil spirits or summoning rain. Contemporary communities at Tsodilo
Hills believe that spirits live in the Hills and have explained how those who
enter the Hills must be respectful as the spirits are capable of both curing
and punishing people. In particular, White Paintings Shelter in the Tsodilo
Hills was used as a place to perform curative dances that involved the placing
of hands on the paintings in order to use its power. Geometric designs are more
difficult to interpret but may fit into a tradition of other geometric symbols
in the region and represent weather and fertility symbols.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4MTpPfi0MgCWMswEYQocii
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:03:48.079000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:03:48.079000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>; <NAME> (2010) Tsodilo
Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University
Press.\n\n<NAME>, Maria; <NAME>; <NAME>. (2004) Rocks
of potency: engravings and cupules from the Dovedale Ward, Southern Tuli Block,
Botswana, in \nSouth African Archaeological Bulletin, 58 (178), pp: 53-62.\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/ethiopia-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 1wLn16dmUsUkcm6UgwmaoE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:43:00.803000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:55.895000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 4
title: 'Ethiopia: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 31sjVVkxrOsYoCakaWWIsw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:08.693000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:08.693000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 1'
body: Ethiopia is the biggest country of the Horn of Africa, a very diverse country
which has traditionally been a melting pot of cultures, religions and ethnicities,
acting as a crossroads between the Nile valley region, the Red Sea and East
Africa. Most rock art is located in the southern part of the country, although
smaller concentrations have been documented near the borders with Eritrea, Sudan
and Kenya. Ethiopian rock art shows strong similarities with other countries
in the Horn of Africa as well as Sudan and mostly consists of cow depictions
dated from the 3rd millennium onwards, although other animals, anthropomorphic
figures and geometric symbols are also fairly common.
- sys:
id: 6DDVz3LoAwAoOaE6sg0qew
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:32.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 14:34:31.428000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 2'
body: The geography of Ethiopia is varied and ranges from high plateaus to savannahs
and deserts. The eastern part mostly consists of a range of plateaus and high
mountains, which in some cases reach more than 4000m above sea level. To the
north of these mountains is Lake Tana, the biggest lake in Ethiopia and the
source of the Blue Nile, one of the two tributaries of the Nile. The mountains
are divided in two by the Great Rift Valley, which runs north-east to south-west,
- and is one of the most important areas for the study of human evolution. The
highlands are surrounded by tropical savannah and grassland regions to the west
and south-west, while to the east lays the Danakil desert, one of the most inhospitable
regions on earth. The south-eastern corner of Ethiopia, which borders Somalia,
is a semi-desert plateau ranging from 300-1500 m above sea level.
- sys:
id: W4Ffii79a8aAicMksA4G0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:40:22.095000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 14:42:57.195000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: IIbbaihhGSi02y0qamaIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:43:02.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:43:02.833000000 Z
title: ETHNAS0005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/IIbbaihhGSi02y0qamaIy/b9ff2db6b1f2d89f359fe4f4278c51af/ETHNAS0005.jpg"
caption: View of landscape in southern Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16171 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jqquJj
- sys:
id: 5lRTzejpleGqe2MQ0O4k0o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:38:53.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 14:48:57.742000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Ethiopian rock art is located around two main areas: around the city of
Harar to the east and the Sidamo region to the south-west. The first group comprises
mainly painted depictions, while the second one is characterized by a bas-relief
technique specific only to this area. However, rock art has also been discovered
in other areas, such as the border with Eritrea, the area near Kenya and the
Benishangul-Gumuz region, a lowland area along the border with Sudan. As research
increases, it is likely that more rock art sites will be discovered throughout
the country. In addition to these engravings and paintings, Ethiopia is also
known for its decorated stelae, tall stone obelisks that are usually engraved
with culturally and religiously important symbols. One of these places is Tiya,
a burial place declared a World Heritage Site which has 32 richly decorated
stelae. Although not strictly rock art in the traditional sense, they nevertheless
represent one of the most interesting group of archaeological remains in the
south of Ethiopia and demonstrate similar techniques to some of the engraved
depictions.'
- sys:
id: 6Aw2hC2mDSGKMsEWYOa80C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:46:38.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:06:35.150000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4w2Qic7EkEe0omyUA2i6QU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:46:16.750000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:46:16.750000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16248'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4w2Qic7EkEe0omyUA2i6QU/5b36c4b2ad5132161c8e8348f760df1c/2013_2034.16248.jpg"
caption: View of engraved cow with curved horns and marked udders. Shepe, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16248 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i9tddD
- sys:
id: 2FarnK5oM0Ese246YsW2WC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:19.763000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:19.763000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 4'
body: Ethiopian rock art has played a key role in the Horn of Africa research,
and the studies undertaken in this country have structured the chronologies,
styles and interpretations of the whole region. Research started as early as
the mid-1930s when the <NAME> proposed a classification of Ethiopian
rock art through the study of the Porc-Epic and Genda-Biftou sites. This proposal
stated a progressive evolution in eight steps from naturalism to schematism,
and set the interpretative framework for succeeding decades. Breuil’s ideas
were generally followed by <NAME> in his synthesis of the rock art
in the Horn of Africa in 1954, and they also appear in the work of Paolo Graziosi
(1964). During the 1960s, research was carried out by <NAME> in the
Sidamo area and by <NAME> near Harar, where a report made for the Ethiopian
government informed about the existence of around ten rock art sites in the
same area.
- sys:
id: 5FlXwLASzY64aWE8kyUQi0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:41:06.599000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:20:14.088000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5rOzA2mToQEA8eCoE2S6yc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:49.577000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:49.577000000 Z
title: ETHLAG0010030
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5rOzA2mToQEA8eCoE2S6yc/8a7fad16c52c41bab12fb032ccfc026c/ETHLAG0010030.jpg"
caption: View of painted cattle and human figures. Laga Oda, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16575 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j3OmG6
- sys:
id: 64V0g8Z7P2EYc4AyAIKuWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:35.423000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:35.423000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 5'
body: Rock art research in Ethiopia has traditionally included the term Ethiopian-Arabian
style, coined in 1971 by Červiček to show the similarities between the depictions
found in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The existence of this
style is currently the paradigm used in most rock art interpretations of the
region, although some concerns have been raised due to its too generic characteristics,
which can be found in many other parts of Africa. The 1990s and 2000s have
seen a remarkable increase of rock art research in the country, with the renewal
of studies in the main areas and the beginning of research in the regions of
Tigray and Benishangul-Gumuz.
- sys:
id: 5NlCEmTba0OqysyQwwQcKk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:41:26.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:21:39.681000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6jqDCZikwg60QmgaSYKsKA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:57.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:44:57.045000000 Z
title: ETHDAG0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6jqDCZikwg60QmgaSYKsKA/43845a952bb5271b011eed5227486ec2/ETHDAG0010003.jpg"
caption: View of rock shelter full of humped cattle, human figures and unidentified
shapes. Saka Sharifa, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16397 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iAVSEX
- sys:
id: 4iWjeBjtmoEKS42IImMCYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:39:53.855000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:34:19.840000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 6'
body: Cattle and cattle-related depictions are the main subject of Ethiopian rock
art, regardless of their relative chronology. The oldest depictions (based on
Červiček’s works) are of humpless cows, while in the late stages of rock art
humped cows and camels appear. Goats, sheep and dogs are very occasionally depicted,
and unlike the Saharan rock art, wild animals such as giraffes and antelopes
are scarce. Figures of cattle appear alone or in herds, and the depictions of
cows with calves are a fairly common motif not only in Ethiopia but in the whole
Horn of Africa.
- sys:
id: 4180pjSpqg2mQKuYMq66a4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:41:45.230000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 15:35:54.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: cyrbFGoA8wEaS8qM4Ys4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:06.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:06.217000000 Z
title: ETHKIM0010014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/cyrbFGoA8wEaS8qM4Ys4c/dae038fef2aa592df7f64faebacd63a9/ETHKIM0010014.jpg"
caption: Group of humped cattle painted in white, with round heads. Kimet, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16534 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iB07QT
- sys:
id: 3jCmlMhq00Wq8g8aSMgqc2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:11.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:11.167000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 7'
body: The other main group of depictions is of anthropomorphs, which are usually
schematic and often distributed in rows. In some cases, the tendency to schematism
is so pronounced that human figures are reduced to an H-like shape. Sometimes,
human figures are represented as warriors, carrying weapons and on occasion
fighting against other humans or big felines. Along with these figurative themes,
geometric signs are very common in Ethiopian rock art, including groups of dots
and other motifs that have been interpreted as symbols associated with groups
that historically lived in the region.
- sys:
id: 1eqq7kEwJUWO0EgC6cqmEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:42:03.855000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 16:28:50.616000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1gmLTDIgQY8i4SgKUMYSc4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:20.229000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:20.229000000 Z
title: ETHKIM0010016
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1gmLTDIgQY8i4SgKUMYSc4/fb8b409508be98645c1d84812937d4ab/ETHKIM0010016.jpg"
caption: View of schematic, red human figure. Kimet, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16536
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jqRjNt
- sys:
id: 6AAXBjdFN6mACg0K8kEGcQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:35.934000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:40:35.934000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 8'
body: 'Not all themes are distributed in every area. In Sidamo, almost all figures
depict humpless cows, while subjects in the Harar region show a far bigger variability.
Again, differences in techniques are also evident: while depictions in the Harar
region are mainly paintings, in Sidamo many figures are engraved in a very singular
way, lowering the area around the figures to achieve a bas-relief effect. The
clear differences between the Sidamo engravings (known as the Chabbé-Galma group)
and those of the Harar (the Laga Oda-Sourré group) have led to criticisms about
the perceived uniformity of the *Ethiopian-Arabian* style.'
- sys:
id: 6cRf4VoFgsiuoQUaKoG6Eq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:42:26.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 16:29:56.050000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6johOxHojKY4EkOqEco6c6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:27.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:27.772000000 Z
title: ETHSOD0030007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6johOxHojKY4EkOqEco6c6/2640f76a5871320bf2ff03fefd8c37a7/ETHSOD0030007.jpg"
caption: Engraved grids and geometric signs. Ambe Akirsa, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16270
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iYklVo
- sys:
id: 5oDcrjBLqwk44WoQge2ECA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:41:00.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:41:00.681000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: country, chapter 9'
body: As is the case with most African rock art, absolute dates for depictions
based on radiocarbon techniques are scarce, and therefore most of the chronological
framework of Ethiopian rock art has to rely on the analysis of figures, superimpositions,
parallels with depictions of better known areas and other indirect dating methods.
In Ethiopian rock art it is generally assumed that the oldest depictions could
be dated to the mid-third millennium BC, according to parallels with other Saharan
rock art. As aforementioned, the so-called Ethiopian-Arabian style shows an
evolution from naturalism to schematism, with an older group (Sourré-Hanakiya)
showing strong similarities with rock art in Egypt, Sudan and Libya. A second,
progressively schematic group (Dahtami) would last until the end of the first
millennium BC. This date is supported by the appearance of camels and humped
cows (zebus), which were introduced in the region at the end of the second half
of the 1st millennium BC. The last stages of Ethiopian rock art relating to
camel, warriors and geometric depictions can be considered to belong to the
historical period, in some cases reaching very near to the present day.
- sys:
id: 5znoN0ALBYKoEswqOIoUQ4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:42:45.233000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-10 16:31:49.133000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Q738mIexa8sWUwqsai8Ai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:35.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:45:35.501000000 Z
title: ETHGOD0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Q738mIexa8sWUwqsai8Ai/89f7045007c92e674ef5854118853c04/ETHGOD0010011.jpg"
caption: ": Panel infilled with painted camels, unidentified quadrupeds and geometric
signs. G<NAME>, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16466 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jztgzY
citations:
- sys:
id: 6KRR3bOPjUYGU8m6eA4QkC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:41:41.635000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:45:00.268000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. (1971): Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia). *Paideuma*, 17: 121-136.
<NAME>. (1954): T*he Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. Octagon Press, New York.
<NAME>. (1990): Distribution of Rock Paintings and Engravings in Ethiopia. *Proceedings of the First National Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa*, 1990: 289-302.
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/mauritania/guilemsi.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Mauritania
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: QsOItel9sWUGymKiQe8QC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:34:24.351000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:43:50.662000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Guilemsi, Mauritania
slug: guilemsi
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3PyEd6v57yqOQ4GyumkyG8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:56.057000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:56.057000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 1'
body: A significant concentration of rock art in Mauritania is in the region of
Guilemsi, an 11-km long ridge, about 70 m high at its highest point. Guilemsi
is located in the desert, around 50 km north of the town of Tidjika, and about
200 km west of the renowned Neolithic sites at Dhar Tichitt. Guilemsi’s south
face contains many ravines with rock shelters, and the rock painting sites scattered
around the area are to be found in open shelters and ridges or boulders on the
cliff faces, as well as on the stone banks of a dry river. These sites are notable
both for the solely painted nature of the rock art, and the variety of its subject
matter.
- sys:
id: 68H1B3nwreqsiWmGqa488G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:21:40.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:31:27.636000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1uRo8OtMas0sE0uiOUSIok
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.328000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12416'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uRo8OtMas0sE0uiOUSIok/71ebc908be14899de348803b21cddc31/2013_2034.12416.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure on horseback. <NAME>, 2013,2034.12418
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646307&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12418&page=1
- sys:
id: 6MRt7S2BckWkaGcGW4iEMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:11.911000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:11.911000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 2'
body: There are many stone constructions at Guilemsi that have been known to archaeologists
for decades, although they have not received the academic attention that those
further to the East in the Tichitt-Walata region had. The Dhars Tagant, Tichitt,
Walata and Néma form an enormous crescent-shaped chain of sandstone escarpments,
enclosing much of southern Mauritania and associated with a Neolithic ‘Tichitt
Tradition’, which is based on the remains of over 400 apparent settlements along
the escarpment ridges. This culture is thought to have existed between about
2,000 BC and 200 BC, based on pastoralism and the cultivation of millet, before
declining due to the increasing aridity of the environment and possible incursion
by other cultural groups from the North.
- sys:
id: 2uYbn8i2oQQEcu4gMYyKCQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:22:17.768000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:32:15.715000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5MkqJUXrj2o4e8SmweeoW2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.333000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.333000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12357'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MkqJUXrj2o4e8SmweeoW2/92eeb35eb7e827596e213cd06cf9fe4a/2013_2034.12357.jpg"
caption: View looking South from the West summit on the sandstone ridge of Guilemsi,
Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12357 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646542&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12357&page=1
- sys:
id: 1CiJq8i5liqkImaM4mEWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:28.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:28.226000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The Tichitt Tradition is characterised by dry stonewall remains, and these
are found at Guilemsi, although the extent of the connection with the Tichitt
culture to the East is unclear. The ridge at Guilemsi contains many apparent
funerary monuments consisting of rectangular stone platforms, as well as apparent
dwelling structures. Some of the funerary monuments appear to be associated
with rock shelters, but any connection of the stone structures to the rock art
remains unknown.
- sys:
id: 1blgrBPnEoSKqeCASmUgGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:22:58.090000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:32:49.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7yy2sbn6PCoeuqyQOAgcA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12494'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7yy2sbn6PCoeuqyQOAgcA8/0914de8f403684d18accff0284017210/2013_2034.12494.jpg"
caption: Stonewall remains, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034. 12494 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646554&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12494&page=1
- sys:
id: 2d8TB564qE4E6yw6I0MG2A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:44.594000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:29:44.594000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 4'
body: The rock art at Guilemsi appears to be all painted, which marks a contrast
to Tichitt sites which more often feature engraved rock art. The only non-painted
rock markings encountered at Guilemsi was several groups of cupules (round,
man-made depressions in the rock) which were found in three rock shelters. Some
of the paintings in the area are unusual in themselves- one of the most striking
is a panel of handprints in red (Fig. 4.), as well as a couple of rare paintings
appearing to be of big cats, and the heads and finely rendered horns of seven
antelope, perhaps oryx (Fig. 5.).
- sys:
id: 1pP6kJroQ4C2CYAim6KGQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:23:33.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:33:17.453000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6uIYZ0iOROas4Uqo4u4UyW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12382'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6uIYZ0iOROas4Uqo4u4UyW/3215c1e93f536598e0a14be6fcecfa82/2013_2034.12382.jpg"
caption: Paint handprints on rock shelter wall, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12382 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646167&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12382&page=1
- sys:
id: 3exPT8hfMAQ2SUIeGqKgSU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:24:09.355000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 14:34:51.120000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2QrzxNR1jq4w8EO2KEUUoE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.317000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12421'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2QrzxNR1jq4w8EO2KEUUoE/10c62c938cb1ed9f9b6d25edf4d17205/2013_2034.12421.jpg"
caption: Painted heads of seven antelope (oryx?), rock shelter wall, Guilemsi,
Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12427 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646352&partId=1&searchText=Painted+heads+of+seven+antelope+&page=1
- sys:
id: 3Q3fT8FApyQooa8cikOkiU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:05.118000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:05.118000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Cattle, perhaps the most common animal subject in Mauritanian rock art,
are also depicted here, notably in another singular scene: one of an otherwise
naturalistic cow with dramatically elongated legs, next to an artificially inflated-looking
human figure (Fig. 8). Domestic cattle were present in the area from at least
the second Millennium BC, so these paintings must post-date this, although whether
they are associated with Tichitt-Tradition pastoralists or later groups is not
known. The fact that even the more normally-proportioned cattle representations
at Guilemsi are depicted in a variety of styles (Figs. 6 & 7) while in the same
vicinity may suggest successive (or perhaps even contemporary) painting by peoples
with different stylistic traditions.'
- sys:
id: 2WJOpXkkG4C4sce8wkcE4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:24:46.144000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:03:22.300000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 32ojd6nNewwy8qSU0kuYYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:20:01.824000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:20:01.824000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12381'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/32ojd6nNewwy8qSU0kuYYk/3328ca79a097f10fe9b125c43352c0a8/2013_2034.12381.jpg"
caption: Painted bichrome cow, cave wall, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12381
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646170&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12381+&page=1
- sys:
id: Z2iJHm63qoW8e8wsAqCAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:25:17.499000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:04:00.340000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3Z70aGhdUsOCKyWyK6u8eE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.681000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12449'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3Z70aGhdUsOCKyWyK6u8eE/c818ef2eba7505c159c231e4aa35ad4a/2013_2034.12449.jpg"
caption: Two schematic painted cattle, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12449
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3647071&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12449&page=1
- sys:
id: 56Ia1KTWDKwuw0ekagww6K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:23.129000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:23.129000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'Two of the most impressive panels of paintings from Guilemsi involve not
cattle but another important domesticate: ridden horses. There is evidence of
horses having reached the far West of North Africa by about 600 AD, but horses
may have been used in the area much earlier, from the mid-1st Millennium BC,
if not earlier. Although elsewhere in the Sahara the earliest horse images appear
to show them used for draught purposes rather than riding, in Mauritania, almost
all depictions of horses in rock art show them being ridden, often by apparently
armed riders (eg. Fig. 11). At Guilemsi, there are several styles of paintings
showing horses and riders: the ‘bi-triangular’ and stick-figure like styles
(Figs. 10 & 11), which have been proposed to be associated with early Berber
peoples, and another style, showing horses with elongated, stylised bodies and
short necks (Fig. 9). These horse depictions appear to be of a form thus far
unrecorded in the rock art of the area, and as such are an interesting addition
to the known corpus, as Mauritanian rock art has not been as thoroughly studied
as that of other Saharan countries.'
- sys:
id: 6mPD0Om12wAcaOmOiaumYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:25:53.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:04:24.323000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2CFj8amCm8aMkkmQ0emk0o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12474'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2CFj8amCm8aMkkmQ0emk0o/c4ea95ada7f53b9ffb0c43bb6f412b8f/2013_2034.12474.jpg"
caption: Painted figures of contorted cow and human figure, and regularly-proportioned
cow, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12474 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646484&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12474+&page=1
- sys:
id: 2da6EUC7TC6wSWGAOwQaAO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:26:22.515000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:04:47.280000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 58CHInxW4wagKgwCAsWcqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.272000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.272000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12411'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58CHInxW4wagKgwCAsWcqY/f1370f3f0700aaae60918abb3821cb22/2013_2034.12411.jpg"
caption: Painted figures of mounted horses on cave wall, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12411 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646326&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12411+&page=1
- sys:
id: 4UfKI7DmWA4A4eqocC0iMG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:26:54.429000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-08-23 15:05:23.813000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nZtTK8uIEc2MqGAqQC8c6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.680000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12454'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nZtTK8uIEc2MqGAqQC8c6/c36ab38978b6ccdc3ff693edeeb20091/2013_2034.12454.jpg"
caption: Three painted “bi-triangular” schematic horses and riders, with white
geometric shape and several unidentified figures. Guilemsi, <NAME>.
2013,2034.12454 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3648285&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12454&page=1
- sys:
id: 16gHbuP8Hqo4KwCQK0sWeI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:45.101000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:30:45.101000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 7'
body: Another very interesting tableau is that in Fig. 11, which is to the right
of the panel in Fig. 9, but in executed in a very different style. It appears
to depict a group of armed horsemen, and warriors on foot, vanquishing others
who are unmounted, who lie, presumably dead, to the left of the horsemen, surrounded
by spears. This is an unusually dynamic depiction of conflict, and it is not
known whether it depicts an imagined or real confrontation, or, if real, whether
it is the work of an artist from the culture of the horsemen or those opposing
them.
- sys:
id: 60nybfnB4cmoOaIQq8sWkC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:27:25.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-17 17:56:58.326000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1EGPJpRMnmuk6Y6c0Qigos
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.251000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:58.251000000 Z
title: '2013,20134.12436'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EGPJpRMnmuk6Y6c0Qigos/332e9d6c97776b73a42854cff4ea81b4/2013_20134.12436.jpg"
caption: Painted figures of mounted horses with armed riders, two armed human
figures on foot, several prone human figures, with possible mounted cow at lower
right. Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania. 2013,20134.12424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646333&partId=1&searchText=Guilemsi,+Tagant&&page=2
- sys:
id: 41eYfH850QI2GswScg6uE8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:31:05.524000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:31:05.524000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: featured site, chapter 8'
body: |-
It has been suggested that the painting of the horse scenes, in line with similar images from other rock art traditions, may be a cathartic spiritual exercise made, possibly by victims of raids, in response to violent intercultural contact. However as with the other images, without an accurate way of scientifically dating such paintings, it is hard to know exactly when they were painted and therefore difficult to propose of or by whom, much less ascribe motivations. Stone tools and the remains of iron smelting activity at Guilemsi suggest successive occupations, possibly over a long period.
Stylistic links to other sites may be made, however: despite the fact that some of the iconography at Guilemsi appears quite unique, other elements, such as the bichrome cow in Fig. 6, and other square figures at Guilemsi of a man and giraffe, have similar looking counterparts in the Tichitt region, while the “bi-triangular” horses are found elsewhere in the Tagant and Adrar regions of Mauritania, and even as far away as Chad. Understanding of these links is still nascent, as is the interpretation of most Mauritanian rock art, but the variety present at Guilemsi is a valuable addition to the record, and more such sites may remain to be brought to the notice of scholars.
citations:
- sys:
id: 1Y8dbSWSLaGs4Iyeq8COE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:18.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:28:18.975000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., & <NAME>., *Funerary Monuments and Horse Paintings: A Preliminary Report on the Archaeology of a Site in the Tagant Region of South East Mauritania- Near Dhar Tichitt*. The journal of North African Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, pp. 459-470
<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., & <NAME>. 2006, *Some Mauritanian Rock art Sites*. Sahara. Prehistory and History of the Sahara, Vol. 17, pp.143-148
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:19:51.669000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12382'
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/sudan/jebel-uweinat.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Sudan
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 5T1CxEt3MIkwM42YCMEcac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:12:07.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:29.073000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Jebel Uweinat, Sudan
slug: jebel-uweinat
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2Mj1hP5TQci0sCEuAKUQ8o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:19:54.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:19:54.772000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 1'
body: At the nexus of Sudan, Libya and Egypt, where the borders meet at a point
in the Eastern Sahara, a large rocky outcrop known as Jebel Uweinat peaks at
an elevation of nearly 2,000 metres. The massif consists of a large, ring-shaped
granite mass in the west, with sandstone plateaus in the east divided by deep
valleys. Jebel Uweinat is so isolated that, until 1923, the proliferation of
rock art around it had never been documented.
- sys:
id: 1Xgrdv52peoaGuSSayg20g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:16:00.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:10.904000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1DXzN0USKMoCI4kywAKeEy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:07:57.029000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577799&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1DXzN0USKMoCI4kywAKeEy/c1f12caa1933afa9134b18c5505d14b8/2013_2034.6.jpg"
caption: Painted cattle and human figures on rock shelter roof. <NAME>, Jebel
Uweinat. 2013,2034.6 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577799&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6&page=1
- sys:
id: 1HdRAmiEkIGCwsagKyAWgy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:17.081000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:17.081000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 2'
body: This rock art comes in the form of paintings and engravings, commonly of
animals and overwhelmingly of domestic cattle – 337 painted sites out of 414
that have been counted contain depictions of cattle and cattle herds, and there
are many further engravings of them. There is a disparity in the spread of each
artwork technique – the engravings are predominantly at lower levels than the
paintings, near the base of the mountain and valley floors, with the paintings
at greater altitude. The images shown here come from <NAME>, the largest
of these valleys, which lies mostly in Sudan.
- sys:
id: 1ay8a3SCfmwOgsgwoIQigW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:16:50.686000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:25.098000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 70RmZtVt9Cy4Ameg0qOoCo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.600000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:08:32.195000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.258'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583684&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.258&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70RmZtVt9Cy4Ameg0qOoCo/07832fd85c8ed2d2bbbb478c02bfddfc/2013_2034.258.jpg"
caption: White-painted cattle. <NAME>, <NAME>. 2013,2034.258 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583684&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.258&page=1
- sys:
id: 6Vn3DoC1bOo4mwYwEeQMcq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:38.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:38.415000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 3'
body: While cattle are ubiquitous, there are also frequent depictions of humans
in various styles, as well as other domesticates, including goats and dogs.
The herds of cattle clearly reflect a pastoralist existence for the artists,
but there are also indications of hunting taking place, through engravings of
wild antelope and dog figures, as well as many engravings of camels.
- sys:
id: 7ptm3SlsKQMOC4WsAsGyCm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:17:47.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:39.272000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.437000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.437000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.335'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/32GOdHizCwYKGAqO4sQ8oW/d8a9b7309191ced7fff9c6db79174520/2013_2034.335.jpg"
caption: Engraved camel figure. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat 2013,2034.335 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586831&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.335&page=1
- sys:
id: 2OEaHI22BGKWWSWyyIQu6G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:56.425000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:56.425000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 4'
body: This variety, and similarities to rock art sites elsewhere in the eastern
Sahara, has led to conjecture and debate regarding the date and authorship of
these depictions. Were the engravings and paintings made by the same people?
Does the difference in drawing styles signify authorship by different cultures
and at different times? The difficulties in objective dating of rock art make
these questions difficult to answer, but it seems likely that there was a long
tradition of painting and engraving here, with much of the ‘pastoralist’ rock
art with cattle probably made between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago, some earlier
styles possibly as much as 8,500 years ago, and other images such as camels
made only about 2,000 years ago or less.
- sys:
id: 23kCbUF0EcEiGoYkkWWOGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:27.297000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:58.457000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3YBcXyxpbq6iKIegM66KgQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.604000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.604000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.342'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3YBcXyxpbq6iKIegM66KgQ/eb04e0be005fb0168817ddee5d4a742e/2013_2034.342.jpg"
caption: Engraved animals (cattle?) and dogs. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat 2013,2034.342
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586930&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.342&page=1
- sys:
id: 6XjTJyPnFuEkqeyWg2Mku
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:21:14.113000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:21:14.113000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Other than giraffes, the lack of large wild animals depicted (e.g. elephants)
may indicate the climate to have been too dry for them, as during this time
the area fluctuated in aridity, eventually becoming desert. There are, however,
permanent springs at Jebel Uweinat and a more temperate microclimate here may
have allowed pastoralists to subsist while the surrounding area became inhospitable.
Indeed, despite its present remoteness, evidence suggests millennia of successive
human presence, and as recently as the early 20th century, herders of the Toubou
peoples were reported to be still living in the area. The camel engravings cannot
be much older than 2,000 years, because camels were unknown in Africa before
that, and the recent discovery of an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription
from the Early Middle Kingdom serves to confirm that Jebel Uweinat has never
really been ‘undiscovered’, despite having been unknown to Western geographers
prior to the 20th century.
- sys:
id: erHhaJBDi0Mo4WYicGUAu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:19:16.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:17:15.357000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4TbDKiBZ2wg8GaK6GqsMsa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.589000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.589000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3918'
description:
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caption: Engraved giraffes. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat 2013,2034.3918 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586999&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3918&page=1
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.258'
description:
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title: '2013,2034.342'
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/chad-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 9vW3Qgse2siOmgwqC80ia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:14:49.211000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:40:13.544000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Chad: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3mkFTqLZTO0WuMMQkIiAyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:05:47.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:05:47.745000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Located in the centre of North Africa, landlocked Chad stretches from the
Sahara Desert in the north to the savannah in the south. The country boasts
thousands of rock engravings and paintings located in two main areas: the Ennedi
Plateau and the Tibesti Mountains, both to the north. The depictions – the oldest
of which date back to the fifth millennium BC – represent wild animals, cattle
and human figures. Paintings of highly detailed riders on camels and horses
are especially numerous, as are groups of people around huts. Chadian rock art
is particularly well known for its variety of local styles, and it includes
some of the richest examples of Saharan rock art.'
- sys:
id: 1BFShW54yQI6k6ksQcuYSE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:55:32.628000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:55:32.628000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 47ocQmZwI8iOE4Sskq8IeE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.164000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:11:47.535000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6155'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637041&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6155&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/47ocQmZwI8iOE4Sskq8IeE/8ce5836027971e7b02317274015177ac/2013_2034.6155.jpg"
caption: Engravings of human figures from Niola Doa. Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6155
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637041&partId=1&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 6PPrV1eMH6u0scIwUiGGS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:58:20.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:58:20.362000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: V66nfuesIoQGsMw2ugcwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.561000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.561000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/V66nfuesIoQGsMw2ugcwk/feb663001d1372a237275aa64bc471ed/2013_2034.6451.jpg"
caption: Rider on a camel holding spear, dagger and shield. Camel Period, Ennedi
Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6451 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641488&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6451&page=1
- sys:
id: 7vX4pbFT3iCsEuQIqiq0gY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:11.474000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:11.474000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 2'
body: 'The north-south orientation of Chad''s elongated shape means it is divided
into several different climatic zones: the northern part belongs to the Sahara
Desert, while the central area is included in the Sahel border (the semi-arid
region south of the Sahara). The southern third of the country is characterized
by a more fertile savannah. The Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti mountains contain
thousands of pieces of rock art, including some of the most famous examples
in the Sahara. The Ennedi Plateau is located at the north-eastern corner of
Chad, on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. It is a sandstone massif carved
by erosion in a series of superimposed terraces, alternating plains and ragged
cliffs crossed by wadis (seasonal rivers). Unlike other areas in the Sahara
with rock art engravings or paintings, the Ennedi Plateau receives rain regularly
– if sparsely – during the summer, making it a more benign environment for human
life than other areas with significant rock art to the north, such as the Messak
plateau or the Tassili Mountains in Libya and Algeria.'
- sys:
id: h6vM4an4K42COIiQG8A6y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:59:35.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:10:44.651000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 401K6ww8asemkaCySqeci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.173000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6322'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/401K6ww8asemkaCySqeci/9c64bd46729be1bcc2c4a0a8fdd61a1c/2013_2034.6322.jpg"
caption: View of the semi-desert plain surrounding the Ennedi Plateau (seen in
the background). 2013,2034.6770 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jvhIgV
- sys:
id: 31nXCnwZBC0EcoEAuUyOqG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:48.316000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:48.316000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 3'
body: 'The Tibesti Mountains are situated at the north-western corner of Chad,
and partly extend into Libya. The central area of the Tibesti Mountains is volcanic
in origin, with one third of the range covered by five volcanoes. This has resulted
in vast plateaux as well as fumaroles, sulphur and natron deposits and other
geological formations. The erosion has shaped large canyons where wadis flow
irregularly, and where most of the rock art depictions are situated. Paintings
and engravings are common in both regions: the former are more often found in
the Ennedi Plateau; the latter are predominant in the Tibesti Mountains.'
- sys:
id: 5g8chby9ugKc6igkYYyW6q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:20.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:20.104000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1AS5ngxVRGWeAaKemYyOyo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.225000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.7259'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AS5ngxVRGWeAaKemYyOyo/ab561407686a2a37d59602f6b05978d3/2013_2034.7259.jpg"
caption: View of the Tibesti Mountains. 2013,2034.7259 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655202&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7259&page=1
- sys:
id: 1YrTJ2zm4ow64uAMcWUI4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:10:44.568000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:10:44.568000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
Different areas of Chad have been subject to varying trajectories of research. In the Tibesti Mountains, rock art was known to Europeans as early as 1869, although it was between the 1910s and 1930s that the first studies started to be carried out, by <NAME>. However, the main boost in research came in the 1950s and 1960s thanks to the work of <NAME>. Over the last 50 years, researchers have found thousands of depictions throughout the region, most of them engravings, although paintings are also well represented.
In the case of the Ennedi Plateau, its isolated position far from the main trade routes made its rock art unknown outside the area until the 1930s. During this decade, Burthe d’Annelet brought attention to the art, and De Saint-Floris published the first paper on the subject. The main effort to document this rock art came in 1956-1957, when <NAME> recorded more than 500 sites in only a sixth of the plateau's entire area.
- sys:
id: 7jc13ulbagcQmq0YKUQqwu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:09.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:09.168000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 5'
body: As in the rest of the Sahara, the main themes in Chadian rock art are directly
linked to the chronology. The oldest depictions are of wild animals, but most
common are later scenes with cattle, huts and people. As in other areas of the
Sahara, the most recent depictions correspond to battle scenes of riders on
horses and camels. Along with these main subjects, both areas have examples
of very detailed scenes of daily life and human activities, including people
playing music, visiting the sick or dancing. The rock art of both the Ennedi
Plateau and the Tibesti regions is characterized by the existence of a variety
of local styles, such as the so-called ‘Flying Gallop style’, sometimes simultaneous,
sometimes successive. This variability means an enormous richness of techniques,
themes and artistic conventions, with some of the most original styles in Saharan
rock art.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:58.853000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: Z50lrTE2EUM0egk4Mk482
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.161000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.161000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6732'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Z50lrTE2EUM0egk4Mk482/ddfe4ed0c368ef757168f583aac8bb4b/2013_2034.6732.jpg"
caption: Village scene showing people, cattle and huts or tents. To the right,
three women are seated around a fourth (possibly sick) woman lying on a blanket
or mattress. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6732 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6732&page=1
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id: 4mRjWNwKj6myyi8GGG06uC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:28.260000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:28.260000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6uYaJrzaMgAwK42CSgwcMW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.253000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:12:19.070000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6595'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640375&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6595&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6uYaJrzaMgAwK42CSgwcMW/b71fe481a99fa36b16f32265828a440e/2013_2034.6595.jpg"
caption: Raiding scene with horses in the so-called ‘Flying gallop’ style. Camel
Period. 2013,2034.6595 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640375&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6595&page=1
- sys:
id: 1KHUsTtlL64uMK48KsySek
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:36.258000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:36.258000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 6'
body: |-
The oldest engravings in Chad are more recent than those to the north, having started to appear in the 5th to 4th millennia BC, and can be broadly divided into three main periods:
The oldest is the so-called Archaic Period, characterized by wild animals in the Ennedi Plateau and Round Head-style figures in the Tibesti Mountains, similar to those found in the Central Sahara. The second phase is named the Bovine or Pastoral Period, when domestic cattle are the predominant animals, and a third, late period named the Dromedary or Camel Period. Unlike other areas in the Sahara, horse and camel depictions appear to be from roughly the same period (although horses were introduced to the Sahara first), so they are included in a generic Camel Period. The end of the rock art tradition in both areas is difficult to establish, but it seems to have lasted at least until the seventeenth century in the Ennedi Plateau, much longer than in other areas of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: gzoaZ2DMHegIuqy4e84cO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:55.122000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:55.122000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4tdnKRONuECgKUm66woS2M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.585000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6807'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4tdnKRONuECgKUm66woS2M/07c3ea3b18caacafd79db6f2ea6c2c88/2013_2034.6807.jpg"
caption: Depiction of human figures infilled with dots. Another human figure infilled
in white and facing forwards is depicted at the top right of the tableau. Archaic
Period, Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6807 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3642807&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6807&page=1
- sys:
id: Pgpnd2dYiqqS2yQkookMm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:02:31.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:02:31.184000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5PmKmAsIH6OO8eyuOYgUa2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:27.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:27.673000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.7610'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5PmKmAsIH6OO8eyuOYgUa2/650f01d3f303f5f062321384b36c9943/2013_2034.7610.jpg"
caption: Frieze of engraved cattle. Tibesti Mountains, Pastoral Period. 2013,2034.7610
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3654657&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7610&page=1
- sys:
id: 7MvpMnChjiKIwgSC0kgiEW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:03:01.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:03:01.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6weCWSE3EkyIcyWW4S8QAc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.260000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.260000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6373'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6weCWSE3EkyIcyWW4S8QAc/a469e0c984f2824f23cefa7773ffc075/2013_2034.6373.jpg"
caption: White rider on a horse from the latest period of the Ennedi Plateau rock
art. The figure is superimposed on several red cows of the previous Pastoral
Period. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6373 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639421&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6373&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 4I9BcFZSWsesgIMUwwoQ2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:21:04.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:21:04.168000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME> (1997). *Art rupestre en Ennedi. Looking for rock paintings and engravings in the Ennedi Hills* Sépia, Saint-Maur
<NAME>., <NAME>. and <NAME>. (1994). *Niola Doa, ‘il luogo delle fanciulle’ (Ennedi, Ciad)* Sahara 6: pp.51-63
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/tanzania/kolo.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: 'Tanzania '
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 1MRBSR83yUwGoo8s4AKICk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.791000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.791000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 1
title: Kolo, Tanzania
slug: kolo
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1NISbAVcjSMI4SEWE8WgAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 14:24:34.308000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo Chapter 1
body: The Kondoa rock art sites are located on the eastern slopes of the Maasai
escarpment, which borders the western side of the Great Rift Valley in central
Tanzania, covering an area of over 2,336 km². Stretching for around 18 km along
the escarpment, the exact number of rock art sites in the Kondoa area is unknown
but is estimated to be up to 450, the oldest of which are thought be more than
2,000 years old. The extensive and spectacular collection of rock paintings
are attributable to both hunter-gatherer and pastoralist communities and the
images are testament to the changing socio-economic environment in the region.
The hunter-gatherer rock paintings of Kondoa are dominated by human figures
and animals. While a dark reddish brown predominates, other colours include
yellow, orange, red and white. Some of the shelters are still considered to
have cultural associations with the people who live nearby, reflecting their
beliefs, rituals and cosmological traditions. In 2006, Kondoa was nominated
and listed as one of UNESCO’s World Heritage rock art sites in Africa.
- sys:
id: 2e0bNc68UUM0YKaM40Sm4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:11.871000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:57:32.216000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4qqgpg1KTmKwEA8kQsg8Qe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.056000000 Z
title: TANKON0030027 jpeg edited-1
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4qqgpg1KTmKwEA8kQsg8Qe/1d8fb417f4142acaf65be18c6c6b8ea0/TANKON0030027_jpeg_edited-1.jpg"
caption: View looking out over Kondoa landscape. 2013,2034.16829 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709780&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16829&page=1
- sys:
id: 5WqTYb2ohiCaseea44yMWg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.050000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 14:22:52.499000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Kolo Chapter 2 '
body: "The sites at Kolo are the most famous of the Kondoa paintings. Kolo comprises
three rock art sites, known as Kolo 1, 2 and 3. The main site, Kolo 1 (known
locally as Mongomi wa Kolo) is a large, imposing rock shelter that is only accessible
by following a winding path at the end of a dirt road. This site contains many
fine-line red paintings, some of which are very faded; but the site is still
used by the local community for secret rituals. Kolo 2 is located south of the
main site and includes human and animal figures, while Kolo 3 is north of Kolo1
and is characterised by human, animal and geometric figures. The renowned palaeontologist
<NAME> surveyed and documented many of the paintings at Kolo in the 1950s.
\ The examples we see here are thought to have been made by early hunter-gatherer
groups, ancestors of the modern Sandawe, one of the first cultural groups to
inhabit Kondoa. \n\n"
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id: 5JuWPWO5Z6w8aeeWMqQ8oK
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:58:56.845000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6hDS1W5bdSYICYEse20Wuw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.991000000 Z
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caption: Three slender figures with elongated bodies wearing elaborate curved
feather-like headdresses. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16832 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709777&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16832&page=1
- sys:
id: 1o3g8TuJuc8MiGyQ6g6g42
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 14:23:12.269000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo Chapter 3
body: "__Art__\n\nAmong the animals depicted are elephants, giraffes, antelopes,
eland, rhinoceros and wildebeest; while human figures are represented as slender
and elongated, often with elaborate hairstyles or headdresses, holding bows
and arrows. Groups of figures are also shown bent at the waist, with some appearing
to take on animal characteristics. These paintings have been associated with
Sandawe cultural beliefs. \n\nThe Sandawe communicate with the spirits by taking
on the power of an animal and some features at Mongomi wa Kolo can be understood
by reference to the Sandawe traditional practice known as simbó (Ten Raa 1971,
1974). Developing Ten Raa’s observations, Lewis-Williams (1986) proposed that
simbó is the ritual of being a lion, and that simbó dancers are believed to
turn into lions. Lim (1992, 1996) adopted a site-specific approach to the rock
art and has suggested that the importance of place is as important as the images
themselves. According to Lim the potency of a place is produced through ritual
activities, so that meaning resides in the process of painting in a particular
location, rather than in the painted image itself. \n"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:05:45.603000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: Kolo chapter 4
body: |+
Ritual Practices
Ritual sites are generally located near fig and baobab trees, and springs. However, about 3 m south of the main Kolo shelter, a cavity underneath a huge boulder is used, even today, by local diviners, healers and rainmakers to invoke visions and communicate with the spirits. Oral traditions indicate that Mongomi wa Kolo is considered more powerful than other ritual places in Kondoa, and its unusual location may contribute to its efficacy. The other two shelters of Kolo 2 and 3 are also used for ritual ceremonies.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:06:33.160000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6HJM4veidyg8KAO6WsaOcc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.269000000 Z
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caption: Group of five figures, one with animal-like head and grazing antelope
on the left. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16820 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709705&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20311+&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.16819&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo chapter 5
body: |-
__Conservation__
When <NAME> was surveying the Kondoa rock paintings in 1983 she predicted that if serious preservation and conservation measures were not put in place the paintings would be destroyed by 2020. Although inscribed onto the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006, it has been noted paintings are being destroyed by the dust from the ground and in some cases rainwater is causing the paintings to deteriorate.
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:07:01.378000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 27ttIF1VA4e8ekcAcea4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.042000000 Z
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caption: Panel of slender red figures with elongated bodies, showing large figure
bent at waist. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16824 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709771&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16824&page=1
- sys:
id: 2O7PwT55ZmSSgsWkeEAQsq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:51:08.628000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo Chapter 6
body: |+
Moreover, the documentation of paintings at Kondoa is incomplete, and some areas have not been surveyed at all. Bwasiri (2008) advocates an urgent need to collate all existing information in this region and implement a sites and monuments record that also takes into account living heritage values.
- sys:
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revision: 2
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sys:
id: 4eWYwHYojCu0EIYyoQGgMI
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caption: Painted panel damaged by water seepage. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16876
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709830&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16876&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 4khc2F5ABWm0kyKoUooa80
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.097000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:56:15.212000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: "Bwasiri, E.J 2008. 'The Management of Indigenous Heritage: A
Case Study of Mongomi wa Kolo Rock Shelter, Central Tanzania'. MA Dissertation,
University of the\nWitwatersrand \n\nLeakey, M. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art
– The Rock Paintings of Tanzania.* London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nLewis-Williams,
J.D. 1986. ‘Beyond Style and Portrait: A Comparison of Tanzanian\nand Southern
African Rock Art’. *Contemporary Studies on Khoisan 2*. Hamburg, Helmut Buske
Verlag\n\nLim, I.L. 1992. ‘A Site-Oriented Approach to Rock Art: a Study from
Usandawe, Central Tanzania’. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan\n\nTen Raa,
E. 1971. ‘Dead Art and Living Society: A Study of Rock paintings in a Social
Context’. *Mankind* 8:42-58\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’. *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75:9-27\n"
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---<file_sep>/_pages/thematic.md
---
layout: thematic_index
permalink: /thematic/
title: Themes
collection: coll_thematic
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/libya.md
---
contentful:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:51:28.567000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:51:13.201000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 12
name: Libya
slug: libya
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=37611
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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featured_site:
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content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Fighting cats, Libya
slug: fighting-cats
chapters:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:27:52.971000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 1'
body: Running from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara is by far the
world's largest hot desert. It covers over 3,500,000 square miles (9,000,000
sq. km), a tenth of the whole African Continent. Yet we know it was not always
so. Archaeological and geological research has shown that the Sahara has undergone
major climatic changes since the end of the last Ice Age (c. 10,000 BC). During
this period, rain was far more abundant, and vast areas of the current desert
were a savannah. By around 4,200 BC, changes in the rainfall and seasonal
patterns led to a gradual desertification of the Sahara into an arid expanse.
The analysis of archaeological sites, animal bones and preserved vegetal remains
tell us of a greener world, where some of the earliest attempts at domestication
of animals and rudimentary farming took place.
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title: '2013,2034.2555'
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caption: 'View of the now dried-up riverbed at Wadi Mathendous, Messak Settafet,
Libya. 2013,2034.2555 © <NAME>/TARA '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1494150&objectId=3579237&partId=1
- sys:
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 2'
body: |-
Little is known about the people who lived in the Sahara thousands of years ago; however, through rock art, we can discern who they may have been and what images were important to them. Throughout the desert, rock art engravings and paintings depict an earlier story of the Sahara: the wild animals that lived there; the cattle herds that provided food and labour; their daily activities and beliefs are all displayed in caves and cliffs, valleys or plateaus.
The Messak Settafet is one of these places. Situated in the Sahara, it is a large plateau running southwest to northeast through the Libyan province of Fezzan, near the borders of Algeria and Niger. Both plateaus are crossed by numerous wadis (dry riverbeds) that run to the east, flanked by cliffs filled with tens of thousands of rock art depictions, including some of the oldest engravings in the Sahara. Rich with depictions of the savannah, the rock art shows buffaloes, crocodiles, ostriches or hippopotami, all of which tells us of a wetter Sahara thousands of years ago.
It is difficult to determine the motives of the people that created these images. There are many theories about why these people created rock art, what exactly is depicted and what the images meant to that group. One area of particular research interest is the depiction of mythical beings, therianthropic figures (part human part animal) and anthropomorphic animals (the personification of animals in human forms). Were these religious images? Cultural folklore? Or simply images pleasing to a group or culture?
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title: '2013,2034.2761'
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caption: Frontal view of the Fighting Cats. Wadi Mathendous, Messak Settafet,
Libya. 2013,2034.2761 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584758&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2761&page=1
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'Deep in the Messak Settafet is a site that has intrigued researchers
for decades: the image known as ‘Fighting Cats’. This iconic engraving shows
two confronted, long-tailed figures standing on their hindquarters, with legs
and arms partially outstretched against each other, as if fighting. The engravings
are placed on an outcrop, as if they were looking down across the rest of
the wadi, with several other engravings acting as milestones leading up to
them. They are in an imposing position overlooking the valley.'
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title: '2013,2034.2740'
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caption: Sandstone cliffs, with the Fighting Cats faintly visible at the top.
<NAME>, <NAME>, Libya. 2013,2034.2740 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584701&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2740&page=1
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 4'
body: The technical quality of the engravings is exceptional, with deeply outlined
and carefully polished bodies and carved cupules within their heads to depict
eyes. Claws were also marked, maybe to reinforce the idea of fighting. The
specific type of animal depicted is subject to debate among scholars. Some
have described them as monkeys or mythological blends of monkeys and men.
Their pointed ears could also identify them as cat-like figures, although
most probably they were the representation of mythical beings, considering
their prominence above all other figures in this area. A polished line comes
out from the waist of both figures to join four small ostriches, depicted
between them, which often accompany rock art in this region.
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title: '2013,2034.2756'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3584749
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caption: General view of the Fighting Cats showing nearby engravings. <NAME>,
<NAME>, Libya. 2013,2034.2756 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584749&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2756&page=1
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title:
title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Several other engravings are found throughout the wadi. In its lower part
to the right, another cat-like or monkey figure has been depicted, although
in this case it has only been outlined. A small, unidentified quadruped has
been represented to the left of its head. At the right side of the boulder,
a fourth figure has been depicted, almost identical to those of the main scene,
but with part of its arms unpolished, as if left unfinished.
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content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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title: '2013,2034.2768'
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caption: Detail of engraved woman inside cat to the right. <NAME>,
<NAME>, Libya. 2013,2034.2768 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584772&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2768&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 6'
body: Besides its impressive position in the landscape, their expressivity and
complex interpretation, the Fighting Cats keep a secret within. On the polished
body of the figure to the left a small, delicate figure of a woman was shallowly
engraved. Hair, fingers and breasts were carefully depicted, as well as an
unidentified symbol placed at the bottom of the figure, which could have a
fertility-related meaning. The difference in style and technique may point
to the woman as a later addition to the panel, taking advantage of the polished
surface, but respecting the main scene.
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revision: 1
image:
sys:
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title: '2013,2034.2769'
description:
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caption: Second pair of fighting cats. Wadi Mathendous, Messak Settafet, Libya.
2013,2034.2769 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584770&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2769&page=1
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revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 7'
body: |-
Another example of fighting cats has been found nearby, although it is neither so carefully made nor in such a prominent place. The similarity is, however, astonishing, and we may wonder if this second pair of beings could be a copy of the first pair, thus reflecting its symbolic importance in the people’s collective imagination.
As is often the case with rock art, the interpretation of these images remains up for discussion. Given the care taken to engrave the images, their technical quality and their dominant position in the landscape, we can gather that these images potentially had deep meaning for the people who created them thousands of years ago, and were possibly meant to be a symbolic as well as a physical landmark for travellers and local people alike. Although the original purpose and meaning have long since been lost, the expressive power of the engravings still remains, allowing us to gain a small view into the world of the people that lived in the Sahara thousands of years ago, when it was a sprawling green savannah.
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.2756'
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title: '2013,2034.2555'
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key_facts:
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content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libya: key facts'
image_count: 3,899 images
date_range: Mostly 10,000 BC to AD 100
main_areas: Acacus Mountains, Messak plateau
main_themes: Hunting, daily life, pastoralism, dancing, wild/domesticated animals,
prehistoric buffalo
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: R61tF3euwCmWCUiIgi42q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:46:43.669000000 Z
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: Hairdressing in the Acacus
slug: hairdressing-in-the-acacus
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.477'
description:
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chapters:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:35.115000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:35.115000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 1'
body: Hair is a global form of social communication. Among numerous social groups
throughout Africa, hairstyling and hairdressing hold great cultural and aesthetic
significance. Coiffures have been regarded as indicative of ethnic origin,
gender and stages of life development – as well as simply fashion – and have
been related to power, age, religion and politics. The transitory yet highly
visible nature of hair ensures its suitability as a medium for personal and
social expression. And it is not just the domain of women; elaborate hair-styling
for men can be an equally important indicator of their place in society.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:46.614000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:27:05.950000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:08.444000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:08.444000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.479'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5vt4IZCBSEmAQESGiGIS6Q/8ea72bce196d2281a0a80d2c2a3b5b5b/2013_2034.479.jpg"
caption: Seated figure showing elaborate coiffure. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Fezzan District, Libya. 2013,2034.479 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581661&partId=1&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:59.906000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 2'
body: |-
A particularly interesting set of images from Uan Amil in the Acacus Mountains, south-western Libya, reflect the cultural significance of hair in African societies. The scenes depict groups of people engaged in a variety of communal social practices wearing elaborate coiffures, together with some very discrete moments of personal hairdressing.
The image below, which is part of a larger panel, shows an intimate moment between two persons, an individual with an ornate coiffure washing or attending to the hair of another. In some African societies, a person’s choice of hairdresser is dictated by their relationship to them. It is most often the work of friends or family to whom you entrust your hair. In the hands of a stranger or adversary hair can be used as an ingredient in the production a powerful substance that could afflict its owner - such is the potency of hair. This image conveys such intimacy.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:39:31.382000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:38:40.565000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.477'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2PRW2sBJWgiEwA40U2GSiC/10eed798251d37d988ca686b32c6f42d/2013_2034.477.jpg"
caption: Figure on the left wears an ornate hairstyle and attends to the washing
or preparation of another’s hair. 2013,2034.477 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581665&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=+2013,2034.477&page=1
- sys:
id: 2GniIJcZiUSuYWQYYeQmOS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:43:22.643000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:40:09.594000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 3'
body: 'The rock shelter of Uan Amil was discovered in 1957 by the Italian-Libyan
Joint Archaeological Mission surveying in the Acacus and Messak regions of
Libya. Excavations have indicated the shelter was in use over a long period,
with at least three main occupational phases between the 8th and 4th millennium
BP. Italian archaeologist <NAME> has dated these paintings to 6,000
years ago, while <NAME> has been more cautious and has suggested that
the presence of a metal blade on the arrow head seen at the bottom of this
image may indicate a more recent age. Notwithstanding the problems associated
with the dating of rock art, the subject matter is intriguing. It has been
suggested that today’s Wodaabe nomads of Niger resemble the people on these
rock paintings: ‘the cattle look the same, as do the campsites with their
calf-ropes, and the women’s hairstyles with the special bun on the forehead.
The female hair bun is big and round like a globe.’(Bovin, 2001:12).'
- sys:
id: 5Vp0rW88lqs6UcgaSm6egI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:39:56.320000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:38:59.901000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1KUdkb6fbmW8KOsKWEcu02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:12.261000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:12.261000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.473'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1KUdkb6fbmW8KOsKWEcu02/06c41b36730e0cbf81b105dd400c52ef/2013_2034.473.jpg"
caption: This scene has been variously interpreted as showing preparations for
a wedding. Note the hairwashing scene top right. 2013,2034.473 © TARA/David
Coulson.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581674&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.473&page=1
- sys:
id: 59XlSp8P7O0ms8UI0auQCw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:43:42.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:33:15.417000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 4'
body: |-
The Wodaabe number around 125,000. As pastoral nomads they migrate often and over large geographical areas, keeping mahogany-coloured Zebu cattle which have a hump on their back and long horns, shaped like a lyre. As a cultural group they have attracted much anthropological attention because of their traditional values of beauty (in particular the male beauty pageant) which pervades their everyday lives and practices.
Wodaabe seldom wash their entire bodies mainly because of the scarcity of water. Water from wells is mainly used for drinking by humans and animals. Washing the body and clothes is less of a priority; and hair is hardly ever washed. When Wodaabe put rancid butter on their hair it is to make it soft and shiny and cleanse it of dust and lice. To them rancid butter gives a nice sweet smell (Bovin, 2001:56). In the above image ([2013,2034.473](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581674&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.473&page=1)) at the top right, a vessel sits between the two individuals that may have served to hold rancid butter used in the preparation of the hair. In fact, treating the hair with butter is a widespread practice in African societies. In addition, Wodaabe never cut their hair. Men and women alike desire to have their hair as long as possible. The ideal girl should have long, thick black hair, enough to make a huge round bun on her forehead, while the ideal young male should have long, thick black hair to make braids to the shoulders.
- sys:
id: 5mnMqJRcbuQqk0ucEOAGCw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:40:22.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:48:54.315000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2blaCOYdgYsqqCGakGIwoA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.452000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.452000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.453'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2blaCOYdgYsqqCGakGIwoA/5267369f7e2901448a0f0b0af93ca2a4/2013_2034.453.jpg"
caption: Two herders wearing feathers in their hair. <NAME>, Acacus
Mountains, Fezzan District, Libya. 2013,2034.453 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581631&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.453&page=1
- sys:
id: qhIjVs2Vxe4muMCWawu0k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:44:06.559000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:32:51.163000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 5'
body: |-
A long, narrow face is also admired and this is enhanced by shaping the hair on top of the head, and also using an ostrich feather to elongate the face (Bovin,2001:26). The painting above, from <NAME>, characterises this.
Interestingly, the coiffures in the images here are light in colour and do not conform to the black ideal as indicated above. It has been suggested that this represents Caucasians with blonde hair. However, it may also be a visual strategy to emphasise the aesthetics of the coiffure. Hairstyles in African sculpture are often shown conceptually, rather than mimetically; idealising rather than copying exactly from contemporary hairdressing practices. In this respect representation follows artistic traditions as much as, or more than, it responds to ephemeral shifts in fashion.
- sys:
id: 6aPxu2uKyci0Kee8G4gQcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:40:47.827000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:54:21.695000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4gAFUKBZEsGKMie4cMomwS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.461000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.466'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4gAFUKBZEsGKMie4cMomwS/0770077ecb7b113ef266b26bfe368bb4/2013_2034.466.jpg"
caption: Central figure ‘washing’ their hair while other social practices are
taking place. Uan Amil, Libya. 2013,2034.466 © TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581646&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.466&page=1
- sys:
id: 74IrMM3qGkksSuA4yWU464
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:44:28.703000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 15:59:10.344000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 6'
body: The cultural importance of hair is evident where depictions of hair-washing,
hairstyling or hair preparation are an active element within more complex
social and cultural activities, such as preparations for a wedding or a scene
of supplication. In addition, the C-shaped feature in the image above has
been suggested to be a coiled snake, and the figure sits between the head
and tail. It may seem incongruous to have hair preparation scenes represented
within a tableau representing a wedding or ceremonial meeting, but may say
something more about the nature of representation. In each case, these may
represent a conceptual depiction of time and space. These activities are not
ones that occur concurrently temporally and spatially, but rather represent
an assemblage of discrete moments that contribute to each ceremony in its
entirety.
- sys:
id: tvHqAC4aqc2QQWIS8WA26
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:42:04.601000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:31:22.408000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1a8FFEsdsuQeYggMCAasii
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.449000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:38:04.449000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.465'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1a8FFEsdsuQeYggMCAasii/9c5d70e5961bc74dc11f2170d2ae6b1c/2013_2034.465.jpg"
caption: Larger panel from Uan Amil of a figure ‘washing’ their hair. This scene
has been interpreted as a possible scene of supplication with people visiting
a man in a curved shelter. 2013,2034.465 © TARA/<NAME>son.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581647&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.465&page=1
- sys:
id: 5qMQLHHz7Uqg460WGO6AW0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:44:46.392000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:32:18.314000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: hairdressing, chapter 7'
body: The Wodaabe invest vast amounts of time and resources in their outward
appearance and the need to beautify and refine. ‘Art’ is not just something
that is aesthetically pleasing - it is a necessity of life, a necessity that
must be exhibited. While there are likely to be a variety of complex social,
economic and cultural motivations, that necessity is possibly additionally
driven or fuelled by a seemingly desolate, unadorned, irregular landscape.
The importance lies in distinguishing oneself as a cultural being rather than
the ‘uncultured other’, such as an animal; and hair is an apposite medium
by which to make this nature/culture distinction. Hair care in African societies
is unmistakably aesthetic in its aspirations as it gets transferred into other
artistic mediums, and the divide between nature and culture is thoroughly
and intentionally in play. To transform hair is to transform nature, and is
truly an artistic discipline.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5Sk9I9j7lm0wuUs2m4Qqw4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:34:37.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:34:37.564000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: '<NAME>. 2001. Nomads Who Cultivate Beauty. Uppsala: Nordiska
Afrikainstitutet'
background_images:
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id: 1uxzHwxp9GEUy2miq0C0mM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:13.394000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:13.394000000 Z
title: '01567916 001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uxzHwxp9GEUy2miq0C0mM/9c706cad52d044e1d459bba0166ec2fb/01567916_001.jpg"
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id: 3drvdVaCYoMs04ew2sIE8Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:47.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:47.560000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.466 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3drvdVaCYoMs04ew2sIE8Y/78d8f39af68d603fbc8a46c745148f0e/2013_2034.466_1.jpg"
- sys:
id: 72UN6TbsDmocqeki00gS4I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:35:22.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:47:35.130000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Chariots in the Sahara
slug: chariots-in-the-sahara
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3pSkk40LWUWs28e0A2ocI2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:59.282000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:42:36.356000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 1'
body: A number of sites from this Collection are located in the Libyan Desert,
notably the Fezzan region, and include paintings of chariots in a variety
of forms dating to the Horse Period, from up to 3,000 years ago. This has
stimulated some interesting questions about the use of chariots in what appears
to be such a seemingly inappropriate environment for a wheeled vehicle, as
well as the nature of representation. Why were chariots used in the desert
and why were they represented in such different ways?
- sys:
id: 2Hjql4WXLOsmCogY4EAWSq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:18:19.534000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:43:36.197000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
caption: Two-wheeled chariot in profile view. Tihenagdal, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.999 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588528&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.999&page=1
- sys:
id: 3TiPUtUxgAQUe0UGoQUqO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 2'
body: The chariot has been one of the great empowering innovations of history.
It likely originated in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC due to advances in metallurgy
during the Bronze Age, and has served as a primary means of transport until
quite recently in the historical period across Africa, Eurasia and Europe.
Chariots provided rapid and efficient transport, and were ideal for the battlefield
as the design provided a raised firing platform for archers . As a result
the chariot became the principal war machine from the Egyptians through to
the Romans; and the Chinese, who owned an army of 10,000 chariots. Indeed,
our use of the word car is a derivative of the Latin word carrus, meaning
‘a chariot of war or of triumph’.
- sys:
id: 5ZxcAksrFSKEGacE2iwQuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:19:58.050000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:44:46.340000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
title: '124534'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK/d8ee0111089adb2b565b48919f21dfbe/124534.jpg"
caption: Neo-Assyrian Gypsum wall panel relief showing Ashurnasirpal II hunting
lions, 865BC – 860 BC. © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367027&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=124534&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Grf0McSJ2Uq4SUaUQAMwU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 3'
body: The chariot in the Sahara was probably introduced by the Garamantes, a
cultural group thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists.
There is little textual information about the Garamantes, documentation comes
mainly from Greek and Roman sources. Herodotus described them as ‘a very great
nation’. Recent archaeological research has shown that the Garamantes established
about eight major towns as well as numerous other settlements, and were ‘brilliant
farmers, resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants’. The success of
the Garamantes was based on their subterranean water-extraction system, a
network of underground tunnels, allowing the Garamantian culture to flourish
in an increasingly arid environment, resulting in population expansion, urbanisation,
and conquest.
- sys:
id: 6fOKcyIgKcyMi8uC4WW6sG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:33.572000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:45:32.605000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.407'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms/18e67077bdaa437ac82e85ba48cdb0da/2013_2034.407.jpg"
caption: A so-called ‘Flying gallop’ chariot. Wadi Teshuinat, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.407 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3580186&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.407&page=1
- sys:
id: CAQ4O5QWhaCeOQAMmgGSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 4'
body: On average there are about 500 drawings of chariots across the Sahara,
from the Fezzan in Libya through the Aïr of Niger into northern Mali and then
westward to the Atlantic coast; but not all were produced by the Garamantes.
It is still not certain that chariots were driven along the routes where their
depictions occur; remains of chariots have never been found west of the Fezzan.
However, the Fezzan states were thriving trade routes and chariots are likely
to have been used to transport salt, cloth, beads and metal goods in exchange
for gold, ivory and slaves. The widespread occurrence of chariot imagery on
Saharan rock outcrops has led to the proposition of ‘chariot routes’ linking
North and West Africa. However, these vehicles were not suited for long-distance
transport across desert terrain; more localised use is probable, conducted
through middlemen who were aware of the trade routes through the desert landscape.
Additionally, the horse at this time was a prestige animal and it is unlikely
that they facilitated transport across the Saharan trade routes, with travellers
rather utilising donkeys or oxen.
- sys:
id: 5cgk0mmvKwC0IGsCyIsewG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:59.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:46:44.461000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.389'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq/d167c56220dfd17c399b02086fe9ebc3/2013_2034.389.jpg"
caption: This two wheeled chariot is being drawn by a cow with upturned horns.
Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.389 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579985&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.389&page=1
- sys:
id: 5pKuD1vPdmcs2o8eQeumM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 5'
body: The absence of archaeological evidence for chariots has led to the suggestion
that some representations of chariots may have been the result of cultural
diffusion, transmitted orally by nomadic peoples traversing the region. Artists
may never have actually seen the vehicles themselves. If this is the case,
chariot symbols may have acquired some special meaning above their function
as modes of transport. It may also explain why some representations of chariots
do not seem to conform to more conventional styles of representations and
account for the different ways in which they were depicted.
- sys:
id: wckVt1SCpqs0IYeaAsWeS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:21:42.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:48:40.965000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.392'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ/7606d86492a167b9ec4b105a7eb57d74/2013_2034.392.jpg"
caption: These two images (above and below) depicts chariots as if ‘flattened
out’, with the horses represented back to back. Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.392 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579981&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.392&page=1
- sys:
id: 7fKfpmISPYs04YOi8G0kAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.393'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8/665bea9aafec58dfe3487ee665b3a9ec/2013_2034.393.jpg"
caption: 2013,2034.393 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579980&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.393&page=1
- sys:
id: 3xUchEu4sECWq4mAoEYYM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:33.472000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:20:52.618000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.370'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO/c8afe8c1724289dee3c1116fd4ba9280/2013_2034.370.jpg"
caption: Possible chariot feature in top left of image. Acacus Mountains, Libya.
2013,2034.370 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579291&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.370&page=1
- sys:
id: 6bQzinrqXmYESoWqyYYyuI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:01.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:21:25.227000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.371'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK/a0328f912ac8f6fe017ce99d8e673421/2013_2034.371.jpg"
caption: Possible chariots with two wheels. Acacus Mountains, Fezzan District,
Libya. 2013,2034.371 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579290&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.371&page=1
- sys:
id: 5qthr4HJaEoIe2sOOqiU4K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:40.388000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:17.884000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 6'
body: |-
The two images may or may not depict chariots. The rectangular shapes are potentially abstracted forms of the chariot similar to the ‘flattened out’ depictions discussed previously. These potentially abstracted representations often sit alongside distinguishing figures, such as geometric bi-triangular figures, spears or lances, women wearing long dresses, and animals drawn in a fairly naturalistic style, of the Horse Period when the chariots were being used.
Beside the schematic and simply depicted chariots, there is also a group which has been termed the ‘flying gallop chariots’. Their distribution includes the whole Tassili region, although there are fewer in the Acacus Mountains. They resemble the classical two-wheeled antique chariots, generally drawn by two horses, but sometimes three, or even four. The driver is usually alone, and is depicted in a typical style with a stick head. The majority are shown at full speed, with the driver holding a whip standing on a small platform, sometimes straining forward.
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content_type_id: image
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image:
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title: '2013,2034.523'
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caption: "'Flying gallop’ chariot, <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Fezzan
District, Libya. 2013,2034.523 © TARA / <NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583068&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.523&page=1
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id: 1YKtISfrKAQ6M4mMawIOYK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:08.834000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 7'
body: |-
In a similar manner to the schematic chariots, the 'Flying Gallop' depictions display the entire platform and both wheels of the chariot. In addition, more than one horse is depicted as a single horse in profile with numerous legs indicating multiple horses; an artistic technique first seen during the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. Interestingly, in the Libyan rock art of the Acacus Mountains it seemed that animals could be conceived of in profile and in movement, but chariots were conceived of differently, and are represented in plain view, seen from above or in three-quarters perspective.
Why are chariots depicted in a variety of ways, and what can we say about the nature of representation in relation to chariots? It is clear that chariots are able to be depicted in profile view, yet there are variations that digress from this perspective. In relation to the few examples we have come across so far in the Acacus Mountains in south-western Libya, one observation we might make is that the ways in which chariots have been represented may be indicative of the ways in which they have been observed by the artists representing them; as a rule from above. The rock shelters in the Acacus are often some height above the now dried up wadis, and so the ways in which they conceived of representing the chariot itself , whether as a flying gallop chariot, a chariot drawn by a bovid or as an abstraction, may have become a particular representational convention. The ways in which animals were represented conformed also to a convention, one that had a longer tradition, but chariots were an innovation and may have been represented as they were observed; from higher up in the rockshelters; thus chariots were conceived of as a whole and from an aerial perspective. The ways in which environments affect our perceptions of dimension, space and colour are now well-established, initially through cross-cultural anthropological studies in the 1960s, and becoming better understood through more recent research concerning the brain. Of course, this is speculation, and further research would be needed to consider all the possibilities. But for now, we can start to see some intriguing lines of enquiry and research areas that these images have stimulated.
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content_type_id: image
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image:
sys:
id: 4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
title: '135568'
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caption: Model of chariot, Middle Bronze Age – Early Bronze Age, 2000BC, Eastern
Anatolia Region. 1971,0406.1 © Trustees of the British Museum. The design
of this chariot is very similar to the representation in Fig. 4.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=369521&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=135568&page=1
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id: 5dtoX8DJv2UkguMM24uWwK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:17.455000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:59.909000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '894,1030.1'
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caption: Bronze model of a two-horse racing chariot. Roman, 1st century – 2nd
century, Latium, Tiber River. 1894,1030.1 © Trustees of the British Museum.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399770&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1894,1030.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 74fcVRriowwOQeWua2uMMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:27.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:35:36.578000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 8'
body: Vast trading networks across the Sahara Desert not only facilitated the
spread of goods, but the routes served as a conduit for cultural diffusion
through the spread of knowledge, ideas and technologies. Chariots were both
functional and symbolic. As a mode of transport, as a weapon of war, as a
means of trade and exchange and as a symbol of power, the chariot has been
a cultural artefact for 4,000 years. Its temporal and spatial reach is evident
not only in the rock art, but through the British Museum collections, which
reveal comparisons between 2D rock art and 3D artefacts. Similarities and
adjacencies occur not only in the structure and design of the chariots themselves
but in their symbolic and pragmatic nature.
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id: 266zWxwbfC86gaKyG8myCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:53.266000000 Z
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revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
title: EA 37982
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa/b5b41cda0efd36989292d004f039bace/EA_37982.jpg"
caption: Fragment of a limestone tomb-painting representing the assessment of
crops, c. 1350BC, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt. British Museum EA37982 ©Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=117388&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=37982&page=1
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id: 2mTEgMGc5iiM00MOE4WSqU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:28.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:44:28.029000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
title: '1867,0101.870'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS/066bc072069ab814687828a61e1ff1aa/1867_0101.870.jpg"
caption: Gold coin of Diocletian, obverse side showing chariot. British Museum
1867,0101.870 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189587&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1867,0101.870&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Z6SQu2oLuG40IIWEqKgWE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 9'
body: A hoard of 100,000 Roman coins from the Diocletian period (not the above)
were unearthed near Misurata, Libya, probably used to pay both regular Roman
and local troops. Such finds demonstrate the symbolic power of the chariot
and the diffusion of the imagery.
citations:
- sys:
id: vVxzecw1jwam6aCcEA8cY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: <NAME>. ‘Kingdom of the Sands', in *Current Archaeology*,
Vol. 57 No 2, March/April 2004
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: 'Introduction to rock art in northern Africa '
slug: rock-art-in-northern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
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chapters:
- sys:
id: axu12ftQUoS04AQkcSWYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: 'The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world, covering almost
8,600,000 km² and comprising most of northern Africa, from the Red Sea to
the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is considered a distinct entity, it is composed
of a variety of geographical regions and environments, including sand seas,
hammadas (stone deserts), seasonal watercourses, oases, mountain ranges and
rocky plains. Rock art is found throughout this area, principally in the desert
mountain and hill ranges, where stone ''canvas'' is abundant: the highlands
of Adrar in Mauritania and Adrar des Ifoghas in Mali, the Atlas Mountains
of Morocco and Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria,
the mountainous areas of Tadrart Acacus and Messak in Libya, the Aïr Mountains
of Nigeria, the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains in Chad, the Gilf Kebir
plateau of Egypt and Sudan, as well as the length of the Nile Valley.'
- sys:
id: 4DelCmwI7mQ4MC2WcuAskq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:19.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:12:21.657000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
caption: Bubalus Period engraving. Pelorovis Antiquus, Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.3840 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593438&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3840&page=1
- sys:
id: 2XmfdPdXW0Y4cy6k4O4caO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:31.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:40:03.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Types of rock art and distribution
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: |+
Although the styles and subjects of north African rock art vary, there are commonalities: images are most often figurative and frequently depict animals, both wild and domestic. There are also many images of human figures, sometimes with accessories such as recognisable weaponry or clothing. These may be painted or engraved, with frequent occurrences of both, at times in the same context. Engravings are generally more common, although this may simply be a preservation bias due to their greater durability.
The physical context of rock art sites varies depending on geographical and topographical factors – for example, Moroccan rock engravings are often found on open rocky outcrops, while Tunisia’s Djebibina rock art sites have all been found in rock shelters. Rock art in the vast and harsh environments of the Sahara is often inaccessible and hard to find, and there is probably a great deal of rock art that is yet to be seen by archaeologists; what is known has mostly been documented within the last century.
- sys:
id: 2HqgiB8BAkqGi4uwao68Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of research
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional chapter 2.5'
body: Although the existence of rock art throughout the Sahara was known to
local communities, it was not until the nineteenth century that it became
known to Europeans, thanks to explorers such as <NAME>, who crossed
the Messak Plateau in Libya in 1850, first noting the existence of engravings.
Further explorations in the early twentieth century by celebrated travellers,
ethnographers and archaeologists such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME> brought the rock art of Sahara, and
northern Africa in general, to the awareness of a European public.
- sys:
id: 5I9fUCNjB668UygkSQcCeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:54.847000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:13:53.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1424'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC/240a45012afba4ff5508633fcaea3462/2013_2034.1424.jpg"
caption: Pastoral Period painting, cattle and human figure. <NAME>, Acacus
Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592663
- sys:
id: 5OkqapzKtqEcomSucG0EoQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:52.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:45:37.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Attribution and dating
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'The investigations of these researchers and those who have followed them
have sought to date and attribute these artworks, with varying measures of
success. Rock art may be associated with certain cultures through known parallels
with the imagery in other artefacts, such as Naqada Period designs in Egyptian
rock art that mirror those on dateable pottery. Authorship may be also guessed
at through corroborating evidence: for example, due to knowledge of their
chariot use, and the location of rock art depicting chariots in the central
Sahara, it has been suggested that it was produced by – or at the same time
as – the height of the Garamantes culture, a historical ethnic group who formed
a local power around what is now southern Libya from 500 BC–700 AD. However,
opportunities to anchor rock art imagery in this way to known ancient cultures
are few and far between, and rock art is generally ascribed to anonymous hunter-gatherers,
nomadic peoples, or pastoralists, with occasional imagery-based comparisons
made with contemporary groups, such as the Fulani peoples.'
- sys:
id: 2KmaZb90L6qoEAK46o46uK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:22.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:16:53.318000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1152'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I/cac0592abfe1b31d7cf7f589355a216e/2013_2034.1152.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, human figures. Wadi Tafak, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.1152 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592099&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 27ticyFfocuOIGwioIWWYA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:26.852000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: |-
Occasionally, association with writing in the form of, for example, Libyan-Berber or Arabic graffiti can give a known dating margin, but in general, lack of contemporary writing and written sources (Herodotus wrote about the Garamantes) leaves much open to conjecture.
Other forms of (rare) circumstantial evidence, such as rock art covered by a dateable stratigraphic layer, and (more common) stylistic image-based dating have been used instead to form a chronology of Saharan rock art periods that is widely agreed upon, although dates are contested. The first stage, known as the Early Hunter, Wild Fauna or Bubalus Period, is posited at about 12,000–6,000 years ago, and is typified by naturalistic engravings of wild animals, in particular an extinct form of buffalo identifiable by its long horns.
- sys:
id: q472iFYzIsWgqWG2esg28
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:58.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:19:11.991000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi/4080b87891cb255e12a17216d7e71286/2013_2034.4570.jpg"
caption: Horse Period painting, charioteer and standing horses. <NAME>,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.4570 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3603794
- sys:
id: 7tsWGNvkQgACuKEMmC0uwG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: A possibly concurrent phase is known as the Round Head Period (about 10,000
to 8,000 years ago) due to the large discoid heads of the painted human figures.
Following this is the most widespread style, the Pastoral Period (around 7,500
to 4,000 years ago), which is characterised by numerous paintings and engravings
of cows, as well as occasional hunting scenes. The Horse Period (around 3,000
to 2,000 years ago) features recognisable horses and chariots and the final
Camel Period (around 2,000 years ago to present) features domestic dromedary
camels, which we know to have been widely used across the Sahara from that
time.
- sys:
id: 13V2nQ2cVoaGiGaUwWiQAC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:56:25.598000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:39:22.861000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
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title: 2013,2034.1424 1
description:
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caption: Camel engraving. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat, Sudan. 2013,2034.335 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586831
- sys:
id: 3A64bY4VeMGkKCsGCGwu4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:00:04.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:30:04.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "While this chronology serves as a useful framework, it must be remembered
that the area – and the time period in which rock art was produced – is extensive
and there is significant temporal and spatial variability within and across
sites. There are some commonalities in rock art styles and themes across the
Sahara, but there are also regional variations and idiosyncrasies, and a lack
of evidence that any of these were directly, or even indirectly, related.
The engravings of weaponry motifs from Morocco and the painted ‘swimming’
figures of the Gilf Kebir Plateau in Egypt and Sudan are not only completely
different, but unique to their areas. Being thousands of kilometres apart
and so different in style and composition, they serve to illustrate the limitations
inherent in examining northern African rock art as a unit. The contemporary
political and environmental challenges to accessing rock art sites in countries
across the Sahara serves as another limiting factor in their study, but as
dating techniques improve and further discoveries are made, this is a field
with the potential to help illuminate much of the prehistory of northern Africa.\n\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 4AWHcnuAVOAkkW0GcaK6We
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen. Paris: Payot & Rivages
<NAME>. 1995. Les images rupestres du Sahara. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2001. Saharan Africa in (ed) <NAME>. Whitley, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
<NAME>. 2013. Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts, Kuper, R. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
<NAME>. 1999. L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain. Paris, L'Harmattan
<NAME>. 2012. Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
<NAME>. 1993. Préhistoire de la Mauritanie. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
background_images:
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id: 3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
title: EAF135068
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i/5a0d13fdd2150f0ff81a63afadd4258e/EAF135068.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
title: EAF131007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo/393c91068f4dc0ca540c35a79b965288/EAF131007.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 5v13g3YNLUGuGwMgSI0e6s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:35:54.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:46.961000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Libya: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4WfnZcehd66ieoiASe6Ya2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:44.896000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:44.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Rock art occurs in two main areas in Libya: the Tadrart Acacus and the
Messak Plateau. The oldest works of rock art, from the Acacus Mountains, are
engravings of mammals from the Wild Fauna Period (Early Hunter Period) and
could be up to 12,000 years old. Thousands of paintings dating from up to
8,000-9,000 years ago show a diversity of imagery and include scenes of hunting,
pastoralism, daily life, dancing and a variety of wild and domesticated animals.
The Messak Plateau is home to tens of thousands of engravings, and only a
few paintings have been located in this region to date. The area is best known
for larger-than-life-size engravings of animals such as elephants, rhino and
bubalus (a now extinct buffalo), and some of the most iconic depictions in
Saharan rock art, such as the ‘Fighting Cats’ scene.'
- sys:
id: 4VNJEMI25aagoiEuoUckqg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:26:30.631000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:26:30.631000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 16a6qAimaaWYqcwqUqMKIm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 14:15:08.336000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.420'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3580676
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/16a6qAimaaWYqcwqUqMKIm/35056fde196c5ae13894c78ed1b5fe17/2013_2034.420.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art with figures and animals from the Acacus Mountains,
Fezzan District, Libya. 2013,2034.420 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3580676&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.420&page=1
- sys:
id: 6vqAmqiuY0AIEyUGOcAyQC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:08.049000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:08.049000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 2'
body: The fourth largest country in Africa, Libya is located in the Maghreb
region of North Africa, bordered on the west by Tunisia and Algeria, Egypt
to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Except for the narrow
strip along the coast, where 80% of the population resides, Libya lies entirely
within the Sahara Desert. The main areas of rock art lie in the south-western
corner of the country, with the Tadrart Acacus continuing into south-eastern
Algeria, where they are simply known as the Tadrart. The Acacus in Libya and
the Tadrart in Algeria are now listed and combined as a trans-frontier World
Heritage Site by UNESCO, linking these two geographically divided sites into
a cultural whole.
- sys:
id: 1icEVGCcP2Um64EkAs0OAg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:03.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:03.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: YbgSaS84Eu0gE8yKEcI48
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.208000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.208000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1012'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/YbgSaS84Eu0gE8yKEcI48/c3cf27b1581df5b3cfed28e53439b4f8/2013_2034.1012.jpg"
caption: Tadrart Acacus, Libya. 2013,2034.1012 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588542&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1012&page=1
- sys:
id: 2HfBZlyHUA4MCEuqma8QeC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:46.023000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:30:46.023000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 3'
body: The Messak rock art has been known to Europeans since <NAME>’s
expedition in 1850, although it was not until 1932 that the engravings were
methodically studied by <NAME>. Some initial interpretative hypotheses
about the rock art in the Acacus were formulated in the late 1930s by Italian
archaeologist Paolo Graziosi. Subsequently, the region became the subject
of systematic investigation by <NAME>, another Italian archaeologist,
who also published the first scientific papers on Libyan rock art in the 1960s.
Since then, consistent surveying has continued in this region and stratigraphic
excavations of archaeological deposits have established a cultural sequence
dating back to the Holocene Period.
- sys:
id: 5LSSbrA6FqIKi86kuWC0w0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:13.353000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:13.353000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology and early rock art
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
Rock art chronology in North Africa is based largely on the combination of stylistic features, superimposition, subject matter and the degree of weathering or patina. While not an exact science, chronological periods are recognisable in the depictions, which generally correspond to climatic and environmental phases. Some of the oldest images are found on the Messak plateau and represent a Sahara that was significantly wetter and more fertile than today, exemplified by representations of large mammals – some of which are aquatic species – incised into the rock faces.
The chronology of the Tadrart Acacus during the Holocene has been established more firmly through the excavation and dating of archaeological sites. Based on this evidence, these earliest images may coincide with the first Holocene occupation of the area by specialised hunter-gatherers – known as the 'Early Acacus' Period – which some researchers date to around 11,000 years ago.
- sys:
id: 3UZhGFp3eosaOSOaUGwEOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:31.261000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:27:31.261000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4eOnyF3wVymkGMgOkmQsYm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.169000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 14:28:23.158000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3106'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586141
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4eOnyF3wVymkGMgOkmQsYm/ef9fa1bb02dc7c8ddb0ced9c9fcaa85e/2013_2034.3106.jpg"
caption: Engraved image of a crocodile, <NAME>, <NAME>tafet. 2013,2034.3106
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586141&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3106&page=1
- sys:
id: 4FFgcDY7xucWsKmsiUQa8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:36.221000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:31:36.221000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Round Head Period
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 5'
body: From around 9,000 years ago, the archaeological record in the Acacus changes;
sites are larger, featuring more formalised stone structures with heavy grinding
equipment and large pots. Subsistence strategies based on hunting and gathering
remain, but archaeological evidence suggests the presence of corralling Barbary
sheep and the storage of wild cereals. Fragments of grinding stones with traces
of colour from the Takarkori rock shelter, dating from between 6,800–5,400
BC, may have been used as palettes for rock or body painting, and have been
connected chronologically to the Round Head Period. A large proportion of
paintings in this period portray very large figures with round, featureless
heads and can often be depicted in ‘floating’ positions; women often have
their hands raised, interpreted as postures of supplication.
- sys:
id: 5zzGfyoQUw00yqkeuYuQ4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:01.442000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:01.442000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2diYKwS63u0MYs8eC4aesU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.217000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.899'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2diYKwS63u0MYs8eC4aesU/699e9277d3628340b4719c18a1f57ec4/2013_2034.899.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting radiocarbon-dated to 8590±390 BP. Uan Tamuat,
Acacus Mountains. 2013,2034.899 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3587474&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.899&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UNszL8ap2g6CqEi60aUGC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:32:06.214000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:32:06.214000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Pastoral Period
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 6'
body: The introduction of domesticates into the region has been identified archaeologically
at around 8,000 years ago, although full exploitation of cattle for dairying
is much later at around 6,000 years ago. The development to full pastoral
systems in the region is complex and prolonged, so it is challenging to track
any changes from the rock art itself, but the painting of large herds must
be connected to a full pastoral society.
- sys:
id: 65IyLhOxpecyEUyiQOaSe4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:36.906000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:28:36.906000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3EDRZDxlckISY0Gc0c44QK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.853000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.853000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.734'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3EDRZDxlckISY0Gc0c44QK/9d3d834b088da6e1d5b97a8d01254d82/2013_2034.734.jpg"
caption: Herders and cattle, <NAME>, Acacus Mountains. 2013,2034.734 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586048&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.734&page=1
- sys:
id: 1qfXWyJGO0SAIM40qw4aa4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:32:47.033000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 14:42:33.634000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horse and Camel Periods
title_internal: 'Libya: country, chapter 7'
body: |-
Historical records have tended to date the introduction of both the horse and the camel in northern Africa rather than the archaeological record. Yet, in terms of rock art research in this region, less attention has been given to these styles; the reason for this may be that the earliest rock art attracted more scholarly consideration than the later depictions. However, their representation certainly demonstrates the changing natural and cultural environment and associated human responses and adaptations.
The rock art of Libya is a visual testament to the changing fortunes of this part of the Sahara and the cultural groups who have occupied and navigated the area over thousands of years. The engravings and paintings act as a legacy, tracing the environmental effects of climate change, how people have adapted to that change and the cultural worlds they have created.
- sys:
id: 33lGJfCTG0iWmcaMS8Miqy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:09.712000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:29:09.712000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4ShhlHTP4A08k6Ck0WmCme
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.861000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ShhlHTP4A08k6Ck0WmCme/c88441d7390ce9362b6ef2ab371070e9/2013_2034.1450.jpg"
caption: Engraved figures on horseback. Awis, Acacus Mountains. 2013,2034.1450
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592680&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1450&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 51iLulV0KkWce0SIkgewo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:53.864000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:53.864000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, M.Legrand, <NAME> and <NAME>. 2005. *The Climate-Environment-Society Nexus in the Sahara from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day*. The Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 10, No 3-4, pp. 253-292
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 2001. *African Rock Art*. New York: H<NAME> di Lernia, S. 2012. Thoughts on the rock art of the Tadrart Acacus Mts., SW Libya. Adoranten pp. 19-37
Jelínek, J. 2004. *Sahara: Histoire de l’art rupestre libyen*. Grenoble: <NAME>
<NAME>, J. 1998. *Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen*. Paris: Payot & Rivages
background_images:
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id: YbgSaS84Eu0gE8yKEcI48
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.208000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:07.208000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1012'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/YbgSaS84Eu0gE8yKEcI48/c3cf27b1581df5b3cfed28e53439b4f8/2013_2034.1012.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:25:03.861000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.1450'
description:
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title: '2013,2034.899'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2diYKwS63u0MYs8eC4aesU/699e9277d3628340b4719c18a1f57ec4/2013_2034.899.jpg"
region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/algeria/crying-cows.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Algeria
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 47IFi4eXxuIaQ2Kkikkm4y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:54:23.245000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:53:29.640000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Crying cows, Algeria
slug: crying-cows
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3vWqlaPPKouEaiKsKIkAGm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:16.750000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:16.750000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Algeria: featured site, chapter 1'
body: At the base of an inselberg at Tegharghart, south of Djanet, is a site that
has come to be known as ‘Crying Cows’, because of the way teardrops appear to
roll down the faces of the animals.
- sys:
id: 2CX1X82zg0Wm8OCikiCM2a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:50:47.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:42:29.513000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6eeWLekeOI6MC2OO8SkAEk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.233000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.233000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4323'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6eeWLekeOI6MC2OO8SkAEk/2ce480e7c388db97e2619927c84ca059/2013_2034.4323.jpg"
caption: Polished cattle engravings belonging to the Early Hunter Period. Tegharghart,
south of Djanet, Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4323 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601754&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4323&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iofe61DXWSWEe2iIkmoQC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:40.114000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:40.115000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Algeria: featured site, chapter 2'
body: |-
These skilfully engraved images depict long-horned cattle with their heads bowed. Thought to date between 7,000 and 8,000 years ago, today these images stand alone in a vast wilderness of sand and rock. However, this environment was once wetter and more fertile, and this site may have been close to a local watering hole where animals regularly drank and bathed. Indeed, even today during the rains, the depression in the sand at the base of the inselberg fills up with water, which gives the appearance that the cows are bending their heads to drink.
These engravings are incorporated in a local myth that tells of a shepherd who engraved the crying cows after travelling night and day with his herd to a spring he thought would quench their thirst. Finding it dry, he captured in stone his cattle’s grief as he watched them die one by one. Climatic data has shown a number of significant cooling events in the North Atlantic, one of which – dating to around eight thousand years ago – resulted in a period of aridity lasting a number of centuries across the Sahara, and may coincide with these engravings and of the associated myth.
- sys:
id: 1Amw4cfI1K6G6guu4aQQey
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:51:44.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:43:21.104000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4BNQt2lt84WMoouGQgc6G0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4328'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4BNQt2lt84WMoouGQgc6G0/96d40531dacc2538ad5c32de06190654/2013_2034.4328.jpg"
caption: Close-up of polished cattle engravings. 2013,2034.4328 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601772&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4328&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zymCcOSMo8AAimOWw0IuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:53:00.226000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:53:00.226000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Algeria: featured site, chapter 3'
body: In artistic terms, the execution of this panel of engraved cows is extremely
accomplished and testifies to someone who was not only a skilful carver but
who we might even regard as a sculptor in the modern sense, who understood both
materials and the interplay of light and shade in the reductive process of carving.
But even more than this, the artist understood the environmental conditions
in which he was working. It has been observed that the depth and thickness of
the engraved lines has been carefully calculated to ensure that as the sun travels
across them during the day, they appear to move. This sense of movement is made
most acute as the evening shadows, falling into each groove, give the cattle
a sense of mass and movement. Other artistic devices, such as double lines with
recessed areas and internal polishing, evoke a perception of depth and density.
The interplay of light and shade is consummately adept and dynamic, and the
sculptural quality of the image sensorially evocative. This is the work of a
practised craftsman, who demonstrates a deep of understanding of materials,
techniques and the natural environment.
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/angola-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:28.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:28.009000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Angola: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4c7LrgmhRm6oEIsmKMyICO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.048000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:10:43.664000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Angola is a country located in the south-west of Africa, stretching from
the Atlantic Ocean to the centre of the continent. Angolan rock art consists
both of engravings and paintings, and is mostly located relatively near to
the coast, although some sites have also been documented in the easternmost
part of the country, near the border with Zambia. Depictions are very varied,
representing animals, human figures and geometric signs, in many cases grouped
in hunting or war scenes. In some cases, firearms appear represented, showing
the period of contact with Europeans from the 1500s onwards. '
- sys:
id: 6d4OdBQujeqc8gYMAUaQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.855000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:43:02.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3fc97FP7N6Q4qaYY82yMee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.366000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.366000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3fc97FP7N6Q4qaYY82yMee/f28490284dadb197c3aafc749fd9de88/ANGTCH0010008.jpg"
caption: "Painted group of white, red and dark red geometric signs. Tchitundu-Hulu
Mucai, Angola. 2013,2034.21211\t© TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744321&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1LCP4wqQiYI4wSiSqsagwK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.894000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.894000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 2'
body: Angola has a variety of climates. The flat coastal plain ranges between
25 and 150 km in width, and is a semiarid region covered by scrub, turning into
sand dunes to the south, near Namibia. The coastal region abruptly gives way
to a series of mountains and escarpments divided by the Cuanza River. The
northern part has an average height of 500 m, but the southern region is far
higher, with the peaks occasionally exceeding 2,300 m. This mountainous region
is in fact a transitional area between the coastal plain and the great central
plateau of Africa. This plateau dominates Angola’s geography with an altitude
from 1,200 to 1,800 m, and consists of a region of plains and low hills with
a tropical climate. The climate becomes drier to the south and wetter to the
north, where a wide region of the country can be defined as rainforest.
- sys:
id: 4hwTXZMXe00gwO6uoyKY0Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:43:30.163000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2EhlaF5U6Qui8SueE66KUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.353000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.353000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2EhlaF5U6Qui8SueE66KUO/0329cbdac83a8bc3b9bbaff953025630/ANGTCH0010001.jpg"
caption: Aerial view of landscape showing a valley and a plateau in south-western
Angola. Namibe Province, Angola. 2013,2034.21204 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744306&partId=1
- sys:
id: 6oDRzpZCTe0cioMMk0WmGs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:00:25.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Rock art in Angola is primarily located in the coastal region, from north
to south, with a clear concentration in its central area. However some rock
art sites have also been discovered in the interior of the country, especially
in its east-central region, and therefore this concentration in the coast could
be explained by different research priorities in the past. Although both paintings
and engravings are present in Angolan rock art, the latter seem to be predominant
near the coast, while paintings are more common in the interior and to the south. '
- sys:
id: 48podTUsCQm2Aai0M2CkqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.824000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:35:38.140000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 4'
body: 'Although there are some references in Portuguese chronicles from the 1500s
and 1600s which could correspond to rock art paintings, the first clear mention
of a rock art site was made in 1816 with research only starting in 1939, when
<NAME> published the first news about engravings of Angola. Since then,
research was intermittent until the 1950s, when the important site of Tchitundu-Hulu
was studied and published. The relevance of Tchitundu-Hulu attracted the attention
of important scholars such as <NAME> and the <NAME>, who along
with Portuguese researchers contextualized Angolan rock art within the continent. Research
increased significantly over the next two decades, but during the 1980s political
instability gave way to a period of stagnation until the 1990s, when new researchers
began comprehensive surveys and organised the available rock art information. '
- sys:
id: 19eEn5GF9e0Yqk4yYmoqKg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.784000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:25:10.620000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: 'Themes '
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 5'
body: 'The rock art in Angola has a wide variety of styles and themes, depending
on the region and the chronology. The oldest images are painted or engraved
geometric symbols and anthropomorphic figures. More recent depictions include
axes, spears and firearms. The latest period of the Angolan rock art includes
complex scenes of war and hunting, and in a number of cases human figures are
carried on a palanquin-like structure. Although schematic figures are widespread
throughout the country, they are predominant in the south-west where most of
the sites have been compared to those in the Central Africa Schematic Art zone,
with parallels in Malawi and Mozambique. In the west-central area of Angola,
in addition to the schematic symbols and animals, images of men holding weapons,
fighting and hunting are common, including warriors holding firearms which make
reference to the first contact with Europeans by the 16th century. Near the
north-west coast, some of the paintings and engravings have been related to
objects used in religious ceremonies – wooden statuettes or decorated pot lids. In
particular, a close association has been established between rock art depictions
and the so-called Cabinda pot lids, which have different carved symbols—animals,
objects, human figures—acting as a shared visual language. '
- sys:
id: avBmltKXBKIac040I4im4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.027000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:13:04.815000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6JWgcpb6JUq0yCegs4MsGc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.335000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.335000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6JWgcpb6JUq0yCegs4MsGc/6f9bad737cd113899538299e444e8007/ANGTCH0010006.jpg"
caption: Paintings showing geometric signs, an unidentified quadruped and a bird
(?) infilled with red and white lines. Tchitundu-Hulu Mucai, Angola. 2013,2034.21209
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744323&partId=1
- sys:
id: 2I6ljlCWZyAmqm8Gq402IE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:16:27.004000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: " Chronology"
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 6'
body: 'As is so often the case with rock art, the dating of images is complex
due to the absence of direct correlations between rock art depictions and well
contextualised archaeological remains. Some of the sites with rock art have
been excavated showing dates of the 7th millennium BC, but the relationship
with the rock art is unclear. In the Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume site, the excavation
at the cave provided a 1st millennium BC date, and the only radiocarbon date
taken from the pigments at this site provided a date of the 1st century AD,
which corresponds with other dates of the same style in Central Africa. The
second tool for assigning a chronology is the analysis of the subject matter
represented in the rock art depictions: the presence of metal objects, for example,
would imply a date of the 1st millennium AD onwards, when this material was
introduced. Whereas, depictions featuring images of firearms would date from
the 16th century onwards. The end of the rock art tradition has been associated
with the presence of Europeans but was probably progressive as the control of
the region by the Portuguese grew during the 17th and 18th centuries. '
- sys:
id: 1oBOeAZi0QEmAsekMIgq88
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:27:56.903000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010022`
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk/074e930f8099bbfdf9dd872f874c3a32/ANGTCH0010022.jpg"
caption: Pecked concentric circles. Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, Angola. 2013,2034.21225
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744347&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6qVsC6snf24G0ImyC6yGY8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:30.575000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:00:54.672000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. Desmond & <NAME>. van, 1963. *Prehistoric
cultures of northeast Angola and their significance in tropical Africa*. Companhia
de Diamantes de Angola, Lisboa, Servicos Culturais \n\nGutierrez, M. 1996. *L'art
parietal de l'Angola*. L’Harmattan, Paris \n\nGutierrez, M. 2009. 'Rock Art
and Religion: the site of <NAME>, Angola'. *The South African Archaeological
Bulletin 64 (189)* pp. 51-60\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/zimbabwe/matobo.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Zimbabwe
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 196SFAKyP2Ec0gqcWAkawG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:55:26.290000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:33:48.421000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe
slug: matobo
chapters:
- sys:
id: dcn9MCXYc02mqO620qoe8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.731000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.731000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'The Matobo Hills (also spelled as Matopo or Matopos Hills) are located
to the south-west of Zimbabwe, in Matabeleland, one of the two main rock art
regions in the country. It is a large region, more than 2000 sq. km, characterized
by granite hills separated by nearly parallel valleys where the vegetation consists
of scattered woodlands and areas covered by grass with an abundance of wild
fruits. The region was occupied since at least the Middle Stone Age, but the
human presence increased in the last millennia BC. The region holds an incredible
amount of rock art; as many as 3,000 sites have been estimated based on the
better surveyed areas. Paintings constitute the vast majority of depictions,
although occasional engravings have also been reported. Paintings are usually
found in rock shelters and associated with archaeological remains, which show
an occupation of the area since the Early Stone Age. '
- sys:
id: N3RjMUjWecQWss48koUyG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:26.939000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:26.939000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: Jy8edAwMCGiAywQIyi0KI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:31.534000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:31.534000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0100001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Jy8edAwMCGiAywQIyi0KI/4d9692d057fadcc525259a3eb75c00ba/ZIMMTB0100001.jpg"
caption: Ladscape of the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23586). ©TARA/David
Coulson
- sys:
id: 7Mivw9c0Q8osQi802O6gwO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.437000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.437000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'The rock art of the Matobo Hills is as varied as that of the rest of Zimbabwe,
mainly consisting of depictions of animals and human figures often grouped in
complex scenes, clustered or represented in rows. Human figures are predominant,
with males being more numerous than women and children very rare. They are usually
depicted in a slender style, facing left or right but with the upper part of
the body facing front, and often carrying bows, arrows or other objects. Regarding
the animals, mammals dominate, with the kudu antelope being especially numerous
although this animal is not commonly found in the Matobo Hills. A wide range
of animals such as smaller antelopes, giraffes, zebras, ostriches, monkeys,
eland antelope, rhinoceros and to a lesser extent carnivores are also depicted.
The animals are represented in very different attitudes and may be depicted
standing still, running or lying. Humans and animals are often related in hunting
scenes. Along with animals and human figures, a fair number of geometric symbols
are present, including a very characteristic type of motif made of a series
of narrow oval-like shapes (formlings) usually depicted vertically, and sometimes
interpreted as beehives. '
- sys:
id: 1ueCDk3QMc40WGC6gk0qsE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:47.135000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:47.135000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4JrH9kFufCQkEwgGqycIQG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:43.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:43.328000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0020005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4JrH9kFufCQkEwgGqycIQG/da276b8b7efba382dc16df58e2c43bef/ZIMMTB0020005.jpg"
caption: View of a complex panel including hundreds of human figures, animals,
formlings and other unidentified shapes. <NAME>, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe
(2013,2034.23350). ©TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 2Kp0Cep9RmeI4gyMAMMaCy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.486000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.486000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'One of the characteristics of the Matobo Hills rock art is the incredible
variety of colours used, which includes a wide range of reds, purples, oranges,
browns and yellows, as well as black, white and grey tones. Colours are often
combined, and in some cases particular colours seem to have been chosen for
specific animals. A common feature in some types of animals as giraffes and
antelopes is the outline of the figure in red or white, with the body infilled
in a different colour. '
- sys:
id: 3dGEtOvk6k6i6wQSUsu2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:54.742000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:54.742000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3ZbDDzdXZuKCEEWWm2WUoE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:59.400000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:56:59.400000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0020022
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ZbDDzdXZuKCEEWWm2WUoE/67d4eba9ebb89aaf8394676637773ba5/ZIMMTB0020022.jpg"
caption: Detail of a bichrome giraffe surrounded by other animals and human figures.
In<NAME>, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23367). ©TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 7zD4PqA2mQyY0yCYUYS6wk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:33:12.839000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 4'
body: "Many of the depictions in the Matobo Hills are associated with hunter-gatherers,
providing a great amount of information about the social, economic and spiritual
life of these groups. Depictions of daily objects (bows, vessels, digging sticks,
cloaks) appear depicted in the rock art, and humans are shown hunting animals,
fighting other groups and dancing in what seem to be ritual scenes. In fact,
many of the scenes show strong similarities to those found in the Drakensberg
(South Africa), and part of the iconography in the Zimbabwean paintings – ‘therianthropes’
(part-human, part-animal figures), elongated figures, rain animals, geometric
figures – can be easily related to trance or rain-making activities similar
to those seen in South Africa. These paintings have been interpreted as representing
the trance experiences of shamans (the term ‘shaman’ is derived from Siberian
concepts of Shamanism and its applicability to San|Bushman¹ cultures has
been questioned, but it is utilised here on the understanding that it sufficiently
represents trancers in this academic context, where it is the most frequently
used term to describe them). However, unlike in South Africa, the Matobo Hills
rock art is not recent and researchers lack the key ethnographic records that
help us to interpret the paintings. Therefore, interpretations cannot be directly
extrapolated from the South African paintings to those of the Matobo Hills,
and researchers such as <NAME> have broadened the interpretative framework
of this art to include social issues in addition to the religious. \n\n"
- sys:
id: 5njv3ZB8WWG0e2MkM4wuIw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:11.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:11.432000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1vZtYjldh2UmCICQEIC8UG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:17.337000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:17.337000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0010007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1vZtYjldh2UmCICQEIC8UG/18487324c77eb308393d900eb5f4a3c4/ZIMMTB0010007.jpg"
caption: Human figures running or seated over a wavy, yellow line outlined in
red and infilled in yellow. Maholoholo cave, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23327).
©TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 2MAT92oDegwysmWWecW8go
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.570000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.570000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Not all the paintings in the Matobo Hills can be ascribed to groups of
hunter gatherers, though. Although fewer, there are some paintings that correspond
to a later period which were made by Iron Age farmers. Unlike in South Africa,
rock art does not show evidence of interaction between these two groups, and
it is probable that the hunter-gatherers that inhabited the area were either
displaced or absorbed by these new farmer communities. However, some of the
later paintings show some links with the previous hunter-gatherers traditions.
This later art consists mainly of schematic figures (usually animals, including
domestic ones such as goats and cows) and geometric symbols, mostly depicted
in white but also red or black and smeared with the hand or the fingers. '
- sys:
id: 1U1ln6bdtSIGYYiKu0M68M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:35.126000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:35.126000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1iRymPGEvYW4YUwsWCuw66
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:30.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:30.948000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0070009
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1iRymPGEvYW4YUwsWCuw66/6d6a5a4e658e2c74a771bdf36a8052a8/ZIMMTB0070009.jpg"
caption: Iron age white paintings. Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23487). ©TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 5MtdMVT44MIamC44CmcMog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.463000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:53:51.463000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Zimbabwe: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'The Matobo Hills constitute a perfect example of how nature and human presence
can become imbricated, to create a living landscape in which every hill is recognized
individually and many of them are still venerated by the communities living
in the area. Undoubtedly, rock art played a significant role in this process
of progressive sacralisation of the landscape. The importance of the thousands
of sites scattered throughout the hills is an invaluable testimony of the strong
spirituality of hunter-gatherers that created it, and their deep relation to
the land in which they lived. '
- sys:
id: 1Y6kzmIX4AimYGC4AYQM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:43.734000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:43.734000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:48.037000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:57:48.037000000 Z
title: ZIMMTB0100024
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caption: Antelopes and human figures. Bambata cave, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (2013,2034.23609).
©TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 4cN05gyK9aWYwscgeMuA4E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:33:44.736000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:33:44.736000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: Matobo Chapter 7
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: nZhwDQUvyCcK8kYqoWWK2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.690000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:54:06.690000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. (2012): The Rock Art of the Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe.
Adoranten: 38-59\n\nParry, Elspeth (2012): Guide to the Rock Art of the Matopo
Hills, Zimbabwe. Bulawayo, AmaBooks Publishers. \n"
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/botswana.md
---
contentful:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:21:19.798000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:39:16.998000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 13
name: Botswana
slug: botswana
col_url: 'http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=19305|108608|108619|108618|108610|108613|108574|108572|108562|108568|108571|108570|108557|108558|14789|108560 '
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image_carousel:
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id: 3y9Kyv4t440uAwuYqSiwmc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:09:15.644000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:12:34.714000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20653'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3757916&partId=1&searchText=BOTTSD0040008&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3y9Kyv4t440uAwuYqSiwmc/be7de353c85797e38b480c1000c63690/BOTTSD0040008_jpeg.jpg"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:13:24.351000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21107'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762101&partId=1&searchText=BOTTSD1170002&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6pHrsUcc2kaeKqeEcO0WmW/c92b5e947430fcfbf28de83322cb1241/BOTTSD1170002_jpeg.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2vlf46R3veEcs28C8MuCMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:09:35.337000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:15:16.580000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21147'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762173&partId=1&searchText=BOTTSDNAS0010002&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2vlf46R3veEcs28C8MuCMK/31642ccafef62968c186cc3608d1ea53/BOTTSDNAS0010002_jpeg.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 4LLcZZwsVO2SOacCKoc2Ku
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:02:35.091000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:32:13.193000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 7
title: Tsodilo Hills, Botswana
slug: tsodilo
chapters:
- sys:
id: 28cyW9T0iUqYugWyq8cmWc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.590000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.590000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 1'
body: '<NAME>, located in north-west Botswana, contains around 400 rock
art sites with more than 4,000 individual paintings, and has been termed the
“The Louvre of the Desert”. Designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in
2001, Tsodilo comprises four main hill: Male Hill, Female Hill, Child Hill
and North Hill with paintings occurring on all four. This region shows human
occupation going back 100,000 years. At sunset the western cliffs of the
Hills radiate a glowing light that can be seen for miles around, for which
the local Juc’hoansi call them the “Copper Bracelet of the Evening”.'
- sys:
id: BUqVZ44T2Cw0oguCqa0Ui
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:31:14.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:05:40.114000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
title: BOTTSDNAS0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E/3ee38dc4339bc8831fbc27c32789652b/BOTTSDNAS0010008_jpeg.jpg"
caption: The evening light falls on the cliffs of Female Hill causing them to
glow like burnished copper, and giving the Hills the name 'Copper Bracelet
of the Evening'. 2013,2034.21153 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762166&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21153&page=1
- sys:
id: Yer3GOpD8siKgO0iwcaSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.644000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.644000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Rock Art
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The paintings at Tsodilo are unique in comparison to other San|Bushmen
rock art in both techniques and subject matter. San|Bushmen paintings
are well-known throughout southern Africa for their fine-line detail because
they were brush painted, but those at Tsodilo are finger painted. In addition,
160 depictions of cattle are portrayed in the same style as wild animals,
and more geometric designs appear here than anywhere else. Tsodilo animal
drawings are larger and the geometric designs simpler than those found elsewhere. In
comparison to human figures elsewhere in southern Africa, those at Tsodilo
appear without bows and arrows, clothing or any forms of personal ornamentation. In
addition, numerous cupules and grooves are incised and ground into rock surfaces,
sometimes close to painted rock art sites and some on their own. For the residents
of Tsodilo, the hills are a sacred place inhabited by spirits of the ancestors.
- sys:
id: 43rtUm8qI8KmCcYYMSOgmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.677000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.677000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The Red Paintings
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'The subject matter of red finger-painted depictions can be divided into
animals, human figures and geometric designs. Unusually, animals, mainly large
mammals and cattle have been depicted in twisted perspective with two horns
and two or four legs displayed in silhouette. '
- sys:
id: 3ImTBIKi2I6UKK0kOU6QuI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:31:54.679000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:06:23.440000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ciquTlk7CuacgoUmGW4ko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:59.662000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:59.662000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0100011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ciquTlk7CuacgoUmGW4ko/e1c26a2555f8949c83f4f3075453266f/BOTTSD0100011_jpeg.jpg"
caption: An eland with a calf. Gubekho Gorge, Tsodilo Hills 2013,2034.20700.
© TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758016&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20700&page=1
- sys:
id: 4erJYWZNlCKAQwwmIGCMMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.705000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.705000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Human figures are schematic and depicted by two intersecting lines, a
vertical line which thickens at the middle to indicate hips and buttocks,
and the other a horizontal shorter line joined at the middle to represent
a penis. Female figures are depicted with two legs and show two projections
near the top indicating breasts. '
- sys:
id: 3z6hr5zWeA8uiwQuIOU4Me
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:03.882000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:07:16.062000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3o0or3SkLeYGGUoAY0eesW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:14.546000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:14.546000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0350003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3o0or3SkLeYGGUoAY0eesW/76825491efe27f5d7281812cf374f201/BOTTSD0350003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: This panel of figures shows men with penises and women with breasts
appearing to perform a ceremony with a domestic cow. Female Hill, Tsodilo
Hills. 2013,2034.20891 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761502&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20891&page=1
- sys:
id: 2sRPLGg0x20QMQWwoSgKAa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.552000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Geometric designs include circles and ovals with internal grid patterns,
rectilinear motifs termed “shields”, some handprints and rows of finger impressions.
In addition, there are a number of rectangular motifs that have been called
“stretched skins”. Similar designs have been found in Zambia, Angola, Namibia,
northern South Africa and Malawi. '
- sys:
id: 2hIErx8hcciSyMwOKKSqiY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:11.837000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:11:48.100000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0100003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG/9fa827f96116559169a415bb2abe204f/BOTTSD0100003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Rectangular motif known as a “stretched skin”. <NAME>, Tsodilo
Hills. 2013,2034.20692 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758002&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20692&page=1
- sys:
id: 28VhGOdi2A2sKIG20Wcsua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.799000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.799000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 6'
body: While most of the images in the Tsodilo Hills seem to be discrete depictions,
some sites show figures. Some of these figures are with cattle as well as
women standing in rows in connection with animal groups, possibly showing
some relationship with each other. Additionally, some of the rock art in the
Tsodilo Hills shows superimposition, but this occurs infrequently. In some
cases red geometric designs superimpose animals, but geometric designs and
animals never superimpose human figures, nor do images of cattle ever superimpose
other images – which may suggest some kind of relationship or hierarchy.
- sys:
id: 2W4qNU8IVWQAyuuoaaaYCE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.588000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Late White Paintings
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 7'
body: White finger-painted images appear more crudely executed and are made
from a powdery or greasy white pigment. More than 200 paintings at 20 different
sites show paintings in this style, half of these depictions occur in White
Paintings Shelter alone. Subject matter includes people facing forwards with
their hands on hips, figures riding horses, a possible wagon wheel and a figure
standing on a wagon, as well as an elephant, rhino, giraffe, eland, cows,
antelope, snakes, unidentified animals and geometric designs, particularly
“m” shapes. White paintings occur at sites with red paintings and often superimpose
them.
- sys:
id: 3szVgL4Drqs2eicWcmKIaI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:18.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:12:37.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: k0cOVVuRnUmcWEYUQsuiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:41.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:41.851000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0590001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/k0cOVVuRnUmcWEYUQsuiG/98eaf4781fbe7a6b0a4a7a395808f618/BOTTSD0590001_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Painted white geometric designs on a protected rock face. Female Hill,
Tsodilo Hills. © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761865&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20999&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zm0EQehBCyEiWKIW8QkmC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 12:43:48.178000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Cupules/Grooves
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 8'
body: There are no engravings at Tsodilo representing animals or human figures,
but more than 25 sites show evidence of small round depressions ground into
the rock, known as cupules, as well as various shaped grooves that have been
chipped and ground into the rock. The majority of sites are found on Female
Hill, with four on Male Hill and one site on Child Hill. Cupules tend to measure
about 5cm or more wide and less than a 1cm deep, although larger examples
occur. They can occur at painted rock art sites but also on their own. For
the most part they are found in groups ranging from 5 to 100 and in three
cases, considerably more. For example, in Rhino Cave there are 346 carved
into a vertical wall and nearly 1,100 at Depression Shelter. The purpose or
meaning of cupules is unknown; they may have denoted a special place or the
number of times a site had been visited. However, we have no dates for any
of the cupules and even if they are adjacent to a rock art site, they are
not necessarily contemporaneous. From their patina and general wear it has
been proposed that some cupules may date back tens of thousands of years to
the Middle Stone Age. If paintings also existed at this time they have long
since disappeared.
- sys:
id: 5xeXEU1FpS26IC0kg6SoIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:30.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 12:44:51.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 65NOs0Iic0kGmCKyEQqSSO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:57.790000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:57.790000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0970003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/65NOs0Iic0kGmCKyEQqSSO/b729ac2af7dfc16ba9355cd9c7578b29/BOTTSD0970003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Engraved boulder with numerous ground cupules. <NAME>, <NAME>.
2013,2034.21062 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762004&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21062&page=1
- sys:
id: RIKm0qhPO0CeIoommeWeO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.503000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 11:07:04.906000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 9'
body: Grooves are less common than cupules, but are often easier to detect.
They occur in small groups of 3 to 15 and are elongated oval or canoe-like
in shape, and are found mostly on horizontal or near-horizontal surfaces.
Their function is unknown, although a thin slab of stone with a curved round
edge was excavated from Depression Shelter which matched one of the grooves
in the shelter.
- sys:
id: 2rAlzTp1WMc4s8WiAESWcE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.536000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:31:07.523000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Who were the artists?
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 10'
body: "It is a bit of a mystery about who actually created the paintings at
Tsodilo, as the red images at Tsodilo do not fit neatly into other known styles
of rock art in southern Africa. They do not show the fine brush work of San|Bushmen¹
in other parts of southern Africa, nor the cruder style of white paintings
attributed to later Bantu-speaking farmers.\n\nIt is possible that they were
painted by the Khoesan during the first millennium AD, the original settlers
in the area who made stone tools and herded livestock. A local Ncaekhoe man
(a Central San people) claims his ancestors made the paintings and it is possible
that some or many of the cattle images were painted by pastoral ancestors
of Ncaekhoe. \n\nThe white paintings are more difficult to attribute authorship,
although as they are comparable to the red paintings, comprising the same
subject matter of elephant, rhino, giraffe and antelope as well as geometrics,
they may reflect a later version of the red tradition.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 55nMUbiXCEequAa4egOUMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.558000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 11:10:22.009000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 11'
body: The paintings at Tsodilo are often faded because they are located on rock
faces exposed to the sun, wind and rain. As such, dating them scientifically
is problematic as little or no suitable organic material remains. However,
cattle paintings may help to date the art. There are about 160 depictions
of cattle, which were common around the Tsodilo Hills between 800–1200 AD.
As the cattle depictions are stylistically similar to other animal depictions
it has been suggested that this seems to be a plausible date for most of the
art (Coulson and Campbell, 2001:103)
- sys:
id: 6rU0fkhAasueAasEgyyg6S
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:40.775000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 12:49:05.907000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: Y7kLCRLHA2ciIS8eQOSyQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:17.633000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:17.633000000 Z
title: BOTTSD1020001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Y7kLCRLHA2ciIS8eQOSyQ/f420a4f3e3f70bf173adffe97010596f/BOTTSD1020001_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Red cow with upturned horns. Tsodilo Hills. 2013,2034.21070 © TARA/
<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762014&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21070&page=1
- sys:
id: 3kNt1aGj6wssQ0SEwCgIcA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.552000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 12'
body: 'Similarly, the first horses known to reach Tsodilo belonged to a party
of Griqua traders who passed nearby on their way to Andara in 1852, the earliest
probable date for the paintings of figures on horseback (Campbell, Robbins
and Taylor, 2010:103). It is not clear when the red painting tradition ceased
but this could have occurred in the twelfth century when Tsodilo stopped being
a major trade centre and seemingly the local cattle population collapsed. '
- sys:
id: 4v5vfCbdLy2WGqOIKO24Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:49.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:32:39.837000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 59TnAobO36C8wcEkwwq2Yq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:47.829000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:47.829000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0520003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/59TnAobO36C8wcEkwwq2Yq/363ccd57abf9e193881c3c012c92feba/BOTTSD0520003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'White painted rock art showing figure on horseback adjacent to figure
with hands on hips. White Paintings Shelter, Tsodilo Hills. 2013,2034.20954
© TARA/ <NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761768&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.20954&page=1
- sys:
id: 3eB1mi7ZIIq6WAguuucCSk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.591000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.591000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 13'
body: "Giraffe, eland and rhino are by far the most common species depicted
at Tsodilo, followed by elephant, gemsbok and cattle. However, these images
tend to be discretely rendered and there does not appear to be any relationship
between images on the same rock. \n\nRepresentations of people are simply
painted and generally stick-like, identified to gender by either penis or
breasts. In some cases this may represent sexual virility and fertility, although
in scenes where both occur it may merely indicate gender differences.\n\nCattle
seem to appear in the rock art at the same time as human figures. In one scene,
three figures, one leading a child, has been interpreted as either herding
or stealing cattle (Campbell, Robbins and Taylor, 2010:106). Three other sites
show cattle depicted with what may be mythical rain animals. \n"
- sys:
id: OhQoTZwtQ4c6824AkMeIw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:56.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:35:20.813000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: y5jBKXYeoCcMusKuIcKeG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:43:17.613000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:43:17.613000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0580002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/y5jBKXYeoCcMusKuIcKeG/6ee8df8512d8e7c55e06cb2292166936/BOTTSD0580002_A_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'Two cattle with four figures, one leading a child. The scene has been
interpreted as possibly herding or stealing cattle. 2013,2034.20996 © TARA/
<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761852&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.20996&page=1
- sys:
id: 3FUszfSDUQ42g2kUsukuQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.775000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:36:08.602000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 14'
body: "Geometric designs are trickier to decipher. Square geometric designs,
also known as “shields” possibly represent human forms. Circular designs sometimes
partially superimpose an animal or be placed within its outline. This superimposition
may enhance the symbolic meaning of the animal.\n\nEither singly or in groups,
and sometimes depicted with animals or people, geometric motifs show stylistic
consistency across a wide area and are likely to have had some symbolic meaning.
In Zambia, geometric designs are thought to have been made by women and associated
with the weather and fertility, while depictions of animals were made by men.
The geometric rock art of Tsodilo fits into a pattern of similar imagery in
central Africa and may be related to the same meanings of weather and fertility.\t\n"
- sys:
id: 1ImUVBlPTSQIG00wy6Y6QQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:31:24.274000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:31:38.744000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: Botswana Chapter 14
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: Pu7wGVJ7C6EIqoKCmUuCk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:33:04.551000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:33:04.551000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>; <NAME> (2010) Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Coulson and Campbell, (2001)
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
title: BOTTSDNAS0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E/3ee38dc4339bc8831fbc27c32789652b/BOTTSDNAS0010008_jpeg.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0100003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG/9fa827f96116559169a415bb2abe204f/BOTTSD0100003_jpeg.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 5oidYIzjWwYAOEyQuqO42s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:03:11.059000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:03:11.059000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: key facts'
image_count: '727'
date_range: 'At least 2,000 years ago - around 150 years ago '
main_areas: Tsodilo Hills, Gubatshaa Hills and Tuli Block
techniques: Paintings and engravings
main_themes: Wild animals, domestic cattle, stick-like figures and geometric motifs
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 9cRmg60WNGAk6i8Q6WKWm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:25.736000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:42:15.905000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 2
title: Introduction to rock art in southern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-southern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:12:39.975000000 Z
title: SOADRB0080007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3cyElw8MaIS24gq8ioCcka/fcea216b7327f325bf27e3cebe49378e/SOADRB0080007.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5qv45Cw424smAwqkkg4066
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:01:39.329000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:09:20.849000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |+
The southern African countries of Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Botswana and Namibia contain thousands of rock art sites and southern African rock art has been studied extensively. Due to perceived similarities in subject matter, even across great distances, much southern African rock art has been ascribed to hunter-gatherer painters and engravers who appear to have had a shared set of cultural references. These have been linked with beliefs and practices which remain common to modern San|Bushman¹ people, a number of traditional hunter-gatherer groups who continue to live in Southern Africa, principally in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. There are, however, differences in style and technique between regions, and various rock art traditions are attributed to other cultural groups and their ancestors. As is often the case with rock art, the accurate attribution of authorship, date and motivation is difficult to establish, but the rock art of this region continues to be studied and the richness of the material in terms of subject matter, as well as in the context of the archaeological record, has much to tell us, both about its own provenance and the lives of the people who produced it.
- sys:
id: r3hNyCQVUcGgGmmCKs0sY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:04.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:09:49.095000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and distribution
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 2'
- sys:
id: 5cKrBogJHiAaCs6mMoyqee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:27.584000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:10:55.925000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4RBHhRPKHC2s6yWcEeWs0c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:17.232000000 Z
title: ZIMMSL0070001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4RBHhRPKHC2s6yWcEeWs0c/9d9bc5196cfac491fa099fd737b06e34/ZIMMSL0070001.jpg"
caption: Yellow elephant calf painted on the roof of a shelter. Mashonaland,
Zimbabwe. 2013,2034.22675 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iUgvg0
- sys:
id: 69tB5BiRVKG2QQEKoSYw08
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:41.530000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:11:21.260000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'There is wide variation in the physical environments of southern Africa,
ranging from the rainforests of Mozambique to the arid Namib Desert of western
Namibia, with the climate tending to become drier towards the south and west. The
central southern African plateau is divided by the central dip of the Kalahari
basin, and bordered by the Great Escarpment, a sharp drop in altitude towards
the coast which forms a ridge framing much of southern Africa. The escarpment
runs in a rough inland parallel to the coastline, from northern Angola, south
around the Cape and up in the east to the border between Zimbabwe and Malawi. Both
painted and engraved rock art is found throughout southern Africa, with the
type and distribution partially informed by the geographical characteristics
of the different regions. Inland areas with exposed boulders, flat rock ‘pavements’
and rocky outcrops tend to feature engraved rock art, whereas paintings are
more commonly found in the protective rock shelters of mountainous or hilly
areas, often in ranges edging the Great Escarpment. '
- sys:
id: 4BJ17cEGyIC6QYSYGAkoaa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:04.486000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:11:57.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
title: NAMBRG0030001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS/0bb079e491ac899abae435773c74fcf4/NAMBRG0030001.jpg"
caption: View out of a rock shelter in the Brandberg, Namibia. 2013,2034.20452
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3729901
- sys:
id: 499lI34cAE6KAgKU4mkcqq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:14.736000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:17.831000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Types of rock art
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Rock art of the type associated with hunter-gatherers is perhaps the
most widely distributed rock art tradition in southern Africa, with numerous
known examples in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, but also with examples
found in Botswana and Mozambique. This tradition comprises paintings and engravings,
with both techniques featuring images of animals and people. The type and
composition varies from region to region. For example, rock art sites of
the southern Drakensberg and Maloti mountains in South Africa and Lesotho
contain a higher proportion of images of eland antelope, while those in Namibia
in turn feature more giraffes. There are also regional variations in style
and colour: in some sites and areas paintings are polychrome (multi-coloured)
while in others they are not.\n\nDifferences also occur in composition between
painting and engraving sites, with paintings more likely to feature multiple
images on a single surface, often interacting with one another, while engraving
sites more often include isolated images on individual rocks and boulders.
\ However, there are commonalities in both imagery and style, with paintings
throughout southern Africa often including depictions of people, particularly
in procession and carrying items such as bows and arrows. Also heavily featured
in both paintings and engravings are animals, in particular large ungulates
which are often naturalistically depicted, sometimes in great detail. Additionally,
images may include people and animals which appear to have the features of
several species and are harder to identify. Some hunter-gatherer type paintings
are described as ‘fine-line’ paintings because of the delicacy of their rendering
with a thin brush. \n"
- sys:
id: 4NfdPoVtFKaM6K4w8I8ckg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:13.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:12:40.860000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:22:08.653000000 Z
title: NAMBRT0010002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/20oHYa0oEcSEMOyM8IcCcO/67a69f9814e8ec994003bfacff0962cc/NAMBRT0010002.jpg"
caption: " Fine-line paintings of giraffes and line patterns, Brandberg, Namibia.
\ It is thought that giraffes may have been associated with rain in local
belief systems. 2013,2034.21324 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j9778d
- sys:
id: 2nqpXdHTeoyKakEEOMUSA0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:40.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:26.231000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 9
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: "Hunter-gatherer rock paintings are found in particular concentrations
in the Drakensberg-Maloti and Cape Fold Mountains in South Africa and Lesotho,
the Brandberg and Erongo Mountains in Namibia and the Matobo Hills in Zimbabwe,
while engraving sites are found throughout the interior, often near water
courses. \n\nA different form of rock painting from the hunter-gatherer type,
found mainly in the north-eastern portion of southern Africa is that of the
‘late whites’. Paintings in this tradition are so-called because they are
usually associated with Bantu language-speaking Iron Age farming communities
who entered the area from the north from around 2,000 years ago and many of
these images are thought to have been painted later than some of the older
hunter-gatherer paintings. ‘Late white’ paintings take many forms, but have
generally been applied with a finger rather than a brush, and as the name
suggests, are largely white in colour. These images represent animals, people
and geometric shapes, often in quite schematic forms, in contrast to the generally
more naturalistic depictions of the hunter-gatherer art. \n\nSometimes ‘late
white’ art images relate to dateable events or depict objects and scenes which
could only have taken place following European settlement, such as trains.
\ Other forms of southern African rock art also depict European people and
objects. These include images from the Western Cape in South Africa of a
sailing ship, estimated to date from after the mid-17th century, as well as
painted and engraved imagery from throughout South Africa showing people on
horseback with firearms. Such images are sometimes termed ‘contact art’ as
their subject matter demonstrates that they follow the period of first contact
between European and indigenous people. \n"
- sys:
id: 1NrA6Z43fWIgwGoicy2Mw2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:57.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:13:43.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:03:52.426000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QHTRqNGXmWic6K2cQU8EA/3d924964d904e34e6711c6224a7429e6/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
caption: Painting of a ship from the south Western Cape in South Africa. 2013,2034.19495
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730142&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.19495&page=1
- sys:
id: 4JVHOgrOyAAI8GWAuoyGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:24:14.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:20.511000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "This kind of imagery is found in a variety of styles, and some of those
producing ‘contact’ images in the Cape may have been people of Khoekhoen heritage.
The Khoekhoen were traditionally cattle and sheep herders, culturally related
to modern Nama people and more loosely to San|Bushman hunter-gatherers.
\ A distinct tradition of rock art has been suggested to be of ancestral Khoekhoen
origin. This art is predominantly geometric in form, with a particular focus
on circle and dotted motifs, and engravings in this style are often found
near watercourses. \n"
- sys:
id: 3zUtkjM57Omyko6Q2O0YMG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:05.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:17:47.538000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: History of research
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: 'The first known reports of African rock art outside of the continent
appear to come from the Bishop of Mozambique, who in 1721 reported sightings
of paintings on rocks to the Royal Academy of History in Lisbon. Following
this, reports, copies and publications of rock art from throughout modern
South Africa were made with increasing frequency by officials and explorers.
From the mid-19th century onwards, rock art from present-day Namibia, Zimbabwe
and Botswana began to be documented, and during the first few decades of the
twentieth century global public interest in the art was piqued by a series
of illustrated publications. The hunter-gatherer rock art in particular had
a strong aesthetic and academic appeal to western audiences, and reports,
photographs and copied images attracted the attention of prominent figures
in archaeology and ethnology such as <NAME>, <NAME> and the
Abbé Breuil, researchers whose interest in rock art worldwide let them to
visit and write about southern African rock art sites. A further intensification
of archaeological and anthropological research and recording in the 1950s-70s,
resulted in new insights into the interpretations and attributions for southern
African rock art. Rock art research continues throughout the area today. '
- sys:
id: 5bPZwsgp3qOGkogYuCIQEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:30.652000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:07.313000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:26.508000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0300015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BLPJ6SPMcccCE2qIG4eQG/639dd24028612b985042ea65536eef2e/BOTTSD0300015.jpg"
caption: Rhinoceros and cattle painting, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.20848
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i5xfUJ
- sys:
id: 1QaeG3pF1KOEaooucoMUeE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:37.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:18:34.546000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: Rather than showing scenes from daily life, as was once assumed, it is
now usually accepted that hunter-gatherer art in southern Africa shows images
and motifs of spiritual and cultural importance. In particular, it is thought
that some images reflect trance visions of San|Bushman spiritual leaders,
or shamans, during which they are considered to enter the world of spirits,
where they are held to perform tasks for themselves and their communities,
such as healing the sick or encouraging rain. This interpretation, which has
been widely accepted, explains certain features of the art, for example the
predominance of certain animals like eland antelope (due to their special
cultural significance) and themes such as dot patterns and zigzag lines (interpreted
as geometric patterns that shamans may see upon entering a trance state).
- sys:
id: 1YgT9SlSNeU8C6Cm62602E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:53.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:08.779000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:04:48.941000000 Z
title: SOADRB0030002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Zk1QhSjEAOy8U6kK4yS4c/5896c3d088678257f9acd01bd59c4b26/SOADRB0030002.jpg"
caption: 'Painting of an eland and an ambiguous figure in the Drakensberg, South
Africa. Both the eland and this kind of human-like figure are thought to have
had symbolic associations with beliefs about gender and power. 2013,2034.18187©
TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738250&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18187&page=1
- sys:
id: 5byxQopdNCqEC2kCa0OqCm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:00.899000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:19:37.565000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: "The rock art attributed to ancestral San|Bushman hunter-gatherers
has many varied motifs, some of which may also relate to specific themes such
as initiation or rainmaking (indeed within its cultural context one image
may have several significances). San|Bushman informants in the 19th
century told researchers that certain ambiguously shaped animals in the rock
art repertoire represented animals related to water. Images such as these
are known to researchers as 'rain animals' and it has been suggested that
certain images could reflect—or prompt—the shaman's attempt to control rainfall.
Some 'late white' art has also been proposed to have associations with rainmaking
practices, and indeed the proximity of some geometric rock art images, proposed
to be of possible Khoekhoen origin, to watercourses appears to emphasise the
practical and spiritual significance of water among historical southern African
communities. It has also been proposed that some forms of geometric art attributed
to Khoekhoen people may be linked by tradition and motif to the schematic
art traditions of central Africa, themselves attributed to hunter-gatherers
and possibly made in connection with beliefs about water and fertility. Much
in the “late white” corpus of paintings appears to be connected to initiation
practices, part of a larger set of connected traditions extending north as
far as Kenya. \n\nThe long time periods, cultural connections, and movements
involved can make attribution difficult. For example, the idiosyncratic rock
paintings of Tsodilo Hills in Botswana which appear to have similarities with
the hunter-gatherer style include images of domesticates and may have been
the work of herders. More localised traditions, such as that of engravings
in north-western South Africa representing the homesteads of ancestral Nguni
or Sotho-Tswana language speakers, or the focus on engravings of animal tracks
found in Namibia, demonstrate more specific regional significances. Research
continues and in recent decades, researchers, focusing on studying individual
sites and sets of sites within the landscape and the local historical context,
have discussed how their placement and subject matter may reflect the shifting
balances of power, and changes in their communities over time. \n"
- sys:
id: L9AkWhM1WwUKWC4MQ4iMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:15.123000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:01.026000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:11.473000000 Z
title: NAMSNH0030006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/ETDpJFg6beKyyOmQGCsKI/3dabb2ba8a3abaa559a6652eb10ea1eb/NAMSNH0030006.jpg"
caption: 'Geometric rock engravings of the type suggested by some to be the
work of Khoekhoen pastoralists and their ancestors. 2013,2034.22405 © TARA/David
Coulson '
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVIIoL
- sys:
id: ayvCEQLjk4uUk8oKikGYw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:22.665000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:21:16.059000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "Although dating rock art is always difficult, the study of rock art sites
from southern Africa has benefitted from archaeological study and excavations
at rock art sites have sometimes revealed useful information for ascribing
dates. Some of the oldest reliably dated examples of rock art in the world
have been found in the region, with the most well-known examples probably
being the painted plaques from Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia, dated to around
30,000 years ago. A portion of an engraved animal found in South Africa’s
Northern Cape is estimated to be 10,200 years old and painted spalls from
shelter walls in Zimbabwe have been dated to 12,000 years ago or older. However,
it is thought that the majority of existing rock art was made more recently.
\ As ever, subject matter is also helpful in ascribing maximum date ranges.
\ We know, for example,that images of domestic animals are probably less than
2,000 years old. The condition of the art may also help to establish relative
ages, particularly with regards to engravings, which may be in some cases
be categorised by the discolouration of the patina that darkens them over
time. \n\nThe multiplicity of rock art sites throughout southern Africa
form a major component of southern Africa’s archaeological record, with many
interesting clues about the lives of past inhabitants and, in some cases,
continuing religious and cultural importance for contemporary communities.
\ Many sites are open to the public, affording visitors the unique experience
of viewing rock art in situ. Unfortunately, the exposed nature of rock art
in the field leaves it open to potential damage from the environment and vandalism.
\ Many major rock art sites in southern Africa are protected by law in their
respective countries and the Maloti-Drakensberg Park in South Africa and Lesotho,
Twyfelfontein/ǀUi-ǁAis in Namibia, Tsodilo Hills in Botswana and the Matobo
Hills in Zimbabwe are all inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. \n"
- sys:
id: 3Kjcm7V1dYoCuyaqKga0GM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:38.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:17.372000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:05:34.865000000 Z
title: NAMDME0080012
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/58V5qef3pmMGu2aUW4mSQU/dec59cd8209d3d04b13447e9c985574a/NAMDME0080012.jpg"
caption: Engraved human footprints, Erongo Region, Namibia. 2013,2034.20457
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729958&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20457+&page=1
- sys:
id: 1kwt8c4P0gSkYOq8CO0ucq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:28:16.189000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:25:44.294000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Southern Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: 6GlTdq2WbeIQ6UoeOeUM84
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 10:45:36.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 14:39:37.963000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |+
<NAME>., <NAME>. and <NAME>. 2010. Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
<NAME>. 1995. The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. London: British Museum Press.
<NAME>. 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|BushmanRock Paintings. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press
<NAME>. 1995. 'Neglected Rock Art: The Rock Engravings of Agriculturist Communities in South Africa'. South African Archaeological Bulletin. Vol. 50 No. 162. pp. 132.142.
<NAME>. 1989. Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg. vols. I-VI. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2008. 'Beyond Development - Global Visions and Local Adaptations of a Contested Concept' in Limpricht, C., & M. Biesele (eds) Heritage and Cultures in modern Namibia: in-depth views of the country: a TUCSIN Festschrift. Goettingen : Klaus Hess Publishers. pp 37:46.
<NAME>. 2013. 'Rock Art Research in Africa' in Mitchell, P. and P. Lane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2004. 'Taking Stock: Identifying Khoekhoen Herder Rock Art in Southern Africa'. Current Anthropology Vol. 45, No. 4. pp 499-52.
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title: <NAME> Chauvet
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country_introduction:
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title: 'Botswana: country introduction'
chapters:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:25:13.083000000 Z
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revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Botswana, a landlocked country in southern Africa, has a landscape defined
by the Kalahari Desert in the west and the Okavango Delta in the north. Rock
art can be found in the north, north-west and east of the country. One of
the most well-known locations is the Tsodilo Hills in the north-west which
contains evidence of human occupation that goes back 100,000 years. This area
has yielded more than 4,000 paintings and has been termed the *Louvre of the
Desert*. It also has engraved cupules and grooves dating back to the first
millennium AD. '
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revision: 2
image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:37:45.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:37:45.576000000 Z
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caption: 'This schematic painting of a zebra can be found in the Tsodilo Hills
in Botswana, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This image became the first
logo of the National Museum and Art Gallery of Botswana. 2013,2034.20773 ©
TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758628&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20773&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 2'
body: The Republic of Botswana is bordered by South Africa to the south, Namibia
to the west and north and Zimbabwe to the north-east. It shares a short border
consisting of a few hundred metres with Zambia to the north. The majority
of this flat country, around 70%, is made up of the Kalahari Desert, with
the Okavango Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas located in the
north. Botswana has a subtropical climate of hot summers and warm winters
due to its high altitude and is semi-arid due to the short rainy season. Rock
art is scattered across the country with the main sites being found in the
Tsodilo Hills in the north- west; the Gubatshaa Hills in the Chobe National
Park, east of the Okavango Delta; Tuli Block in the far east of the country
and Manyana in the south-east.
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image:
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caption: 'Aerial view of Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.21162 © TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762286&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21162&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 3'
body: |
German geologist Siegfried Passarge visited the Tsodilo Hills on the 1st July 1898, mapping the area, writing on the geology and photographing a few rock paintings. In 1907, he published tracings of his photos in Die Buschmänner der Kalahari. A passing mention of the Hills was made in 1913 in a brief report by <NAME>, but it was Fran<NAME>, a French industrialist and explorer, who raised the profile of Tsodilo Hills when over two days he photographed and prepared tracings of what has come to be known as the “Rhino Panel” on September 27-28 1951.
Laurens van der Post’s publication of *The Lost World of the Kalahari* in 1958 brought Tsodilo Hills and its rock art to the attention of the wider world. Van der Post, an Afrikaner, had planned to make a film of the rock art in the region, but a number of events including the shooting of a steenbok (a severe crime locally), the cameras jamming and swarms of bees descending upon their camp, conspired against him and resulted in van der Post leaving the Hills in despair. However, he also left an apologetic note at the rock art panel he had been trying to film as a way of assuaging the wrath of the “Spirit of the Hills” as he put it. The rock face he was trying to film, comprising eland, giraffe and handprints, is now known as “Van der Post Panel”.
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revision: 4
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caption: 'View of the Van der Post Panel in the Tsodilo Hills as the sun is
setting. 2013,2034.20449 © TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729885&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20449&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 4'
body: |
In 1963 <NAME> visited the region with <NAME>, an ethnographer who had studied the San|Bushmen in Botswana. As Director of Botswana’s National Museum, Campbell had a little government funding to record the rock art and excavate the rock shelters. Subsequently he collaborated with archaeologists <NAME>, <NAME>, and paleo-geographer <NAME>.
During the 1990s, Campbell, along with the staff from the National Museum recorded around 400 rock art sites numbering over 4,000 individual paintings. In 2001 Tsodilo Hills became a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its spiritual significance to local peoples, as well as its unique record of human settlement over many millennia.
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caption: '<NAME> next to painted rock art at Rhino Cave in the Tsodilo
Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.20750 © TARA/ <NAME>. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758479&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20750&page=1
- sys:
id: 7DJn8Jqhy0cwGwksoWSOIS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:18.797000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:41:18.565000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Distribution and themes
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 5'
body: |-
Tuli Block is a narrow fringe of land in the far east of the country that borders South Africa and lies on the banks of the Limpopo River. This area is characterised by rock engravings of human and animal footprints, and cupules, which hold spiritual importance both for San|Bushman¹ hunter-gatherers and Tswana farmers. The engravings are thought to refer to a local myth that tells of an ancestor, named Matsieng, who is believed to have emerged from a waterhole followed by his animals. However, there are several localities in the region that claim this origin myth. It is thought the engravings in this area were created by the San|Bushmen and linked to their belief system, appropriated later by the Tswana farmers.
The most renowned rock art in Botswana comes from the Tsodilo Hills in the north-west of the country. With more than 4,500 paintings preserved in an area of 10km² it has been termed the “Louvre of the Desert”. Tsodilo is made up of four main hills; Male Hill, Female Hill, Child Hill and North Hill, and paintings occur on all four. The subject matter, comprised of red and white paintings, includes animals, human figures and geometric designs. Red paintings are likely to have been made by San|Bushmen, while the white paintings are more difficult to attribute authorship to but may be a later continuation of the red tradition. There are no engraved images at Tsodilo but cupules and ground grooves are a common feature. Dating of the paintings at Tsodilo has been difficult, and because many of them occur on exposed surfaces where they are susceptible to damage by the sun, rain and wind, what remains is probably not very old. However, paintings of cattle, which are also badly faded, probably date to between AD 800 and 1150 when people kept these animals in this area.
¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted them.
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caption: Two painted rhinoceros on Female Hill, Tsodilo, Botswana. 2013,2034.20450
© TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729906&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20450&page=1
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revision: 4
image:
sys:
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caption: Known as the ‘Giraffe Panel’ this site is located on the east side
of Female Hill at Tsodilo. 2013,2034.21232 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744521&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21232&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:44.093000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 6'
body: '250 km east of the Tsodilo Hills, on the eastern side of the Okavango
Delta, lie the Gubatshaa Hills. Paintings here consist of geometric designs
and finger painted animals such as eland, elephant, antelope and giraffe.
Geometric designs are stylistically different from those at Tsodilo but share
similarities with some painted designs in Carnarvon District, Northern Cape,
South Africa. '
- sys:
id: G2bUDmiGmi4UwaEcU8GeC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:27:53.423000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:42:46.477000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
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title: BOTGUB0010004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/FTRXrT2TQao4qQ2O6Yiea/beb96fd5bfa4c52cf6a5ef1776c0096c/BOTGUB0010004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Geometric designs at Gubatshaa Hils. These differ from those at Tsodilo
Hills but share similarities with painted design in the Northern Cape of South
Africa. 2013,2034.20507 © TARA/ <NAME>son
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3755221&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20507&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:00.942000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:00.942000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 7'
body: 'Rock art is rare in the south-east of the country, but the site of Manyana
is noteworthy because it is the only one that has been excavated. The paintings
are found at five sites along a rock outcrop of 0.75 km at the base of the
Koboleng Hills, and while once richly decorated, many of the paintings have
now faded. It is difficult to determine exactly when the paintings were made,
but excavation shows the use of ochre from the earliest occupation levels
dating to the Late Stone Age, around AD 100 - 800, with the latest occupation
levels dating to the Late Iron Age, around AD 1600-1700. Interestingly, none
of the paintings were done in white, a colour found at many other sites in
Botswana and other regions of southern Africa, and often attributed to paintings
of Iron Age date. In addition, there are no images of eland or figures combining
human/antelope form which are common occurrences in South African rock art. '
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:09.513000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 15:43:52.079000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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title: BOTMAN0010005
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caption: Three faded yellow giraffe at Manyana. 2013,2034.20530 © TARA/ David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3755681&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20530&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Cupules and grooves
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 8'
body: Cupules and grooves can be found in the Tsodilo Hills, and also in the
eastern part of the country in Tuli Block and Gubatshaa Hills. Engravings
include human footprints and animal tracks. Most sites with engravings and/or
cupules occur near water; for example at the site of Riverslee in the Tuli
Block they encircle a waterhole while at Basinghall the cupule site is near
the Limpopo River.
- sys:
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revision: 2
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description:
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caption: Boulder engraved with elongated oval grooves found in Crab Shelter
on the west side of Female Hill, Tsodilo, Botswana. 2013,2034.20922 © TARA/
<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761599&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20922&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:28:33.030000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: country, chapter 9'
body: Because the identity of the artists are unknown to us we can only speculate
on the function and/or meanings of the art in relation to other rock art traditions
in southern Africa. These may include fertility, health, abundance, protection
against evil spirits or summoning rain. Contemporary communities at Tsodilo
Hills believe that spirits live in the Hills and have explained how those
who enter the Hills must be respectful as the spirits are capable of both
curing and punishing people. In particular, White Paintings Shelter in the
Tsodilo Hills was used as a place to perform curative dances that involved
the placing of hands on the paintings in order to use its power. Geometric
designs are more difficult to interpret but may fit into a tradition of other
geometric symbols in the region and represent weather and fertility symbols.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4MTpPfi0MgCWMswEYQocii
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:03:48.079000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:03:48.079000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>; <NAME>, Taylor, Michael (2010) Tsodilo
Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University
Press.\n\nVan der Ryst, Maria; Lombard, Marlize; <NAME>. (2004) Rocks
of potency: engravings and cupules from the Dovedale Ward, Southern Tuli Block,
Botswana, in \nSouth African Archaeological Bulletin, 58 (178), pp: 53-62.\n"
background_images:
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title: BOTTSD0230001
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title: '2013,2034.21107'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762101&partId=1&searchText=BOTTSD1170002&page=1
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region: Southern Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/algeria.md
---
contentful:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:51:59.868000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:51:45.169000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 13
name: Algeria
slug: algeria
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=40992
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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title: '2013,2034.4280'
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title: '2013,2034.4191'
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 15:15:02.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:57:20.617000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4323'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601754&partId=1&searchText=crying+cows&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1OIGayI82E4Ksqg26wWus8/13a2208350452112e99f1fe9035013ac/algeria1.jpg"
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title: '2013,2034.4248'
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:58:43.476000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4098'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595539&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4098&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6TFwgxGXtYy6OgA02aKUCC/cf9adf1bdc99801fbf709fc87fd87acb/2013_2034.4098.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 47IFi4eXxuIaQ2Kkikkm4y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:54:23.245000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:53:29.640000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Crying cows, Algeria
slug: crying-cows
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3vWqlaPPKouEaiKsKIkAGm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:16.750000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:16.750000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Algeria: featured site, chapter 1'
body: At the base of an inselberg at Tegharghart, south of Djanet, is a site
that has come to be known as ‘Crying Cows’, because of the way teardrops appear
to roll down the faces of the animals.
- sys:
id: 2CX1X82zg0Wm8OCikiCM2a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:50:47.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:42:29.513000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6eeWLekeOI6MC2OO8SkAEk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.233000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.233000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4323'
description:
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caption: Polished cattle engravings belonging to the Early Hunter Period. Tegharghart,
south of Djanet, Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4323 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601754&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4323&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iofe61DXWSWEe2iIkmoQC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:40.114000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:52:40.115000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Algeria: featured site, chapter 2'
body: |-
These skilfully engraved images depict long-horned cattle with their heads bowed. Thought to date between 7,000 and 8,000 years ago, today these images stand alone in a vast wilderness of sand and rock. However, this environment was once wetter and more fertile, and this site may have been close to a local watering hole where animals regularly drank and bathed. Indeed, even today during the rains, the depression in the sand at the base of the inselberg fills up with water, which gives the appearance that the cows are bending their heads to drink.
These engravings are incorporated in a local myth that tells of a shepherd who engraved the crying cows after travelling night and day with his herd to a spring he thought would quench their thirst. Finding it dry, he captured in stone his cattle’s grief as he watched them die one by one. Climatic data has shown a number of significant cooling events in the North Atlantic, one of which – dating to around eight thousand years ago – resulted in a period of aridity lasting a number of centuries across the Sahara, and may coincide with these engravings and of the associated myth.
- sys:
id: 1Amw4cfI1K6G6guu4aQQey
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:51:44.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:43:21.104000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4BNQt2lt84WMoouGQgc6G0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:49:37.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4328'
description:
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caption: Close-up of polished cattle engravings. 2013,2034.4328 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601772&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4328&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zymCcOSMo8AAimOWw0IuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:53:00.226000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:53:00.226000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Algeria: featured site, chapter 3'
body: In artistic terms, the execution of this panel of engraved cows is extremely
accomplished and testifies to someone who was not only a skilful carver but
who we might even regard as a sculptor in the modern sense, who understood
both materials and the interplay of light and shade in the reductive process
of carving. But even more than this, the artist understood the environmental
conditions in which he was working. It has been observed that the depth and
thickness of the engraved lines has been carefully calculated to ensure that
as the sun travels across them during the day, they appear to move. This sense
of movement is made most acute as the evening shadows, falling into each groove,
give the cattle a sense of mass and movement. Other artistic devices, such
as double lines with recessed areas and internal polishing, evoke a perception
of depth and density. The interplay of light and shade is consummately adept
and dynamic, and the sculptural quality of the image sensorially evocative.
This is the work of a practised craftsman, who demonstrates a deep of understanding
of materials, techniques and the natural environment.
background_images:
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key_facts:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:22:29.771000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Algeria: key facts'
image_count: 1,511 images
date_range: Mostly 10,000 BC
main_themes: Animals, symbolically or magically charged figures, hunting, pastoralism,
scenes of everyday life, trade and transport using horses and camels
famous_for: Paintings from the Round Head Period
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: bl0Xb7b67YkI4CMCwGwgy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:40:20.548000000 Z
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 8
title: The art of the warrior
slug: the-art-of-the-warrior
lead_image:
sys:
id: 69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9707'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6/3b4c3bdee6c66bce875eef8014e5fe93/2013_2034.9707.jpg"
chapters:
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id: 2YeH0ki7Pq08iGWoyeI2SY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:04:20.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:29:10.545000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |
Historically, much of the rock art from across northern Africa has been classified according to a particular style or ‘school’ of depictions. One such category of images, known as the Libyan Warrior School or Libyan Warrior style is found predominantly in Niger. Typically, this style
“…commonly depicts human figures, mainly armed warriors; women are very rare. The style is fairly crude and the technique unsophisticated, almost invariably a rather careless pecking. The figures, almost always presented frontally with their heads quite circular, with added lobes, or mushroom-shaped, are shown according to a symmetrical schema. Various garment decorations and feathers in the hair are common, and the warrior often holds one or two throwing-spears – the bow is almost lacking – and frequently also holds by the leading rein a typical horse; foreshortened with large hindquarters” (Muzzolini, 2001:614)
Termed *Libyan Warriors* by French ethnographer <NAME>, these representations have been associated with Garamantes’ raids, possibly 2,500 years ago. Thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists who settled in central Libya from around 1500 BC, the Garamantes developed a thriving urban centre, with flourishing trade networks from Libya to Niger. In contrast, <NAME>, a military man who led two big expeditions to the Sahara in the 1920s, proposed that these figures represent Tuareg; a people reputedly of Berber descent who live a nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. They have their own script known as Tifinagh, which is thought to have Libyan roots and which is engraved onto rocks alongside other rock art depictions.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:21:56.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:09:37.769000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2HdsFc1kI0ogGEmGWi82Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.981000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11148'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2HdsFc1kI0ogGEmGWi82Ci/5c85cb71338ff7ecd923c26339a73ef5/2013_2034.11148.jpg"
caption: "‘Typical’ Libyan Warrior style figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11148 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649143&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11148&page=1
- sys:
id: IENFM2XWMKmW02sWeYkaI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:01.774000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:30:21.015000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 2'
body: |
Libyan Warrior figures are almost exclusively located in the Aïr Mountains of Niger although can also be found in the Adrar des Iforas, north-east Mali extending into Algeria. Defining the Libyan Warrior Period chronologically is a challenge and dates are fairly fluid; the earliest dates suggested start from 5,200 years ago; it certainly coincides with the Horse period between 3,000-2,000 years ago but has also been proposed to continue throughout the Camel Period, from 2,000 years ago to present.
From the sample of images we have as part of this collection it is clear that not all figures designated as falling under the umbrella term of Libyan Warrior style all share the same characteristics; there are similarities, differences and adjacencies even between what we may term a ‘typical’ representation. Of course, if these images span a period of 5,000 years then this may account for the variability in the depictions.
- sys:
id: 1vwQrEx1gA2USS0uSUEO8u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:22:32.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:10:06.087000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9707'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6/3b4c3bdee6c66bce875eef8014e5fe93/2013_2034.9707.jpg"
caption: "‘Typical’ Libyan Warrior style figure with antelope. Iwellene, Northern
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9707 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649767&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9707&page=1
- sys:
id: 13aC6FIWtQAauy2SYC6CQu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:26.289000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:26.289000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 3'
body: However, for the majority of figures their posture is remarkably similar
even though objects of material culture and the types of garments they wear
may show more diversity. The overriding feature is that figures are positioned
frontally with arms bent and raised, often displaying splayed fingers. In
some cases figures hold weapons and shields, but some do not. Some wear obviously
elaborate headdresses, but in others the features look more coiffure-like.
Selected garments are decorated with geometric patterns, others are plain;
not all wear items of personal ornamentation. Certainly, not all figures are
associated with horses, as typically characterised. Moreover, rather than
all being described as unsophisticated or careless, many are executed showing
great technique and skill. So how do we start to make sense of this contradiction
between consistency and variation?
- sys:
id: 4thny4IiHKW66c2sGySMqE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:28:05.405000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:15:37.257000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4Mq2eZY2bKogMqoCmu6gmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.548000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11167'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Mq2eZY2bKogMqoCmu6gmW/9916aa4ecde51858768639f010a0442e/2013_2034.11167.jpg"
caption: Infissak, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11167 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3648925&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11167&page=1
- sys:
id: 1D7OVEK1eouQAsg6e6esS4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:50.702000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:36:43.690000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 4'
body: A criticism of Saharan rock art research, in comparison to that which
has focused on other parts of Africa, is an under-theorisation of how the
art links to past ethnic, archaeological or other identities (Smith,2013:156).
This is tricky when dealing with past societies which were potentially nomadic,
and where their archaeological remains are scarce. However, recent anthropological
research may inform our thinking in this area. A member of the Wodaabe cultural
group (nomadic cattle-herders and traders in the Sahel) on seeing a photograph
of a Libyan-Warrior engraving and noting the dress and earrings told photographer
<NAME> that it represents a woman performing a traditional greeting
dance with arms outstretched and about to clap (Coulson and Campbell,2001:210).
- sys:
id: 6GvLgKrVXaSIQaAMECeE2m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:31:34.914000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:15:11.171000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 18c47Fe9jeoIi4CouE8Eya
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:10.453000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:10.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11133'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/18c47Fe9jeoIi4CouE8Eya/189da8bf1c84d7f95b532cf59780fe82/2013_2034.11133.jpg"
caption: Two Libyan Warrior style figures, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11133 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649155&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11133&page=1
- sys:
id: 4wQK9fpysE0GEaGYOEocws
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:06:27.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:17:33.313000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "Such a comment suggests that local ethnographies might assist in an understanding
of more recent rock art, that not all figures described as Libyan-Warrior
may necessarily be the same, and indeed that women may not be as rare as previously
documented. In fact, the Wodaabe have been noted to resemble figures in other
Saharan rock art contexts (see article on Hairdressing in the Acacus).\n\nIf
we accept that some of these representations share affinities with the Wodaabe
then thinking about this category of images from an ethnographic perspective
may prove productive. Moreover, the British Museum’s existing ethnographic
collections are simultaneously a useful resource by which we can potentially
add more meaning to the rock art images.\n\nThe Wodaabe belong to the Fulani
people, numbering 20 million and currently living across eighteen countries.
The Wodaabe comprise 2-3% of the Fulani cultural group, still live as true
nomads and are considered to have the most traditional culture of all the
Fulani (Bovin,2001:13).\t\n"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:31:55.456000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:26:02.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2klydX5Lbm6sGIUO8cCuow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.581000000 Z
title: Wodaabe
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2klydX5Lbm6sGIUO8cCuow/af221201c757ffe51e741300ffaefcba/Wodaabe.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe men preparing for Gerewol ceremony ©<NAME>, Wikimedia
Commons
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Dan_Lundberg_-_1997_%5E274-33_Gerewol_contestants.jpg
- sys:
id: 3SOhBsJLQACesg4wogaksm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:09.983000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:09.983000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 6'
body: "The Wodaabe have become particularly well-known in the West through visual
anthropology, because of their emphasis on cultivating male personal beauty
and adornment. Men invest enormous amounts of time in personal artistic expression;
much more so than women. Anthropologists have documented the constant checking
of Wodaabe men in their mirrors; a Wodaabe man will not even go out among
the cows in the morning until he has checked and tidied himself. They spend
hours every day on their appearance and have been described as styling themselves
like “living paintings” and “living statues” (Bovin, 2001:72). Symmetry plays
a particularly significant part in Wodaabe culture and is reflected in all
their artistic expressions. Symmetry stands for culture, asymmetry stands
for nature. Culture is order and nature is disorder (Bovin,2001:17). Everyday
Wodaabe life is imbued with artistic expression, whereby “every individual
is an active creator, decorator and performer (Bovin, 2001:15).\n\nSo, how
might we see Wodaabe cultural traits reflected in the Libyan-Warrior figures?\n\nPlumage
is often depicted on these Warrior figures and for the most part is assumed
to simply be part of the warrior regalia. The ostrich feather, a phallic symbol
in Wodaabe culture, is an important element in male adornment and is carefully
placed in the axis of symmetry in the middle of a man’s turban, worn during
dancing ceremonies (Bovin, 2001:41). Music and dancing are typical of Fulani
traditions, characterized by group singing and accompanied by clapping, stomping
and bells. The feathers in the British Museum’s collections are known to be
dance ornaments, worn during particular ceremonies. \n"
- sys:
id: 4AsNsHJ1n2USWMU68cIUko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:46:03.474000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:30:37.659000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6QT0CdFAgoISmsuUk6u4OW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.045000000 Z
title: Af2005,04.6 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QT0CdFAgoISmsuUk6u4OW/02489b2a4374bdb0a92ad9684f6120f4/Af2005_04.6_1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe dancing feather from the British Museum collections. Af2005,04.6
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1585897&partId=1&searchText=Af2005%2c04.6&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 5z7EqYMmFaI0Eom6AAgu6i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:57:19.817000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:28:41.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 10pBS62m3eugyAkY8iQYGs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.548000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9037'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/10pBS62m3eugyAkY8iQYGs/b54aab41922ff6690ca59533afddeb84/2013_2034.9037.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior figure showing symmetrical plumage from Eastern Aïr
Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9037 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636108&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9037&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UmQD1rR0IISqKmGe4UWYs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:47:12.062000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:28:08.133000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5oL3JD0PbaEMMyu4mA0oGw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.053000000 Z
title: Af2005,04.20 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5oL3JD0PbaEMMyu4mA0oGw/72bb636538c36d21c62fef5628556238/Af2005_04.20_1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe dancing feather from the British Museum collections. Af2005,04.20
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1585792&partId=1&searchText=Af2005%2c04.20&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 45NYo7UU5ymOCYiqEYyQQO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:34.816000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:34.816000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 7'
body: One of the recurring features of the Warrior engravings is the round discs
that seem to be suspended from a figure’s arm or shoulder. Historically, these
have been interpreted as shields, which one might expect a warrior to be carrying
and in part this may be the case.
- sys:
id: 55JXs6mmfCoM6keQuwSeKA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:59:13.850000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:31:16.112000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3s0PrjlXlS2QwMKMk0giog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.985000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9554'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3s0PrjlXlS2QwMKMk0giog/bef0019b59e2abe3ba3e29a4377eedd0/2013_2034.9554.jpg"
caption: Warrior style figure holding ‘shields’. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.9554 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639988&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9554&page=1
- sys:
id: 2UL4zsEuwgekwI0ugSOSok
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:59:49.961000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:31:41.776000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3XjtbP2JywoCw8Qm0O8iKo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.555000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.555000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9600'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3XjtbP2JywoCw8Qm0O8iKo/fc0ccf0eb00a563da9a60276c87bbc11/2013_2034.9600.jpg"
caption: Warrior style figure holding ‘shields’. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.9600 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639940&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9600&page=1
- sys:
id: 64MCgMHx60M8e0GSCaM2qm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:53.749000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:53.749000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 8'
body: However, others may represent shoulder bags or flat baskets which are
used as vessel covers or food trays; both of which are vital items in a nomadic
lifestyle. Alternatively, they may represent calabashes. Wodaabe women measure
their worldly wealth in calabashes and can acquire many in a lifetime, mostly
ornamental to be displayed only on certain ceremonial occasions. If some of
these depictions are not necessarily men or warriors then what have been considered
shields may in fact represent some other important item of material culture.
- sys:
id: 78Ks1B0PPUA8YIm0ugMkQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:00:47.553000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:33:27.671000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5SDdxljduwuQggsuWcYUCA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.583000000 Z
title: Af,B47.19
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5SDdxljduwuQggsuWcYUCA/eeb48a1ec8550bb4e1622317e5b7cea0/Af_B47.19.jpg"
caption: Photograph of three Fulani male children 'dressed up for a ceremonial
dance'. They are carrying shoulder-bags and holding sticks, and the male at
right has flat basket impaled on stick. Rural setting. Af,B47.19 © Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1410664&partId=1&searchText=Af,B47.19&page=1
- sys:
id: 5nvXXoq4Baa0IwOmMSiUkI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:13.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:13.833000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Engraved figures are often depicted with geometric patterning across their
torso which may reflect traditional garments. This armless Wodaabe vest is
decorated with abstract geometric combinations; patterns similar to those
found on amulets, bags, containers and other artefacts as well as rock art.
- sys:
id: 1Huul8DwMcACSECuGoASE2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:01:35.826000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:35:18.268000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1PmWIHnxq0cAESkGiiWCkK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.554000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.554000000 Z
title: '7,2023.1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1PmWIHnxq0cAESkGiiWCkK/51912ac1b7bffafe18fbbbb48a253fe9/7_2023.1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe vest, Niger. 2007,2023.1 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3372277&partId=1&searchText=2007%2c2023.1&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: GT1E1E6FMc04CaQQUEuG6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:02:14.003000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:37:15.633000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: lz2F9O4kSWoi2g68csckA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.580000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9016'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/lz2F9O4kSWoi2g68csckA/97f7a9fbec98c4af224273fbd3f7e9a5/2013_2034.9016.jpg"
caption: Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9016 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636134&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.9016&&page=1
- sys:
id: MH7tazL1u0ocyy6ysc8ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:38.359000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:38.359000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 10'
body: |-
There is also a consensus within Wodaabe society about beauty and ugliness; what makes something beautiful or indeed ugly generally is agreed upon, there is a commonality of taste. This may account for the paradox of why there is individuality within a corpus of images that inherently are comparable (Bovin,2001:16).
As nomads, Wodaabe do not identify themselves by place or territory as such, but a Wodaabe’s body is a repository of culture to mark them out against nature. Culture is not seen as an unessential indulgence but as an imperative necessity, it is part of one’s survival and existence in an inhospitable environment. We may speculate that rock art images may be seen as a way of stamping culture on nature; markers of socialised space.
- sys:
id: 5f7LkndYMoCiE0C6cYI642
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:02:44.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:04:54.162000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4S1bl6LKUEKg0mMiQMoS2i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:33.489000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:33.489000000 Z
title: Gerewol
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4S1bl6LKUEKg0mMiQMoS2i/77678da7ac7b9573cfdfdcc9222b4187/Gerewol.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe participants in the Gerewol beauty contest. ©<NAME> via
Wikimedia Commons
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg
- sys:
id: 2s5eLxURwgEKUGYiCc62MM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:03:20.752000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:40:40.756000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3as8UfaNIk22iQwu2uccsO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:57.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:57.016000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9685'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3as8UfaNIk22iQwu2uccsO/bef9cc4c65f13f394c4c6c03fa665aab/2013_2034.9685.jpg"
caption: Four Warrior style figures, Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9685
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3644735&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9685&page=1
- sys:
id: 4c37ixkB72GaCAkSYwGmSI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:59.408000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:59.408000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 11'
body: This brief review was motivated, in part, by the underlying problems inherent
in the categorisation of visual culture. Historically assigned classifications
are not fixed and armed with current knowledge across a range of resources
we may provide further insights into these enigmatic representations. Obviously,
a much more systematic study of this category known as Libyan-Warrior figures
needs to be undertaken to determine their distribution and the similarities
and differences between depictions across sites. Additionally, care must be
taken making connections with a cultural group whose material culture has
changed over the course of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, it seems the
category of Libyan-Warrior figures is an area that is ripe for more intensive
investigation.
citations:
- sys:
id: 2YpbTzVtq8og44KCIYKySK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:17:36.606000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:17:36.606000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2001. *Nomads Who Cultivate Beauty*. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
<NAME> and <NAME>. 2001. *African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone*. New York: Harry N Abrams
Muzzolini, Alfred. 2001. ‘Saharan Africa’ In Whitley, D. (ed) *Handbook of Rock Art Research*: pp.605-636. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press
<NAME>. 2013. Rock art research in Africa. In: Lane, P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*: 145-162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
background_images:
- sys:
id: 4ICv2mLYykaUs2K6sI600e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.680000000 Z
title: NIGNAM0010007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ICv2mLYykaUs2K6sI600e/175a170bba1f5856e70c2bb59a88e28f/NIGNAM0010007.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4sWbJZXtCUKKqECk24wOwi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.673000000 Z
title: NIGEAM0070022
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4sWbJZXtCUKKqECk24wOwi/63797d84c9f0c89db25bd2f2cebaa21b/NIGEAM0070022.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5QHjLLZ7gs846I0a68CGCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:59:00.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:29:03.345000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 6
title: 'Written in stone: the Libyco-Berber scripts'
slug: written-in-stone
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:39:38.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:25:55.339000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4200'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk/3dd6ae7d242722aa740c7229eb70d4e7/ALGDJA0040010.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3fpuPIJW9i2ESgqYsEMe02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:07.520000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:16.531000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'A remarkable feature of North African rock art is the existence of numerous
engraved or painted inscriptions which can be found throughout the Sahara
Desert. These inscriptions, generically named Libyco-Berber, are found from
the west of Egypt to the Canary Islands and from the Mediterranean Sea to
the Sahel countries to the south. Together with Egyptian hieroglyphs, they
show us one of the earliest written languages in Africa and represent a most
interesting and challenging topic in North African history. They appear in
two different formats: engraved on *stelae* (mainly on the Mediterranean coast
and its hinterland) or on rock faces, either isolated or alongside rock art
paintings or engravings of the later periods of rock art.'
- sys:
id: 6MFGcsOw2QYceK2eWSsGqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:43:10.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:32:20.694000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:39:38.305000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:25:55.339000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4200'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5m9CnpjjOgEIeiaW6k6SYk/3dd6ae7d242722aa740c7229eb70d4e7/ALGDJA0040010.jpg"
caption: View of red wolf or lion with an spiral tail. A Libyco-Berber script
has been written under the belly, and another one can be seen to the lower
left of the photograph. <NAME>, <NAME>'<NAME>. 2013,2034.4200
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601330&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4200&page=1
- sys:
id: TwRWy4YkkUmg2yMGIWOQw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:49:54.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:33:58.483000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Libyco-Berber characters were identified as written language as early
as the 17th century, when some inscriptions in the language were documented
in the Roman city of Dougga (Tunisia). They were deciphered by <NAME>
in 1843 through the comparison of personal names with equivalent Punic names
in bilingual scenes, although a few characters still remain uncertain. Since
the beginning of the 19th century onwards many different proposals have been
made to explain the origin, expansion and translation of these alphabets.
There are three main explanations of its origin - the most accepted theory
considers that the Libyco-Berber alphabet and principles of writing were borrowed
from the Phoenician script, with other symbols added locally.
- sys:
id: pfjxB9ZjI4c68SYYOcc6C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:43:34.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:35:37.505000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1i0U2eePgyWQKE8WgOEuug
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:16.321000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:56:27.808000000 Z
title: Libyco theme figure 2
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1i0U2eePgyWQKE8WgOEuug/03cf171fe9cde8389b055b4740f8d1fd/29-10-2015_11.05.jpg"
caption: Half of a bilingual inscription written in Numidian, part of a monument
dedicated to Ateban, a Numidian prince. Numidian is one of the languages written
in Libyco-Berber alphabets. 1852,0305.1 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368104&partId=1&searchText=1852,0305.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 2QHgN5FuFGK4aoaWUcKuG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:30.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:30.377000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 3'
body: A second, recent proposal has defended an indigenous (autochthonous) origin
deriving from a stock of ancient signs –tribal tattoos, marks of ownership,
or even geometric rock art- which could have resulted in the creation of the
alphabet. Finally, a mixture of both theories accepts the borrowing of the
idea of script and some Phoenician signs, which would be complemented with
indigenous symbols. Although none of these theories can be fully accepted
or refuted at the present moment, the proposal of a Phoenician borrowing has
a wider support among linguistics and archaeologists.
- sys:
id: 67cDVCAn3GMK8m2guKMeuY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:44:09.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:37:11.219000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4996'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O/4d864b520d505029c7c8b90cd9e5fde2/ALGTOD0050035.jpg"
caption: Engraved panel full of camels and human figures, surrounded by Libyco-Berber
graffiti. <NAME> n’<NAME>. 2013,2034.4996 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3623989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4996&page=1
- sys:
id: 4UXtnuK0VGkYKMGyuqseKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:56.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:50:56.343000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'How is the Libyco-Berber alphabet composed? In fact, we should talk about
Libyco-Berber alphabets, as one of the main characteristics of these scripts
is their variety. In the mid-20th century, two main groups (eastern and western)
were proposed, but this division is not so evident, and some studies have
identified up to 25 different groups (grouped in 5 major families); some of
them show strong similarities while between others up to half of the alphabetic
symbols may be different. However, all these variants share common features:
Libyco-Berber alphabetic symbols tend to be geometric, consisting of straight
lines, circles and dots combined in different ways.'
- sys:
id: 13CDv9voc48oCmC0wqG4AA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:44:51.935000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:37:41.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5rTkM78qGckOKu2q4AIUAI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:51.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 08:28:43.019000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9338'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5rTkM78qGckOKu2q4AIUAI/1868823d4c9b78591d8fd94d156a8afc/NIGEAM0040013.jpg"
caption: View of Libyan warrior holding a spear, surrounded by Libyco-Berber
scripts. Ibel, Niger. 2013,2034.9338 ©TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641907&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9338&page=1
- sys:
id: 1gWJWaxXZYc4IiUyiC8IkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:32.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:32.328000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 5'
body: 'The study of Libyco-Berber script faces some huge challenges. In addition
to its aforementioned variability, it is necessary to differentiate the ancient
languages spoken and written in North Africa during the Classical Antiquity
for which a generic term of Libyco-Berber is used. Furthermore, Tifinagh script,
the modern script of Tuareg people shares some symbols with the Libyco-Berber
alphabet, but otherwise is a quite different language. Contemporary Tuareg
cannot understand the old Libyco-Berber inscriptions although they recognize
some symbols. Chronology represents another challenge: although the first
dated inscription on a *stela* is from 138 BC, some pottery sherds with Libyco-Berber
symbols could date from the 3rd century BC. For some researchers the oldest
date (as old as the 7th century BC) is believed to correspond to an engraving
located in the Moroccan High Atlas, although that theory is still under discussion.
Finally, the characteristics of the scripts present some problems: they are
usually short, repetitive and in many cases incomplete. Moreover, Libyco-Berber
can be written in different directions (from right to left, bottom to top),
complicating the identification, transcription and translation of the inscriptions. '
- sys:
id: 6K1hjSQHrGSmMIwyi4aEci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:46:00.776000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:39:20.711000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 373GOE3JagQYoyY2gySyMy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:18.933000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:18.933000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5878'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/373GOE3JagQYoyY2gySyMy/75c096cc7f233cedc2f75f58b0b41290/Oukaimeden_adapted.jpg"
caption: Panel with elephants and human figures superimposed by two Libyco-Berber
inscriptions, which some consider one of the oldest written in this alphabet,
enhanced for a better view of the symbols. Oukaïmeden, Morocco. 2013,2034.5878
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613939&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5878&page=1
- sys:
id: 3ik84OMvkQaEu6yOAeCMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:51.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:51:51.719000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 6'
body: Considering all these problems, what do we know about Libyco-Berber scripts?
First of all, they normally used only consonants, although due to the influence
of Punic (the language used in areas controlled or influenced by Carthage)
and Latin, vowels were added in some alphabet variants. The translation of
Libyco-Berber scripts is complicated, since the existing texts are very short
and can only be translated through comparison with equivalent texts in Punic
or Latin. Most of the translated scripts are very simple and correspond to
personal and site names, or fixed formulations as “X son of Y”, characteristics
of funerary epigraphy, or others such as, “It’s me, X”. Perhaps surprisingly,
some of the translated inscriptions have an amorous meaning, with expressions
as “I, X, love Y”. As the known Libyco-Berber corpus of inscriptions grows,
it seems possible that more and more inscriptions will be translated, leading
to a better understanding of the languages.
- sys:
id: 1t5dVxKpiIqeqy82O4McOI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:46:35.246000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:43:47.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 7x2yrpGfGEKaUQgyuiOYwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:38.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:38.056000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3203'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7x2yrpGfGEKaUQgyuiOYwk/27f613c48b37dbb1114df7b733465787/LIBMES0180013.jpg"
caption: Panel depicting cattle, giraffes and Libyco-Berber graffiti. In Galgiwen,
Libya. 2013,2034.3203 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3589647&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.3203&page=1
- sys:
id: 3Ju6IkGoneueE2gYQKaAQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:16.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:27:17.030000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 7'
body: Of course, the Libyco-Berber scripts evolved through time, although discussion
is still going on about the chronologies and rhythms of this process. After
the adoption and development of the alphabet, the Libyco-Berber reached a
consideration of “official language” in the Numidian kingdom, which flourished
in the north-western coast of Africa during the two latest centuries BC. The
kingdom was highly influenced by Carthage and Rome, resulting in the existence
of bilingual inscriptions that were the key to the translation of Libyco-Berber
scripts. After Roman conquest, Libyco-Berber was progressively abandoned as
a written language in the area, but inscriptions in the Sahara were still
common until an unknown moment in the first millennium BC (the scripts sometimes
receiving the name of Tifinagh). The Berber language, however, has been preserved
and a new alphabet was developed in the 1960s to be used by Berber people.
- sys:
id: 1fPVVfXalmoKy2mUUCQQOw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:47:18.568000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:44:36.059000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4468'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY/0ec84dd4272a7227215c45d16f1451c5/ALGDJA0100009.jpg"
caption: Raid scene on a camel caravan, with several interspersed Libyco-Berber
inscriptions. Tassili plateau, Djanet, Algeria. 2013,2034.4468 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4468&page=1
- sys:
id: 5GOzFzswmcs8qgiqQgcQ2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:52.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:52:52.167000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 8'
body: The many challenges that surround the study of Libyco-Berber scripts have
led to a complex crossroads of terms, chronologies and theories which sometimes
are contradictory and confusing. For the Rock Art Image Project, a decision
had to be made to define the painted or engraved scripts in the collection
and the chosen term was Libyco-Berber, as most of the images are associated
with paintings of the Horse and Camel periods and thus considered to be up
to 3,000 years old. Using the term Tifinagh could lead to misunderstandings
with more modern scripts and the alphabet currently used by Berber peoples
throughout North Africa.
- sys:
id: 6qjMP5OeukCMEiWWieE4O8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:47:52.571000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:46:54.999000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: FGpTfysHqEay4OMO66YSE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:42:18.963000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:42:18.963000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.2792'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/FGpTfysHqEay4OMO66YSE/c735c56a5dff7302beb58cec0e35bc85/LIBMES0040160.jpg"
caption: Libyco-Berber inscription engraved near a cow. Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.2792 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584843&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.2792&page=1
- sys:
id: NeG74FoyYuOowaaaUYgQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:53:11.586000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:53:11.586000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libyco-Berber: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Undoubtedly, the deciphering of forgotten languages captures the imagination
and is one of the most exciting challenges in the study of ancient cultures.
However, it is usually a difficult enterprise, as extraordinary finds which
aid translation such as the Rosetta Stone are fairly exceptional and most
of the time the transcription and translation of these languages is a long
and difficult process in which the meaning of words and grammar rules is slowly
unravelled. Although there are no shortcuts to this method, there are some
initiatives that help to ease the task. One of them is making available catalogues
of high quality images of inscriptions which can be studied and analysed by
specialists. In that sense, the Libyco-Berber inscriptions present in the
Rock Art Image Project catalogue can be truly helpful for all those interested
in one of the most fascinating languages in the world; a language, which albeit
modified has endured in different forms for hundreds of years.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4r54ew5pNSwQ8ckQ8w8swY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:48:24.656000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:28:59.132000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2012. Rock Art, Scripts and proto-scripts in Africa: the Libyco-berber example. In: Delmas, A. and Penn, P. (eds.), *Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500 – 1900*. Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, pp. 3-29.
<NAME>. 2007. Origin and Development of the Libyco-Berber Script. Berber Studies 15. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
[http://lbi-project.org/](http://lbi-project.org/)
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:40:34.619000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4996'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4kXC2w9xCwAASweyCgwg2O/4d864b520d505029c7c8b90cd9e5fde2/ALGTOD0050035.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:41:59.073000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4468'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2GLzuqBeIMgoUW0wqeiiKY/0ec84dd4272a7227215c45d16f1451c5/ALGDJA0100009.jpg"
- sys:
id: 7oNFGUa6g8qSweyAyyiCAe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:11:30.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:51:34.879000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: The domesticated horse in northern African rock art
slug: the-domesticated-horse
lead_image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 27bcd1mylKoMWiCQ2KuKMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 1'
body: Throughout northern Africa, there is a wealth of rock art depicting the
domestic horse and its various uses, providing valuable evidence for the uses
of horses at various times in history, as well as a testament to their importance
to Saharan peoples.
- sys:
id: 2EbfpTN9L6E0sYmuGyiaec
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:26.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:39:29.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
caption: 'Painted horse and rider, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6406 © TARA/David
Coulson. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641775&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6406&page=1
- sys:
id: 4QexWBEVXiAksikIK6g2S4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:49.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:28.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horses and chariots
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 2'
body: The first introduction of the domestic horse to Ancient Egypt- and thereby
to Africa- is usually cited at around 1600 BC, linked with the arrival in
Egypt of the Hyksos, a group from the Levant who ruled much of Northern Egypt
during the Second Intermediate Period. By this point, horses had probably
only been domesticated for about 2,000 years, but with the advent of the chariot
after the 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia, the horse proved to be a valuable
martial asset in the ancient world. One of the first clear records of the
use of horses and chariots in battle in Africa is found in depictions from
the mortuary complex of the Pharaoh Ahmose at Abydos from around 1525 BC,
showing their use by Egyptians in defeating the Hyksos, and horses feature
prominently in later Egyptian art.
- sys:
id: 22x06a7DteI0C2U6w6oKes
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:52.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:52.214000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW/b68bd24c9b19c5c8c7752bfb75a5db0e/2013_2034.1001.jpg"
caption: Painted two-horse chariot, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1001
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588526&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1001&page=1
- sys:
id: 1voXfvqIcQkgUYqq4w8isQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 3'
body: 'Some of the most renowned images of horses in Saharan rock art are also
those of chariot teams: in particular, those of the so-called ‘flying gallop’
style chariot pictures, from the Tassili n’Ajjer and Acacus mountains in modern
Algeria and Libya. These distinctive images are characterised by depictions
of one or more horses pulling a chariot with their legs outstretched in a
stylised manner and are sometimes attributed to the Garamantes, a group who
were a local power in the central Sahara from about 500 BC-700 AD. But the
Ajjer Plateau is over a thousand miles from the Nile- how and when did the
horse and chariot first make their way across the Western Desert to the rest
of North Africa in the first place? Egyptian accounts indicate that by the
11th century BC Libyans (people living on the north African coast around the
border of modern Egypt and Libya) were using chariots in war. Classical sources
later write about the chariots of the Garamantes and of chariot use by peoples
of the far western Sahara continuing into the 1st century BC, by which time
the chariot horse had largely been eclipsed in war by the cavalry mount.'
- sys:
id: LWROS2FhUkywWI60eQYIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:53:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:33.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4574'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce/ac95a5214a326794542e0707c0d819d7/2013_2034.4574.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure and horse. Tarssed Jebest, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Horse displays Arabian breed-type characteristics such as dished face and
high tail carriage. 2013,2034.4574 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603790&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4574+&page=1
- sys:
id: 6eaH84QdUs46sEQoSmAG2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Riding
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 4'
body: As well as the unique iconography of rock art chariot depictions, there
are also numerous paintings and engravings across northern Africa of people
riding horses. Riding may have been practiced since the earliest times of
horse domestication, though the earliest definitive depictions of horses being
ridden come from the Middle East in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC.
Images of horses and riders in rock art occur in various areas of Morocco,
Egypt and Sudan and are particularly notable in the Ennedi region of Chad
and the Adrar and Tagant plateaus in Mauritania (interestingly, however, no
definite images of horses are known in the Gilf Kebir/Jebel Uweinat area at
the border of Egypt, Sudan and Libya).
- sys:
id: 6LTzLWMCTSak4IIukAAQMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:23.846000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:52.743000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
title: ME22958
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo/703945afad6a8e3c97d10b09c487381c/ME22958.jpg"
caption: Terracotta mould of man on horseback, Old Babylonian, Mesopotamia 2000-1600
BC. One of the oldest known depictions of horse riding in the world. British
Museum ME22958 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=388860&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=22958&page=1
- sys:
id: 5YkSCzujy8o08yuomIu6Ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:43.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:12:34.068000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Painted ‘bitriangular’
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C/c798c1afb41006855c34363ec2b54557/Fig._5._Painted____bitriangular___.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bi-triangular’ horse and rider with saddle. Oued Jrid, Assaba,
Mauritania. 2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1vZDFfKXU0US2qkuaikG8m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:13.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:14:56.468000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 5'
body: Traditional chronologies for Saharan rock art areas tend to place depictions
of ridden horses chronologically after those of horses and chariots, and in
general use horse depictions to categorise regional stylistic periods of rock
art according to broad date boundaries. As such, in most places, the ‘horse’
rock art period is usually said to cover about a thousand years from the end
of the 2nd millennium BC. It is then considered to be succeeded by a ‘camel’
period, where the appearance of images of dromedaries – known only to have
been introduced to the eastern Sahara from Arabia at the end of the 1st century
BC – reflects the next momentous influx of a beast of burden to the area and
thus a new dating parameter ([read more about depictions of camels in the
Sahara](https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/)).
However, such simplistic categorisation can be misleading. For one thing,
although mounting horses certainly gained popularity over driving them, it
is not always clear that depictions of ridden horses are not contemporary
with those of chariots. Further, the horse remained an important martial tool
after the use of war-chariots declined. Even after the introduction of the
camel, there are several apparently contemporary depictions featuring both
horse and camel riders.
- sys:
id: 2gaHPgtyEwsyQcUqEIaGaq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:55:29.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:32:44.364000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5739'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4/7f48ae9c550dd6b4f0e80b8da10a3da6/2013_2034.5739.jpg"
caption: Engraved ridden horse and camel. Draa Valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5739
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619780&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5739+&page=1
- sys:
id: 583LKSbz9SSg00uwsqquAG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Berber Horses
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 6'
body: As the more manoeuvrable rider rose in popularity against the chariot
as a weapon of war, historical reports from classical authors like Strabo
tell us of the prowess of African horsemen such as the cavalry of the Numidians,
a Berber group that allied with Carthage against the Romans in the 3rd century
BC. Berber peoples would remain heavily associated with horse breeding and
riding, and the later rock art of Mauritania has been attributed to Berber
horsemen, or the sight of them. Although horses may already have reached the
areas of modern Mauritania and Mali by this point, archaeological evidence
does not confirm their presence in these south-westerly regions of the Sahara
until much later, in the mid-1st millennium AD, and it has been suggested
that some of the horse paintings in Mauritania may be as recent as 16th century.
- sys:
id: 7zrBlvCEGkW86Qm8k2GQAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:24.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:16:52.557000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5202'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy/7fba0330e151fc416d62333f3093d950/2013_2034.5202.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders surrounded by Libyan-Berber script. Oued
Djerat, Algeria. These images appear to depict riders using Arab-style saddles
and stirrups, thus making them probably no older than 7th c. AD. 2013,2034.5202
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624404&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5202&page=1
- sys:
id: 45vpX8SP7aGeOS0qGaoo4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 7'
body: 'Certainly, from the 14th century AD, horses became a key commodity in
trans-Saharan trade routes and became items of great military value in West
Africa following the introduction of equipment such as saddles with structured
trees (frames). Indeed, discernible images of such accoutrements in Saharan
rock art can help to date it following the likely introduction of the equipment
to the area: for example, the clear depiction of saddles suggests an image
to be no older than the 1st century AD; images including stirrups are even
more recent.'
- sys:
id: 7GeTQBofPamw0GeEAuGGee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:57.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:02.520000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
title: RRM12824
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO/8c3a7c2d372f2c48a868d60201909932/RRM12824.jpg"
caption: 19th-century Moroccan stirrups with typical curved base of the type
possibly visible in the image above. 1939,0311.7-8 © Trustees of the British
Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=217451&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6mNtqnqaEE2geSkU0IiYYe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:32.195000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:50.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 8'
body: 'Another intriguing possibility is that of gaining clues on the origins
of modern horse breeds from rock art, in particular the ancient Barb breed
native to the Maghreb, where it is still bred. Ancient Mesopotamian horses
were generally depicted as heavily-built, and it has been suggested that the
basic type for the delicate Arabian horse, with its dished (concave) facial
profile and high-set tail, may have been developed in north-east Africa prior
to its subsequent appearance and cultivation in Arabia, and that these features
may be observed in Ancient Egyptian images from the New Kingdom. Likewise,
there is the possibility that some of the more naturalistic paintings from
the central Sahara show the similarly gracile features of the progenitors
of the Barb, distinguishable from the Arab by its straight profile and low-set
tail. Like the Arab, the Barb is a desert horse: hardy, sure-footed and able
to withstand great heat; it is recognised as an ancient breed with an important
genetic legacy, both in the ancestry of the Iberian horses later used throughout
the Americas, and that of the modern racing thoroughbred.'
- sys:
id: 3OM1XJI6ruwGOwwmkKOKaY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:25.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:30:30.915000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1452'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk/45bbff5b29985eb19679e1e513499d6b/2013_2034.1452.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders, Awis, Acacus Mountains, Libya. High head
carriage and full rumps suggest Arabian/Barb breed type features. Riders have
been obscured. 2013,2034.1452 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592678&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1452&page=1
- sys:
id: 40E0pTCrUIkk00uGWsus4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:49.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:33:55.443000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Barb horses
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa/87f29480513be0a531e0a93b51f9eae5/Fig._10._Barb_horses.jpg"
caption: Barb horses ridden at a festival in Agadir, Morocco. ©Notwist (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_warriors_show.JPG
- sys:
id: 3z5YSVu9y8caY6AoYWge2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The symbolism of the horse
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 9'
body: However, caution must be taken in drawing such comparisons based on morphology
alone, especially given the gulf of time that has elapsed and the relative
paucity of ‘naturalistic’ rock art images. Indeed, there is huge diversity
of horse depictions throughout northern Africa, with some forms highly schematic.
This variation is not only in style – and, as previously noted, in time period
and geography – but also in context, as of course images of one subject cannot
be divorced from the other images around them, on whichever surface has been
chosen, and are integral to these surroundings.
- sys:
id: 1FRP1Z2hyQEWUSOoKqgic2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:21.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:39.821000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs/d793f6266f2ff486e0e99256c2c0ca39/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Engraved ‘Libyan Warrior-style’ figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.11147+&page=1
- sys:
id: 45pI4ivRk4IM6gaG40gUU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:41.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:59.784000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Human figure
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s/e48fda8e2a23b12e6afde5c560c3f164/Fig._12._Human_figure.jpg"
caption: Human figure painted over by horse to appear mounted (digitally enhanced
image). © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 54hoc6Htwck8eyewsa6kA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 10'
body: The nature of the depictions in this sense speaks intriguingly of the
apparent symbolism and implied value of the horse image in different cultural
contexts. Where some Tassilian horses are delicately painted in lifelike detail,
the stockier images of horses associated with the so-called ‘Libyan Warrior’
style petroglyphs of the Aïr mountains and Adrar des Ifoghas in Niger and
Mali appear more as symbolic accoutrements to the central human figures and
tend not to be shown as ridden. By contrast, there are paintings in the Ennedi
plateau of Chad where galloping horse figures have clearly been painted over
existing walking human figures to make them appear as if riding.
- sys:
id: 4XMm1Mdm7Y0QacMuy44EKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:06.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:42:27.444000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6297'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS/698c254a9a10c5a9a56d69e0525bca83/2013_2034.6297.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, <NAME>, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6297 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637529&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6297&page=1
- sys:
id: 4rB9FCopjOCC4iA2wOG48w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:26.549000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:43:34.211000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Engraved horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM/33a068fa954954fd3b9b446c943e0791/Fig._14._Engraved_horse.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Eastern Aïr Mountains. 2013,2034.9421 ©TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640574&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9421&page=1
- sys:
id: 6tFSQzFupywiK6aESCgCia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:56.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:47:26.838000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 11'
body: |-
In each of these cases, the original symbolic intent of the artists have been lost to time, but with these horse depictions, as with so much African rock art imagery, there is great scope for further future analysis. Particularly intriguing, for example, are the striking stylistic similarities in horse depictions across great distances, such the horse depictions with bi-triangular bodies (see above), or with fishbone-style tails which may be found almost two thousand miles apart in Chad and Mauritania.
Whatever the myriad circumstances and significances of the images, it is clear that following its introduction to the continent, the hardy and surefooted desert horse’s usefulness for draught, transport and fighting purposes transformed the societies which used it and gave it a powerful symbolic value.
- sys:
id: 2P6ERbclfOIcGEgI6e0IUq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:46.042000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:45:12.419000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
title: Fig. 15. Painted horse, Terkei
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g/7586f05e83f708ca9d9fca693ae0cd83/Fig._15._Painted_horse__Terkei.jpg"
caption: Painted horse, Terkei, En<NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6537 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640682&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6537&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 32AXGC1EcoSi4KcogoY2qu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2000, *The Origins and Development
of African Livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography*.
London; New York, NY: UCL Press\n \n<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>.,
2012. *The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot*. London: British Museum Press\n
\nLaw, R., 1980. *The Horse in West African History*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press\n \nHachid, M. 2000. *Les Premieres Berbères*. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud\n
\n<NAME>. 1952. 'Le cheval et le chameau dans les peintures et gravures
rupestres du Sahara', *Bulletin de l'Institut franç ais de l'Afrique noire*
15: 1138-228\n \nOlsen, <NAME>. & Culbertson, C. 2010, *A gift from the desert:
the art, history, and culture of the Arabian horse*. Lexington, KY: Kentucky
Horse Park\n\n"
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
title: EAF 141485
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA/cf02168ca83c922f27eca33f16e8cc90/EAF_141485.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
title: 01522751 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8/5918544d0289f9c4b2b4724f4cda7a2d/01522751_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2t4epzwnhiUMcmeK4yIYQC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:10:57.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:23.897000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 6
title: Gone fishing...
slug: gone-fishing
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4497'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa/18b8916dbaa566c488fb1d462f336b88/2013_2034.4497.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3FSGABeX9C2aieeekCUc6I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:39.843000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:59.910000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 1'
body: Fishing is an ancient practice in Africa, dating back 100,000 years, when
modern humans started moving into coastal environments. The remains of thousands
of fish bones and shellfish from sites on the southern African coastline dating
to the Middle Stone Age testify to its antiquity. At the same time that human
populations in Africa were developing more sophisticated terrestrial hunting
technologies, they were also acquiring innovative and productive fishing and
riverine hunting skills. Concomitantly, marine shells were being collected
to thread on to twine, probably for use as items of personal ornamentation.
Archaeological research has shown that aquatic environments have been exploited
for both subsistence and cultural purposes for tens of thousands of years.
- sys:
id: 5rah4C96eWkK6gUgYS2cKI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:38.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:46:25.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.505000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4497'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5O1g77GG9UEIeyWWgoCwOa/18b8916dbaa566c488fb1d462f336b88/2013_2034.4497.jpg"
caption: Red outline of a fish swimming right showing dorsal fin and fish scales.
A smaller fish superimposes larger fish underneath near the tail. Tassili
n'Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4497 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602875&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4497&page=1
- sys:
id: 1s82PsQrCsS8C0QQQ0gYie
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:35:04.493000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:48:40.438000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PqImAJY3CeKKkMwqeayoe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:03.906000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:34:03.906000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5019'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PqImAJY3CeKKkMwqeayoe/19a4c9ac1890f3aa6e7b6ef761b4373b/2013_2034.5019.jpg"
caption: Outline engraving of fish facing right, incised on a sandstone slab
beside a riverbed. <NAME>. 2013,2034.5019 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624043&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5019&page=1
- sys:
id: oie98q7G1MoEw4c6ggEai
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:35:28.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:48:58.748000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5TVVOzkAlaWKaK4oG2wqq8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:50.727000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:50.727000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.801'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5TVVOzkAlaWKaK4oG2wqq8/d1654d1e9de9bdf1f9a61eca5e81cebd/2013_2034.801.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art showing series of dots in vertical lines that converge
at top and bottom, possibly in a fish shape, placed in area of water seep
on rock face. Afforzighiar, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.801 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586292&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.801&page=1
- sys:
id: cjcvGndmak60E82YEQmEC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:59:31.911000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:59:31.911000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 2'
body: |-
We rarely consider the Sahara as the optimum environment for fishing. Seeing painted and engraved images of fish located in these waterless and unfavourable landscapes therefore seems at odds with our present-day knowledge of this vast desert. However, as we have noted before in these project pages (see introductions to Libya and Algeria), water-dependent animals such as crocodile and hippo have regularly been depicted in Saharan rock art, illustrating a once wetter and more fertile landscape. To date, the African rock art image project has catalogued representations of aquatic species in Libya, Algeria and Morocco, depicted with varying degrees of proficiency and ease of identification. This has been an insightful encounter, because it not only informs our thinking about the nature of the environment in the past and the way people were using their available resources, but also allows us to think about the cultural importance of water-based species.
The rock art in these places is a glimpse into an aquatic past that is now supported by environmental evidence. In a recent collaborative project mapping ancient watercourses in the Sahara, it has been shown that during the Holocene (a period which started around 11,700 years ago), this now arid landscape was once covered by a dense interconnected river system, as well as large bodies of water known as ‘megalakes’. When these lakes overflowed, they linked catchment areas, resulting in a dense palaeoriver network that allowed water-dependent life (fish, molluscs and amphibians) to migrate and disperse across an extensive landscape. This interlinked waterway of the Sahara formed a single and vast biogeographic area. Perhaps not surprisingly, rock art sites appear to be clustered around inland deltas where resources would have been most plentiful.
Across the Sahara, at least twenty-three species of fish have been identified in archaeological deposits from the Holocene, the most common being Tilapia, Catfish, African jewelfish, Silver fish and Nile perch. But can we go as far as to correlate the archaeological record with the rock art to species level?
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:36:02.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:51:34.767000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 62OPN6zwbKOym4YUAKCoAY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. African jewelfish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/62OPN6zwbKOym4YUAKCoAY/b23a2b5b8d528ba735cf4e91c7a748c9/Fig._4._African_jewelfish.jpg"
caption: African jewelfish (Hemichromis bimaculatus). Image ©Zhyla (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hemichromis_bimaculatus1.jpg
- sys:
id: 4mxD1mNZu8OegCaGC60o8o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:36:34.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:02:17.202000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: oV9yR91U3YSg2McmgeCA2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.982000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.982000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Redbelly Tilapia
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/oV9yR91U3YSg2McmgeCA2/780ac15c52522b76348ecebbd4cc123d/Fig._5._Redbelly_Tilapia.jpg"
caption: Redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii). Image © <NAME> (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFresh_tilapia.jpg
- sys:
id: gbhjHlWzFCKyeeiUGEkaQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:13.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:57:51.334000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 3'
body: Rock art imagery is replete with both very naturalistic representations
and also those which are more conceptual or abstract in nature, and the depictions
of fish are no exception. While some representations are clearly identifiable
as fish, other are more difficult to identify. For example, the image above
from Afforzighiar shows vertical red dots on the left of the photograph are
arranged in a fish-like shape that converges at the top and bottom. Additionally
it has been deliberately placed on a section of the rock face where there
is water seepage, blending the art with the natural environment. The dotted
pattern is reminiscent of the African jewelfish (*Hemichromis bimaculatus*)
or even the Redbelly Tilapia (*Tilapia zillii*), both shown to be species
of fish found throughout much of the Sahara during the Holocene.
- sys:
id: 5XJMMCBGveKKqoIc8kGEQU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:00.084000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:04:03.162000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4fQKRSGFIA6OMCe8waOWmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:34.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.559'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4fQKRSGFIA6OMCe8waOWmM/0a976c617609964467168ae590f831a8/2013_2034.559.jpg"
caption: Five fish engraved on a rock face. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.559 ©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3585024&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.559&page=1
- sys:
id: 4gUY4mSYnKYk8UIMSGAike
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:27.294000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:02:43.933000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: rJLJBELLi0yAYiCuM4SWi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.236000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.236000000 Z
title: Fig. 7. African sharptooth catfish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rJLJBELLi0yAYiCuM4SWi/31fdd8fe74786561592c1d104aa2ab13/Fig._7._African_sharptooth_catfish.jpg"
caption: African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Image ©<NAME>
(Wie146) (Wikimedia Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AClarias_garie_080516_9142_tdp.jpg
- sys:
id: 1pIt8kfkgAQ6ueEWMSqyAM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:37:55.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:59:58.067000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 14NfPoZlKIUOoacY8GWQ4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.971000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.971000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.925'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/14NfPoZlKIUOoacY8GWQ4c/88845134e8a0ef3fcf489e93e67f321e/2013_2034.925.jpg"
caption: Engraved fish. Affozighiar, Acacus Mountains, Libya 2013,2034.925 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3587559&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.925&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Kvn7LZDEcc0iGm0O4u6uY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:36.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:00:54.782000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 4'
body: Some of the engravings bear close morphological resemblances to Catfish,
with even the barbels depicted. Catfish seem to occur more regularly in rock
art than other species of fish, possibly due to their physical characteristics.
They possess an auxiliary breathing organ which allows them to inhabit extremely
de-oxygenated water; in fact, when necessary they can obtain up to 50% of
their total oxygen requirements from the air. In some cases they will leave
the water and crawl on dry ground to escape drying pools. This capacity to
live in very shallow waters and to occupy the liminal spaces between land
and water has elevated them to more than a simple food source and given them
a place of cultural significance in many African societies.
- sys:
id: sTBWoIZ2yyuS04mEIYYus
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:38:21.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:01:22.453000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nZmrbE5yUEuc2qaWc2Age
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:56.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:56.244000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5255'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nZmrbE5yUEuc2qaWc2Age/5bf831c50428a19572df28872a18e3d1/2013_2034.5255.jpg"
caption: Engraved fish on a boulder. Ait Ouazik, Draa valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5255
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603483&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5255&page=1
- sys:
id: 5RuLsZVAOswgaaKG8CK0AQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:38:50.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 18:03:15.219000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7M6nZhpTuoUuOOk0oWu8ea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.984000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Silver fish
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7M6nZhpTuoUuOOk0oWu8ea/04a411cc75ddded8230ee77128e3200a/Fig._10._Silver_fish.jpg"
caption: Silver fish (Raiamas senegalensis). Image ©<NAME> (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACameroon2011_3_(1)_(7003774697).jpg
- sys:
id: 3SIbv3l2WQqe4Wa08Ew6cI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:55.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:00:55.256000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 5'
body: In arid ecosystems, bodies of water are characterised by daily and seasonal
fluctuations in water temperature, evaporation and other natural phenomena,
and some fish species have adapted well to cope with these extreme changes
in water chemistry. Catfish and Tilapia in particular are able to survive
high salinity, which occurs through evaporation, while Redbelly Tilapia can
also tolerate temperatures above 35° C. Both Sharptooth Catfish and Tilapia
are floodplain dwellers and possess the ability to live and spawn in shallow
waters, making them easily susceptible to predation. Catfish spines were also
used to decorate Saharan pottery with dotted wavy-line patterns. These biological
characteristics, which meant they could be easily hunted, may explain their
frequent depiction in rock art. Perhaps their value was also reinforced by
their being (possibly) the last fish species to survive once aridification
had taken hold in the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 20MArnOyXuuIgo4g642QQa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:01:46.522000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:01:46.522000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Fishing
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 6'
body: Fish are likely to have been caught in a variety of ways, but in the Sahara
the most common technique was to use barbed bone point and/or fish hook technology,
with the former being the most archaeologically visible. Barbed points may
either be fixed – that is permanently attached to a spear or arrow shaft –
or used as ‘harpoons’, when they separate from a shaft on impact and remain
attached by a line. Barbed points can actually be used to catch multiple types
of prey, but the primary use across Africa was for fish.
- sys:
id: 1bwCettQ98qY2wEyiQMOmU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:39:23.290000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:59:03.644000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4cgsOBoxReGOAiCqw2UYM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.242000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.242000000 Z
title: Fig. 11. Bone point from Katanda
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4cgsOBoxReGOAiCqw2UYM8/e84d40b791670fc04e8b47d312248bd5/Fig._11._Bone_point_from_Katanda.jpg"
caption: Bone point from Katanda, DRC, 80,000-90,000 BP. Image ©Human Origins
Program, Smithsonian Institution
col_link: hhttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point
- sys:
id: 159mLyHGvyC4ccwOQMyQIs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:05.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:05.585000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 7'
body: Chronologically, the earliest barbed bone point records are from Katanda
in the Upper Semliki Valley in modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo,
dating to 80,000 – 90,000 years ago. Here people were catching Catfish weighing
up to 68 kg (150 lb), sufficient to feed eighty people for two days. Research
has noted the distribution of barbed bone points across the Sahara, and the
correlation between these locations and the distribution of species requiring
deep water. It is clear that there is continuity in sophisticated fishing
technology and practice that has lasted tens of thousands of years.
- sys:
id: 2IWFdXQZl6WwuCgA6oUa8u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:02:48.620000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:26:57.354000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Other aquatic species
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 8'
body: Other aquatic species are more difficult to identify and are much rarer.
For example, the image below has been interpreted as a jelly-fish like creature.
However, by manipulating the colour and lighting, the image is a little clearer
and appears to share morphological characteristics, such as the rounded carapace
and small flippers, with a turtle rather than a jellyfish. Furthermore, we
know that softshell turtles (*Trionyx triunguis*) have been found in archaeological
deposits in the Sahara dating to the Holocene. The vertical and wavy strands
hanging down underneath could represent the pattern made in the sand by turtles
when walking rather than being the tendrils of a jellyfish. In addition, the
image from Wadi Tafak below appears to resemble a snail, and is consistent
with what we know about the Capsian culture who inhabited modern Tunisia,
Algeria, and parts of Libya during the early Holocene (10000–6000 BC). Their
distinguishing culinary feature was a fondness for escargots – edible land
snails.
- sys:
id: 5j7XInUteECEA6cSE48k4A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:39:52.787000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:34:45.084000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7pDQ1Q7cm4u4KKkayeugGY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.977000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:44.977000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4298'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7pDQ1Q7cm4u4KKkayeugGY/094c9283ceeded55f016eafbc00e131c/2013_2034.4298.jpg"
caption: Painting of a turtle (digitally manipulated) from Jabbaren, Algeria.
2013,2034.4298 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601635&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4298&page=1
- sys:
id: 2pq6oldgxGsq48iIUsKEyg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:40:52.658000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:35:17.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6k5J6VbwZOq2yg86Y4GsEc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.222000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.222000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1167'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6k5J6VbwZOq2yg86Y4GsEc/3db2c57978de4879d82e7b04833d4564/2013_2034.1167.jpg"
caption: Painting of a snail from Wadi Tafak, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1167
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593787&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1167&page=1
- sys:
id: k7ChxGbsyc2iSaOc0k62C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:15.438000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:50:37.252000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Case study – Gobero
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 9'
body: A recently excavated cemetery site called Gobero (Sereno *et al.* 2008),
situated on the western edge of the Ténéré desert in Niger, provides a uniquely
preserved record of human occupation in the Sahara during the Holocene and
puts into context some of the examples of rock art we have looked at here.
Pollen analysis has indicated that during the Holocene, Gobero was situated
in an open savannah landscape of grasses and sedges, with fig trees and tamarisk,
where permanent water and marshy habitats were present.
- sys:
id: 7D5HIm20CW4WMy0IgyQQOu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:41:18.798000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 10:52:51.807000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5ZHSZA9fHOyAu8kaMceGOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.277000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:33:40.277000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Aerial view of Gobero
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5ZHSZA9fHOyAu8kaMceGOa/a546de3d31a679d75b67e4e2f4e41c68/Fig._14._Aerial_view_of_Gobero.jpg"
caption: Aerial view of Gobero archaeological site (from Sereno et al. 2008).
col_link: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002995
- sys:
id: 1wHHAMslowaeSOAWaue4Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:47.119000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:03:47.119000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: fishing, chapter 10'
body: |-
Approximately 200 burials, ranging over a 5000-year period, were found on the edge of an ancient lake. Grave goods include bones or tusks from wild fauna, ceramics, lithic projectile points, and bone, ivory and shell ornaments. One adult male was buried in a recumbent pose seated on the carapace of a mud turtle. Microliths, bone harpoon points and hooks, and ceramics with dotted wavy-line and zigzag impressed motifs were found in the burial fill, in an associated midden area, and in nearby paleolake deposits. Nile perch (*Lates niloticus*), large catfish, and tilapia dominate the midden fauna, which also includes bones and teeth from hippos, several bovids, small carnivores, softshell turtles and crocodiles.
The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700–6300 BC.) were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers with lakeside funerary sites. Across the ‘green’ Sahara, Catfish, Tilapia and turtles played important roles socially, economically and culturally. We can see this most explicitly in the burial within a turtle carapace in Gobero, but the representation of aquatic animals in rock art is a significant testament to their value.
citations:
- sys:
id: 6JNu3sK5DGaUyWo4omoc2M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:58:14.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:03:53.071000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: '<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., Saliège
J-F., et al. 2008. *Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene
Population and Environmental Change*. PLoS ONE 3(8): [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002995)'
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1MzxjY9CecYwee0IWcCQqe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.418000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.418000000 Z
title: EAF 141260
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1MzxjY9CecYwee0IWcCQqe/61da964c9b38a509ca9f602f7ac5747c/EAF_141260.jpg"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.407000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:22:52.407000000 Z
title: 01557634 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/BdGy2n8Krecyks0s4oe8e/7130c75aba21829540524182a5350677/01557634_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1KwPIcPzMga0YWq8ogEyCO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:25:56.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:15.151000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would
probably depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in
the distance, a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become
synonymous with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
id: 4p7wUbC6FyiEYsm8ukI0ES
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
id: 1LsXHHPAZaIoUksC2US08G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep,
horses and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were
domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and
spread from there to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st
century AD onwards. The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
have been documented through many different historical sources, from Roman
texts to sculptures or coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock
art, where camels became so abundant that they have given their name to a
whole period. The depictions of camels provide an incredible amount of information
about the life, culture and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities
from the beginnings of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late
years of the 7th century.
- sys:
id: j3q9XWFlMOMSK6kG2UWiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:00.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
title: EA26664
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua/e00bb3c81c6c9b44b5e224f5a8ce33a2/EA26664.jpg"
caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have
evolved so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising
that dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people,
commodities and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
- sys:
id: 2KjIpAzb9Kw4O82Yi6kg2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:36.039000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:39:34.523000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
title: Af1937,0105.16
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W/4a850695b34c1766d1ee5a06f61f2b36/Af1937_0105.16.jpg"
caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
- sys:
id: 12mIwQ0wG2qWasw4wKQkO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:00.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:45:29.810000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. Man
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum/3dbaa11c18703b33840a6cda2c2517f2/Fig._4._Man.jpg"
caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
id: 6UIdhB0rYsSQikE8Yom4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC.
However, it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due
to the River Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier
for these animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian
era, and probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through
the south of the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid,
and during the following centuries camels became a key element in the North
African societies. They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting
heavy goods and even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used,
improving the range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems
that the large caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory
or slaves came later, when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the
establishment of vast trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region
that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: YLb3uCAWcKm288oak4ukS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:46.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:46:15.751000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8/74efd37612ec798fd91c2a46c65587f7/1923_0401.850.jpg"
caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man
leading a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD.
1923,0401.850 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
id: 3uitqbkcY8s8GCcicKkcI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways
in which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are
found in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions
– black; sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect.
They usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally,
dogs and horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent
the oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female
camels herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
id: 5OWosKxtUASWIO6IUii0EW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:17.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:11:49.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu/85c0b70ab40ead396c695fe493081801/2013_2034.383.jpg"
caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Ocb7A3ig8OOkc2AAQIEmo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:48.147000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:12:22.249000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. <NAME>. 2013,2034.5117
© David Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iTHcZ38wwSyGK8UIqY2yQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:09.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. Kozen Pass, Chad. 2013,2034.7295 © David Coulson/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
id: 2zqiJv33OUM2eEMIK2042i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
id: 6dOm7ewqmA6oaM4cK4cy8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI/2b279eff2a6f42121ab0f6519d694a92/As1974_29.17.jpg"
caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be
put around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the
British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jE9BeKCBUEK8Igg8kCkUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and
are often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle
was designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight
over the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider
to control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and
swords that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient.
This new kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today,
appears only in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in
the rock art of Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles
that are recognizable in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets
are identifiable in the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those
still used today by desert peoples.'
- sys:
id: 6yZaDQMr1Sc0sWgOG6MGQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:46.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:33:25.754000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jHyVlfWXugI2acowekUGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:15:13.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:36:07.603000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK/1db47ae083ff605b9533898d9d9fb10d/2013_2034.4471.jpg"
caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. T<NAME>,
Tassili, Algeria. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
- sys:
id: 57goC8PzUs6G4UqeG0AgmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:16:51.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:33:53.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at <NAME>, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
- sys:
id: 3QPr46gQP6sQWswuSA2wog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk,
meat and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and
economic networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 54fiYzKXEQw0ggSyo0mk44
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:13.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:01:13.379000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ymik3z5wMUEway6omqKQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau/65c691f09cd60bb7aa08457e18eaa624/CHAENP0340003_1_.JPG"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340001
description:
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- sys:
id: 1hw0sVC0XOUA4AsiG4AA0q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: 'Introduction to rock art in northern Africa '
slug: rock-art-in-northern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: axu12ftQUoS04AQkcSWYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: 'The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world, covering almost
8,600,000 km² and comprising most of northern Africa, from the Red Sea to
the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is considered a distinct entity, it is composed
of a variety of geographical regions and environments, including sand seas,
hammadas (stone deserts), seasonal watercourses, oases, mountain ranges and
rocky plains. Rock art is found throughout this area, principally in the desert
mountain and hill ranges, where stone ''canvas'' is abundant: the highlands
of Adrar in Mauritania and Adrar des Ifoghas in Mali, the Atlas Mountains
of Morocco and Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria,
the mountainous areas of Tadrart Acacus and Messak in Libya, the Aïr Mountains
of Nigeria, the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains in Chad, the Gilf Kebir
plateau of Egypt and Sudan, as well as the length of the Nile Valley.'
- sys:
id: 4DelCmwI7mQ4MC2WcuAskq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:19.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:12:21.657000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
caption: Bubalus Period engraving. Pelorovis Antiquus, <NAME>ous, Libya.
2013,2034.3840 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593438&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3840&page=1
- sys:
id: 2XmfdPdXW0Y4cy6k4O4caO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:31.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:40:03.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Types of rock art and distribution
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: |+
Although the styles and subjects of north African rock art vary, there are commonalities: images are most often figurative and frequently depict animals, both wild and domestic. There are also many images of human figures, sometimes with accessories such as recognisable weaponry or clothing. These may be painted or engraved, with frequent occurrences of both, at times in the same context. Engravings are generally more common, although this may simply be a preservation bias due to their greater durability.
The physical context of rock art sites varies depending on geographical and topographical factors – for example, Moroccan rock engravings are often found on open rocky outcrops, while Tunisia’s Djebibina rock art sites have all been found in rock shelters. Rock art in the vast and harsh environments of the Sahara is often inaccessible and hard to find, and there is probably a great deal of rock art that is yet to be seen by archaeologists; what is known has mostly been documented within the last century.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of research
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional chapter 2.5'
body: Although the existence of rock art throughout the Sahara was known to
local communities, it was not until the nineteenth century that it became
known to Europeans, thanks to explorers such as <NAME>, who crossed
the Messak Plateau in Libya in 1850, first noting the existence of engravings.
Further explorations in the early twentieth century by celebrated travellers,
ethnographers and archaeologists such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME> brought the rock art of Sahara, and
northern Africa in general, to the awareness of a European public.
- sys:
id: 5I9fUCNjB668UygkSQcCeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:54.847000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:13:53.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1424'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC/240a45012afba4ff5508633fcaea3462/2013_2034.1424.jpg"
caption: Pastoral Period painting, cattle and human figure. <NAME>, Acacus
Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592663
- sys:
id: 5OkqapzKtqEcomSucG0EoQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:52.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:45:37.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Attribution and dating
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'The investigations of these researchers and those who have followed them
have sought to date and attribute these artworks, with varying measures of
success. Rock art may be associated with certain cultures through known parallels
with the imagery in other artefacts, such as Naqada Period designs in Egyptian
rock art that mirror those on dateable pottery. Authorship may be also guessed
at through corroborating evidence: for example, due to knowledge of their
chariot use, and the location of rock art depicting chariots in the central
Sahara, it has been suggested that it was produced by – or at the same time
as – the height of the Garamantes culture, a historical ethnic group who formed
a local power around what is now southern Libya from 500 BC–700 AD. However,
opportunities to anchor rock art imagery in this way to known ancient cultures
are few and far between, and rock art is generally ascribed to anonymous hunter-gatherers,
nomadic peoples, or pastoralists, with occasional imagery-based comparisons
made with contemporary groups, such as the Fulani peoples.'
- sys:
id: 2KmaZb90L6qoEAK46o46uK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:22.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:16:53.318000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1152'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I/cac0592abfe1b31d7cf7f589355a216e/2013_2034.1152.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, human figures. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.1152 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592099&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 27ticyFfocuOIGwioIWWYA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:26.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:18:29.234000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: |-
Occasionally, association with writing in the form of, for example, Libyan-Berber or Arabic graffiti can give a known dating margin, but in general, lack of contemporary writing and written sources (Herodotus wrote about the Garamantes) leaves much open to conjecture.
Other forms of (rare) circumstantial evidence, such as rock art covered by a dateable stratigraphic layer, and (more common) stylistic image-based dating have been used instead to form a chronology of Saharan rock art periods that is widely agreed upon, although dates are contested. The first stage, known as the Early Hunter, Wild Fauna or Bubalus Period, is posited at about 12,000–6,000 years ago, and is typified by naturalistic engravings of wild animals, in particular an extinct form of buffalo identifiable by its long horns.
- sys:
id: q472iFYzIsWgqWG2esg28
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:58.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:19:11.991000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi/4080b87891cb255e12a17216d7e71286/2013_2034.4570.jpg"
caption: Horse Period painting, charioteer and standing horses. Tarssed Jebest,
<NAME>au, Algeria. 2013,2034.4570 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3603794
- sys:
id: 7tsWGNvkQgACuKEMmC0uwG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: A possibly concurrent phase is known as the Round Head Period (about 10,000
to 8,000 years ago) due to the large discoid heads of the painted human figures.
Following this is the most widespread style, the Pastoral Period (around 7,500
to 4,000 years ago), which is characterised by numerous paintings and engravings
of cows, as well as occasional hunting scenes. The Horse Period (around 3,000
to 2,000 years ago) features recognisable horses and chariots and the final
Camel Period (around 2,000 years ago to present) features domestic dromedary
camels, which we know to have been widely used across the Sahara from that
time.
- sys:
id: 13V2nQ2cVoaGiGaUwWiQAC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:56:25.598000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:39:22.861000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.1424 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ/bad4ec8dd7c6ae553d623e4238641561/2013_2034.1424_1.jpg"
caption: Camel engraving. <NAME>, <NAME>, Sudan. 2013,2034.335 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586831
- sys:
id: 3A64bY4VeMGkKCsGCGwu4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:00:04.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:30:04.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "While this chronology serves as a useful framework, it must be remembered
that the area – and the time period in which rock art was produced – is extensive
and there is significant temporal and spatial variability within and across
sites. There are some commonalities in rock art styles and themes across the
Sahara, but there are also regional variations and idiosyncrasies, and a lack
of evidence that any of these were directly, or even indirectly, related.
The engravings of weaponry motifs from Morocco and the painted ‘swimming’
figures of the Gilf Kebir Plateau in Egypt and Sudan are not only completely
different, but unique to their areas. Being thousands of kilometres apart
and so different in style and composition, they serve to illustrate the limitations
inherent in examining northern African rock art as a unit. The contemporary
political and environmental challenges to accessing rock art sites in countries
across the Sahara serves as another limiting factor in their study, but as
dating techniques improve and further discoveries are made, this is a field
with the potential to help illuminate much of the prehistory of northern Africa.\n\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 4AWHcnuAVOAkkW0GcaK6We
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen. Paris: Payot & Rivages
<NAME>. 1995. Les images rupestres du Sahara. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2001. Saharan Africa in (ed) David S. Whitley, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
<NAME>. 2013. Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts, Kuper, R. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
<NAME>. 1999. L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain. Paris, L'Harmattan
Soukopova, J. 2012. Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Vernet, R. 1993. Préhistoire de la Mauritanie. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
title: EAF135068
description:
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id: 2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
title: EAF131007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo/393c91068f4dc0ca540c35a79b965288/EAF131007.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 5XIlz0Mp6EQW0CaG4wYWoi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:46:22.368000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:30.802000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Algeria: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4oh7iTmoQ8WCE48sGCIkoG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:15.701000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:15.701000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 1'
body: Algeria is Africa’s largest country geographically and has long been noted
for its rich concentrations of rock art, particularly in the Tassili n’Ajjer,
inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. More than 15,000 paintings
and engravings, some of which date back up to 12,000 years, provide unique
insights into the environmental, social, cultural and economic changes in
the country across a period of 10,000 or more years. The area is particularly
famous for its Round Head paintings, first described and published in the
1930s by French archaeologist <NAME>.
- sys:
id: KLxWuWwCkMWSuoA44EU8k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:30:21.587000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:40:49.293000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3bBZIG7wBWQe2s06S4w0gE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.872000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:58:02.758000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4248'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601516&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4248&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bBZIG7wBWQe2s06S4w0gE/503eeec9a0aa84ff849de9d81dcd091e/2013_2034.4248.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art depicting five red figures, from Jabbaren, Tassili
n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4248 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601516&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4248&page=1
- sys:
id: 5NCDKmpHVuime8uwqkKiMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:45.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:45.377000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 2'
body: Algeria is situated in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered on
the west by Morocco and on the east by Tunisia and Libya, with a long Mediterranean
coastline to the north. The Atlas Mountains cross Algeria east to west along
the Mediterranean coast. The northern portion of the country is an area of
mountains, valleys, and plateaus, but more than 80% of the country falls within
the Sahara Desert. Rock art is located in the Algerian Maghreb and the Hoggar
Mountains but the richest zone of rock art is located in the mountain range
of Tassili n'Ajjer, a vast plateau in the south-east of the country. Water
and sand erosion have carved out a landscape of thin passageways, large arches,
and high-pillared rocks, described by Lhote as 'forests of stone'.
- sys:
id: 1miMC9tEW0AqawCsYOO0co
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:30:59.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:30:59.823000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6T7rsl4ISssocM8K0O0g2U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.909000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.909000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4551'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6T7rsl4ISssocM8K0O0g2U/ec87053980e76d10917feb28c045fa67/2013_2034.4551.jpg"
caption: Tuareg looking over the Tassili n’Ajjer massif. 2013,2034.4551 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603812&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4551&page=1
- sys:
id: 6JVjGRQumAUaMIuMyOUwyM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:42:31.967000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:42:31.967000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 3'
body: |-
Rock art in Algeria, notably the engravings in South Oran, has been the subject of European study since 1863. Notable surveys were made by <NAME> (1893-1898), <NAME> (1901-1927), <NAME> (1892-1921), <NAME> and <NAME> (1925), <NAME> (1931-1957), <NAME> (1918-1938), and <NAME> (1935-1955). Henri Lhote visited the area in 1955 and 1964, completing previous research and adding new descriptions included in a major publication on the area in 1970.
The rock art of the Tassili region was introduced to Western eyes as a result of visits and sketches made by French legionnaires, in particular a Lt. Brenans during the 1930s. On several of his expeditions, Lt. Brenans took French archaeologist Henri Lhote who went on to revisit sites in Algeria between 1956-1970 documenting and recording the images he found. Regrettably, some previous methods of recording and/or documenting have caused damage to the vibrancy and integrity of the images.
- sys:
id: 6ljYMZr61ieuSkgCI2sUCs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:31:39.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:31:39.981000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6TFwgxGXtYy6OgA02aKUCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:47.274000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:58:43.476000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4098'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595539&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4098&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6TFwgxGXtYy6OgA02aKUCC/cf9adf1bdc99801fbf709fc87fd87acb/2013_2034.4098.jpg"
caption: Experiment undertaken by Lhote with experimental varnishes. The dark
rectangular patch is the remnant of this experiment. 2013,2034.4098 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595539&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4098&page=1
- sys:
id: 6yYmsmTCWQS88mMakgAOyu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:43:01.493000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:43:01.493000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Early rock art
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 4'
body: The earliest pieces of rock art are engraved images reflecting a past
vibrant fertile environment teeming with life and includes elephant, rhinoceros,
hippopotamus and fish as well as numerous predators, giraffe, and plains animals
such as antelope and gazelle. When human figures are depicted in this period
they are very small in stature and hold throwing sticks or axes. More than
simply hunting scenes, they are likely to reflect people’s own place within
their environment and their relationship with it.
- sys:
id: 6ymgBr7UZiEeqcYIK8ESQw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:32:15.331000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:41:43.326000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: faUxnSK2ookUW6UWyoCOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.884000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4685'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/faUxnSK2ookUW6UWyoCOa/ec94f329a011643a9f0eba672fd5fb6f/2013_2034.4685.jpg"
caption: Engraved elephant, Tadrart, Algeria. 2013,2034.4685 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iMdChh
- sys:
id: 61Gb2N3umIC8cAAq2q8SWK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:43:56.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:04.420000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Round Head Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 5'
body: The area is especially famous for its Round Head paintings. Thought to
be up to 9,000 years old, some of these paintings are the largest found on
the African continent, measuring up to 13 feet in height. The Round Head period
comprises depictions of figures with round, featureless heads and formless
bodies, often appearing to be ‘floating’. Some features or characteristics
of Round Head paintings found on the Tassili plateau are unique to the area,
and the depiction of certain motifs may have held special significance locally,
making particular sites where they occur the locus of rites, ritual or ceremonial
activity. The majority of animal depictions are mouflon (wild mountain sheep)
and antelope, but they are represented only in static positions and not as
part of a hunting scene.
- sys:
id: 14fYsLFiwaOeGqSscuI4eW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:32:46.062000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:32:46.062000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 79I1hxTRDyYiqcMG02kgE8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:47.295000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:47.295000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4173'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/79I1hxTRDyYiqcMG02kgE8/0fa8b92cad626f5dfe083c814b30fdfb/2013_2034.4173.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4173
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595624&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4173&page=1
- sys:
id: 4SqZjJi0EoeEIKuywW8eqM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:33.802000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:33.802000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Pastoral Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 6'
body: The subsequent Pastoral Period, from around 7,500-4,000 years ago, portrays
a very different world to the preceding ethereal Round Head period and coincides
with the transition from a temperate Sahara towards aridification. Images
are stylistically varied, which may attest to the movement of different cultural
groups. Depictions now include domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep,
goats and dogs; scenes portray herders, men hunting with bows, and representations
of camp life with women and children – in essence, scenes that reference more
settled communities.
- sys:
id: 3VIsvEgqPSMMumIgAaO8WG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:33:24.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:33:24.713000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2E7xpiKWhe6YEOymWI4W2U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.877000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4193'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2E7xpiKWhe6YEOymWI4W2U/97b35a4e1f3bfaa5184d701c43f0457f/2013_2034.4193.jpg"
caption: "‘The Archers Of Tin Aboteka’, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4193
© TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601339&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4193&page=1
- sys:
id: 40HLnbmrO8uqoewYai0IwM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:57.711000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:57.711000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 7'
body: |-
Desertification across the Sahara required new methods of traversing and utilising the landscape; depictions of horses (often with riders) and of chariots indicate this change. Horse-drawn chariots are often depicted at a ‘flying’ gallop and are likely to have been used for hunting rather than warfare.
Libyan-Berber script, used by ancestral Berber peoples, started to appear in association with images. However, the meaning of this juxtaposition of text and image remains an enigma, as it is indecipherable to modern day Tuareg.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.885000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.4567'
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caption: Horse-drawn chariot, <NAME>, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4567
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603797&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4567&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
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title: Camel Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 8'
body: The last defined period stylistically is characterised by the depiction
of camels, representing an alternative method of negotiating this arid and
harsh landscape. Camels can travel for days without water and were used extensively
in caravans transporting trade goods and salt. Depictions in this period continue
to include domestic animals and armed figures.
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id: 22za3qNw1SqCCSMKiQ4ose
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:34:35.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:34:35.045000000 Z
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revision: 1
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.916000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4469'
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caption: Camel train Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4469 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602862&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4469&page=1
citations:
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id: 6rWROpK4k8wIAwAY8aMKo6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:35:36.510000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:35:36.510000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 2001. *Saharan Africa* in (ed) <NAME>, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
Soukopova, J. 2012. *Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara*. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
[Tassili n’Ajjer, UNESCO](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/)
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region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/niger/dabous.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Niger
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
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id: 3iEbGKCOjuqgaMOGUQiQuS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:50:42.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:09.605000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Dabous, Niger
slug: dabous
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5j5MjrxkwgewSk0EAgqMkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:44:58.105000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:44:58.105000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 1'
body: Dabous is located in north-eastern Niger, where the Ténéré desert meets
the slopes of the Aïr Mountains. The area has been part of the trans-Saharan
caravan trade route traversed by the Tuareg for over two millennia, but archaeological
evidence shows much older occupation in the region dating back 8,000 years.
More recently, it has become known to a wider global audience for its exceptional
rock art.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.020000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.020000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10543'
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caption: Dabous giraffe. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10543 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637915&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9967&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10543&page=1
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 2'
body: |-
Recorded in 1987 by French archaeologist <NAME>, two remarkable life-size engravings of giraffe have generated much interest due to the size, realism and technique of the depictions. The two giraffe, thought to be one large male in front of a smaller female, were engraved on the weathered surface of a sandstone outcrop. The larger giraffe measures 5.4 m from top to toe and combines several techniques of production, including scraping, smoothing and deep engraving of the outlines.
Each giraffe has an incised line emanating from its mouth or nose, meandering down to a small human figure. This motif is not unusual in Saharan rock art, but its meaning remains a mystery. Interpretations have suggested the line may indicate that giraffe were hunted or even domesticated, or may reflect a religious, mythical or cultural association. It has also been suggested that the lines and human figures were later additions.
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image:
sys:
id: 6Y2u961dcWISC2E2CK62KS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:55.237000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:55.237000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10570'
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caption: Dabous giraffe. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10570 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637906&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10570&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10570&page=1
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.049000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10555'
description:
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caption: Dabous giraffe at night. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10555
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637914&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10570&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10555&page=1
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 3'
body: |-
The engravings cannot be seen from ground level; they are only visible by climbing onto the boulder. They are thought to date from between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago – a period known as the Neolithic Subpluvial, when environmental conditions were much wetter and the Sahara was a vast savannah stretching for thousands of miles, able to sustain large mammals such as giraffe. The soft sandstone is likely to have been incised using a harder material such as flint; there are chisels of petrified wood in the surrounding desert sands which would have acted as good tools for abrading and polishing outlines. It is easy to imagine people in the past sitting on the rocky outcrop watching these long-necked, graceful animals and immortalising them in stone for future generations.
We can only speculate as to why the giraffe was selected for this special treatment. Any number of physical, behavioural, environmental or symbolic factors may have contributed to its significance.
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content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4yEY9exQaswSA6k6Gu02c6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:38:02.784000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:38:02.784000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10751'
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4yEY9exQaswSA6k6Gu02c6/307728aa6d1880f11af9dc45d7e7d830/2013_2034.10751.jpg"
caption: Further engravings at the site. Dabous, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.10751 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637901&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10570&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10751&page=1
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 4'
body: |-
While the giraffe have taken centre stage at this site because of their size and the skill of the execution, a systematic study of the area has identified 828 further engravings, including 704 zoomorphs (animal forms), 61 anthropomorphs (human forms), and 17 inscriptions of Tifinâgh script. The animals identified include: bovines (cattle ) (46%), ostrich (16%), antelope and gazelle (16%), giraffe (16%), and finally 12 dromedaries (camels), 11 canids (dog-like mammals), 6 rhinoceros, 3 equids (horses or donkeys), 2 monkeys, 2 elephants, and 1 lion.
Who might the artists have been? It is often the case in rock art research that artists are lost to us in time and we have little or no archaeological evidence that can offer insights into the populations that occupied these sites, sometimes only for a short time. However, in 2001 a site called Gobero was discovered that provides a glimpse of life in this region at the time that the Dabous engravings were produced.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:06.708000000 Z
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revision: 1
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title: Gobero
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caption: 'Aerial view of Gobero archaeological site in Niger, from the Holocene
Period. Source: Sereno et al. 2008, (via Wikimedia Commons)'
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGobero.jpg
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:46:46.760000000 Z
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Gobero is located at the western tip of the Ténéré desert in Niger, approximately
150 km south-east of the Aïr Mountains. Situated on the edge of a paleaolake
and dating from the early Holocene (7,700–6,200 years ago), it is the earliest
recorded cemetery in the western Sahara and consists of around 200 burials.
Skeletal evidence shows both male and females to be tall in stature, approaching
two metres. Some of the burials included items of jewellery, including a young
girl wearing a bracelet made from the tusk of a hippo, and a man buried with
the shell of a turtle.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:32.700000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:32.700000000 Z
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revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:47.721000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.10635'
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caption: Close up of head and neck of large giraffe. Dabous, Western Aïr Mountains,
Niger. 2013,2034.10635 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637902&partId=1&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10635&page=1
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 6'
body: This cultural group were largely sedentary; their subsistence economy was
based on fishing (Nile perch, catfish, soft-shell turtles) and hunting (hippos,
bovids, small carnivores and crocodiles). Microlithis, bone harpoon points and
hooks, as well as ceramics with dotted wavy-line and zig-zag impressed motif
were found in burials, refuse areas and around the lake. A hiatus in the occupation
of the area (6,200–5,200 years ago) occurred during a harsh arid interval, forcing
the occupants to relocate. The Gobero population may not be the artists responsible
for Dabous, but archaeological evidence can help formulate a picture of the
environmental, social and material culture at the time of the engravings.
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caption: Taking a cast of the Dabous giraffe. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10608
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j0rzed
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 7'
body: Unfortunately, the engravings have been subject to deterioration as a result
of human intervention such as trampling, graffiti and fragments being stolen.
As a result, the decision was made to preserve them by making a mould of the
carvings in order to make a cast in a resistant material. Permission was granted
by both the government of Niger and UNESCO and in 1999 the moulding process
took place. The first cast of the mould, made in aluminium, stands at the airport
of Agadez in the small desert town near the site of Dabous – an enduring symbol
of the rich rock art heritage of the country.
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title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 8'
body: In 2000, the giraffe engravings at Dabous were declared one of the 100 Most
Endangered Sites by the [World Monuments Watch](https://www.wmf.org/). Today,
a small group of Tuareg live in the area, acting as permanent guides and custodians
of the site.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5IQzdbUWHemE6WCkUUeQwi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:43:52.331000000 Z
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citation_line: |+
<NAME>. ‘Réflexions sur l'identité des guerriers représentés dans les gravures de l'Adrar des Iforas et de l'Aïr’ in *Sahara*, 10, pp.31-54
<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., et al. 2008. ‘Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change’. PLoS ONE, 3(8): pp.1-22
‘The Giraffe Carvings of the Tenere Desert’: [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/giraffe/](http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/giraffe/)
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/chad.md
---
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id: 6oPleKTKGkMwAAqauyGIEg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:48:21.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:13:02.868000000 Z
title: CHAOUE0010004
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655371&partId=1&searchText=CHAOUE0010004&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6oPleKTKGkMwAAqauyGIEg/32f1d8d0ec0e654367cf7714369bb892/CHAOUE0010004.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2PcrJHELNCAIIy2e0kaKCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:48:27.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:13:33.939000000 Z
title: CHAOUE0010015
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655360&partId=1&searchText=CHAOUE0010015&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2PcrJHELNCAIIy2e0kaKCi/0255e3508a43a6856a9e52cd1d5a2d0a/CHAOUE0010015.jpg"
- sys:
id: A8qbbR0yNEuSEqsYCia4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 14:48:34.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:14:23.527000000 Z
title: CHATEK0070003
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3651401&partId=1&searchText=CHATEK0070003&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/A8qbbR0yNEuSEqsYCia4U/274d59ef5d3bfc72adfa42e8bfd0cfce/CHATEK0070003.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 3l1e5Bn0NOggigQsmiGG8q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:45:15.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:38.130000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Niola Doa, Chad
slug: niola-doa
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2HKVwIp55eweW6WcioyIAg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:21.650000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:21.650000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The Ennedi Plateau is a mountainous region in the north-eastern corner
of Chad, an impressive sandstone massif eroded by wind and temperature changes
into series of terraces, gorges, cliffs and outliers. Although it is part
of the Sahara, the climate of the Ennedi Plateau is much more suitable for
human habitation than most of the desert, with regular rain during summer,
wadis (seasonal rivers) flowing once or twice a year, and a relatively large
range of flora and fauna – including some of the few remaining populations
of Saharan crocodiles west of the Nile. Throughout the caves, canyons and
shelters of the Ennedi Plateau, thousands of images – dating from 5000 BC
onwards – have been painted and engraved, comprising one of the biggest collections
of rock art in the Sahara and characterised by a huge variety of styles and
themes.
- sys:
id: 5fxX9unUx2i8G6Cw0II2Qk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:39:08.235000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:39:08.235000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3x13gapfeoswomWyA0gyWS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.707000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.707000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6150'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3x13gapfeoswomWyA0gyWS/25cf96fec447ce7f0bf93d75ac2efa7f/2013_2034.6150.jpg"
caption: View of the second main group of engraved human figures. Ennedi Plateau.
2013,2034.6150 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637019&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6150&page=1
- sys:
id: 5JEd4uYIEMAQsCKkKIeWIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:38.368000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:38.368000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'Within this kaleidoscope, a series of engravings have become especially
renowned for their singularity and quality: several groups of life-sized human
figures depicted following very regular stylistic conventions. They were first
reported internationally in the early 1950s; during the following decades
more sites were discovered, almost all of them around Wadi Guirchi, and especially
near a site known as <NAME>. To date, six sites have been documented, totalling
about 40 depictions. Most of the figures were engraved on big, vertical boulders,
in groups, although occasionally they appear isolated. They follow a very
regular pattern: most of them are life-sized or even bigger and are represented
upright facing right or left, with one arm bent upwards holding a stick resting
over the neck or shoulder and the other arm stretched downwards. In some cases,
the figures have an unidentified, horizontal object placed at the neck, probably
an ornament. Interspersed among the bigger figures, there are smaller versions
which are slightly different, some of them with the arms in the same position
as the others but without sticks, and some facing forwards with hands on hips.
In general, figures seem to be naked, although in some cases the smaller figures
are depicted with skirts.'
- sys:
id: 6mkGfHTaJaqiAgiQYQqIYW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:06.201000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:06.201000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:11:12.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6164'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637058&partId=1&searchText=Niola+Doa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI/15c83103aa2766992fd90414a29ea01b/2013_2034.6164.jpg"
caption: Detail of the first main group of engraved human figures, where the
standardized position of the arms and the stick can be observed. Ennedi Plateau.
2013,2034.6164 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637058&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6164&page=1
- sys:
id: 6HD9yuFPckYYWOaWeQmA4Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:56.088000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:42:56.088000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 3'
body: Another characteristic feature of these images is their abnormally wide
buttocks and thighs, which have been interpreted as steatopygia (a genetic
condition resulting in an accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks).
Although the best documented examples of steatopygia (both in rock art and
contemporary groups) correspond to southern Africa, steatopygic depictions
occur elsewhere in North African rock art, with examples in other parts of
the Ennedi Plateau, but also in Egypt and Sudan, where they occasionally appear
incised in pottery.
- sys:
id: 3Nd1QIszi8wcWsm4W2CGw8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:36.716000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:40:36.716000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4r9HybjNjOaMU2wI44IUWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.713000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6175'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4r9HybjNjOaMU2wI44IUWw/dd398573be19287063d1427947409e9d/2013_2034.6175.jpg"
caption: Close-up of figure from the first main group. Note the schematic birds
depicted at the waist –the only known example of zoomorphic pattern in these
figures. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6175 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637066&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6175&page=1
- sys:
id: 5N8CCXZw5OCGiUGMQ8Sw8s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:21.226000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:21.226000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 4'
body: |-
In addition, almost all the figures are decorated with intricate geometric patterns (straight and wavy lines, squares, meanders and, in one case, schematic birds), which could be interpreted as garments, tattoos, scarifications or body paintings. In some cases, figures appear simply outlined, but these very rare cases were probably left unfinished. The decorative patterns extend to the ears, which are always depicted with geometric designs, and to the head, where these designs could correspond to hairstyles.
The decorative richness of the Niola Doa engravings has led to their interpretation as ritual scenes, probably special occasions when body decoration was part of a more complex set of activities with dancing or singing. On some occasions, comparisons have been established between the geometric designs of Niola Doa and different types of body decorations (body painting, scarifications). Scarifications, in particular, have a long tradition within some African cultures and in many cases parallels have been documented between this kind of body decoration and material culture (i.e. pottery, pipes, wood sculptures or clothes). The relative proximity of groups with well-known traditions of scarifications and body painting has led to comparisons which, although suggested, cannot be wholly proved.
- sys:
id: 2clJsITj8kM8uSE6skaYae
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:04.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:16.496000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UndBeXLYs8mK4Y4OWkMU8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.717000000 Z
title: Af,B1.25
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UndBeXLYs8mK4Y4OWkMU8/be1053ea6e513ce14b92a736f6da52cf/Af_B1.25.jpg"
caption: 'Scarification on upper back and shoulder of an adult. Sudan, early
20th century. Photograph: © British Museum Af,B1.25'
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1412934&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=Af,B1.25&page=1
- sys:
id: 5fnEMAOYzSs8quyaQiiUUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:40.154000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:43:40.154000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Regarding their chronology, as with most rock art depictions the Niola
Doa figures are difficult to date, although they undoubtedly belong to the
older periods of Chadian rock art. Some parallels have been made with the
Round Head-style figures of the Tassili n’Ajjer (Simonis et al 1994). However,
the Round Head figures of Algeria have a very old chronology (up to 9000 years
ago), while the rock art at the Ennedi Plateau is assumed to be much newer,
up to the 5th or 4th millennium BC. These engravings could, therefore, correspond
to what has been called the Archaic Period in this area, although a Pastoral
Period chronology has also been proposed. In several other sites around the
Ennedi Plateau, similar images have been painted, although whether these images
are contemporary with those of Niola Doa or correspond to a different period
is unclear. Regardless of their chronology, what is undeniable is the major
impact these depictions had on later generations of people living in the area:
even now, the engravings at one of the sites are known as the ‘Dancing Maidens’,
while the name of Niola Doa means ‘The place of the girls’ in the local language.'
citations:
- sys:
id: 2SoR8lQCF2SkAQAyGIYMc8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:51.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:41:51.721000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME> (1997). *Art rupestre en Ennedi. Looking for
rock paintings and engravings in the Ennedi Hills*, Sépia, Saint-Maur.\n \nSimonis,
R., <NAME>. and <NAME>. (1994) *Niola Doa, ‘il luogo delle fanciulle’
(Ennedi, Ciad)*, Sahara 6, pp.51-63."
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:38:31.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:11:12.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6164'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637058&partId=1&searchText=Niola+Doa&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1EOAe1GFKQSG2oWYiKSIYI/15c83103aa2766992fd90414a29ea01b/2013_2034.6164.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4BGLzXecpqKOsuwwiIaM6K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:31:44.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:31:44.334000000 Z
title: CHANAS0103
description:
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key_facts:
sys:
id: 6nVplLt1ZKMIuGI66U6K0I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:25:35.954000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:25:35.954000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: key facts'
image_count: 2,066 images
date_range: Mostly 5000 BC to AD 1700
main_areas: Tibesti Mountains, Ennedi Plateau
techniques: Engravings, paintings
main_themes: Boats, cattle, wild animals, inscriptions
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 1KwPIcPzMga0YWq8ogEyCO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:25:56.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:15.151000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would
probably depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in
the distance, a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become
synonymous with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
id: 4p7wUbC6FyiEYsm8ukI0ES
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
id: 1LsXHHPAZaIoUksC2US08G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep,
horses and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were
domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and
spread from there to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st
century AD onwards. The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
have been documented through many different historical sources, from Roman
texts to sculptures or coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock
art, where camels became so abundant that they have given their name to a
whole period. The depictions of camels provide an incredible amount of information
about the life, culture and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities
from the beginnings of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late
years of the 7th century.
- sys:
id: j3q9XWFlMOMSK6kG2UWiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:00.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
title: EA26664
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua/e00bb3c81c6c9b44b5e224f5a8ce33a2/EA26664.jpg"
caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have
evolved so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising
that dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people,
commodities and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
- sys:
id: 2KjIpAzb9Kw4O82Yi6kg2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:36.039000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:39:34.523000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
title: Af1937,0105.16
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W/4a850695b34c1766d1ee5a06f61f2b36/Af1937_0105.16.jpg"
caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
- sys:
id: 12mIwQ0wG2qWasw4wKQkO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:00.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:45:29.810000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. Man
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum/3dbaa11c18703b33840a6cda2c2517f2/Fig._4._Man.jpg"
caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
id: 6UIdhB0rYsSQikE8Yom4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC.
However, it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due
to the River Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier
for these animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian
era, and probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through
the south of the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid,
and during the following centuries camels became a key element in the North
African societies. They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting
heavy goods and even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used,
improving the range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems
that the large caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory
or slaves came later, when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the
establishment of vast trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region
that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: YLb3uCAWcKm288oak4ukS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:46.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:46:15.751000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8/74efd37612ec798fd91c2a46c65587f7/1923_0401.850.jpg"
caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man
leading a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD.
1923,0401.850 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
id: 3uitqbkcY8s8GCcicKkcI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways
in which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are
found in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions
– black; sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect.
They usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally,
dogs and horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent
the oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female
camels herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
id: 5OWosKxtUASWIO6IUii0EW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:17.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:11:49.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu/85c0b70ab40ead396c695fe493081801/2013_2034.383.jpg"
caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. Wadi Teshuinat, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Ocb7A3ig8OOkc2AAQIEmo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:48.147000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:12:22.249000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. Oued Djerat, Algeria. 2013,2034.5117
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iTHcZ38wwSyGK8UIqY2yQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:09.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. Kozen Pass, Chad. 2013,2034.7295 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
id: 2zqiJv33OUM2eEMIK2042i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
id: 6dOm7ewqmA6oaM4cK4cy8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI/2b279eff2a6f42121ab0f6519d694a92/As1974_29.17.jpg"
caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be
put around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the
British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jE9BeKCBUEK8Igg8kCkUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and
are often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle
was designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight
over the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider
to control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and
swords that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient.
This new kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today,
appears only in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in
the rock art of Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles
that are recognizable in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets
are identifiable in the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those
still used today by desert peoples.'
- sys:
id: 6yZaDQMr1Sc0sWgOG6MGQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:46.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:33:25.754000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jHyVlfWXugI2acowekUGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:15:13.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:36:07.603000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK/1db47ae083ff605b9533898d9d9fb10d/2013_2034.4471.jpg"
caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. <NAME>,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
- sys:
id: 57goC8PzUs6G4UqeG0AgmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:16:51.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:33:53.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at Cura Salee, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
- sys:
id: 3QPr46gQP6sQWswuSA2wog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk,
meat and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and
economic networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 54fiYzKXEQw0ggSyo0mk44
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:13.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:01:13.379000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, Archael Guelta, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ymik3z5wMUEway6omqKQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau/65c691f09cd60bb7aa08457e18eaa624/CHAENP0340003_1_.JPG"
- sys:
id: BPzulf3QNqMC4Iqs4EoCG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/BPzulf3QNqMC4Iqs4EoCG/356b921099bfccf59008b69060d20d75/CHAENP0340001_1_.JPG"
- sys:
id: 7oNFGUa6g8qSweyAyyiCAe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:11:30.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:51:34.879000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: The domesticated horse in northern African rock art
slug: the-domesticated-horse
lead_image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 27bcd1mylKoMWiCQ2KuKMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 1'
body: Throughout northern Africa, there is a wealth of rock art depicting the
domestic horse and its various uses, providing valuable evidence for the uses
of horses at various times in history, as well as a testament to their importance
to Saharan peoples.
- sys:
id: 2EbfpTN9L6E0sYmuGyiaec
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:26.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:39:29.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
caption: 'Painted horse and rider, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6406 © TARA/David
Coulson. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641775&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6406&page=1
- sys:
id: 4QexWBEVXiAksikIK6g2S4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:49.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:28.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horses and chariots
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 2'
body: The first introduction of the domestic horse to Ancient Egypt- and thereby
to Africa- is usually cited at around 1600 BC, linked with the arrival in
Egypt of the Hyksos, a group from the Levant who ruled much of Northern Egypt
during the Second Intermediate Period. By this point, horses had probably
only been domesticated for about 2,000 years, but with the advent of the chariot
after the 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia, the horse proved to be a valuable
martial asset in the ancient world. One of the first clear records of the
use of horses and chariots in battle in Africa is found in depictions from
the mortuary complex of the Pharaoh Ahmose at Abydos from around 1525 BC,
showing their use by Egyptians in defeating the Hyksos, and horses feature
prominently in later Egyptian art.
- sys:
id: 22x06a7DteI0C2U6w6oKes
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:52.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:52.214000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW/b68bd24c9b19c5c8c7752bfb75a5db0e/2013_2034.1001.jpg"
caption: Painted two-horse chariot, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1001
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588526&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1001&page=1
- sys:
id: 1voXfvqIcQkgUYqq4w8isQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 3'
body: 'Some of the most renowned images of horses in Saharan rock art are also
those of chariot teams: in particular, those of the so-called ‘flying gallop’
style chariot pictures, from the Tassili n’Ajjer and Acacus mountains in modern
Algeria and Libya. These distinctive images are characterised by depictions
of one or more horses pulling a chariot with their legs outstretched in a
stylised manner and are sometimes attributed to the Garamantes, a group who
were a local power in the central Sahara from about 500 BC-700 AD. But the
Ajjer Plateau is over a thousand miles from the Nile- how and when did the
horse and chariot first make their way across the Western Desert to the rest
of North Africa in the first place? Egyptian accounts indicate that by the
11th century BC Libyans (people living on the north African coast around the
border of modern Egypt and Libya) were using chariots in war. Classical sources
later write about the chariots of the Garamantes and of chariot use by peoples
of the far western Sahara continuing into the 1st century BC, by which time
the chariot horse had largely been eclipsed in war by the cavalry mount.'
- sys:
id: LWROS2FhUkywWI60eQYIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:53:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:33.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4574'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce/ac95a5214a326794542e0707c0d819d7/2013_2034.4574.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure and horse. Tarssed Jebest, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Horse displays Arabian breed-type characteristics such as dished face and
high tail carriage. 2013,2034.4574 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603790&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4574+&page=1
- sys:
id: 6eaH84QdUs46sEQoSmAG2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Riding
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 4'
body: As well as the unique iconography of rock art chariot depictions, there
are also numerous paintings and engravings across northern Africa of people
riding horses. Riding may have been practiced since the earliest times of
horse domestication, though the earliest definitive depictions of horses being
ridden come from the Middle East in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC.
Images of horses and riders in rock art occur in various areas of Morocco,
Egypt and Sudan and are particularly notable in the Ennedi region of Chad
and the Adrar and Tagant plateaus in Mauritania (interestingly, however, no
definite images of horses are known in the Gilf Kebir/Jebel Uweinat area at
the border of Egypt, Sudan and Libya).
- sys:
id: 6LTzLWMCTSak4IIukAAQMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:23.846000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:52.743000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
title: ME22958
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo/703945afad6a8e3c97d10b09c487381c/ME22958.jpg"
caption: Terracotta mould of man on horseback, Old Babylonian, Mesopotamia 2000-1600
BC. One of the oldest known depictions of horse riding in the world. British
Museum ME22958 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=388860&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=22958&page=1
- sys:
id: 5YkSCzujy8o08yuomIu6Ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:43.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:12:34.068000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Painted ‘bitriangular’
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C/c798c1afb41006855c34363ec2b54557/Fig._5._Painted____bitriangular___.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bi-triangular’ horse and rider with saddle. Oued Jrid, Assaba,
Mauritania. 2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1vZDFfKXU0US2qkuaikG8m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:13.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:14:56.468000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 5'
body: Traditional chronologies for Saharan rock art areas tend to place depictions
of ridden horses chronologically after those of horses and chariots, and in
general use horse depictions to categorise regional stylistic periods of rock
art according to broad date boundaries. As such, in most places, the ‘horse’
rock art period is usually said to cover about a thousand years from the end
of the 2nd millennium BC. It is then considered to be succeeded by a ‘camel’
period, where the appearance of images of dromedaries – known only to have
been introduced to the eastern Sahara from Arabia at the end of the 1st century
BC – reflects the next momentous influx of a beast of burden to the area and
thus a new dating parameter ([read more about depictions of camels in the
Sahara](https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/)).
However, such simplistic categorisation can be misleading. For one thing,
although mounting horses certainly gained popularity over driving them, it
is not always clear that depictions of ridden horses are not contemporary
with those of chariots. Further, the horse remained an important martial tool
after the use of war-chariots declined. Even after the introduction of the
camel, there are several apparently contemporary depictions featuring both
horse and camel riders.
- sys:
id: 2gaHPgtyEwsyQcUqEIaGaq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:55:29.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:32:44.364000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5739'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4/7f48ae9c550dd6b4f0e80b8da10a3da6/2013_2034.5739.jpg"
caption: Engraved ridden horse and camel. Draa Valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5739
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619780&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5739+&page=1
- sys:
id: 583LKSbz9SSg00uwsqquAG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Berber Horses
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 6'
body: As the more manoeuvrable rider rose in popularity against the chariot
as a weapon of war, historical reports from classical authors like Strabo
tell us of the prowess of African horsemen such as the cavalry of the Numidians,
a Berber group that allied with Carthage against the Romans in the 3rd century
BC. Berber peoples would remain heavily associated with horse breeding and
riding, and the later rock art of Mauritania has been attributed to Berber
horsemen, or the sight of them. Although horses may already have reached the
areas of modern Mauritania and Mali by this point, archaeological evidence
does not confirm their presence in these south-westerly regions of the Sahara
until much later, in the mid-1st millennium AD, and it has been suggested
that some of the horse paintings in Mauritania may be as recent as 16th century.
- sys:
id: 7zrBlvCEGkW86Qm8k2GQAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:24.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:16:52.557000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5202'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy/7fba0330e151fc416d62333f3093d950/2013_2034.5202.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders surrounded by Libyan-Berber script. Oued
Djerat, Algeria. These images appear to depict riders using Arab-style saddles
and stirrups, thus making them probably no older than 7th c. AD. 2013,2034.5202
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624404&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5202&page=1
- sys:
id: 45vpX8SP7aGeOS0qGaoo4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 7'
body: 'Certainly, from the 14th century AD, horses became a key commodity in
trans-Saharan trade routes and became items of great military value in West
Africa following the introduction of equipment such as saddles with structured
trees (frames). Indeed, discernible images of such accoutrements in Saharan
rock art can help to date it following the likely introduction of the equipment
to the area: for example, the clear depiction of saddles suggests an image
to be no older than the 1st century AD; images including stirrups are even
more recent.'
- sys:
id: 7GeTQBofPamw0GeEAuGGee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:57.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:02.520000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
title: RRM12824
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO/8c3a7c2d372f2c48a868d60201909932/RRM12824.jpg"
caption: 19th-century Moroccan stirrups with typical curved base of the type
possibly visible in the image above. 1939,0311.7-8 © Trustees of the British
Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=217451&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6mNtqnqaEE2geSkU0IiYYe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:32.195000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:50.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 8'
body: 'Another intriguing possibility is that of gaining clues on the origins
of modern horse breeds from rock art, in particular the ancient Barb breed
native to the Maghreb, where it is still bred. Ancient Mesopotamian horses
were generally depicted as heavily-built, and it has been suggested that the
basic type for the delicate Arabian horse, with its dished (concave) facial
profile and high-set tail, may have been developed in north-east Africa prior
to its subsequent appearance and cultivation in Arabia, and that these features
may be observed in Ancient Egyptian images from the New Kingdom. Likewise,
there is the possibility that some of the more naturalistic paintings from
the central Sahara show the similarly gracile features of the progenitors
of the Barb, distinguishable from the Arab by its straight profile and low-set
tail. Like the Arab, the Barb is a desert horse: hardy, sure-footed and able
to withstand great heat; it is recognised as an ancient breed with an important
genetic legacy, both in the ancestry of the Iberian horses later used throughout
the Americas, and that of the modern racing thoroughbred.'
- sys:
id: 3OM1XJI6ruwGOwwmkKOKaY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:25.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:30:30.915000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1452'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk/45bbff5b29985eb19679e1e513499d6b/2013_2034.1452.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders, Awis, Acacus Mountains, Libya. High head
carriage and full rumps suggest Arabian/Barb breed type features. Riders have
been obscured. 2013,2034.1452 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592678&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1452&page=1
- sys:
id: 40E0pTCrUIkk00uGWsus4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:49.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:33:55.443000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Barb horses
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa/87f29480513be0a531e0a93b51f9eae5/Fig._10._Barb_horses.jpg"
caption: Barb horses ridden at a festival in Agadir, Morocco. ©Notwist (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_warriors_show.JPG
- sys:
id: 3z5YSVu9y8caY6AoYWge2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The symbolism of the horse
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 9'
body: However, caution must be taken in drawing such comparisons based on morphology
alone, especially given the gulf of time that has elapsed and the relative
paucity of ‘naturalistic’ rock art images. Indeed, there is huge diversity
of horse depictions throughout northern Africa, with some forms highly schematic.
This variation is not only in style – and, as previously noted, in time period
and geography – but also in context, as of course images of one subject cannot
be divorced from the other images around them, on whichever surface has been
chosen, and are integral to these surroundings.
- sys:
id: 1FRP1Z2hyQEWUSOoKqgic2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:21.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:39.821000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs/d793f6266f2ff486e0e99256c2c0ca39/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Engraved ‘Libyan Warrior-style’ figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.11147+&page=1
- sys:
id: 45pI4ivRk4IM6gaG40gUU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:41.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:59.784000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Human figure
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s/e48fda8e2a23b12e6afde5c560c3f164/Fig._12._Human_figure.jpg"
caption: Human figure painted over by horse to appear mounted (digitally enhanced
image). © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 54hoc6Htwck8eyewsa6kA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 10'
body: The nature of the depictions in this sense speaks intriguingly of the
apparent symbolism and implied value of the horse image in different cultural
contexts. Where some Tassilian horses are delicately painted in lifelike detail,
the stockier images of horses associated with the so-called ‘Libyan Warrior’
style petroglyphs of the Aïr mountains and Adrar des Ifoghas in Niger and
Mali appear more as symbolic accoutrements to the central human figures and
tend not to be shown as ridden. By contrast, there are paintings in the Ennedi
plateau of Chad where galloping horse figures have clearly been painted over
existing walking human figures to make them appear as if riding.
- sys:
id: 4XMm1Mdm7Y0QacMuy44EKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:06.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:42:27.444000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6297'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS/698c254a9a10c5a9a56d69e0525bca83/2013_2034.6297.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, <NAME>, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6297 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637529&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6297&page=1
- sys:
id: 4rB9FCopjOCC4iA2wOG48w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:26.549000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:43:34.211000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Engraved horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM/33a068fa954954fd3b9b446c943e0791/Fig._14._Engraved_horse.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Eastern Aïr Mountains. 2013,2034.9421 ©TARA/David Coulson.
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640574&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9421&page=1
- sys:
id: 6tFSQzFupywiK6aESCgCia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:56.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:47:26.838000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 11'
body: |-
In each of these cases, the original symbolic intent of the artists have been lost to time, but with these horse depictions, as with so much African rock art imagery, there is great scope for further future analysis. Particularly intriguing, for example, are the striking stylistic similarities in horse depictions across great distances, such the horse depictions with bi-triangular bodies (see above), or with fishbone-style tails which may be found almost two thousand miles apart in Chad and Mauritania.
Whatever the myriad circumstances and significances of the images, it is clear that following its introduction to the continent, the hardy and surefooted desert horse’s usefulness for draught, transport and fighting purposes transformed the societies which used it and gave it a powerful symbolic value.
- sys:
id: 2P6ERbclfOIcGEgI6e0IUq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:46.042000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:45:12.419000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
title: Fig. 15. Painted horse, Terkei
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g/7586f05e83f708ca9d9fca693ae0cd83/Fig._15._Painted_horse__Terkei.jpg"
caption: Painted horse, Terkei, En<NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6537 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640682&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6537&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 32AXGC1EcoSi4KcogoY2qu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2000, *The Origins and Development
of African Livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography*.
London; New York, NY: UCL Press\n \n<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>.,
2012. *The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot*. London: British Museum Press\n
\nLaw, R., 1980. *The Horse in West African History*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press\n \nHachid, M. 2000. *Les Premieres Berbères*. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud\n
\nLhote, H. 1952. 'Le cheval et le chameau dans les peintures et gravures
rupestres du Sahara', *Bulletin de l'Institut franç ais de l'Afrique noire*
15: 1138-228\n \nOlsen, <NAME>. & Culbertson, C. 2010, *A gift from the desert:
the art, history, and culture of the Arabian horse*. Lexington, KY: Kentucky
Horse Park\n\n"
background_images:
- sys:
id: 2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
title: EAF 141485
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA/cf02168ca83c922f27eca33f16e8cc90/EAF_141485.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
title: 01522751 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8/5918544d0289f9c4b2b4724f4cda7a2d/01522751_001.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 9vW3Qgse2siOmgwqC80ia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:14:49.211000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:40:13.544000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Chad: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3mkFTqLZTO0WuMMQkIiAyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:05:47.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:05:47.745000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Located in the centre of North Africa, landlocked Chad stretches from
the Sahara Desert in the north to the savannah in the south. The country boasts
thousands of rock engravings and paintings located in two main areas: the
Ennedi Plateau and the Tibesti Mountains, both to the north. The depictions
– the oldest of which date back to the fifth millennium BC – represent wild
animals, cattle and human figures. Paintings of highly detailed riders on
camels and horses are especially numerous, as are groups of people around
huts. Chadian rock art is particularly well known for its variety of local
styles, and it includes some of the richest examples of Saharan rock art.'
- sys:
id: 1BFShW54yQI6k6ksQcuYSE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:55:32.628000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:55:32.628000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 47ocQmZwI8iOE4Sskq8IeE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.164000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:11:47.535000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6155'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637041&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6155&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/47ocQmZwI8iOE4Sskq8IeE/8ce5836027971e7b02317274015177ac/2013_2034.6155.jpg"
caption: Engravings of human figures from <NAME>. Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6155
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637041&partId=1&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 6PPrV1eMH6u0scIwUiGGS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:58:20.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:58:20.362000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: V66nfuesIoQGsMw2ugcwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.561000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.561000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/V66nfuesIoQGsMw2ugcwk/feb663001d1372a237275aa64bc471ed/2013_2034.6451.jpg"
caption: Rider on a camel holding spear, dagger and shield. Camel Period, Ennedi
Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6451 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641488&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6451&page=1
- sys:
id: 7vX4pbFT3iCsEuQIqiq0gY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:11.474000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:11.474000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 2'
body: 'The north-south orientation of Chad''s elongated shape means it is divided
into several different climatic zones: the northern part belongs to the Sahara
Desert, while the central area is included in the Sahel border (the semi-arid
region south of the Sahara). The southern third of the country is characterized
by a more fertile savannah. The Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti mountains contain
thousands of pieces of rock art, including some of the most famous examples
in the Sahara. The Ennedi Plateau is located at the north-eastern corner of
Chad, on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. It is a sandstone massif
carved by erosion in a series of superimposed terraces, alternating plains
and ragged cliffs crossed by wadis (seasonal rivers). Unlike other areas in
the Sahara with rock art engravings or paintings, the Ennedi Plateau receives
rain regularly – if sparsely – during the summer, making it a more benign
environment for human life than other areas with significant rock art to the
north, such as the Messak plateau or the Tassili Mountains in Libya and Algeria.'
- sys:
id: h6vM4an4K42COIiQG8A6y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 14:59:35.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:10:44.651000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 401K6ww8asemkaCySqeci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.173000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6322'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/401K6ww8asemkaCySqeci/9c64bd46729be1bcc2c4a0a8fdd61a1c/2013_2034.6322.jpg"
caption: View of the semi-desert plain surrounding the Ennedi Plateau (seen
in the background). 2013,2034.6770 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jvhIgV
- sys:
id: 31nXCnwZBC0EcoEAuUyOqG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:48.316000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:08:48.316000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 3'
body: 'The Tibesti Mountains are situated at the north-western corner of Chad,
and partly extend into Libya. The central area of the Tibesti Mountains is
volcanic in origin, with one third of the range covered by five volcanoes.
This has resulted in vast plateaux as well as fumaroles, sulphur and natron
deposits and other geological formations. The erosion has shaped large canyons
where wadis flow irregularly, and where most of the rock art depictions are
situated. Paintings and engravings are common in both regions: the former
are more often found in the Ennedi Plateau; the latter are predominant in
the Tibesti Mountains.'
- sys:
id: 5g8chby9ugKc6igkYYyW6q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:20.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:20.104000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1AS5ngxVRGWeAaKemYyOyo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.225000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.225000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.7259'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AS5ngxVRGWeAaKemYyOyo/ab561407686a2a37d59602f6b05978d3/2013_2034.7259.jpg"
caption: View of the Tibesti Mountains. 2013,2034.7259 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655202&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7259&page=1
- sys:
id: 1YrTJ2zm4ow64uAMcWUI4c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:10:44.568000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:10:44.568000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
Different areas of Chad have been subject to varying trajectories of research. In the Tibesti Mountains, rock art was known to Europeans as early as 1869, although it was between the 1910s and 1930s that the first studies started to be carried out, by <NAME>. However, the main boost in research came in the 1950s and 1960s thanks to the work of <NAME>. Over the last 50 years, researchers have found thousands of depictions throughout the region, most of them engravings, although paintings are also well represented.
In the case of the Ennedi Plateau, its isolated position far from the main trade routes made its rock art unknown outside the area until the 1930s. During this decade, Burthe d’Annelet brought attention to the art, and De Saint-Floris published the first paper on the subject. The main effort to document this rock art came in 1956-1957, when <NAME> recorded more than 500 sites in only a sixth of the plateau's entire area.
- sys:
id: 7jc13ulbagcQmq0YKUQqwu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:09.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:09.168000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 5'
body: As in the rest of the Sahara, the main themes in Chadian rock art are
directly linked to the chronology. The oldest depictions are of wild animals,
but most common are later scenes with cattle, huts and people. As in other
areas of the Sahara, the most recent depictions correspond to battle scenes
of riders on horses and camels. Along with these main subjects, both areas
have examples of very detailed scenes of daily life and human activities,
including people playing music, visiting the sick or dancing. The rock art
of both the Ennedi Plateau and the Tibesti regions is characterized by the
existence of a variety of local styles, such as the so-called ‘Flying Gallop
style’, sometimes simultaneous, sometimes successive. This variability means
an enormous richness of techniques, themes and artistic conventions, with
some of the most original styles in Saharan rock art.
- sys:
id: 5h4CpUNMty4WiYiK0uOu2g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:58.853000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:00:58.853000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: Z50lrTE2EUM0egk4Mk482
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.161000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.161000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6732'
description:
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caption: Village scene showing people, cattle and huts or tents. To the right,
three women are seated around a fourth (possibly sick) woman lying on a blanket
or mattress. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6732 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639846&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6732&page=1
- sys:
id: 4mRjWNwKj6myyi8GGG06uC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:28.260000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:28.260000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6uYaJrzaMgAwK42CSgwcMW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.253000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:12:19.070000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6595'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640375&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6595&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6uYaJrzaMgAwK42CSgwcMW/b71fe481a99fa36b16f32265828a440e/2013_2034.6595.jpg"
caption: Raiding scene with horses in the so-called ‘Flying gallop’ style. Camel
Period. 2013,2034.6595 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640375&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6595&page=1
- sys:
id: 1KHUsTtlL64uMK48KsySek
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:36.258000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:11:36.258000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Chad: country, chapter 6'
body: |-
The oldest engravings in Chad are more recent than those to the north, having started to appear in the 5th to 4th millennia BC, and can be broadly divided into three main periods:
The oldest is the so-called Archaic Period, characterized by wild animals in the Ennedi Plateau and Round Head-style figures in the Tibesti Mountains, similar to those found in the Central Sahara. The second phase is named the Bovine or Pastoral Period, when domestic cattle are the predominant animals, and a third, late period named the Dromedary or Camel Period. Unlike other areas in the Sahara, horse and camel depictions appear to be from roughly the same period (although horses were introduced to the Sahara first), so they are included in a generic Camel Period. The end of the rock art tradition in both areas is difficult to establish, but it seems to have lasted at least until the seventeenth century in the Ennedi Plateau, much longer than in other areas of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: gzoaZ2DMHegIuqy4e84cO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:55.122000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:01:55.122000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4tdnKRONuECgKUm66woS2M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.585000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6807'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4tdnKRONuECgKUm66woS2M/07c3ea3b18caacafd79db6f2ea6c2c88/2013_2034.6807.jpg"
caption: Depiction of human figures infilled with dots. Another human figure
infilled in white and facing forwards is depicted at the top right of the
tableau. Archaic Period, Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6807 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3642807&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6807&page=1
- sys:
id: Pgpnd2dYiqqS2yQkookMm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:02:31.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:02:31.184000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5PmKmAsIH6OO8eyuOYgUa2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:27.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:27.673000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.7610'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5PmKmAsIH6OO8eyuOYgUa2/650f01d3f303f5f062321384b36c9943/2013_2034.7610.jpg"
caption: Frieze of engraved cattle. Tibesti Mountains, Pastoral Period. 2013,2034.7610
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3654657&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7610&page=1
- sys:
id: 7MvpMnChjiKIwgSC0kgiEW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:03:01.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:03:01.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6weCWSE3EkyIcyWW4S8QAc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.260000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:20:23.260000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6373'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6weCWSE3EkyIcyWW4S8QAc/a469e0c984f2824f23cefa7773ffc075/2013_2034.6373.jpg"
caption: White rider on a horse from the latest period of the Ennedi Plateau
rock art. The figure is superimposed on several red cows of the previous Pastoral
Period. Ennedi Plateau. 2013,2034.6373 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639421&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6373&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 4I9BcFZSWsesgIMUwwoQ2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:21:04.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:21:04.168000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME> (1997). *Art rupestre en Ennedi. Looking for rock paintings and engravings in the Ennedi Hills* Sépia, Saint-Maur
<NAME>., <NAME>. and <NAME>. (1994). *Niola Doa, ‘il luogo delle fanciulle’ (Ennedi, Ciad)* Sahara 6: pp.51-63
background_images:
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region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/botswana/tsodilo.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Botswana
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 4LLcZZwsVO2SOacCKoc2Ku
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:02:35.091000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:32:13.193000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 7
title: Tsodilo Hills, Botswana
slug: tsodilo
chapters:
- sys:
id: 28cyW9T0iUqYugWyq8cmWc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.590000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.590000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Tsodilo Hills, located in north-west Botswana, contains around 400 rock
art sites with more than 4,000 individual paintings, and has been termed the
“The Louvre of the Desert”. Designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001,
Tsodilo comprises four main hill: Male Hill, Female Hill, Child Hill and North
Hill with paintings occurring on all four. This region shows human occupation
going back 100,000 years. At sunset the western cliffs of the Hills radiate
a glowing light that can be seen for miles around, for which the local Juc’hoansi call
them the “Copper Bracelet of the Evening”.'
- sys:
id: BUqVZ44T2Cw0oguCqa0Ui
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:31:14.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:05:40.114000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
title: BOTTSDNAS0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E/3ee38dc4339bc8831fbc27c32789652b/BOTTSDNAS0010008_jpeg.jpg"
caption: The evening light falls on the cliffs of Female Hill causing them to
glow like burnished copper, and giving the Hills the name 'Copper Bracelet of
the Evening'. 2013,2034.21153 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762166&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21153&page=1
- sys:
id: Yer3GOpD8siKgO0iwcaSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.644000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.644000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Rock Art
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The paintings at Tsodilo are unique in comparison to other San|Bushmen
rock art in both techniques and subject matter. San|Bushmen paintings are
well-known throughout southern Africa for their fine-line detail because they
were brush painted, but those at Tsodilo are finger painted. In addition, 160
depictions of cattle are portrayed in the same style as wild animals, and more
geometric designs appear here than anywhere else. Tsodilo animal drawings are
larger and the geometric designs simpler than those found elsewhere. In comparison
to human figures elsewhere in southern Africa, those at Tsodilo appear without
bows and arrows, clothing or any forms of personal ornamentation. In addition,
numerous cupules and grooves are incised and ground into rock surfaces, sometimes
close to painted rock art sites and some on their own. For the residents of
Tsodilo, the hills are a sacred place inhabited by spirits of the ancestors.
- sys:
id: 43rtUm8qI8KmCcYYMSOgmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.677000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.677000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The Red Paintings
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'The subject matter of red finger-painted depictions can be divided into
animals, human figures and geometric designs. Unusually, animals, mainly large
mammals and cattle have been depicted in twisted perspective with two horns
and two or four legs displayed in silhouette. '
- sys:
id: 3ImTBIKi2I6UKK0kOU6QuI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:31:54.679000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:06:23.440000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ciquTlk7CuacgoUmGW4ko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:59.662000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:59.662000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0100011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ciquTlk7CuacgoUmGW4ko/e1c26a2555f8949c83f4f3075453266f/BOTTSD0100011_jpeg.jpg"
caption: An eland with a calf. Gubekho Gorge, <NAME> 2013,2034.20700. ©
TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758016&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20700&page=1
- sys:
id: 4erJYWZNlCKAQwwmIGCMMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.705000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.705000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Human figures are schematic and depicted by two intersecting lines, a vertical
line which thickens at the middle to indicate hips and buttocks, and the other
a horizontal shorter line joined at the middle to represent a penis. Female
figures are depicted with two legs and show two projections near the top indicating
breasts. '
- sys:
id: 3z6hr5zWeA8uiwQuIOU4Me
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:03.882000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:07:16.062000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3o0or3SkLeYGGUoAY0eesW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:14.546000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:14.546000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0350003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3o0or3SkLeYGGUoAY0eesW/76825491efe27f5d7281812cf374f201/BOTTSD0350003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: This panel of figures shows men with penises and women with breasts appearing
to perform a ceremony with a domestic cow. Female Hill, Tsodilo Hills. 2013,2034.20891
© TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761502&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20891&page=1
- sys:
id: 2sRPLGg0x20QMQWwoSgKAa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.552000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'Geometric designs include circles and ovals with internal grid patterns,
rectilinear motifs termed “shields”, some handprints and rows of finger impressions.
In addition, there are a number of rectangular motifs that have been called
“stretched skins”. Similar designs have been found in Zambia, Angola, Namibia,
northern South Africa and Malawi. '
- sys:
id: 2hIErx8hcciSyMwOKKSqiY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:11.837000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:11:48.100000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0100003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG/9fa827f96116559169a415bb2abe204f/BOTTSD0100003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Rectangular motif known as a “stretched skin”. <NAME>, Tsodilo
Hills. 2013,2034.20692 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3758002&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20692&page=1
- sys:
id: 28VhGOdi2A2sKIG20Wcsua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.799000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.799000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 6'
body: While most of the images in the Tsodilo Hills seem to be discrete depictions,
some sites show figures. Some of these figures are with cattle as well as women
standing in rows in connection with animal groups, possibly showing some relationship
with each other. Additionally, some of the rock art in the Tsodilo Hills shows
superimposition, but this occurs infrequently. In some cases red geometric designs
superimpose animals, but geometric designs and animals never superimpose human
figures, nor do images of cattle ever superimpose other images – which may suggest
some kind of relationship or hierarchy.
- sys:
id: 2W4qNU8IVWQAyuuoaaaYCE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:29.588000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Late White Paintings
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 7'
body: White finger-painted images appear more crudely executed and are made from
a powdery or greasy white pigment. More than 200 paintings at 20 different sites
show paintings in this style, half of these depictions occur in White Paintings
Shelter alone. Subject matter includes people facing forwards with their hands
on hips, figures riding horses, a possible wagon wheel and a figure standing
on a wagon, as well as an elephant, rhino, giraffe, eland, cows, antelope, snakes,
unidentified animals and geometric designs, particularly “m” shapes. White paintings
occur at sites with red paintings and often superimpose them.
- sys:
id: 3szVgL4Drqs2eicWcmKIaI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:18.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-11 16:12:37.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: k0cOVVuRnUmcWEYUQsuiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:41.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:41.851000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0590001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/k0cOVVuRnUmcWEYUQsuiG/98eaf4781fbe7a6b0a4a7a395808f618/BOTTSD0590001_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Painted white geometric designs on a protected rock face. Female Hill,
Tsodilo Hills. © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761865&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20999&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zm0EQehBCyEiWKIW8QkmC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 12:43:48.178000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Cupules/Grooves
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 8'
body: There are no engravings at Tsodilo representing animals or human figures,
but more than 25 sites show evidence of small round depressions ground into
the rock, known as cupules, as well as various shaped grooves that have been
chipped and ground into the rock. The majority of sites are found on Female
Hill, with four on Male Hill and one site on Child Hill. Cupules tend to measure
about 5cm or more wide and less than a 1cm deep, although larger examples occur.
They can occur at painted rock art sites but also on their own. For the most
part they are found in groups ranging from 5 to 100 and in three cases, considerably
more. For example, in Rhino Cave there are 346 carved into a vertical wall and
nearly 1,100 at Depression Shelter. The purpose or meaning of cupules is unknown;
they may have denoted a special place or the number of times a site had been
visited. However, we have no dates for any of the cupules and even if they are
adjacent to a rock art site, they are not necessarily contemporaneous. From
their patina and general wear it has been proposed that some cupules may date
back tens of thousands of years to the Middle Stone Age. If paintings also existed
at this time they have long since disappeared.
- sys:
id: 5xeXEU1FpS26IC0kg6SoIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:30.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 12:44:51.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 65NOs0Iic0kGmCKyEQqSSO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:57.790000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:57.790000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0970003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/65NOs0Iic0kGmCKyEQqSSO/b729ac2af7dfc16ba9355cd9c7578b29/BOTTSD0970003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Engraved boulder with numerous ground cupules. <NAME>, <NAME>.
2013,2034.21062 © TARA/ <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762004&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21062&page=1
- sys:
id: RIKm0qhPO0CeIoommeWeO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.503000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 11:07:04.906000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 9'
body: Grooves are less common than cupules, but are often easier to detect. They
occur in small groups of 3 to 15 and are elongated oval or canoe-like in shape,
and are found mostly on horizontal or near-horizontal surfaces. Their function
is unknown, although a thin slab of stone with a curved round edge was excavated
from Depression Shelter which matched one of the grooves in the shelter.
- sys:
id: 2rAlzTp1WMc4s8WiAESWcE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.536000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:31:07.523000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: Who were the artists?
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 10'
body: "It is a bit of a mystery about who actually created the paintings at Tsodilo,
as the red images at Tsodilo do not fit neatly into other known styles of rock
art in southern Africa. They do not show the fine brush work of San|Bushmen¹
in other parts of southern Africa, nor the cruder style of white paintings attributed
to later Bantu-speaking farmers.\n\nIt is possible that they were painted by
the Khoesan during the first millennium AD, the original settlers in the area
who made stone tools and herded livestock. A local Ncaekhoe man (a Central San
people) claims his ancestors made the paintings and it is possible that some
or many of the cattle images were painted by pastoral ancestors of Ncaekhoe.
\n\nThe white paintings are more difficult to attribute authorship, although
as they are comparable to the red paintings, comprising the same subject matter
of elephant, rhino, giraffe and antelope as well as geometrics, they may reflect
a later version of the red tradition.\n\n"
- sys:
id: 55nMUbiXCEequAa4egOUMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.558000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 11:10:22.009000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Dating
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 11'
body: The paintings at Tsodilo are often faded because they are located on rock
faces exposed to the sun, wind and rain. As such, dating them scientifically
is problematic as little or no suitable organic material remains. However, cattle
paintings may help to date the art. There are about 160 depictions of cattle,
which were common around the Tsodilo Hills between 800–1200 AD. As the cattle
depictions are stylistically similar to other animal depictions it has been
suggested that this seems to be a plausible date for most of the art (Coulson
and Campbell, 2001:103)
- sys:
id: 6rU0fkhAasueAasEgyyg6S
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:40.775000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 12:49:05.907000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: Y7kLCRLHA2ciIS8eQOSyQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:17.633000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:17.633000000 Z
title: BOTTSD1020001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Y7kLCRLHA2ciIS8eQOSyQ/f420a4f3e3f70bf173adffe97010596f/BOTTSD1020001_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Red cow with upturned horns. Tsodilo Hills. 2013,2034.21070 © TARA/ David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3762014&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21070&page=1
- sys:
id: 3kNt1aGj6wssQ0SEwCgIcA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.552000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 12'
body: 'Similarly, the first horses known to reach Tsodilo belonged to a party
of Griqua traders who passed nearby on their way to Andara in 1852, the earliest
probable date for the paintings of figures on horseback (Campbell, Robbins and
Taylor, 2010:103). It is not clear when the red painting tradition ceased but
this could have occurred in the twelfth century when Tsodilo stopped being a
major trade centre and seemingly the local cattle population collapsed. '
- sys:
id: 4v5vfCbdLy2WGqOIKO24Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:49.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:32:39.837000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 59TnAobO36C8wcEkwwq2Yq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:47.829000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:42:47.829000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0520003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/59TnAobO36C8wcEkwwq2Yq/363ccd57abf9e193881c3c012c92feba/BOTTSD0520003_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'White painted rock art showing figure on horseback adjacent to figure
with hands on hips. White Paintings Shelter, Tsodilo Hills. 2013,2034.20954
© TARA/ <NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761768&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.20954&page=1
- sys:
id: 3eB1mi7ZIIq6WAguuucCSk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.591000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.591000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 13'
body: "Giraffe, eland and rhino are by far the most common species depicted at
Tsodilo, followed by elephant, gemsbok and cattle. However, these images tend
to be discretely rendered and there does not appear to be any relationship between
images on the same rock. \n\nRepresentations of people are simply painted and
generally stick-like, identified to gender by either penis or breasts. In some
cases this may represent sexual virility and fertility, although in scenes where
both occur it may merely indicate gender differences.\n\nCattle seem to appear
in the rock art at the same time as human figures. In one scene, three figures,
one leading a child, has been interpreted as either herding or stealing cattle
(Campbell, Robbins and Taylor, 2010:106). Three other sites show cattle depicted
with what may be mythical rain animals. \n"
- sys:
id: OhQoTZwtQ4c6824AkMeIw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:32:56.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:35:20.813000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: y5jBKXYeoCcMusKuIcKeG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:43:17.613000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:43:17.613000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0580002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/y5jBKXYeoCcMusKuIcKeG/6ee8df8512d8e7c55e06cb2292166936/BOTTSD0580002_A_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'Two cattle with four figures, one leading a child. The scene has been
interpreted as possibly herding or stealing cattle. 2013,2034.20996 © TARA/
<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3761852&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.20996&page=1
- sys:
id: 3FUszfSDUQ42g2kUsukuQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:30:30.775000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:36:08.602000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Botswana: featured site, chapter 14'
body: "Geometric designs are trickier to decipher. Square geometric designs,
also known as “shields” possibly represent human forms. Circular designs sometimes
partially superimpose an animal or be placed within its outline. This superimposition
may enhance the symbolic meaning of the animal.\n\nEither singly or in groups,
and sometimes depicted with animals or people, geometric motifs show stylistic
consistency across a wide area and are likely to have had some symbolic meaning.
In Zambia, geometric designs are thought to have been made by women and associated
with the weather and fertility, while depictions of animals were made by men.
The geometric rock art of Tsodilo fits into a pattern of similar imagery in
central Africa and may be related to the same meanings of weather and fertility.\t\n"
- sys:
id: 1ImUVBlPTSQIG00wy6Y6QQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:31:24.274000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:31:38.744000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: Botswana Chapter 14
body: "¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different
hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages
and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive
terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted
them."
citations:
- sys:
id: Pu7wGVJ7C6EIqoKCmUuCk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:33:04.551000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:33:04.551000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>; <NAME> (2010) Tsodilo Hills: Copper Bracelet of the Kalahari. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Coulson and Campbell, (2001)
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:40:46.655000000 Z
title: BOTTSDNAS0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1sR7vldVp2WgiY8MUyWI8E/3ee38dc4339bc8831fbc27c32789652b/BOTTSDNAS0010008_jpeg.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 11:41:29.254000000 Z
title: BOTTSD0100003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6vCru3T4QwO8kSOSSUwOsG/9fa827f96116559169a415bb2abe204f/BOTTSD0100003_jpeg.jpg"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/south-africa-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 3bwz5wde0EMm0iu06IOk0W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:22:12.732000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:22:12.732000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'South Africa: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2LBn1DZ1m8gqQUMiKCSayA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:16:12.647000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 22:01:59.313000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 1'
body: |
The rock art of South Africa has probably been studied more extensively than that of any other African country. It is estimated that South Africa contains many thousands of rock art sites, with a great variety of styles and techniques. The most well-known rock art in South Africa is that created by the San|Bushman¹ people (several culturally linked groups of indigenous people of southern Africa who were traditionally hunter-gatherers) and their ancestors, with the painted rock shelters of the Drakensberg mountains some of the most well-known rock art sites in the world. However, the range of South African rock art is wide, spanning great distances, many centuries, and different cultural traditions.
¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen' are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others have positively adopted them.
- sys:
id: 6rGZi909xKeQSMcYmISMgA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:16:31.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:46:10.737000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2bsw2WPaTKumMQ80maQ6iG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:16:22.149000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:16:22.149000000 Z
title: SOADRB0010004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2bsw2WPaTKumMQ80maQ6iG/1748f1d507b1e6e7b40b12621fcf06a4/SOADRB0010004.jpg"
caption: Painted eland antelope, horses and riders. Drakensberg Mountains, South
Africa. 2013,2034.18172 ©TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738170&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18172&page=1
- sys:
id: 3SiNGUuMNi4EQ6S6iEg6u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:16:42.238000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:43:41.595000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 2'
body: South Africa covers around 1,213,090 km², encircling Lesotho and bordered
in the north by Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe and in the west by Mozambique
and Swaziland. Much of the interior of the country consists of a high central
plateau bordered by the Great Escarpment, a rocky ridge which forms the bulk
of the long Drakensberg mountain system in the east and several smaller ranges
in the centre and west of the country, as well as the western border with Lesotho. Further
to the south, the Cape Fold Mountains mirror the bend of the cape coast. Much
of South Africa’s known engraved rock art is found on igneous or metamorphic
formations in the semi-arid environments of the central plateau. In contrast,
painted rock art sites are more commonly located in the sandstone and quartzite
rock shelters of the mountain systems, which form the edges of the more temperate,
low-lying coastal regions in the east and south of the country.
- sys:
id: DfGG3aLwUC26MWusakCaQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:16:52.597000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-24 12:32:11.801000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Hunter-gatherer rock art
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 3'
body: Much of both the painted and engraved rock art of South Africa is characterised
by its naturalistic depictions of animals, as well as numerous images of people,
ambiguous figures with mixtures of animal and human features, and certain ‘geometric’
or abstract shapes and patterns. These images are the work of San|Bushman
people and their ancestors. Although San|Bushman communities now live
mainly in Namibia, Botswana and north-western South Africa, historically San|Bushman
cultural groups lived more widely throughout southern Africa. Hunter-gatherer
people are thought to have been the only inhabitants of what is now South Africa
until the arrival of herding and farming people from the north from around 2,000
years ago.
- sys:
id: 71sZP8YT0A8Eg6SUEqQE0K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:10.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:46:37.309000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2q8dJPCe2AKcAeogKWikue
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:06.782000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:06.782000000 Z
title: SOASWC0130095
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2q8dJPCe2AKcAeogKWikue/7edea03ab0a677b76edd11bda026ba2c/SOASWC0130095.jpg"
caption: Human figures with bows and other items. Western Cape, South Africa.
2013,2034.19641 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3740593&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.19641&page=1
- sys:
id: dbiRhTPqBamyEw8Wa8Am0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:21.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 19:41:29.750000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Farmer rock art
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 4'
body: "Some paintings and engravings in South Africa were made by Bantu language-speaking
farming people. These include a distinct tradition of rock shelter paintings
found in the north-west of the country, featuring mostly white finger-painted
images of animals such as crocodiles and giraffes and other motifs. These paintings,
located in remote areas, are known to have been created by Northern Sotho people.
Further to the south and west, engraved designs showing conjoined circle motifs
are found throughout KwaZulu Natal and some areas of Mpumalanga and Gauteng
Provinces, and appear to have been made by the ancestors of Sotho-Tswana and
Nguni language speakers, perhaps ancestors of modern Zulu people.\n\n"
- sys:
id: avwg4dFD5muMuGwi64OG8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:28.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:47:33.249000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Herder rock art and other traditions
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 5'
body: Some rock art styles and motifs elsewhere in South Africa seem to belong
to other unique traditions. It has been proposed that engraved rock art patterns
with particular features including circular, linear and oblong motifs found
at sites across the country, particularly near watercourses, may be the work
of the Khoekhoen people or their ancestors, herders culturally related to the
San|Bushmen. Some paintings also appear to reflect this tradition. Local
rock art traditions specific to certain areas include, among others, conglomerations
of handprints near the coast in the south-western part of the Western Cape and
rows of engraved cupules in the north-east of the country. There are also several
examples from different rock art traditions across South Africa, of depictions
of European people, items or events (such as horses and firearms) which clearly
date from the 17th century or later. In the Karoo region, rock gongs (natural
rock formations with indentations indicating that they have been used as percussive
instruments) are sometimes associated with engraving sites.
- sys:
id: 1mBBOrIKNWY4m20ywAQEG4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:42.557000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:48:06.147000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: afH4Qvv6OAAu6iW2sQumq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:38.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:38.680000000 Z
title: SOASWC0120007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/afH4Qvv6OAAu6iW2sQumq/b1167a05a4746cff6df801f17a999b62/SOASWC0120007.jpg"
caption: Paintings showing people in long skirts and hats, with wagons drawn by
horses/mules. Swartruggens, Western Cape, South Africa. 2013,2034.19505 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3734262&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.19505&page=1
- sys:
id: 2tA0V2wO16oKa8kgyOeACw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:17:56.399000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:44:50.312000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Research history
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 6'
body: 'Rock art sites throughout what is now South Africa have likely always been
known to local communities, even where the art''s creators were not from within
them. The presence of rock art in the Cape region has been known to Europeans
since at least the mid- 18th century AD, with one of the first known reports
from the expedition of Ensign A. <NAME> in 1752, describing paintings near
the Great Fish River in the Eastern Cape. Further written references to rock
art from the area were made throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, with some
of the earliest known reproductions of Southern African rock art made in the
1770s. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, painted copies were made of
San|Bushman rock art by amateur artists such as <NAME>, Mark and Graham
Hutchinson and <NAME>. '
- sys:
id: 19Up0IjuAa2c2WQuks6Qka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:07.688000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:51:29.749000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5pQOdclMWsYUoiqUe6UWUk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 10:16:55.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 10:16:55.281000000 Z
title: SOANTC0050054
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5pQOdclMWsYUoiqUe6UWUk/55b07efecee2210caec6f0fdbc227f60/SOANTC0050054.jpg"
caption: "Engraved eland, Northern Cape, South Africa. 2013,2034.18803 ©TARA/David
Coulson\t"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3731055&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18803&page=1
- sys:
id: 57UPgZOAQgOMC2YmuSUeUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:19.692000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 19:45:24.815000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title:
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 7'
body: "Scholarly interest in Southern African rock art increased in the early
20th century and pioneering efforts were made to record both painting and engraving
assemblages. In 1928 renowned archaeologist and ethnologist <NAME> mounted
an expedition to record sites in South Africa as well as Zimbabwe and Namibia,
while in the interior regions over the previous twenty years, <NAME> had
instigated the first systematic rock engraving recording work. This endeavor
was built upon from the late 1950s onwards with the extensive work of Gerhard
and Dora Fock. In the same decade <NAME> pioneered the practice of recording
rock art through colour photography, and over the next twenty years, further
recording and analysis projects were undertaken by researchers such as <NAME>
in the Western Cape region and Harald Pager and Patricia Vinnicombe in the Drakensberg
mountain area. \n"
- sys:
id: 3ji8ZxGSA0qEugGSKc4AiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:34.228000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:52:17.397000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 49XE8B9AUwcsyuwKS4qIoS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:29.384000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:29.384000000 Z
title: SOADRB0040015
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/49XE8B9AUwcsyuwKS4qIoS/0497ecca68dfaaf3b2656a890cff67dd/SOADRB0040015.jpg"
caption: "Multiple painted eland and other antelope, Eland Cave, Drakensberg Mountains,
South Africa. 2013,2034.18216 ©TARA/<NAME>\t"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738339&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18216&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JAfr47aaAUicKcoeSqiGu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:41.600000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-24 12:33:33.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 8'
body: In 1976, Vinnicombe published the seminal work *"People of the Eland"*,
analysing paintings from 150 Drakensberg sites and attempting to gain insight
into their execution and significance through a combination of quantitative
study and reference to San|Bushman ethnography (written records of insights
from San|Bushman culture compiled by anthropologists). Through the 1980s,
interpretation of rock art was further developed, perhaps most significantly
by <NAME>, a collaborator of Vinnicombe's. Lewis-Williams originated
an approach to understanding San|Bushman rock art which posits that the
motivation and meaning for most, if not all, San|Bushman rock art is based
on the centrality of the spiritual leader or'shaman' and the shaman’s actions
in San|Bushman life and belief. Over the past 30 years, the idea that
much of San|Bushman rock art is essentially ‘shamanistic’ in nature has
been dominant in academic discourse.
- sys:
id: 21vXKwU4akskQ6YAsYIo0i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:20:48.780000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-24 12:36:25.686000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Themes and interpretations
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 9'
body: "Shamanistic interpretations of San|Bushman paintings and engravings
draw on both past records of ‘Southern’ or /Xam San|Bushman people living
historically in South Africa and more recent ethnography based mainly on San|Bushman
communities in Namibia and Botswana, suggesting that their imagery illustrated
and reinforced the power of the actions of shamans. Much of the imagery is proposed
to reflect the shaman’s hallucinatory visions from the 'trance dance’, a tradition
common to San|Bushman groups where shamans enter a trance state during
which they visit a 'spirit world' in which they may go on spiritual journeys
or perform tasks on behalf of their communities. It is thought that the rock
art panels may have acted as reservoirs for the 'potency' that shamans are considered
to possess, with the rock face considered a veil between both worlds. The images
are thought to reflect trance experiences including those of 'therianthropes’,
images of figures with both human and animal features, explained as shamans
who in a trance state feel themselves transformed into animals. Certain other
poses and features found in San|Bushman rock art, such as so-called 'entoptic'
motifs—geometric shapes such as zigzags and dots—have also been interpreted
as reflecting visions that shamans experience while in a trance state. \n\nDiscussion
continues around the extent of the applicability of 'shamanist' interpretations
for all aspects of San|Bushman art, with research ongoing and scholars
also exploring the potential roles of other elements in rock art production,
such as mythology or gender and initiation rites. Other avenues of study include
more regional foci, on specific cultural and temporal contexts and how the imagery
may reflect local power dynamics through time.\n"
- sys:
id: 6PJbU7cpFYUUMSYqEgS0Am
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:09.071000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:52:56.704000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2hL4pRsxIkw224k00EKeqQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:03.996000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:03.996000000 Z
title: SOADRB0110028
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2hL4pRsxIkw224k00EKeqQ/a0c3c33b1a178f24852aec444656fe55/SOADRB0110028.jpg"
caption: Three painted ‘therianthrope’ figures with antelopes’ heads. Giant’s
Castle Main Caves, Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. 2013,2034.18474 ©TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738986&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18474&page=1
- sys:
id: 3AxyfldmRa4wWoGSgc2cei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:17.413000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:17.413000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 10'
body: 'Although the focus in South African rock art research has been on San|Bushman
art, research has also been done on other rock art traditions, suggesting different
cultural origins. For example, investigation of Northern Sotho rock art has
shown much of it to have been created in relation to boys''and girls'' initiation
ceremonies, while Bantu-language speakers''engravings of interlinked circle
patterns have been interpreted as images of idealised conceptualised homesteads. Work
on attribution for some rock art of uncertain authorship also has been undertaken. Certain
geometric forms of rock engraving may be of Khoekhoen origin, possibly showing
influence from central African geometric traditions and tracing historical migrations
southwards. It has also been suggested that some finger-painted images in the
centre of the country are the early 19th century work of the Korana people,
a group of mixed ancestry living as raiders on the Cape frontier and incorporating
motifs from San|Bushman and other traditions. '
- sys:
id: 4uS7XV338ke8iiQQ6asKC4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:30.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:30.588000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'South Africa: country, chapter 11'
body: "The earliest scientifically dated examples of clearly visible painted parietal
art in South Africa comes from Steenbokfontein Cave in the Western Cape, where
collapsed painted portions from the wall buried in sediment have been radiocarbon
dated to at least 3,600 years ago, while in the Drakensberg, AMS dating carried
out on the oxalate crust superimposing a painting of a human figure has suggested
it to be at least 1,800 years old. While it is thought that the beginnings
of the painting tradition in the Drakensberg region are probably older than
this, the relative lack of durability in paint means that many of the existing
paintings were probably made sometime within the past few hundred years. Sometimes
it is apparent when this is the case - several painting sites in this region
show images of both San|Bushman people and Europeans riding horses and
bearing firearms, which dates them to within the past 350 years and particularly
the 19th century. Images of sheep and cattle also place images within the last
2,000 years. \n\nThe oldest reliably dated evidence for deliberate engraving
in the country is several ochre pieces incised with abstract patterns found
in a buried layer in Blombos cave in the Western Cape and dated through a number
of methods to between 70 and 100,000 years ago. The earliest known figurative
engraving date from the country comes from a slab with an image of a portion
of an animal on it, excavated from Wonderwerk Cave in the Northern Cape and
dating from around 10,200 years ago. Engravings remaining in the open are more
difficult to date scientifically, and various attempts have been made to date
and sequence both engravings and paintings based on style and superimposition,
while recent years, work has been undertaken to apply the Harris Matrix (an
archaeological sequencing technique for relative dating) method to painting
chronologies in the Free State, Drakensberg and Western Cape. This involves
using techniques originally conceived for charting chronology in stratigraphic
layering to compare and sequence different superimposed motifs.\n"
- sys:
id: 2Qms4PsSqQiUMGg4c4CIaS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:46.299000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 13:53:23.983000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3BojqKseXY0IQkcKOwoC6K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:40.866000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:40.866000000 Z
title: SOANTC0030005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BojqKseXY0IQkcKOwoC6K/8e3971b5cccf481e5485cab60d361961/SOANTC0030005.jpg"
caption: Engraved rhinoceros. Wildebeest Kuil, Northern Cape, South Africa. 2013,2034.18669
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18669&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 1i9uCQ3wrss8UGuMQgC0oW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:54.192000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:21:54.192000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "Eastwood, E. & Eastwood, C. 2006. Capturing the Spoor: An exploration
of Southern African Rock Art. Cape Town, <NAME>\n\nLewis-Williams, J.D.
& Challis, S. 2011. Deciphering Ancient Minds: The Mystery of San|BushmanBushman
Rock Art. London, Thames & Hudson \n\nLewis-Williams, J.D. 1981. Believing and
Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in San|BushmanRock Paintings. Johannesburg, University
of Witwatersrand Press\n\nMaggs, T. 1995. Neglected Rock Art: The Rock Engravings
of Agriculturist Communities in South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin.
Vol. 50 No. 162 pp. 132.142\n\nMazel, A.D. 2009. Images in time: advances in
the dating of Drakensberg rock art since the 1970s. In: <NAME> & <NAME>,
eds., The eland’s people: new perspectives on the rock art of the Maloti/Drakensberg
Bushmen. Essays in memory of Pat Vinnicombe. Johannesburg: Wits University Press,
pp. 81–96\n\nOuzman, S. 2005. The Magical Arts of a Raider Nation: Central South
Africa’s Korana Rock Art. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series
9 pp. 101-113\n\nParkington, J. 2003. Cederberg Rock Paintings. Cape Town, Krakadouw
Trust\n\nParkington, <NAME>, D. & Rusch, N. 2008. Karoo rock engravings:
Marking places in the landscape. Cape Town, Krakadouw Trust\n\nRussell, T. 2000.
The application of the Harris Matrix to San rock art at Main Caves North, KwaZulu-Natal.
South African Archaeological Bulletin 55. Pp. 60–70\n\nSmith, B. & Ouzman, S.
Taking Stock: Identifying Khoekhoen Herder Rock Art in Southern Africa. Current
Anthropology Vol. 45, No. 4. pp 499-52\n\nSolomon, A. 1994. “Mythic Women:
A Study in Variability in San Rock Art and Narra-tive”. In: <NAME>
& <NAME> (eds.) Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art
Research. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University press\n \nVinnicombe, P. 1976.
People of The Eland: Rock paintings of the Drakensberg Bushmen as a reflection
of their life and thought. Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press\n\nWillcox.
A. R. 1963 The Rock Art of Southern Africa. Johannesburg, <NAME> and
Sons (Africa) Pty. Ltd\n\n\n\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/algeria-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 5XIlz0Mp6EQW0CaG4wYWoi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:46:22.368000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:30.802000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Algeria: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4oh7iTmoQ8WCE48sGCIkoG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:15.701000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:15.701000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 1'
body: Algeria is Africa’s largest country geographically and has long been noted
for its rich concentrations of rock art, particularly in the Tassili n’Ajjer,
inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. More than 15,000 paintings
and engravings, some of which date back up to 12,000 years, provide unique insights
into the environmental, social, cultural and economic changes in the country
across a period of 10,000 or more years. The area is particularly famous for
its Round Head paintings, first described and published in the 1930s by French
archaeologist <NAME>.
- sys:
id: KLxWuWwCkMWSuoA44EU8k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:30:21.587000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:40:49.293000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3bBZIG7wBWQe2s06S4w0gE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.872000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:58:02.758000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4248'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601516&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4248&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bBZIG7wBWQe2s06S4w0gE/503eeec9a0aa84ff849de9d81dcd091e/2013_2034.4248.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art depicting five red figures, from Jabbaren, Tassili n’Ajjer,
Algeria. 2013,2034.4248 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601516&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4248&page=1
- sys:
id: 5NCDKmpHVuime8uwqkKiMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:45.377000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:37:45.377000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 2'
body: Algeria is situated in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered on the
west by Morocco and on the east by Tunisia and Libya, with a long Mediterranean
coastline to the north. The Atlas Mountains cross Algeria east to west along
the Mediterranean coast. The northern portion of the country is an area of mountains,
valleys, and plateaus, but more than 80% of the country falls within the Sahara
Desert. Rock art is located in the Algerian Maghreb and the Hoggar Mountains
but the richest zone of rock art is located in the mountain range of Tassili
n'Ajjer, a vast plateau in the south-east of the country. Water and sand erosion
have carved out a landscape of thin passageways, large arches, and high-pillared
rocks, described by Lhote as 'forests of stone'.
- sys:
id: 1miMC9tEW0AqawCsYOO0co
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:30:59.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:30:59.823000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6T7rsl4ISssocM8K0O0g2U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.909000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.909000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4551'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6T7rsl4ISssocM8K0O0g2U/ec87053980e76d10917feb28c045fa67/2013_2034.4551.jpg"
caption: Tuareg looking over the Tassili n’Ajjer massif. 2013,2034.4551 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603812&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4551&page=1
- sys:
id: 6JVjGRQumAUaMIuMyOUwyM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:42:31.967000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:42:31.967000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 3'
body: |-
Rock art in Algeria, notably the engravings in South Oran, has been the subject of European study since 1863. Notable surveys were made by <NAME> (1893-1898), <NAME> (1901-1927), <NAME>. Flamand (1892-1921), <NAME> and <NAME> (1925), <NAME> (1931-1957), <NAME> (1918-1938), and <NAME> (1935-1955). Henri Lhote visited the area in 1955 and 1964, completing previous research and adding new descriptions included in a major publication on the area in 1970.
The rock art of the Tassili region was introduced to Western eyes as a result of visits and sketches made by French legionnaires, in particular a Lt. Brenans during the 1930s. On several of his expeditions, Lt. Brenans took French archaeologist Henri Lhote who went on to revisit sites in Algeria between 1956-1970 documenting and recording the images he found. Regrettably, some previous methods of recording and/or documenting have caused damage to the vibrancy and integrity of the images.
- sys:
id: 6ljYMZr61ieuSkgCI2sUCs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:31:39.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:31:39.981000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6TFwgxGXtYy6OgA02aKUCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:47.274000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:58:43.476000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4098'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595539&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4098&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6TFwgxGXtYy6OgA02aKUCC/cf9adf1bdc99801fbf709fc87fd87acb/2013_2034.4098.jpg"
caption: Experiment undertaken by Lhote with experimental varnishes. The dark
rectangular patch is the remnant of this experiment. 2013,2034.4098 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595539&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4098&page=1
- sys:
id: 6yYmsmTCWQS88mMakgAOyu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:43:01.493000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:43:01.493000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Early rock art
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 4'
body: The earliest pieces of rock art are engraved images reflecting a past vibrant
fertile environment teeming with life and includes elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus
and fish as well as numerous predators, giraffe, and plains animals such as
antelope and gazelle. When human figures are depicted in this period they are
very small in stature and hold throwing sticks or axes. More than simply hunting
scenes, they are likely to reflect people’s own place within their environment
and their relationship with it.
- sys:
id: 6ymgBr7UZiEeqcYIK8ESQw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:32:15.331000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:41:43.326000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: faUxnSK2ookUW6UWyoCOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.884000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4685'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/faUxnSK2ookUW6UWyoCOa/ec94f329a011643a9f0eba672fd5fb6f/2013_2034.4685.jpg"
caption: Engraved elephant, Tadrart, Algeria. 2013,2034.4685 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iMdChh
- sys:
id: 61Gb2N3umIC8cAAq2q8SWK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:43:56.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:04.420000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Round Head Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 5'
body: The area is especially famous for its Round Head paintings. Thought to be
up to 9,000 years old, some of these paintings are the largest found on the
African continent, measuring up to 13 feet in height. The Round Head period
comprises depictions of figures with round, featureless heads and formless bodies,
often appearing to be ‘floating’. Some features or characteristics of Round
Head paintings found on the Tassili plateau are unique to the area, and the
depiction of certain motifs may have held special significance locally, making
particular sites where they occur the locus of rites, ritual or ceremonial activity.
The majority of animal depictions are mouflon (wild mountain sheep) and antelope,
but they are represented only in static positions and not as part of a hunting
scene.
- sys:
id: 14fYsLFiwaOeGqSscuI4eW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:32:46.062000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:32:46.062000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 79I1hxTRDyYiqcMG02kgE8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:47.295000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:47.295000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4173'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/79I1hxTRDyYiqcMG02kgE8/0fa8b92cad626f5dfe083c814b30fdfb/2013_2034.4173.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, <NAME>’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4173
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3595624&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4173&page=1
- sys:
id: 4SqZjJi0EoeEIKuywW8eqM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:33.802000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:33.802000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Pastoral Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 6'
body: The subsequent Pastoral Period, from around 7,500-4,000 years ago, portrays
a very different world to the preceding ethereal Round Head period and coincides
with the transition from a temperate Sahara towards aridification. Images are
stylistically varied, which may attest to the movement of different cultural
groups. Depictions now include domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats
and dogs; scenes portray herders, men hunting with bows, and representations
of camp life with women and children – in essence, scenes that reference more
settled communities.
- sys:
id: 3VIsvEgqPSMMumIgAaO8WG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:33:24.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:33:24.713000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2E7xpiKWhe6YEOymWI4W2U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.877000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4193'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2E7xpiKWhe6YEOymWI4W2U/97b35a4e1f3bfaa5184d701c43f0457f/2013_2034.4193.jpg"
caption: "‘The Archers Of Tin Aboteka’, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4193
© TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3601339&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4193&page=1
- sys:
id: 40HLnbmrO8uqoewYai0IwM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:57.711000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:44:57.711000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 7'
body: |-
Desertification across the Sahara required new methods of traversing and utilising the landscape; depictions of horses (often with riders) and of chariots indicate this change. Horse-drawn chariots are often depicted at a ‘flying’ gallop and are likely to have been used for hunting rather than warfare.
Libyan-Berber script, used by ancestral Berber peoples, started to appear in association with images. However, the meaning of this juxtaposition of text and image remains an enigma, as it is indecipherable to modern day Tuareg.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:34:00.220000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:34:00.220000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: czVoXzqkG4KUm2A4QcWUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.885000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4567'
description:
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caption: Horse-drawn chariot, <NAME>, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4567
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603797&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4567&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:45:24.076000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:45:24.076000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Camel Period
title_internal: 'Algeria: country, chapter 8'
body: The last defined period stylistically is characterised by the depiction
of camels, representing an alternative method of negotiating this arid and harsh
landscape. Camels can travel for days without water and were used extensively
in caravans transporting trade goods and salt. Depictions in this period continue
to include domestic animals and armed figures.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:34:35.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:34:35.045000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2F8RnTvFpKGUaYYcaY2YUS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:29:42.916000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4469'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2F8RnTvFpKGUaYYcaY2YUS/c940797f40d292f5d2691f43c9a974b4/2013_2034.4469.jpg"
caption: Camel train Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. 2013,2034.4469 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602862&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4469&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6rWROpK4k8wIAwAY8aMKo6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:35:36.510000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:35:36.510000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 2001. *Saharan Africa* in (ed) <NAME>, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
Soukopova, J. 2012. *Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara*. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
[T<NAME>’Ajjer, UNESCO](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/)
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/tanzania.md
---
contentful:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:55:14.153000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 11
name: 'Tanzania '
slug: tanzania
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?searchText=Tanzania&people=197356
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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title: TANLEY0020024
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3713196&partId=1&searchText=TANLEY0020024&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/ghoJUHQwggGi6uuKKggcA/65471af284c79e1b5548309b005cb2ac/TANLEY0020024.jpg"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:33.183000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 00:57:25.467000000 Z
title: TANKON0220001
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3711189&partId=1&searchText=TANKON0220001&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/420eZ8MlbOwq2G6iqy8Eq0/ce10c3ffdd92d3c13ba8f3054a7ae3f9/TANKON0220001.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 1MRBSR83yUwGoo8s4AKICk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.791000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.791000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 1
title: Kolo, Tanzania
slug: kolo
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1NISbAVcjSMI4SEWE8WgAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 14:24:34.308000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo Chapter 1
body: The Kondoa rock art sites are located on the eastern slopes of the Maasai
escarpment, which borders the western side of the Great Rift Valley in central
Tanzania, covering an area of over 2,336 km². Stretching for around 18 km
along the escarpment, the exact number of rock art sites in the Kondoa area
is unknown but is estimated to be up to 450, the oldest of which are thought
be more than 2,000 years old. The extensive and spectacular collection of
rock paintings are attributable to both hunter-gatherer and pastoralist communities
and the images are testament to the changing socio-economic environment in
the region. The hunter-gatherer rock paintings of Kondoa are dominated by
human figures and animals. While a dark reddish brown predominates, other
colours include yellow, orange, red and white. Some of the shelters are still
considered to have cultural associations with the people who live nearby,
reflecting their beliefs, rituals and cosmological traditions. In 2006, Kondoa
was nominated and listed as one of UNESCO’s World Heritage rock art sites
in Africa.
- sys:
id: 2e0bNc68UUM0YKaM40Sm4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:11.871000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:57:32.216000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4qqgpg1KTmKwEA8kQsg8Qe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:35.056000000 Z
title: TANKON0030027 jpeg edited-1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4qqgpg1KTmKwEA8kQsg8Qe/1d8fb417f4142acaf65be18c6c6b8ea0/TANKON0030027_jpeg_edited-1.jpg"
caption: View looking out over Kondoa landscape. 2013,2034.16829 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709780&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16829&page=1
- sys:
id: 5WqTYb2ohiCaseea44yMWg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.050000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 14:22:52.499000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Kolo Chapter 2 '
body: "The sites at Kolo are the most famous of the Kondoa paintings. Kolo comprises
three rock art sites, known as Kolo 1, 2 and 3. The main site, Kolo 1 (known
locally as Mongomi wa Kolo) is a large, imposing rock shelter that is only
accessible by following a winding path at the end of a dirt road. This site
contains many fine-line red paintings, some of which are very faded; but the
site is still used by the local community for secret rituals. Kolo 2 is located
south of the main site and includes human and animal figures, while Kolo 3
is north of Kolo1 and is characterised by human, animal and geometric figures.
The renowned palaeontologist <NAME> surveyed and documented many of the
paintings at Kolo in the 1950s. The examples we see here are thought to have
been made by early hunter-gatherer groups, ancestors of the modern Sandawe,
one of the first cultural groups to inhabit Kondoa. \n\n"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:58:56.845000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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caption: Three slender figures with elongated bodies wearing elaborate curved
feather-like headdresses. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16832 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709777&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16832&page=1
- sys:
id: 1o3g8TuJuc8MiGyQ6g6g42
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 14:23:12.269000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo Chapter 3
body: "__Art__\n\nAmong the animals depicted are elephants, giraffes, antelopes,
eland, rhinoceros and wildebeest; while human figures are represented as slender
and elongated, often with elaborate hairstyles or headdresses, holding bows
and arrows. Groups of figures are also shown bent at the waist, with some
appearing to take on animal characteristics. These paintings have been associated
with Sandawe cultural beliefs. \n\nThe Sandawe communicate with the spirits
by taking on the power of an animal and some features at Mongomi wa Kolo can
be understood by reference to the Sandawe traditional practice known as simbó
(Ten Raa 1971, 1974). Developing Ten Raa’s observations, Lewis-Williams (1986)
proposed that simbó is the ritual of being a lion, and that simbó dancers
are believed to turn into lions. Lim (1992, 1996) adopted a site-specific
approach to the rock art and has suggested that the importance of place is
as important as the images themselves. According to Lim the potency of a place
is produced through ritual activities, so that meaning resides in the process
of painting in a particular location, rather than in the painted image itself.
\ \n"
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:05:45.603000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: Kolo chapter 4
body: |+
Ritual Practices
Ritual sites are generally located near fig and baobab trees, and springs. However, about 3 m south of the main Kolo shelter, a cavity underneath a huge boulder is used, even today, by local diviners, healers and rainmakers to invoke visions and communicate with the spirits. Oral traditions indicate that Mongomi wa Kolo is considered more powerful than other ritual places in Kondoa, and its unusual location may contribute to its efficacy. The other two shelters of Kolo 2 and 3 are also used for ritual ceremonies.
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content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
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caption: Group of five figures, one with animal-like head and grazing antelope
on the left. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16820 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709705&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20311+&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.16819&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo chapter 5
body: |-
__Conservation__
When <NAME> was surveying the Kondoa rock paintings in 1983 she predicted that if serious preservation and conservation measures were not put in place the paintings would be destroyed by 2020. Although inscribed onto the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006, it has been noted paintings are being destroyed by the dust from the ground and in some cases rainwater is causing the paintings to deteriorate.
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:07:01.378000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 27ttIF1VA4e8ekcAcea4G6
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description:
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caption: Panel of slender red figures with elongated bodies, showing large figure
bent at waist. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16824 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709771&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16824&page=1
- sys:
id: 2O7PwT55ZmSSgsWkeEAQsq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:51:08.628000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: ''
title_internal: Kolo Chapter 6
body: |+
Moreover, the documentation of paintings at Kondoa is incomplete, and some areas have not been surveyed at all. Bwasiri (2008) advocates an urgent need to collate all existing information in this region and implement a sites and monuments record that also takes into account living heritage values.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:07:17.252000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4eWYwHYojCu0EIYyoQGgMI
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description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4eWYwHYojCu0EIYyoQGgMI/4b39bad47efe37b9e6d0ab830c823649/TANKON0030085_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Painted panel damaged by water seepage. Kolo 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16876
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709830&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16876&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 4khc2F5ABWm0kyKoUooa80
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.097000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:56:15.212000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: "<NAME> 2008. 'The Management of Indigenous Heritage:
A Case Study of Mongomi wa Kolo Rock Shelter, Central Tanzania'. MA Dissertation,
University of the\nWitwatersrand \n\nLeakey, M. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing
Art – The Rock Paintings of Tanzania.* London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nLewis-Williams,
J.D. 1986. ‘Beyond Style and Portrait: A Comparison of Tanzanian\nand Southern
African Rock Art’. *Contemporary Studies on Khoisan 2*. Hamburg, Helmut Buske
Verlag\n\nLim, I.L. 1992. ‘A Site-Oriented Approach to Rock Art: a Study
from Usandawe, Central Tanzania’. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan\n\nTen
Raa, E. 1971. ‘Dead Art and Living Society: A Study of Rock paintings in a
Social Context’. *Mankind* 8:42-58\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some
prehistoric and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’. *Tanzania Notes and Records*
75:9-27\n"
background_images:
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id: 6cqE0uH6mswkKcOkWA6waC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:32.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:32.004000000 Z
title: TANKON0030029
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6cqE0uH6mswkKcOkWA6waC/7e3e2d492733456ba58f56ccbf8e5bac/TANKON0030029.jpg"
- sys:
id: DiswAHlgIgmsgEMUiQYm4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:32.111000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:32.111000000 Z
title: TANKON0030077
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/DiswAHlgIgmsgEMUiQYm4/a68c86b9a0f96c2c658570a581af71f3/TANKON0030077.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 3FRwoODqnSE2umUAesqOgm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:48:46.210000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Tanzania: Key Facts'
image_count: '1447'
date_range: 10,000-3,000 years - a few hundred years ago
main_areas: Kondoa region and Lake Eyasi basin
techniques: Predominantly paintings with some engravings
main_themes: Stylised human figures, animals, geometric motifs
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 6h9anIEQRGmu8ASywMeqwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:07:20.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:54.244000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
slug: geometric-motifs
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5plObOxqdq6MuC0k4YkCQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:02:35.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:05:34.964000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |-
The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at <NAME> and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
- sys:
id: 71cjHu2xrOC8O6IwSmMSS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:57:39.559000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:06:07.592000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
caption: White symbolic designs possibly representing Maa clans and livestock
brands, Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12976 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
- sys:
id: 36QhSWVHKgOeMQmSMcGeWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting
shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are
places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat
in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle.
During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were
painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand
their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners,
but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease.
Different symbols may be used for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
- sys:
id: 3HGWtlhoS424kQCMo6soOe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a
similar visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its
167 megalithic stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds
of geometric motifs. Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the
brand marks that the Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other
livestock in the area, although local people claim no authorship for the funerary
engravings (Russell, 2013:4).
- sys:
id: kgoyTkeS0oQIoaOaaWwwm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter
adorned with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia,
Kenya. 2013,2034.13006 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership
as we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It
has been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by
camel keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell,
2013:18). Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place
their clan marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees
and wells (Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
- sys:
id: 3sW37nPBleC8WSwA8SEEQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy/a234f96f9931ec3fdddcf1ab54a33cd9/2013_2034.13451.jpg"
caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with
meat-feasting or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic
of something else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu
people reported that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting
shelters were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were
made to mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear
representations of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja,
shows a dung painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which
is said to represent cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols,
painted in fat and red ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on
the Mesakin and Korongo Hills in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child
to whom prayers are offered (Bell, 1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles
bisected by two crosses represent boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn
diagonally) or a slanting line (like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough
pastoralist geometric motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa,
attempting to find the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The
examples discussed here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors,
even in the same location, and that identical symbols can be the products
of very different behaviours. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
Gramly R 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
background_images:
- sys:
id: 1TDQd4TutiKwIAE8mOkYEU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
title: KENLOK0030053
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1TDQd4TutiKwIAE8mOkYEU/718ff84615930ddafb1f1fdc67b5e479/KENLOK0030053.JPG"
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id: 2SCvEkDjAcIewkiu6iSGC4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.845000000 Z
title: KENKAJ0030008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2SCvEkDjAcIewkiu6iSGC4/b2e2e928e5d9a6a25aca5c99058dfd76/KENKAJ0030008.jpg"
- sys:
id: 5HZTuIVN8AASS4ikIea6m6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
id: 4nyZGLwHTO2CK8a2uc2q6U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:48.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>oulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. David
Phillipson (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by <NAME> in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
- sys:
id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\n<NAME>. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\n<NAME>. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Verlag. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\n<NAME>. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:42:27.348000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:25:55.914000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1298'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592557
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title: '2013,2034.15749'
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country_introduction:
sys:
id: 1LiwPCnyFKmciIOKysACI0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.856000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.856000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Tanzania: Country Introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 43gtar9Bd6iwSOOug8Ca2K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:18.035000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 12:30:57.863000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Introduction
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 1
body: Containing some of the densest concentrations of rock art in East Africa,
Tanzania includes many different styles and periods of rock art, the earliest
of which may date back 10,000 years. Consisting mainly of paintings, rock
art is found predominantly in the Kondoa region and the adjoining Lake Eyasi
basin. Those at Kondoa were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2006,
and were the first to be documented by missionaries in 1908.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:37:31.932000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6jqxlKBK8ggSwAyOIWC2w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:37.419000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:37.419000000 Z
title: TANKON0130004 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6jqxlKBK8ggSwAyOIWC2w/62820080f1ce2792a5bbc9c38ac89b50/TANKON0130004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Painted panel of fine-line paintings of kudu and human figures with
bow and arrow. Msokia, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17086 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3710216&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17086&page=1
- sys:
id: 3fuknu8MJiS2CEUo8c48Mm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.738000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:44:49.657000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Geography and Rock Art distribution
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 2
body: |-
Situated within the Great Lakes Region of East Africa, Tanzania is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east, with a coastline of approx. 800km. At 947,303 km², Tanzania is the largest country in East Africa and is home to Africa's highest mountain, Kilimanjaro (5,895 m, 19,340 feet), located in the north-east of the country.
Central Tanzania is comprised largely of a plateau, which is mainly grassland and contains many national parks. The north of the country is predominantly arable and includes the national capital of Dodoma. The north-east of the country is mountainous and contains the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. Further north-west is Lake Victoria adjoining the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. Concentrations of rock art are found mainly in the Kondoa province of central Tanzania and also the Lake Eyasi Basin in the north of the country.
The rock art of the Lake Eyasi Basin and that of Kondoa share many similarities related to subject matter, styles, pigments and even types of sites. This may possibly reflect a shared art tradition among hunter-gatherers, which is feasible as there are no natural barriers preventing the movement of cultural ideas and techniques.
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5XVIPjHq7K4MiWIm6i6qEk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.051000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:38.051000000 Z
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caption: Elongated red figure facing right with rounded head and holding a narrow
rectangular object (shield?); the image has been damaged by white water seepage.
Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17497 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3712306&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17497&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of rock art research in Tanzania
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 3
body: 'The existence of painted rock art was first reported to Europeans in
1908 by missionaries, but the first scientific explorations date back to the
1930s. Early surveys were undertaken by <NAME> (1958), a German
physician, amateur anthropologist and explorer, who traced images in more
than 70 rock shelters in 1935. The renowned paleoanthropologists Mary and
<NAME> (1983) were the first to extensively study the rock art of Tanzania
during the 1930s and 1950s (having noted many sites in the 1920s), documenting
over 1600 painted images at 186 sites north of Kondoa. In the late 1970s and
during the 1980s Fidelis Masao (1979) surveyed 68 rock paintings sites and
excavated four of them while <NAME> (1996) recorded 200 sites in Kondoa.
Other researchers include <NAME> (1971, 1974), <NAME>
(1986), <NAME> (1992), and <NAME> (2008, 2011); all of whom
have recorded numerous sites, contributing to identifying chronologies, styles
and possible interpretations. Conservation and preservation of the rock art
has been of importance since the 1930s, and many of the paintings recorded
by the Leakeys in the early 1950s are now severely deteriorated, or in some
cases completely destroyed. '
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
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caption: View looking out of rock shelter over Kondoa region, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16942
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709993&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16942&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Chronologies
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 4
body: "Scholars have classified the rock art in Tanzania into three main stylistic
groups: Hunter-gatherer, also known as Sandawe, Pastoral, and Late Whites.
Hunter-gatherer and Late White paintings are often found in the same rock
shelters and in some instances, all three types occur at the same site. \n\nNo
paintings have been scientifically dated, but some researchers have proposed
the earliest dates for the art: Anati (1996) has suggested paintings at Kondoa
may be up to 40,000 years old; Leakey (1985) and Coulson and Campbell (2001)
up to 10,000 years old. Masao (1979) has estimated the earliest art at perhaps
3000 years old. These are estimates and not based on radiometric dating techniques,
and as the paintings have been exposed to considerable weathering these very
early dates currently cannot be substantiated.\n\n__Hunter-gatherer__\n\nHunter-gatherer
or Sandawe rock art is characterised by fine-line paintings and includes images
of animals, human figures, handprints and circular designs. These are the
earliest paintings, thought to date to between 3,000-10,000 years ago, and
are attributed to the ancestral Sandawe, a hunter-gatherer group indigenous
to north-east Tanzania. \n\nThis tradition of rock art occurs in the Kondoa
region, with just a few hundred sites in a concentration of less than a 100km
in diameter and corresponding closely to the known distribution of the Sandawe
people. Animals, such as giraffe, elephant, rhinoceros, antelope, plus a few
birds and reptiles, dogs and possibly bees, make up more than half of the
images depicted. In addition there are a few animal tracks depicted: cloven
hooves, porcupine and aardvark. \n"
- sys:
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3fNBqZVcfK8k0Cgo4SsGs6/1e5b30977d1a9f021e3eea07fca43f5a/TANKON0100004_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Panel of fine-line red figures with rounded heads seated, standing
and dancing. <NAME>, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17042 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3710340&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17042&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
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title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 5
body: |2
Typically, human figures are slender and elongated, wearing large elaborate coiffures or headdresses, and sometimes with animal heads. Occasionally they are bent at the waist but they always appear in groups or pairs. A few of the figures are painted with bows and arrows and occur with animals, although whether these represent a hunting scene is uncertain. Women are very scarce. The few handprints present are painted depictions rather than stencils and circular designs are made up of concentric circles sometimes with elaborate rays and occasional rectangles and finger dots.
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caption: Panel of Sandawe red, fine-line paintings showing elephants and slender
elongated figures. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17702 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3712676&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17702&page=1
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caption: Seated figure wearing elaborate headdress which is possibly surrounded
by bees. Thawi 1, Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034. 17471 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3711764&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17471&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: ''
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 6
body: |
__Pastoral__
About 3,000 years ago, Cushitic herders from Ethiopia moved into the region, and were followed by Nilotic cattle pastoralists, ancestors of today’s Maasai. In comparison to hunter-gatherer rock art, Pastoral rock art yields many fewer paintings and generally depicts cattle in profile, and sometimes sheep and/or goats, a few dogs and figures holding sticks and bows. Predominantly painted in black and sometimes red and white, the colour of many images has now faded to a dull grey colour.
- sys:
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
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title: TANLEY0020026 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1BwSSd5li0MUw4c4QYyAKA/b8a08110079558a56d9ac1d7bfb813a9/TANLEY0020026_jpeg.jpg"
caption: 'Top of this boulder: Red cow facing right superimposed on faded white
cow facing left and figure facing forwards, Eshaw Hills, Tanzania. 2013,2034.17936
© TARA/<NAME>'
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3713196&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.17936&page=1
- sys:
id: 4zC1ndduCQa8YUSqii26C6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.874000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:45:36.649000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: ''
title_internal: Tanzania Chapter 7
body: |
__Late White__
Late White paintings are crude, finger painted images and often superimpose older images. These were made by Bantu-speaking, iron-working farmers who moved into the region in the last 300-500 years. The most common type of depiction are designs and motifs that include circles, some of which have rays emanating outwards, concentric circles, patterns of dots and grids with outlines, what look like stick figures with multiple arms, as well as handprints. Animal depictions include giraffe, elephant, antelope, snakes, reptiles, baboons and domestic species. Human figures are less common, but when present are notably men facing forwards with hands on hips, sometimes holding weapons.
- sys:
id: 4zIzfG4WDKe6SYSimcaEqg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:10.886000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:49:16.769000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2iqeQFLDE06A8MW0UcUm2k
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:37.131000000 Z
title: TANKON0020039 jpeg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2iqeQFLDE06A8MW0UcUm2k/12b31881421ef6d5f5ccebbc4ec1c009/TANKON0020039_jpeg.jpg"
caption: Numerous finger painted geometric designs covering large granite boulder.
Pahi, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16793 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3709639&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16793&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 5CTLCKcFag2yCMmCgoegE4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.786000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 12:42:00.048000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 6
citation_line: "Anati . E. (1996) ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14* September 1996\n\nBwasiri, E.J
(2008) 'The Management of Indigenous Heritage: A Case Study of Mongomi wa
Kolo Rock Shelter, Central Tanzania'. MA Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand
\n\nBwasiri, E.J. (2011) ‘The implications of the management of indigenous
living heritage: the case study of the Mongomi wa Kolo rock paintings World
Heritage Site, Central Tanzania’, in *South African Archaeological Bulletin*
69-193:60-66\n\nCoulson, D. and <NAME> (2001) *African Rock Art: Paintings
and Engravings on Stone* New York, Harry N. Abrams, Ltd.\n\nKohl-Larsen, L.
(1958) *Die Bilderstrasse Ostafricas: Felsbilder in Tanganyika*. Kassel, Erich
Roth-Verlag\n\nLeakey, M. (1983) *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania.* London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd\n\nLewis-Williams, J.D. (1986)
‘Beyond Style and Portrait: A Comparison of Tanzanian and Southern African
Rock Art’. *Contemporary Studies on Khoisan 2.* Hamburg, Helmut Buske Verlag\n\nLim,
I.L. (1992) ‘A Site-Oriented Approach to Rock Art: a Study from Usandawe,
Central Tanzania’. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan\n\nMasao, F.T. (1979)*The
Later Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden, Franz
Steiner Verlag\n\nTen Raa, E. (1971) ‘Dead Art and Living Society: A Study
of Rock paintings in a Social Context’.*Mankind* 8:42-58\n\nTen Raa, E. (1974)
‘A record of some prehistoric and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’. *Tanzania
Notes and Records* 75:9-27\n\n"
background_images:
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region: Eastern and central Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/uganda-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 3DbhHAYYD6icYiuK62SY2w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:47:24.211000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:43:10.697000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 3
title: 'Uganda: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5yJzv38jjG6o0u4Q4ISYeM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:01.243000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:01.243000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 1'
body: Rock art in Uganda is mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the country,
but more broadly sits within a regional belt of geometric rock art spanning
East and Central Africa. It is mainly geometric in nature and includes both
paintings (red and white being the most common pigment) and engravings; it comprises
a basic and recurring repertoire of shapes including circular, rectangular,
sausage, dot and lines. Concentric circles with rays emanating from them are
a unique feature of Ugandan rock art.
- sys:
id: 4TrHjE4Umk8eoscoQUaMWC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:21:57.842000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:05:24.474000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 40ezg2Ddosc4yYM0Myes8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.421000000 Z
title: UGANGO0020031 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40ezg2Ddosc4yYM0Myes8U/7d118bce5cf73e7a0fd8b7953a604bcd/UGANGO0020031_1.jpg"
caption: Circular motifs.Ngora, Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.14768 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691105&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14768&page=1
- sys:
id: 4fHCnfKB5Ymqg4gigEIm0g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:36.716000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:35:36.716000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 2'
body: One of the most well-known sites is at Nyero, a large granite outcrop situated
between Mbale and Soroti in the east of the country. Nyero consists of a cluster
of six sites and is on the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage sites†.
All of the paintings found here are geometric in design and have been attributed
to the ancestral Batwa, and dated to before 1250 AD.
- sys:
id: 5BePUMaSPKsSiUweSq2yyG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:04.177000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:04.177000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 3'
body: Uganda is located in East Africa, comprises an area of 236,040 km² and shares
borders with Kenya to the east, South Sudan in the north, Democratic Republic
of Congo in the west, and Rwanda and Tanzania in the south. It sits in the heart
of the Great Lakes region, flanked by Lake Edward, Lake Albert and Lake Victoria,
the latter being the second largest inland freshwater lake in the world, containing
numerous islands. While much of its border is lakeshore, the country is landlocked. Predominantly
plateau, Uganda is cradled by mountains with Margherita peak (5,199m) on Mount
Stanley the third highest point in Africa.
- sys:
id: 3IwOIf4phe6KkoEu24goAw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:22:43.586000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:07:19.503000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6LAhyXtnagaeiiYcyqAUS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:54:00.944000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:47:44.145000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15198'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690931&partId=1&searchText=UGAVIC0010001&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6LAhyXtnagaeiiYcyqAUS8/06fee85996cb2e9625cbfd6b7a6a07dc/UGAVIC0010001_1.jpg"
caption: Large boulder containing painted rock art overlooking Lake Victoria.
2013,2034.15198 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690931&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.15198&page=1
- sys:
id: xTETlLO8WkqiiuYO0cgym
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:58.092000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:36:58.092000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research History
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
The first documentation of rock art in Uganda occurred in 1913 (Teso Report) at Nyero, a painted rock shelter of the Later Iron Age period. After its initial recording the site was subsequently cited in a 1945 excavation report (Harwich, 1961) and meticulously noted by J.C.D Lawrance during the 1950s. Only a small number of studies of Ugandan rock art rock art have been published (Wayland 1938; Lawrance 1953; Posnansky 1961; Morton 1967; Chaplin 1974), with early analyses being predominantly descriptive and highly speculative.
The first major publications on Ugandan rock art emerged in the 1960s (Posnansky 1961; Morton 1967; Chaplin 1974) with rock art researchers proposing that the geometric and non-representational depictions served a documentary purpose of identifying cultural groups such as hunter-gatherers, cultivators or pastoralists. During this decade researchers attempted to place the rock art in a chronological framework, tying it to broader archaeological sequences. Political instability greatly impeded research during the 1970s and 1980s, although Chaplin’s thesis and in-depth survey on prehistoric rock art of Lake Victoria was published posthumously in 1974.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:24:00.757000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:09:06.452000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2FHA4qasM0YkYeY20OK20e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:54:11.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:54:11.681000000 Z
title: UGAVIC0060056 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FHA4qasM0YkYeY20OK20e/8dc76eadeb33620beaeedbba6b04399b/UGAVIC0060056_1.jpg"
caption: Painted ceiling of a rock shelter attributed to the BaTwa. Lolui Island,
Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691242&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.15306&page=1
- sys:
id: 17HHIh3cvwkm8eMqIaYi4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:37:14.262000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:43:31.000000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 5'
body: Much of the interpretation of the rock art in the region was based on the
assumption that the art was attributable to the so-called “Bushmen” of southern
Africa, using these explanations to understand the rock art of Uganda. Catherine
Namono’s (2010) recent doctoral thesis on rock art in Uganda has opened up these
debates, “tackling the more slippery issues of attribution, interpretation and
understanding of rock art” (Namono, 2010:40).
- sys:
id: 49Hty9jIlWSeoOi2uckwwg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:37:41.691000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:37:41.691000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronologies/Styles
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 6'
body: "__Paintings__\n\nThe geometric rock art that predominates in Uganda is
attributed to the Batwa cultural group. Modern Batwa are descendants of ancient
aboriginal forest-dwelling hunter-gatherer groups based in the Great Lakes region
of central Africa. Their rock art has been divided into two traditions: firstly,
the red animal tradition that comprises finely painted representations of animals
in red pigment painted in a figurative style. These are all in the far north-eastern
corner of Uganda. Antelope are the most common animals depicted, but this imagery
also includes elephant, rhino, lion, leopard, giraffe, hyena, warthog, wild
pig, ostrich and buffalo. \n"
- sys:
id: rehKUDcDviQGqmiwAikco
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:24:31.625000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:09:53.569000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6Rp8Jyx6Tu8CagewSGkKaG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.413000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:35.413000000 Z
title: UGAMOR0010021 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Rp8Jyx6Tu8CagewSGkKaG/8425bc465938ddae5cfed284f96a6e6f/UGAMOR0010021_1.jpg"
caption: Painted red cattle and figures holding bows. Kanamugeot, Northern Province,
Uganda, 2013,2034.14633 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690004&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14633&page=1
- sys:
id: 2KG09KRWisSWmogUWA4sGQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:08.326000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:08.326000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 7'
body: "While some of the animals are remarkably naturalistic in their portrayal,
the majority are highly distorted and difficult to identify to species level,
and are associated with rows of dots superimposing the animal forms. The second
tradition, the red geometrics include images painted in red and applied with
the fingertip; the most common motifs comprise concentric circles, concentric
circles with radiating lines, dots, U-shapes, dotted, straight, horizontal and
vertical lines and interlinked lines. Other motifs and shapes are described
as ‘acacia pod’, ‘canoes’, and ‘dumbbell’; a testament to the problems researchers
face when attempting to use descriptive terms in identifying complex designs.
\n\n__Engravings__\n\nGeometric engravings occur in and around Lake Victoria
and also in north-eastern Uganda. Motifs comprise concentric circles, grids,
concentric circles with internal radiating spokes, lines and dots. Proportionally,
there are fewer engravings than paintings but as Namono (2010) has observed
this may reflect a research bias rather than an actual disparity.\n"
- sys:
id: 6re1Gh7nxe4YK4MmumWu4m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 14:25:05.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 15:10:31.191000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4TE2BAQkM8S0640ECkYayA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:43.648000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 15:53:43.648000000 Z
title: UGANAS0002 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4TE2BAQkM8S0640ECkYayA/3a5a54bd23c2ecaa637d19e132e40263/UGANAS0002_1.jpg"
caption: Engraved rock with concentric circle motif. Kampala, Uganda. 2013,2034.14710
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690111&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14710&page=1
- sys:
id: 6qgdyPfErKwIISIUuWEsMU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:44.670000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:38:44.670000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 8'
body: Another common type of engraving is small cupules aligned in rows, found
predominantly on hilltops or large rock slabs near water sources. None have
been found on vertical rock faces or in rock shelters. They are known locally
as *omweso* (a traditional board game of Uganda) as there are similarities between
these and the traditional *mancala* game, originally introduced to Africa with
the Indian Ocean trade.
- sys:
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caption: Large rock with grid of small carved cupules. Kimera, Central Province,
Uganda. 2013,2034.14676 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690085&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14676&page=1
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title: Dating
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 9'
body: |-
Attempts to understand the chronology of Ugandan rock in the 1960s were based on sequences focusing on pigments used in paintings. Lawrance proposed that yellow paintings were the oldest; followed by orange, red, purple, red and white; white and dirty white were the latest in the sequence. It is highly problematic developing sequences based on pigments because of the ways in which they chemically react with particular surfaces, other pigments and the natural elements, which can compromise the integrity of the pigment. However, there appears to be a consistency (across East and Central Africa) that suggests red and white geometric paintings are the oldest and have been in existence for millennia.
Initially thought to be the work of San Bushmen of southern Africa, archaeological, genetic and ethnographic evidence has subsequently attributed the paintings to the Batwa people, a cultural group who are today found in small groups near the Rwanda/Uganda border. If it is accepted that the geometric imagery was made by these hunter-gatherers then the rock art of Uganda probably dates from between 12,000 to 1,000 years ago.
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caption: Complex white motif comprising six concentric circles surrounded by curvilinear
tentacles. Nyero, Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.14892 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3673779&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.14892&page=1
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body: However, more recent studies have proposed that these were the work of settled
human groups and not early hunter-gatherers. Radiocarbon dating at Nyero (and
another site at Kakoro) has dated the paintings to between 5,000 and 1,600 years
ago. It has been proposed that rock shelters were used by semi-nomadic peoples
engaged in animal herding, which they used as reference points in the landscape.
Generally positioned away from flat land, they may have served to direct herders
of cattle and/or goats towards paths and water.
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revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 11'
body: A recent comprehensive study (Namono, 2010) of the potential meaning of
geometric art in Uganda looked at the ways in which the geometric shapes in
the rock art can be associated with the ethnographies of hunter-gatherers of
the region. The approach proposed that the symbolism of geometric rock art derives
from a gendered forest worldview. The forest is pivotal to hunter/gatherer cosmology
in this region, whereby it plays a central role in cultural production and reproduction
over time and is regarded as both male and female. The forest is not only a
source of subsistence and well-being but informs their identity and the rock
art reflects these complex concepts.
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caption: View looking towards the forested location of a painted rock art site.
Ngora, Eastern Province, Uganda. 2013,2034.14711 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3690354&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14711&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Uganda: country, chapter 12'
body: It is difficult to determine when rock art sites were last used, and in
some cases, such as at Nyero, sites are still in use by local peoples with offerings
being made and sites associated with rain-making rituals. However, the advent
of colonialism influenced such traditions bringing a change in the way the forest
was venerated, used and conceptualised.
citations:
- sys:
id: R9NAlFnoYuGyywYgIccK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:42:30.538000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:42:30.538000000 Z
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citation_line: |
† A Tentative List is an inventory of those properties considered to be of cultural and/or natural heritage of outstanding universal value and therefore suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List.
<NAME>. 1974. ‘The Prehistoric Art of the Lake Victoria Region’, in *Azania* 9, pp: 1-50.
<NAME>. 1961. *Red Dust: Memories of the Uganda Police* 1935-1955. London:
Vincent Stuart Ltd.
<NAME>. 1953. ‘Rock Paintings in Teso’, in *Uganda Journal* 17, pp: 8-13.
<NAME>. 1967. ‘Rock Engravings from Loteteleit, Karamoja’, in *Uganda Journal* 19, p:90.
<NAME>. 2010. Surrogate Surfaces: *A contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand
<NAME>. 1961. ‘Rock Paintings on Lolui Island, Lake Victoria’ in *Uganda Journal*, 25, pp: 105-11.
<NAME>. 1938. ‘Note on Prehistoric Inscription in Ankole Uganda’, in *Uganda
Journal* 5, pp: 252 – 53.
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/uganda/nyero.md
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title: Nyero, Uganda
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First documented in 1913 (in the Teso Report†), the geometric paintings at Nyero are among the most important and well documented rock art sites in Uganda, and are on the Tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage sites‡.
Nyero is located in eastern Uganda in the Kumi District, about 200 km from the capital city Kampala. It comprises six rock shelters in total, but initially only three were recorded and referred to as shrines by local communities, who had no knowledge of the origins of the paintings. The authorship of the paintings remains in some debate.
Initially, the rock art was thought to be the work of San|Bushmen of southern Africa. However, archaeological, genetic and ethnographic evidence has subsequently attributed the paintings to the ancestors of Batwa people, hunter-gatherers who are descendants of ancient aboriginal groups once spread across East and Central Africa and most probably the original inhabitants of this landscape. Today they live in small groups near the Rwanda/Uganda border.
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caption: Site of Nyero 1. 2013,2034.14796 © TARA/David Coulson
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More recent studies have proposed that the rock art was the work of settled human groups and not early hunter-gatherers. It has been proposed that rock shelters were used by semi-nomadic peoples devoted to animal herding, and used as reference points in the landscape. Generally positioned away from flat land, they may have served to direct herders of cattle and/or goats towards paths and water. The unknown identity of the rock artists makes dating problematic, but some of the paintings may be up to 12,000 years old.
Notwithstanding the problems associated with attribution and chronology, many of the rock paintings in Uganda show serious damage due to long exposure to the elements. At Nyero 2, the paintings are partially covered with mineral salts, while at Nyero 5 the paintings have been destroyed or are obscured by rain wash-off. The physical condition of the paintings is testament to their antiquity.
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caption: Nyero 2 showing rock art obscured by mineral salts leaching out from
the rock face. 2013,2034.14828 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3671630&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14828&page=1
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body: |
__Nyero Rock Art sites:__
__Nyero 1__
This is a small rock shelter on the outer edge of the outcrop and comprises six sets of concentric circles with a central image of a ‘floral motif’ and a so-called ‘acacia pod’ shape. The geometrics in this shelter are all painted in white.
__Nyero 2__
This is the main shelter, the overhang of which is formed by an enormous boulder (estimated to weigh at least 20,000 tons) which has broken away; a vertical rock against the back wall measures 10m in height. The panel at Nyero 2 consists of more than forty images such as vertical divided sausage shapes, so-called ‘canoes‘, unidentified faint markings, ‘U’ shapes, lines and dots, with evidence of superimposition; but is dominated by concentric circles. A unique feature of the paintings are the so-called ‘canoes’ or parts of ‘canoes’, so-called because of their resemblance in form. The depictions are all painted in shades of red.
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caption: Paintings at Nyero 2. 2013,2034.14840 © TARA/<NAME>oulson
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caption: Close up of concentric circles and large canoe shaped object design.
2013,2034.14851 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3671768&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14851&page=1
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The paintings are protected from direct rain by the overhang and rocks to the front and sides protect the paintings from the sun, which is likely to have contributed to their preservation. Early users of the shelter placed ritual gifts on its south-eastern side; the tradition of using this space to place money either before or after receiving help from ancestral spirits is continued by the local community.
As well as the rock art, a bone incised with three concentric circles and four parallel lines, and pieces of prepared ochre were excavated from this site in 1945. These are the only evidence of prehistoric portable art so far found in Uganda.
__Nyero 3__
Located about eight minutes’ walk from Nyero 2, this shelter is formed by a large boulder perched on supporting rocks. Paintings consist of white concentric circles; the outer circles surrounded by double curved designs, between which are double lines divided into small compartments.
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caption: White concentric circle at Nyero 3. 2013,2034.14888 © TARA/<NAME>
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__Nyero 4__
This is a small shelter on the south-western side of the hill where there are a few traces of red finger-painted concentric circles, two conical shapes and lines.
__Nyero 5__
Situated on the western side of the hill, this shelter has a red geometric motif composed of a combination of circular and linear shapes made with both a brush and a finger. However, the images are quite difficult to distinguish as they are damaged by natural water erosion.
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__Nyero 6__
Situated on the top of the hill, this shelter has a good view of the landscape. This site features two red finger-painted outlines of small oval shapes and a slanting L-shape as well as an outlined cross with a small circle below. The painted surface is now subject to severe exfoliation as it is open to the rain and morning sun.
The sites at Nyero are believed locally to have been sacred ancestral places where, in the past, people would have travelled long distances to make offerings of food, beer and money in times of drought, misfortune and for child birth. Nyero was also regarded as a magical place where rain ceremonies were held. Oral histories have recorded strong attachments to the site and individual and community prayers were held seasonally. The antiquity of the images and their association with long-forgotten peoples may serve to enhance Nyero as a special and sacred place for local communities.
citations:
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id: 1JbeHTVApauCyUYOGKCa0W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:37:22.101000000 Z
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citation_line: |+
<NAME>. 2010. *Surrogate Surfaces: A contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand
Turchetta, Barbara and <NAME> (eds). 2014. *Uganda Rock Art Sites: A Vanishing Heritage of Lake Victoria Region*. Kampala: National Museum of Uganda
† An annual report submitted by each region to the Governor of Uganda during British colonial rule.
‡ A Tentative List is an inventory of those properties considered to be of cultural and/or natural heritage of outstanding universal value and therefore suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/egypt.md
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title: '2013,2034.25'
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1DmPc4SXTi2qQiYW6mKK62/412e8b744a4af417ad873768aad220f6/2013_2034.5277_1.jpg"
- sys:
id: 3R3Ri8y5pe2I4AM8iauayW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:28:16.164000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.190'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577611&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.190&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3R3Ri8y5pe2I4AM8iauayW/5e53609e755eba8130847a5017e32268/2013_2034.190.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 4af0chnVYAe0e4mqoQwaoy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:07:32.113000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:53:48.674000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Cave of Swimmers, Egypt
slug: cave-of-swimmers
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4pHoZkgWDegMQsumuSUekM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:04:41.300000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:04:41.300000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The ‘Cave of Swimmers’ is one of the most famous rock art sites of the
Sahara. It sits in Wadi Sura, loosely translated as the ‘Valley of Pictures’
due to the prevalence of rock art in the region.
- sys:
id: 1cUANarsnIIyGQ8MUGaKMM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:01:11.701000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:35:42.682000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5LebP1Vcqs4A4US00uI0Q4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.186'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5LebP1Vcqs4A4US00uI0Q4/56ba762bb737baf4545dc62a6a745bb3/2013_2034.186.jpg"
caption: A view of the entrance to the ‘Cave of Swimmers’. On a promontory at
the entrance to an inlet in Wadi Sura, Gilf Kebir, Egypt. 2013,2034.186 ©
<NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iV11IU
- sys:
id: 5AJki82zIcK2AEyigEiu2g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:05.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:44:27.933000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The ‘Cave of Swimmers’ is the larger of two shallow caves situated side
by side in the southern part of the Gilf Kebir plateau in Egypt’s Western
Desert, an area so remote and inaccessible that its existence only became
known to European cartographers in 1926. It is so named due to the human figures
painted on its walls with their limbs contorted as if swimming. It has since
become world-renowned, particularly as a key location in the feature film
*The English Patient* (1996), based on <NAME>’s novel of the same
name.
- sys:
id: 1imxvhdhHEYsyKueK6coS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:01:51.007000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:35:41.280000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2halaUUgAMe6ES0uycIIIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.188'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2halaUUgAMe6ES0uycIIIG/ec1812c9c376a941c691641c471b7105/2013_2034.188.jpg"
caption: View out of the cave mouth. 2013,2034.188 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVbiVc
- sys:
id: 2iFZCE50AsqKM4C8ma0IO8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:27.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:27.680000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The book and film feature fictionalised versions of the cave and its real-life
discoverer, <NAME>, as the title character. In reality, Almásy was
a charismatic figure in pre-war Saharan exploration. He argued that the ‘swimming’
figures suggested the prior existence of abundant water in the area and was
therefore evidence that it had not always been arid desert, a radical new
theory at the time that has since been confirmed, although not on the basis
of these paintings as evidence. Rock art is notoriously difficult to date
as it was a tradition practiced for thousands of years. These paintings have
been dated at between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago, although some researchers
have suggested both earlier and later dates.
- sys:
id: 6tD8WMYexGWoiEYeEKAaIw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:02:56.246000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:36:48.650000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3R3Ri8y5pe2I4AM8iauayW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:28:16.164000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.190'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577611&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.190&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3R3Ri8y5pe2I4AM8iauayW/5e53609e755eba8130847a5017e32268/2013_2034.190.jpg"
caption: The main painted panel on the cave wall, showing the famous ‘swimming’
figures (bottom centre and top right). 2013,2034.190 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j0fxBy
- sys:
id: 5VeXJi6wN2Cq00COCo08Sk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:49.205000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:05:49.205000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'New rock art discoveries in this area have been made in recent years
and add to the debate, which has continued, as have expeditions by academics,
tourists and others. These visitors have sometimes left their own marks on
the rock faces in the form of graffiti, and in the surrounding sand, where
the tracks from previous parties (including Almásy’s) lie undisturbed, adding
to the sense of history: not only of those who produced the paintings, but
also of the site itself. Meanwhile the condition of the paintings, prone to
flaking, continues to deteriorate, further obscuring this tantalising glimpse
into the past.'
- sys:
id: QzRyY82AYSMgMGCUcws2m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:03:54.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:37:39.120000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6Fqf4hcw1OeG2IIO442ckW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.192'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Fqf4hcw1OeG2IIO442ckW/6d975af11e82e634f913ca9aed815e44/2013_2034.192.jpg"
caption: Two ‘negative’ hand prints from the left side of the main panel, blown
in different pigments. Three crouched figures are painted across the lower
handprint. 2013,2034.192 © <NAME> / TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iaUQ4J
- sys:
id: 23YZHecGleqeiKYiAQQcq0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:06:06.304000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:06:06.304000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Egypt: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'The ‘swimmers’ are not the only humans depicted here: there are others,
some heavily adorned, some apparently engaged in activities. A meticulously
engraved antelope’s hoofprint adds another element to this fascinating site.
Perhaps most striking are the numerous ‘negative’ handprints, produced by
the artist blowing pigment onto the rock face over splayed fingers. As with
so much rock art, they leave an imprint as immediate and familiar as it is
elusive and enigmatic.'
background_images:
- sys:
id: 2halaUUgAMe6ES0uycIIIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.469000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.188'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2halaUUgAMe6ES0uycIIIG/ec1812c9c376a941c691641c471b7105/2013_2034.188.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6Fqf4hcw1OeG2IIO442ckW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:00:35.492000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.192'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Fqf4hcw1OeG2IIO442ckW/6d975af11e82e634f913ca9aed815e44/2013_2034.192.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 1p0szJra88OeCEWCkE2Yky
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:46:28.092000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:47:28.403000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: key facts'
image_count: 342 images
date_range: Mostly 6,000 BC – 30 BC
main_areas: Nile valley, Gilf Kebir Plateau
techniques: Engravings, brush paintings, blown pigment paintings
main_themes: Boats, cattle, wild animals, handprints, inscriptions
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 72UN6TbsDmocqeki00gS4I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:35:22.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:47:35.130000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Chariots in the Sahara
slug: chariots-in-the-sahara
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3pSkk40LWUWs28e0A2ocI2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:59.282000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:42:36.356000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 1'
body: A number of sites from this Collection are located in the Libyan Desert,
notably the Fezzan region, and include paintings of chariots in a variety
of forms dating to the Horse Period, from up to 3,000 years ago. This has
stimulated some interesting questions about the use of chariots in what appears
to be such a seemingly inappropriate environment for a wheeled vehicle, as
well as the nature of representation. Why were chariots used in the desert
and why were they represented in such different ways?
- sys:
id: 2Hjql4WXLOsmCogY4EAWSq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:18:19.534000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:43:36.197000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
caption: Two-wheeled chariot in profile view. Tihenagdal, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.999 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588528&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.999&page=1
- sys:
id: 3TiPUtUxgAQUe0UGoQUqO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 2'
body: The chariot has been one of the great empowering innovations of history.
It likely originated in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC due to advances in metallurgy
during the Bronze Age, and has served as a primary means of transport until
quite recently in the historical period across Africa, Eurasia and Europe.
Chariots provided rapid and efficient transport, and were ideal for the battlefield
as the design provided a raised firing platform for archers . As a result
the chariot became the principal war machine from the Egyptians through to
the Romans; and the Chinese, who owned an army of 10,000 chariots. Indeed,
our use of the word car is a derivative of the Latin word carrus, meaning
‘a chariot of war or of triumph’.
- sys:
id: 5ZxcAksrFSKEGacE2iwQuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:19:58.050000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:44:46.340000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
title: '124534'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK/d8ee0111089adb2b565b48919f21dfbe/124534.jpg"
caption: Neo-Assyrian Gypsum wall panel relief showing Ashurnasirpal II hunting
lions, 865BC – 860 BC. © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367027&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=124534&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Grf0McSJ2Uq4SUaUQAMwU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 3'
body: The chariot in the Sahara was probably introduced by the Garamantes, a
cultural group thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists.
There is little textual information about the Garamantes, documentation comes
mainly from Greek and Roman sources. Herodotus described them as ‘a very great
nation’. Recent archaeological research has shown that the Garamantes established
about eight major towns as well as numerous other settlements, and were ‘brilliant
farmers, resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants’. The success of
the Garamantes was based on their subterranean water-extraction system, a
network of underground tunnels, allowing the Garamantian culture to flourish
in an increasingly arid environment, resulting in population expansion, urbanisation,
and conquest.
- sys:
id: 6fOKcyIgKcyMi8uC4WW6sG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:33.572000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:45:32.605000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.407'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms/18e67077bdaa437ac82e85ba48cdb0da/2013_2034.407.jpg"
caption: A so-called ‘Flying gallop’ chariot. Wadi Teshuinat, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.407 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3580186&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.407&page=1
- sys:
id: CAQ4O5QWhaCeOQAMmgGSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 4'
body: On average there are about 500 drawings of chariots across the Sahara,
from the Fezzan in Libya through the Aïr of Niger into northern Mali and then
westward to the Atlantic coast; but not all were produced by the Garamantes.
It is still not certain that chariots were driven along the routes where their
depictions occur; remains of chariots have never been found west of the Fezzan.
However, the Fezzan states were thriving trade routes and chariots are likely
to have been used to transport salt, cloth, beads and metal goods in exchange
for gold, ivory and slaves. The widespread occurrence of chariot imagery on
Saharan rock outcrops has led to the proposition of ‘chariot routes’ linking
North and West Africa. However, these vehicles were not suited for long-distance
transport across desert terrain; more localised use is probable, conducted
through middlemen who were aware of the trade routes through the desert landscape.
Additionally, the horse at this time was a prestige animal and it is unlikely
that they facilitated transport across the Saharan trade routes, with travellers
rather utilising donkeys or oxen.
- sys:
id: 5cgk0mmvKwC0IGsCyIsewG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:59.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:46:44.461000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.389'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq/d167c56220dfd17c399b02086fe9ebc3/2013_2034.389.jpg"
caption: This two wheeled chariot is being drawn by a cow with upturned horns.
Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.389 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579985&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.389&page=1
- sys:
id: 5pKuD1vPdmcs2o8eQeumM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 5'
body: The absence of archaeological evidence for chariots has led to the suggestion
that some representations of chariots may have been the result of cultural
diffusion, transmitted orally by nomadic peoples traversing the region. Artists
may never have actually seen the vehicles themselves. If this is the case,
chariot symbols may have acquired some special meaning above their function
as modes of transport. It may also explain why some representations of chariots
do not seem to conform to more conventional styles of representations and
account for the different ways in which they were depicted.
- sys:
id: wckVt1SCpqs0IYeaAsWeS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:21:42.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:48:40.965000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.392'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ/7606d86492a167b9ec4b105a7eb57d74/2013_2034.392.jpg"
caption: These two images (above and below) depicts chariots as if ‘flattened
out’, with the horses represented back to back. Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.392 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579981&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.392&page=1
- sys:
id: 7fKfpmISPYs04YOi8G0kAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.393'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8/665bea9aafec58dfe3487ee665b3a9ec/2013_2034.393.jpg"
caption: 2013,2034.393 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579980&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.393&page=1
- sys:
id: 3xUchEu4sECWq4mAoEYYM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:33.472000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:20:52.618000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.370'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO/c8afe8c1724289dee3c1116fd4ba9280/2013_2034.370.jpg"
caption: Possible chariot feature in top left of image. Acacus Mountains, Libya.
2013,2034.370 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579291&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.370&page=1
- sys:
id: 6bQzinrqXmYESoWqyYYyuI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:01.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:21:25.227000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.371'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK/a0328f912ac8f6fe017ce99d8e673421/2013_2034.371.jpg"
caption: Possible chariots with two wheels. Acacus Mountains, Fezzan District,
Libya. 2013,2034.371 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579290&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.371&page=1
- sys:
id: 5qthr4HJaEoIe2sOOqiU4K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:40.388000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:17.884000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 6'
body: |-
The two images may or may not depict chariots. The rectangular shapes are potentially abstracted forms of the chariot similar to the ‘flattened out’ depictions discussed previously. These potentially abstracted representations often sit alongside distinguishing figures, such as geometric bi-triangular figures, spears or lances, women wearing long dresses, and animals drawn in a fairly naturalistic style, of the Horse Period when the chariots were being used.
Beside the schematic and simply depicted chariots, there is also a group which has been termed the ‘flying gallop chariots’. Their distribution includes the whole Tassili region, although there are fewer in the Acacus Mountains. They resemble the classical two-wheeled antique chariots, generally drawn by two horses, but sometimes three, or even four. The driver is usually alone, and is depicted in a typical style with a stick head. The majority are shown at full speed, with the driver holding a whip standing on a small platform, sometimes straining forward.
- sys:
id: 2NEHx4J06IMSceEyC4w0CA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:30.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:46.413000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 74j3IOLwLS8IocMCACY2W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.949000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.523'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/74j3IOLwLS8IocMCACY2W/5495e8c245e10db13caf5cb0f36905c4/2013_2034.523.jpg"
caption: "'Flying gallop’ chariot, <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Fezzan
District, Libya. 2013,2034.523 © TARA / <NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583068&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.523&page=1
- sys:
id: 1YKtISfrKAQ6M4mMawIOYK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:08.834000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:33:37.308000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 7'
body: |-
In a similar manner to the schematic chariots, the 'Flying Gallop' depictions display the entire platform and both wheels of the chariot. In addition, more than one horse is depicted as a single horse in profile with numerous legs indicating multiple horses; an artistic technique first seen during the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. Interestingly, in the Libyan rock art of the Acacus Mountains it seemed that animals could be conceived of in profile and in movement, but chariots were conceived of differently, and are represented in plain view, seen from above or in three-quarters perspective.
Why are chariots depicted in a variety of ways, and what can we say about the nature of representation in relation to chariots? It is clear that chariots are able to be depicted in profile view, yet there are variations that digress from this perspective. In relation to the few examples we have come across so far in the Acacus Mountains in south-western Libya, one observation we might make is that the ways in which chariots have been represented may be indicative of the ways in which they have been observed by the artists representing them; as a rule from above. The rock shelters in the Acacus are often some height above the now dried up wadis, and so the ways in which they conceived of representing the chariot itself , whether as a flying gallop chariot, a chariot drawn by a bovid or as an abstraction, may have become a particular representational convention. The ways in which animals were represented conformed also to a convention, one that had a longer tradition, but chariots were an innovation and may have been represented as they were observed; from higher up in the rockshelters; thus chariots were conceived of as a whole and from an aerial perspective. The ways in which environments affect our perceptions of dimension, space and colour are now well-established, initially through cross-cultural anthropological studies in the 1960s, and becoming better understood through more recent research concerning the brain. Of course, this is speculation, and further research would be needed to consider all the possibilities. But for now, we can start to see some intriguing lines of enquiry and research areas that these images have stimulated.
- sys:
id: 4nHApyWfWowgG0qASeKEwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:25:19.180000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:17.369000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
title: '135568'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq/c1bca8c151b882c16adaf7bc449e1850/135568.jpg"
caption: Model of chariot, Middle Bronze Age – Early Bronze Age, 2000BC, Eastern
Anatolia Region. 1971,0406.1 © Trustees of the British Museum. The design
of this chariot is very similar to the representation in Fig. 4.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=369521&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=135568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5dtoX8DJv2UkguMM24uWwK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:17.455000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:59.909000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '894,1030.1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE/80aa63978217874eaaa0960a6e0847d6/894_1030.1.jpg"
caption: Bronze model of a two-horse racing chariot. Roman, 1st century – 2nd
century, Latium, Tiber River. 1894,1030.1 © Trustees of the British Museum.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399770&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1894,1030.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 74fcVRriowwOQeWua2uMMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:27.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:35:36.578000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 8'
body: Vast trading networks across the Sahara Desert not only facilitated the
spread of goods, but the routes served as a conduit for cultural diffusion
through the spread of knowledge, ideas and technologies. Chariots were both
functional and symbolic. As a mode of transport, as a weapon of war, as a
means of trade and exchange and as a symbol of power, the chariot has been
a cultural artefact for 4,000 years. Its temporal and spatial reach is evident
not only in the rock art, but through the British Museum collections, which
reveal comparisons between 2D rock art and 3D artefacts. Similarities and
adjacencies occur not only in the structure and design of the chariots themselves
but in their symbolic and pragmatic nature.
- sys:
id: 266zWxwbfC86gaKyG8myCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:53.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:43:56.525000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
title: EA 37982
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa/b5b41cda0efd36989292d004f039bace/EA_37982.jpg"
caption: Fragment of a limestone tomb-painting representing the assessment of
crops, c. 1350BC, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt. British Museum EA37982 ©Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=117388&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=37982&page=1
- sys:
id: 2mTEgMGc5iiM00MOE4WSqU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:28.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:44:28.029000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
title: '1867,0101.870'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS/066bc072069ab814687828a61e1ff1aa/1867_0101.870.jpg"
caption: Gold coin of Diocletian, obverse side showing chariot. British Museum
1867,0101.870 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189587&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1867,0101.870&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Z6SQu2oLuG40IIWEqKgWE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 9'
body: A hoard of 100,000 Roman coins from the Diocletian period (not the above)
were unearthed near Misurata, Libya, probably used to pay both regular Roman
and local troops. Such finds demonstrate the symbolic power of the chariot
and the diffusion of the imagery.
citations:
- sys:
id: vVxzecw1jwam6aCcEA8cY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: <NAME>. ‘Kingdom of the Sands', in *Current Archaeology*,
Vol. 57 No 2, March/April 2004
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3Cv9FvodyoQIQS2UaCo4KU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:47.568000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:47.568000000 Z
title: '01495388 001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3Cv9FvodyoQIQS2UaCo4KU/f243937c551a4a12f07c1063d13edaaa/01495388_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2yTKrZUOY00UsmcQ8sC0w4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:42.716000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:42.716000000 Z
title: '01495139 001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2yTKrZUOY00UsmcQ8sC0w4/8e527c421d837b3993026107d0a0acbb/01495139_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 7oNFGUa6g8qSweyAyyiCAe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:11:30.861000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:51:34.879000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: The domesticated horse in northern African rock art
slug: the-domesticated-horse
lead_image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 27bcd1mylKoMWiCQ2KuKMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:19.777000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 1'
body: Throughout northern Africa, there is a wealth of rock art depicting the
domestic horse and its various uses, providing valuable evidence for the uses
of horses at various times in history, as well as a testament to their importance
to Saharan peoples.
- sys:
id: 2EbfpTN9L6E0sYmuGyiaec
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:26.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:39:29.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.133000000 Z
title: Fig. 1. Painted horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2MxgdjbMW2gm0IoOKkCU/e2c7369ef1e4ab11c71023a769f8fe0d/Fig._1._Painted_horse.jpg"
caption: 'Painted horse and rider, <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6406 © TARA/David
Coulson. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3641775&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6406&page=1
- sys:
id: 4QexWBEVXiAksikIK6g2S4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:00:49.116000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:28.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Horses and chariots
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 2'
body: The first introduction of the domestic horse to Ancient Egypt- and thereby
to Africa- is usually cited at around 1600 BC, linked with the arrival in
Egypt of the Hyksos, a group from the Levant who ruled much of Northern Egypt
during the Second Intermediate Period. By this point, horses had probably
only been domesticated for about 2,000 years, but with the advent of the chariot
after the 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia, the horse proved to be a valuable
martial asset in the ancient world. One of the first clear records of the
use of horses and chariots in battle in Africa is found in depictions from
the mortuary complex of the Pharaoh Ahmose at Abydos from around 1525 BC,
showing their use by Egyptians in defeating the Hyksos, and horses feature
prominently in later Egyptian art.
- sys:
id: 22x06a7DteI0C2U6w6oKes
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:52:52.323000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:40:52.214000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.284000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1001'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1AZD3AxiUwwoYUWSWY8MGW/b68bd24c9b19c5c8c7752bfb75a5db0e/2013_2034.1001.jpg"
caption: Painted two-horse chariot, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1001
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588526&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1001&page=1
- sys:
id: 1voXfvqIcQkgUYqq4w8isQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:15.173000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 3'
body: 'Some of the most renowned images of horses in Saharan rock art are also
those of chariot teams: in particular, those of the so-called ‘flying gallop’
style chariot pictures, from the Tassili n’Ajjer and Acacus mountains in modern
Algeria and Libya. These distinctive images are characterised by depictions
of one or more horses pulling a chariot with their legs outstretched in a
stylised manner and are sometimes attributed to the Garamantes, a group who
were a local power in the central Sahara from about 500 BC-700 AD. But the
Ajjer Plateau is over a thousand miles from the Nile- how and when did the
horse and chariot first make their way across the Western Desert to the rest
of North Africa in the first place? Egyptian accounts indicate that by the
11th century BC Libyans (people living on the north African coast around the
border of modern Egypt and Libya) were using chariots in war. Classical sources
later write about the chariots of the Garamantes and of chariot use by peoples
of the far western Sahara continuing into the 1st century BC, by which time
the chariot horse had largely been eclipsed in war by the cavalry mount.'
- sys:
id: LWROS2FhUkywWI60eQYIy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:53:42.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:33.841000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.708000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4574'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6N6BF79qk8EUygwkIgwcce/ac95a5214a326794542e0707c0d819d7/2013_2034.4574.jpg"
caption: Painted human figure and horse. Tarssed Jebest, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Horse displays Arabian breed-type characteristics such as dished face and
high tail carriage. 2013,2034.4574 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3603790&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.4574+&page=1
- sys:
id: 6eaH84QdUs46sEQoSmAG2u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:01:48.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Horse Riding
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 4'
body: As well as the unique iconography of rock art chariot depictions, there
are also numerous paintings and engravings across northern Africa of people
riding horses. Riding may have been practiced since the earliest times of
horse domestication, though the earliest definitive depictions of horses being
ridden come from the Middle East in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC.
Images of horses and riders in rock art occur in various areas of Morocco,
Egypt and Sudan and are particularly notable in the Ennedi region of Chad
and the Adrar and Tagant plateaus in Mauritania (interestingly, however, no
definite images of horses are known in the Gilf Kebir/Jebel Uweinat area at
the border of Egypt, Sudan and Libya).
- sys:
id: 6LTzLWMCTSak4IIukAAQMa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:23.846000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 16:41:52.743000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.495000000 Z
title: ME22958
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4NdhGNLc9yEck4My4uQwIo/703945afad6a8e3c97d10b09c487381c/ME22958.jpg"
caption: Terracotta mould of man on horseback, Old Babylonian, Mesopotamia 2000-1600
BC. One of the oldest known depictions of horse riding in the world. British
Museum ME22958 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=388860&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=22958&page=1
- sys:
id: 5YkSCzujy8o08yuomIu6Ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:54:43.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:12:34.068000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.188000000 Z
title: Fig. 5. Painted ‘bitriangular’
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1tpjS4kZZ6YoeiWeIi8I4C/c798c1afb41006855c34363ec2b54557/Fig._5._Painted____bitriangular___.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bi-triangular’ horse and rider with saddle. <NAME>, Assaba,
Mauritania. 2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1vZDFfKXU0US2qkuaikG8m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:13.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:14:56.468000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 5'
body: Traditional chronologies for Saharan rock art areas tend to place depictions
of ridden horses chronologically after those of horses and chariots, and in
general use horse depictions to categorise regional stylistic periods of rock
art according to broad date boundaries. As such, in most places, the ‘horse’
rock art period is usually said to cover about a thousand years from the end
of the 2nd millennium BC. It is then considered to be succeeded by a ‘camel’
period, where the appearance of images of dromedaries – known only to have
been introduced to the eastern Sahara from Arabia at the end of the 1st century
BC – reflects the next momentous influx of a beast of burden to the area and
thus a new dating parameter ([read more about depictions of camels in the
Sahara](https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art/)).
However, such simplistic categorisation can be misleading. For one thing,
although mounting horses certainly gained popularity over driving them, it
is not always clear that depictions of ridden horses are not contemporary
with those of chariots. Further, the horse remained an important martial tool
after the use of war-chariots declined. Even after the introduction of the
camel, there are several apparently contemporary depictions featuring both
horse and camel riders.
- sys:
id: 2gaHPgtyEwsyQcUqEIaGaq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:55:29.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:32:44.364000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.292000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5739'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6quML2y0nuYgSaeG0GGYy4/7f48ae9c550dd6b4f0e80b8da10a3da6/2013_2034.5739.jpg"
caption: Engraved ridden horse and camel. Draa Valley, Morocco. 2013,2034.5739
©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3619780&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5739+&page=1
- sys:
id: 583LKSbz9SSg00uwsqquAG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:02:41.576000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Berber Horses
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 6'
body: As the more manoeuvrable rider rose in popularity against the chariot
as a weapon of war, historical reports from classical authors like Strabo
tell us of the prowess of African horsemen such as the cavalry of the Numidians,
a Berber group that allied with Carthage against the Romans in the 3rd century
BC. Berber peoples would remain heavily associated with horse breeding and
riding, and the later rock art of Mauritania has been attributed to Berber
horsemen, or the sight of them. Although horses may already have reached the
areas of modern Mauritania and Mali by this point, archaeological evidence
does not confirm their presence in these south-westerly regions of the Sahara
until much later, in the mid-1st millennium AD, and it has been suggested
that some of the horse paintings in Mauritania may be as recent as 16th century.
- sys:
id: 7zrBlvCEGkW86Qm8k2GQAK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:24.617000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:16:52.557000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.717000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5202'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/uOFcng0Q0gU8WG8kI2kyy/7fba0330e151fc416d62333f3093d950/2013_2034.5202.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders surrounded by Libyan-Berber script. Oued
Djerat, Algeria. These images appear to depict riders using Arab-style saddles
and stirrups, thus making them probably no older than 7th c. AD. 2013,2034.5202
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624404&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5202&page=1
- sys:
id: 45vpX8SP7aGeOS0qGaoo4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:14.279000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 7'
body: 'Certainly, from the 14th century AD, horses became a key commodity in
trans-Saharan trade routes and became items of great military value in West
Africa following the introduction of equipment such as saddles with structured
trees (frames). Indeed, discernible images of such accoutrements in Saharan
rock art can help to date it following the likely introduction of the equipment
to the area: for example, the clear depiction of saddles suggests an image
to be no older than the 1st century AD; images including stirrups are even
more recent.'
- sys:
id: 7GeTQBofPamw0GeEAuGGee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:56:57.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:02.520000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.501000000 Z
title: RRM12824
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5MaSKooQvYssI4us8G0MyO/8c3a7c2d372f2c48a868d60201909932/RRM12824.jpg"
caption: 19th-century Moroccan stirrups with typical curved base of the type
possibly visible in the image above. 1939,0311.7-8 © Trustees of the British
Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=217451&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 6mNtqnqaEE2geSkU0IiYYe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:03:32.195000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:29:50.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 8'
body: 'Another intriguing possibility is that of gaining clues on the origins
of modern horse breeds from rock art, in particular the ancient Barb breed
native to the Maghreb, where it is still bred. Ancient Mesopotamian horses
were generally depicted as heavily-built, and it has been suggested that the
basic type for the delicate Arabian horse, with its dished (concave) facial
profile and high-set tail, may have been developed in north-east Africa prior
to its subsequent appearance and cultivation in Arabia, and that these features
may be observed in Ancient Egyptian images from the New Kingdom. Likewise,
there is the possibility that some of the more naturalistic paintings from
the central Sahara show the similarly gracile features of the progenitors
of the Barb, distinguishable from the Arab by its straight profile and low-set
tail. Like the Arab, the Barb is a desert horse: hardy, sure-footed and able
to withstand great heat; it is recognised as an ancient breed with an important
genetic legacy, both in the ancestry of the Iberian horses later used throughout
the Americas, and that of the modern racing thoroughbred.'
- sys:
id: 3OM1XJI6ruwGOwwmkKOKaY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:25.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:30:30.915000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:50.293000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1452'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ZmNhZjLCoQSEIYKIYUUuk/45bbff5b29985eb19679e1e513499d6b/2013_2034.1452.jpg"
caption: Engraved horses and riders, Awis, Acacus Mountains, Libya. High head
carriage and full rumps suggest Arabian/Barb breed type features. Riders have
been obscured. 2013,2034.1452 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592678&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.1452&page=1
- sys:
id: 40E0pTCrUIkk00uGWsus4M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:57:49.497000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 11:33:55.443000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.468000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Barb horses
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5mbJWrbZV6aQQOyamKMqIa/87f29480513be0a531e0a93b51f9eae5/Fig._10._Barb_horses.jpg"
caption: Barb horses ridden at a festival in Agadir, Morocco. ©Notwist (Wikimedia
Commons)
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berber_warriors_show.JPG
- sys:
id: 3z5YSVu9y8caY6AoYWge2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: The symbolism of the horse
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 9'
body: However, caution must be taken in drawing such comparisons based on morphology
alone, especially given the gulf of time that has elapsed and the relative
paucity of ‘naturalistic’ rock art images. Indeed, there is huge diversity
of horse depictions throughout northern Africa, with some forms highly schematic.
This variation is not only in style – and, as previously noted, in time period
and geography – but also in context, as of course images of one subject cannot
be divorced from the other images around them, on whichever surface has been
chosen, and are integral to these surroundings.
- sys:
id: 1FRP1Z2hyQEWUSOoKqgic2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:21.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:39.821000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.121000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4EatwZfN72waIquQqWEeOs/d793f6266f2ff486e0e99256c2c0ca39/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Engraved ‘Libyan Warrior-style’ figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.11147+&page=1
- sys:
id: 45pI4ivRk4IM6gaG40gUU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:58:41.308000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:41:59.784000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.117000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Human figure
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FcYImmyd2YuqMKQMwAM0s/e48fda8e2a23b12e6afde5c560c3f164/Fig._12._Human_figure.jpg"
caption: Human figure painted over by horse to appear mounted (digitally enhanced
image). © TARA/<NAME>
- sys:
id: 54hoc6Htwck8eyewsa6kA8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:26.929000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 10'
body: The nature of the depictions in this sense speaks intriguingly of the
apparent symbolism and implied value of the horse image in different cultural
contexts. Where some Tassilian horses are delicately painted in lifelike detail,
the stockier images of horses associated with the so-called ‘Libyan Warrior’
style petroglyphs of the Aïr mountains and Adrar des Ifoghas in Niger and
Mali appear more as symbolic accoutrements to the central human figures and
tend not to be shown as ridden. By contrast, there are paintings in the Ennedi
plateau of Chad where galloping horse figures have clearly been painted over
existing walking human figures to make them appear as if riding.
- sys:
id: 4XMm1Mdm7Y0QacMuy44EKa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:06.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:42:27.444000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:44.697000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6297'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/21xnJrk3dKwW6uSSkGumMS/698c254a9a10c5a9a56d69e0525bca83/2013_2034.6297.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, <NAME>, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6297 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637529&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.6297&page=1
- sys:
id: 4rB9FCopjOCC4iA2wOG48w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:26.549000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:43:34.211000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.196000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Engraved horse
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3PfHuSbYGcqeo2U4AEKsmM/33a068fa954954fd3b9b446c943e0791/Fig._14._Engraved_horse.jpg"
caption: Engraved horse, Eastern Aïr Mountains. 2013,2034.9421 ©TARA/<NAME>.
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640574&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9421&page=1
- sys:
id: 6tFSQzFupywiK6aESCgCia
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:04:56.612000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:47:26.838000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: horse, chapter 11'
body: |-
In each of these cases, the original symbolic intent of the artists have been lost to time, but with these horse depictions, as with so much African rock art imagery, there is great scope for further future analysis. Particularly intriguing, for example, are the striking stylistic similarities in horse depictions across great distances, such the horse depictions with bi-triangular bodies (see above), or with fishbone-style tails which may be found almost two thousand miles apart in Chad and Mauritania.
Whatever the myriad circumstances and significances of the images, it is clear that following its introduction to the continent, the hardy and surefooted desert horse’s usefulness for draught, transport and fighting purposes transformed the societies which used it and gave it a powerful symbolic value.
- sys:
id: 2P6ERbclfOIcGEgI6e0IUq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:59:46.042000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 15:45:12.419000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:43.128000000 Z
title: Fig. 15. Painted horse, Terkei
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3UXc5NiGTYQcmu2yuU42g/7586f05e83f708ca9d9fca693ae0cd83/Fig._15._Painted_horse__Terkei.jpg"
caption: Painted horse, Terkei, Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6537 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640682&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6537&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 32AXGC1EcoSi4KcogoY2qu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:51:20.602000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2000, *The Origins and Development
of African Livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography*.
London; New York, NY: UCL Press\n \n<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>.,
2012. *The Horse: From Arabia to Royal Ascot*. London: British Museum Press\n
\nLaw, R., 1980. *The Horse in West African History*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press\n \nHachid, M. 2000. *Les Premieres Berbères*. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud\n
\nLhote, H. 1952. 'Le cheval et le chameau dans les peintures et gravures
rupestres du Sahara', *Bulletin de l'Institut franç ais de l'Afrique noire*
15: 1138-228\n \n<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2010, *A gift from the desert:
the art, history, and culture of the Arabian horse*. Lexington, KY: Kentucky
Horse Park\n\n"
background_images:
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id: 2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:44:31.346000000 Z
title: EAF 141485
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2avgKlHUm8CauWie6sKecA/cf02168ca83c922f27eca33f16e8cc90/EAF_141485.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:43:51.804000000 Z
title: 01522751 001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wtaUDwbSk4MiyGiISE6i8/5918544d0289f9c4b2b4724f4cda7a2d/01522751_001.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1KwPIcPzMga0YWq8ogEyCO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:25:56.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:15.151000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would
probably depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in
the distance, a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become
synonymous with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
id: 4p7wUbC6FyiEYsm8ukI0ES
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
id: 1LsXHHPAZaIoUksC2US08G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep,
horses and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were
domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and
spread from there to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st
century AD onwards. The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
have been documented through many different historical sources, from Roman
texts to sculptures or coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock
art, where camels became so abundant that they have given their name to a
whole period. The depictions of camels provide an incredible amount of information
about the life, culture and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities
from the beginnings of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late
years of the 7th century.
- sys:
id: j3q9XWFlMOMSK6kG2UWiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:00.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
title: EA26664
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua/e00bb3c81c6c9b44b5e224f5a8ce33a2/EA26664.jpg"
caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have
evolved so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising
that dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people,
commodities and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
- sys:
id: 2KjIpAzb9Kw4O82Yi6kg2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:36.039000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:39:34.523000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
title: Af1937,0105.16
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W/4a850695b34c1766d1ee5a06f61f2b36/Af1937_0105.16.jpg"
caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
- sys:
id: 12mIwQ0wG2qWasw4wKQkO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:00.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:45:29.810000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. Man
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum/3dbaa11c18703b33840a6cda2c2517f2/Fig._4._Man.jpg"
caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
id: 6UIdhB0rYsSQikE8Yom4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC.
However, it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due
to the River Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier
for these animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian
era, and probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through
the south of the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid,
and during the following centuries camels became a key element in the North
African societies. They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting
heavy goods and even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used,
improving the range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems
that the large caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory
or slaves came later, when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the
establishment of vast trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region
that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: YLb3uCAWcKm288oak4ukS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:46.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:46:15.751000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8/74efd37612ec798fd91c2a46c65587f7/1923_0401.850.jpg"
caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man
leading a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD.
1923,0401.850 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
id: 3uitqbkcY8s8GCcicKkcI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways
in which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are
found in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions
– black; sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect.
They usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally,
dogs and horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent
the oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female
camels herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
id: 5OWosKxtUASWIO6IUii0EW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:17.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:11:49.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu/85c0b70ab40ead396c695fe493081801/2013_2034.383.jpg"
caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Ocb7A3ig8OOkc2AAQIEmo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:48.147000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:12:22.249000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. Oued Djerat, Algeria. 2013,2034.5117
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iTHcZ38wwSyGK8UIqY2yQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:09.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.7295 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
id: 2zqiJv33OUM2eEMIK2042i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
id: 6dOm7ewqmA6oaM4cK4cy8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI/2b279eff2a6f42121ab0f6519d694a92/As1974_29.17.jpg"
caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be
put around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the
British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jE9BeKCBUEK8Igg8kCkUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and
are often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle
was designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight
over the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider
to control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and
swords that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient.
This new kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today,
appears only in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in
the rock art of Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles
that are recognizable in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets
are identifiable in the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those
still used today by desert peoples.'
- sys:
id: 6yZaDQMr1Sc0sWgOG6MGQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:46.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:33:25.754000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jHyVlfWXugI2acowekUGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:15:13.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:36:07.603000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK/1db47ae083ff605b9533898d9d9fb10d/2013_2034.4471.jpg"
caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. Tin Tazarift,
Tassili, Algeria. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
- sys:
id: 57goC8PzUs6G4UqeG0AgmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:16:51.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:33:53.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at <NAME>, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
- sys:
id: 3QPr46gQP6sQWswuSA2wog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk,
meat and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and
economic networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 54fiYzKXEQw0ggSyo0mk44
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:13.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:01:13.379000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ymik3z5wMUEway6omqKQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340003
description:
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title: CHAENP0340001
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: 'Introduction to rock art in northern Africa '
slug: rock-art-in-northern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: axu12ftQUoS04AQkcSWYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: 'The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world, covering almost
8,600,000 km² and comprising most of northern Africa, from the Red Sea to
the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is considered a distinct entity, it is composed
of a variety of geographical regions and environments, including sand seas,
hammadas (stone deserts), seasonal watercourses, oases, mountain ranges and
rocky plains. Rock art is found throughout this area, principally in the desert
mountain and hill ranges, where stone ''canvas'' is abundant: the highlands
of Adrar in Mauritania and Adrar des Ifoghas in Mali, the Atlas Mountains
of Morocco and Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria,
the mountainous areas of Tadrart Acacus and Messak in Libya, the Aïr Mountains
of Nigeria, the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains in Chad, the Gilf Kebir
plateau of Egypt and Sudan, as well as the length of the Nile Valley.'
- sys:
id: 4DelCmwI7mQ4MC2WcuAskq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:19.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:12:21.657000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
caption: Bubalus Period engraving. Pelorovis Antiquus, Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.3840 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593438&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3840&page=1
- sys:
id: 2XmfdPdXW0Y4cy6k4O4caO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:31.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:40:03.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Types of rock art and distribution
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: |+
Although the styles and subjects of north African rock art vary, there are commonalities: images are most often figurative and frequently depict animals, both wild and domestic. There are also many images of human figures, sometimes with accessories such as recognisable weaponry or clothing. These may be painted or engraved, with frequent occurrences of both, at times in the same context. Engravings are generally more common, although this may simply be a preservation bias due to their greater durability.
The physical context of rock art sites varies depending on geographical and topographical factors – for example, Moroccan rock engravings are often found on open rocky outcrops, while Tunisia’s Djebibina rock art sites have all been found in rock shelters. Rock art in the vast and harsh environments of the Sahara is often inaccessible and hard to find, and there is probably a great deal of rock art that is yet to be seen by archaeologists; what is known has mostly been documented within the last century.
- sys:
id: 2HqgiB8BAkqGi4uwao68Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of research
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional chapter 2.5'
body: Although the existence of rock art throughout the Sahara was known to
local communities, it was not until the nineteenth century that it became
known to Europeans, thanks to explorers such as <NAME>, who crossed
the Messak Plateau in Libya in 1850, first noting the existence of engravings.
Further explorations in the early twentieth century by celebrated travellers,
ethnographers and archaeologists such as <NAME>, <NAME>, László
Almásy, <NAME> and <NAME> brought the rock art of Sahara, and
northern Africa in general, to the awareness of a European public.
- sys:
id: 5I9fUCNjB668UygkSQcCeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:54.847000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:13:53.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1424'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC/240a45012afba4ff5508633fcaea3462/2013_2034.1424.jpg"
caption: Pastoral Period painting, cattle and human figure. Tin Taborak, Acacus
Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592663
- sys:
id: 5OkqapzKtqEcomSucG0EoQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:52.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:45:37.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Attribution and dating
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'The investigations of these researchers and those who have followed them
have sought to date and attribute these artworks, with varying measures of
success. Rock art may be associated with certain cultures through known parallels
with the imagery in other artefacts, such as Naqada Period designs in Egyptian
rock art that mirror those on dateable pottery. Authorship may be also guessed
at through corroborating evidence: for example, due to knowledge of their
chariot use, and the location of rock art depicting chariots in the central
Sahara, it has been suggested that it was produced by – or at the same time
as – the height of the Garamantes culture, a historical ethnic group who formed
a local power around what is now southern Libya from 500 BC–700 AD. However,
opportunities to anchor rock art imagery in this way to known ancient cultures
are few and far between, and rock art is generally ascribed to anonymous hunter-gatherers,
nomadic peoples, or pastoralists, with occasional imagery-based comparisons
made with contemporary groups, such as the Fulani peoples.'
- sys:
id: 2KmaZb90L6qoEAK46o46uK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:22.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:16:53.318000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1152'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I/cac0592abfe1b31d7cf7f589355a216e/2013_2034.1152.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, human figures. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.1152 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592099&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
id: 27ticyFfocuOIGwioIWWYA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:26.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:18:29.234000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: |-
Occasionally, association with writing in the form of, for example, Libyan-Berber or Arabic graffiti can give a known dating margin, but in general, lack of contemporary writing and written sources (Herodotus wrote about the Garamantes) leaves much open to conjecture.
Other forms of (rare) circumstantial evidence, such as rock art covered by a dateable stratigraphic layer, and (more common) stylistic image-based dating have been used instead to form a chronology of Saharan rock art periods that is widely agreed upon, although dates are contested. The first stage, known as the Early Hunter, Wild Fauna or Bubalus Period, is posited at about 12,000–6,000 years ago, and is typified by naturalistic engravings of wild animals, in particular an extinct form of buffalo identifiable by its long horns.
- sys:
id: q472iFYzIsWgqWG2esg28
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:58.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:19:11.991000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi/4080b87891cb255e12a17216d7e71286/2013_2034.4570.jpg"
caption: Horse Period painting, charioteer and standing horses. <NAME>,
<NAME>, Algeria. 2013,2034.4570 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3603794
- sys:
id: 7tsWGNvkQgACuKEMmC0uwG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: A possibly concurrent phase is known as the Round Head Period (about 10,000
to 8,000 years ago) due to the large discoid heads of the painted human figures.
Following this is the most widespread style, the Pastoral Period (around 7,500
to 4,000 years ago), which is characterised by numerous paintings and engravings
of cows, as well as occasional hunting scenes. The Horse Period (around 3,000
to 2,000 years ago) features recognisable horses and chariots and the final
Camel Period (around 2,000 years ago to present) features domestic dromedary
camels, which we know to have been widely used across the Sahara from that
time.
- sys:
id: 13V2nQ2cVoaGiGaUwWiQAC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:56:25.598000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:39:22.861000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.964000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.1424 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ/bad4ec8dd7c6ae553d623e4238641561/2013_2034.1424_1.jpg"
caption: Camel engraving. <NAME>, <NAME>, Sudan. 2013,2034.335 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586831
- sys:
id: 3A64bY4VeMGkKCsGCGwu4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:00:04.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:30:04.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "While this chronology serves as a useful framework, it must be remembered
that the area – and the time period in which rock art was produced – is extensive
and there is significant temporal and spatial variability within and across
sites. There are some commonalities in rock art styles and themes across the
Sahara, but there are also regional variations and idiosyncrasies, and a lack
of evidence that any of these were directly, or even indirectly, related.
The engravings of weaponry motifs from Morocco and the painted ‘swimming’
figures of the Gilf Kebir Plateau in Egypt and Sudan are not only completely
different, but unique to their areas. Being thousands of kilometres apart
and so different in style and composition, they serve to illustrate the limitations
inherent in examining northern African rock art as a unit. The contemporary
political and environmental challenges to accessing rock art sites in countries
across the Sahara serves as another limiting factor in their study, but as
dating techniques improve and further discoveries are made, this is a field
with the potential to help illuminate much of the prehistory of northern Africa.\n\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 4AWHcnuAVOAkkW0GcaK6We
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen. Paris: Payot & Rivages
<NAME>. 1995. Les images rupestres du Sahara. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2001. Saharan Africa in (ed) <NAME>, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
<NAME>. 2013. Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts, Kuper, R. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
Rodrigue, A. 1999. L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain. Paris, L'Harmattan
Soukopova, J. 2012. Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
<NAME>. 1993. Préhistoire de la Mauritanie. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3ZTCdLVejemGiCIWMqa8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:46.025000000 Z
title: EAF135068
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:50.029000000 Z
title: EAF131007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2jvgN3MMfqoAW6GgO8wGWo/393c91068f4dc0ca540c35a79b965288/EAF131007.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 3HkyZVGe2suiyEMe6ICs4U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:45:19.662000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:03.255000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Egypt: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1RtA0G7m6ok8cOWi20EC2s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:37:46.214000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:05:57.139000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 1'
body: The rock art of Egypt was largely unknown outside of the region until
the beginning of the 20th century. The rock paintings and engravings of Egypt
feature a range of subjects and styles, including domestic cattle, wild animals,
humans, boat images and inscriptions. Much of the rock art appears to date
from within the last 8,000 years. However, earlier Palaeolithic engravings
have also been found near the Nile, suggesting a longer time frame for the
practice. The majority of Egypt’s most famous rock art, including the ‘Cave
of Swimmers’, is found in the desert in the far south-west of the country.
- sys:
id: JXxIothd6gke6u68aMS2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:39.571000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:30:48.038000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4yqh628H2wae4Mwe6MQGWa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.324000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:30:00.913000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.25'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577780&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=42209&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4yqh628H2wae4Mwe6MQGWa/41dcae1c01f69ace28bccc26fd712c6f/2013_2034.5277.jpg"
caption: Painted human figures and cows on rock shelter roof. <NAME>, Jebel
Uweinat, Egypt. 2013,2034.25© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVMFd0
- sys:
id: 3Cs9Muna1qeMOCAUyCCuQm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:16.091000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:16.091000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 2'
body: Egypt covers about 996,000km² at Africa’s north-east corner and until
the creation of the Suez Canal in 1869, contained Africa’s only direct physical
connection to Eurasia. The country’s most prominent geographical feature,
the river Nile, flows from the highlands of Ethiopia and Central Africa into
the Mediterranean, dividing the eastern portion of the Sahara into the Western
and Eastern Deserts, with the Sinai Peninsula to the east.
- sys:
id: 7IH4mS5LW0cSGcgEaa6ESO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:54.278000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:38:54.278000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 3'
body: |-
The presence of rock art in Egypt has been noticed by European scholars since the early 19th century. Geographically isolated from the bulk of rock art in the country, the paintings and engravings of Gilf Kebir and Jebel Uweinat were first catalogued in the 1920s by the Egyptian explorers and public figures <NAME> and <NAME>, and thereafter by renowned early twentieth century explorers and ethnographers such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>, whose expeditions helped bring Saharan rock art into wider public consciousness.
Hans Winkler’s seminal *Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt* (1938-9) was one of the first regional catalogues and remains a pre-eminent review of finds. Further cataloguing of rock art images and sites in the southern Nile valley took place at the time of the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s. Where rock art historically was part of larger archaeological research in the area, in recent years it has been subject to more direct and rigorous study which will contribute to a better understanding of chronologies and relationships.
- sys:
id: 3CzPFWoTFeIMaCsMgSy0sg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:39:46.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:44:29.300000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 4'
body: In desert areas, recognisably stylised Pharaonic-period inscriptions and
engravings from between 3,100 and 30 BC can be found on rock faces, particularly
at oases and quarry sites such as Kharga Oasis and Wadi Hammamat in the Western
and Eastern deserts. There is also rock art from later periods like that at
Matna el-Barqa in the Western Desert hinterland, where both Pharaonic and
later Coptic inscriptions mix with images of gods and horsemen. Earlier examples
of engraved rock art may be found in the Nile valley, in what is now southern
Egypt and northern Sudan, linked to progenitors of ancient Egyptian cultures,
most particularly the people of the Naqada Periods (4,000-3,100 BC). This
art is characterised by frequent depictions on pottery of river boats, which
occur in much of the rock art near the Nile, and include, pecked on a boulder
at Nag el-Hamdulab near Aswan, what is considered the first known depiction
of a Pharaoh, on just such a boat. Also prevalent in these areas are numerous
engravings of animals and human figures.
- sys:
id: 2YNlS4f9ZuswQuwKQmIEkU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:34:25.538000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:09:37.165000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3MIwpw8kAMIuGukggC2mUo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.309000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.309000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.108'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3MIwpw8kAMIuGukggC2mUo/a296d679fd2c30c9a1fec354b5028ef9/2013_2034.108.jpg"
caption: Engraved antelope and lion pugmarks on cave wall. Wadi el-Obeiyd, Farafra
Oasis, Western Desert. 2013,2034.108 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577697&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=42209&page=2
- sys:
id: 4jirnWi9nqW0e44wqkOwMi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:40:02.893000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:07:08.214000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 5'
body: Possible links between ancient Egyptian culture and wider Saharan rock
art traditions have been discussed since the rock art of northern Africa first
met European academic attention in the early 20th century. Although the arid
Western Desert appears to have been a significant barrier, relations remain
unclear.
- sys:
id: 69gKt6UfRuqKcSuCWUYOkc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:40:26.215000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:21:14.317000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 6'
body: Certainly, not all rock art found in Egypt has direct links to Pharaonic
cultures. Recently, the rock art at Qurta, south of Edfu, of naturalistic
outline engravings of ancient aurochs (ancestors of domestic cattle), were
dated reliably to the Palaeolithic Period, between 16,000 and 15,000 years
ago, making them the oldest known rock art in northern Africa. Between the
eighth and fourth millennia BC, Egypt’s climate was generally temperate, interrupted
only briefly by dry spells, until the increasing aridity thereafter concentrated
life in the Eastern Sahara around the river’s banks.
- sys:
id: 6JMuLUburS0sqo4aGIgq4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:35:03.483000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:21:43.897000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1BqBCPqhDiiM0qqeM6Eeie
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.325000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.325000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.126'
description:
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caption: Hand prints, blown pigment on cave wall. <NAME>, Farafra Oasis,
Western Desert. 2013,2034.126 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577677&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&place=42209&page=1
- sys:
id: 68oUY9MIOA82MUu0SUuYIU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:40:44.511000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-22 19:36:46.175000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 7'
body: This development fostered both ancient Egyptian culture and isolated populations
of animals elsewhere driven out of their environments by encroaching desert,
some of which, like crocodiles, are represented in the rock engravings found
along the alluvial plains. Engravings of wild fauna continue to be uncovered,
such as that recently found near the Farafra Oasis, with depictions of giraffe
and antelope scratched into the rock face. In a cave nearby, alongside engraved
lion paw prints, are blown-pigment negative paintings of human hands.
- sys:
id: 5iFCF3Y5AsMoKE8mqa2gMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:35:44.393000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:28:38.595000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2eE8VylT2ocoEoAQ22m2Qq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.349000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.349000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2eE8VylT2ocoEoAQ22m2Qq/3a8fa3faf5eb2287751d90b451c1090c/2013_2034.4.jpg"
caption: Engraved cattle. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.4 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iW0oAD
- sys:
id: 4lif35hFsIWGGeYmQIK2Sc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:41:00.987000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 15:30:05.093000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 8'
body: Some of Egypt’s most striking and famous rock art is found far from the
Nile at Gilf Kebir, a vast sandstone plateau in the desert near the Libyan
border. As elsewhere in the Sahara, there are frequent depictions of domestic
cattle, people and wild animals. Like most rock art, the paintings and engravings
here are hard to date accurately but may refer to the ‘Bovidian Period’ (Pastoral
Period) rock art of the wider Sahara, typified by paintings and engravings
of cattle and people (Huyge, 2009). However, the scholarly community recognises
the inherent difficulty of formulating conclusions of direct links with wider
rock art practices. Some evidence of pastoralists in the area means that this
rock art could have been made as early as the fifth millennium BC and are
thus possibly contemporaneous with Predynastic Egyptian cultures, but not
necessarily connected (Riemer, 2013).
- sys:
id: 3MnIkobDNSIWoYeec8QmsI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:41:27.078000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:41:27.078000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Egypt: country, chapter 9'
body: The motivation behind producing these images remains elusive. Where a
particular cosmology is better known, it can be speculated, such as the Nile
boat paintings have been suggested to evoke funerary beliefs and practices.
If nothing else, the cattle paintings of Gilf Kebir demonstrate the importance
of cattle in the pastoralist culture that produced them. Despite still being
relatively little known, the ‘mystique’ behind rock art has cultivated popular
curiosity, in particular in Gilf Kebir’s famous ‘Cave of Swimmers’. This is
a shallow rock shelter featuring many painted human figures in strange contortions,
as if swimming – images which have captured the popular imagination, with
their glimpse of life in Egypt millennia before the Pharaohs and their hints
at a watery Sahara.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:36:22.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:36:22.741000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:33:01.324000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.212'
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caption: Painted human and cattle figures, <NAME>, <NAME>. 2013,2034.212
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577589&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6D5UoHwwO4sg8gmUA8ikWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:37:10.022000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-22 19:38:21.856000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |+
<NAME>. 2009, *Rock Art*. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles, p. 4
<NAME>. 2013. *Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts*, <NAME>. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.25'
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region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/geometric-motifs.md
---
contentful:
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
slug: geometric-motifs
lead_image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.12976'
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chapters:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:02:35.234000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |-
The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at <NAME> and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
- sys:
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image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
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caption: White symbolic designs possibly representing Maa clans and livestock
brands, Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12976 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
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title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting shelters
exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where
Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes,
gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. During or after feasting,
symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling
in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with
symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an
animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used
for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a similar
visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its 167 megalithic
stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds of geometric motifs.
Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the brand marks that the
Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other livestock in the area,
although local people claim no authorship for the funerary engravings (Russell,
2013:4).
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter adorned
with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13006
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership as
we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It has
been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by camel
keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell, 2013:18).
Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place their clan
marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees and wells
(Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
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id: 3sW37nPBleC8WSwA8SEEQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy/a234f96f9931ec3fdddcf1ab54a33cd9/2013_2034.13451.jpg"
caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with meat-feasting
or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic of something
else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu people reported
that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting shelters
were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were made to
mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear representations
of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja, shows a dung
painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which is said to represent
cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols, painted in fat and red
ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on the Mesakin and Korongo Hills
in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child to whom prayers are offered (Bell,
1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles bisected by two crosses represent
boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn diagonally) or a slanting line
(like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough pastoralist geometric
motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa, attempting to find
the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The examples discussed
here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors, even in the same location,
and that identical symbols can be the products of very different behaviours.
\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
Gramly R 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/rock-art-in-northern-africa.md
---
contentful:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-23 11:49:41.362000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: 'Introduction to rock art in northern Africa '
slug: rock-art-in-northern-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: axu12ftQUoS04AQkcSWYI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:10.885000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: 'The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world, covering almost
8,600,000 km² and comprising most of northern Africa, from the Red Sea to the
Atlantic Ocean. Although it is considered a distinct entity, it is composed
of a variety of geographical regions and environments, including sand seas,
hammadas (stone deserts), seasonal watercourses, oases, mountain ranges and
rocky plains. Rock art is found throughout this area, principally in the desert
mountain and hill ranges, where stone ''canvas'' is abundant: the highlands
of Adrar in Mauritania and Adrar des Ifoghas in Mali, the Atlas Mountains of
Morocco and Algeria, the Tassili n’Ajjer and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria, the
mountainous areas of Tadrart Acacus and Messak in Libya, the Aïr Mountains of
Nigeria, the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains in Chad, the Gilf Kebir plateau
of Egypt and Sudan, as well as the length of the Nile Valley.'
- sys:
id: 4DelCmwI7mQ4MC2WcuAskq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:19.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:12:21.657000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:30.004000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3840'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fzfpavYuGaOKaAM2ko6es/f1e27e311dca40ce58657e5e88cb8526/2013_2034.3840.jpg"
caption: Bubalus Period engraving. Pelorovis Antiquus, Wadi Mathendous, Libya.
2013,2034.3840 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3593438&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3840&page=1
- sys:
id: 2XmfdPdXW0Y4cy6k4O4caO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:31.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:40:03.509000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Types of rock art and distribution
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: |+
Although the styles and subjects of north African rock art vary, there are commonalities: images are most often figurative and frequently depict animals, both wild and domestic. There are also many images of human figures, sometimes with accessories such as recognisable weaponry or clothing. These may be painted or engraved, with frequent occurrences of both, at times in the same context. Engravings are generally more common, although this may simply be a preservation bias due to their greater durability.
The physical context of rock art sites varies depending on geographical and topographical factors – for example, Moroccan rock engravings are often found on open rocky outcrops, while Tunisia’s Djebibina rock art sites have all been found in rock shelters. Rock art in the vast and harsh environments of the Sahara is often inaccessible and hard to find, and there is probably a great deal of rock art that is yet to be seen by archaeologists; what is known has mostly been documented within the last century.
- sys:
id: 2HqgiB8BAkqGi4uwao68Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:41:30.844000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of research
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional chapter 2.5'
body: Although the existence of rock art throughout the Sahara was known to local
communities, it was not until the nineteenth century that it became known to
Europeans, thanks to explorers such as <NAME>, who crossed the Messak
Plateau in Libya in 1850, first noting the existence of engravings. Further
explorations in the early twentieth century by celebrated travellers, ethnographers
and archaeologists such as <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME> brought the rock art of Sahara, and northern Africa
in general, to the awareness of a European public.
- sys:
id: 5I9fUCNjB668UygkSQcCeK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:54:54.847000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:13:53.921000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.250000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1424'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2N4uhoeNLOceqqIsEM6iCC/240a45012afba4ff5508633fcaea3462/2013_2034.1424.jpg"
caption: Pastoral Period painting, cattle and human figure. <NAME>, Acacus
Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.1424 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592663
- sys:
id: 5OkqapzKtqEcomSucG0EoQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:58:52.432000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Attribution and dating
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: 'The investigations of these researchers and those who have followed them
have sought to date and attribute these artworks, with varying measures of success.
Rock art may be associated with certain cultures through known parallels with
the imagery in other artefacts, such as Naqada Period designs in Egyptian rock
art that mirror those on dateable pottery. Authorship may be also guessed at
through corroborating evidence: for example, due to knowledge of their chariot
use, and the location of rock art depicting chariots in the central Sahara,
it has been suggested that it was produced by – or at the same time as – the
height of the Garamantes culture, a historical ethnic group who formed a local
power around what is now southern Libya from 500 BC–700 AD. However, opportunities
to anchor rock art imagery in this way to known ancient cultures are few and
far between, and rock art is generally ascribed to anonymous hunter-gatherers,
nomadic peoples, or pastoralists, with occasional imagery-based comparisons
made with contemporary groups, such as the Fulani peoples.'
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:22.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:16:53.318000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:37.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1152'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A1AwRfu9yM8mQ8EeOeI2I/cac0592abfe1b31d7cf7f589355a216e/2013_2034.1152.jpg"
caption: Round Head Period painting, human figures. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.1152 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3592099&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: |-
Occasionally, association with writing in the form of, for example, Libyan-Berber or Arabic graffiti can give a known dating margin, but in general, lack of contemporary writing and written sources (Herodotus wrote about the Garamantes) leaves much open to conjecture.
Other forms of (rare) circumstantial evidence, such as rock art covered by a dateable stratigraphic layer, and (more common) stylistic image-based dating have been used instead to form a chronology of Saharan rock art periods that is widely agreed upon, although dates are contested. The first stage, known as the Early Hunter, Wild Fauna or Bubalus Period, is posited at about 12,000–6,000 years ago, and is typified by naturalistic engravings of wild animals, in particular an extinct form of buffalo identifiable by its long horns.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:55:58.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:19:11.991000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:53:29.989000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1YAVmJPnZ2QQiguCQsgOUi/4080b87891cb255e12a17216d7e71286/2013_2034.4570.jpg"
caption: Horse Period painting, charioteer and standing horses. Tarssed Jebest,
<NAME>, Algeria. 2013,2034.4570 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3603794
- sys:
id: 7tsWGNvkQgACuKEMmC0uwG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:59:47.880000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: A possibly concurrent phase is known as the Round Head Period (about 10,000
to 8,000 years ago) due to the large discoid heads of the painted human figures.
Following this is the most widespread style, the Pastoral Period (around 7,500
to 4,000 years ago), which is characterised by numerous paintings and engravings
of cows, as well as occasional hunting scenes. The Horse Period (around 3,000
to 2,000 years ago) features recognisable horses and chariots and the final
Camel Period (around 2,000 years ago to present) features domestic dromedary
camels, which we know to have been widely used across the Sahara from that time.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:56:25.598000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-12-22 10:39:22.861000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
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title: 2013,2034.1424 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6MOI9r5tV6Gkae0CEiQ2oQ/bad4ec8dd7c6ae553d623e4238641561/2013_2034.1424_1.jpg"
caption: Camel engraving. <NAME>, <NAME>, Sudan. 2013,2034.335 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3586831
- sys:
id: 3A64bY4VeMGkKCsGCGwu4a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:00:04.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:30:04.896000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'North Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: "While this chronology serves as a useful framework, it must be remembered
that the area – and the time period in which rock art was produced – is extensive
and there is significant temporal and spatial variability within and across
sites. There are some commonalities in rock art styles and themes across the
Sahara, but there are also regional variations and idiosyncrasies, and a lack
of evidence that any of these were directly, or even indirectly, related. The
engravings of weaponry motifs from Morocco and the painted ‘swimming’ figures
of the Gilf Kebir Plateau in Egypt and Sudan are not only completely different,
but unique to their areas. Being thousands of kilometres apart and so different
in style and composition, they serve to illustrate the limitations inherent
in examining northern African rock art as a unit. The contemporary political
and environmental challenges to accessing rock art sites in countries across
the Sahara serves as another limiting factor in their study, but as dating techniques
improve and further discoveries are made, this is a field with the potential
to help illuminate much of the prehistory of northern Africa.\n\n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 4AWHcnuAVOAkkW0GcaK6We
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:15:38.284000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistoire du Sahara: le Messak Libyen. Paris: Payot & Rivages
<NAME>. 1995. Les images rupestres du Sahara. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2001. Saharan Africa in (ed) David S. Whitley, Handbook of Rock Art Research, pp 605-636. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek
<NAME>. 2013. Dating the rock art of Wadi Sura, in Wadi Sura – The Cave of Beasts, Kuper, R. (ed). Africa Praehistorica 26 – Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, pp. 38-39
<NAME>. 1999. L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain. Paris, L'Harmattan
Soukopova, J. 2012. Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Vernet, R. 1993. Préhistoire de la Mauritanie. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/nigeria.md
---
contentful:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-21 09:03:26.866000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:08:00.867000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 7
name: Nigeria
slug: nigeria
col_url: https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/nigeria/images/
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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title: NIGCRM0090004
description: https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/country/nigeria/images/
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featured_site:
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content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 1
title: Ikom Monoliths, Cross River State, Nigeria
slug: 'ikom-monoliths '
chapters:
- sys:
id: 6tTnRXJY5O4oiMcUIg2e6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:00:49.285000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:00:49.285000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
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title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The Ikom Monoliths, originally consisting of around 400-450 engraved standing
stones and distributed around thirty communities in the Ikom area of Cross
River State, Nigeria, are thought to be up to 1500 years old. In more recent
years, threatened by fire, theft, vandalism and neglect, there are now estimated
to be less than 250.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:03:19.623000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:03:19.623000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:02:00.372000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:02:00.372000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0040011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ndlBNzj4kC4IyysaSk20Y/a9e3b2d35c3e0ee55a93cef88d92b9e3/NIGCRM0040011.jpg"
caption: Monolith from Nnaborakpa with village elder standing in the background.
2013,2034.24046 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 3wE6yzisV22Cq6S266Q8CO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:13:13.390000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:13:13.390000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'The majority of the stones are skilfully carved in hard, medium-textured
basaltic rock, with a few carved in sandstone and shelly limestone. Varying
in height from 0.91-1.83m (3-6 feet) and sculpted into a phallus-shape, the
stones share common decorative features. They depict stylised human features
comprising two eyes, an open mouth, a head crowned with rings, a pointed beard,
an elaborately marked navel, two hands with five fingers, a nose and a variety
of facial markings. Emphasis is placed on the head while the rest of the body
tapers into the base of the phallus’ shaped monolith, with limbs and legs
suggested. They are also linearly inscribed with complex geometric motifs,
which have been compared to the rock arts of Tanzania in that the meanings
of the symbols are known to only the artists (UNESCO, 2007). '
- sys:
id: 5Ep1vP8VXOi2se8O6qIY2q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:46:21.095000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:46:21.095000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3EPsiq8TFKE0omSUGy2OiW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:44:18.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:44:18.764000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0090006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3EPsiq8TFKE0omSUGy2OiW/920454e1f1e3b5ed3e7c24108a6c46ee/NIGCRM0090006.jpg"
caption: Monolith from Agba. 2013,2034.24215© <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 4fEnlxdHhSc4gUcGMyaegi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:50:43.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:50:43.447000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1FTDyPet3WiyQYiq2UYEeu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:49:44.361000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:49:44.361000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0020001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1FTDyPet3WiyQYiq2UYEeu/5691015503e7f726f99676e2976ef569/NIGCRM0020001.jpg"
caption: Monolith from Njemetop. 2013,2034.23963 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 21hKs1bzN6imgeCkiouquo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:51:41.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:51:41.445000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The effects of weathering has resulted in erosion and deterioration, and
as such in 2007 were added to the World Monuments Fund’s list of sites in
danger and are being considered for inclusion into UNESCO’s World Heritage
Site list. Furthermore, it is estimated that the total numbers of monoliths
is now thought to be less than 250, with many having been distributed among
major museums throughout the world.
- sys:
id: 5Lj0qQJbj2eUyGsMEUegiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:04.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:04.301000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1wBaFXQ6iY2igSUc0Qwm02
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:52:33.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:52:33.766000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0070021
description:
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caption: Moss and lichen growing on one of the monoliths occluding facial feaures,
Nikirigom. 2013,2034.24103 © David Coulson/TARA
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:55:42.020000000 Z
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image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:54:53.364000000 Z
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title: NIGCRM0100031
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caption: Fallen monolith that has been damaged by fire, Edamkono. 2013,2034.24278
© David Coulson/TARA
- sys:
id: 5UGVq9x89UIaMYwOmaCWYq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:03:17.080000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:03:17.080000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 4'
body: Known as Akwasnshi or Atal among the local Ejagham people of Cross River,
the monoliths can be found in the centre of the village or in the central
meeting place of the village elders, but also in the uncultivated forest outside
the villages. In each village in which they are found, the upright stones
are positioned in circles, sometimes perfect circles, facing each other. Some
are slightly carved as very low reliefs, while others are inscribed engravings.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:55.030000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:55.030000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4Rzr1W9YZ2yecY6MGkQ8Y8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:07.843000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:04:07.843000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0010062
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Rzr1W9YZ2yecY6MGkQ8Y8/b45ad7ea3470fdabaea542144334b4f2/NIGCRM0010062.jpg"
caption: View of five standing stones and one fallen stone in a clearing, Alok.
2013,2034.23933 © <NAME>/TARA
- sys:
id: 2mMylBVqvaQ6gIgoAiO6MU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:05:49.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 02:05:49.581000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Whilst the stones seem to share common features, each monolith is unique
in its design and execution, and are thought to “bear a complex codified iconography
and an ancient writing, communication and graphic system composed in a complex
traditional design configuration” (UNESCO 2007).
- sys:
id: 20UEFUXCJOO6ki86sMi6q2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:35:55.321000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:35:55.321000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 6'
body: |
Local ethnographies about the Ikom monoliths are based in oral traditions and as such there are numerous meanings associated with the stones. For example, stone circles are used as places of sacrifice and community meeting places. They were created as memorials of departed heroes or beloved family members and represent powerful ancestral spirits to whom offerings are still made (Esu and Ukata, 2012:112). In addition local community leaders also ascribed religious significance of the stones whereby particular stone are dedicated to the god of harvest, the god of fertility and the god of war (Esu and Ukata, 2012:113).
The local communities in the area value the monoliths in their traditional practices, beliefs and rituals, such as being ceremonially painted at the time of the [Yam festival](http://africanrockart.org/news/monoliths-cross-river-state-nigeria "monoliths cross river state").
- sys:
id: 5Azwtj3SEgoEweaESQUY0e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:39:23.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:39:23.421000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: rOeKzKuGw8EMG08MyM02Q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:38:21.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:38:21.345000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0010081
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rOeKzKuGw8EMG08MyM02Q/a8e500a01a2d3f45d2c761aeb181d904/NIGCRM0010081.jpg"
caption: 'Monoith being opainted in orange, blue and white by local woman. Standing
to the left is Chief Silvanus Akong of Alok village. 2013,2034.23952 © David
Coulson/TARA '
- sys:
id: 47U5H0p6yQUWagCwYauyci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:40:23.912000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:40:23.912000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Nigeria: featured site, chapter 7'
body: 'Recent criticism has focused on ways in which scholars have situated
these sculptural forms within Western/European anthropological and archaeological
discourse that has reduced them to “mere artefacts and monuments” rather than
attending to their “artistic attributes, content and context” (Akpang, 2014:67-68). '
citations:
- sys:
id: 5XzFExCZYA4mKGY0ua6Iwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. 2014. ‘Beyond Anthropological and Associational
discourse- interrogating the minimalism of Ikom Monoliths as concept and found
object art’, in \n*Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences*,
Vol.2, Issue 1, pp.67-84.\n\nAllison P. 1967. *Cross River State Monoliths*.
Lagos: Department of Antiquities, Federal Republic of Nigeria.\n\nEsu, B.
B. and <NAME>. 2012. ‘Enhancing the tourism value of Cross River state monoliths
and stone circles through geo-mapping and ethnographic study (part 1)’, in
*Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism*, Vol. 3(6), pp. 106-116.\n\nLe
Quellec, J-L. 2004. *Rock Art in Africa: Mythology and Legend*. Paris: Flammarion.\n\nMangut,
J. and <NAME>. 2012. ‘Harnessing the Potentials of Rock Art Sites in
Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria for Tourism Development’, in *Journal of
Tourism and Heritage*, Vol.1 No. 1 pp: 36-42.\n\nShaw, T. 1978. *Nigeria its
Archaeology and Early History*. London: Thames and\nHudson.\n\nUNESCO. 2007.
\ ‘Alok Ikom Monoliths’ UNESCO [Online], Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5173/\n\nVaughan
J. H. 1962. ‘Rock paintings and Rock gong among the Marghi of\nNigeria’ in
*Man*, 62, pp:49-52.\n\n\n"
background_images:
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title: NIGCRM0090006
description:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 03:38:21.345000000 Z
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title: NIGCRM0010081
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rOeKzKuGw8EMG08MyM02Q/a8e500a01a2d3f45d2c761aeb181d904/NIGCRM0010081.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 56FnXwosA0kgA8WIM8Kusk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:44:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-28 17:31:13.877000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Nigeria: key facts'
image_count: 439 images
date_range: 1500 BC -1500 AD
main_areas: North-West and South-East, Cross River State
techniques: Paintings and engraved standing stones
main_themes: Animals, geometrics and stylised human faces
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 5HZTuIVN8AASS4ikIea6m6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. David
Phillipson (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. Tuto Fela, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by Pavel Červiček in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
- sys:
id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\nClark, J.C.D. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\n<NAME>. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Verlag. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\n<NAME>. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.1298'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592557
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq/31cde536c4abf1c0795761f8e35b255c/2013_2034.1298.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:53.440000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:26:40.898000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA/9fc2e1d88f73a01852e1871f631bf4ff/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2KyCxSpMowae0oksYsmawq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:32:33.269000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-21 14:57:42.412000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'The Country of the Standing Stones: Stela in Southern Ethiopia'
slug: country-of-standing-stones
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5N30tsfHVuW0AmIgeQo8Kk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:01:40.103000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0050002
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citations:
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id: 6LBJQl0eT62A06YmiSqc4W
background_images:
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id: 3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:02:09.630000000 Z
title: ETHTBU0080002
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3HHuQorm12WGUu0kC0Uce/cf9d160fced55a45a8cb0cc9db8cbd54/ETHTBU0080002.jpg"
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country_introduction:
sys:
id: 1yZL5vCVKkSw0ue6EqCgm0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:55:17.028000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:55:17.028000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Nigeria: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3fiSQDTIRakyMIookukQGA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-16 17:47:22.283000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:49:16.694000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 1'
body: In general, West Africa is not well known for its painted or engraved
rock art and does not have a long history of rock art research. The scarcity
of paintings may be predicated on the topography and more humid conditions
of the climate, but the shortage of discovered sites to date may indicate
that the paucity of evidence is genuine. Painted rock art occurs in the north
of the country and comprises humpless cattle, monkeys, antelope and human
figures, mainly painted in red. More unique sculptural forms include standing
stones engraved with stylised faces and codified motifs, found to the south,
and are reminiscent of the burial stelae at [Tuto Fela in Ethiopia](http://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/#/article/country-of-standing-stones
"Standing Stones of Ethiopia").
- sys:
id: 2TEEwkKGBWa648eEAeik8O
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:51:57.172000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-17 17:51:57.172000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 2'
body: Located in West Africa, the Federal Republic of Nigeria shares land borders
with Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.
Its coastline lies in the south on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Niger and Benue River valleys make up Nigeria's most extensive region,
merging into each other to form a distinctive 'Y' shape confluence.
- sys:
id: 5j33Z322RiqSIkgEa6W0MC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:44:24.402000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:44:24.402000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1wpXiaFLE8kImw6a4O0yO8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:43:09.652000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:43:09.652000000 Z
title: NIGCRMNAS0010006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1wpXiaFLE8kImw6a4O0yO8/a299524cd0c60d521815d02eb3347c2f/NIGCRMNAS0010006.jpg"
caption: View looking east from the Ikom area towards Cross River and the Cameroon
border. 2013,2034.24321 © TARA/<NAME>son
- sys:
id: 4JWHrIYC4UgkUe2yqco4Om
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 15:56:27.091000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:05:16.491000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Nigeria boasts a variety of landscapes - mangrove forests and swamps
border the southern coastline; plains rise to the north of the valleys; rugged
highlands are located in the southwest and to the southeast of the Benue River;
hills and mountains extend to the border with Cameroon. Between the far south
and far north is a vast savannah made up of three zones: the Guinean forest-savanna
mosaic, the Sudanian savannah, and the Sahel savannah. Painted rock art is
located in the northwest of the country, in the savannah zone, while engraved
standing stones can be found in the more forested southeast.'
- sys:
id: 3kIQbhZ4xOgKeKqEwuoeOg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:23:30.974000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:23:30.974000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6EygE2u9DUWkOAmoMayOQQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:21:19.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:21:19.288000000 Z
title: NIGCRMNAS0010004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EygE2u9DUWkOAmoMayOQQ/b02ac0c0e9384d4c9e144434e63e8369/NIGCRMNAS0010004.jpg"
caption: Boatman at Ofun-Nta, a seaport during the early years of trade on the
Cross River. 2013,2034.24319 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=37854
- sys:
id: 8Gp0HoIrfiQUQGaMKmwO2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:56:06.115000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-22 16:56:06.115000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of the research
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 4'
body: |
The existence of carved standing stones in Cross River State was first reported by an Officer of the British Administration in 1905 (Allison, 1967). In the 1960s, <NAME> undertook extensive surveying in the area, resulting in a major publication by the Nigerian Department of Antiquities in 1968. Research was undertaken in the run up to the Nigerian Civil War (also known as the Biafran War 1967-1970), during the course of which many of the monoliths were stolen and made their way on the international antiquities market. Today a number of these monoliths can be found in American and European museums, including [an example](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=611818&partId=1&searchText=ikom&images=on&page=1) from the British Museum.
The painted rock art found in the northeastern region of the country was first systematically studied and documented in the late 1950s. In 1964, the site of Birnin Kudu, in present-day Jigawa State was declared a National Historical Monument, as a means to promote tourism in the country. Unfortunately, criticism that the site has not been well-maintained or managed has impeded tourism development (Mangut and Mangut, 2012:37).
- sys:
id: Bhiu5cJqUgQCmwWuIMsKG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:29:36.099000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:29:36.099000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 5'
body: "Painted rock art sites in northern Nigeria are often located adjacent
to lithophones, also known as rock gongs - these are rocks and boulders that
were used as percussion instruments. Painted rock art and lithophones occur
systematically at Birnin Kudu, “where the lithophones produce eleven different
notes“ and are associated with female rituals that precede marriage (Le Quellec,
2004:74). Depictions consist of humpless cattle and sheep as well as geometric
signs. Although the original artists and meaning of the rock art are not known,
local communities recognise them today as sacred sites and the images are
thought to be associated with [shamanic activities](http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/africa/nigeria/birnin_kudu/index.php
\"Documenting Rock Art in Nigeria Bradshaw Foundation\"). \n\nIn northern
Nigeria, the painted rock art at Shira in Bauchi State consists of two traditions:
naturalistic, consisting of humans and cattle with suckling calves, and anthropomorphic
images. Paintings are usually executed in dark red on steep rock faces or
overhangs (Mangut and Mangut, 2012:36). Anthropomorphic images have been found
nearby at Geji and Birnin Kudu, and are associated with marriage and initiation
(Vaughan, 1962). Also at Geji, subject matter is quite varied including humpless
long-horned cattle, monkeys, horse, human figures and antelope. These are
painted in three different styles, as solid figures, in outline, and outline
and stripe (Mangut and Mangut, 2012:37).\n"
- sys:
id: F5aTJf3MqWMgUeuIsUMIY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:47:57.513000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:47:57.513000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Meaning
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 6'
body: |
In the Marghi region, paintings are made with reddish clay that is found at the bottom of the river during the dry season. Cooked to enhance the brightness of the pigment it is mixed with karite butter. The clay is however rare and as such expensive, so poorer families replace the clay with charcoal ashes, resulting in black pigments. Thus, the differences seen in the colours used for rock paintings are “not related to chronology or symbolism but only to social status” (Le Quellec, 2004:77).
Near Geji, there is a rock shelter known as <NAME>, that is visited by Fulani herders during the rainy season who peck the existing rock paintings to retrieve the pigment. The pigment is mixed with food for both humans and cattle and is consumed to protect “the fertility of the herd and the prosperity of the herders” (Le Quellec, 2004:77). The villagers of Geji did not presume these paintings had been made by humans but had appeared naturally from the rock, and if damaged or destroyed by pecking would reappear the next day (Le Quellec, 2004:79). Unfortunately, such practices have resulted in permanent damage or destruction of rock art.
- sys:
id: 5zxzzlmp2wSkAA82ukiEme
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:49:31.706000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:49:31.706000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Nigeria: country, chapter 7'
body: Based on the depictions of both long and short-horned humpless cattle
at Birnin Kudu, it has been suggested that paintings predate the introduction
of humped cattle into northern Nigeria, and may be at least a thousand years
old (Shaw 1978). However, depictions of horse at Geji have been used to suggest
that painted rock art in Nigeria are no earlier than the 15th century BC (Mangut
and Mangut, 2012:38). The engraved standing stones at Cross River are thought
to be up to 1500 years old.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5XzFExCZYA4mKGY0ua6Iwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 00:54:17.136000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. 2014. ‘Beyond Anthropological and Associational
discourse- interrogating the minimalism of Ikom Monoliths as concept and found
object art’, in \n*Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences*,
Vol.2, Issue 1, pp.67-84.\n\nAllison P. 1967. *Cross River State Monoliths*.
Lagos: Department of Antiquities, Federal Republic of Nigeria.\n\nEsu, B.
B. and Ukata, S. 2012. ‘Enhancing the tourism value of Cross River state monoliths
and stone circles through geo-mapping and ethnographic study (part 1)’, in
*Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism*, Vol. 3(6), pp. 106-116.\n\nLe
Quellec, J-L. 2004. *Rock Art in Africa: Mythology and Legend*. Paris: Flammarion.\n\nMangut,
J. and <NAME>. 2012. ‘Harnessing the Potentials of Rock Art Sites in
Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State, Nigeria for Tourism Development’, in *Journal of
Tourism and Heritage*, Vol.1 No. 1 pp: 36-42.\n\nShaw, T. 1978. *Nigeria its
Archaeology and Early History*. London: Thames and\nHudson.\n\nUNESCO. 2007.
\ ‘<NAME>oliths’ UNESCO [Online], Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5173/\n\nVaughan
J. H. 1962. ‘Rock paintings and Rock gong among the Marghi of\nNigeria’ in
*Man*, 62, pp:49-52.\n\n\n"
background_images:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-12 01:02:00.372000000 Z
title: NIGCRM0040011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6ndlBNzj4kC4IyysaSk20Y/a9e3b2d35c3e0ee55a93cef88d92b9e3/NIGCRM0040011.jpg"
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region: Eastern and central Africa
---<file_sep>/script/cibuild
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# halt script on error
set -e
bundle exec rake build:prod
bundle exec rake test:prod<file_sep>/_coll_country/namibia/twyfelfontein.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Namibia
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 2KwE2LvwScQG6CmU4eM2uw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:44.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:44.920000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 1
title: Twyfelfontein, Namibia
slug: twyfelfontein
chapters:
- sys:
id: 8m8JIwGB9YyiOoIaeIsS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:19.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:19.760000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'The proliferation of rock engravings at Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes in the
north-west of central Namibia, forms the largest single grouping of ancient
engraved images in southern Africa. Covering about 57 hectares in the core
area and home to over 2,000 engravings, the rock art sites are situated near
a small but permanent spring. The site was first formally noted by <NAME> in a 1921 report to the Administrator of South West Africa, following
a report to him from a surveyor named Volkmann mentioning the engravings, near
a spring Volkmann named as Uais (/Ui-//aes= place among rocks or jumping waterhole
in Khoekhoegowab, the language of the local Damara people). Later, the land
came into the use of farmer <NAME>, whose concern over the survival of
the spring led ultimately to its being referred to as Twyfelfontein (‘doubtful
spring’ in Afrikaans). In 1963 <NAME> visited the site as part of his
work to record rock art sites throughout South West Africa. Scherz documented
around 2,500 images in the wider valley area, while a 2005 survey of the core
site found 2,075 individual images on 235 separate rock surfaces. '
- sys:
id: guZseTx3LaEuKOia8Yuei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:31.866000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 13:43:41.409000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4CdBm63EZaG0uscOGAOimI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:28.378000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:28.378000000 Z
title: '1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4CdBm63EZaG0uscOGAOimI/e0f06c9a18388056521cd57dc8e096aa/1.jpg"
caption: Engravings of animals including giraffe, elephant and rhinoceros showing
the surrounding sandstone. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.23755
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3772379&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.23755&page=1
- sys:
id: 6vS54wtOMwQ0Ce4w2s0Wa0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:37.644000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:37.644000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The engravings are found in several loose conglomerations, on sandstone
surfaces at the base of a hill scarp within the basin of the ephemeral Huab
River, while the few painted panels in the area are found on the underside of
sandstone rock overhangs. The engraved images are pecked and/or ground/polished
and are made in a variety of styles, with ubiquitous geometric patterns of cross-hatched,
looped and linear forms, as well as circles and polished depressions and cupules. In
addition there are numerous depictions of animals, ranging in style from more
naturalistic to stylised and distorted. Chief among the animal images is the
giraffe, which is most numerous. Also common are images of rhinoceroses, zebra,
gemsbok antelope and ostriches. There are occasional depictions of cattle but
images of human beings are almost absent. Also featured are images of human
footprints and animal spoor (hoof and paw prints).
- sys:
id: 5AxeKFL1lYm4Oqm2wG2eow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:49.830000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 13:44:40.593000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4TZJHdTWc0kgOOEqek4OUs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:46.709000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:54:46.709000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010096
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4TZJHdTWc0kgOOEqek4OUs/f55aa0aabccb385ac37c124564f330e7/NAMDMT0010096.jpg"
caption: 'Engraved giraffes showing a pecked shading technique. Twyfelfontein
| /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.22118 © TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763224&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22118&page=1
- sys:
id: 6gb3MFviE0sMWWy4s2UQGi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:05.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-30 17:03:01.797000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The figurative images in the engraved art feature several different distinct
styles, ranging from very naturalistic outlines of animals such as giraffes
and rhinoceroses, through carefully delineated but stylised or distorted renditions
of these animals with exaggerated extremities, to very schematic pecked outlines. One
particular aspect of style is a form of relief engraving, whereby in some deeply
pecked figures' muscle masses are delineated. In others, the infill pecking
is graded and sparser in the centre of a figure, giving the impression of shading. A
few of the engravings are highly polished. Perhaps most renowned among these
is the “dancing kudu” image, a stylised image of a kudu antelope cow rendered
atop a flat slab of rock and surrounded by geometric shapes.
- sys:
id: 5sBqpeSh9uUUosCg2IikCu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:17.975000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:17.975000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: XPX1r31GCsUmOaAIIMQy8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:14.554000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:14.554000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010076
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/XPX1r31GCsUmOaAIIMQy8/c9899e3e4af9424a8bec265ed775b558/NAMDMT0010076.jpg"
caption: Highly polished engraved kudu cow with geometric engravings. Twyfelfontein
| /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.22098 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763207&partId=1&searchText=+2013,2034.22098&page=1
- sys:
id: 16KMXlLrLAiU2mqWAscMCo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:26.702000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:26.702000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 4'
body: "It appears that the kudu figure is pregnant and it has been suggested that
the choice of this animal may have been made in relation to female initiation
practices. This is because the female kudu has a symbolic importance relating
to women’s behaviour in the cosmology of some San|Bushman¹ people, traditionally
hunter-gatherer people whose ancestors are thought to have made most of southern
Africa’s rock paintings and engravings. Other animals known to have symbolic
and metaphorical significance to San|Bushman people are also depicted here
(giraffe images are most numerous) and these images have been interpreted in
the vein of other southern African rock art sites, where images are thought
to reflect the experiences of shamans while in a trance state, and may have
multiple metaphorical and other cultural meanings. \n\nThe engravings were
certainly made in strategic locations and not simply on any available rock surface,
with some images having been deliberately made in places that are difficult
to reach and to see. The reason for this is unclear, though it has been suggested
that such placement might be in relation to the images serving a preparatory
function for shamans preparing to enter a trance. Some of the engravings have
exaggerated features such as elongated limbs and extremities which may reflect
trance experience. One of the engravings appears to depict a lion with pugmarks
(paw prints) instead of feet and third at the end of the tail. Each of those
in the feet have five instead of the correct four pads and this has been interpreted
as meaning that the figure represents a human shaman in trance who has taken
on lion form. A similar suggestion has been made regarding the frequent depictions
of ostriches (Kinahan, 2006). \n\n¹ San|Bushmen is a collective term used
to describe the many different hunter-gatherer-fisher groups living in southern
Africa who have related languages and cultural traditions. Both 'San' and 'Bushmen'
are considered offensive terms by some members of these groups, although others
have positively adopted them.\n"
- sys:
id: 7264zOqUmIAMsgq4QKMgOE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:40.171000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-10 13:45:12.694000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5qTBuuWKukMoO4kcQYiQWa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:45.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:47:45.908000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0020004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qTBuuWKukMoO4kcQYiQWa/9b1c7477a36f65573bca76410c122d3f/NAMDMT0020004.jpg"
caption: Painted human figures and an ostrich. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, Namibia.
2013,2034.22122 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763727&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22122+&page=1
- sys:
id: 5wA7wWhUVaEywmwauICIiK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:53.771000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:55:53.771000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 5'
body: "Such interpretations are made on the basis that the artists followed the
same cultural tradition as the ancestral San|Bushman. The few examples
of painted rock art at the site certainly appear to conform to the hunter-gatherer
tradition found elsewhere in Namibia. Following this approach, the geometric
engraved forms may be interpreted as illustrative of so-called ‘entoptic’ phenomena:
shapes and patterns observed when entering a trance state, though an alternative
origin for some of the geometrics with particular line and circle motifs has
also been suggested. This proposal suggests that they were made by ancestral
Khoenkhoen herder people, rather than hunter-gatherers, perhaps in relation
to initiation practices. \n\nAttempting to date or sequence the images based
on superimpositioning or patina is difficult – superimposition of engravings
at the site is rare and a range of patination colours seem to indicate these
works having been created over a wide timescale, though it has been noted that
a certain style of spoor images sometimes overlie some of the animal figures,
indicating that this is a younger tradition. Archaeological fieldwork around
the site undertaken in 1968 by <NAME> recovered evidence of occupation
including stone tools, worked ostrich eggshell and stone structures. The dates
recovered from radiocarbon dating ranged widely from c.5,850-180 BP (years before
present). The relationship between periods of occupation/site use and the production
of rock art is not known, but based on archaeological evidence from around the
wider area it is thought that engravings in the styles found at Twyfelfontein
range from around 6,000 to around 1,000 years old, though some may be more recent.\n"
- sys:
id: 6uFGb5fXZ6yEESYw6C4S0C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:10.408000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:10.408000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6AdC84mjBuuGMsQo2oCCYo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:05.842000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:05.842000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0040014
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6AdC84mjBuuGMsQo2oCCYo/27ba7c664835ba741ab1f4aa43582f1e/NAMDMT0040014.jpg"
caption: Engraved panel showing the figures of giraffe and other animals, rows
of dots, hoof prints and hand prints showing the range of juxtapositioning and
superimposition at the site. Twyfelfontein | /Ui-//aes, Namibia. 2013,2034.22143
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763757&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22143&page=1
- sys:
id: 68rfcJmZDaAKGU0WAAysU0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:16.915000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:16.915000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Namibia: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'In 1952 the site was made a National Monument and in 2007 Twyfelfontein
| /Ui-//aes was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Portions of it
are currently open to the public for supervised visits and tours. '
citations:
- sys:
id: 2IwYq7P2DuyykIC6iwciC0
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/kenya.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 20R5BacInqWCOAss00yQYs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:44:17.012000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:09:13.279000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 12
name: Kenya
slug: kenya
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=40899
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
- sys:
id: QcwzqQBmEuGWGqC8yKYEM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:21:55.079000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:09:37.621000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.14238'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3685727&partId=1&searchText=KENVIC0010004&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/QcwzqQBmEuGWGqC8yKYEM/18c3688b65a4a7c3e395e86ced3eec07/KENVIC0010004_1.jpg"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:21:55.087000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:11:24.671000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700186&partId=1&searchText=KENLAI0060017&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4egfSRDx3qCckaKuOsOOMC/7acacc9bb5777123390902f431833a08/KENLAI0060017_1.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 2kZmXHcYEkaWQGMK4sGq0Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:47:03.425000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:51:10.317000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 6
title: Mfangano Island, Kenya
slug: mfangano-island
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ffcl2AJFuUmcS2oykeieO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:54:02.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:54:02.102000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa, and at 69,484km², the second
largest in the world by surface area. Sitting in a depression in the plateau
between the eastern and western valley branches of the geological East African
Rift System, its shores are in Uganda, Tanzania, and to the south-east, in
Kenya. Mfangano Island, rising 300m out of the lake near the Kenyan shore,
is home to some of the most prominent rock painting sites in the country,
featuring abstract patterned paintings thought to have been created between
1,000 and 4,000 years ago by hunter-gatherers. The rock paintings on Mfangano
Island are found at two principal sites: in a cave near the sea known as
Mawanga, and at a rock shelter further inland called Kwitone.'
- sys:
id: Ak4bSLKQyOCQESmSuukEk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:47:44.566000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:45:35.105000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 37G9MkkxFuC0mu6qGwcs2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.433000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010032 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/37G9MkkxFuC0mu6qGwcs2y/20dfc41bbaef46d2cc5b733269b032ce/KENVIC0010032_1.jpg"
caption: Lake Victoria. 2013,2034.14266 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692066&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14266&page=1
- sys:
id: 3MSOAnbnKoq0ACuaYEK0AK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:03.942000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:03.942000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 2'
body: Mawanga is a roughly triangular limestone cavern, about 18m wide across
the mouth and 12m deep. The roof slopes sharply to the back towards a raised
platform against the rear of the left wall, on which 12 images of concentric
circles and spirals in white and red have been painted. Kwitone has similar
paintings, situated at one end of a long overhang in a sandstone cliff, below
the shoulder of a ridge. The rock art at Kwitone is at the far end on the
shelter wall, several metres above a cleared floor section. The paintings
here feature 11 distinct shapes including concentric circles and oblongs.
One of these is a prominent sunburst pattern in brown, with rays emanating
from the outermost band. The images are larger than those at Mawanga, averaging
around 40cm in diameter, and less faded, exhibiting more brown pigment, although
both sites appear to reflect the same artistic tradition. These are finger
paintings, with pigment probably made of haematite or white clay mixed with
a natural binder such as egg white or urine. There is evidence that the surface
may also have also been prepared prior to painting, by polishing, and that
some of the images may have reapplied or retouched over time.
- sys:
id: 2W5cMhvviwo6OEMc04u40E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:49:05.022000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:46:53.507000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4RTDlc6IOIikMaMg8mQaoc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
title: KENVIC0020005 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4RTDlc6IOIikMaMg8mQaoc/2572f0ad5751cb16ffb281daccfc39d3/KENVIC0020005_1.jpg"
caption: Painted panel at Mawanga Cave. 2013,2034.14278 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692333&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14278&page=1
- sys:
id: 5yjxz7az7yYSQi2u4UQaIk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:49:47.517000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:47:08.898000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 516BFdHg1G4yO6IkWOQimW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010001 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/516BFdHg1G4yO6IkWOQimW/7c7491674484c9ae4d39ccc06d98b6be/KENVIC0010001_1.jpg"
caption: Spiral and sunburst at Kwitone. 2013,2034.14250 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3685756&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14250&page=1
- sys:
id: 2UpIfZaJVSIyUweYYKak64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:35.312000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:35.312000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The circular shapes seen here are typical of an apparent wider East and
Central African rock art tradition featuring a preponderance of circular motifs,
usually attributed to people known as the Batwa, a Bantu-origin name for a
series of culturally related groups historically living around Africa’s Great
Lakes region and more widely throughout Central Africa. Like the San people,
who are known to have been the creators of most of the famous rock art of
Southern Africa, Batwa were traditionally hunter-gatherers, and are considered
the most ancient indigenous populations of the area. In the early 20th century,
it was proposed that East African rock art of this tradition could have been
the work of ancestral San people, but it is now generally assumed to be of
Batwa origin with, for example, possible parallels to be seen in the symbolic
iconography with contemporary barkcloth designs of the related Mbuti people
from the Democratic Republic of Congo (Namono, 2010).
- sys:
id: 1AWKNMNRSImMCASQusuWc0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:50:25.070000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 17:17:59.954000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2wD915QEYQqsQCCyEusyoW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:35.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:35.128000000 Z
title: UGAVIC0060005 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2wD915QEYQqsQCCyEusyoW/1d5d5b96ebac21badfaaa87cbb154ca5/UGAVIC0060005_1.jpg"
caption: "“Dumbbell” shapes at nearby Lolui Island. 2013,2304.15306 © David
Coulson/TARA."
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691242&partId=1
- sys:
id: 7KbMWDFuY8CwgkwiQuiWew
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:56:16.375000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:56:16.375000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Further examples of apparently Batwa origin rock art can be seen in neighbouring
Uganda and Tanzania, a reminder that contemporary political borders do not
reflect physical partitions in the spatial coverage of rock art traditions. Lolui
Island, about 50km north west of Mfangano Island and in Ugandan waters, is
another important Lake Victoria rock art environment, featuring both painting
sites and rock gongs (sonorous natural percussive instruments with the wear
of use) which seem to be associated with the painting sites. There are also
numerous sets of cupules—ground circular depressions in the rocks. Some of
these are referred to locally as Omweso, due to their bearing some resemblance
to the depressions used for holding gaming pieces in the so-named local variant
of the Mancala-type board games played widely throughout eastern Africa. However,
their original significance and use is unknown. Cupule sites are also found
on the Kenyan mainland and on Mfangano island. Many of these are clearly
anthropogenic, however an unusual phenomenon is to be noted in the spectacular
array of naturally formed cupule-like depressions in the limestone of Mawanga
cave. This may remind us to exercise caution in ascribing ‘rock art’ status
to all apparently patterned rock formations. The cause of these multitudinous
small depressions is so far unknown. '
- sys:
id: 5j3ZVzX81O8qs44GE4i6Oa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:51:05.574000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 17:18:53.166000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: iF8lN8WDzqKWeu2OUQ8gc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
title: KENVIC0020012 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/iF8lN8WDzqKWeu2OUQ8gc/1ea0ae4e085ae7da13cb701cb35493c5/KENVIC0020012_1.jpg"
caption: Natural “cupules”, Mawanga Cave. 2013,2034.14285 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692304&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1MO5OjJiaQyeUYEkA0ioOi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:57:11.093000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:57:11.093000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'The rock art sites of the eastern Lake Victoria region retain spiritual
connotations for the communities living around them, even if their denoted
modern significance differs from that envisioned by the original artists.
The modern inhabitants of Mfangano Island are the Abasuba people, a Bantu
language-speaking group unrelated to the Batwa who have nevertheless appropriated
the sites as arenas of spiritual importance. Members of the Wasamo clan in
the area around Mawanga remember their having used the site for rain making
rituals until a few decades ago, with red and white pigment apparently representing
the moon and sun respectively. Soot on the cave roof may indicate other recent
human activity there. When the archaeologist <NAME>—who first investigated
the Kwitone site in the 1960s—visited it later, he was told by local Wagimbe
clan people that they also held the paintings there to be associated with
some taboos, and connected it with ancestor worship. These beliefs reflect
events of the recent past, as the Abasuba only moved into the area in the
last 400 years. This followed an earlier occupation by Luo peoples, prior
to which habitation by the Batwa is assumed. The local importance of the sites
is highlighted in their stewardship by the Abasuba Peace Museum, which fosters
a continuing relationship with the sites and those who live around them. '
- sys:
id: 38TIUovoUMimQ6G4UmiCOS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:51:38.839000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 17:19:17.336000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4QK41OYhpSa0qogICAW2aQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.436000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.436000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010039 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4QK41OYhpSa0qogICAW2aQ/fddcfe64e7040cb2dfde96be8d043a2d/KENVIC0010039_1.jpg"
caption: Sign leading to the rock art on Mfangano Island. 2013,2034.14273 ©
<NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692275&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14273&page=1
- sys:
id: 6872dmGUjSMsOgWqW0GKOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:59:14.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:59:14.477000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 6'
body: In 2014, <NAME>, curator of the Abasuba Peace Museum, [visited The
British Museum](http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/BM_Africa_Programme_Newsletter_spring_2015.pdf)
for a training and skills exercise as part of the [Africa Programme](http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/skills-sharing/africa_programme.aspx),
which works closely with national and independent museums across the continent
to develop training initiatives.
citations:
- sys:
id: t1Gh6AyCYKqaQ442MgGUI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:52:31.875000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:52:31.875000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1974. *The Prehistoric rock art of the lake Victoria region*. Azania, IX, 1-50.
<NAME>, 2010. *Surrogate Surfaces: a contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Graduate School of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Odede, <NAME>., <NAME>. & Agong, <NAME>. 2014. *Rock Paintings and Engravings in Suba Region along the Eastern Shores of Lake Victoria Basin*. Kenya International Journal of Business and Social Research, Issue 04, Volume 10 pp. 15-24 2014
background_images:
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key_facts:
sys:
id: 3IwY0pYKpOaGSUWK6aU8WW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 15:25:45.996000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 15:25:45.996000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: key facts'
image_count: 1381 images
date_range: Mostly 1,000 BC to the 20th century
main_areas: Throughout, particularly Turkana, the Laikipia Plateau and Lake Victoria
techniques: Pecked engraving, finger painting
main_themes: Geometric motifs and symbols, giraffe, cattle, occasionally modern
items such as vehicles
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 6h9anIEQRGmu8ASywMeqwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:07:20.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:54.244000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
slug: geometric-motifs
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5plObOxqdq6MuC0k4YkCQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:02:35.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:05:34.964000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |-
The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at Lukenya Hill and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:06:07.592000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
caption: White symbolic designs possibly representing Maa clans and livestock
brands, Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12976 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
- sys:
id: 36QhSWVHKgOeMQmSMcGeWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting
shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are
places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat
in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle.
During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were
painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand
their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners,
but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease.
Different symbols may be used for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
- sys:
id: 3HGWtlhoS424kQCMo6soOe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a
similar visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its
167 megalithic stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds
of geometric motifs. Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the
brand marks that the Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other
livestock in the area, although local people claim no authorship for the funerary
engravings (Russell, 2013:4).
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id: kgoyTkeS0oQIoaOaaWwwm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter
adorned with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia,
Kenya. 2013,2034.13006 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership
as we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It
has been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by
camel keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell,
2013:18). Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place
their clan marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees
and wells (Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
- sys:
id: 3sW37nPBleC8WSwA8SEEQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy/a234f96f9931ec3fdddcf1ab54a33cd9/2013_2034.13451.jpg"
caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with
meat-feasting or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic
of something else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu
people reported that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting
shelters were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were
made to mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear
representations of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja,
shows a dung painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which
is said to represent cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols,
painted in fat and red ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on
the Mesakin and Korongo Hills in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child
to whom prayers are offered (Bell, 1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles
bisected by two crosses represent boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn
diagonally) or a slanting line (like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough
pastoralist geometric motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa,
attempting to find the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The
examples discussed here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors,
even in the same location, and that identical symbols can be the products
of very different behaviours. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
<NAME> 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
background_images:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: <NAME>. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> R<NAME>e visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. David
Phillipson (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
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id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by <NAME> in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
- sys:
id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\n<NAME>. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\n<NAME>. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: <NAME>. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\n<NAME>. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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id: 4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:42:27.348000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:25:55.914000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.1298'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3592557
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4aeKk2gBTiE6Es8qMC4eYq/31cde536c4abf1c0795761f8e35b255c/2013_2034.1298.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:41:53.440000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:26:40.898000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA/9fc2e1d88f73a01852e1871f631bf4ff/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 142GjmRwVygmAiU6Q0AYmA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:35:38.627000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:43:02.363000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Kenya: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2sEl2XznyQ66Eg22skoqYu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:28:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:51:02.714000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 1'
body: Rock art is distributed widely throughout Kenya, although historically
rock art research has not been as extensive as in neighbouring countries such
as Tanzania. Some of Kenya's various rock art traditions are attributed to
or associated with the ancestors of modern regional cultural groups, and as
such sites sometimes retain local religious importance. Both painted and engraved
imagery tends towards the symbolic and geometric, with occasional depictions
of schematic animals and people. It must be noted that there are still probably
many Kenyan rock art sites which have not yet become known outside of their
local communities, if they are known at all.
- sys:
id: 6nL6NLL93GQUyiQaWAgakG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:23:16.663000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 16:02:48.785000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 191BlqkgSUmU20ckCQqCyk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
title: KENMTE0010018 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/191BlqkgSUmU20ckCQqCyk/72813bbadf5ed408fa5515940ff369f8/KENMTE0010018_1.jpg"
caption: Painted panel with cattle. Kakapel, south of Mount Elgon 2013,2034.13640
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3699416&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13640&page=1
- sys:
id: 2VIFeJyqys02i4Uc4wGmas
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:29:20.719000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 16:15:40.192000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 2'
body: Kenya covers about 569,140km², bordering Ethiopia and Somalia in the north
and east and Tanzania and Uganda in the south and west. The country stretches
from a low-lying eastern coastal strip, inland to highland regions in the
west of the country. Kenya's western half is divided by the eastern section
of the East African Rift, the long area of tectonic divergence which runs
from the coasts of Djibouti, Eritrea and Somalia down through Ethiopia and
Kenya and into Uganda, curving around the eastern edge of the Lake Victoria
basin. There are a significant number of painted rock art sites throughout
west-central and southern Kenya.
- sys:
id: 69Hu2xajVCWIyOCCI6cQuC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:23:43.746000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:39:32.374000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4ZkoqzwyVaAuciGqmAUqwC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.623000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.623000000 Z
title: KENKAJ0010017 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ZkoqzwyVaAuciGqmAUqwC/240ce914ba1f5a1a6c05c71b1f587617/KENKAJ0010017_1.jpg"
caption: 'View of the Rift Valley near Mount Suswa 2013,2034.12836 © <NAME>/TARA. '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3776423&partId=1
- sys:
id: 54kNwI6Yq4wU88i6MoaM0K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:30:05.512000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:30:05.512000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Although researchers had been noting and investigating rock art in the
neighbouring countries of Tanzania and Uganda from the early years of the
20th Century, the first published mention of Kenyan rock art appeared only
in 1946, with <NAME>''s descriptions of engravings at Surima, in the
northern Turkana region. It was in the 1960s that sustained academic attention
began to be paid to other sites in the country. In 1961 <NAME> published
an account of a rock shelter (now known as Kiptogot Cave) with painted images
of cattle on the slopes of Mount Elgon near Kitale. Wright suggested potential
parallels in style with some Ethiopian pastoralist rock art. In 1968 Robert
Soper was the first archaeologist to investigate the unique Namoratung’a burial
sites to the east of Lake Turkana, with their engraved standing stones, the
interpretation of which would be continued with the work of <NAME> and
<NAME> in the 1970s. In the same decade significant painting sites
at Lake Victoria, north of the lake near the Ugandan border, and in the far
south were also reported on by <NAME>, Os<NAME> and <NAME>.
Research and discovery has continued and is likely that many rock art sites
in Kenya remain to be documented. As recently as 2005, 21 previously unknown
rock art sites in the Samburu area of central Kenya were recorded during dedicated
survey work organised by the British Institute in East Africa. '
- sys:
id: 1VQjZKKOhCUCC0sMKmI2EG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:24:16.333000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 17:16:53.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3o8IJEfzbWI4qiywkMu8WM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:17.505000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010004 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3o8IJEfzbWI4qiywkMu8WM/6c5d99356b89ab8e961c347207547889/KENVIC0010004_1.jpg"
caption: Painted panel showing concentric circles and spirals. Kwitone Shelter,
Mfangano Island. 2013,2034.14238 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3685727&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14238&page=1
- sys:
id: 4t7LVO1JeES8agW2AK2Q0k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:31:05.485000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:31:13.826000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 4'
body: "Figurative imagery only features prominently in about 10% of the known
rock art sites of Kenya. That which exists tends to consist of very schematic
images of cattle, wild animals and people. The majority of both painted and
engraved rock art iconography throughout Kenya comprises symbols, with common
patterns including circles, sometimes concentric or containing crosses, spirals,
parallel or cross-hatched lines and curvilinear shapes. Circular ground depressions
in the rock surface, known as cupules, are also a common variant of rock art
in Kenya, along with rock gongs, which show evidence of the use of natural
rock formations as percussive instruments.\n\nInterpretation, cultural attribution
and proposed dates for these works vary widely across technique and area,
although there are common themes. It has been suggested that the schematic
nature and similarities in the art may point to shared East African symbolic
understandings common to different cultural groups, for example equating circular
shapes (some of the most popular motifs in Eastern and Central African rock
art in general) with chieftainship or the sun, or acting as navigation devices.\n\nGiven
the variations in distance, age and nature of the sites, there is a danger
of generalising, but there are factors which may contribute to more incisive
interpretations of specific sites and symbols. One set of interpretations
for geometric shapes in Kenyan rock art points to the similarities of certain
of these symbols to cattle brands used by Nilotic peoples throughout Kenya,
including the Turkana, Samburu and Masai groups. Although the engravings
at Namoratung'a are not thought to have been made by ancestral Turkana people,
Lynch and Robbins noted the similarities of some of the symbols found there
to contemporary local Turkana cattle brands. These symbols are pecked on
stones at graves containing mens’ remains and have been proposed to represent
male lineages, as animal brands traditionally do in contemporary Nilotic ethnic
groups. Further south, it is known that some more recent rock paintings representing
brand and shield patterns were made by Masai and Samburu men, in shelters
used for meat-feasting—a practice forbidden in their home compounds after
their formal initiation as warriors—or as initiation sites. Actual representations
of cattle are rare, with the vibrant paintings at Kakapel near the Ugandan
border the most reknowned. Their creators are unknown although Masai and Samburu
have been known to paint occasional schematic cattle in the past. \n"
- sys:
id: 2J6pAiklT2mgAqmGWYiKm4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:24:54.228000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:24:54.228000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6sJEag1degeScYa0IYY66a
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:19:31.878000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:19:31.878000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13567'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6sJEag1degeScYa0IYY66a/7b598c98a08f07a8af2290ee301c897d/KENLOK0040007.jpg"
caption: Stone circles at Namoratung’a. 2013,2034.13567 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660580&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13567&page=1
- sys:
id: 2FBovUnIEU0om2mG2qCKAM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:31:50.127000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 17:19:42.052000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 5'
body: Not all of Kenya's rock art is associated with pastoralists. Much of the
symbolic art, particularly to the south and west, is attributed to the ’Batwa’,
ancestors of modern Batwa and related, traditionally hunter-gatherer cultural
groups living around the Great Lakes Region of East and Central Africa. Circular
designs and “Sunburst” symbols are some of the most common motifs usually associated
with the Batwa rock art tradition; it has been proposed that they may have
been associated with fertility or rainmaking. Some rock art on Mfangano Island,
in the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria, has retained the latter association,
having been used until the recent past by local Abasuba people for rainmaking
purposes, despite their not having produced it originally. This re-use of
symbolic sites in Kenya and the difficulty of dating further confuses the
question of attribution for the art. The same rock art sites used by different
cultural groups at different times and for different reasons. Such is the
case at Kakapel for example, where it is posited that the earliest paintings
may be hunter-gatherer in origin, with more recent cattle images added later,
and Namoratung’a, with some engravings apparently hundreds of years old and
others made within the last century.
- sys:
id: 1Rc5KyPQDS0KG8mY0g2CwI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:25:30.561000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-13 17:20:10.830000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1rIqvHUlxCgqW2caioAo4I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:18:52.034000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:22:07.193000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//downloads.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1rIqvHUlxCgqW2caioAo4I/eaa5e32c3a5c09c5904157da0d3a9f0b/KENLAI0060017.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man observing Maa-speaker symbols, possibly representing cattle
brands. Laikipia 2013,2034.13018 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700186&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13018&page=1
- sys:
id: 63k9ZNUpEW0wseK2kKmSS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:19.445000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:19.445000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 6'
body: It is instructive to consider the use of rock art sites within their physical
contexts as well as the rock art motifs themselves. Locality and landscape
are significant, for example at Namoratung’a, where the engraved basalt pillars
at a related nearby site have been posited to be positioned according to astronomical
calculations, based on an ancient Cushitic calendar. There are various ways
in which the creation and continued use of sites in Kenya may have been significantly
interactive, such as in the ritual playing of rock gongs, or in the potential
use of rows of cupules as gaming boards for forms of Mancala, a token game
common through central and Southern Africa which was originally introduced
to Kenya via Indian Ocean trade. It is not known if cupules were actually
created for this purpose—it has been suggested for example that in some areas,
cupules were formed for purely practical purposes, in the pulverising of food
or materials for smelting activities. In Kenya, as elsewhere, what actually
constitutes rock art is not always easy to identify.
- sys:
id: 473wFp8s7CKyuyuIW22KCs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:26:01.650000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:01:02.004000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6CNVylYrKwUkk0YCcaYmE4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:20:17.930000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:20:17.930000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13694'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6CNVylYrKwUkk0YCcaYmE4/084ab0278a8863a0cbc3ac1f631eceea/KENNEP0020002.jpg"
caption: Rock gong with cupules. Lewa Downs Conservancy, Kenya. 2013,2034.13694
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3701781&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13694&page=1
- sys:
id: 24Sdya41Gk4migwmYa60SW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:57.237000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:32:57.237000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Kenya: country, chapter 7'
body: "Rock art ascribed to Batwa peoples could be anywhere between 15,000-1,000
years old, while pastoralist art is more recent. Radiocarbon dating of rock
art is difficult unless it is buried and associated with other uncontaminated
organic remains and as such, scientifically dated rock art from Kenya is rare.
\ Radiocarbon dates from human remains in graves at Namoratung’a South date
from the mid-1st Century BC to the mid-1st Millennium AD, but as dates like
these are not directly relatable to the rock art, researchers have tended
to concentrate on assigning chronologies based on varying levels of patination
and style, without being able to ascribe more than estimated production dates.
\ \n\nThere are occasionally defining limits which aid in dating specific
sites, for example, cattle did not arrive in Eastern Africa until about 2,000
BC, so representations of cattle must postdate this. In addition, in some
cases, artworks known to have been associated with certain groups cannot have
been produced prior to, or post, certain dates for political reasons. For
example, Masai paintings at Lukenya Hill are known to have been painted prior
to 1915, as Masai people were displaced from this area by European settlers
after this date. \n\nThe diversity of Kenyan rock art in motif, distribution
and cultural context so far frustrates any attempts for a cohesive chronology,
but the continuing local engagement with rock art sites in Kenya can potentially
serve as a useful dating and interpretive resource for researchers alongside
continuing archaeological research."
- sys:
id: 5FBcxryfEQMUwYeYakwMSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:26:31.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:41:13.806000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4dt5Tw7AXeoiMOkAqGIoWa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.959000000 Z
title: KENTUR0010065 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4dt5Tw7AXeoiMOkAqGIoWa/53ffe55ad755f4931e5651e84da47892/KENTUR0010065_1.jpg"
caption: Engraved rock art showing giraffes and human figures. Turkana County,
Lewa Downs Conservancy, Kenya. 2013,2034.13848 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3663256&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13848+&page=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 1r3TUrs7ziOaQ08iEOQ2gC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 15:27:37.639000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:55:17.747000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 1975. *Meat-feasting Sites and Cattle Brands: Patterns of Rock-shelter Utilization in East Africa*. Azania, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 107-122
<NAME>. & <NAME>. 2011. *A re-consideration of the rock engravings at the burial site of Namoratung'a South, Northern Kenya and their relationship to modern Turkana livestock brands*. South African Archaeological Bulletin Vol. 66, Issue194, pp. 121-128
<NAME>. 1992. *Ethnographic Context of Rock Art Sites in East Africa in Rock Art and Ethnology*. AURA Occasional Papers, (5) pp. 67-70, Australian Rock Art Research Association, Melbourne
<NAME>. 1974. *The Prehistoric rock art of the lake Victoria region*. Azania, IX, 1-50.
background_images:
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title: KENLAI0100040
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region: Eastern and central Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/angola.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2ewvBc9EUU0soG8q6G0sYi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 11:21:05.925000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 12:17:58.161000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 12
name: Angola
slug: angola
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=40180|108377|108375|108376
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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title: '2013,2034.21210'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744322&partId=1&searchText=ANGTCH0010007&page=1
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title: '2013,2034.21221'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744353&partId=1&searchText=ANGTCH0010018&page=1
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title: '2013,2034.21212'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744320&partId=1&searchText=ANGTCH0010009&page=1
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:19:05.735000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21224'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744348&partId=1&searchText=ANGTCH0010021&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3jSBg1HwJiC2MmWkuWmOUs/b5f46574259ccb7c9f94f830abaae640/ANGTCH0010021.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 4COYtGhxoAuK82cGysc2cu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-11-29 19:47:47.835000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 3
title: Tchitundu-Hulu
slug: tchitundu-hulu
chapters:
- sys:
id: 26QSCtJ2726k0U4WG4uCS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.927000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.927000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Tchitundu-Hulu is the generic name for a group of four rock art sites
located in the Namibe province on the south-west corner of Angola, by the
edge of the Namib desert, about 120 km from the sea. It is a semi-arid plain
characterized by the presence of several inselbergs (isolated hills rising
from the plain), the most important of which is Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume. The
group of rock art sites are surrounded by several seasonal rivers, within
a maximum distance of 1 km. Tchitundu-Hulu was first documented by <NAME> in 1953, and since then it has become one of the most studied
rock art sites in Angola, attracting the interest of renowned researchers
such as <NAME>, J. <NAME> and Santos Junior. In 2014 one of
the sites was the subject of a Masters dissertation (Caema 2014), the latest
addition to the long term research on the site. '
- sys:
id: 4gU0r5PSy4CC8Q00ccMMuY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.741000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 7MqUsgyUhi8IIoM8sGKKAO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.210000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7MqUsgyUhi8IIoM8sGKKAO/01aa753abbbd4fa8224263f644d78b1c/ANGTCH0010003.jpg"
caption: "landscape showing an inselberg in the background. Tchitundu-Hulu,
Angola. 2013,2034.21206 © TARA/<NAME> \t"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744327&partId=1
- sys:
id: 3PYi7QceDKQa44gamOE0o4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.877000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:30:01.864000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'As forementioned, Tchitundu-Hulu comprises four rock art sites: Tchitundu-Hulu
Mulume, Tchitundu-Hulu Mucai, Pedra das Zebras and Pedra da Lagoa. The first
two combine paintings and engravings, while the latter only have engravings. Pedra
das Zebras and Pedra da Lagoa are Portuguese names which can be translated
as the Rock of the Zebras and the Rock of the Pond, but the name of Tchitundu-Hulu
has different interpretations in the local languages –the hill of heaven,
the hill of the souls or the sacred hill- while Mulume and Mucai are translated
as man and woman, respectively. Therefore, the local names of the site point
to a deep meaning within the communities that inhabited the region. '
- sys:
id: fm44bXnRYc0OiwS4Ywogw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.865000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:30:34.170000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'Of the four sites, Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume is the largest , located at
the top of the inselberg, 726m in height. The slopes of the outcrop are covered
by large engravings, most of them consisting of circle-like shapes (simple
or concentric circles, solar-like images), although some depictions of human
figures or animals are also present. In a shelter on the top of the outcrop
more than 180 images can be found painted in red or white, with geometric
shapes being again widely predominant. The depictions have abundant superimpositions
and cover the walls, roof and base of the shelter. '
- sys:
id: 35UGg2OapGC2qG4O4Eo2I0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.726000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:42:06.863000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2KFJl6V2WsekUsMaq8M4Ga
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.151000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.151000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010019
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2KFJl6V2WsekUsMaq8M4Ga/8fd5bad6be6601f1a589674820b0770d/ANGTCH0010019.jpg"
caption: Pecked concentric lines. Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, Angola. 2013,2034.21222
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744352&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4RvVnpbsXK0YcYSUUYyw68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.862000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.862000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'In comparison, Tchitundu-Hulu Mucai is situated on the plain around 1,000
m from the inselberg, in a rock outcrop containing engravings on the top and
a shelter at its base covered by painted rock art. The characteristics of
both engravings and paintings are similar to those of Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume,
although some black figures are present, too. Paintings often combine two,
three or even more colours, and consist mainly of geometric signs, although
there are anthropomorphs and zoomorphs, in some cases grouped in what seem
hunting scenes. The other two sites (the Rock of the Zebras and the Rock
of the Pond) consist of engravings similar to those of Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume,
and in some cases their different patinas show that they were made in different
periods. '
- sys:
id: iZUL3BpxqEII82IQGGGGC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:42:37.270000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1HfdgOK6lC4aCke6we2UGW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.033000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.033000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010005
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1HfdgOK6lC4aCke6we2UGW/308f6b611eeec141c864e431073bf615/ANGTCH0010005.jpg"
caption: Paintings at Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, Angola. 2013,2034.21208 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744324&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5ngD52eGekKEMI2UMeGUWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.771000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:29:43.491000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'The chronology of the Tchitundu-Hulu rock art is difficult to establish,
and it is unclear if the four sites are of the same period at all. Theories
based on the lithic tools dispersed throughout the area ascribed the paintings
to an ancient time period, possibly tens of thousands of years old. Radiocarbon
samples coming from the excavation of Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume showed a date
in the early 1st millennium BC, although the relation of the archaeological
remains and the paintings has not been proved and archaeological materials
of a more modern period were also located. A sample taken from the pigments
at the site rendered a date of the beginning of the first centuries of the
1st millennium AD. In any case, Tchitundu-Hulu hosts some of the oldest examples
of rock art in the country, and it has been linked to the schematic traditions
that characterize the rock art of Central Africa, more abundant in central
Mozambique and Malawi. '
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id: 6MjjzjwufSQ6QqMqwweiaE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.829000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:14.829000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6u3Ewi14cgUU28MWOQ0WMI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.182000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.182000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6u3Ewi14cgUU28MWOQ0WMI/6b84b50d8dd0daaefff6ac33cf7799a3/ANGTCH0010011.jpg"
caption: Red and white oval-like figure (bird?). 2013,2034.21214 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744318&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4pyURXLHpYAWm8m882EKqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:30:49.386000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Angola: featured site, chapter 6'
body: The question of who made the engravings or paintings is another complex
issue for the interpretation of the Tchitundu-Hulu depictions. The harsh
conditions of this semi-desert area probably favoured a seasonal occupation
of the region during the rainy season. The location of Tchitundu-Hulu at
the edge of the desert could also have made this place a strategic site for
the communities living in the region. Several local groups - Kwisi, Kuvale
- have traditionally inhabited the area, but the authorship of these engravings
and paintings and the motives for creating them remains obscure, as does the
purpose and cultural context of the complex images of Tchitundu-Hulu.
citations:
- sys:
id: txWp29xSGOSkuqgOYgeSi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:30.621000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:59:36.553000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: "<NAME>. (2014): 'As pinturas do abrigo do Tchitundu-Hulu
Mucai. Um contributo para o conhecimento da arte rupestre da região.' Unpublished
Masters dissertation \nInstituto Politécnico de Tomar – Universidade de Trás-os-Montes
e Alto Douro. Available at <http://comum.rcaap.pt/handle/10400.26/8309>\n"
background_images:
- sys:
id: 60WuYok9POoqaG2QuksOWI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:34.096000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:16:12.785000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.21210'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744322&partId=1&searchText=ANGTCH0010007&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/60WuYok9POoqaG2QuksOWI/0786f5b209c940eb57e2fa98b10f6cfb/ANGTCH0010007.jpg"
- sys:
id: 40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010022`
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk/074e930f8099bbfdf9dd872f874c3a32/ANGTCH0010022.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 2onItF5XAo8ka8YWUsIAsu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.354000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:24.354000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Angola: Key Facts'
image_count: '26'
date_range: 1,000 BC BC to 17th century AD
main_areas: Tchitundu-Hulu
techniques: Engravings and paintings
main_themes: Wild animals, human figures, hunting or war scenes, geometric symbols
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 5HZTuIVN8AASS4ikIea6m6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
id: 4nyZGLwHTO2CK8a2uc2q6U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:48.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: <NAME>. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly
paintings, engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed
paintings can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those
found stretching from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings
include large, naturalistic animals with occasional geometric motifs. The
giraffe is the most frequently painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant,
rhino, felines and ostrich are also depicted. Later images show figures with
highly distinctive stylised human head forms or hairstyles and body decoration,
sometimes in apparent hunting and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza,
hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous to north-central and central Tanzania respectively,
claim their ancestors were responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area
in which Sandawe rock art is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs
at just a few hundred sites, but corresponds closely to the known distribution
of this group. There have been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock
art early into the 20th century, linking the art to particular rituals, in
particular simbo; a trance dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the
spirit world by taking on the power of an animal. The art displays a range
of motifs and postures, features that can be understood by reference to simbo
and to trance experiences; such as groups of human figures bending at the
waist (which occurs during the *simbo* dance), taking on animal features such
as ears and tails, and floating or flying; reflecting the experiences of those
possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel
lines. The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses
or elaborate hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock
art and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions
of humans), and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed
with rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have
radiating lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly
painted in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. <NAME> (1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date
than geometric designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied
ethnographic records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women
or controlling the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist
paintings are rare, with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible
sites in Malawi. Usually painted in black, white and grey, but also in other
colours, they include small outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional
accompanied by geometric motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800
years ago the practice ceased after Bantu language speaking people had settled
in eastern Africa. Similar paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern
Africa, and it has been assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic
speaking groups, but their precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. <NAME>. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including
rectangular grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to
Bantu speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years.
2013,2034.16797 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known
as Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa
to denote any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa
can be divided into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically
from the Tanzanian depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites
are currently known from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%,
consist of finger-painted geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly
stylised animal forms (with a few human figures) and rows of finger dots.
Both types are thought to date back many thousands of years. The two traditions
co-occur over a vast area of eastern and central Africa and while often found
in close proximity to each other are only found together at a few sites. However,
it is the dominance of geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition
very distinctive from other regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two
types: firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric
forms thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the
town of Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height,
are fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask
its spirits for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all
close to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not
in such large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
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id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by <NAME> in 1971. This research
thread proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging
from the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation
and lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia
have started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda
and Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle
depictions seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either
isolated or in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show
their importance in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines,
dogs, etc. – are also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and
fighting scenes between warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also
common, usually associated with other depictions; and in some places they
have been interpreted as tribal or clan marks. Both engraving and painting
is common in most regions, with many regional variations. \n"
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id: 4XIIE3lDZYeqCG6CUOYsIG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:53.913000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:55:12.472000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
Laas Geel, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:18:28.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:26:13.401000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\nClark, J.C.D. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia &
Nyasaland*: Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume,
R. (ed.) 1995. Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre
dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.),
Chauvigny.\n\nLeakey, M. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings
of Tanzania*. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later
Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Verlag. \n\nNamono, Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to
the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University
of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson, D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern
Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute
in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\n<NAME>. (1995), Rock art in south-Central
Africa: A study based on the pictographs of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama
District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997), Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings
of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\nSmith
B.W. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock paintings and the Nyau secret society
of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia. *African Archaeological Review*18(4):
187–211.\n\n<NAME>. 2013, ‘Rock art research in Africa; in In: Lane,
P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974. ‘A record of some prehistoric
and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania Notes and Records* 75,
pp.9-27."
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.1298'
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6DbMO4lEBOU06CeAsEE8aA/9fc2e1d88f73a01852e1871f631bf4ff/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
slug: geometric-motifs
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5plObOxqdq6MuC0k4YkCQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:02:35.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:05:34.964000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |-
The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at Lukenya Hill and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
- sys:
id: 71cjHu2xrOC8O6IwSmMSS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:57:39.559000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:06:07.592000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
caption: White symbolic designs possibly representing Maa clans and livestock
brands, Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12976 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
- sys:
id: 36QhSWVHKgOeMQmSMcGeWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting
shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are
places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat
in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle.
During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were
painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand
their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners,
but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease.
Different symbols may be used for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
- sys:
id: 3HGWtlhoS424kQCMo6soOe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a
similar visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its
167 megalithic stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds
of geometric motifs. Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the
brand marks that the Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other
livestock in the area, although local people claim no authorship for the funerary
engravings (Russell, 2013:4).
- sys:
id: kgoyTkeS0oQIoaOaaWwwm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter
adorned with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia,
Kenya. 2013,2034.13006 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership
as we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It
has been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by
camel keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell,
2013:18). Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place
their clan marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees
and wells (Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
- sys:
id: 3sW37nPBleC8WSwA8SEEQM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy/a234f96f9931ec3fdddcf1ab54a33cd9/2013_2034.13451.jpg"
caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with
meat-feasting or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic
of something else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu
people reported that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting
shelters were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were
made to mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear
representations of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja,
shows a dung painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which
is said to represent cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols,
painted in fat and red ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on
the Mesakin and Korongo Hills in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child
to whom prayers are offered (Bell, 1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles
bisected by two crosses represent boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn
diagonally) or a slanting line (like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough
pastoralist geometric motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa,
attempting to find the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The
examples discussed here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors,
even in the same location, and that identical symbols can be the products
of very different behaviours. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
Gramly R 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
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country_introduction:
sys:
id: 3FI9toCf966mwqGkewwm62
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:28.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:28.009000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Angola: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4c7LrgmhRm6oEIsmKMyICO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:13.048000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:10:43.664000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Angola is a country located in the south-west of Africa, stretching from
the Atlantic Ocean to the centre of the continent. Angolan rock art consists
both of engravings and paintings, and is mostly located relatively near to
the coast, although some sites have also been documented in the easternmost
part of the country, near the border with Zambia. Depictions are very varied,
representing animals, human figures and geometric signs, in many cases grouped
in hunting or war scenes. In some cases, firearms appear represented, showing
the period of contact with Europeans from the 1500s onwards. '
- sys:
id: 6d4OdBQujeqc8gYMAUaQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.855000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:43:02.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3fc97FP7N6Q4qaYY82yMee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.366000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.366000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3fc97FP7N6Q4qaYY82yMee/f28490284dadb197c3aafc749fd9de88/ANGTCH0010008.jpg"
caption: "Painted group of white, red and dark red geometric signs. Tchitundu-Hulu
Mucai, Angola. 2013,2034.21211\t© TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744321&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1LCP4wqQiYI4wSiSqsagwK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.894000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.894000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 2'
body: Angola has a variety of climates. The flat coastal plain ranges between
25 and 150 km in width, and is a semiarid region covered by scrub, turning
into sand dunes to the south, near Namibia. The coastal region abruptly gives
way to a series of mountains and escarpments divided by the Cuanza River. The
northern part has an average height of 500 m, but the southern region is far
higher, with the peaks occasionally exceeding 2,300 m. This mountainous region
is in fact a transitional area between the coastal plain and the great central
plateau of Africa. This plateau dominates Angola’s geography with an altitude
from 1,200 to 1,800 m, and consists of a region of plains and low hills with
a tropical climate. The climate becomes drier to the south and wetter to
the north, where a wide region of the country can be defined as rainforest.
- sys:
id: 4hwTXZMXe00gwO6uoyKY0Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:43:30.163000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2EhlaF5U6Qui8SueE66KUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.353000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.353000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2EhlaF5U6Qui8SueE66KUO/0329cbdac83a8bc3b9bbaff953025630/ANGTCH0010001.jpg"
caption: Aerial view of landscape showing a valley and a plateau in south-western
Angola. Namibe Province, Angola. 2013,2034.21204 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744306&partId=1
- sys:
id: 6oDRzpZCTe0cioMMk0WmGs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:00:25.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: ''
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Rock art in Angola is primarily located in the coastal region, from north
to south, with a clear concentration in its central area. However some rock
art sites have also been discovered in the interior of the country, especially
in its east-central region, and therefore this concentration in the coast
could be explained by different research priorities in the past. Although
both paintings and engravings are present in Angolan rock art, the latter
seem to be predominant near the coast, while paintings are more common in
the interior and to the south. '
- sys:
id: 48podTUsCQm2Aai0M2CkqY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.824000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 15:35:38.140000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 4'
body: 'Although there are some references in Portuguese chronicles from the
1500s and 1600s which could correspond to rock art paintings, the first clear
mention of a rock art site was made in 1816 with research only starting in
1939, when <NAME> published the first news about engravings of Angola. Since
then, research was intermittent until the 1950s, when the important site of
Tchitundu-Hulu was studied and published. The relevance of Tchitundu-Hulu
attracted the attention of important scholars such as Desmond Clark and the Abbé
Breuil, who along with Portuguese researchers contextualized Angolan rock
art within the continent. Research increased significantly over the next
two decades, but during the 1980s political instability gave way to a period
of stagnation until the 1990s, when new researchers began comprehensive surveys
and organised the available rock art information. '
- sys:
id: 19eEn5GF9e0Yqk4yYmoqKg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.784000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:25:10.620000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: 'Themes '
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 5'
body: 'The rock art in Angola has a wide variety of styles and themes, depending
on the region and the chronology. The oldest images are painted or engraved
geometric symbols and anthropomorphic figures. More recent depictions include
axes, spears and firearms. The latest period of the Angolan rock art includes
complex scenes of war and hunting, and in a number of cases human figures
are carried on a palanquin-like structure. Although schematic figures are
widespread throughout the country, they are predominant in the south-west
where most of the sites have been compared to those in the Central Africa
Schematic Art zone, with parallels in Malawi and Mozambique. In the west-central
area of Angola, in addition to the schematic symbols and animals, images of
men holding weapons, fighting and hunting are common, including warriors holding
firearms which make reference to the first contact with Europeans by the 16th
century. Near the north-west coast, some of the paintings and engravings
have been related to objects used in religious ceremonies – wooden statuettes
or decorated pot lids. In particular, a close association has been established
between rock art depictions and the so-called Cabinda pot lids, which have
different carved symbols—animals, objects, human figures—acting as a shared
visual language. '
- sys:
id: avBmltKXBKIac040I4im4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:16.027000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:13:04.815000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6JWgcpb6JUq0yCegs4MsGc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.335000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.335000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6JWgcpb6JUq0yCegs4MsGc/6f9bad737cd113899538299e444e8007/ANGTCH0010006.jpg"
caption: Paintings showing geometric signs, an unidentified quadruped and a
bird (?) infilled with red and white lines. Tchitundu-Hulu Mucai, Angola. 2013,2034.21209
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744323&partId=1
- sys:
id: 2I6ljlCWZyAmqm8Gq402IE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:12.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 09:16:27.004000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: " Chronology"
title_internal: 'Angola: country, chapter 6'
body: 'As is so often the case with rock art, the dating of images is complex
due to the absence of direct correlations between rock art depictions and
well contextualised archaeological remains. Some of the sites with rock art
have been excavated showing dates of the 7th millennium BC, but the relationship
with the rock art is unclear. In the Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume site, the excavation
at the cave provided a 1st millennium BC date, and the only radiocarbon date
taken from the pigments at this site provided a date of the 1st century AD,
which corresponds with other dates of the same style in Central Africa. The
second tool for assigning a chronology is the analysis of the subject matter
represented in the rock art depictions: the presence of metal objects, for
example, would imply a date of the 1st millennium AD onwards, when this material
was introduced. Whereas, depictions featuring images of firearms would date
from the 16th century onwards. The end of the rock art tradition has been
associated with the presence of Europeans but was probably progressive as
the control of the region by the Portuguese grew during the 17th and 18th
centuries. '
- sys:
id: 1oBOeAZi0QEmAsekMIgq88
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:15.908000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 16:27:56.903000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010022`
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk/074e930f8099bbfdf9dd872f874c3a32/ANGTCH0010022.jpg"
caption: Pecked concentric circles. Tchitundu-Hulu Mulume, Angola. 2013,2034.21225
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3744347&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6qVsC6snf24G0ImyC6yGY8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:30.575000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:00:54.672000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. Desmond & <NAME>. van, 1963. *Prehistoric
cultures of northeast Angola and their significance in tropical Africa*. Companhia
de Diamantes de Angola, Lisboa, Servicos Culturais \n\nGutierrez, M. 1996.
*L'art parietal de l'Angola*. L’Harmattan, Paris \n\nGutierrez, M. 2009.
'Rock Art and Religion: the site of Pedra do Feitiço, Angola'. *The South
African Archaeological Bulletin 64 (189)* pp. 51-60\n"
background_images:
- sys:
id: 2EhlaF5U6Qui8SueE66KUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.353000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:48:02.353000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2EhlaF5U6Qui8SueE66KUO/0329cbdac83a8bc3b9bbaff953025630/ANGTCH0010001.jpg"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:47:54.905000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010022`
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40lIKwvi8gwo4ckmuKguYk/074e930f8099bbfdf9dd872f874c3a32/ANGTCH0010022.jpg"
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id: 6JWgcpb6JUq0yCegs4MsGc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.335000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:36.335000000 Z
title: ANGTCH0010006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6JWgcpb6JUq0yCegs4MsGc/6f9bad737cd113899538299e444e8007/ANGTCH0010006.jpg"
region: Southern Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/sudan.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 4AcIuNBVDGakKqu4OKqcUE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 18:50:55.631000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 17:11:03.529000000 Z
content_type_id: country
revision: 9
name: Sudan
slug: sudan
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=41071
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
- sys:
id: 2s5Rp0kCzO46AsUy6ymeIO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 13:39:42.184000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:05:34.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.225'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3581550&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.225&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2s5Rp0kCzO46AsUy6ymeIO/5ee631964812cc8481d2dbb025ad7ef7/2013_2034.225_1.jpg"
- sys:
id: AMf0wybjzMekgCuSAs28E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:06:06.627000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.272'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586260&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.272&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/AMf0wybjzMekgCuSAs28E/2afa178fb645276aa051e8dc597f1b1e/2013_2034.272.jpg"
- sys:
id: 4pB2o28EnCOk6w8m8IwciG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.703000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:06:43.357000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.347'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586942&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.347&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4pB2o28EnCOk6w8m8IwciG/5ce1e4a59f58a180045818bdc3bc8c13/2013_2034.347.jpg"
- sys:
id: 2JHzf9XFUACqyq0AAaw8CQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.755000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:07:20.356000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.334'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586833&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.334&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2JHzf9XFUACqyq0AAaw8CQ/1070836ffd26fec60872b6b97fb72ff5/2013_2034.334.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1DXzN0USKMoCI4kywAKeEy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:07:57.029000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577799&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1DXzN0USKMoCI4kywAKeEy/c1f12caa1933afa9134b18c5505d14b8/2013_2034.6.jpg"
- sys:
id: 70RmZtVt9Cy4Ameg0qOoCo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.600000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:08:32.195000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.258'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583684&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.258&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70RmZtVt9Cy4Ameg0qOoCo/07832fd85c8ed2d2bbbb478c02bfddfc/2013_2034.258.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 5T1CxEt3MIkwM42YCMEcac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:12:07.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:29.073000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Jebel Uweinat, Sudan
slug: jebel-uweinat
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2Mj1hP5TQci0sCEuAKUQ8o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:19:54.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:19:54.772000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 1'
body: At the nexus of Sudan, Libya and Egypt, where the borders meet at a point
in the Eastern Sahara, a large rocky outcrop known as Jebel Uweinat peaks
at an elevation of nearly 2,000 metres. The massif consists of a large, ring-shaped
granite mass in the west, with sandstone plateaus in the east divided by deep
valleys. Jebel Uweinat is so isolated that, until 1923, the proliferation
of rock art around it had never been documented.
- sys:
id: 1Xgrdv52peoaGuSSayg20g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:16:00.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:10.904000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1DXzN0USKMoCI4kywAKeEy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.585000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:07:57.029000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.6'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577799&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1DXzN0USKMoCI4kywAKeEy/c1f12caa1933afa9134b18c5505d14b8/2013_2034.6.jpg"
caption: Painted cattle and human figures on rock shelter roof. <NAME>,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.6 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3577799&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6&page=1
- sys:
id: 1HdRAmiEkIGCwsagKyAWgy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:17.081000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:17.081000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 2'
body: This rock art comes in the form of paintings and engravings, commonly
of animals and overwhelmingly of domestic cattle – 337 painted sites out of
414 that have been counted contain depictions of cattle and cattle herds,
and there are many further engravings of them. There is a disparity in the
spread of each artwork technique – the engravings are predominantly at lower
levels than the paintings, near the base of the mountain and valley floors,
with the paintings at greater altitude. The images shown here come from Karkur
Talh, the largest of these valleys, which lies mostly in Sudan.
- sys:
id: 1ay8a3SCfmwOgsgwoIQigW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:16:50.686000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:25.098000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 70RmZtVt9Cy4Ameg0qOoCo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.600000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:08:32.195000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.258'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583684&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.258&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70RmZtVt9Cy4Ameg0qOoCo/07832fd85c8ed2d2bbbb478c02bfddfc/2013_2034.258.jpg"
caption: White-painted cattle. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.258 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583684&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.258&page=1
- sys:
id: 6Vn3DoC1bOo4mwYwEeQMcq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:38.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:38.415000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 3'
body: While cattle are ubiquitous, there are also frequent depictions of humans
in various styles, as well as other domesticates, including goats and dogs.
The herds of cattle clearly reflect a pastoralist existence for the artists,
but there are also indications of hunting taking place, through engravings
of wild antelope and dog figures, as well as many engravings of camels.
- sys:
id: 7ptm3SlsKQMOC4WsAsGyCm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:17:47.704000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:39.272000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 32GOdHizCwYKGAqO4sQ8oW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.437000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.437000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.335'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/32GOdHizCwYKGAqO4sQ8oW/d8a9b7309191ced7fff9c6db79174520/2013_2034.335.jpg"
caption: Engraved camel figure. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat 2013,2034.335 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586831&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.335&page=1
- sys:
id: 2OEaHI22BGKWWSWyyIQu6G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:56.425000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:20:56.425000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 4'
body: This variety, and similarities to rock art sites elsewhere in the eastern
Sahara, has led to conjecture and debate regarding the date and authorship
of these depictions. Were the engravings and paintings made by the same people?
Does the difference in drawing styles signify authorship by different cultures
and at different times? The difficulties in objective dating of rock art make
these questions difficult to answer, but it seems likely that there was a
long tradition of painting and engraving here, with much of the ‘pastoralist’
rock art with cattle probably made between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago, some
earlier styles possibly as much as 8,500 years ago, and other images such
as camels made only about 2,000 years ago or less.
- sys:
id: 23kCbUF0EcEiGoYkkWWOGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:27.297000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:16:58.457000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3YBcXyxpbq6iKIegM66KgQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.604000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.604000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.342'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3YBcXyxpbq6iKIegM66KgQ/eb04e0be005fb0168817ddee5d4a742e/2013_2034.342.jpg"
caption: Engraved animals (cattle?) and dogs. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat 2013,2034.342
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586930&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.342&page=1
- sys:
id: 6XjTJyPnFuEkqeyWg2Mku
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:21:14.113000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:21:14.113000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Other than giraffes, the lack of large wild animals depicted (e.g. elephants)
may indicate the climate to have been too dry for them, as during this time
the area fluctuated in aridity, eventually becoming desert. There are, however,
permanent springs at Jebel Uweinat and a more temperate microclimate here
may have allowed pastoralists to subsist while the surrounding area became
inhospitable. Indeed, despite its present remoteness, evidence suggests millennia
of successive human presence, and as recently as the early 20th century, herders
of the Toubou peoples were reported to be still living in the area. The camel
engravings cannot be much older than 2,000 years, because camels were unknown
in Africa before that, and the recent discovery of an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic
inscription from the Early Middle Kingdom serves to confirm that Jebel Uweinat
has never really been ‘undiscovered’, despite having been unknown to Western
geographers prior to the 20th century.
- sys:
id: erHhaJBDi0Mo4WYicGUAu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:19:16.492000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:17:15.357000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4TbDKiBZ2wg8GaK6GqsMsa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.589000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 14:18:38.589000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.3918'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4TbDKiBZ2wg8GaK6GqsMsa/9354c9a992a51a4e896f67ac87fb4999/2013_2034.3918.jpg"
caption: Engraved giraffes. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat 2013,2034.3918 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586999&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.3918&page=1
background_images:
- sys:
id: 2FGW2NwJ2UOi0kMEcW6cc8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:20.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:20.521000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.258'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FGW2NwJ2UOi0kMEcW6cc8/b719e0e85ee7ecfce140d1db6b3581d0/2013_2034.258.jpg"
- sys:
id: 53gAYGjCEgYaksiuGkAkwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:20.503000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:09:20.503000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.342'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/53gAYGjCEgYaksiuGkAkwc/1d799717cb2b19a599be9e95706e5e05/2013_2034.342.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 2tfSjAG6O8kG4sQkWiauoK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:23:42.312000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:23:42.312000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Sudan: key facts'
image_count: 163 images
date_range: Mostly 6,000 BC – 30 BC and Medieval Christian
main_areas: Nile valley
techniques: Engravings, brush paintings
main_themes: Boats, cattle, wild animals, inscriptions
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: 72UN6TbsDmocqeki00gS4I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:35:22.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:47:35.130000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Chariots in the Sahara
slug: chariots-in-the-sahara
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3pSkk40LWUWs28e0A2ocI2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:59.282000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:42:36.356000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 1'
body: A number of sites from this Collection are located in the Libyan Desert,
notably the Fezzan region, and include paintings of chariots in a variety
of forms dating to the Horse Period, from up to 3,000 years ago. This has
stimulated some interesting questions about the use of chariots in what appears
to be such a seemingly inappropriate environment for a wheeled vehicle, as
well as the nature of representation. Why were chariots used in the desert
and why were they represented in such different ways?
- sys:
id: 2Hjql4WXLOsmCogY4EAWSq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:18:19.534000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:43:36.197000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
caption: Two-wheeled chariot in profile view. Tihenagdal, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.999 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588528&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.999&page=1
- sys:
id: 3TiPUtUxgAQUe0UGoQUqO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 2'
body: The chariot has been one of the great empowering innovations of history.
It likely originated in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC due to advances in metallurgy
during the Bronze Age, and has served as a primary means of transport until
quite recently in the historical period across Africa, Eurasia and Europe.
Chariots provided rapid and efficient transport, and were ideal for the battlefield
as the design provided a raised firing platform for archers . As a result
the chariot became the principal war machine from the Egyptians through to
the Romans; and the Chinese, who owned an army of 10,000 chariots. Indeed,
our use of the word car is a derivative of the Latin word carrus, meaning
‘a chariot of war or of triumph’.
- sys:
id: 5ZxcAksrFSKEGacE2iwQuk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:19:58.050000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:44:46.340000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
title: '124534'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK/d8ee0111089adb2b565b48919f21dfbe/124534.jpg"
caption: Neo-Assyrian Gypsum wall panel relief showing Ashurnasirpal II hunting
lions, 865BC – 860 BC. © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367027&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=124534&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Grf0McSJ2Uq4SUaUQAMwU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 3'
body: The chariot in the Sahara was probably introduced by the Garamantes, a
cultural group thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists.
There is little textual information about the Garamantes, documentation comes
mainly from Greek and Roman sources. Herodotus described them as ‘a very great
nation’. Recent archaeological research has shown that the Garamantes established
about eight major towns as well as numerous other settlements, and were ‘brilliant
farmers, resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants’. The success of
the Garamantes was based on their subterranean water-extraction system, a
network of underground tunnels, allowing the Garamantian culture to flourish
in an increasingly arid environment, resulting in population expansion, urbanisation,
and conquest.
- sys:
id: 6fOKcyIgKcyMi8uC4WW6sG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:33.572000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:45:32.605000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.407'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms/18e67077bdaa437ac82e85ba48cdb0da/2013_2034.407.jpg"
caption: A so-called ‘Flying gallop’ chariot. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.407 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3580186&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.407&page=1
- sys:
id: CAQ4O5QWhaCeOQAMmgGSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 4'
body: On average there are about 500 drawings of chariots across the Sahara,
from the Fezzan in Libya through the Aïr of Niger into northern Mali and then
westward to the Atlantic coast; but not all were produced by the Garamantes.
It is still not certain that chariots were driven along the routes where their
depictions occur; remains of chariots have never been found west of the Fezzan.
However, the Fezzan states were thriving trade routes and chariots are likely
to have been used to transport salt, cloth, beads and metal goods in exchange
for gold, ivory and slaves. The widespread occurrence of chariot imagery on
Saharan rock outcrops has led to the proposition of ‘chariot routes’ linking
North and West Africa. However, these vehicles were not suited for long-distance
transport across desert terrain; more localised use is probable, conducted
through middlemen who were aware of the trade routes through the desert landscape.
Additionally, the horse at this time was a prestige animal and it is unlikely
that they facilitated transport across the Saharan trade routes, with travellers
rather utilising donkeys or oxen.
- sys:
id: 5cgk0mmvKwC0IGsCyIsewG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:59.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:46:44.461000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.389'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq/d167c56220dfd17c399b02086fe9ebc3/2013_2034.389.jpg"
caption: This two wheeled chariot is being drawn by a cow with upturned horns.
Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.389 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579985&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.389&page=1
- sys:
id: 5pKuD1vPdmcs2o8eQeumM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 5'
body: The absence of archaeological evidence for chariots has led to the suggestion
that some representations of chariots may have been the result of cultural
diffusion, transmitted orally by nomadic peoples traversing the region. Artists
may never have actually seen the vehicles themselves. If this is the case,
chariot symbols may have acquired some special meaning above their function
as modes of transport. It may also explain why some representations of chariots
do not seem to conform to more conventional styles of representations and
account for the different ways in which they were depicted.
- sys:
id: wckVt1SCpqs0IYeaAsWeS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:21:42.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:48:40.965000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.392'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ/7606d86492a167b9ec4b105a7eb57d74/2013_2034.392.jpg"
caption: These two images (above and below) depicts chariots as if ‘flattened
out’, with the horses represented back to back. Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.392 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579981&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.392&page=1
- sys:
id: 7fKfpmISPYs04YOi8G0kAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.393'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8/665bea9aafec58dfe3487ee665b3a9ec/2013_2034.393.jpg"
caption: 2013,2034.393 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579980&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.393&page=1
- sys:
id: 3xUchEu4sECWq4mAoEYYM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:33.472000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:20:52.618000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.370'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO/c8afe8c1724289dee3c1116fd4ba9280/2013_2034.370.jpg"
caption: Possible chariot feature in top left of image. Acacus Mountains, Libya.
2013,2034.370 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579291&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.370&page=1
- sys:
id: 6bQzinrqXmYESoWqyYYyuI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:01.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:21:25.227000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.371'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK/a0328f912ac8f6fe017ce99d8e673421/2013_2034.371.jpg"
caption: Possible chariots with two wheels. Acacus Mountains, Fezzan District,
Libya. 2013,2034.371 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579290&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.371&page=1
- sys:
id: 5qthr4HJaEoIe2sOOqiU4K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:40.388000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:17.884000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 6'
body: |-
The two images may or may not depict chariots. The rectangular shapes are potentially abstracted forms of the chariot similar to the ‘flattened out’ depictions discussed previously. These potentially abstracted representations often sit alongside distinguishing figures, such as geometric bi-triangular figures, spears or lances, women wearing long dresses, and animals drawn in a fairly naturalistic style, of the Horse Period when the chariots were being used.
Beside the schematic and simply depicted chariots, there is also a group which has been termed the ‘flying gallop chariots’. Their distribution includes the whole Tassili region, although there are fewer in the Acacus Mountains. They resemble the classical two-wheeled antique chariots, generally drawn by two horses, but sometimes three, or even four. The driver is usually alone, and is depicted in a typical style with a stick head. The majority are shown at full speed, with the driver holding a whip standing on a small platform, sometimes straining forward.
- sys:
id: 2NEHx4J06IMSceEyC4w0CA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:30.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:46.413000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 74j3IOLwLS8IocMCACY2W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.949000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.523'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/74j3IOLwLS8IocMCACY2W/5495e8c245e10db13caf5cb0f36905c4/2013_2034.523.jpg"
caption: "'Flying gallop’ chariot, <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Fezzan
District, Libya. 2013,2034.523 © TARA / <NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583068&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.523&page=1
- sys:
id: 1YKtISfrKAQ6M4mMawIOYK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:08.834000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:33:37.308000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 7'
body: |-
In a similar manner to the schematic chariots, the 'Flying Gallop' depictions display the entire platform and both wheels of the chariot. In addition, more than one horse is depicted as a single horse in profile with numerous legs indicating multiple horses; an artistic technique first seen during the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. Interestingly, in the Libyan rock art of the Acacus Mountains it seemed that animals could be conceived of in profile and in movement, but chariots were conceived of differently, and are represented in plain view, seen from above or in three-quarters perspective.
Why are chariots depicted in a variety of ways, and what can we say about the nature of representation in relation to chariots? It is clear that chariots are able to be depicted in profile view, yet there are variations that digress from this perspective. In relation to the few examples we have come across so far in the Acacus Mountains in south-western Libya, one observation we might make is that the ways in which chariots have been represented may be indicative of the ways in which they have been observed by the artists representing them; as a rule from above. The rock shelters in the Acacus are often some height above the now dried up wadis, and so the ways in which they conceived of representing the chariot itself , whether as a flying gallop chariot, a chariot drawn by a bovid or as an abstraction, may have become a particular representational convention. The ways in which animals were represented conformed also to a convention, one that had a longer tradition, but chariots were an innovation and may have been represented as they were observed; from higher up in the rockshelters; thus chariots were conceived of as a whole and from an aerial perspective. The ways in which environments affect our perceptions of dimension, space and colour are now well-established, initially through cross-cultural anthropological studies in the 1960s, and becoming better understood through more recent research concerning the brain. Of course, this is speculation, and further research would be needed to consider all the possibilities. But for now, we can start to see some intriguing lines of enquiry and research areas that these images have stimulated.
- sys:
id: 4nHApyWfWowgG0qASeKEwk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:25:19.180000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:17.369000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
title: '135568'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq/c1bca8c151b882c16adaf7bc449e1850/135568.jpg"
caption: Model of chariot, Middle Bronze Age – Early Bronze Age, 2000BC, Eastern
Anatolia Region. 1971,0406.1 © Trustees of the British Museum. The design
of this chariot is very similar to the representation in Fig. 4.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=369521&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=135568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5dtoX8DJv2UkguMM24uWwK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:17.455000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:59.909000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '894,1030.1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE/80aa63978217874eaaa0960a6e0847d6/894_1030.1.jpg"
caption: Bronze model of a two-horse racing chariot. Roman, 1st century – 2nd
century, Latium, Tiber River. 1894,1030.1 © Trustees of the British Museum.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399770&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1894,1030.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 74fcVRriowwOQeWua2uMMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:27.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:35:36.578000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 8'
body: Vast trading networks across the Sahara Desert not only facilitated the
spread of goods, but the routes served as a conduit for cultural diffusion
through the spread of knowledge, ideas and technologies. Chariots were both
functional and symbolic. As a mode of transport, as a weapon of war, as a
means of trade and exchange and as a symbol of power, the chariot has been
a cultural artefact for 4,000 years. Its temporal and spatial reach is evident
not only in the rock art, but through the British Museum collections, which
reveal comparisons between 2D rock art and 3D artefacts. Similarities and
adjacencies occur not only in the structure and design of the chariots themselves
but in their symbolic and pragmatic nature.
- sys:
id: 266zWxwbfC86gaKyG8myCU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:53.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:43:56.525000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
title: EA 37982
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa/b5b41cda0efd36989292d004f039bace/EA_37982.jpg"
caption: Fragment of a limestone tomb-painting representing the assessment of
crops, c. 1350BC, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt. British Museum EA37982 ©Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=117388&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=37982&page=1
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id: 2mTEgMGc5iiM00MOE4WSqU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:28.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:44:28.029000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
title: '1867,0101.870'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS/066bc072069ab814687828a61e1ff1aa/1867_0101.870.jpg"
caption: Gold coin of Diocletian, obverse side showing chariot. British Museum
1867,0101.870 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189587&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1867,0101.870&page=1
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id: 5Z6SQu2oLuG40IIWEqKgWE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 9'
body: A hoard of 100,000 Roman coins from the Diocletian period (not the above)
were unearthed near Misurata, Libya, probably used to pay both regular Roman
and local troops. Such finds demonstrate the symbolic power of the chariot
and the diffusion of the imagery.
citations:
- sys:
id: vVxzecw1jwam6aCcEA8cY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: <NAME>. ‘Kingdom of the Sands', in *Current Archaeology*,
Vol. 57 No 2, March/April 2004
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Geometric motifs and cattle brands
slug: geometric-motifs
lead_image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5plObOxqdq6MuC0k4YkCQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:02:35.234000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:05:34.964000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |-
The rock art of eastern Africa is characterised by a wide range of non-figurative images, broadly defined as geometric. Occurring in a number of different patterns or designs, they are thought to have been in existence in this region for thousands of years, although often it is difficult to attribute the art to particular cultural groups. Geometric rock art is difficult to interpret, and designs have been variously associated with sympathetic magic, symbols of climate or fertility and altered states of consciousness (Coulson and Campbell, 2010:220). However, in some cases the motifs painted or engraved on the rock face resemble the same designs used for branding livestock and are intimately related to people’s lives and world views in this region.
First observed in Kenya in the 1970s with the work of Gramly (1975) at <NAME> and Lynch and Robbins (1977) at Namoratung’a, some geometric motifs seen in the rock art of the region were observed to have had their counterparts on the hides of cattle of local communities. Although cattle branding is known to be practised by several Kenyan groups, Gramly concluded that “drawing cattle brands on the walls of rock shelters appears to be confined to the regions formerly inhabited by the Maa-speaking pastoralists or presently occupied by them”†(Gramly, 1977:117).
- sys:
id: 71cjHu2xrOC8O6IwSmMSS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:57:39.559000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:06:07.592000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.778000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12976'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5yD7fOuAdU4cemkewCqCMO/4d203afb0318bee69decb23327864c79/2013_2034.12976.jpg"
caption: White symbolic designs possibly representing Maa clans and livestock
brands, Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.12976 © TARA/<NAME>son
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3693276&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12976&page=1
- sys:
id: 36QhSWVHKgOeMQmSMcGeWs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:05.920000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 2'
body: In the case of Lukenya Hill, the rock shelters on whose walls these geometric
symbols occur are associated with meat-feasting ceremonies. Meat-feasting
shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are
places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat
in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle.
During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were
painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand
their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners,
but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease.
Different symbols may be used for male and female animals.
- sys:
id: 4t76LZy5zaSMGM4cUAsYOq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:58:35.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:07:35.181000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.764000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12846'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1lBqQePHxK2Iw8wW8S8Ygw/68fffb37b845614214e96ce78879c0b0/2013_2034.12846.jpg"
caption: View of the long rock shelter below the waterfall showing white abstract
Maasai paintings made probably quite recently during meat feasting ceremonies,
Enkinyoi, Kenya. 2013,2034.12846 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3694558&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12846&page=1
- sys:
id: 3HGWtlhoS424kQCMo6soOe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:28.158000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:38.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 3'
body: The sites of Namoratung’a near Lake Turkana in northern Kenya showed a
similar visible relationship. The southernmost site is well known for its
167 megalithic stones marking male burials on which are engraved hundreds
of geometric motifs. Some of these motifs bear a striking resemblance to the
brand marks that the Turkana mark on their cattle, camels, donkeys and other
livestock in the area, although local people claim no authorship for the funerary
engravings (Russell, 2013:4).
- sys:
id: kgoyTkeS0oQIoaOaaWwwm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:05.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:08:12.169000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.756000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13006'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/19lqDiCw7UOomiMmYagQmq/6f54d106aaec53ed9a055dc7bf3ac014/2013_2034.13006.jpg"
caption: Ndorobo man with bow and quiver of arrows kneels at a rock shelter
adorned with white symbolic paintings suggesting meat-feasting rituals. Laikipia,
Kenya. 2013,2034.13006 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3700172&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13006&page=1
- sys:
id: 2JZ8EjHqi4U8kWae8oEOEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:03:56.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:35:15.319000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 4'
body: Recent research (Russell, 2013) has shown that at Namoratung’a the branding
of animals signifies a sense of belonging rather than a mark of ownership
as we understand it in a modern farming context; all livestock, cattle, camel,
goats, sheep and donkeys are branded according to species and sex (Russell,
2013:7). Ethnographic accounts document that clan membership can only be determined
by observing someone with their livestock (Russell, 2013:9). The symbol itself
is not as important as the act of placing it on the animal’s skin, and local
people have confirmed that they never mark rock with brand marks. Thus, the
geometric motifs on the grave markers may have been borrowed by local Turkana
to serve as identity markers, but in a different context. In the Horn of Africa,
some geometric rock art is located in the open landscape and on graves. It
has been suggested that these too are brand or clan marks, possibly made by
camel keeping pastoralists to mark achievement, territory or ownership (Russell,
2013:18). Some nomadic pastoralists, further afield, such as the Tuareg, place
their clan marks along the routes they travel, carved onto salt blocks, trees
and wells (Mohamed, 1990; Landais, 2001).
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:59:47.649000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5yUlpG85GMuW2IiMeYCgyy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 16:56:44.766000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13451'
description:
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caption: Borana cattle brands. Namoratung’a, Kenya. 2013,2034.13451. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3660359&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.13451&page=1
- sys:
id: 6zBkbWkTaEoMAugoiuAwuK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:04:38.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:34:17.646000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Geometric motifs: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "However, not all pastoralist geometric motifs can be associated with
meat-feasting or livestock branding; they may have wider symbolism or be symbolic
of something else (Russell, 2013:17). For example, informants from the Samburu
people reported that while some of the painted motifs found at Samburu meat-feasting
shelters were of cattle brands, others represented female headdresses or were
made to mark an initiation, and in some Masai shelters there are also clear
representations of warriors’ shields. In Uganda, a ceremonial rock in Karamoja,
shows a dung painting consisting of large circles bisected by a cross which
is said to represent cattle enclosures (Robbins, 1972). Geometric symbols,
painted in fat and red ochre, on large phallic-shaped fertility stones on
the Mesakin and Korongo Hills in south Sudan indicate the sex of the child
to whom prayers are offered (Bell, 1936). A circle bisected by a line or circles
bisected by two crosses represent boys. Girls are represented by a cross (drawn
diagonally) or a slanting line (like a forward slash)(Russell, 2013: 17).\n\nAlthough
pastoralist geometric motifs are widespread in the rock art of eastern Africa,
attempting to find the meaning behind geometric designs is problematic. The
examples discussed here demonstrate that motifs can have multiple authors,
even in the same location, and that identical symbols can be the products
of very different behaviours. \n"
citations:
- sys:
id: 2oNK384LbeCqEuSIWWSGwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:01:10.748000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-05-19 07:33:26.748000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1936. ‘Nuba fertility stones’, in *Sudan Notes and Records* 19(2), pp.313–314.
Gramly R 1975. ‘Meat-feasting sites and cattle brands: Patterns of rock-shelter utilization in East Africa’ in *Azania*, 10, pp.107–121.
<NAME>. 2001. ‘The marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies’, *Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties* (Paris), 20 (2), pp.463–479.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1977. ‘Animal brands and the interpretation of rock art in East Africa’ in *Current Anthropology *18, pp.538–539.
Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana district, Kenya. Science 176(4033):
359–366
<NAME>. 2013. ‘Through the skin: exploring pastoralist marks and their meanings to understand parts of East African rock art’, in *Journal of Social Archaeology* 13:1, pp.3-30
† The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people.
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:42.825000000 Z
title: KENLOK0030053
description:
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title: KENKAJ0030008
description:
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country_introduction:
sys:
id: 4fITEJHibm4iy8ykmE2s0G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:22:39.465000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 13:42:14.925000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Sudan: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1sqHdOmWbeyY42OCS0Sc4u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:28.564000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:28.564000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 1'
body: 'Sudan''s known rock art mainly consists of paintings and engravings on
exposed rock surfaces and rock shelters, largely of animals, human figures
and ancient river boats. Most of the published rock art is found in disparate
geographical areas in the northern section of the country: around the Nile
valley and close to the country''s north-western and north-eastern borders.
Images include wild fauna such as antelope, domestic animals like camels,
and depictions of boats, which along with inscriptions and religious imagery
can attempt to date these images.'
- sys:
id: 1993CZTJXsyeWaOscywWs4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:14:29.575000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:12:37.390000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4rPFCqitX2sUOAGUEAqui4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:55.093000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:55.093000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.225'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4rPFCqitX2sUOAGUEAqui4/d0abf71d8e72774026c082d7ae16d71c/2013_2034.225.jpg"
caption: Painted cattle. <NAME>, <NAME>, Sudan. 2013,2034.225 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iwfHwV
- sys:
id: 2qQoPRbg6Q0aMQsc2WWicu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:56.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:18:56.395000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 2'
body: Sudan covers nearly 2,000,000 km² and is geographically diverse, dominated
in the north by the desert of the southern Sahara and divided by the River
Nile, which flows north from the capital city of Khartoum at the confluence
of the Blue and White Niles and is joined by the Atbara River in the east.
East of the Nile is the arid Nubian Desert, which is part of the larger Sahara,
flanked at the north east by the Red Sea Hills and at the south by clay plains.
To the south and west of the country are semi-arid zones with seasonal watercourses,
with the west dominated by the Jebel Marrah volcanic massif, and the Nuba
mountain range near the southern border.
- sys:
id: 4pTDZNCHuo8Wi22GSsSSMK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:19:26.835000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:19:26.835000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 3'
body: Historically, rock art research in Sudan has either been incorporated
into larger investigations of the area’s rich archaeological history, or,
as in the Nubian Nile valley, the result of archaeological salvage projects,
aimed at documenting and conserving archaeological sites and artefacts in
advance of engineered flooding events, such as the construction of the Aswan
High dam in the 1960s and the Merowe dam in the early 2000s. This has resulted
in significant rock art and rock gong discoveries, such as that noted near
the Second Cataract (Žába, 1967) and more recently around the Fourth. Rock
art remains vulnerable to damming initiatives – that at Sabu is currently
under threat by the Kajbar Dam proposal at the Third Cataract. There is great
scope for further research.
- sys:
id: 4O1OTdhzb2UIQYeuuickg6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:19:49.980000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:08.533000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Rock art types
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
The rock art of Sudan is varied across both time periods and geographical regions. Numerous pecked depictions of domestic cattle can be found in the Red Sea Hills (Pluskota, 2006) as well as depictions of both domestic and wild animals closer to the River Nile, such as those found at Jebel Gorgod in a mountainous area near Sesebi (Schiff Giorgini, 1972). Engravings, like those around the Second, Third, and Fourth Cataracts (areas of rocky rapids) are varied in subject matter and in date, ranging from Neolithic engravings of wild and domestic fauna to those with Medieval Christian imagery, for example around the Dal Cataract (Mills, 1965). These are mixed with others from about 4,000 BC onwards which may be contemporary with the Predynastic cultures and Pharaonic periods of ancient Egypt and in northern Sudan, Nubian Kerma culture (known to the ancient Egyptians as the Kingdom of Kush). These include depictions of Nile river boats and later hieroglyphic inscriptions.
The peripatetic nature of these traceable signatures highlights the need to look beyond modern boundaries when considering ancient rock art traditions of Africa. For millennia prior to the creation of the current Egypt/Sudan border, the highway of the river allowed movement between Egypt and Nubia, the people of the region leaving their marks on a narrow area of fertile land that fostered riverine animals like crocodiles, which are occasionally depicted in the rock engravings. From the 4th millennium BC, following several temperate millennia, savannah animals like giraffe lost their habitat in the increasingly arid environments to east and west, but remain reflected in the rock engravings of what is now desert.
The range in styles and dates for Sudanese rock art emphasises its nature, not as a particular artistic style, but as personal and cultural manipulations of a specific medium. A number of stone percussive instruments known as rock gongs, which produce a sonorous tone when struck and are often apparently associated with cattle engravings, have stimulated discussion about the uses of rock art sites as multisensory ritual venues.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:13:14.413000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: AMf0wybjzMekgCuSAs28E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.741000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:06:06.627000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.272'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586260&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.272&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/AMf0wybjzMekgCuSAs28E/2afa178fb645276aa051e8dc597f1b1e/2013_2034.272.jpg"
caption: Engraved cattle, giraffe and ostrich. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.272
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586260&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1KCSPDy6Dyqm2g6OkEeGMy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:29.697000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:29.697000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 5'
body: The understanding of much of Sudanese prehistory as it relates to rock
art remains subject to debate. Some of the best-preserved and most varied
rock art of Sudan’s desert regions is situated only metres from the Egyptian
border in the far north-west corner of the country, in a valley of Jebel Uweinat
– the enormous sandstone and granite outcrop which serves as a boundary between
Egypt, Sudan and Libya. Numerous paintings and engravings are found here,
including images of wild animals, such as giraffe and antelope, humans, dogs
and many cattle. Some of these paintings have been compared with other styles
of rock art in the wider Sahara, including the later Pastoral Period (Muzzolini,
1995). Others have proposed that a different set of paintings in these sites
may be older, with a stylistic link (although fragile) with the Round Head
Period (Van Noten,1978). However, the scholarly community recognises the inherent
difficulty of formulating conclusions of direct links with wider rock art
practices. In areas around the Nile, where there are similar animal engravings,
rock art is also from a wide range of time periods.
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id: 5E1CsZXmy4g0484oGIG2W6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:15:30.625000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:13:29.546000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4pB2o28EnCOk6w8m8IwciG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.703000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:06:43.357000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.347'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586942&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.347&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4pB2o28EnCOk6w8m8IwciG/5ce1e4a59f58a180045818bdc3bc8c13/2013_2034.347.jpg"
caption: Engraved ostriches, dogs and antelope. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat.
2013,2034.347 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586942&partId=1
- sys:
id: 3xX43VnxhuGoG0KKMca2iG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:54.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:20:54.588000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title:
title_internal: 'Sudan: country, chapter 6'
body: 'Ascribing dates to rock art like that at Jebel Uweinat is also uncertain
and is more difficult than dating images such as the depictions of Nile river
boats or later Christian cross engravings like those found near the Third
Cataract, where similar motifs are replicated on contemporary pottery and
corroborated elsewhere in the archaeological record. Occasionally rock art
may be found in a dateable stratigraphic context- a giraffe engraving at Gala
Abu Ahmed in Wadi Howar, an ancient Nile tributary, was recently dated to
before 1,200-1,300 BC in this way (Jesse, 2005). In general, other clues are
necessary, for example known domestication dates: wild animal images are often
superseded with depictions of animals like horses and camels. These were only
widely known in northeast Africa from the second and first millennia BC respectively
and are therefore unlikely to be older. However, this is not an exact science:
examination of the superimpositions and levels of patination on some Nile
valley cattle engravings show that they were made over thousands of years
up to the not too distant past. Faced with such challenges, classifying rock
art by design style, while problematic, can prove useful in envisioning chronology.'
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:13:51.755000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.334'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586833&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.334&page=1
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caption: Engraved camels and human figures. <NAME>, Jebel Uweinat. 2013,2034.334
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3586833&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: 6LV3FmRkCkCOm8UgKQ2e26
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:17:53.755000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:17:53.755000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 2005. *Rock Art in Lower Wadi Howar, northwest Sudan*. Sahara vol.16, pp. 27-38
<NAME>. 1965. *The Reconnaissance Survey from Gemai to Dal: A Preliminary Report for 1963- 1964*. Kush 13, pp. 1-12
<NAME>. 1995. *Les images rupestres du Sahara*. — Toulouse (author’s ed.), p. 447
<NAME>. 2006. *Kirwan Memorial Lecture: Bir Nurayet- the Rock Art Gallery of the Red Sea Hills*. Sudan & Nubia, Bulletin No. 10, pp. 2-7
<NAME>. 1972. *SOLEB, II: Les Nécropoles*. — Firenze: Sansoni
<NAME>. 1978. *The Rock Paintings of Jebel Uweinat*. — Graz, Akademischeverlag
<NAME>. 1967. *The Third Czechoslovak Expedition to Nubia in the Frame of the Safeguarding of the Nubian Monuments Project: Preliminary Report*. Fouilles en Nubie (1961-1963). Le Caire: Organisme general des impr. Gouvernementales, pp. 217-224
For further information about archaeology in Sudan, visit [sudarchs.org.uk](http://www.sudarchrs.org.uk/)
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.342'
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 13:39:22.540000000 Z
title: 2013,2034.334 1
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title: '2013,2034.225'
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region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/morocco/oukaimeden.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Morocco
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
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id: 3ljdBZ1Fra2Kokks0oYiwW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:15:17.431000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:39:26.150000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: Oukaïmeden, Morocco
slug: oukaimeden
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5ggUMhTP3y0uOGcMkYkEI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:09.455000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:09.455000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 1'
body: |-
Oukaïmeden is an alpine-like valley set 2,630 metres above sea level at the core of Morocco’s High Atlas. Records from the 16th century onwards refer to its seasonal profit as summer pasturage by herders coming from villages settled at mid-altitude. It is a well-known place due to the existence of a ski resort, and a well-frequented tourist destination for people coming from Marrakech during the summer. It is also home to one of the most impressive collections of rock art engravings in Morocco, with about 250 rock art sites and one thousand depictions scattered throughout the valley.
Oukaïmeden rock art has been thoroughly studied by Malhome (1959, 1961) and Rodrigue (1999), and along with the Yagour plateau and Jbel Rat constitute the core of High Atlas rock art.
- sys:
id: 5rhQdcEWMo0ewS4Sq4OWcu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:11:07.744000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:11:07.744000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5A7q4PnbI4sYmQsi2u4yYg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5863'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5A7q4PnbI4sYmQsi2u4yYg/95ab9db2de0532159c59d4bbe3e12316/2013_2034.5863.jpg"
caption: General view of Oukaimeden valley. 2013,2034.5863 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613833&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5863&page=1
- sys:
id: 5VOOpZKsb6eY2MMYacY6G4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:11:50.001000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:11:50.001000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1h9eCgWFYce8eqiq2KSGkU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:03:01.253000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5894'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3614035&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5894&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1h9eCgWFYce8eqiq2KSGkU/830a45b1b9107528469498e3dc8c12d5/2013_2034.5894.jpg"
caption: Engraved anthropomorph surrounded by a dagger and a rectangular shield.
2013,2034.5894 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3614035&partId=1&museumno=2013%2c2034.5894&page=1
- sys:
id: 6uSaQ0ylC88yMwE4sKCkcq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:30.214000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:30.214000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 2'
body: High Atlas rock art is remarkably different not only from the rest of Moroccan
rock art, but also from most other depictions documented throughout the Sahara.
Although some of the engravings correspond to cattle depictions similar to those
of nearby regions, there are other images known only in this region. One particular
type comprises detailed, large human figures represented frontally, surrounded
by weapons and other symbols. Another common kind of depiction is circular shapes
with inner designs, which most probably represent shields. Weapons are also
very common, usually depicted in isolation, but not held by warriors as is common
in most of the North African images. Together with these themes, Oukaïmeden
is characterised by a significant number of elephant representations (something
surprising considering its altitude!) and a huge number of complex, geometric
symbols whose interpretation remains obscure.
- sys:
id: 4uVJ5RvCgUiCuEEsKAogs2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:12:18.882000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:12:18.882000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3OAdh6uCrCIgCeuQ2E0koa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.049000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:03:43.993000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5874'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613873&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.5874&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3OAdh6uCrCIgCeuQ2E0koa/a9fe9a0740e535707c227440bac46571/2013_2034.5874.jpg"
caption: Circular engravings (shields?). 2013,2034.5874 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613873&partId=1&museumno=2013%2c2034.5874&page=1
- sys:
id: 2rFEuu8dXSEmUYccCEwUAE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:12:51.006000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:12:51.006000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.068000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5907'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2joH7nmXU42sE00g0GUgMq/36076d52020d185a340141311398c879/2013_2034.5907.jpg"
caption: Engraved Bronze Age halberds (two-handed pole weapons). 2013,2034.5907
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3614147&partId=1&museumno=2013%2c2034.5907+&page=1
- sys:
id: 51fcUCW4Skk64u24W2yEam
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:49.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:16:49.016000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 3'
body: Chronologically speaking, it seems Oukaïmeden engravings started to appear
during the mid-3rd millennium BC, when the Sahara desert became increasingly
drier and summer grazing became more and more important. The earliest depictions
consisted mainly of animals, especially cattle, which was the species that benefited
the most from green pastures. As time passed, pressure on this resource grew
and tensions arose among the communities that used the valley. From the 2nd
millennium BC onwards, animal depictions were replaced by images of weapons
and warriors, showing a different, more violent way of reclaiming rights over
pastures. That situation continued during the long Libyan-Berber period that
started around the mid-1st millennium BC and lasted until the Muslim conquest
of the area, around the 7th century AD. The arrival of Islam does not imply
the immediate disappearance of rock art engravings, but their number decreased
significantly and they progressively lost their significance, becoming incidental
in Oukaïmeden history.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:13:24.362000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:38:01.412000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2nGxKesCSgWOeqSqa2eoAc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.081000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.081000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5916'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2nGxKesCSgWOeqSqa2eoAc/6bd751f25420e92c5655a1af86e277de/2013_2034.5916.jpg"
caption: Pecked bull on a prominent place within the valley. 2013,2034.5916 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jbIt5Q
- sys:
id: 7DEhcGYGoogSOGqOMmImam
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:17:08.360000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Unlike most of the rock art sites in North Africa, Oukaïmeden was not inhabited
the whole year: the heavy snow that falls during the winter prevented occupation
during the winter season. But that same snow made the valley a strategic resource
for the villages placed in the surrounding, lower areas. During summer, when
pastures became drier in the area around Marrakech, herders would take their
sheep and cattle to Oukaïmeden for grazing, much in the way as it is still done
today.'
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id: 1PdfGxdelmo8gkSyeu4kWK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:00.276000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:00.276000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: RXRm1UgosSw248YEayEgC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.031000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:10:29.031000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5879'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/RXRm1UgosSw248YEayEgC/32ef250086422ca87ff06855c563174d/2013_2034.5879.jpg"
caption: Elephants’ Frieze. Several elephants and a rhinoceros or warthog are
depicted facing right, where two human figures are represented. 2013,2034.5879
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3613935&partId=1&images=true&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.5879&page=1
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id: 28aOey79CAaGems6OOqW4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:17:25.702000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-06 15:38:58.399000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Morocco: featured site, chapter 5'
body: |-
Although Oukaïmeden rock art is distributed throughout the valley, there are some sites with scenes that stand above the rest due to their complexity and significance. One of them is the so-called Elephants’ Frieze, a horizontal rock face where four elephants, a feline, a rhinoceros or warthog and two human figures facing the animals were depicted. Two later, vertical Libyan-Berber inscriptions were added to the panel. The scene is placed near a shelter, facing a stream which constitutes one of the main access routes to the valley grazing areas.
The relevance of Oukaïmeden rock art is renowned, and the whole area has been protected since 1951 by the Moroccan government, while the National Centre of Rock Art Heritage in Marrakech has carried on several research projects in the area. However, the interest in the site doesn’t mean its preservation is assured: the growing incidence of tourism, the extraction of stones for building purposes in nearby Marrakech and vandalism are threats that have still to be dealt with. The fragile environment of Oukaïmeden valley adds an extra concern about the preservation of one of the most complete and better-preserved rock sites in Morocco.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5qcDvyXGlUeO0OYGECIQYG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:50.132000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:14:50.132000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1959. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 1. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 13
Malhomme, J. 1961. *Corpus des gravures rupestres du Grand Atlas*, vol. 2. Marrakech, Publications du Service des Antiquités du Maroc 14
Rodrigue, A. 1999. *L'art rupestre du Haut Atlas Marocain*. Paris, L'Harmattan
Simoneau, A. 1977. *Catalogue des sites rupestres du Sud-Marocain*. Rabat, Ministere d'Etat charge des Affaires Culturelles
background_images:
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title: '2013,2034.5874'
description:
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title: '2013,2034.5879'
description:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/contact-rock-art-south-africa.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2Rh3XLBCreIy6ms4cKYKIQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:52:18.110000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:55:09.227000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 2
title: Contact Rock Art in South Africa
slug: contact-rock-art-south-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 6GqC6D7ckgwSoCCKEQqiEm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:11:37.019000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 16:32:02.304000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3734234&partId=1&searchText=+West+Coast+District+Municipality%2c+South+Africa&page=2
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6GqC6D7ckgwSoCCKEQqiEm/0ff3dcb37da4a9a4c5ef6275563cdfdd/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4cLakkCQWQUUYiceIaW6AG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:26:46.253000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:26:46.253000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 1'
body: "The impact of colonisation in South Africa as a result of Dutch and English
settlement from 1652 onwards has been well-documented - with devastating consequences
socially, economically and culturally for many indigenous populations. \nOne
of those impacts was the demise of rock art as a cultural practice by many San|Bushmen,
with the last rock art being made around 100 years ago. Nevertheless, rock art
has provided some interesting glimpses into Colonial events, experiences and
encounters from an indigenous perspective. Depictions of ships, horse-drawn
wagons, guns and people wearing European clothing are not simply observational
records in stone, but tell of history and heritage, memory and identity. This
type of rock art, one that depicts European objects and people, is termed '*contact
art*'.\n"
- sys:
id: 3rcFEUcVbqgqQ0mYUmgYYu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:39:12.810000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:39:12.810000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of European contact
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese mariners navigated the western coast
of Africa exploiting the lucrative trade possibilities on the continent. In
1487, Bartholomeu Dias’s expedition of two 50-ton caravels (small, fast Portuguese
sailing ships of the 15th–17th centuries) anchored in Mossel Bay on the Southern
Cape coast because of a storm, later sailing along the coast to Algoa Bay (east
of the Cape of Good Hope) before returning to Lisbon. Ten years later, in 1497
another Portuguese expedition led by <NAME> sailed along the eastern
coastline to modern day Mombasa before crossing the Indian Ocean to India (Thompson,
2014:31)
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:52:30.862000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:52:30.862000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2qghLSE632AsMMC22MskiE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:51:09.713000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:51:09.713000000 Z
title: Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2qghLSE632AsMMC22MskiE/e6b80c4c43d212e78e81b4f185921093/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg"
caption: 16th century painting by Flemish painter <NAME> (c.1480-1524)
showing Portuguese ships leaving a port c.1540 (© National Maritime Museum)
col_link: http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12197.html
- sys:
id: 3C150sXEbCMQ8QMcYKui4C
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:55:02.770000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 11:55:02.770000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 3'
body: On 25 March 1647 the Dutch vessel, the *<NAME>*, was wrecked in
a storm in Table Bay. Sixty crewman and a junior merchant named Janszen remained
in the Cape for a year waiting for another vessel to collect the crew and rescued
cargo to return to Holland. During the waiting period Janszen and his crew grew
vegetables, bartered fresh meat from the Khoi and fished. Upon his return to
Holland in 1649, Janszen produced a report for the Dutch East India Company
on the feasibility of the Cape as a refreshment station. Janszen recommended
it for its strategic location, the fertility of the land, the abundance of fish
and most importantly, the lack of animosity towards strangers of the indigenous
people (Adjibolosoo, 2001:141) Three years later, in 1652, <NAME> and
80 employees of the Dutch East India Company arrived as commander of the Cape
with the aim of building a fort and supplying the Dutch fleets with fruit, vegetables
and meat (Thompson, 2014:32). Van Riebeek established what is now Cape Town
and is seen by many Afrikaaners as the founding father of their nation.
- sys:
id: 1ob9WoGxQIKok6gWwiAkEO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 16:22:58.502000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:37:18.248000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6GsT2CqeHus8GqO2Uiq4IU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 16:22:35.709000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 16:22:35.709000000 Z
title: <NAME> - <NAME> se aankoms aan die Kaap
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6GsT2CqeHus8GqO2Uiq4IU/236c58e1ce8f1821960a33c9946d86e5/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg"
caption: A painting of the arrival of <NAME> in Table Bay in April 1652,
by <NAME> (1813-1882).
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg
- sys:
id: 6TiCFpLBHGUYCuOaOWoeYC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 16:24:49.190000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-07-24 16:24:49.190000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 4'
body: 'However, the expansion of the Dutch East India Company to the north and
east of the Cape region resulted in the marginalisation of local populations.
By 1740, less than a hundred years after the Dutch arrived, the traditional
hunter-gatherer-fisher way of life in the Cape had all but disappeared either
by the active dispossession of land, sustained political interference or enforced
labour. For the indigenous populations, their “ultimate position as a servile
and landless class inevitably led to the beginnings of the extinction of local
indigenous culture” (Yates *et al*.1993:59). This contact between indigenous
populations and European colonists was expressed early in the contact period
and most vividly in rock art imagery. '
- sys:
id: 4nHgrO0wmQkaUGguQKeC2I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:08:33.429000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:08:33.429000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Contact Rock Art
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "*Porterville* \n\n150km north-east of Cape Town in the Skurweberg Mountains,
near Porterville,there is a representation of a three-masted sailing ship painted
in red ochre called the ‘*Porterville Galleon*’. \n"
- sys:
id: 1O1Wk9Grbie4EiikoiyySE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:11:59.954000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:11:59.954000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6GqC6D7ckgwSoCCKEQqiEm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-12 15:11:37.019000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 16:32:02.304000000 Z
title: SOASWC0110006
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3734234&partId=1&searchText=+West+Coast+District+Municipality%2c+South+Africa&page=2
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6GqC6D7ckgwSoCCKEQqiEm/0ff3dcb37da4a9a4c5ef6275563cdfdd/SOASWC0110006.jpg"
caption: "'Porterville Galleon’, South Africa. 2013,2034.19495 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3730142
- sys:
id: 3tat1UEvxSwg6swC0OmWs2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:15:03.471000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:15:03.471000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 6'
body: The detailed depiction of the vessel suggests that the artist was visually
familiar with European ships. However, while three of the mast flags are pointing
in the same direction, the flag on the mizzenmast (far right in the image) flies
in the opposite direction, suggesting the artist was less conversant with the
technology of sailing ships. In 2016, British Museum curators requested that
the image of the Porterville Galleon was assessed by experts at the National
Maritime Museum, who identified a cross on the shoreline (on the left of the
image) and the ship to the right, including a bow, short bowsprit crossed with
a spritsail yard, and three masts with Dutch flags. The combination of these
features suggests the ship dates to the mid-seventeenth century date, coinciding
with sinking of the *Nieuwe Haerlem* and the founding of Cape Town (Giblin and
Spring, 2016:69).
- sys:
id: qkyiaZ7KjmACgou0suywM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:20:27.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:20:27.981000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 7'
body: "*Attakwaskloof* \n\nIn an east-facing sandstone overhang just north of
Mossel Bay on the Southern Cape coast, the black charcoal outline of a sailing
ship is drawn in a deep and broad crevice. Reddish-orange paint was applied
to the rock surface first and may have served as a background or canvas on which
the ship was then painted. The ship is superimposed on numerous fine line red
paintings of human figures and animals as well as a series of 13 red handprints
and black dots (Leggatt and Rust, 2004: 5). Although the site is more than 30km
from the coast, the details of the ship visible above the water line are portrayed
in clear detail. The depiction of the sailing ship corresponds with what we
know of sailing ships rounding the Cape of Good Hope from the end of the 16th
century. \n\nThe tricolour design of the flag on the mainmast suggests that
the ship represents a Dutch vessel (Leggatt and Rust, 2004: 6). Prior to 1595
the only sailing ships known to have visited Mossel Bay were Portuguese vessels,
which did not fly tricolour flags. Moreover, they attempted to avoid the southern
African coast after a conflict with Khoe herders in Table Bay in 1510. The first
Dutch sailing ships under the command of Cornelis de Houtman anchored in Mossel
Bay on 4th August 1595, spending a week in the harbour bartering iron for cattle
with the local populations (Leggatt and Rust, 2004:6).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jp2LySdcAseIEcsy08Ssw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:20:40.339000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:39:54.322000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4oNe9JTftSCaOcw2YMicQG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:23:15.928000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-07 23:23:15.928000000 Z
title: <NAME> (II) - Calm - Dutch Ships Coming to Anchor - WGA24523
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4oNe9JTftSCaOcw2YMicQG/2466f3251bb8f15097853570e62c8de3/Willem_van_de_Velde__II__-_Calm_-_Dutch_Ships_Coming_to_Anchor_-_WGA24523.jpg"
caption: 'Late 16th century Dutch ships are depicted in this painting entitled
‘Calm: Dutch Ships Coming to Anchor’ by <NAME> (1633-1707)'
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_van_de_Velde_(II)_-_Calm_-_Dutch_Ships_Coming_to_Anchor_-_WGA24523.jpg
- sys:
id: 3ZSiZ5Zly8YeAcWKOs0M6k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:24:03.300000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:24:03.300000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 8'
body: "It is difficult to know exactly who the artists were of this so-called
‘contact art’, but the images of ships are likely to have been made by Khoe
pastoralists and San|Bushmen hunter-gatherers who were the indigenous populations
when Dutch ships started landing around the southern coastline of South Africa.\n\n*Swartruggens*\n\nLater
colonial period rock art can be found in a cluster of sites in the Swartruggens
Hills, on the eastern margins of the Cederburg Mountains. Increasingly, European
farmers started using the Swartruggens for grazing, and by 1728 some colonists
were present in the region. The relative isolation of the area provided a refuge
for escaped slaves, discontented employees of the Dutch East India Company and
the remaining populations of the Khoisan communities (Hall and Mazel, 2005:127).
\ \n\nThe rock art at Swartruggens comprises a limited but repeated set of motifs.
These include men in European clothing, notably wearing wide-brimmed hats and
boots, and women wearing bell-shaped crinoline dresses, cinched in at the waist.
Many of the dresses are patterned with vertical and horizontal stripes. The
shape and style of these dresses are reminiscent of those that dominated western
female fashion between 1830-1860, and the grid pattern was a popular pattern
during this time (Hall and Mazel, 2005:132). Some men are depicted smoking pipes
and firing guns. \n"
- sys:
id: 6w7bPvqDzG4mmwKSkC2ua4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:27:37.213000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:27:37.213000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6OFVBr3mUgqcwCi4oC0u6m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:27:10.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:27:10.583000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.19509'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6OFVBr3mUgqcwCi4oC0u6m/5243bf9b8450bfab9fb3a454c2f78ca0/AN1613150762_l.jpg"
caption: Women wearing European-style patterned dresses enclosed within a circle
of finger dots. 2013,2034.19509 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3734258
- sys:
id: 1hLrFnRQlm6eEgeG2IMIcg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:29:22.353000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:31:09.148000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Horses and mules are prevalent, often depicted feeding at troughs, running
free and harnessed pulling wagons (Hall and Mazel, 2005:131). Of the 340 images
at the site of Stompiesfontein, 165 are images of horses with 33 depictions
of wagons - more than half the total number of images. Wagons are generally
depicted in profile being pulled by team of 4, 6 or 8 horses (Hall and Mazel,
2005:134). The drivers of the wagons are clearly identified, wearing large brimmed
hats holding long whips. In all cases the artist has depicted the interior of
the wagon clearly showing the transportation of both men and women and in some
cases children. Alongside the wagons are men driving packhorses or mules with
others riding on horseback. A repeated feature in the wagon panels is the depiction
of women who are always positioned above the wagons and encircled by finger
dots (Hall and Mazel, 2005:135). The use of horse-drawn transport has been dated
to around the early 19th century and coincides with the development of better
road systems from Cape Town into the southern and eastern Cape regions (Hall
and Mazel, 2005:136) However, until 1848, with the opening of Michell’s Pass,
the area around Swartruggens was not easily accessible by horse-drawn wagons,
which make a probable date of later than 1850 for the paintings (Hall and Mazel,
2005:137).
- sys:
id: 6Zo0yGAQ3mY8wqw8U60W2s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:33:31.366000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:33:31.366000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4kZxlR0vCEkWaQIAQ8Coi0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:33:04.444000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:33:04.444000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.19504 '
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4kZxlR0vCEkWaQIAQ8Coi0/2d7584a0294a352b591550629a9e4fbb/2013_2034.19504_.jpg"
caption: Painted rock art panel at Swartruggens showing horse-drawn wagons, and
figures in European-style clothing with guns. 2013,2034.19504 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3730134
- sys:
id: 4v55jtTmQEoe2sCauwUisQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:35:21.270000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:35:21.270000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 10'
body: |
Many of the wagons depicted at Swatruggens are of a type known as the Spring Wagon or Spring Wagonette. Of South African design, these wagons were manufactured in large numbers in the last three decades of the 19th century in response to the demand for transport to the diamond mines in the north of the country (Hall and Mazel, 2005:138). As such, the wagons seen in the Swartruggens rock art are likely to have been painted from the 1870s onwards but before 1885 when the railroad reached the diamond region of Kimberley in the north.
The contact period rock art at Swartruggens then seems to depict a certain event during the late 19th century when people were moving northwards seeking wealth and fortune. The production and reception of these images “stemmed from local, social, political and economic conditions of the farm labourers, squatters, drovers and shepherds - whom we assume were among the artists” (Hall and Mazel, 2005:141).
- sys:
id: 4vGr1ql4RGaKSy0SMWieS2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:38:13.733000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:38:13.733000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Artists and Subjects
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 11'
body: "The identity of the artists and their relationships with the figures depicted
is an interesting yet complex one. Do the images simply portray experiences
of contact with Europeans or were the artists framing themselves within these
tableaux? It is likely that wagons are the property of the Europeans and that
the majority, if not all, of the passengers depicted are European. \n\nA common
posture for figures painted outside of the context of wagons is a characteristic
hands-on-hips posture, which has been identified as an European stance. Interestingly,
this is a universal convention employed by contact period artists around the
world in their depiction of both male and female European colonists (Hall and
Mazel, 2005:142). This convention may possibly just be an observation of cultural
differences, but as Hall and Mazel have suggested, “it potentially makes a wry
comment about a posture of arrogance and people in the possession of idle hands“
(Hall and Mazel, 12005:142). In the rock art of the Swartruggens there does
not appear to be any intentionality on the part of the artists to insert themselves
into the scenes, “the people, events and episodes depicted are of the Europeans’
world and the art seems to be all about ‘outsiders’” (Hall and Mazel, 2005:143).\n"
- sys:
id: 4HFYx1dTdm2GEQI4Q6WwqC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:39:57.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:39:57.014000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: iW6ebYDzHycokicK8kWSW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:39:33.635000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:39:33.635000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.19517'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/iW6ebYDzHycokicK8kWSW/291f7200ac8bd87ddf903921b3077f09/2013_2034.19517.jpg"
caption: Detail of rock art panel showing figures withhands on hips posture. Close
up of 2013,2034.19517 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3734249
- sys:
id: 1IpPlvLRE42IYkcmayCUGq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:41:20.696000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:41:20.696000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 12'
body: However, this does not apply to other examples of contact rock art. Recent
research has shown that some depictions in the Maloti-Drakensberg reveal a cultural
admixture of both European and indigenous elements. In the 19th century, groups
comprising San-, Khoe- and Bantu-speaking peoples came together to form a new
cultural identity. These short-lived but culturally mixed groups reflected the
social, economic and political milieu of 19th century South Africa, raiding
their European neighbours for cattle and horses, exchanging them for corn, tobacco
and dogs (Challis, 2012:265). As well as being ethnically diverse, they shared
certain customs and belief systems. In this “creolised” (Challis, 2012:80)
rock art depictions show figures on horseback, armed with guns, bows, spears,
and knobkerries, wearing feathered headgear , wide-brimmed hats, tasselled armbands
and skin capes (Challis, 2012:277)
- sys:
id: 7cu4xgoZhe48gOqI4iM2YS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:45:28.447000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:45:28.447000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4CQrxTBqow4SimQQGc62yI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:44:50.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:44:50.009000000 Z
title: 'Horse and rider from the most northerly Drakensberg horse site in the
Giant’s castle area. Note spears. (Challis, Retribe-4) '
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4CQrxTBqow4SimQQGc62yI/b4721fbe40e1a9556698d622456fe4a8/Horse_and_rider_from_the_most_northerly_Drakensberg_horse_site_in_the_Giant___s_castle_area._Note_spears.__Challis__Retribe-.png"
caption: Horse and rider from the most northerly Drakensberg horse site in the
Giant’s castle area. Note spears. (Challis 2012, Retribe:4)
col_link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254311445_Creolisation_on_the_Nineteenth-century_Frontiers_of_Southern_Africa_A_Case_Study_of_the_AmaTola_%27Bushmen%27_in_the_Maloti-Drakensberg
- sys:
id: 6DhPevH8J222e6GEEkqU2A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:47:17.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:47:17.176000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 13'
body: Moreover, as well as the adjacencies of European and local material culture,
rock art depictions show that traditional belief systems were incorporated into
these tableaux. Some images depict figures engaged in dancing a variation of
the Trance Dance, a traditional San medicine dance whereby shamans would enter
altered states of consciousness and are represented transforming into symbolic
animals such as the eland. Contact rock art amalgamates this with elements of
Nguni (a local and indigenous cultural group of South Africa) culture and shamans
transform instead into baboons, a symbolic animal for the Nguni that is associated
with ideas of protection (Challis, 2014:249).
- sys:
id: 6eZhwxCwyQoUQkuWyQsooi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:48:10.406000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:48:10.406000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5bo9lWxyO4YiiySIKuUIOs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:48:22.538000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:48:22.538000000 Z
title: Figure-8-A-Horse-and-Rider-Galloping-Behind-an-Outsize-Baboon-Traced-by-the-author-in
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5bo9lWxyO4YiiySIKuUIOs/a5a8066cbd9f5d39576012015e610049/Figure-8-A-Horse-and-Rider-Galloping-Behind-an-Outsize-Baboon-Traced-by-the-author-in.png"
caption: Mount Fletcher region of the north Eastern Cape Province. (Challis,
2012:279)
col_link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254311445_Creolisation_on_the_Nineteenth-century_Frontiers_of_Southern_Africa_A_Case_Study_of_the_AmaTola_%27Bushmen%27_in_the_Maloti-Drakensberg
- sys:
id: 227ir2Bipm8mmc2YKSMWkO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:49:19.393000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:49:19.393000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Summary
title_internal: 'Contact Art: thematic, chapter 14'
body: Not simply a visual record of encounters and experiences, contact rock art
is as complex socially, politically and culturally as the period in which it
was created. Depiction of European encounters sit within a framework of local
rock art traditions and belief systems as well as colonial history.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7z28m7agdUckmmAUeEsoao
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:50:20.817000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-08-13 13:50:20.817000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "Adjibolosoo, <NAME>. (2001) Portraits of Human Behavior
and Performance: The Human Factor in Action. Oxford and Maryland: University
of America Press.\n\n<NAME>. (2012) ‘Creolisation on the Nineteenth-century
Frontiers of Southern Africa: A Case Study of the AmaTola1 ‘Bushmen’ in the
Maloti- Drakensberg’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 38, Number
2, pp:265-280.\n\nChallis, S. (2014) ‘Binding beliefs: the creolisation process
in a ‘Bushman’ raider group in nineteenth-century southern Africa’, in The courage
of ||Kabbo and a century of Specimens of Bushman folklore. <NAME> and
<NAME> (eds). Cape Town, UCT Press. 246-264. \n\n<NAME>. and <NAME>.
(2005) ‘The Private Performance of Events: Colonial Period Rock Art from the
Swartruggens’, in Kronos, No. 31, pp. 124-151.\n\n<NAME>. and <NAME>.
(2004) An unusual rock painting of a ship found in the Attakwaskloof, in Digging
Stick, Vol.21 (2), pp:5-8.\n\n<NAME>. (2014) A History of South Africa.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press.\n\n<NAME>., <NAME>., and
\ <NAME>. (1993) ‘Colonial Era Paintings in the Rock Art of the South-Western
Cape: Some Preliminary Observations’, in Goodwin Series, Vol. 7, pp. 59-70.\n"
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/chariots-in-the-sahara.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 72UN6TbsDmocqeki00gS4I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:35:22.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:47:35.130000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 4
title: Chariots in the Sahara
slug: chariots-in-the-sahara
lead_image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3pSkk40LWUWs28e0A2ocI2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:59.282000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:42:36.356000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 1'
body: A number of sites from this Collection are located in the Libyan Desert,
notably the Fezzan region, and include paintings of chariots in a variety of
forms dating to the Horse Period, from up to 3,000 years ago. This has stimulated
some interesting questions about the use of chariots in what appears to be such
a seemingly inappropriate environment for a wheeled vehicle, as well as the
nature of representation. Why were chariots used in the desert and why were
they represented in such different ways?
- sys:
id: 2Hjql4WXLOsmCogY4EAWSq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:18:19.534000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:43:36.197000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.999'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2Ed8OkQdX2YIYAIEQwiY8W/9873a75ad2995b1b7a86923eca583f31/2013_2034.999.jpg"
caption: Two-wheeled chariot in profile view. Tihenagdal, Acacus Mountains, Libya.
2013,2034.999 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3588528&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.999&page=1
- sys:
id: 3TiPUtUxgAQUe0UGoQUqO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:18.968000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 2'
body: The chariot has been one of the great empowering innovations of history.
It likely originated in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC due to advances in metallurgy
during the Bronze Age, and has served as a primary means of transport until
quite recently in the historical period across Africa, Eurasia and Europe. Chariots
provided rapid and efficient transport, and were ideal for the battlefield as
the design provided a raised firing platform for archers . As a result the chariot
became the principal war machine from the Egyptians through to the Romans; and
the Chinese, who owned an army of 10,000 chariots. Indeed, our use of the word
car is a derivative of the Latin word carrus, meaning ‘a chariot of war or of
triumph’.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:19:58.050000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:44:46.340000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.141000000 Z
title: '124534'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5neJpIDOpyUQAWC8q0mCIK/d8ee0111089adb2b565b48919f21dfbe/124534.jpg"
caption: Neo-Assyrian Gypsum wall panel relief showing Ashurnasirpal II hunting
lions, 865BC – 860 BC. © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367027&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=124534&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Grf0McSJ2Uq4SUaUQAMwU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:28:46.851000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 3'
body: The chariot in the Sahara was probably introduced by the Garamantes, a cultural
group thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. There is
little textual information about the Garamantes, documentation comes mainly
from Greek and Roman sources. Herodotus described them as ‘a very great nation’.
Recent archaeological research has shown that the Garamantes established about
eight major towns as well as numerous other settlements, and were ‘brilliant
farmers, resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants’. The success of
the Garamantes was based on their subterranean water-extraction system, a network
of underground tunnels, allowing the Garamantian culture to flourish in an increasingly
arid environment, resulting in population expansion, urbanisation, and conquest.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:45:32.605000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.152000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.407'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4DBpxlJqeAS4O0eYeCO2Ms/18e67077bdaa437ac82e85ba48cdb0da/2013_2034.407.jpg"
caption: A so-called ‘Flying gallop’ chariot. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.407 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3580186&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.407&page=1
- sys:
id: CAQ4O5QWhaCeOQAMmgGSo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:06.521000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 4'
body: On average there are about 500 drawings of chariots across the Sahara, from
the Fezzan in Libya through the Aïr of Niger into northern Mali and then westward
to the Atlantic coast; but not all were produced by the Garamantes. It is still
not certain that chariots were driven along the routes where their depictions
occur; remains of chariots have never been found west of the Fezzan. However,
the Fezzan states were thriving trade routes and chariots are likely to have
been used to transport salt, cloth, beads and metal goods in exchange for gold,
ivory and slaves. The widespread occurrence of chariot imagery on Saharan rock
outcrops has led to the proposition of ‘chariot routes’ linking North and West
Africa. However, these vehicles were not suited for long-distance transport
across desert terrain; more localised use is probable, conducted through middlemen
who were aware of the trade routes through the desert landscape. Additionally,
the horse at this time was a prestige animal and it is unlikely that they facilitated
transport across the Saharan trade routes, with travellers rather utilising
donkeys or oxen.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:20:59.281000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:46:44.461000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.148000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.389'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4XYASoQz6UQggUGI8gqkgq/d167c56220dfd17c399b02086fe9ebc3/2013_2034.389.jpg"
caption: This two wheeled chariot is being drawn by a cow with upturned horns.
Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.389 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579985&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.389&page=1
- sys:
id: 5pKuD1vPdmcs2o8eQeumM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:23.611000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 5'
body: The absence of archaeological evidence for chariots has led to the suggestion
that some representations of chariots may have been the result of cultural diffusion,
transmitted orally by nomadic peoples traversing the region. Artists may never
have actually seen the vehicles themselves. If this is the case, chariot symbols
may have acquired some special meaning above their function as modes of transport.
It may also explain why some representations of chariots do not seem to conform
to more conventional styles of representations and account for the different
ways in which they were depicted.
- sys:
id: wckVt1SCpqs0IYeaAsWeS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:21:42.421000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 16:48:40.965000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.288000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.392'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/279BaN9Z4QeOYAWCMSkyeQ/7606d86492a167b9ec4b105a7eb57d74/2013_2034.392.jpg"
caption: These two images (above and below) depicts chariots as if ‘flattened
out’, with the horses represented back to back. Awis Valley, Acacus Mountains,
Libya. 2013,2034.392 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579981&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.392&page=1
- sys:
id: 7fKfpmISPYs04YOi8G0kAm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:05.317000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.393'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/28JPIQ4mYQCMYQmMQ0Oke8/665bea9aafec58dfe3487ee665b3a9ec/2013_2034.393.jpg"
caption: 2013,2034.393 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579980&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.393&page=1
- sys:
id: 3xUchEu4sECWq4mAoEYYM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:23:33.472000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:20:52.618000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.370'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/697LgKlm3SWSQOu8CqSuIO/c8afe8c1724289dee3c1116fd4ba9280/2013_2034.370.jpg"
caption: Possible chariot feature in top left of image. Acacus Mountains, Libya.
2013,2034.370 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579291&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.370&page=1
- sys:
id: 6bQzinrqXmYESoWqyYYyuI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:01.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:21:25.227000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.952000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.371'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5RKPaYinvOW6yyCGYcIsmK/a0328f912ac8f6fe017ce99d8e673421/2013_2034.371.jpg"
caption: Possible chariots with two wheels. Acacus Mountains, Fezzan District,
Libya. 2013,2034.371 © TARA / <NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579290&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.371&page=1
- sys:
id: 5qthr4HJaEoIe2sOOqiU4K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:29:40.388000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:17.884000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 6'
body: |-
The two images may or may not depict chariots. The rectangular shapes are potentially abstracted forms of the chariot similar to the ‘flattened out’ depictions discussed previously. These potentially abstracted representations often sit alongside distinguishing figures, such as geometric bi-triangular figures, spears or lances, women wearing long dresses, and animals drawn in a fairly naturalistic style, of the Horse Period when the chariots were being used.
Beside the schematic and simply depicted chariots, there is also a group which has been termed the ‘flying gallop chariots’. Their distribution includes the whole Tassili region, although there are fewer in the Acacus Mountains. They resemble the classical two-wheeled antique chariots, generally drawn by two horses, but sometimes three, or even four. The driver is usually alone, and is depicted in a typical style with a stick head. The majority are shown at full speed, with the driver holding a whip standing on a small platform, sometimes straining forward.
- sys:
id: 2NEHx4J06IMSceEyC4w0CA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:24:30.605000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:31:46.413000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 74j3IOLwLS8IocMCACY2W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.949000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.949000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.523'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/74j3IOLwLS8IocMCACY2W/5495e8c245e10db13caf5cb0f36905c4/2013_2034.523.jpg"
caption: "'Flying gallop’ chariot, <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Fezzan District,
Libya. 2013,2034.523 © TARA / <NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3583068&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=2013,2034.523&page=1
- sys:
id: 1YKtISfrKAQ6M4mMawIOYK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:08.834000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:33:37.308000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 7'
body: |-
In a similar manner to the schematic chariots, the 'Flying Gallop' depictions display the entire platform and both wheels of the chariot. In addition, more than one horse is depicted as a single horse in profile with numerous legs indicating multiple horses; an artistic technique first seen during the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. Interestingly, in the Libyan rock art of the Acacus Mountains it seemed that animals could be conceived of in profile and in movement, but chariots were conceived of differently, and are represented in plain view, seen from above or in three-quarters perspective.
Why are chariots depicted in a variety of ways, and what can we say about the nature of representation in relation to chariots? It is clear that chariots are able to be depicted in profile view, yet there are variations that digress from this perspective. In relation to the few examples we have come across so far in the Acacus Mountains in south-western Libya, one observation we might make is that the ways in which chariots have been represented may be indicative of the ways in which they have been observed by the artists representing them; as a rule from above. The rock shelters in the Acacus are often some height above the now dried up wadis, and so the ways in which they conceived of representing the chariot itself , whether as a flying gallop chariot, a chariot drawn by a bovid or as an abstraction, may have become a particular representational convention. The ways in which animals were represented conformed also to a convention, one that had a longer tradition, but chariots were an innovation and may have been represented as they were observed; from higher up in the rockshelters; thus chariots were conceived of as a whole and from an aerial perspective. The ways in which environments affect our perceptions of dimension, space and colour are now well-established, initially through cross-cultural anthropological studies in the 1960s, and becoming better understood through more recent research concerning the brain. Of course, this is speculation, and further research would be needed to consider all the possibilities. But for now, we can start to see some intriguing lines of enquiry and research areas that these images have stimulated.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:25:19.180000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:17.369000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.129000000 Z
title: '135568'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Mn54dTjEQ80ssSOK0q0Mq/c1bca8c151b882c16adaf7bc449e1850/135568.jpg"
caption: Model of chariot, Middle Bronze Age – Early Bronze Age, 2000BC, Eastern
Anatolia Region. 1971,0406.1 © Trustees of the British Museum. The design of
this chariot is very similar to the representation in Fig. 4.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=369521&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=135568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5dtoX8DJv2UkguMM24uWwK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:17.455000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:34:59.909000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:45.956000000 Z
title: '894,1030.1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7zQLgo270Am82CG0Qa6gaE/80aa63978217874eaaa0960a6e0847d6/894_1030.1.jpg"
caption: Bronze model of a two-horse racing chariot. Roman, 1st century – 2nd
century, Latium, Tiber River. 1894,1030.1 © Trustees of the British Museum.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399770&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1894,1030.1&page=1
- sys:
id: 74fcVRriowwOQeWua2uMMY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:27.301000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:35:36.578000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 8'
body: Vast trading networks across the Sahara Desert not only facilitated the
spread of goods, but the routes served as a conduit for cultural diffusion through
the spread of knowledge, ideas and technologies. Chariots were both functional
and symbolic. As a mode of transport, as a weapon of war, as a means of trade
and exchange and as a symbol of power, the chariot has been a cultural artefact
for 4,000 years. Its temporal and spatial reach is evident not only in the rock
art, but through the British Museum collections, which reveal comparisons between
2D rock art and 3D artefacts. Similarities and adjacencies occur not only in
the structure and design of the chariots themselves but in their symbolic and
pragmatic nature.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:26:53.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:43:56.525000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:39.145000000 Z
title: EA 37982
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4rwQF960rueIOACosUMwoa/b5b41cda0efd36989292d004f039bace/EA_37982.jpg"
caption: Fragment of a limestone tomb-painting representing the assessment of
crops, c. 1350BC, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt. British Museum EA37982 ©Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=117388&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=37982&page=1
- sys:
id: 2mTEgMGc5iiM00MOE4WSqU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:27:28.284000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-16 17:44:28.029000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:17:46.009000000 Z
title: '1867,0101.870'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/70cjifYtVeeqIOoOCouaGS/066bc072069ab814687828a61e1ff1aa/1867_0101.870.jpg"
caption: Gold coin of Diocletian, obverse side showing chariot. British Museum
1867,0101.870 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1189587&partId=1&people=197356&museumno=1867,0101.870&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Z6SQu2oLuG40IIWEqKgWE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:30:47.583000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Thematic: chariots, chapter 9'
body: A hoard of 100,000 Roman coins from the Diocletian period (not the above)
were unearthed near Misurata, Libya, probably used to pay both regular Roman
and local troops. Such finds demonstrate the symbolic power of the chariot and
the diffusion of the imagery.
citations:
- sys:
id: vVxzecw1jwam6aCcEA8cY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 17:31:32.248000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: <NAME>. ‘Kingdom of the Sands', in *Current Archaeology*,
Vol. 57 No 2, March/April 2004
background_images:
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/niger.md
---
contentful:
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content_type_id: country
revision: 10
name: Niger
slug: niger
col_url: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?people=197356&place=13131
map_progress: true
intro_progress: true
image_carousel:
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title: '2013,2034.9786'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3637692
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2lW3L3iwz60ekeWsYKgOYC/c303352ed0b0976a3f1508ea30b8a41d/2013_2034.9786.jpg"
- sys:
id: 6yxgQFojbUcOUSwyaWwEMC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.057000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:54:03.540000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8891'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637764&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.8891&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6yxgQFojbUcOUSwyaWwEMC/5547eadfdf388937a8c708c145c2dba6/2013_2034.8891.jpg"
featured_site:
sys:
id: 3iEbGKCOjuqgaMOGUQiQuS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:50:42.860000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:52:09.605000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 4
title: Dabous, Niger
slug: dabous
chapters:
- sys:
id: 5j5MjrxkwgewSk0EAgqMkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:44:58.105000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:44:58.105000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 1'
body: Dabous is located in north-eastern Niger, where the Ténéré desert meets
the slopes of the Aïr Mountains. The area has been part of the trans-Saharan
caravan trade route traversed by the Tuareg for over two millennia, but archaeological
evidence shows much older occupation in the region dating back 8,000 years.
More recently, it has become known to a wider global audience for its exceptional
rock art.
- sys:
id: 5Tp7co5fdCUIi68CyKGm8o
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:38:46.775000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:38:46.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 56TaQ0UFBK8sEE4GWaQOcw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.020000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.020000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10543'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/56TaQ0UFBK8sEE4GWaQOcw/d8465329314fcafe9814b92028e90927/2013_2034.10543.jpg"
caption: Dabous giraffe. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10543 © David
Coulson/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637915&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9967&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10543&page=1
- sys:
id: 59s9c4KH8skCgKkQMaWymw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:45:19.771000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:45:19.771000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 2'
body: |-
Recorded in 1987 by French archaeologist <NAME>, two remarkable life-size engravings of giraffe have generated much interest due to the size, realism and technique of the depictions. The two giraffe, thought to be one large male in front of a smaller female, were engraved on the weathered surface of a sandstone outcrop. The larger giraffe measures 5.4 m from top to toe and combines several techniques of production, including scraping, smoothing and deep engraving of the outlines.
Each giraffe has an incised line emanating from its mouth or nose, meandering down to a small human figure. This motif is not unusual in Saharan rock art, but its meaning remains a mystery. Interpretations have suggested the line may indicate that giraffe were hunted or even domesticated, or may reflect a religious, mythical or cultural association. It has also been suggested that the lines and human figures were later additions.
- sys:
id: 5ZK8nNmuzKa66KOEqquoqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:39:28.089000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:39:28.089000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6Y2u961dcWISC2E2CK62KS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:55.237000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:55.237000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10570'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Y2u961dcWISC2E2CK62KS/64bef06da41a71f32cf8601c426d1608/2013_2034.10570.jpg"
caption: Dabous giraffe. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10570 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637906&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10570&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10570&page=1
- sys:
id: ZKn6IIxaoeiw68c444iAM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:40:08.118000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:40:08.118000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: n2nHWRqjXE0qkaEqCWK6Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.049000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.049000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10555'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/n2nHWRqjXE0qkaEqCWK6Y/7a3d94b2a4f3d792a0f9de60647d3d59/2013_2034.10555.jpg"
caption: Dabous giraffe at night. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10555
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637914&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10570&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10555&page=1
- sys:
id: 1oNgYDPKxuquY6U6gsKY62
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:45:53.655000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:45:53.655000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 3'
body: |-
The engravings cannot be seen from ground level; they are only visible by climbing onto the boulder. They are thought to date from between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago – a period known as the Neolithic Subpluvial, when environmental conditions were much wetter and the Sahara was a vast savannah stretching for thousands of miles, able to sustain large mammals such as giraffe. The soft sandstone is likely to have been incised using a harder material such as flint; there are chisels of petrified wood in the surrounding desert sands which would have acted as good tools for abrading and polishing outlines. It is easy to imagine people in the past sitting on the rocky outcrop watching these long-necked, graceful animals and immortalising them in stone for future generations.
We can only speculate as to why the giraffe was selected for this special treatment. Any number of physical, behavioural, environmental or symbolic factors may have contributed to its significance.
- sys:
id: 3Xlo7BIZzy2umQ2Ac6M2QI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:40:37.408000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:40:37.408000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4yEY9exQaswSA6k6Gu02c6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:38:02.784000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:38:02.784000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10751'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4yEY9exQaswSA6k6Gu02c6/307728aa6d1880f11af9dc45d7e7d830/2013_2034.10751.jpg"
caption: Further engravings at the site. Dabous, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.10751 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637901&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10570&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10751&page=1
- sys:
id: 2tsfZzpTFWoYacAQioAyQ0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:46:12.778000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:46:12.778000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 4'
body: |-
While the giraffe have taken centre stage at this site because of their size and the skill of the execution, a systematic study of the area has identified 828 further engravings, including 704 zoomorphs (animal forms), 61 anthropomorphs (human forms), and 17 inscriptions of Tifinâgh script. The animals identified include: bovines (cattle ) (46%), ostrich (16%), antelope and gazelle (16%), giraffe (16%), and finally 12 dromedaries (camels), 11 canids (dog-like mammals), 6 rhinoceros, 3 equids (horses or donkeys), 2 monkeys, 2 elephants, and 1 lion.
Who might the artists have been? It is often the case in rock art research that artists are lost to us in time and we have little or no archaeological evidence that can offer insights into the populations that occupied these sites, sometimes only for a short time. However, in 2001 a site called Gobero was discovered that provides a glimpse of life in this region at the time that the Dabous engravings were produced.
- sys:
id: gku8mXGHUA06KW8YGgU64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:06.708000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:06.708000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5Lzyd3mFTUII2MEkgQ0ki2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.045000000 Z
title: Gobero
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5Lzyd3mFTUII2MEkgQ0ki2/61cb38b7b4e4d62e911bb971cad67c7f/Gobero.jpg"
caption: 'Aerial view of Gobero archaeological site in Niger, from the Holocene
Period. Source: Sereno et al. 2008, (via Wikimedia Commons)'
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGobero.jpg
- sys:
id: dSvovYGs3C6YsimmmIEeA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:46:46.760000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:46:46.760000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 5'
body: Gobero is located at the western tip of the Ténéré desert in Niger, approximately
150 km south-east of the Aïr Mountains. Situated on the edge of a paleaolake
and dating from the early Holocene (7,700–6,200 years ago), it is the earliest
recorded cemetery in the western Sahara and consists of around 200 burials.
Skeletal evidence shows both male and females to be tall in stature, approaching
two metres. Some of the burials included items of jewellery, including a young
girl wearing a bracelet made from the tusk of a hippo, and a man buried with
the shell of a turtle.
- sys:
id: 2bxmGW0ideQSs4esWCUCka
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:32.700000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:32.700000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 24rwZWG7UA02KCgcKeaOQS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:47.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:47.721000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/24rwZWG7UA02KCgcKeaOQS/762b9a27c73609c09017102e0f4cb3f4/2013_2034.10635.jpg"
caption: Close up of head and neck of large giraffe. Dabous, Western Aïr Mountains,
Niger. 2013,2034.10635 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637902&partId=1&people=197356&place=13131&museumno=2013,2034.10635&page=1
- sys:
id: 58NIyuAAcwEMy8WCsoIEwO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:47:13.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:47:13.849000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 6'
body: This cultural group were largely sedentary; their subsistence economy
was based on fishing (Nile perch, catfish, soft-shell turtles) and hunting
(hippos, bovids, small carnivores and crocodiles). Microlithis, bone harpoon
points and hooks, as well as ceramics with dotted wavy-line and zig-zag impressed
motif were found in burials, refuse areas and around the lake. A hiatus in
the occupation of the area (6,200–5,200 years ago) occurred during a harsh
arid interval, forcing the occupants to relocate. The Gobero population may
not be the artists responsible for Dabous, but archaeological evidence can
help formulate a picture of the environmental, social and material culture
at the time of the engravings.
- sys:
id: 4M6x7TPSB2g20UC6ck0ism
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:41:59.887000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:08:32.539000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6HNDioOx44CMaGCccQQE2G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.095000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:37:38.095000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10608'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6HNDioOx44CMaGCccQQE2G/9c2d264396e34b6900229a7142f38d8e/2013_2034.10608.jpg"
caption: Taking a cast of the Dabous giraffe. Western Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.10608 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://bit.ly/2j0rzed
- sys:
id: 1jPJvNv7dcciOCCiiUugQq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:47:33.801000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:47:33.801000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 7'
body: Unfortunately, the engravings have been subject to deterioration as a
result of human intervention such as trampling, graffiti and fragments being
stolen. As a result, the decision was made to preserve them by making a mould
of the carvings in order to make a cast in a resistant material. Permission
was granted by both the government of Niger and UNESCO and in 1999 the moulding
process took place. The first cast of the mould, made in aluminium, stands
at the airport of Agadez in the small desert town near the site of Dabous
– an enduring symbol of the rich rock art heritage of the country.
- sys:
id: 2MlmKLhdHq6SQyiU0IyIww
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:48:27.320000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:48:27.320000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: featured site, chapter 8'
body: In 2000, the giraffe engravings at Dabous were declared one of the 100
Most Endangered Sites by the [World Monuments Watch](https://www.wmf.org/).
Today, a small group of Tuareg live in the area, acting as permanent guides
and custodians of the site.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5IQzdbUWHemE6WCkUUeQwi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:43:52.331000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:25:23.674000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |+
<NAME>. ‘Réflexions sur l'identité des guerriers représentés dans les gravures de l'Adrar des Iforas et de l'Aïr’ in *Sahara*, 10, pp.31-54
<NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., <NAME>., et al. 2008. ‘Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change’. PLoS ONE, 3(8): pp.1-22
‘The Giraffe Carvings of the Tenere Desert’: [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/giraffe/](http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/giraffe/)
background_images:
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id: 58CpIve4WQo8wq4ooU0SoC
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title: NIGEAM0060015
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title: '2013,2034.10751'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4yEY9exQaswSA6k6Gu02c6/307728aa6d1880f11af9dc45d7e7d830/2013_2034.10751.jpg"
key_facts:
sys:
id: 3GPdGGuBuU4oiKwq6GGsqk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:50:06.558000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:50:06.558000000 Z
content_type_id: country_key_facts
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: key facts'
image_count: 2,439 images
date_range: Mostly 10,000BC – AD 100
main_areas: Aïr Mountains, Djado Plateau
techniques: Engravings, fine line paintings
main_themes: Wild animals, cattle, Barbary sheep, ostrich, horses, giraffe (Dabous)
thematic_articles:
- sys:
id: bl0Xb7b67YkI4CMCwGwgy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:40:20.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:25:05.303000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 8
title: The art of the warrior
slug: the-art-of-the-warrior
lead_image:
sys:
id: 69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9707'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6/3b4c3bdee6c66bce875eef8014e5fe93/2013_2034.9707.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2YeH0ki7Pq08iGWoyeI2SY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:04:20.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:29:10.545000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |
Historically, much of the rock art from across northern Africa has been classified according to a particular style or ‘school’ of depictions. One such category of images, known as the Libyan Warrior School or Libyan Warrior style is found predominantly in Niger. Typically, this style
“…commonly depicts human figures, mainly armed warriors; women are very rare. The style is fairly crude and the technique unsophisticated, almost invariably a rather careless pecking. The figures, almost always presented frontally with their heads quite circular, with added lobes, or mushroom-shaped, are shown according to a symmetrical schema. Various garment decorations and feathers in the hair are common, and the warrior often holds one or two throwing-spears – the bow is almost lacking – and frequently also holds by the leading rein a typical horse; foreshortened with large hindquarters” (Muzzolini, 2001:614)
Termed *Libyan Warriors* by French ethnographer <NAME>, these representations have been associated with Garamantes’ raids, possibly 2,500 years ago. Thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists who settled in central Libya from around 1500 BC, the Garamantes developed a thriving urban centre, with flourishing trade networks from Libya to Niger. In contrast, <NAME>, a military man who led two big expeditions to the Sahara in the 1920s, proposed that these figures represent Tuareg; a people reputedly of Berber descent who live a nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. They have their own script known as Tifinagh, which is thought to have Libyan roots and which is engraved onto rocks alongside other rock art depictions.
- sys:
id: 3TQXxJGkAgOkCuQeq4eEEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:21:56.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:09:37.769000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2HdsFc1kI0ogGEmGWi82Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.981000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11148'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2HdsFc1kI0ogGEmGWi82Ci/5c85cb71338ff7ecd923c26339a73ef5/2013_2034.11148.jpg"
caption: "‘Typical’ Libyan Warrior style figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11148 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649143&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11148&page=1
- sys:
id: IENFM2XWMKmW02sWeYkaI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:01.774000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:30:21.015000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 2'
body: |
Libyan Warrior figures are almost exclusively located in the Aïr Mountains of Niger although can also be found in the Adrar des Iforas, north-east Mali extending into Algeria. Defining the Libyan Warrior Period chronologically is a challenge and dates are fairly fluid; the earliest dates suggested start from 5,200 years ago; it certainly coincides with the Horse period between 3,000-2,000 years ago but has also been proposed to continue throughout the Camel Period, from 2,000 years ago to present.
From the sample of images we have as part of this collection it is clear that not all figures designated as falling under the umbrella term of Libyan Warrior style all share the same characteristics; there are similarities, differences and adjacencies even between what we may term a ‘typical’ representation. Of course, if these images span a period of 5,000 years then this may account for the variability in the depictions.
- sys:
id: 1vwQrEx1gA2USS0uSUEO8u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:22:32.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:10:06.087000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9707'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6/3b4c3bdee6c66bce875eef8014e5fe93/2013_2034.9707.jpg"
caption: "‘Typical’ Libyan Warrior style figure with antelope. Iwellene, Northern
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9707 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649767&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9707&page=1
- sys:
id: 13aC6FIWtQAauy2SYC6CQu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:26.289000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:26.289000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 3'
body: However, for the majority of figures their posture is remarkably similar
even though objects of material culture and the types of garments they wear
may show more diversity. The overriding feature is that figures are positioned
frontally with arms bent and raised, often displaying splayed fingers. In
some cases figures hold weapons and shields, but some do not. Some wear obviously
elaborate headdresses, but in others the features look more coiffure-like.
Selected garments are decorated with geometric patterns, others are plain;
not all wear items of personal ornamentation. Certainly, not all figures are
associated with horses, as typically characterised. Moreover, rather than
all being described as unsophisticated or careless, many are executed showing
great technique and skill. So how do we start to make sense of this contradiction
between consistency and variation?
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:28:05.405000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:15:37.257000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4Mq2eZY2bKogMqoCmu6gmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.548000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11167'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Mq2eZY2bKogMqoCmu6gmW/9916aa4ecde51858768639f010a0442e/2013_2034.11167.jpg"
caption: Infissak, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11167 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3648925&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11167&page=1
- sys:
id: 1D7OVEK1eouQAsg6e6esS4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:50.702000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:36:43.690000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 4'
body: A criticism of Saharan rock art research, in comparison to that which
has focused on other parts of Africa, is an under-theorisation of how the
art links to past ethnic, archaeological or other identities (Smith,2013:156).
This is tricky when dealing with past societies which were potentially nomadic,
and where their archaeological remains are scarce. However, recent anthropological
research may inform our thinking in this area. A member of the Wodaabe cultural
group (nomadic cattle-herders and traders in the Sahel) on seeing a photograph
of a Libyan-Warrior engraving and noting the dress and earrings told photographer
<NAME> that it represents a woman performing a traditional greeting
dance with arms outstretched and about to clap (Coulson and Campbell,2001:210).
- sys:
id: 6GvLgKrVXaSIQaAMECeE2m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:31:34.914000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:15:11.171000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 18c47Fe9jeoIi4CouE8Eya
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:10.453000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:10.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11133'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/18c47Fe9jeoIi4CouE8Eya/189da8bf1c84d7f95b532cf59780fe82/2013_2034.11133.jpg"
caption: Two Libyan Warrior style figures, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11133 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649155&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11133&page=1
- sys:
id: 4wQK9fpysE0GEaGYOEocws
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:06:27.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:17:33.313000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "Such a comment suggests that local ethnographies might assist in an understanding
of more recent rock art, that not all figures described as Libyan-Warrior
may necessarily be the same, and indeed that women may not be as rare as previously
documented. In fact, the Wodaabe have been noted to resemble figures in other
Saharan rock art contexts (see article on Hairdressing in the Acacus).\n\nIf
we accept that some of these representations share affinities with the Wodaabe
then thinking about this category of images from an ethnographic perspective
may prove productive. Moreover, the British Museum’s existing ethnographic
collections are simultaneously a useful resource by which we can potentially
add more meaning to the rock art images.\n\nThe Wodaabe belong to the Fulani
people, numbering 20 million and currently living across eighteen countries.
The Wodaabe comprise 2-3% of the Fulani cultural group, still live as true
nomads and are considered to have the most traditional culture of all the
Fulani (Bovin,2001:13).\t\n"
- sys:
id: 2oNDIVZY2cY6y2ACUykYiW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:31:55.456000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:26:02.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2klydX5Lbm6sGIUO8cCuow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.581000000 Z
title: Wodaabe
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2klydX5Lbm6sGIUO8cCuow/af221201c757ffe51e741300ffaefcba/Wodaabe.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe men preparing for Gerewol ceremony ©<NAME>, Wikimedia
Commons
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Dan_Lundberg_-_1997_%5E274-33_Gerewol_contestants.jpg
- sys:
id: 3SOhBsJLQACesg4wogaksm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:09.983000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:09.983000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 6'
body: "The Wodaabe have become particularly well-known in the West through visual
anthropology, because of their emphasis on cultivating male personal beauty
and adornment. Men invest enormous amounts of time in personal artistic expression;
much more so than women. Anthropologists have documented the constant checking
of Wodaabe men in their mirrors; a Wodaabe man will not even go out among
the cows in the morning until he has checked and tidied himself. They spend
hours every day on their appearance and have been described as styling themselves
like “living paintings” and “living statues” (Bovin, 2001:72). Symmetry plays
a particularly significant part in Wodaabe culture and is reflected in all
their artistic expressions. Symmetry stands for culture, asymmetry stands
for nature. Culture is order and nature is disorder (Bovin,2001:17). Everyday
Wodaabe life is imbued with artistic expression, whereby “every individual
is an active creator, decorator and performer (Bovin, 2001:15).\n\nSo, how
might we see Wodaabe cultural traits reflected in the Libyan-Warrior figures?\n\nPlumage
is often depicted on these Warrior figures and for the most part is assumed
to simply be part of the warrior regalia. The ostrich feather, a phallic symbol
in Wodaabe culture, is an important element in male adornment and is carefully
placed in the axis of symmetry in the middle of a man’s turban, worn during
dancing ceremonies (Bovin, 2001:41). Music and dancing are typical of Fulani
traditions, characterized by group singing and accompanied by clapping, stomping
and bells. The feathers in the British Museum’s collections are known to be
dance ornaments, worn during particular ceremonies. \n"
- sys:
id: 4AsNsHJ1n2USWMU68cIUko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:46:03.474000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:30:37.659000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6QT0CdFAgoISmsuUk6u4OW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.045000000 Z
title: Af2005,04.6 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QT0CdFAgoISmsuUk6u4OW/02489b2a4374bdb0a92ad9684f6120f4/Af2005_04.6_1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe dancing feather from the British Museum collections. Af2005,04.6
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1585897&partId=1&searchText=Af2005%2c04.6&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 5z7EqYMmFaI0Eom6AAgu6i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:57:19.817000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:28:41.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 10pBS62m3eugyAkY8iQYGs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.548000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9037'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/10pBS62m3eugyAkY8iQYGs/b54aab41922ff6690ca59533afddeb84/2013_2034.9037.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior figure showing symmetrical plumage from Eastern Aïr
Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9037 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636108&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9037&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UmQD1rR0IISqKmGe4UWYs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:47:12.062000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:28:08.133000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5oL3JD0PbaEMMyu4mA0oGw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.053000000 Z
title: Af2005,04.20 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5oL3JD0PbaEMMyu4mA0oGw/72bb636538c36d21c62fef5628556238/Af2005_04.20_1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe dancing feather from the British Museum collections. Af2005,04.20
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1585792&partId=1&searchText=Af2005%2c04.20&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 45NYo7UU5ymOCYiqEYyQQO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:34.816000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:34.816000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 7'
body: One of the recurring features of the Warrior engravings is the round discs
that seem to be suspended from a figure’s arm or shoulder. Historically, these
have been interpreted as shields, which one might expect a warrior to be carrying
and in part this may be the case.
- sys:
id: 55JXs6mmfCoM6keQuwSeKA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:59:13.850000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:31:16.112000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3s0PrjlXlS2QwMKMk0giog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.985000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9554'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3s0PrjlXlS2QwMKMk0giog/bef0019b59e2abe3ba3e29a4377eedd0/2013_2034.9554.jpg"
caption: Warrior style figure holding ‘shields’. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.9554 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639988&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9554&page=1
- sys:
id: 2UL4zsEuwgekwI0ugSOSok
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:59:49.961000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:31:41.776000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3XjtbP2JywoCw8Qm0O8iKo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.555000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.555000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9600'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3XjtbP2JywoCw8Qm0O8iKo/fc0ccf0eb00a563da9a60276c87bbc11/2013_2034.9600.jpg"
caption: Warrior style figure holding ‘shields’. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.9600 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639940&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9600&page=1
- sys:
id: 64MCgMHx60M8e0GSCaM2qm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:53.749000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:53.749000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 8'
body: However, others may represent shoulder bags or flat baskets which are
used as vessel covers or food trays; both of which are vital items in a nomadic
lifestyle. Alternatively, they may represent calabashes. Wodaabe women measure
their worldly wealth in calabashes and can acquire many in a lifetime, mostly
ornamental to be displayed only on certain ceremonial occasions. If some of
these depictions are not necessarily men or warriors then what have been considered
shields may in fact represent some other important item of material culture.
- sys:
id: 78Ks1B0PPUA8YIm0ugMkQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:00:47.553000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:33:27.671000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5SDdxljduwuQggsuWcYUCA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.583000000 Z
title: Af,B47.19
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5SDdxljduwuQggsuWcYUCA/eeb48a1ec8550bb4e1622317e5b7cea0/Af_B47.19.jpg"
caption: Photograph of three Fulani male children 'dressed up for a ceremonial
dance'. They are carrying shoulder-bags and holding sticks, and the male at
right has flat basket impaled on stick. Rural setting. Af,B47.19 © Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1410664&partId=1&searchText=Af,B47.19&page=1
- sys:
id: 5nvXXoq4Baa0IwOmMSiUkI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:13.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:13.833000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Engraved figures are often depicted with geometric patterning across their
torso which may reflect traditional garments. This armless Wodaabe vest is
decorated with abstract geometric combinations; patterns similar to those
found on amulets, bags, containers and other artefacts as well as rock art.
- sys:
id: 1Huul8DwMcACSECuGoASE2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:01:35.826000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:35:18.268000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1PmWIHnxq0cAESkGiiWCkK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.554000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.554000000 Z
title: '7,2023.1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1PmWIHnxq0cAESkGiiWCkK/51912ac1b7bffafe18fbbbb48a253fe9/7_2023.1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe vest, Niger. 2007,2023.1 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3372277&partId=1&searchText=2007%2c2023.1&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: GT1E1E6FMc04CaQQUEuG6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:02:14.003000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:37:15.633000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: lz2F9O4kSWoi2g68csckA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.580000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9016'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/lz2F9O4kSWoi2g68csckA/97f7a9fbec98c4af224273fbd3f7e9a5/2013_2034.9016.jpg"
caption: Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9016 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636134&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.9016&&page=1
- sys:
id: MH7tazL1u0ocyy6ysc8ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:38.359000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:38.359000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 10'
body: |-
There is also a consensus within Wodaabe society about beauty and ugliness; what makes something beautiful or indeed ugly generally is agreed upon, there is a commonality of taste. This may account for the paradox of why there is individuality within a corpus of images that inherently are comparable (Bovin,2001:16).
As nomads, Wodaabe do not identify themselves by place or territory as such, but a Wodaabe’s body is a repository of culture to mark them out against nature. Culture is not seen as an unessential indulgence but as an imperative necessity, it is part of one’s survival and existence in an inhospitable environment. We may speculate that rock art images may be seen as a way of stamping culture on nature; markers of socialised space.
- sys:
id: 5f7LkndYMoCiE0C6cYI642
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:02:44.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:04:54.162000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4S1bl6LKUEKg0mMiQMoS2i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:33.489000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:33.489000000 Z
title: Gerewol
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4S1bl6LKUEKg0mMiQMoS2i/77678da7ac7b9573cfdfdcc9222b4187/Gerewol.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe participants in the Gerewol beauty contest. ©<NAME> via
Wikimedia Commons
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg
- sys:
id: 2s5eLxURwgEKUGYiCc62MM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:03:20.752000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:40:40.756000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3as8UfaNIk22iQwu2uccsO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:57.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:57.016000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9685'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3as8UfaNIk22iQwu2uccsO/bef9cc4c65f13f394c4c6c03fa665aab/2013_2034.9685.jpg"
caption: Four Warrior style figures, Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9685
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3644735&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9685&page=1
- sys:
id: 4c37ixkB72GaCAkSYwGmSI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:59.408000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:59.408000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 11'
body: This brief review was motivated, in part, by the underlying problems inherent
in the categorisation of visual culture. Historically assigned classifications
are not fixed and armed with current knowledge across a range of resources
we may provide further insights into these enigmatic representations. Obviously,
a much more systematic study of this category known as Libyan-Warrior figures
needs to be undertaken to determine their distribution and the similarities
and differences between depictions across sites. Additionally, care must be
taken making connections with a cultural group whose material culture has
changed over the course of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, it seems the
category of Libyan-Warrior figures is an area that is ripe for more intensive
investigation.
citations:
- sys:
id: 2YpbTzVtq8og44KCIYKySK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:17:36.606000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:17:36.606000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2001. *Nomads Who Cultivate Beauty*. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
<NAME> and <NAME>. 2001. *African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone*. New York: Harry N Abrams
<NAME>. 2001. ‘Saharan Africa’ In Whitley, D. (ed) *Handbook of Rock Art Research*: pp.605-636. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press
<NAME>. 2013. Rock art research in Africa. In: Lane, P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*: 145-162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
background_images:
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id: 4ICv2mLYykaUs2K6sI600e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.680000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.680000000 Z
title: NIGNAM0010007
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4ICv2mLYykaUs2K6sI600e/175a170bba1f5856e70c2bb59a88e28f/NIGNAM0010007.jpg"
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id: 4sWbJZXtCUKKqECk24wOwi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.673000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 19:16:46.673000000 Z
title: NIGEAM0070022
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4sWbJZXtCUKKqECk24wOwi/63797d84c9f0c89db25bd2f2cebaa21b/NIGEAM0070022.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1KwPIcPzMga0YWq8ogEyCO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:25:56.681000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:49:15.151000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would
probably depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in
the distance, a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become
synonymous with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
id: 4p7wUbC6FyiEYsm8ukI0ES
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
id: 1LsXHHPAZaIoUksC2US08G
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep,
horses and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were
domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and
spread from there to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st
century AD onwards. The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean
have been documented through many different historical sources, from Roman
texts to sculptures or coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock
art, where camels became so abundant that they have given their name to a
whole period. The depictions of camels provide an incredible amount of information
about the life, culture and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities
from the beginnings of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late
years of the 7th century.
- sys:
id: j3q9XWFlMOMSK6kG2UWiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:00.029000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.273000000 Z
title: EA26664
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6afrRs4VLUS4iEG0iwEoua/e00bb3c81c6c9b44b5e224f5a8ce33a2/EA26664.jpg"
caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have
evolved so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising
that dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people,
commodities and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
- sys:
id: 2KjIpAzb9Kw4O82Yi6kg2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:10:36.039000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:39:34.523000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.477000000 Z
title: Af1937,0105.16
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6iaMmNK91YOU00S4gcgi6W/4a850695b34c1766d1ee5a06f61f2b36/Af1937_0105.16.jpg"
caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
- sys:
id: 12mIwQ0wG2qWasw4wKQkO0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:00.578000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:45:29.810000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.505000000 Z
title: Fig. 4. Man
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4jTR7LKYv6IiY8wkc2CIum/3dbaa11c18703b33840a6cda2c2517f2/Fig._4._Man.jpg"
caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
id: 6UIdhB0rYsSQikE8Yom4G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:29.219000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC.
However, it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due
to the River Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier
for these animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian
era, and probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through
the south of the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid,
and during the following centuries camels became a key element in the North
African societies. They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting
heavy goods and even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used,
improving the range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems
that the large caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory
or slaves came later, when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the
establishment of vast trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region
that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
id: YLb3uCAWcKm288oak4ukS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:11:46.395000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:46:15.751000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5aJ9wYpcHe6SImauCSGoM8/74efd37612ec798fd91c2a46c65587f7/1923_0401.850.jpg"
caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man
leading a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD.
1923,0401.850 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
id: 3uitqbkcY8s8GCcicKkcI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways
in which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are
found in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions
– black; sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect.
They usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally,
dogs and horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent
the oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female
camels herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
id: 5OWosKxtUASWIO6IUii0EW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:17.552000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:11:49.775000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mY7XFQW6QY6KekSQm6SIu/85c0b70ab40ead396c695fe493081801/2013_2034.383.jpg"
caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. <NAME>, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
id: 2Ocb7A3ig8OOkc2AAQIEmo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:12:48.147000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:12:22.249000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. <NAME>. 2013,2034.5117
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
- sys:
id: 4iTHcZ38wwSyGK8UIqY2yQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:09.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. Kozen Pass, Chad. 2013,2034.7295 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
id: 2zqiJv33OUM2eEMIK2042i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
id: 6dOm7ewqmA6oaM4cK4cy8c
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI/2b279eff2a6f42121ab0f6519d694a92/As1974_29.17.jpg"
caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be
put around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the
British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jE9BeKCBUEK8Igg8kCkUO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and
are often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle
was designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight
over the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider
to control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and
swords that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient.
This new kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today,
appears only in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in
the rock art of Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles
that are recognizable in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets
are identifiable in the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those
still used today by desert peoples.'
- sys:
id: 6yZaDQMr1Sc0sWgOG6MGQ8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:46.560000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:33:25.754000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
- sys:
id: 5jHyVlfWXugI2acowekUGg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:15:13.926000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:36:07.603000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.249000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6EvwTsiMO4qoiIY4gGCgIK/1db47ae083ff605b9533898d9d9fb10d/2013_2034.4471.jpg"
caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. <NAME>,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
- sys:
id: 57goC8PzUs6G4UqeG0AgmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:16:51.920000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:33:53.275000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at Cura Salee, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
- sys:
id: 3QPr46gQP6sQWswuSA2wog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:50.767000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk,
meat and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and
economic networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
- sys:
id: 54fiYzKXEQw0ggSyo0mk44
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:13.884000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:01:13.379000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, <NAME>, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
id: 1ymik3z5wMUEway6omqKQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
- sys:
id: 3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:48.396000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3mhr7uvrpesmaUeI4Aiwau/65c691f09cd60bb7aa08457e18eaa624/CHAENP0340003_1_.JPG"
- sys:
id: BPzulf3QNqMC4Iqs4EoCG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 18:13:31.094000000 Z
title: CHAENP0340001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/BPzulf3QNqMC4Iqs4EoCG/356b921099bfccf59008b69060d20d75/CHAENP0340001_1_.JPG"
country_introduction:
sys:
id: 3dMpIo4d4cQa2OI4me2ACQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:15:52.509000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:55:14.724000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 4
title: 'Niger: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1edWsVTqzcciiIAUaqYoG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:03:04.104000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:49:15.950000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 1'
body: Niger is geographically diverse, having both the Sahel (savannah) and
the Sahara (desert). The majority of the country’s rock art – made up predominantly
of engravings – is located in the northern desert area, in and around the
Aïr Mountains, where some of the art is thought to be several thousand years
old. The Djado Plateau in the north-east is also rich in art that includes
both paintings and engravings. One of the most celebrated sites of rock engraving
is at a place called Dabous, to the west of the mountains. Here, two life-size
giraffe were carved on the top of an outcrop, and may be up to 6,000 years
old. Other notable areas for engravings are Iwellene in the northern Aïr Mountains,
where some of the art is thought to be several thousand years old, as well
the sites of Tanakom and Tagueit in the south-eastern Aïr Mountains, where
engravings are located on the sides of two wadis (dry riverbeds).
- sys:
id: 1E25PiKMde8CE8MgQIukKK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:02.416000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:02.416000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2FAYj7hG88aQ0Quq6Wc6gE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:16.151000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:16.151000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9967'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2FAYj7hG88aQ0Quq6Wc6gE/49ae0722057f453db4bb15da9c1ee6c0/2013_2034.9967.jpg"
caption: Block-pecked engraving of running hare. 2013,2034.9967 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637684&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 1WQHiGltOAqm4oAc46YAme
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:03:35.303000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:03:35.303000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 2'
body: Links have been made between the rock art of Niger and that of several
other countries – in particular, between the so-called Libyan Warrior art
found in the Aïr Mountains and the rock engravings of the Adrar des Iforas
in Mali. Stylistic similarities also exist with some of the art of the Tadrart
(Acacus) and in south-east Algeria. Further associations have been made between
the Early Hunter art of the Djado Plateau and art in south-west Libya and
south-east Algeria. Equally, similarities have been observed with the Tazina-style
engravings in south-western Algeria and south-eastern Morocco.
- sys:
id: 5bPNREZcAMsO8SuecSaoQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:34.135000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:55:34.135000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4h5Sa7Ex2M2aEa8YSGW6iU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.744000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.744000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8958'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4h5Sa7Ex2M2aEa8YSGW6iU/b394694db95c753013248a8e398017d4/2013_2034.8958.jpg"
caption: Looking out of a shallow cave, Djado Plateau, Niger. 2013,2034.8958
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637696&partId=1&page=1
- sys:
id: 3OeKLV88XSow8C0iOKcqIg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:04:29.851000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 17:12:48.554000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 6
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 3'
body: "Covering an area of 1.267 million km², this landlocked country borders
seven others. Its south-western borders flank the Niger River, with Burkina
Faso, Benin and Nigeria to the south; its north-eastern borders touch the
borders of Algeria, Libya and Chad in the central Sahara, and Mali to the
west. The climate is mainly hot and dry with much of the country covered by
the Sahara desert. In the extreme south, on the edges of the Sahel, the terrain
is mainly shrub savannah.\n\nUnlike other regions in northern Africa, in the
absence of a generally agreed chronology, scholars have categorised the rock
art of Niger regionally and stylistically, making connections where possible
with rock art of other regions. The rock art of Niger can be broadly divided
into the following regions: \n"
- sys:
id: 516un196R2QI8MKOSMA6mW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 17:13:15.478000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 17:13:15.478000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: Sub heading 1
body: '__Aïr Mountains (northern Niger)__ '
- sys:
id: 57o3riQZdC2CE4IOSgoOke
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:09.992000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:09.992000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6wKZcUGktaAG0IYOagAIQ4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11147'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6wKZcUGktaAG0IYOagAIQ4/9ddabc2eb10161fcb2c69cff6817741a/2013_2034.11147.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior figure, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11147
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637713&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.11147&page=1
- sys:
id: 5p9XKG2DjakmUkWuq6AuIK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:00.923000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:54:12.049000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 4'
body: Consisting predominantly of engravings, the majority of depictions in
this region fall within the so-called Libyan Warrior period or style of art,
dating from 1,500–3,000 years ago, characterised by forward-facing figures
with metal weapons and horses. Approximately 1,000 engravings of warriors
have been recorded from the Aïr Mountains in Niger, as well as the Adrar des
Iforas in bordering Mali. Based on investigations into the garments worn,
accessories, headdresses and weaponry, and by studying the placement and superimposition
of images, it has been proposed that there are two main stages of this Libyan
Warrior rock art. The oldest is linked to a pastoral economy based on cattle-rearing,
when metal had been introduced to the region and the use of the spear took
over from the traditional bow. This region also hosts images of wild animals
such as Barbary sheep and ostrich, as well as cattle.
- sys:
id: 61yqtntiEMEgWW8iAAa4Ao
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:54:32.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:54:48.031000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: Sub heading 2
body: __Djado Plateau__
- sys:
id: Kjmi6uh5U2aGEuI0ggoEw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:33.929000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:56:33.929000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6yxgQFojbUcOUSwyaWwEMC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.057000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:54:03.540000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8891'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637764&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.8891&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6yxgQFojbUcOUSwyaWwEMC/5547eadfdf388937a8c708c145c2dba6/2013_2034.8891.jpg"
caption: Two outline engravings of white rhinoceros. 2013,2034.8891 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637764&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.8891&page=1
- sys:
id: olpDz3t6DeY0qgiiCeIq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:22.441000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:22.441000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 5'
body: Here, both paintings and engravings occur. The earliest engravings include
images of wild animals such as elephants, rhinoceros, giraffe and other game,
and dated to the Early Hunter or Bubalus Period; human figures are very rare.
Tazina-style engravings – similar to those found in south-eastern Morocco
– also occur, as well as polychrome fine-line and finger paintings that are
unique to this area.
- sys:
id: 5F6G6OVWSI4UOWmaq0ocqS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:18.063000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:18.063000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2ANvzNqFfiKkMWAAsWCWKQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.916000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.916000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8960'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2ANvzNqFfiKkMWAAsWCWKQ/724f5a5d07a365fdf3b9040aa30d916c/2013_2034.8960.jpg"
caption: White cows with calves and three figures. Djado Plateau, Niger. 2013,2034.8960
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637694&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.8960&page=1
- sys:
id: 3qTgmBHVQc48E4WUuQgkGM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:56.545000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:05:56.545000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 6'
body: The number of cattle depictions is small, but particular images of calves
attached to a lead can be compared stylistically with images of cattle in
Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria. Moreover, <NAME> noted the resemblance between
these rock art depictions and the husbandry practices of the present day Wodaabe
people of Niger, who use a similar calf rope. The calf rope (a long rope comprising
loops within which the heads of the calves are secured) is both practical
and symbolic, ensuring the cows always return to their home camp, while also
physically dividing the camp into male and female halves. It is interesting
to note the close relationship between the rock art of regions that today
are politically discrete.
- sys:
id: dGrDTSq3Xqm06eis6sUkU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:06:48.293000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:06:48.293000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: History of rock art discovery in Niger
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 7'
body: Until relatively recently rock art research has been sporadic in Niger.
In the 1920s Major Gen. <NAME>, a British explorer and army officer,
made two great expeditions into the Sahara. He was the first person to make
a serious study of the Tuareg and documented some of the rock art in the Aïr
Mountains. Subsequently, French colonial officers noted some sites around
1960. However, it was French archaeologist Henri Lhote who undertook major
recording programmes throughout the 1960s and 1970s to document, trace and
publish several thousand engravings. Very little information is known relating
the rock art to known cultural groups, either past or present. Most of the
sites were not habitation sites, and were probably only occasionally visited
by nomadic societies in the past, so very little (if any) archaeological evidence
remains. Most of the art predates the residence of the Tuareg, who now inhabit
this area and who appear to have no direct connections with the art. The Tuareg
recognise old script which sometimes accompanies images as it closely resembles
their own writing, *Tifinagh*; however, it is incomprehensible to them if
it is more than 100 years old.
- sys:
id: 2dnMaAI1RyUiEgWiY8SEsS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:51.550000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:57:51.550000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5OBSH7pvt6I6eOAc4OaqEG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.945000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.945000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.10009'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5OBSH7pvt6I6eOAc4OaqEG/f667bce1cf4cf3c6dbce0bb5a83383bc/2013_2034.10009.jpg"
caption: Large reground and painted figure surrounded by ancient Tifinagh script.
Northern Air Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.10009 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637714&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.10009&page=1
- sys:
id: 37Cl8z71uMqYsoeyqyOegs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:07:24.753000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:07:24.753000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 8'
body: 'The relative chronology for rock art in Niger can be based, as in other
Saharan regions, on stylistic classifications:'
- sys:
id: uNjAW1yrkW6iyE0iqcsQy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:58:19.111000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:51:42.139000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1vncvc4BCIG8ymWeS8c28q
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.168000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:27.168000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9910'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1vncvc4BCIG8ymWeS8c28q/ee518eb244c2193ea827c7875b30c049/2013_2034.9910.jpg"
caption: Block-pecked elephant. Northern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9910
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iVcmsb
- sys:
id: 31SOSm8z04CU4MouUSUSQe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:07:44.432000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:53:27.619000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 9'
body: Early Hunter or Bubalus Period rock engravings are executed with deeply
incised and smoothened lines, mainly depicting big game such as elephants,
rhinoceros, giraffe and other game (with rhinoceros occurring most often),
and are found on the Djado Plateau, as well as the Mangueni and Tchigai plateaux
in north-east Niger. In the eastern Aïr Mountains, archaeological traces of
human occupation during this early wet phase are evident, dating back 9,500
years.
- sys:
id: 2HafBWCAcMOYykSgSywEK6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:58:42.964000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:54:59.579000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2lW3L3iwz60ekeWsYKgOYC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:53:07.945000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9786'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3637692
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2lW3L3iwz60ekeWsYKgOYC/c303352ed0b0976a3f1508ea30b8a41d/2013_2034.9786.jpg"
caption: Outline and decorated cattle, some with elaborate deliberately turned-back
horns. 2013,2034.9786 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2jlwIKc
- sys:
id: 2lLu5BCrhuiWA0eOUSkQYo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:13.631000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:13.631000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 10'
body: Although the Bovidian Period is sparsely represented in comparison to
other rock art regions, both on the Djado Plateau and the Aïr Mountains, this
period can probably be dated to between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago. A few cattle
are depicted in a similar fashion to the big game of the Early Hunter Period,
which raises the question of whether the nomadic cattle-herding culture emerged
from a hunting lifestyle, or at least rapidly succeeded it.
- sys:
id: 6JJPeizRe0WiQIc2yOEaIY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:59:13.005000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:03:18.580000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3nBXTYYPN6ucuaImm24iuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:30.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:30.823000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.8834'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3nBXTYYPN6ucuaImm24iuG/a188d0ae5e00e8934acbf0397ce50194/2013_2034.8834.jpg"
caption: Outline Tazina-style engraving of a giraffe. 2013,2034.8834 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i9uPQ2
- sys:
id: 6lPfzlhbskGkAcU6eiEuIQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:30.254000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:30.254000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 11'
body: Engravings in the Tazina style are found on the Djado Plateau and have
been likened to those in south-eastern Morocco. While dates in Niger are not
generally agreed, the Tazina period in Morocco is dated from c.5,000–2,000
BC.
- sys:
id: 5cO6JFSdgQgQMIK8egwYwA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:59:45.306000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:04:32.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2wvcOF7LOQa6iEsWyQOUQi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.797000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.797000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9875'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2wvcOF7LOQa6iEsWyQOUQi/ba1af764bd58d195ef002f58cca5eb51/2013_2034.9875.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior-style figures. Northern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9875
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i6usdB
- sys:
id: 5s0XmNAWWIwwQ2m8q88AWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:00:12.745000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:05:53.718000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4fSRLSsTP2MCiquKAEsmkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:54:26.833000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9430'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4fSRLSsTP2MCiquKAEsmkQ/ad620450f16447bcbb6e734d2a4c1c0e/2013_2034.9430.jpg"
caption: Two horses attached to two-wheeled chariot with charioteer. Eastern
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9430 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i6uJ07
- sys:
id: 5lN8CVda2AG6QAaeyI20O8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:08:51.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 14:57:22.081000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 12'
body: Consisting predominantly of rock engravings and found in the Aïr Mountains,
the Horse Period and Libyan Warrior Period date from around 3,000–1,500 years
ago. Depictions are of horses with so-called Libyan Warriors, with metal weapons
or with chariots and charioteers. Human figures, which often appear with horses,
were sometimes depicted with elaborate apparel; others were drawn with stylized
bodies consisting of two triangles joined at the apex. Wild animals such as
Barbary sheep and ostrich, as well as cattle, appear in this art. Art of the
Horse Period is not widely represented in the Djado Plateau, suggesting that
Berber groups did not reach the region in any great numbers – but it has been
proposed that certain peculiarities of style may suggest an influence from
Aïr.
- sys:
id: IVnNUsnIeAcAiM42imyI4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:00:38.006000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 17:06:56.071000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2bO7Zt5qJ6UI088i422mMe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 10:53:55.796000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9578'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2bO7Zt5qJ6UI088i422mMe/337784cf715978325ffb7bda8179c3ce/2013_2034.9578.jpg"
caption: Crudely pecked camels. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9578
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2i9tto4
- sys:
id: ZjY1WlFDm8uM2oycKygUa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:09:10.217000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:09:10.217000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Niger: country, chapter 13'
body: A small number of engravings from the Camel Period occur on the Djado
Plateau, but as camels were introduced to the Sahara up to 2,000 years ago,
the relative lack of depictions suggests that the plateau was scarcely frequented
during this hyper-arid period.
citations:
- sys:
id: 23N5waXqbei8UswAuiGa8g
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:02:17.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 11:02:17.186000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. ‘Sub-zone 3: Niger’, in *Rock art of Sahara and North Africa: Thematic study*. [ICOMOS](http://www.icomos.org/en/116-english-categories/resources/publications/222-rock-art-of-sahara-and-north-africa-thematic-study).
<NAME>. 2003. ‘One Hundred Years of Archaeology in Niger’, *Journal of World Prehistory*, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 181-234
Muzzolini, Alfred.2001. ‘Saharan Africa’, in D.S. Whitley (ed.) *Handbook of Rock Art Research*. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, pp.605-636.
Striedter, <NAME>.1993. ‘Rock Art research on the Djado Plateau (Niger): a Preliminary Report n Arkana’, in *Rock Art in the Old World*. Walnut Creek, (ed. Michel Lorblanchet). New Delhi: Indira Ghandi National Centre for the Arts, pp.113-128
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title: '2013,2034.9875'
description:
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region: Northern / Saharan Africa
---<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/mauritania-country-introduction.md
---
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:13:33.481000000 Z
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content_type_id: country_information
revision: 2
title: 'Mauritania: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 7ZVEMUYkGAcAwIGQ2aYiu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:03:29.927000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:03:29.927000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 1'
body: Mauritania is one of Africa’s westernmost countries, stretching over 1,000
km inland from the Atlantic coast into the Sahara. Mauritania’s corpus of rock
art is extensive and mostly appears to have been produced within the last 4,000
years.
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:41:03.423000000 Z
content_type_id: image
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image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.597000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:15:13.181000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12277'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645968&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12277&page=1
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caption: Painted horses, riders and standing human figure. <NAME>
Garbi, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12277 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iaQquq
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:04:41.054000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-09 16:41:57.874000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 2'
body: |-
In total Mauritania covers about 1,030,700 km², most of which forms part of the western portion of the Sahara desert. The southern part of Mauritania incorporates some of the more temperate Sahelian zone, forming part of the geographical and cultural border between Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa. The landscape of the country is generally characterised by its flatness, but the two major neighbouring plateaux in the East-Centre of the country – the Tagant in the South and the Adrar further North – are furnished with rock shelters, boulders and other surfaces upon which can be found abundant rock art, more often engraved than painted.
The principal concentrations of rock art in Mauritania are located in these two areas, as well as in the North around Bir Moghreïn (in the Mauritanian extension of the Zemmur mountains), the Hank ridge near the borders of Algeria and Mali and the Tichitt-Walata area to the east of the Tagant plateau.
__Adrar__
There are about thirty known rock art sites in the Adrar region, although, as with most Mauritanian rock art, study has not been comprehensive and there may be many more as yet undocumented. Engraved rock art sites dominate along the northern edge of the massif, with some of the most significant to be found at the sites of El Beyyed and El Ghallaouiya. Rarer paintings of cattle are also to be found at El Ghallaouiya, as well as at the site of Amogjar.
__Tagant__
Less well studied than Adrar, the Tagant plateau contains several painting sites showing horses and riders such as those at the sites of Agneitir Dalma and Tinchmart. The archaeologically significant area of the Tichitt-Walata ridge, a chain of escarpments known for its Neolithic settlements, is largely located within the wider Tagant region to the east of the plateau, and also features many engravings and some paintings.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:22.127000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:22.127000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 3'
body: |-
Recording and research on Mauritanian rock art has been limited in comparison with other Saharan rock art traditions, and has mainly been undertaken by French scholars, as Mauritania was formerly part of French West Africa. The first major publications cataloguing rock art sites in the country were those of Théodore Monod (1937-8), based on recordings collected on expeditions made between 1934 and 1936 and covering the entire western Saharan region. Following this, the explorers <NAME> and <NAME>uigaudeau published some paintings of the Tagant region in1939. A more comprehensive study of the paintings, engravings and inscriptions of West and North West Africa was made by <NAME> (1954), and emphasised the importance of systematically recording and studying the images in their contexts. More recently (1993), <NAME> produced a synthesis of known Mauritanian rock art in his *Préhistoire de la Mauritanie*.
Many individual Mauritanian rock art sites have also been recorded and published over the decades since the 1940s, particularly in the context of associated archaeological sites, such as those at Tegdaoust and in the Tichitt-Walata region.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:53:57.337000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.581000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.2312'
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caption: 'Painted geometric circle design, <NAME>, <NAME>, Mauritania.
2013,2034.2312 © TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3618068&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.2312&page=1
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:05:45.305000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Themes
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 4'
body: |-
The range of subject matter in the rock art of Mauritania is similar to that of other Saharan countries, consisting primarily of images of domestic cattle, along with those of horses both mounted and unmounted, human figures and weaponry, wild fauna, hunting scenes, camels and Libyco-Berber/Tifinagh and Arabic script. Images of goats and sheep are extremely rare.
Some general geographic tendencies in style and type can be made out, for example, deeply cut and polished naturalistic engravings of large wild animals are concentrated in the North of the country. There is an apparent North-South divide in engraving style, with images becoming more schematic further south. Rarer painting sites are clustered in certain areas such as north of Bir Moghreïn in the far north, and certain Adrar sites, with horse and rider paintings most common in the Tagant and Tichitt-Walata regions.
- sys:
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.656000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.12427'
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caption: Painted heads of antelope facing left, Guilemsi, Tadrart, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12427 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646352&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12427&page=1
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:05.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 5'
body: |-
Mauritanian rock art consists most commonly of similar-looking scenes of cattle, hunting tableaux, or camel depictions, but there are some exceptions of interest, for example: the monumental bull engraving from Akhrejit in the Dhar Tichitt, which is nearly 5 metres long; the unusually naturalistic paintings of cattle at Amogjar and Tenses in the Adrar; and the curiously shaped painted horses at Guilemsi in the Tagant-Titchitt region.
In addition, although images of chariots apparently drawn by oxen are known elsewhere in the Sahara, chariots in Saharan rock art are normally associated with horses. In Mauritania, however, there are several images of ox chariots or carts – both painted and engraved – as well as depictions of cattle apparently bearing burdens/saddles, or mounted. Moreover, Mauritania has no known depictions of chariots where the draught animal is identifiably a horse, although there are many images of horses and riders. Sometimes chariots are depicted independent of any animals drawing them, and in all there are over 200 known images of chariots in the country.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:55:35.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.657000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.657000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12381'
description:
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caption: Cattle painted with different designs, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12381 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646170&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12381+&page=1
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:56:29.522000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.724000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.724000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12449'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6Cccz71bd66Es0EcmMqICa/82071c6a91a03c64020c9d7ce81fc354/2013_2034.12449.jpg"
caption: Cattle painted with different designs, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12449 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3647071&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12449&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 6'
body: 'As is the case with all Saharan rock art, sites found in Mauritania are
very difficult to date, especially absolutely. Monod remarked: ‘it is impossible
to propose even approximate dates: no landmark pinpoints the end of the Neolithic
and the arrival of Libyan (Berber) horsemen’ (Monod, 1938, p.128). Relative
chronologies of rock art styles are easier to identify than specific dates,
as they may be based on visible elements such as superimpositions in paintings,
and the darkness level of accrued patina in engravings. In Mauritania, researchers
have generally paid particular attention to patina as well as themes and styles
in order to try and place a timeframe on different rock art traditions. Even
this is an inexact science – however, Monod did propose a three-phase chronology,
with 1) ‘Ancient’ prehistoric rock art showing large wild fauna and cattle,
2) ‘Middle’ pre-Islamic art showing horses, camels, riders, arms and armour,
hunting scenes and Libyco-Berber script and 3) ‘Modern’ Islamic-era art with
modern Tifinagh and Arabic inscriptions.'
- sys:
id: 79JveWwduEWS0GOECouiCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:57:03.931000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:57:03.931000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: W4EibqP766CYAamWyqkQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.952000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:21:05.070000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12332'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646132&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12332&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/W4EibqP766CYAamWyqkQK/523fee62695a3de60ff7940899dfaaf1/2013_2034.12332.jpg"
caption: Engraved geometric shapes, M’Treoka, Hodh el Garbi, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12332
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646132&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12332&page=1
- sys:
id: 4AtrIwkF7OaKCEAiQ2GASg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:44.804000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:06:44.804000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 7'
body: Mauny later proposed a more nuanced chronology, based also on style and
technique, along the same lines as Monod’s. Mauny’s proposed divisions include
a ‘naturalist’ period from 5,000–2,000 BC, a cattle pastoralist phase from 2,500–1,000
BC, a horse period from 1,200 BC onwards, a ‘Libyco-Berber’ group from 200 BC–700
AD and a final ‘Arabo-Berber’ phase from 700 AD onwards (Mauny, 1954). While
the oldest rock art, such as the paintings at Amogjar, could be more than 5,000
years old, it appears that most Mauritanian rock art probably post-dates 2,000
BC, with some, particularly that involving camels, made within the last 2,000
years.
- sys:
id: 4lUHWxICtWgQ0w6iy28iEI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:10.157000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:10.157000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 8'
body: 'Further evidence from the archaeological record and historical knowledge
is helpful in ascribing dates and authorship to some of the rock art. The time
period over which rock art was produced in Mauritania coincided with dramatic
changes in the climate and the desertification of the Sahara, which settled
at present levels of aridity following increased dry periods: around 1,500 BC
in the North, and by the mid-1st Millenium AD in the South. There is some evidence
for a combination of hunting and pastoral activity in the North-East prior to
the desertification, with pastoralism becoming an important means of subsistence
in the South after 2,000 BC.'
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:12.334000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:12.334000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6gZ1qhryX6EM26sQo4MWYQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12340'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6gZ1qhryX6EM26sQo4MWYQ/ffd1149106f1364f7e7c15130243b5cc/2013_2034.12340.jpg"
caption: Crocodiles in pool below engraving site at M’Treoka with relict populations
of crocodiles. Hodh el Garbi, Mauritania. 2013,2034.12340 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646115&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12340&page=1
- sys:
id: 2f2rsdCUH6yWQkC2y4i6aC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:28.228000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:28.228000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 9'
body: The first solid archaeological evidence for horses this far west is from
about 600 AD. However, horses and chariots could have been introduced over a
thousand years before, possibly by early Berber peoples from the North, who
are thought to have made increased incursions from the 4th Millennium onwards,
and with whom much of the rock art is usually associated. Chariot images can
be reasonably assumed to date from the time we know chariots were in use in
the Sahara – i.e. not earlier than 1,200 BC.
- sys:
id: 3bDBY7ve9GkIoEAeqCKe6M
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:55.785000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:07:55.785000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Interpretation
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 10'
body: 'Generally, the study of Mauritanian rock art traditions has focused more
on cataloguing the images and categorising them by style, technique and perceived
age than investigating their potential cultural significance. The limitations
in the ability to scientifically date these images, and the fact that they are
not usually associated with other archaeological materials, hinders effective
attempts at interpretation or ascribing authorship, beyond basic ‘Neolithic’
‘pastoralist’, or ‘early Berber’. Even this may not be clear-cut or mutually
exclusive: for example, incoming Berber peoples in the Adrar Plateau after 2,000
BC are thought to have been cattle pastoralists, as their non-Berber predecessors
probably were. In addition, while the desertification process was definitive
from this time on, fluctuations and regional microclimates made pastoralism
viable relatively recently in some areas – in the Adrar there is still evidence
of cattle rearing as late as 1,000 BC or after, and some areas of the Tagant
region may have been able to support cattle as late as the 18th century. Thus
subject matter alone is not necessarily indicative of date or authorship: depictions
of cattle may be Berber or non-Berber, as old as the 4th millennium BC or as
recent as the 1st, if not later.'
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:58:46.100000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4zNeoXAAesUaCGoaSic6qO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:25.588000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 01:21:40.547000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12285'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.12285&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4zNeoXAAesUaCGoaSic6qO/97398e8ebe5bd8be1adf57f450a72e08/2013_2034.12285.jpg"
caption: Painted ‘bitriangular’ horse and rider with saddle, Guilemsi, Mauritania.
2013,2034.12285 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3645983&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12285&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 11'
body: It is possible to make some more specific inferences based on style. Some
of the more naturalistic cattle paintings from the Adrar have been compared
in style to the Bovidian style paintings of the Tassili n’Ajjer in Libya, and
some of the more geometric designs to others in Senegal and Mali. Links have
also been suggested between some cattle and symbolic images and modern Fulani
and Tuareg traditions and iconography. In terms of significance, changes to
rock art style over time, from naturalistic to schematic, have been remarked
upon as perhaps somehow reflecting environmental changes from savannah to steppe
and desert. It has also been debated whether some of the geometric symbols and
images of riders on horseback were the result of conflict, perhaps made by the
victims of Berber invasions as catharsis or to ward off evil.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:59:21.672000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:59:21.672000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6NlmQWPzJSiCWEIek2ySa8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:50:26.009000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12390'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6NlmQWPzJSiCWEIek2ySa8/f6454e19c8de0ed0ba409100bc3cd56b/2013_2034.12390.jpg"
caption: Handprint, Guilemsi, Tagant, Mauritania.2013,2034.12390 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3646185&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.12390&page=1
- sys:
id: 32ujQ27WmIokwSaq0g8y8E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:08:35.046000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 13:08:35.046000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Mauritania: country, chapter 12'
body: At this point, however, such inferences are fragmentary and speculative,
and it is clear that more comprehensive study of rock art in context in the
region is desirable, as it potentially holds much interest for the study of
the history and prehistory of Mauritania. It is also an endangered resource,
due to a combination of environmental factors, such as extremes of temperature
which damage and split the rocks, and human interference from looting and vandalism.
citations:
- sys:
id: 4BBq4ePWQEC2Y2OmceCGgW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:51:23.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 12:51:23.581000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., 2010. *Mauritanian Rock Art: A New Recording*. Biblioteca Alexandrina, Alexandria
<NAME>, 1954 *Gravures, peintures et inscriptions rupestres de l'Ouest africain*. Vol. 11. Institut français d'Afrique noire
<NAME>., 1938. *Contributions à l’étude du Sahara Occidental. Gravures, Peintures et Inscriptions rupestres*. Publications du Comité d’études historiques et scientifiques de l’Afrique occidentale française, Paris
<NAME>. 1993. *Préhistoire de la Mauritanie*. Centre Culturel Français A. de Saint Exupéry-Sépia, Nouakchott
<NAME>. & <NAME>. *Dictionnaire Archéologique de la Mauritanie*. CRIAA, Université de Nouakchott
---<file_sep>/_coll_country/ethiopia/shepe.md
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id: 4ixjUTf8kEQuQk4GMOy4W6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:41:05.845000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 11:21:10.230000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 1'
body: The site of Shepe (also known as Chabbé, Šappe or Mancheti) is located in
the Sidamo Zone of Oromia, about 250 km to the south of Addis Ababa. The region
is a fertile, forest-mountainous area traditionally dedicated to the cultivation
of coffee. The site is in a narrow gorge carved by the Shepe River at 1300 m
above sea level, full of vegetation and therefore difficult to detect. Along
this gorge there are several notable engravings depicted in four panels, forming
one of the most impressive – if secluded — rock art sites in the Horn of Africa.
The site was discovered in 1965 by Fitaorari Selechi Defabatchaw, governor of
the Dilla district where the site is located, and was published by <NAME>
two years later. Since that, the importance of Shepe has been widely recognized
and some other sites with similar engravings have been documented in the surrounding
area. This group (known generically as the Shepe-Galma group) constitutes one
of the main areas of Ethiopian rock art, the other being the Laga Oda-Sourré
group in the Harar region.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 5EG7K0Z26cUMISeKsAww4s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16227'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc/72c98385edd3833e70e9763f66945e98/ETHSID0050002.jpg"
caption: View of the crease where the Shepe engravings are placed. Shepe, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16227.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691737&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16227&page=1
- sys:
id: 5EG7K0Z26cUMISeKsAww4s
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:47:14.674000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:07.360000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16227'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/pU5IbmTygg4ka2kYisEyc/72c98385edd3833e70e9763f66945e98/ETHSID0050002.jpg"
caption: View of the crease where the Shepe engravings are placed. Shepe, Ethiopia.
2013,2034.16227.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691737&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16227&page=1
- sys:
id: 1meXvF3KKYugMos2qqyyyA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:09.415000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-11 11:21:36.739000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 2'
body: 'The rock art of Shepe consists almost exclusively of engravings of humpless
cows which follow very strict conventions: profile bodies, small heads with
long horns seen from above, U-like bellies and udders very clearly depicted.
Some of the cows have an unidentified, triangular object hanging from their
left horn. In total, around 50 relatively large cows (40 to 70 cm in length)
are depicted throughout the gorge walls, distributed in rows and groups to represent
herds. The most original feature of these engravings is, however, the technique
used to depict them: rather than carving the outline of the cows, the area around
them has been lowered to provide a bas-relief effect which has no known parallels
in the region. The surface of the cows has been polished to obtain a smooth
appearance.'
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 3t1tUJZNRY4kkQAIeKmIea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16236'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS/3b87b98a6668f272110f5baf48e65a5b/ETHSID0060007.jpg"
caption: View of the Shepe main panel. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16236.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16236&page=1
- sys:
id: 3t1tUJZNRY4kkQAIeKmIea
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:50:00.721000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:25.200000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16236'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4wQ6Srd7EI0ckCYoA4IaWS/3b87b98a6668f272110f5baf48e65a5b/ETHSID0060007.jpg"
caption: View of the Shepe main panel. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16236.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16236&page=1
- sys:
id: 2MCiQOzg1WWksmyW4kiCko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:18.446000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:18.446000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The chronology of the Shepe cows is difficult to determine, but stylistically
they have been related to the Laga Oda paintings in the area of Harar and to
other sites in Eritrea and Djibouti. According to most researchers, the Shepe
figures have been ascribed to the so-called Ethiopian-Arabian style, with a
generic chronology from the 3rd to the 1st millennia BC. Shepe engravings can
be considered relatively naturalistic, and therefore should be among the oldest
depictions of this style. Other interpretations, however, consider Shepe and
the nearby sites a completely differentiated school whose chronology is still
unclear but could be more recent.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 23e0al3lEEaeCEawuaEuei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW/2722889dec86c49a3d5c1fa47f5c96ff/ETHSID0060006.jpg"
caption: Frontal view of one the Shepe panels. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691723&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16235&page=1
- sys:
id: 23e0al3lEEaeCEawuaEuei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:09.956000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:45:40.809000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2NxPqNw24UkMkmY0oAeMUW/2722889dec86c49a3d5c1fa47f5c96ff/ETHSID0060006.jpg"
caption: Frontal view of one the Shepe panels. Shepe, Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691723&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.16235&page=1
- sys:
id: 5Ts9l53bJ6uU4OKaqYEAMO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:51:54.888000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:20:03.439000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Ethiopia: featured site, chapter 4'
body: Regarding their meaning, only conjecture can be made at present, but it
seems quite likely that they were made by pastoral communities to whom cattle
were fundamental. The careful depiction of the udders, the repetition of this
single motif and the effort paid to achieve the bas-relief effect imply a paramount
importance of cattle in the economy and society of the group that engraved them.
The fact that some of the cows have what seem to be adornments hanging from
the horns (a feature documented in other rock art regions as the Libyan Messak)
also points in that direction. Contemporary groups, such as the Nuer in nearby
Sudan have similar traditions of horn adornments, and throughout the Omo river
region different techniques of embellishment (ear cutting, horn shaping, modifications
of the hump) have been documented, and in all of them cattle are a key cultural
mark as well as an economic resource. Of course, direct links cannot be established
between these contemporary examples and the communities that made the engravings
of Shepe, but the cattle depictions in the ravine are nevertheless a document
of the importance and consideration given to cattle, an animal which was undoubtedly
part of these groups’ identity.
citations:
- sys:
id: 435YtX7CQ08gcuU240ucwc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 10:52:31.089000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:20:33.907000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 3
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. (1967): Les sculptures rupestres de Chabbè dans le Sidamo. *Annales d'Ethiopie* 7: 19-32.
<NAME>. (ed.) (1995): *Tiya, l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre dans la Corne de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.), Chauvigny.
<NAME>., & <NAME> (2001): New sites of South Ethiopian rock engravings: <NAME>, <NAME>, and remarks on the Sappe-Galma School. *Annales d’Ethiopie*, 17: 205-224.
background_images:
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id: 6bqPx8NVF6CsoC6kS4KkQ4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:36:14.616000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:36:14.616000000 Z
title: ETHSID0080008
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/kenya/mfangano-island.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Kenya
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: 2kZmXHcYEkaWQGMK4sGq0Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:47:03.425000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:51:10.317000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 6
title: Mfangano Island, Kenya
slug: mfangano-island
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ffcl2AJFuUmcS2oykeieO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:54:02.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:54:02.102000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 1'
body: 'Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa, and at 69,484km², the second
largest in the world by surface area. Sitting in a depression in the plateau
between the eastern and western valley branches of the geological East African
Rift System, its shores are in Uganda, Tanzania, and to the south-east, in Kenya. Mfangano
Island, rising 300m out of the lake near the Kenyan shore, is home to some of
the most prominent rock painting sites in the country, featuring abstract patterned
paintings thought to have been created between 1,000 and 4,000 years ago by hunter-gatherers. The
rock paintings on Mfangano Island are found at two principal sites: in a cave
near the sea known as Mawanga, and at a rock shelter further inland called Kwitone.'
- sys:
id: Ak4bSLKQyOCQESmSuukEk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:47:44.566000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:45:35.105000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 37G9MkkxFuC0mu6qGwcs2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.433000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010032 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/37G9MkkxFuC0mu6qGwcs2y/20dfc41bbaef46d2cc5b733269b032ce/KENVIC0010032_1.jpg"
caption: Lake Victoria. 2013,2034.14266 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692066&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14266&page=1
- sys:
id: 3MSOAnbnKoq0ACuaYEK0AK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:03.942000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:03.942000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 2'
body: Mawanga is a roughly triangular limestone cavern, about 18m wide across
the mouth and 12m deep. The roof slopes sharply to the back towards a raised
platform against the rear of the left wall, on which 12 images of concentric
circles and spirals in white and red have been painted. Kwitone has similar
paintings, situated at one end of a long overhang in a sandstone cliff, below
the shoulder of a ridge. The rock art at Kwitone is at the far end on the shelter
wall, several metres above a cleared floor section. The paintings here feature
11 distinct shapes including concentric circles and oblongs. One of these is
a prominent sunburst pattern in brown, with rays emanating from the outermost
band. The images are larger than those at Mawanga, averaging around 40cm in
diameter, and less faded, exhibiting more brown pigment, although both sites
appear to reflect the same artistic tradition. These are finger paintings, with
pigment probably made of haematite or white clay mixed with a natural binder
such as egg white or urine. There is evidence that the surface may also have
also been prepared prior to painting, by polishing, and that some of the images
may have reapplied or retouched over time.
- sys:
id: 2W5cMhvviwo6OEMc04u40E
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:49:05.022000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:46:53.507000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4RTDlc6IOIikMaMg8mQaoc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
title: KENVIC0020005 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4RTDlc6IOIikMaMg8mQaoc/2572f0ad5751cb16ffb281daccfc39d3/KENVIC0020005_1.jpg"
caption: Painted panel at Mawanga Cave. 2013,2034.14278 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692333&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14278&page=1
- sys:
id: 5yjxz7az7yYSQi2u4UQaIk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:49:47.517000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 16:47:08.898000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 516BFdHg1G4yO6IkWOQimW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:43.951000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010001 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/516BFdHg1G4yO6IkWOQimW/7c7491674484c9ae4d39ccc06d98b6be/KENVIC0010001_1.jpg"
caption: Spiral and sunburst at Kwitone. 2013,2034.14250 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3685756&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14250&page=1
- sys:
id: 2UpIfZaJVSIyUweYYKak64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:35.312000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:55:35.312000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 3'
body: The circular shapes seen here are typical of an apparent wider East and
Central African rock art tradition featuring a preponderance of circular motifs,
usually attributed to people known as the Batwa, a Bantu-origin name for a
series of culturally related groups historically living around Africa’s Great
Lakes region and more widely throughout Central Africa. Like the San people,
who are known to have been the creators of most of the famous rock art of Southern
Africa, Batwa were traditionally hunter-gatherers, and are considered the most
ancient indigenous populations of the area. In the early 20th century, it was
proposed that East African rock art of this tradition could have been the work
of ancestral San people, but it is now generally assumed to be of Batwa origin
with, for example, possible parallels to be seen in the symbolic iconography
with contemporary barkcloth designs of the related Mbuti people from the Democratic
Republic of Congo (Namono, 2010).
- sys:
id: 1AWKNMNRSImMCASQusuWc0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:50:25.070000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 17:17:59.954000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 2wD915QEYQqsQCCyEusyoW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:35.128000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:35.128000000 Z
title: UGAVIC0060005 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2wD915QEYQqsQCCyEusyoW/1d5d5b96ebac21badfaaa87cbb154ca5/UGAVIC0060005_1.jpg"
caption: "“Dumbbell” shapes at nearby Lolui Island. 2013,2304.15306 © <NAME>/TARA."
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3691242&partId=1
- sys:
id: 7KbMWDFuY8CwgkwiQuiWew
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:56:16.375000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:56:16.375000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 4'
body: 'Further examples of apparently Batwa origin rock art can be seen in neighbouring
Uganda and Tanzania, a reminder that contemporary political borders do not reflect
physical partitions in the spatial coverage of rock art traditions. Lolui Island,
about 50km north west of Mfangano Island and in Ugandan waters, is another
important Lake Victoria rock art environment, featuring both painting sites
and rock gongs (sonorous natural percussive instruments with the wear of use)
which seem to be associated with the painting sites. There are also numerous
sets of cupules—ground circular depressions in the rocks. Some of these are
referred to locally as Omweso, due to their bearing some resemblance to the
depressions used for holding gaming pieces in the so-named local variant of
the Mancala-type board games played widely throughout eastern Africa. However,
their original significance and use is unknown. Cupule sites are also found
on the Kenyan mainland and on Mfangano island. Many of these are clearly anthropogenic,
however an unusual phenomenon is to be noted in the spectacular array of naturally
formed cupule-like depressions in the limestone of Mawanga cave. This may remind
us to exercise caution in ascribing ‘rock art’ status to all apparently patterned
rock formations. The cause of these multitudinous small depressions is so far
unknown. '
- sys:
id: 5j3ZVzX81O8qs44GE4i6Oa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:51:05.574000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 17:18:53.166000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: iF8lN8WDzqKWeu2OUQ8gc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
title: KENVIC0020012 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/iF8lN8WDzqKWeu2OUQ8gc/1ea0ae4e085ae7da13cb701cb35493c5/KENVIC0020012_1.jpg"
caption: Natural “cupules”, Mawanga Cave. 2013,2034.14285 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692304&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14285&page=1
- sys:
id: 1MO5OjJiaQyeUYEkA0ioOi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:57:11.093000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:57:11.093000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 5'
body: 'The rock art sites of the eastern Lake Victoria region retain spiritual
connotations for the communities living around them, even if their denoted modern
significance differs from that envisioned by the original artists. The modern
inhabitants of Mfangano Island are the Abasuba people, a Bantu language-speaking
group unrelated to the Batwa who have nevertheless appropriated the sites as
arenas of spiritual importance. Members of the Wasamo clan in the area around
Mawanga remember their having used the site for rain making rituals until a
few decades ago, with red and white pigment apparently representing the moon
and sun respectively. Soot on the cave roof may indicate other recent human
activity there. When the archaeologist <NAME>—who first investigated
the Kwitone site in the 1960s—visited it later, he was told by local Wagimbe
clan people that they also held the paintings there to be associated with some
taboos, and connected it with ancestor worship. These beliefs reflect events
of the recent past, as the Abasuba only moved into the area in the last 400
years. This followed an earlier occupation by Luo peoples, prior to which habitation
by the Batwa is assumed. The local importance of the sites is highlighted in
their stewardship by the Abasuba Peace Museum, which fosters a continuing relationship
with the sites and those who live around them. '
- sys:
id: 38TIUovoUMimQ6G4UmiCOS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:51:38.839000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-23 17:19:17.336000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4QK41OYhpSa0qogICAW2aQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.436000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.436000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010039 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4QK41OYhpSa0qogICAW2aQ/fddcfe64e7040cb2dfde96be8d043a2d/KENVIC0010039_1.jpg"
caption: Sign leading to the rock art on Mfangano Island. 2013,2034.14273 © <NAME>/TARA.
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3692275&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.14273&page=1
- sys:
id: 6872dmGUjSMsOgWqW0GKOa
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:59:14.477000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 13:59:14.477000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Kenya: featured site, chapter 6'
body: In 2014, <NAME>, curator of the Abasuba Peace Museum, [visited The
British Museum](http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/BM_Africa_Programme_Newsletter_spring_2015.pdf)
for a training and skills exercise as part of the [Africa Programme](http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/skills-sharing/africa_programme.aspx),
which works closely with national and independent museums across the continent
to develop training initiatives.
citations:
- sys:
id: t1Gh6AyCYKqaQ442MgGUI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:52:31.875000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:52:31.875000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. 1974. *The Prehistoric rock art of the lake Victoria region*. Azania, IX, 1-50.
<NAME>, 2010. *Surrogate Surfaces: a contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Graduate School of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Odede, <NAME>., <NAME>. & Agong, <NAME>. 2014. *Rock Paintings and Engravings in Suba Region along the Eastern Shores of Lake Victoria Basin*. Kenya International Journal of Business and Social Research, Issue 04, Volume 10 pp. 15-24 2014
background_images:
- sys:
id: 37G9MkkxFuC0mu6qGwcs2y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.433000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.433000000 Z
title: KENVIC0010032 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/37G9MkkxFuC0mu6qGwcs2y/20dfc41bbaef46d2cc5b733269b032ce/KENVIC0010032_1.jpg"
- sys:
id: iF8lN8WDzqKWeu2OUQ8gc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-08 18:49:22.434000000 Z
title: KENVIC0020012 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/iF8lN8WDzqKWeu2OUQ8gc/1ea0ae4e085ae7da13cb701cb35493c5/KENVIC0020012_1.jpg"
---<file_sep>/Gemfile
# frozen_string_literal: true
source 'https://rubygems.org'
gem 'colorize', require: false
gem 'contentful_bootstrap'
gem 'kramdown-parser-gfm'
gem 'html-proofer'
gem 'minima'
gem 'rake'
gem 'rubocop', require: false
gem 'webrick'
gem 'jekyll'
group :jekyll_plugins do
gem 'jekyll-contentful-data-import'
gem 'jekyll-minifier'
end
<file_sep>/README.md
# African Rock Art
[](https://github.com/kingsdigitallab/african-rock-art/actions/workflows/main.yml)
## Requirements
The project is built with [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/), which has the following requirements:
- GNU/Linux, Unix, or macOS
- Ruby version 2.1 or above, including all development headers
- [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org/pages/download)
- [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/install/) and [Make](https://www.gnu.org/software/make/)
## How to Run
```bash
echo "Clone repository"
git clone <EMAIL>:kingsdigitallab/african-rock-art.git
echo "Go to the project directory"
cd african-rock-art && git checkout develop
echo "Install Bundler gem (may need sudo)"
[sudo] gem install bundler
echo "Install Dependencies"
bundle install --path vendor/bundle && bundle install
echo "Start Jekyll Server"
bundle exec rake serve
```
Open your browser and go to: [localhost:4000](http://localhost:4000)
## Contentful
To import content from the Contentful CMS, copy the file `env.sh.sample` into a file named `env.sh` and edit the Contentful API settings.
```bash
echo "Edit Contentful settings"
cp env.sh.sample env.sh && nano env.sh
echo "Import and process Contentful data"
bundle exec rake contentful
```
## Utilities
The project has a `Rakefile` that contains taks and build utilities. To see the tasks available run the command `bundle exec rake --tasks` inside the project directory. Current tasks:
```bash
$ bundle exec rake --tasks
rake build:dev # Regenerate files for development
rake build:prod # Regenerate files for production
rake contentful:all # Import and process data from Contentful
rake contentful:assets[force] # Import assets from Contentful; by default it only downloads new images, to overwrite existing images do `rake contentful:assets[true]`
rake contentful:import # Import data from Contentful
rake contentful:process # Process imported data: re-maps Contentful content types and creates content pages
rake contentful:resize # Resizes the images imported from Contentful to a maximum of 500k
rake gallery # Creates surrogates for the gallery images
rake rubocop # Run RuboCop
rake rubocop:auto_correct # Auto-correct RuboCop offenses
rake serve:dev # Serve development Jekyll site locally
rake serve:prod # Serve production Jekyll site locally
rake test:all # Test development and production sites
rake test:dev # Test development site
rake test:prod # Test production site
```
By default, running `bundle exec rake` will run the `test:all` task. [ImageMagick](https://www.imagemagick.org/) is needed to run the `contentful:resize` task.
<file_sep>/_coll_country_information/malawi-country-introduction.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: Yh91lE4KycSSwYOQQOqkW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.867000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:44:27.867000000 Z
content_type_id: country_information
revision: 1
title: 'Malawi: country introduction'
chapters:
- sys:
id: 3xJlmjTd44aAqYWCeI82ac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.966000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.966000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Introduction
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 1'
body: "Malawi is a landlocked country in south-eastern Africa, located between
Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. It stretches from north to south with the eastern
boundary of the country marked by the Lake Malawi. Rock art can be found throughout
the country but is especially abundant in central Malawi, near the western border
with Mozambique. It consists exclusively of paintings attributed to two very
distinctive groups (hunter-gatherers and farmers), and shows obvious links with
other sites located in Zambia and western Mozambique. The images consist mainly
of animals, anthropomorphic figures and geometric symbols, with a chronology
that ranges from the Late Stone Age to the 1950s. \n"
- sys:
id: 5KKSbUlQm4MUMEgAUaweyu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.937000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.937000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Geography and rock art distribution
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 2'
body: 'The geography of Malawi is conditioned by the Great Rift Valley, which
runs from north to south and which contains Lake Malawi (also known as Lake
Nyasa). Almost 600 km long and more than 50 km wide, Lake Malawi is the second
biggest lake in Africa and a key geographical feature of Malawi and the surrounding
countries, as well as an important economic resource for the country. The rest
of the country west of the Rift Valley is dominated by high plateaus, mostly
ranging from 900-1200 m above sea level but reaching 2500 m in the Nyika Plateau
to the north and 3000 m at Mt. Mulanje, to the south. The climate is equatorial,
with strong seasonal differences, and hotter in the southern part of the country. '
- sys:
id: 1zuN2gMyiAg88cw2aKGYWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.761000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.761000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: pDDj71RyBUyqiqsouEeew
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.282000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.282000000 Z
title: MALCHE0010001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/pDDj71RyBUyqiqsouEeew/a0ab78ba58be69235256271b0af54de2/MALCHE0010001.jpg"
caption: Landscape in the Chongoni Hills. 2013,2034.20054 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3737098&partId=1
- sys:
id: 2iANG11zHqMAmKYmsIKeu8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.150000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 3'
body: 'Although rock art can be found in several areas in Malawi, the main concentration
of sites is located in the Chongoni area, in the westernmost part of central
Malawi, very near the border with Mozambique. In that area around 150 rock art
sites have been located so far, belonging to the two main traditions of rock
art found in the country. Other smaller concentrations of rock art can be found
to the south and to the north-west, and around the southern side of Lake Malawi.
The distribution of the different styles of Malawian rock art varies substantially:
while the older paintings attributed to hunter-gatherers can be found everywhere
throughout the country, those made by farmers are concentrated in the Chongoni
area, as well as nearby areas of Mozambique and Zambia. Rock art is usually
scattered throughout the landscape, in hilly areas where gneiss outcrops provide
shelters and well-protected surfaces adequate for painting. '
- sys:
id: 271lgJ95Pmkmu0s8a4Qw2k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.218000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.218000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3lEqMHYBwIse0EmgGkOygW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.051000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.051000000 Z
title: MALMPH0030003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3lEqMHYBwIse0EmgGkOygW/26ce17dd2e9b61bef2220ce2ba9afb60/MALMPH0030003.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel showing a lizard and several geometric shapes. Mphunzi,
<NAME>. 2013,2034.20205 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3739366&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5qpJtPXB4W0a4a04aQeSgG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.145000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.145000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Research history
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 4'
body: 'Rock art in Malawi has been documented by Europeans since at least the
1920s, although it wasn’t until the 1950s when the first articles on the subject
were published, and it was only in 1978 a first synthesis on Malawian rock art
was undertaken (Lindgren, N.E. & Schoffeleers, J.M. 1978). In the 1980s research
increased, especially on Chongoni rock art as its importance as a secret society
artefact became evident. In 1995 the Chongoni rock art area was comprehensively
studied by <NAME> as a part of his doctoral research (1995), which is
still the main reference on the topic. Most of the research on Malawi rock art
has focused on the study of the two different painting traditions found in Malawi.
A basic proposal was made in 1978 when the red paintings—mostly geometric—considered
older and attributed to hunter-gatherers, while white paintings were related
to more modern groups of farmers which arrived early in the 2nd millennium AD
and preserved their painting traditions until the 1950s. Since 1978, the knowledge
of these two groups has substantially improved, with a more refined proposal
made by <NAME> in his doctoral dissertation. '
- sys:
id: 1JMW93aEcQSEcwcG06gg6y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:21.025000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-09-19 14:56:42.286000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2OXCOlKLfWO4yUYMc6YiOK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.017000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.017000000 Z
title: MALDED0090006
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2OXCOlKLfWO4yUYMc6YiOK/0446391cb8c39e21a2baeca5d2566522/MALDED0090006.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel with multitude of red geometric signs. Nthulu, Chongoni
Hills. 2013,2034.20003 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3733695&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.20003&page=1
- sys:
id: 5lHiHzAofecm6YEEG8YGOu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.950000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.950000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 5'
body: 'Another important aspect of rock art research in Malawi has been to look
at the maintenance of painting traditions until relatively recent times. These
exceptional examples have provided fertile ground for further research, as
many of these later paintings have been effectively interpreted as parts of
initiation rituals that are still undertaken today. The study of the secret
societies that preserve this knowledge has been a characteristic feature of
Malawi rock art research since the 1970s (Lindgren, N.E. & Schoffeleers, J.M. 1978). '
- sys:
id: 1oucgcWELuwwQ8QgCG4kKY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.830000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.830000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: 'Themes '
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 6'
body: 'Rock art in Malawi is clearly defined in two groups with different styles,
chronologies and production contexts. The first one is characterized by red
schematic paintings with parallels in Central Africa from Malawi to Angola.
These paintings are associated with the ancestors of modern Batwa hunter-gatherers,
and can be classified into two different types. The first can be considered
the most characteristic and is represented by circles with radiating lines,
concentric circles, ovals, wavy or parallel lines. In some cases, red figures
are infilled in white painting or white dots. The second type is very scarce
(only two examples have been found in Chongoni) and depicts very schematic animals,
sometimes accompanied by humans. Both types are finely executed with red oxide
pigment. Regarding their interpretation, the figures seem to have been associated
with rainmaking and fertility concepts. '
- sys:
id: 2shnvvJ5isC2AcYeUmYogI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.783000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:55:24.416000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2D4MCayW9iK0Oi00QGWsIq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.074000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:40.074000000 Z
title: MALMPH0010008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2D4MCayW9iK0Oi00QGWsIq/278456bd2263cfcc1be94ccd74ad8437/MALMPH0010008.jpg"
caption: Rock art panel with red geometric depictions ascribed to hunter-gatherers.
Mphunzi. 2013,2034.20202 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738324&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1ggf46GoBKEqigYYyegCyC
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.069000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 08:56:52.968000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 7'
body: 'The second and more modern rock art tradition found in Malawi is represented
by white figures made with white clay daubed onto rock surfaces with the finger.
Associated with the agriculturalist Chewa people, the depictions usually represent
zoomorphic, spread-eagled or snake-like figures which could represent mythological
beings, sometimes accompanied by geometric symbols. As in the case of the schematic
figures, two types of paintings have been proposed: those related to spread-eagled
figures and those representing zoomorphs (animal-like figures). The paintings
were made until several decades ago, as testified by depictions of cars that
can be found at some sites. In this case, the interpretation of the paintings
is straightforward, as the images depicted can still be related to current rituals
often employing masks in a variety of shapes. The spread-eagled paintings may
be associated with a Chewa girl’s initiation ceremony and would act as a mnemonic
tool during the ritual, while the zoomorphic paintings may depict spirit characters
of the Chewa men’s secret society, the *nyau*. In many cases, these paintings
can overlap the older red paintings already existing at some sites'
- sys:
id: 2QkvnVmQb64kASYWcmGcge
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.051000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.051000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3jS61b3w2AMEwogGu2CoEI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.175000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:46:39.175000000 Z
title: MALCHE0010011
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3jS61b3w2AMEwogGu2CoEI/807f22eb6e58077d7a003f3e893a91a3/MALCHE0010011.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel with multitude of white human-like and reptile-like depictions,
surrounded by red and white geometric signs. Chentcherere. 2013,2034.20064d
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3737077&partId=1
- sys:
id: 5x1toGMQuWueQmUiYUmSa2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.009000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:20.009000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title: Chronology
title_internal: 'Malawi: country, chapter 8'
body: 'Although it is generally accepted that the red schematic paintings are
older than the white ones, the exact chronology of these styles is still under
discussion. The earliest evidence for human occupation in the region according
to the archaeological record is around 2,500 years ago, and it is generally
assumed that Late Stone Age hunters and gatherers made this rock art. Unfortunately
no datable evidence has been found although groups of these people survived
until the 1800s in Malawi. For the white paintings, chronologies are more accurate:
the Chewa people are thought to have arrived to central Malawi in the 15th century,
and as aforementioned, painting traditions were still alive in the mid-20th
century. '
- sys:
id: 5qd3rUg0MwUMKM2CkEgII
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.940000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-24 16:28:33.674000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2xzgTrXwqQKa0Wa0w6K06k
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-21 15:01:45.256000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-21 15:01:45.256000000 Z
title: MALPHA0010009
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xzgTrXwqQKa0Wa0w6K06k/dbe565ce1dd67cb2835e2a9201be3e7f/MALPHA0010009.jpg"
caption: Rock Art panel with multitude of white human-like and reptile-like depictions,
surrounded by geometric signs. Phanga la Ngoni. 2013,2034.20346 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3733409&partId=1
citations:
- sys:
id: Ao0sic2MKGOE4G66MYqkm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 07:45:19.885000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-07-27 10:02:45.154000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. & <NAME>. 1978. 'Rock art and nyau symbolism
in Malawi' *Malawi Government, Department of Antiquities 18.* Malawi, Montfort
Press \n\nSmith, B.W. 1995. 'Rock art in south-Central Africa: A study based
on the pictographsof Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama District Zambia'. Cambridge,
University of Cambridge, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation\n\nSmith, B.W. 2014.
'Chongoni rock art area' In: <NAME>. (ed) *Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology*,
pp. 1448-1452. New York, Springer\n"
---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/the-art-of-the-warrior.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: bl0Xb7b67YkI4CMCwGwgy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:40:20.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:25:05.303000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 8
title: The art of the warrior
slug: the-art-of-the-warrior
lead_image:
sys:
id: 69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9707'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6/3b4c3bdee6c66bce875eef8014e5fe93/2013_2034.9707.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 2YeH0ki7Pq08iGWoyeI2SY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:04:20.772000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:29:10.545000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 1'
body: |
Historically, much of the rock art from across northern Africa has been classified according to a particular style or ‘school’ of depictions. One such category of images, known as the Libyan Warrior School or Libyan Warrior style is found predominantly in Niger. Typically, this style
“…commonly depicts human figures, mainly armed warriors; women are very rare. The style is fairly crude and the technique unsophisticated, almost invariably a rather careless pecking. The figures, almost always presented frontally with their heads quite circular, with added lobes, or mushroom-shaped, are shown according to a symmetrical schema. Various garment decorations and feathers in the hair are common, and the warrior often holds one or two throwing-spears – the bow is almost lacking – and frequently also holds by the leading rein a typical horse; foreshortened with large hindquarters” (Muzzolini, 2001:614)
Termed *Libyan Warriors* by French ethnographer <NAME>, these representations have been associated with Garamantes’ raids, possibly 2,500 years ago. Thought to be descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists who settled in central Libya from around 1500 BC, the Garamantes developed a thriving urban centre, with flourishing trade networks from Libya to Niger. In contrast, <NAME>, a military man who led two big expeditions to the Sahara in the 1920s, proposed that these figures represent Tuareg; a people reputedly of Berber descent who live a nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. They have their own script known as Tifinagh, which is thought to have Libyan roots and which is engraved onto rocks alongside other rock art depictions.
- sys:
id: 3TQXxJGkAgOkCuQeq4eEEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:21:56.426000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:09:37.769000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2HdsFc1kI0ogGEmGWi82Ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.981000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.981000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11148'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2HdsFc1kI0ogGEmGWi82Ci/5c85cb71338ff7ecd923c26339a73ef5/2013_2034.11148.jpg"
caption: "‘Typical’ Libyan Warrior style figure with horse. Indakatte, Western
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11148 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649143&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11148&page=1
- sys:
id: IENFM2XWMKmW02sWeYkaI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:01.774000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:30:21.015000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 2'
body: |
Libyan Warrior figures are almost exclusively located in the Aïr Mountains of Niger although can also be found in the Adrar des Iforas, north-east Mali extending into Algeria. Defining the Libyan Warrior Period chronologically is a challenge and dates are fairly fluid; the earliest dates suggested start from 5,200 years ago; it certainly coincides with the Horse period between 3,000-2,000 years ago but has also been proposed to continue throughout the Camel Period, from 2,000 years ago to present.
From the sample of images we have as part of this collection it is clear that not all figures designated as falling under the umbrella term of Libyan Warrior style all share the same characteristics; there are similarities, differences and adjacencies even between what we may term a ‘typical’ representation. Of course, if these images span a period of 5,000 years then this may account for the variability in the depictions.
- sys:
id: 1vwQrEx1gA2USS0uSUEO8u
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:22:32.328000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:10:06.087000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:27.484000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9707'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/69ZiYmRsreOiIUUEiCuMS6/3b4c3bdee6c66bce875eef8014e5fe93/2013_2034.9707.jpg"
caption: "‘Typical’ Libyan Warrior style figure with antelope. Iwellene, Northern
Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9707 © TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649767&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9707&page=1
- sys:
id: 13aC6FIWtQAauy2SYC6CQu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:26.289000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:26.289000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 3'
body: However, for the majority of figures their posture is remarkably similar
even though objects of material culture and the types of garments they wear
may show more diversity. The overriding feature is that figures are positioned
frontally with arms bent and raised, often displaying splayed fingers. In some
cases figures hold weapons and shields, but some do not. Some wear obviously
elaborate headdresses, but in others the features look more coiffure-like. Selected
garments are decorated with geometric patterns, others are plain; not all wear
items of personal ornamentation. Certainly, not all figures are associated with
horses, as typically characterised. Moreover, rather than all being described
as unsophisticated or careless, many are executed showing great technique and
skill. So how do we start to make sense of this contradiction between consistency
and variation?
- sys:
id: 4thny4IiHKW66c2sGySMqE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:28:05.405000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:15:37.257000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 4Mq2eZY2bKogMqoCmu6gmW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.548000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11167'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Mq2eZY2bKogMqoCmu6gmW/9916aa4ecde51858768639f010a0442e/2013_2034.11167.jpg"
caption: Infissak, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11167 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3648925&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11167&page=1
- sys:
id: 1D7OVEK1eouQAsg6e6esS4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:05:50.702000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:36:43.690000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 4'
body: A criticism of Saharan rock art research, in comparison to that which has
focused on other parts of Africa, is an under-theorisation of how the art links
to past ethnic, archaeological or other identities (Smith,2013:156). This is
tricky when dealing with past societies which were potentially nomadic, and
where their archaeological remains are scarce. However, recent anthropological
research may inform our thinking in this area. A member of the Wodaabe cultural
group (nomadic cattle-herders and traders in the Sahel) on seeing a photograph
of a Libyan-Warrior engraving and noting the dress and earrings told photographer
<NAME> that it represents a woman performing a traditional greeting
dance with arms outstretched and about to clap (Coulson and Campbell,2001:210).
- sys:
id: 6GvLgKrVXaSIQaAMECeE2m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:31:34.914000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:15:11.171000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 18c47Fe9jeoIi4CouE8Eya
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:10.453000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:10.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.11133'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/18c47Fe9jeoIi4CouE8Eya/189da8bf1c84d7f95b532cf59780fe82/2013_2034.11133.jpg"
caption: Two Libyan Warrior style figures, Western Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.11133 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3649155&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.11133&page=1
- sys:
id: 4wQK9fpysE0GEaGYOEocws
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:06:27.167000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:17:33.313000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "Such a comment suggests that local ethnographies might assist in an understanding
of more recent rock art, that not all figures described as Libyan-Warrior may
necessarily be the same, and indeed that women may not be as rare as previously
documented. In fact, the Wodaabe have been noted to resemble figures in other
Saharan rock art contexts (see article on Hairdressing in the Acacus).\n\nIf
we accept that some of these representations share affinities with the Wodaabe
then thinking about this category of images from an ethnographic perspective
may prove productive. Moreover, the British Museum’s existing ethnographic collections
are simultaneously a useful resource by which we can potentially add more meaning
to the rock art images.\n\nThe Wodaabe belong to the Fulani people, numbering
20 million and currently living across eighteen countries. The Wodaabe comprise
2-3% of the Fulani cultural group, still live as true nomads and are considered
to have the most traditional culture of all the Fulani (Bovin,2001:13).\t\n"
- sys:
id: 2oNDIVZY2cY6y2ACUykYiW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:31:55.456000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:26:02.339000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 2klydX5Lbm6sGIUO8cCuow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.581000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:40.581000000 Z
title: Wodaabe
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2klydX5Lbm6sGIUO8cCuow/af221201c757ffe51e741300ffaefcba/Wodaabe.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe men preparing for Gerewol ceremony ©<NAME>, Wikimedia Commons
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Dan_Lundberg_-_1997_%5E274-33_Gerewol_contestants.jpg
- sys:
id: 3SOhBsJLQACesg4wogaksm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:09.983000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:09.983000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 6'
body: "The Wodaabe have become particularly well-known in the West through visual
anthropology, because of their emphasis on cultivating male personal beauty
and adornment. Men invest enormous amounts of time in personal artistic expression;
much more so than women. Anthropologists have documented the constant checking
of Wodaabe men in their mirrors; a Wodaabe man will not even go out among the
cows in the morning until he has checked and tidied himself. They spend hours
every day on their appearance and have been described as styling themselves
like “living paintings” and “living statues” (Bovin, 2001:72). Symmetry plays
a particularly significant part in Wodaabe culture and is reflected in all their
artistic expressions. Symmetry stands for culture, asymmetry stands for nature.
Culture is order and nature is disorder (Bovin,2001:17). Everyday Wodaabe life
is imbued with artistic expression, whereby “every individual is an active creator,
decorator and performer (Bovin, 2001:15).\n\nSo, how might we see Wodaabe cultural
traits reflected in the Libyan-Warrior figures?\n\nPlumage is often depicted
on these Warrior figures and for the most part is assumed to simply be part
of the warrior regalia. The ostrich feather, a phallic symbol in Wodaabe culture,
is an important element in male adornment and is carefully placed in the axis
of symmetry in the middle of a man’s turban, worn during dancing ceremonies
(Bovin, 2001:41). Music and dancing are typical of Fulani traditions, characterized
by group singing and accompanied by clapping, stomping and bells. The feathers
in the British Museum’s collections are known to be dance ornaments, worn during
particular ceremonies. \n"
- sys:
id: 4AsNsHJ1n2USWMU68cIUko
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:46:03.474000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:30:37.659000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6QT0CdFAgoISmsuUk6u4OW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.045000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.045000000 Z
title: Af2005,04.6 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6QT0CdFAgoISmsuUk6u4OW/02489b2a4374bdb0a92ad9684f6120f4/Af2005_04.6_1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe dancing feather from the British Museum collections. Af2005,04.6
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1585897&partId=1&searchText=Af2005%2c04.6&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 5z7EqYMmFaI0Eom6AAgu6i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:57:19.817000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:28:41.984000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 10pBS62m3eugyAkY8iQYGs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.548000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.548000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9037'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/10pBS62m3eugyAkY8iQYGs/b54aab41922ff6690ca59533afddeb84/2013_2034.9037.jpg"
caption: Libyan Warrior figure showing symmetrical plumage from Eastern Aïr Mountains,
Niger. 2013,2034.9037 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636108&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9037&page=1
- sys:
id: 1UmQD1rR0IISqKmGe4UWYs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:47:12.062000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:28:08.133000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 5oL3JD0PbaEMMyu4mA0oGw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.053000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:54:37.053000000 Z
title: Af2005,04.20 1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5oL3JD0PbaEMMyu4mA0oGw/72bb636538c36d21c62fef5628556238/Af2005_04.20_1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe dancing feather from the British Museum collections. Af2005,04.20
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1585792&partId=1&searchText=Af2005%2c04.20&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: 45NYo7UU5ymOCYiqEYyQQO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:34.816000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:34.816000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 7'
body: One of the recurring features of the Warrior engravings is the round discs
that seem to be suspended from a figure’s arm or shoulder. Historically, these
have been interpreted as shields, which one might expect a warrior to be carrying
and in part this may be the case.
- sys:
id: 55JXs6mmfCoM6keQuwSeKA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:59:13.850000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:31:16.112000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3s0PrjlXlS2QwMKMk0giog
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.985000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:56.985000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9554'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3s0PrjlXlS2QwMKMk0giog/bef0019b59e2abe3ba3e29a4377eedd0/2013_2034.9554.jpg"
caption: Warrior style figure holding ‘shields’. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.9554 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639988&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9554&page=1
- sys:
id: 2UL4zsEuwgekwI0ugSOSok
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 11:59:49.961000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:31:41.776000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3XjtbP2JywoCw8Qm0O8iKo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.555000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.555000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9600'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3XjtbP2JywoCw8Qm0O8iKo/fc0ccf0eb00a563da9a60276c87bbc11/2013_2034.9600.jpg"
caption: Warrior style figure holding ‘shields’. Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger.
2013,2034.9600 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3639940&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9600&page=1
- sys:
id: 64MCgMHx60M8e0GSCaM2qm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:53.749000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:07:53.749000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 8'
body: However, others may represent shoulder bags or flat baskets which are used
as vessel covers or food trays; both of which are vital items in a nomadic lifestyle.
Alternatively, they may represent calabashes. Wodaabe women measure their worldly
wealth in calabashes and can acquire many in a lifetime, mostly ornamental to
be displayed only on certain ceremonial occasions. If some of these depictions
are not necessarily men or warriors then what have been considered shields may
in fact represent some other important item of material culture.
- sys:
id: 78Ks1B0PPUA8YIm0ugMkQK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:00:47.553000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:33:27.671000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5SDdxljduwuQggsuWcYUCA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.583000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.583000000 Z
title: Af,B47.19
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5SDdxljduwuQggsuWcYUCA/eeb48a1ec8550bb4e1622317e5b7cea0/Af_B47.19.jpg"
caption: Photograph of three Fulani male children 'dressed up for a ceremonial
dance'. They are carrying shoulder-bags and holding sticks, and the male at
right has flat basket impaled on stick. Rural setting. Af,B47.19 © Trustees
of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1410664&partId=1&searchText=Af,B47.19&page=1
- sys:
id: 5nvXXoq4Baa0IwOmMSiUkI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:13.833000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:13.833000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 9'
body: Engraved figures are often depicted with geometric patterning across their
torso which may reflect traditional garments. This armless Wodaabe vest is decorated
with abstract geometric combinations; patterns similar to those found on amulets,
bags, containers and other artefacts as well as rock art.
- sys:
id: 1Huul8DwMcACSECuGoASE2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:01:35.826000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:35:18.268000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 1PmWIHnxq0cAESkGiiWCkK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.554000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.554000000 Z
title: '7,2023.1'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1PmWIHnxq0cAESkGiiWCkK/51912ac1b7bffafe18fbbbb48a253fe9/7_2023.1.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe vest, Niger. 2007,2023.1 ©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3372277&partId=1&searchText=2007%2c2023.1&view=list&page=1
- sys:
id: GT1E1E6FMc04CaQQUEuG6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:02:14.003000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:37:15.633000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: lz2F9O4kSWoi2g68csckA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:48.580000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9016'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/lz2F9O4kSWoi2g68csckA/97f7a9fbec98c4af224273fbd3f7e9a5/2013_2034.9016.jpg"
caption: Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9016 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636134&partId=1&searchText=2013%2c2034.9016&&page=1
- sys:
id: MH7tazL1u0ocyy6ysc8ci
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:38.359000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:38.359000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 10'
body: |-
There is also a consensus within Wodaabe society about beauty and ugliness; what makes something beautiful or indeed ugly generally is agreed upon, there is a commonality of taste. This may account for the paradox of why there is individuality within a corpus of images that inherently are comparable (Bovin,2001:16).
As nomads, Wodaabe do not identify themselves by place or territory as such, but a Wodaabe’s body is a repository of culture to mark them out against nature. Culture is not seen as an unessential indulgence but as an imperative necessity, it is part of one’s survival and existence in an inhospitable environment. We may speculate that rock art images may be seen as a way of stamping culture on nature; markers of socialised space.
- sys:
id: 5f7LkndYMoCiE0C6cYI642
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:02:44.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 15:04:54.162000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 4S1bl6LKUEKg0mMiQMoS2i
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:33.489000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:33.489000000 Z
title: Gerewol
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4S1bl6LKUEKg0mMiQMoS2i/77678da7ac7b9573cfdfdcc9222b4187/Gerewol.jpg"
caption: Wodaabe participants in the Gerewol beauty contest. ©<NAME> via
Wikimedia Commons
col_link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg
- sys:
id: 2s5eLxURwgEKUGYiCc62MM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:03:20.752000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-15 14:40:40.756000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3as8UfaNIk22iQwu2uccsO
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:57.016000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:20:57.016000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.9685'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3as8UfaNIk22iQwu2uccsO/bef9cc4c65f13f394c4c6c03fa665aab/2013_2034.9685.jpg"
caption: Four Warrior style figures, Eastern Aïr Mountains, Niger. 2013,2034.9685
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3644735&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.9685&page=1
- sys:
id: 4c37ixkB72GaCAkSYwGmSI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:59.408000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-27 12:08:59.408000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Warrior: thematic, chapter 11'
body: This brief review was motivated, in part, by the underlying problems inherent
in the categorisation of visual culture. Historically assigned classifications
are not fixed and armed with current knowledge across a range of resources we
may provide further insights into these enigmatic representations. Obviously,
a much more systematic study of this category known as Libyan-Warrior figures
needs to be undertaken to determine their distribution and the similarities
and differences between depictions across sites. Additionally, care must be
taken making connections with a cultural group whose material culture has changed
over the course of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, it seems the category
of Libyan-Warrior figures is an area that is ripe for more intensive investigation.
citations:
- sys:
id: 2YpbTzVtq8og44KCIYKySK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:17:36.606000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 17:17:36.606000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |
<NAME>. 2001. *Nomads Who Cultivate Beauty*. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
<NAME> and <NAME>. 2001. *African Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings on Stone*. New York: <NAME>
<NAME>. 2001. ‘Saharan Africa’ In Whitley, D. (ed) *Handbook of Rock Art Research*: pp.605-636. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press
<NAME>. 2013. Rock art research in Africa. In: Lane, P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African Archaeology*: 145-162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa.md
---
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:27:08.508000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 1
title: Introduction to rock art in central and eastern Africa
slug: rock-art-in-central-and-east-africa
lead_image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 4ln5fQLq2saMKsOA4WSAgc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:09:33.580000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:17:25.155000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central and East Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 1'
body: |-
Central Africa is dominated by vast river systems and lakes, particularly the Congo River Basin. Characterised by hot and wet weather on both sides of the equator, central Africa has no regular dry season, but aridity increases in intensity both north and south of the equator. Covered with a forest of about 400,000 m² (1,035,920 km²), it is one of the greenest parts of the continent. The rock art of central Africa stretches from the Zambezi River to the Angolan Atlantic coast and reaches as far north as Cameroon and Uganda. Termed the ‘schematic rock art zone’ by <NAME> (1959), it is dominated by finger-painted geometric motifs and designs, thought to extend back many thousands of years.
Eastern Africa, from the Zambezi River Valley to Lake Turkana, consists largely of a vast inland plateau with the highest elevations on the continent, such as Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m above sea level) and Mount Kenya (5,199 m above sea level). Twin parallel rift valleys run through the region, which includes the world’s second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria. The climate is atypical of an equatorial region, being cool and dry due to the high altitude and monsoon winds created by the Ethiopian Highlands. The rock art of eastern Africa is concentrated on this plateau and consists mainly of paintings that include animal and human representations. Found mostly in central Tanzania, eastern Zambia and Malawi; in comparison to the widespread distribution of geometric rock art, this figurative tradition is much more localised, and found at just a few hundred sites in a region of less than 100km in diameter.
- sys:
id: 4nyZGLwHTO2CK8a2uc2q6U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:48.121000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:05:00.916000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.836000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:01:05.082000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.12982'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3esXNapo5GOWIKSImcY4QW/6436b2034659eccb953844b21a400070/2013_2034.12982.jpg"
caption: <NAME>. 2013,2034.12982 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3776396
- sys:
id: 1OvIWDPyXaCO2gCWw04s06
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:23.723000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:18:19.325000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 2'
body: This collection from Central and East Africa comprises rock art from Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania, as well as the Horn of Africa; although predominantly paintings,
engravings can be found in most countries.
- sys:
id: 4JqI2c7CnYCe8Wy2SmesCi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:10:59.991000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-10-17 13:34:14.653000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: History of research
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 3'
body: |-
The rock art of East Africa, in particular the red paintings from Tanzania, was extensively studied by Mary and <NAME> in the 1930s and 1950s. <NAME> observed Sandawe people of Tanzania making rock paintings in the mid-20th century, and on the basis of oral traditions argued that the rock art was made for three main purposes: casual art; magic art (for hunting purposes or connected to health and fertility) and sacrificial art (to appease ancestral spirits). Subsequently, during the 1970s Fidelis Masao and <NAME> recorded numerous sites, classifying the art in broad chronological and stylistic categories, proposing tentative interpretations with regard to meaning.
There has much debate and uncertainty about Central African rock art. The history of the region has seen much mobility and interaction of cultural groups and understanding how the rock art relates to particular groups has been problematic. Pioneering work in this region was undertaken by <NAME> in central Malawi in the early 1920s, <NAME> visited Zambia in 1936 and attempted to provide a chronological sequence and some insight into the meaning of the rock art. Since the 1950s (Clarke, 1959), archaeologists have attempted to situate rock art within broader archaeological frameworks in order to resolve chronologies, and to categorise the art with reference to style, colour, superimposition, subject matter, weathering, and positioning of depictions within the panel (Phillipson, 1976). Building on this work, our current understanding of rock in this region has been advanced by <NAME> (1995, 1997, 2001) with his work in Zambia and Malawi.
- sys:
id: 35HMFoiKViegWSY044QY8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:59:25.796000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:25.789000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:00.077000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.17450'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6KOxC43Z9mYCuIuqcC8Qw0/e25141d07f483d0100c4cf5604e3e525/2013_2034.17450.jpg"
caption: This painting of a large antelope is possibly one of the earliest extant
paintings. <NAME> believes similar paintings could be more than 28,000
years old. 2013,2034.17450 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3711689
- sys:
id: 1dSBI9UNs86G66UGSEOOkS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-09 11:56:31.754000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:50:18.203000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 5
title: East African Rock Art
title_internal: Intro to east africa, chapter 3.5
body: "Rock art of East Africa consists mainly of paintings, most of which are
found in central Tanzania, and are fewer in number in eastern Zambia and Malawi;
scholars have categorised them as follows:\n\n*__Red Paintings__*: \nRed paintings
can be sub-divided into those found in central Tanzania and those found stretching
from Zambia to the Indian Ocean.\nTanzanian red paintings include large, naturalistic
animals with occasional geometric motifs. The giraffe is the most frequently
painted animal, but antelope, zebra, elephant, rhino, felines and ostrich are
also depicted. Later images show figures with highly distinctive stylised human
head forms or hairstyles and body decoration, sometimes in apparent hunting
and domestic scenes. The Sandawe and Hadza, hunter-gatherer groups, indigenous
to north-central and central Tanzania respectively, claim their ancestors were
responsible for some of the later art.\n\nThe area in which Sandawe rock art
is found is less than 100km in diameter and occurs at just a few hundred sites,
but corresponds closely to the known distribution of this group. There have
been some suggestions that Sandawe were making rock art early into the 20th
century, linking the art to particular rituals, in particular simbo; a trance
dance in which the Sandawe communicate with the spirit world by taking on the
power of an animal. The art displays a range of motifs and postures, features
that can be understood by reference to simbo and to trance experiences; such
as groups of human figures bending at the waist (which occurs during the *simbo*
dance), taking on animal features such as ears and tails, and floating or flying;
reflecting the experiences of those possessed in the dance."
- sys:
id: 7dIhjtbR5Y6u0yceG6y8c0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:07.434000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:51:51.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16849'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1fy9DD4BWwugeqkakqWiUA/9f8f1330c6c0bc0ff46d744488daa152/2013_2034.16849.jpg"
caption: Three schematic figures formed by the use of multiple thin parallel lines.
The shape and composition of the heads suggests either headdresses or elaborate
hairstyles. Kondoa, Tanzania. 2013,2034.16849 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709812
- sys:
id: 1W573pi2Paks0iA8uaiImy
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:12:00.544000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:21:09.647000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 8
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 4'
body: "Zambian rock art does not share any similarities with Tanzanian rock art
and can be divided into two categories; animals (with a few depictions of humans),
and geometric motifs. Animals are often highly stylised and superimposed with
rows of dots. Geometric designs include, circles, some of which have radiating
lines, concentric circles, parallel lines and ladder shapes. Predominantly painted
in red, the remains of white pigment is still often visible. <NAME>on
(1976) proposed that the naturalistic animals were earlier in date than geometric
designs. Building on Phillipson’s work, <NAME> studied ethnographic
records and demonstrated that geometric motifs were made by women or controlling
the weather.\n\n*__Pastoralist paintings__*: \nPastoralist paintings are rare,
with only a few known sites in Kenya and other possible sites in Malawi. Usually
painted in black, white and grey, but also in other colours, they include small
outlines, often infilled, of cattle and are occasional accompanied by geometric
motifs. Made during the period from 3,200 to 1,800 years ago the practice ceased
after Bantu language speaking people had settled in eastern Africa. Similar
paintings are found in Ethiopia but not in southern Africa, and it has been
assumed that these were made by Cushitic or Nilotic speaking groups, but their
precise attribution remains unclear (Smith, 2013:154).\n"
- sys:
id: 5jReHrdk4okicG0kyCsS6w
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:41.789000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:10:04.890000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.848000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13653'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hoZEK3d2Oi8iiWqoWACo/1a1adcfad5d5a1cf0a341316725d61c4/2013_2034.13653.jpg"
caption: Two red bulls face right. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13653. © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700058
- sys:
id: 7rFAK9YoBqYs0u0EmCiY64
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:00:58.494000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:11:37.760000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.880000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13635'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3bqDVyvXlS0S6AeY2yEmS8/c9921f3d8080bcef03c96c6b8f1b0323/2013_2034.13635.jpg"
caption: Two cattle with horns in twisted perspective. Mt Elgon, Kenya. 2013,2034.13635.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3698905
- sys:
id: 1tX4nhIUgAGmyQ4yoG6WEY
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:14:33.823000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 5'
body: |-
*__Late White Paintings__*:
Commonly painted in white, or off-white with the fingers, so-called ‘Late White’ depictions include quite large crudely rendered representations of wild animals, mythical animals, human figures and numerous geometric motifs. These paintings are attributed to Bantu language speaking, iron-working farmers who entered eastern Africa about 2,000 years ago from the west on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Moving through areas occupied by the Batwa it is thought they learned the use of symbols painted on rock, skin, bark cloth and in sand. Chewa peoples, Bantu language speakers who live in modern day Zambia and Malawi claim their ancestors made many of the more recent paintings which they used in rites of passage ceremonies.
- sys:
id: 35dNvNmIxaKoUwCMeSEO2Y
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:26.458000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:52:15.838000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.188000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16786'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6RGZZQ13qMQwmGI86Ey8ei/6d37a5bed439caf7a1223aca27dc27f8/2013_2034.16786.jpg"
caption: Under a long narrow granite overhang, Late White designs including rectangular
grids, concentric circles and various ‘square’ shapes. 2013,2034.16786 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709608
- sys:
id: 2XW0X9BzFCa8u2qiKu6ckK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:01:57.959000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:21.559000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.138000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16797'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1UT4r6kWRiyiUIYSkGoACm/fe915c6869b6c195d55b5ef805df7671/2013_2034.16797.jpg"
caption: A monuments guard stands next to Late White paintings attributed to Bantu
speaking farmers in Tanzania, probably made during the last 700 years. 2013,2034.16797
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709628
- sys:
id: 3z28O8A58AkgMUocSYEuWw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:04.047000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 6'
body: |-
*__Meat-feasting paintings__*:
Meat-feasting shelters exist from northern Tanzania through Kenya to Lake Turkana, and are places where Maa-speaking initiated men, who are not permitted to eat meat in their homes, gather to kill and feast on animals, predominantly cattle. The term Maa relates to a group of closely related Eastern Nilotic languages, which historically dominated the east African hinterland; and today is spoken by around a million people. During or after feasting, symbols of the animals that had been eaten were painted on the shelter ceiling in white or less often red. Maa speakers brand their cattle and camels with symbols that signify the lineage of their owners, but may also indicate if an animal has been treated for a particular disease. Different symbols may be used for male and female animals. Over the centuries, because the depictions are on the ceiling of meat feasting rock shelters, and because sites are used even today, a build-up of soot has obscured or obliterated the paintings. Unfortunately, few have been recorded or mapped.
- sys:
id: 1yjQJMFd3awKmGSakUqWGo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:23.595000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:19:11.619000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.743000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13004'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/p4E0BRJzossaus6uUUkuG/13562eee76ac2a9efe8c0d12e62fa23a/2013_2034.13004.jpg"
caption: Huge granite boulder with Ndorobo man standing before a rock overhang
used for meat-feasting. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034. 13004. © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700175
- sys:
id: 6lgjLZVYrY606OwmwgcmG2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:02:45.427000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-15 17:20:14.877000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: 1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.150000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.13018'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1RLyVKKV8MA4KEk4M28wqw/044529be14a590fd1d0da7456630bb0b/2013_2034.13018.jpg"
caption: This symbol is probably a ‘brand’ used on cattle that were killed and
eaten at a Maa meat feast. Laikipia, Kenya. 2013,2034.13018 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3700193
- sys:
id: 5UQc80DUBiqqm64akmCUYE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:15:34.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:53:53.936000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 4
title: Central African Rock Art
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 7'
body: The rock art of central Africa is attributed to hunter-gatherers known as
Batwa. This term is used widely in eastern central and southern Africa to denote
any autochthonous hunter-gatherer people. The rock art of the Batwa can be divided
into two categories which are quite distinctive stylistically from the Tanzanian
depictions of the Sandawe and Hadza. Nearly 3,000 sites are currently known
from within this area. The vast majority, around 90%, consist of finger-painted
geometric designs; the remaining 10% include highly stylised animal forms (with
a few human figures) and rows of finger dots. Both types are thought to date
back many thousands of years. The two traditions co-occur over a vast area of
eastern and central Africa and while often found in close proximity to each
other are only found together at a few sites. However, it is the dominance of
geometric motifs that make this rock art tradition very distinctive from other
regions in Africa.
- sys:
id: 4m51rMBDX22msGmAcw8ESw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:40.666000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:25.415000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:49.737000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15306'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2MOrR79hMcO2i8G2oAm2ik/86179e84233956e34103566035c14b76/2013_2034.15306.jpg"
caption: Paintings in red and originally in-filled in white cover the underside
of a rock shelter roof. The art is attributed to central African Batwa; the
age of the paintings is uncertain. Lake Victoria, Uganda. 2013,2034.15306 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691242
- sys:
id: 5rNOG3568geMmIEkIwOIac
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:07.130000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:19.722000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 8'
body: "*__Engravings__*:\nThere are a few engravings occurring on inland plateaus
but these have elicited little scientific interest and are not well documented.
\ Those at the southern end of Lake Turkana have been categorised into two types:
firstly, animals, human figures and geometric forms and also geometric forms
thought to involve lineage symbols.\nIn southern Ethiopia, near the town of
Dillo about 300 stelae, some of which stand up to two metres in height, are
fixed into stones and mark grave sites. People living at the site ask its spirits
for good harvests. \n"
- sys:
id: LrZuJZEH8OC2s402WQ0a6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:03:59.496000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-03-19 14:54:51.576000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 5
image:
sys:
id: 1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.176000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16206'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1uc9hASXXeCIoeMgoOuO4e/09a7504449897509778f3b9455a42f8d/2013_2034.16206.jpg"
caption: Group of anthropomorphic stelae with carved faces. <NAME>, Southern
Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16206 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3703754
- sys:
id: 7EBTx1IjKw6y2AUgYUkAcm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:16:37.210000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:22:04.007000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 9'
body: In the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, around 50 images of cattle are engraved
in bas-relief on the wall of a gorge. All the engravings face right and the
cows’ udders are prominently displayed. Similar engravings of cattle, all close
to flowing water, occur at five other sites in the area, although not in such
large numbers.
- sys:
id: 6MUkxUNFW8oEK2aqIEcee
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:04:34.186000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:22:24.891000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
image:
sys:
id: PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:56:43.849000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16235'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/PlhtduNGSaOIOKU4iYu8A/7625c8a21caf60046ea73f184e8b5c76/2013_2034.16235.jpg"
caption: Around 50 images of cattle are engraved in bas-relief into the sandstone
wall of a gorge in the Sidamo region of Ethiopia. 2013,2034.16235 © TARA/David
Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2hMU0vm
- sys:
id: 6vT5DOy7JK2oqgGK8EOmCg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:17:53.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 11:25:38.678000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 3
title: Rock art in the Horn of Africa
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 10'
body: "The Horn of Africa has historically been a crossroads area between the
Eastern Sahara, the Subtropical regions to the South and the Arabic Peninsula.
These mixed influences can be seen in many archaeological and historical features
throughout the region, the rock art being no exception. Since the early stages
of research in the 1930s, a strong relationship between the rock art in Ethiopia
and the Arabian Peninsula was detected, leading to the establishment of the
term *Ethiopian-Arabian* rock art by Pavel Červiček in 1971. This research thread
proposes a progressive evolution from naturalism to schematism, ranging from
the 4th-3rd millennium BC to the near past. Although the *Ethiopian-Arabian*
proposal is still widely accepted and stylistic similarities between the rock
art of Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen or Saudi Arabia are undeniable, recent voices
have been raised against the term because of its excessive generalisation and
lack of operability. In addition, recent research to the south of Ethiopia have
started to discover new rock art sites related to those found in Uganda and
Kenya.\n\nRegarding the main themes of the Horn of Africa rock art, cattle depictions
seem to have been paramount, with cows and bulls depicted either isolated or
in herds, frequently associated with ritual scenes which show their importance
in these communities. Other animals – zebus, camels, felines, dogs, etc. – are
also represented, as well as rows of human figures, and fighting scenes between
warriors or against lions. Geometric symbols are also common, usually associated
with other depictions; and in some places they have been interpreted as tribal
or clan marks. Both engraving and painting is common in most regions, with many
regional variations. \n"
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revision: 4
image:
sys:
id: 3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 18:57:11.155000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15749'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3ylztNmm2cYU0GgQuW0yiM/3be240bf82adfb5affc0d653e353350b/2013_2034.15749.jpg"
caption: Painted roof of rock shelter showing decorated cows and human figures.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15749 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691391
- sys:
id: 2IKYx0YIVOyMSwkU8mQQM
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'East Africa: regional, chapter 11'
body: |-
Rock art in the Horn of Africa faces several challenges. One of them is the lack of consolidated chronologies and absolute dating for the paintings and engravings. Another is the uneven knowledge of rock art throughout the region, with research often affected by political unrest. Therefore, distributions of rock art in the region are steadily growing as research is undertaken in one of the most interactive areas in East Africa.
The rock art of Central and East Africa is one of the least documented and well understood of the corpus of African rock art. However, in recent years scholars have undertaken some comprehensive reviews of existing sites and surveys of new sites to open up the debates and more fully understand the complexities of this region.
citations:
- sys:
id: 7d9bmwn5kccgO2gKC6W2Ys
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 19:08:04.014000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-12-19 12:24:18.659000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 2
citation_line: "<NAME>. 1996. ‘Cultural Patterns in the Rock Art of Central
Tanzania.’ in *The Prehistory of Africa*. XIII International Congress of Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Sciences Forli-Italia-8/14 September.\n\nČerviček, P. 1971.
‘Rock paintings of Laga Oda (Ethiopia)’ in *Paideuma*, 17, pp.121-136.\n\nClark,
<NAME>. 1954. *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*. New York: Octagon
Press.\n\nClark, J.C.D. 1959. ‘Rock Paintings of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland’,
in Summers, R. (ed.) *Prehistoric Rock Art of the Federation of Rhodesia & Nyasaland*:
Glasgow: National Publication Trust, pp.163- 220.\n\nJoussaume, R. (ed.) 1995.
Tiya, *l’Ethiopie des mégalithes : du biface à l’art rupestre dans la Corne
de l’Afrique*. Association des publications chauvinoises (A.P.C.), Chauvigny.\n\nLeakey,
M. 1983. *Africa’s Vanishing Art – The Rock Paintings of Tanzania*. London:
Hamish Hamilton Ltd.\n\nMasao, F.T. 1979. *The Later Stone Age and the Rock
Paintings of Central Tanzania*. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. \n\nNamono,
Catherine. 2010. *A contextual interpretive approach to the rock art of Uganda*.
Unpublished PhD Thesis. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand\n\nPhillipson,
D.W. 1976. ‘The Rock Paintings of Eastern Zambia’, in *The Prehistory of Eastern
Zambia: Memoir 6 of the british Institute in Eastern Africa*. Nairobi.\n\nSmith
B.W. (1995), Rock art in south-Central Africa: A study based on the pictographs
of Dedza District, Malawi and Kasama District Zambia. dissertation. Cambridge:
University of Cambridge, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.\n\n<NAME>. (1997),
Zambia’s ancient rock art: The paintings of Kasama. Zambia: The National Heritage
Conservation Commission of Zambia.\n\n<NAME>. (2001), Forbidden images: Rock
paintings and the Nyau secret society of Central Malaŵi and Eastern Zambia.
*African Archaeological Review*18(4): 187–211.\n\nSmith, Benjamin. 2013, ‘Rock
art research in Africa; in In: Lane, P. & Mitchell, P. (eds) *Handbook of African
Archaeology*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.145-162.\n\nTen Raa, E. 1974.
‘A record of some prehistoric and some recent Sandawe rock paintings’ in *Tanzania
Notes and Records* 75, pp.9-27."
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/libya/fighting-cats.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Libya
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
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title: Fighting cats, Libya
slug: fighting-cats
chapters:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 15:27:52.971000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 1'
body: Running from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara is by far the
world's largest hot desert. It covers over 3,500,000 square miles (9,000,000
sq. km), a tenth of the whole African Continent. Yet we know it was not always
so. Archaeological and geological research has shown that the Sahara has undergone
major climatic changes since the end of the last Ice Age (c. 10,000 BC). During
this period, rain was far more abundant, and vast areas of the current desert
were a savannah. By around 4,200 BC, changes in the rainfall and seasonal patterns
led to a gradual desertification of the Sahara into an arid expanse. The analysis
of archaeological sites, animal bones and preserved vegetal remains tell us
of a greener world, where some of the earliest attempts at domestication of
animals and rudimentary farming took place.
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image:
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title: '2013,2034.2555'
description:
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caption: 'View of the now dried-up riverbed at Wadi Mathendous, Messak Settafet,
Libya. 2013,2034.2555 © <NAME>/TARA '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1494150&objectId=3579237&partId=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 2'
body: |-
Little is known about the people who lived in the Sahara thousands of years ago; however, through rock art, we can discern who they may have been and what images were important to them. Throughout the desert, rock art engravings and paintings depict an earlier story of the Sahara: the wild animals that lived there; the cattle herds that provided food and labour; their daily activities and beliefs are all displayed in caves and cliffs, valleys or plateaus.
The Messak Settafet is one of these places. Situated in the Sahara, it is a large plateau running southwest to northeast through the Libyan province of Fezzan, near the borders of Algeria and Niger. Both plateaus are crossed by numerous wadis (dry riverbeds) that run to the east, flanked by cliffs filled with tens of thousands of rock art depictions, including some of the oldest engravings in the Sahara. Rich with depictions of the savannah, the rock art shows buffaloes, crocodiles, ostriches or hippopotami, all of which tells us of a wetter Sahara thousands of years ago.
It is difficult to determine the motives of the people that created these images. There are many theories about why these people created rock art, what exactly is depicted and what the images meant to that group. One area of particular research interest is the depiction of mythical beings, therianthropic figures (part human part animal) and anthropomorphic animals (the personification of animals in human forms). Were these religious images? Cultural folklore? Or simply images pleasing to a group or culture?
- sys:
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image:
sys:
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title: '2013,2034.2761'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3584758
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/xe9mLFNrG0Ga6yUIoQycG/de7f087f96da7f9814d89ce25c7c4b44/2013_2034.2761.jpg"
caption: Frontal view of the Fighting Cats. Wadi Mathendous, Messak Settafet,
Libya. 2013,2034.2761 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584758&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2761&page=1
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'Deep in the Messak Settafet is a site that has intrigued researchers for
decades: the image known as ‘Fighting Cats’. This iconic engraving shows two
confronted, long-tailed figures standing on their hindquarters, with legs and
arms partially outstretched against each other, as if fighting. The engravings
are placed on an outcrop, as if they were looking down across the rest of the
wadi, with several other engravings acting as milestones leading up to them.
They are in an imposing position overlooking the valley.'
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title: '2013,2034.2740'
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caption: Sandstone cliffs, with the Fighting Cats faintly visible at the top.
<NAME>, <NAME>, Libya. 2013,2034.2740 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584701&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2740&page=1
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 4'
body: The technical quality of the engravings is exceptional, with deeply outlined
and carefully polished bodies and carved cupules within their heads to depict
eyes. Claws were also marked, maybe to reinforce the idea of fighting. The specific
type of animal depicted is subject to debate among scholars. Some have described
them as monkeys or mythological blends of monkeys and men. Their pointed ears
could also identify them as cat-like figures, although most probably they were
the representation of mythical beings, considering their prominence above all
other figures in this area. A polished line comes out from the waist of both
figures to join four small ostriches, depicted between them, which often accompany
rock art in this region.
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title: '2013,2034.2756'
description: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3584749
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caption: General view of the Fighting Cats showing nearby engravings. <NAME>,
<NAME>, Libya. 2013,2034.2756 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3584749&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.2756&page=1
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title:
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body: Several other engravings are found throughout the wadi. In its lower part
to the right, another cat-like or monkey figure has been depicted, although
in this case it has only been outlined. A small, unidentified quadruped has
been represented to the left of its head. At the right side of the boulder,
a fourth figure has been depicted, almost identical to those of the main scene,
but with part of its arms unpolished, as if left unfinished.
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title: '2013,2034.2768'
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caption: Detail of engraved woman inside cat to the right. <NAME>, Messak
Settafet, Libya. 2013,2034.2768 © <NAME>/TARA
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 6'
body: Besides its impressive position in the landscape, their expressivity and
complex interpretation, the Fighting Cats keep a secret within. On the polished
body of the figure to the left a small, delicate figure of a woman was shallowly
engraved. Hair, fingers and breasts were carefully depicted, as well as an unidentified
symbol placed at the bottom of the figure, which could have a fertility-related
meaning. The difference in style and technique may point to the woman as a later
addition to the panel, taking advantage of the polished surface, but respecting
the main scene.
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title: '2013,2034.2769'
description:
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caption: Second pair of fighting cats. <NAME>, <NAME>, Libya.
2013,2034.2769 © <NAME>/TARA
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title_internal: 'Libya: featured site, chapter 7'
body: |-
Another example of fighting cats has been found nearby, although it is neither so carefully made nor in such a prominent place. The similarity is, however, astonishing, and we may wonder if this second pair of beings could be a copy of the first pair, thus reflecting its symbolic importance in the people’s collective imagination.
As is often the case with rock art, the interpretation of these images remains up for discussion. Given the care taken to engrave the images, their technical quality and their dominant position in the landscape, we can gather that these images potentially had deep meaning for the people who created them thousands of years ago, and were possibly meant to be a symbolic as well as a physical landmark for travellers and local people alike. Although the original purpose and meaning have long since been lost, the expressive power of the engravings still remains, allowing us to gain a small view into the world of the people that lived in the Sahara thousands of years ago, when it was a sprawling green savannah.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/rhinos-in-rock-art.md
---
contentful:
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: Rhinos in rock art
slug: rhinos-in-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:46:35.956000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.20476'
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title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 1'
body: Around 30,000 years ago, in the hot, arid environment of the Huns Mountains
in southern Namibia, modern humans painted images of animals, including rhinoceros,
onto plaques of stone. A couple of thousand years earlier, in the cold, harsh
tundra-like conditions of the Ardèche in south-central France, modern humans
were also painting images of rhinoceros onto cave walls. The oldest scientifically
dated rock art in Africa and Europe may be 8000 km apart but coincide both temporally
and in subject matter. One of the oldest images that humans selected to depict
was the formidable rhinoceros. The choice of subject matter in rock art depictions
was not simply based on the presence or abundance of a particular species; rather
they were conveying messages about the significance of an animal.
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title: Rhino Rifkin
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caption: "'Drawn’ outline depiction of what conceivably represents a rhinoceros.
black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) (© courtesy of Rifkin 2015)"
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title: Rhinocéros grotte Chauvet
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2ztUAznRiwc0qiE4iUIQGc/5958ce98b795f63e5ee49806275209b7/Rhinoc__ros_grotte_Chauvet.jpg"
caption: Rhinoceros from Chauvet Cave, Ardeche, France (© Inocybe/Wikimedia Commons)
- sys:
id: 6jA55SyPksGMQIYmYceMkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 11:57:32.852000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:19:12.877000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 2'
body: "Representations of rhinoceros in rock art can be found throughout the African
continent and while their meaning is not always known, they are often depicted
using great artistry, skill and knowledge of animal physiology. However, research
undertaken in southern Africa has demonstrated that in some contexts rhinoceros
may be incorporated into the cosmological belief systems of the San|Bushman
people (several culturally linked groups of indigenous people of southern Africa
who were traditionally hunter-gatherers).\n\n"
- sys:
id: 7gBWq5BdnOYUGm6O4KK4u0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:18:12.142000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:18:12.142000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6hihVIK9s46Q00SG4Y2QMw
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:18:16.078000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:18:16.078000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.19234
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6hihVIK9s46Q00SG4Y2QMw/a0b92ad1db5c66639a005036bfacb809/2013.2034.19234_small.jpeg"
caption: The engraver of this charging rhinoceros captured its bulk and power
in a simple pecked outline, South Africa. 2013,2034.19234 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3731815&partId=1
- sys:
id: 1LYEwVNEogggeMOcuQUOQW
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:20:14.827000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:21:52.334000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 3'
body: "Southern Africa is home to two species of rhinoceros - the white or square-lipped
rhinoceros and the black or hook-lipped rhinoceros - both of which we see depicted
in the rock art.\n\nWhite rhinos are the second largest land mammal after the
elephant. Their name comes from the Afrikaans word “weit”, which means wide
and refers to the animal’s muzzle. Adult males can reach 1.85m in height and
can weigh up to 3.6 tonnes. Females are considerably smaller at about half the
weight of an adult male. Their territory covers South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe
and Kenya. They live in herds of up to 14 animals and are quick and agile animals
being able to run up to 50 km/h. \n"
- sys:
id: 4dbpdyyr2UAk4yKAomw42I
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:23:12.939000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:23:12.939000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3YQnGwVj8swySQIqgcs0wq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:23:18.441000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:23:18.441000000 Z
title: White Rhino
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3YQnGwVj8swySQIqgcs0wq/d969ab42d8540b0c37aa0a6a0cfa8c59/White_Rhino.jpg"
caption: White rhinoceros (© Ryan Harvey/Wikimedia Commons)
- sys:
id: 3VgqyhGcViwkwCoI88W4Ii
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:24:23.783000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:24:23.783000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 4'
body: The black rhino is smaller than the white rhino, although adults can still
reach 1.5 metres in height and weigh in at 1.4 tonnes. The black rhino has a
reputation for being extremely aggressive, and will not hesitate to charge at
a perceived threat. Black rhinos were once common throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
However, persistent hunting by European settlers saw their numbers quickly decline,
and they currently number around 5,000. The species is currently found in patchy
distribution throughout South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya.
- sys:
id: 4TnBbYK1SEueSCAIemKOcA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:26:52.247000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:26:52.247000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6m2Q1HCGT6Q2cey00sKGmu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:26:24.400000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:26:24.400000000 Z
title: Black Rhino
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6m2Q1HCGT6Q2cey00sKGmu/92caad1c13d4bbefe80a5a94aef9844e/Black_Rhino.jpg"
caption: Black rhinoceros (© Ikiwaner/Wikimedia Commons)
- sys:
id: 4Z8zcElzjOCyO6iOasMuig
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:32:11.389000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:32:11.389000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 5'
body: |
In both species, a layer of fat sits between the hide and the flesh of the animal and in the white rhinoceros this can be up to or exceed a thickness of 50mm. It is well known that San|Bushmen believed the fat around the heart of the eland contained high levels of supernatural potency, and like the eland, they believed the rhinoceros to be especially potent animals (Ouzman, 1996:45)
Rhinoceros in rock art imagery are both painted and engraved, but the prevalence of engraved images in southern African rock art is pronounced. Rhinoceros are well represented, even dominant, at numerous engraving sites in the Free State, Gauteng, Northern Cape and North West provinces of South Africa and at numerous Namibian sites (Ouzman, 1996:42)
- sys:
id: 2Z9GGCpzCMk4sCKKYsmaU8
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:34:15.621000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 12:34:15.621000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:46:35.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:01:17.553000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.20476'
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730556&partId=1&searchText=NAMDMT0010010&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4uVUj08mRGOCkmK64q66MA/c1c895d4f72a2260ae166ab9c2148daa/NAMDMT0010010.jpg"
caption: Block- pecked rhinoceros. Twyfelfontein, Namibia. 2013,2034.20476 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3730556
- sys:
id: 2S3mX9yJfqoMka8QoWUqOE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 14:02:05.953000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 14:02:05.953000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 3BoFYuFzPWSOE2ewYOSWm2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 14:01:24.022000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 14:01:24.022000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.20450
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3BoFYuFzPWSOE2ewYOSWm2/edb6148c3f4435bee2f57c72e79f6b20/2013.2034.20450.jpg"
caption: Painted rhinoceros in the Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. 2013,2034.20450 ©
TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3729906&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4KLSIsvlmEMeOsCo8SGOQA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 14:47:15.208000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 14:47:15.208000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 6'
body: "Most rock art researchers consider the engravings of San/Bushmen, like
paintings, to have been influenced by shamanism (Ouzman, 1996:36). Both painted
and engraved images share certain distinctive traits which suggest that both
art forms were the result of a single belief system. These shared features include:
a selected range of animals, unusual body postures in human figures, complex
‘scenes’ and non-realistic features on both animals and humans such as the addition
or absence of limbs, conflation of human and animal morphology and exaggerated
attributes (Ouzman, 1996:36) These features are critical to our understanding
of the images as they are inextricably tied in to San|Bushman belief systems.\n\nThere
are very few references to rhinoceros in San|Bushman ethnography. However,
what does exist indicates that rhinoceros were of supernatural importance to
certain groups of San|Bushmen (Ouzman, 1996:42). One particular site named
<NAME> in South Africa, is primarily known for its numerous engravings
of rhinoceros and may have been chosen as an engraving site because rhinoceros
were known to have frequented the site. \n\n<NAME> (Zion’s Hill) a low
hill of less than nine metres in height is an important archaeological and rock
art site in the North West province. It is scattered with more than 450 engraved
dolerite boulders with the seasonal Thlakajeng River running 350 metres south-west
containing numerous waterholes. The hill is bounded by 27 standing stones that
have been rubbed smooth by rhinoceros after wallowing in the muddy waterholes
of the river (Ouzman, 1996:40). Interestingly, one third of all the stones that
he been rubbed by rhinoceros are also engraved (Lewis-Williams & Blundell, 1998:111).\n"
- sys:
id: 1IlptwbzFmIaSkIWWAqw8U
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 15:02:36.385000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 15:02:36.385000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 6eRgAs6SRy6USaYCssaOKM
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 15:01:57.460000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 15:01:57.460000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.18579
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6eRgAs6SRy6USaYCssaOKM/39136c061c79d1300e5dae2624e4fae2/2013.2034.18579.jpg"
caption: View near the summit of the hill and location of rock art site, looking
into the village. Thaba Sione. 2013,2034.18579 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730570&partId=1
- sys:
id: 2Moq7jFKLCc60oamksKUgU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 15:31:58.834000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-17 15:31:58.834000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 7'
body: "Dating rock engravings is always problematic, and the imagery at Thaba
Sione has been estimated to fall within a broad estimate of between 1,200 -
10,000 years old (Ouzman, 1995:55). Rock art of the last 2,000 years correlates
with a number of different cultural groups such as farmers, pastoralists, hunter-gatherers
etc. However, the rock art at Thaba Sione is attributed to San|Bushmen
and widely understood to reflect a shamanic belief system. Situated close to
a waterhole it has been proposed that Thaba Sione was selected specifically
by the San|Bushmen for rain-making beliefs and practices, but appears to
have been modified as a result of Bantu-speaking farmers moving into the area
from around 1500 years ago.\n\nIt is thought that the population of Thaba Sione
were similar in social, economic and cultural terms to the now extinct |Xam,
a cultural group who inhabited the central interior of South Africa and for
whom we have extensive ethnographic accounts. Additionally, they are likely
to have been similarly comparable to the !Kung and Ju|’hoan, contemporary cultural
groups who live to the north of Thaba Sione in Botswana and Namibia. A comparison
of rock art imagery at Thaba Sione and the ethnographic accounts of the |Xam
and !Kung show strong similarities in belief systems pertaining to shamanism
(Ouzman, 1996:39).\n\nThaba Sione has been a primary focus for archaeologists
as there are [559 identified engraved images ](http://bit.ly/2pLfwp4)located
on or close to the hill site showing a wide variety of depictions. Images include
baboon, birds, buffalo, eland, elephant, felines, giraffe, human figures, lizard,
ostrich, rhinoceros, warthog and zebra (Ouzman, 1996:41). "
- sys:
id: 2OfGVIZFbOOm8w6gg6AucI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:08:20.404000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:08:46.939000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 6usDWbit2ga4sM0qeqiKYo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:07:54.767000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:07:54.767000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.18610
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/6usDWbit2ga4sM0qeqiKYo/e5cd82eb90dcf3312c2305d001ece795/2013.2034.18610.jpg"
caption: On the left of the boulder is a pecked outline of a giraffe facing right
and stretching forwards. On the right of the split rock is a pecked outline
of a buffalo facing left. <NAME> 1. 2013,2034.18610 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730605&partId=1
- sys:
id: 16oCD2X1nmEYmCOMOm6oWi
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:12:08.925000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:12:08.925000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Rhinoceros constitute the second largest category of identifiable imagery
(62 or 11.1%), after human figures (72 or 12.9%) (Ouzman, 1996:43). Of the 62
engravings, around 65% have been identified as white rhinoceros, based on the
animals’ pronounced nuchal hump (the hump on the dorsal part of the neck), its
large front horn and its square lip. The remaining 35% are of the smaller black
rhino based on the hook lip that hangs from its upper jaw and its smaller nuchal
hump. Historically, both species of rhinoceros were widespread in the area around
Thaba Sione (Ouzman, 1996:45).
- sys:
id: 2jfI6k6zKAauIS62IC6weq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:18:32.881000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:18:32.881000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 13ZhEkZUJQA6omECyuWKue
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:17:13.665000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-05-25 16:17:13.665000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.18595
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/13ZhEkZUJQA6omECyuWKue/0e49ec26a4b7715f08336e240b1ff158/2013.2034.18595.jpg"
caption: Pecked white rhinoceros and human/therianthrope figure on the far left.
2013,2034.18595 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3730595
- sys:
id: 4k9Uy1dQzmkcIY0kIogeWK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:40:28.801000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:40:28.801000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 9'
body: "Rhinoceros show more ‘non-real’ features, combinations and variations in
engraving techniques and occur in more complex ‘scenes’ than any other category
of image at the site.\n\nFive of the engravings of rhinoceros are notable by
the presence of ‘non-realistic’ features. Although the number of rhinoceros
with these attributes is very small in comparison to the overall number of images
of rhinoceros, it has been proposed that the placement and number of these features
outweigh those found on other images. Such features are thought to convey information
which related to three aspects of San shamanism, namely “shamanic transformation,
gender relations and rain-making” (Ouzman, 1996:42).\n\nOne of these five images
shows a part-human and part-rhinoceros figure. The posture of this therianthropic
figure has its hand to its nose. When shamans are performing their medicine
dance, they sometimes experience bleeding from the nose both before and after
they enter a trance-like state. This posture combined with other features such
as two rhinoceros-like horns, a short, thick, rhino-like tail, one back leg
akin to that of a rhinoceros and the other back leg terminating in a human foot,
as well as a fat pendulous body has been proposed to be a “shaman in a trance
who has assumed, in part, rhinoceros form and potency” (Ouzman, 1996:46).\n\nAnother
engraving shows the horns of two black rhinoceros which have been deliberately
elongated and truncated respectively in order to project towards a fissure in
the rock face. It has been argued that cracks or fissures in the rock face were
seen as entry and exit points to the spirit world and the rock face acted as
veil between these two worlds. These two horns are thus not real but are closely
associated with the spirit world which the rhinoceros are entering, leaving
or even guarding (Ouzman, 1996:49). \n"
- sys:
id: 2QFAA8hik82Y4EAIwGSiEs
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:49:32.079000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:49:32.079000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 57dvZ6DWhiYMuwu4Ek8Uwu
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:48:35.967000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:48:35.968000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.18583
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/57dvZ6DWhiYMuwu4Ek8Uwu/57c2fea0c2ab59676facefe4d3abe8a4/2013.2034.18583.jpg"
caption: Black rhinoceros with elongated horns on the left and truncated horns
on the right with crack in rock face above. 2013,2034.18583 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730587&partId=1
- sys:
id: 3ApAq8tLfG6wWaswQEwuaU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 16:59:04.056000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:01:44.568000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 10'
body: 'An additional engraving of a black rhinoceros shows three horns and has
been argued to indicate a supernatural significance and possibly a transformed
shaman. However, in real life female rhinoceros sometimes have a third horn
as a deformity and this engraving possibly attempts to emphasise the role of
the female shaman as a potent guardian and protector. Yet the message is unclear
since, as black rhinoceros are known for their anti-social, unpredictable and
violent behaviour it is uncertain whether engraved rhinoceros with “nuanced
horns” are indicative of feminine or masculine gender and power relations, possibly
containing elements of both. The shaman was a person who moved between the real
and the non-real world, and is characterised by ambiguity and tension, so maintaining
an indistinct gender identity in this context conforms to what we know of shamanic
practices and representations (Ouzman, 1996:50). '
- sys:
id: 4S5oC30EcwEUGEuEO6sa4m
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:05:06.739000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:05:06.739000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 1sUJYfRaIUwoQ84GCiemig
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:04:34.914000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:04:34.914000000 Z
title: 2013.2034.28582
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1sUJYfRaIUwoQ84GCiemig/fb0458a657c1b60cede2946274d6038f/2013.2034.28582.jpg"
caption: Two boulders in the foreground at Thaba Sione with engraved images of
rhinoceros. 2013,2034.18582 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730567&partId=1
- sys:
id: 4Y3xOdstSowoYOGOEmW6K6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:19:59.171000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:25:34.931000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Rhinos: thematic, chapter 11'
body: "San|Bushman shamans were also inextricably linked with rain-making
ceremonies. The ritual involved the whole of the community but it was the shaman,
while in a trance-like state, that captured the rain in a perceived animal-like
state. The rain animal was either seen as an ill-tempered ‘rain-bull’, characterised
by thunder and lightning and harmful to life, or as a more pleasant ‘rain-cow’,
which provided the temperate rains that renewed the grassland (Ouzman, 1996:51)
Rain animals were not seen as a distinct species of animal, but were depicted
with large bodies and were often horned; one of the few ethnographic accounts
that refer to rhinoceros implicate them in rain-making (Ouzman, 1996:52). \n\nIn
some contexts certain physical and behavioural characteristics of rhinoceros
may have been perceived by some San|Bushman as closely paralleling the
perceived appearance and behaviour of a rain animal. These features include
its fat and horns, its association with water and its nocturnal habits (in San|Bushman
accounts of rain-making, shamans capture the rain animals at night). If rhinoceros
were associated with rain animals, the more gregarious white rhinoceros might
have been equated with the rain-cow while the ill-tempered black rhinoceros
with the angry rain-bull (Ouzman, 1996:54).\n\nAt further sites in the Free
State province of South Africa and the Erongo Mountains of Namibia, painted
therianthropic figures (part-human, part-rhinoceros) depicting unusual body
postures reminiscent of the *Great Trance Dance* and non-realistic features
such as exaggerated horn size also seem draw on the rhinoceros as an animal
of potency (Hollmann and Lewis-Williams, 2006). Furthermore, a golden rhinoceros
from the Iron Age site of Mapungubwe in northern South Africa is testament to
the status in which these animals were held, not only by San/Bushmen, but by
other cultural groups in southern Africa. Thriving between 1220-1300 AD, and
inhabited by ancestors of the Shona people of Zimbabwe, Mapungubwe was the centre
of the largest kingdom in the subcontinent, trading gold and ivory with China,
India and Egypt. Made of gold foil wrapped around a wooden core, the rhinoceros
is a symbol of leadership among the Shona.\n\nRhinos have been represented in
rock art for more than 30,000 years, and have played a significant spiritual
and cultural role in African societies.\n"
- sys:
id: 6ZjeUWwA5aCEMUiIgukK48
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:29:46.863000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:31:43.613000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4VhjmP7feE4wOsawSm4cEm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:28:15.706000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:28:15.706000000 Z
title: goldenrhinoMapungubww
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4VhjmP7feE4wOsawSm4cEm/fcb3c56a141180d546baae6bec9b9022/goldenrhinoMapungubww.JPG"
caption: 'The golden rhino of Mapungubwe, featured in the recent "South Africa:
The Art of the Nation" Exhibition at the British Museum. ©Sian Tiley-Nel, University
of Pretoria Museums /Wikimedia Commons'
col_link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rhinoceros_of_Mapungubwe
citations:
- sys:
id: TwHxmivy8uW8mIKAkkMeA
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:36:04.132000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-06-14 17:36:04.132000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 2006. Species and supernatural potency: an unusual rockpainting from the Motheo District, Free State province, South Africa. *South African Journal of Science*102: 509-512.
<NAME>. 1996. Thaba Sione: place of rhinoceroses and rain-making. *African Studies*, 55(1):31-59.
<NAME>. 1995. Spiritual and political uses of a rock engraving site and its imagery by San and Tswana-speakers. *South African Archaeological Bulletin* 50(161):55-67.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. 1998. *Fragile Heritage*. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersranbd Press.
<NAME>., <NAME>., and <NAME>. 2015. Pleistocene Figurative *Art Mobilier* from Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia. *South African Archaeological Bulletin* 70 (201): 113-123.
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/camels-in-saharan-rock-art.md
---
contentful:
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content_type_id: thematic
revision: 5
title: 'Sailors on sandy seas: camels in Saharan rock art'
slug: camels-in-saharan-rock-art
lead_image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.521000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:35.572000000 Z
title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©<NAME>/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1Q7xHD856UsISuceGegaqI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:29.618000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 1'
body: 'If we were to choose a defining image for the Sahara Desert, it would probably
depict an endless sea of yellow dunes under a blue sky and, off in the distance,
a line of long-legged, humped animals whose profiles have become synonymous
with deserts: the one-humped camel (or dromedary). Since its domestication,
the camel’s resistance to heat and its ability to survive with small amounts
of water and a diet of desert vegetation have made it a key animal for inhabitants
of the Sahara, deeply bound to their economy, material culture and lifestyle.'
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:09:23.136000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2019-02-12 02:30:19.986000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 3
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title: View of camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert. Niger. ©David
Coulson/TARA
description: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652083&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10379&page=1
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/46X3vtG1faouSYYws0Aywu/6ff8cc3f26c918c81157746e1b2b3131/Fig._1._Camel.jpg"
caption: Camel salt caravan crossing the Ténéré desert in Niger. 2013,2034.10487
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652360&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10487&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:19:46.820000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 2'
body: Yet, surprising as it seems, the camel is a relative newcomer to the Sahara
– at least when compared to other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, horses
and donkeys. Although the process is not yet fully known, camels were domesticated
in the Arabian Peninsula around the third millennium BC, and spread from there
to the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia from the 1st century AD onwards.
The steps of this process from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean have been documented
through many different historical sources, from Roman texts to sculptures or
coins, but it is especially relevant in Saharan rock art, where camels became
so abundant that they have given their name to a whole period. The depictions
of camels provide an incredible amount of information about the life, culture
and economy of the Berber and other nomadic communities from the beginnings
of the Christian era to the Muslim conquest in the late years of the 7th century.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 14:21:07.255000000 Z
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revision: 2
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title: EA26664
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caption: Roman terracotta camel with harness, 1st – 3rd century AD, Egypt. British
Museum 1891,0403.31 © Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?museumno=1891,0430.31&objectId=118725&partId=1
- sys:
id: NxdAnazJaUkeMuyoSOy68
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:03.948000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 3'
body: 'What is it that makes camels so suited to deserts? It is not only their
ability to transform the fat stored in their hump into water and energy, or
their capacity to eat thorny bushes, acacia leaves and even fish and bones.
Camels are also able to avoid perspiration by manipulating their core temperature,
enduring fluctuations of up to six degrees that could be fatal for other mammals.
They rehydrate very quickly, and some of their physical features (nostrils,
eyebrows) have adapted to increase water conservation and protect the animals
from dust and sand. All these capacities make camels uniquely suited to hot
climates: in temperatures of 30-40 °C, they can spend up to 15 days without
water. In addition, they are large animals, able to carry loads of up to 300kg,
over long journeys across harsh environments. The pads on their feet have evolved
so as to prevent them from sinking into the sand. It is not surprising that
dromedaries are considered the ‘ships of the desert’, transporting people, commodities
and goods through the vast territories of the Sahara.'
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title: Af1937,0105.16
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caption: Clay female dromedary (possibly a toy), Somalia. British Museum Af1937,0105.16
© Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1088379&objectId=590967&partId=1
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title: Fig. 4. Man
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caption: Man leading a camel train through the Ennedi Plateau, Chad. 2013,2034.6134
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3636989&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6134&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: chapter
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title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 4'
body: As mentioned previously, camels came from the Arabian Peninsula through
Egypt, where bone remains have been dated to the early 1st millennium BC. However,
it took hundreds of years to move into the rest of North Africa due to the River
Nile, which represented a major geographical and climatic barrier for these
animals. The expansion began around the beginning of the Christian era, and
probably took place both along the Mediterranean Sea and through the south of
the Sahara. At this stage, it appears to have been very rapid, and during the
following centuries camels became a key element in the North African societies.
They were used mainly for riding, but also for transporting heavy goods and
even for ploughing. Their milk, hair and meat were also used, improving the
range of resources available to their herders. However, it seems that the large
caravans that crossed the desert searching for gold, ivory or slaves came later,
when the Muslim conquest of North Africa favoured the establishment of vast
trade networks with the Sahel, the semi-arid region that lies south of the Sahara.
- sys:
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.336000000 Z
title: '1923,0401.850'
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caption: Glass paste gem imitating beryl, engraved with a short, bearded man leading
a camel with a pack on its hump. Roman Empire, 1st – 3rd century AD. 1923,0401.850
©Trustees of the British Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=434529&partId=1&museumno=1923,0401.850&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:20:45.582000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 5'
body: Rock art can be extremely helpful in learning about the different ways in
which camels were used in the first millennium AD. Images of camels are found
in both engravings and paintings in red, white or – on rare occasions – black;
sometimes the colours are combined to achieve a more impressive effect. They
usually appear in groups, alongside humans, cattle and, occasionally, dogs and
horses. Sometimes, even palm trees and houses are included to represent the
oases where the animals were watered. Several of the scenes show female camels
herded or taking care of their calves, showing the importance of camel-herding
and breeding for the Libyan-Berber communities.
- sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.343000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.383'
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caption: Painted scene of a village, depicting a herd or caravan of camels guided
by riders and dogs. Wadi Teshuinat, Acacus Mountains, Libya. 2013,2034.383 ©
<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3579914&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.383&page=1
- sys:
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content_type_id: image
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image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.480000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.5117'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2xR2nZml7mQAse8CgckCa/984e95b65ebdc647949d656cb08c0fc9/2013_2034.5117.jpg"
caption: Engravings of a female camel with calves. Oued <NAME>. 2013,2034.5117
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3624292&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.5117&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:13:13.897000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.241000000 Z
title: Fig. 8. Painted
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1ecCbVeHUGa2CsYoYSQ4Sm/21b2aebd215d0691482411608ad5682f/Fig._8._Painted.jpg"
caption: " Painted scene of Libyan-Berber warriors riding camels, accompanied
by infantry and cavalrymen. <NAME>ad. 2013,2034.7295 © <NAME>/TARA"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3655154&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.7295&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:08.068000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 6'
body: |-
That camels were used to transport goods is obvious, and depictions of long lines of animals are common, sometimes with saddles on which to place the packs and ropes to tie the animals together. However, if rock art depictions are some indication of camel use, it seems that until the Muslim conquest the main function of one-humped camels was as mounts, often linked to war. The Sahara desert contains dozens of astonishingly detailed images of warriors riding camels, armed with spears, long swords and shields, sometimes accompanied by infantry soldiers and horsemen. Although camels are not as good as horses for use as war mounts (they are too tall and make insecure platforms for shooting arrows), they were undoubtedly very useful in raids – the most common type of war activity in the desert – as well as being a symbol of prestige, wealth and authority among the desert warriors, much as they still are today.
Moreover, the extraordinary detail of some of the rock art paintings has provided inestimable help in understanding how (and why) camels were ridden in the 1st millennium AD. Unlike horses, donkeys or mules, one-humped camels present a major problem for riders: where to put the saddle. Although it might be assumed that the saddle should be placed over the hump, they can, in fact, also be positioned behind or in front of the hump, depending on the activity. It seems that the first saddles were placed behind the hump, but that position was unsuitable for fighting, quite uncomfortable, and unstable. Subsequently, a new saddle was invented in North Arabia around the 5th century BC: a framework of wood that rested over the hump and provided a stable platform on which to ride and fight more effectively. The North Arabian saddle led to a revolution in the domestication of one-humped camels, allowed a faster expansion of the use of these animals, and it is probably still the most used type of saddle today.
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:14:25.900000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 15:31:33.078000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 5qXuQrcnUQKm0qCqoCkuGI
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:06:48.345000000 Z
title: As1974,29.17
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caption: North Arabian-style saddle, with a wooden framework designed to be put
around the hump. Jordan. British Museum As1974,29.17 © Trustees of the British
Museum
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3320111&partId=1&object=23696&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:21:27.156000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 7'
body: 'Although North Arabian saddles are found throughout North Africa and are
often depicted in rock art paintings, at some point a new kind of saddle was
designed in North Africa: one placed in front of the hump, with the weight over
the shoulders of the camel. This type of shoulder saddle allows the rider to
control the camel with the feet and legs, thus improving the ride. Moreover,
the rider is seated in a lower position and thus needs shorter spears and swords
that can be brandished more easily, making warriors more efficient. This new
kind of saddle, which is still used throughout North Africa today, appears only
in the western half of the Sahara and is well represented in the rock art of
Algeria, Niger and Mauritania. And it is not only saddles that are recognizable
in Saharan rock art: harnesses, reins, whips or blankets are identifiable in
the paintings and show astonishing similarities to those still used today by
desert peoples.'
- sys:
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content_type_id: image
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:51.466000000 Z
title: Fig. 10. Painting
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/40zIycUaTuIG06mgyaE20K/1736927ffb5e2fc71d1f1ab04310a73f/Fig._10._Painting.jpg"
caption: Painting of rider on a one-humped camel. Note the North Arabian saddle
on the hump, similar to the example from Jordan above. Terkei, Ennedi plateau,
Chad. 2013,2034.6568 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3640623&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6568&page=1
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content_type_id: image
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title: '2013,2034.4471'
description:
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caption: Camel-rider using a North African saddle (in front of the hump), surrounded
by warriors with spears and swords, with Libyan-Berber graffiti. <NAME>,
Tassili, Algeria. 2013,2034.4471 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3602860&partId=1&museumno=2013,2034.4471&page=1
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content_type_id: image
revision: 3
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.250000000 Z
title: Fig. 12. Tuaregs
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5JDO7LrdKMcSEOMEG8qsS8/76cbecd637724d549db8a7a101553280/Fig._12._Tuaregs.jpg"
caption: Tuaregs at Cura Salee, an annual meeting of desert peoples. Note the
saddles in front of the hump and the camels' harnesses, similar to the rock
paintings above such as the image from Terkei. Ingal, Northern Niger. 2013,2034.10523
© <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652377&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10523&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Camels: thematic, chapter 8'
body: Since their introduction to the Sahara during the first centuries of the
Christian era, camels have become indispensable for desert communities, providing
a method of transport for people and commodities, but also for their milk, meat
and hair for weaving. They allowed the improvement of wide cultural and economic
networks, transforming the Sahara into a key node linking the Mediterranean
Sea with Sub-Saharan Africa. A symbol of wealth and prestige, the Libyan-Berber
peoples recognized camels’ importance and expressed it through paintings and
engravings across the desert, leaving a wonderful document of their societies.
The painted images of camel-riders crossing the desert not only have an evocative
presence, they are also perfect snapshots of a history that started two thousand
years ago and seems as eternal as the Sahara.
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:34.244000000 Z
title: Fig. 13. Camel-riders
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/3idPZkkIKAOWCiKouQ8c8i/4527b1eebe112ef9c38da1026e7540b3/Fig._13._Camel-riders.jpg"
caption: Camel-riders galloping. Butress cave, Archael Guelta, Chad. 2013,2034.6077
©<NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3637992&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.6077&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:17:32.501000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-17 16:02:41.679000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
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sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-26 16:07:06.194000000 Z
title: Fig. 14. Tuareg
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4Y85f5QkVGQiuYEaA2OSUC/4fbca027ed170b221daefdff0ae7d754/Fig._14._Tuareg.jpg"
caption: Tuareg rider galloping at the Cure Salee meeting. Ingal, northern Niger.
2013,2034.10528 © <NAME>/TARA
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3652371&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10528&page=1
background_images:
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title: CHAENP0340003
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---<file_sep>/_coll_country/somalia-somaliland/laas-geel.md
---
breadcrumbs:
- label: Countries
url: "../../"
- label: Somalia/Somaliland
url: "../"
layout: featured_site
contentful:
sys:
id: c899JmsteEUGcImgK6coE
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:15:21.374000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-07 20:53:38.667000000 Z
content_type_id: featured_site
revision: 5
title: Laas Geel, Somaliland
slug: laas-geel
chapters:
- sys:
id: 1JcxOsFcCYMqGCWuu8G2Oo
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:40:46.141000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:51:05.773000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 1'
body: Laas Geel, one of the most important rock art sites in the region, is located
in the north-western part of the Horn of Africa, in Somaliland, in the road
that links Hargeisa and Berbera. The site is placed on a granite outcrop that
rises from a plateau at an altitude of 950 meters above sea level, at the confluence
of two seasonal rivers, a key fact to explain the existence of rock art in the
outcrop. Even today, the name of the site (“the camel’s well” in Somali) makes
reference to the availability of water near the surface of the wadis. The panels
are placed at three different levels and distributed mostly throughout the eastern
flank of the outcrop, although isolated depictions can be found in other slopes.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 6DXjMuJy2AeE0uMuQMOiYQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:17:16.995000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:52:45.006000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 31GgY4I8aIMi6wscCMaysq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:33.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:33.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15841'
description:
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caption: View of Laas Geel landscape seen from one of the shelters. Laas Geel,
Somaliland. 2013,2034.15841 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2ih7AbC
- sys:
id: 6DXjMuJy2AeE0uMuQMOiYQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:17:16.995000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:52:45.006000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 31GgY4I8aIMi6wscCMaysq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:33.941000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:33.941000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15841'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/31GgY4I8aIMi6wscCMaysq/38ee13ba0978feca8e05b9e9f6ad9ecb/SOMLAG0020021.jpg"
caption: View of Laas Geel landscape seen from one of the shelters. Laas Geel,
Somaliland. 2013,2034.15841 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://bit.ly/2ih7AbC
- sys:
id: 5bW01VLoU0e8MW0QA8UEIc
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:41:31.266000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:41:31.266000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 2'
body: The site was discovered in 2002 by a French team led by <NAME> which
studied the beginning of Pastoralism in the Horn of Africa. Along with the paintings,
lithic tools were found scattered throughout the site, and tombs marked with
stelae and mounds can be seen in the neighbourhood. The paintings are distributed
along 20 rock shelters, the biggest being around 10 meters long. Most of them
correspond to humpless cows with curved or lyre-like white horns (sometimes
with reddish tips) and marked udders. Paintings are enormously colourful, including
red, white, black, violet, brown and yellow both isolated and combined. However,
the most distinctive feature of these cows is their necks, depicted rectangular,
abnormally wide and either blank or infilled with red and white stripes, either
straight or wavy. These strange necks have been interpreted as mats hanging
from the actual neck, in what could be interpreted as a ceremonial ornament.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 4MkPzhKn1KcGAqsYI2KAM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:38:47.035000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:54:21.792000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4oUCCQM2xiEaa0WIKyAoIm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:53.979000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:53.979000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16068'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4oUCCQM2xiEaa0WIKyAoIm/68d05107d238d784fb598eb52c5a3f29/SOMLAG0090043.jpg"
caption: View of one of the main Lass Geel main panels, taken with a fish eye
lens. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.16068 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iLyTXN
- sys:
id: 4MkPzhKn1KcGAqsYI2KAM4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:38:47.035000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:54:21.792000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4oUCCQM2xiEaa0WIKyAoIm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:53.979000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:48:53.979000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.16068'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4oUCCQM2xiEaa0WIKyAoIm/68d05107d238d784fb598eb52c5a3f29/SOMLAG0090043.jpg"
caption: View of one of the main Lass Geel main panels, taken with a fish eye
lens. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.16068 © TARA/<NAME>son
col_link: http://bit.ly/2iLyTXN
- sys:
id: 3NlNPDdYMUy2WyKIKAAyyQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:42:09.252000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:16:01.889000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title:
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 3'
body: 'Cows appear isolated or in groups of up to fifteen, although no clear representation
of herds can be made out, and they are often associated with human figures with
a very standardized shape: frontally depicted with arms outstretched to the
sides, and wearing a kind of shirt, usually white. Heads are small and sometimes
surrounded by a halo of radial dashes as a crown. These figures always appear
related to the cows, either under the neck, between the legs or behind the hindquarters.
In some cases they carry a bow, a stick or a shield. Along with humans and cows,
dogs are well represented too, usually positioned near the human figures. Other
animals are much scarcer: there are some figures that could correspond to antelopes,
monkeys and two lonely depictions of a giraffe. Throughout most of the panels,
geometric symbols are also represented, often surrounding the cows.'
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 6iWCErs5moI0koSeU4KCow
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:39:17.751000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:55:44.228000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4VTvKF1G52eSUicC2wuu8e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15894'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4VTvKF1G52eSUicC2wuu8e/35bd5996e54375f75258f75aca92a208/SOMLAG0050018.jpg"
caption: View of panel with painted depictions of cattle, antelopes and a giraffe.
<NAME>. 2013,2034.15894 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709550
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:39:17.751000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 4VTvKF1G52eSUicC2wuu8e
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15894'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4VTvKF1G52eSUicC2wuu8e/35bd5996e54375f75258f75aca92a208/SOMLAG0050018.jpg"
caption: View of panel with painted depictions of cattle, antelopes and a giraffe.
<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15894 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3709550
- sys:
id: 2L6Reqb06ImeEUeKq0mI4A
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:42:51.276000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:16:39.344000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 4'
body: Unlike many other rock art sites, Laas Geel has been dated quite precisely
thanks to the excavations carried out in one of the shelters by the French team
that documented the site. During the excavation parts of the painted rock wall
were recovered, and therefore the archaeologists have proposed a chronology
of mid-4th to mid-3rd millennia, being one of the oldest evidences of cattle
domestication in the Horn of Africa and the oldest known rock art site in this
region. Unfortunately, although bovine bones were recovered from the excavation,
they were too poorly preserved to determine whether they correspond to domestic
or wild animals.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: 7MwGPprSpiIeQOmmuOgcYg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:39:41.223000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:58:47.282000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:30.632000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15821'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/65ttuyQSS4C4CC62kSKeaQ/b8267145843996f0f0846f54ea8a1272/SOMLAG0020001.jpg"
caption: View of cow and human figure painted at the middle of the rock art
panel, with other cows depicted to the lower left. <NAME>, Somaliland.
2013,2034.15821 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691509
- sys:
id: 7MwGPprSpiIeQOmmuOgcYg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:39:41.223000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 65ttuyQSS4C4CC62kSKeaQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:30.632000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:30.632000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15821'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/65ttuyQSS4C4CC62kSKeaQ/b8267145843996f0f0846f54ea8a1272/SOMLAG0020001.jpg"
caption: View of cow and human figure painted at the middle of the rock art panel,
with other cows depicted to the lower left. La<NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15821
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3691509
- sys:
id: 5VTa7vIoIoIa2eS08ysAMU
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:43:38.752000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:43:38.752000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 5'
body: When discovered, Laas Geel was considered a unique site, and although its
general characteristics corresponded to the so-called Ethiopian-Arabic style,
its specific stylistic features had no parallels in the rock art of the region.
As research has increased, some other sites, such as Dhaga Koure, Dhambalin
and Karin Hagane, have provided similar depictions to those of Laas Geel, thus
reinforcing the idea of a distinctive “Laas Geel” style which nevertheless must
be interpreted within the broader regional context.
images_and_captions:
- sys:
id: YFu4EthxsG8kEsA6IIQoK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:40:04.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:59:56.493000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: Le7MwhlqWA8omCGckqeC0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15446'
description:
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caption: Group of painted cows with curved horns and marked udders, superimposed
by more modern, white geometric signs. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15446
© TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3710609
- sys:
id: YFu4EthxsG8kEsA6IIQoK
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:40:04.102000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2017-01-12 16:59:56.493000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: Le7MwhlqWA8omCGckqeC0
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:46.453000000 Z
title: '2013,2034.15446'
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Le7MwhlqWA8omCGckqeC0/b715080968450f4bbcde78c1186b022e/SOMGAB0010009.jpg"
caption: Group of painted cows with curved horns and marked udders, superimposed
by more modern, white geometric signs. <NAME>, Somaliland. 2013,2034.15446
© TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3710609
- sys:
id: 4yBgBkRUdWGgICeIMua8Am
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:44:09.364000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-12-11 12:17:05.456000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Somaliland: featured site, chapter 6'
body: 'Laas Geel is a marvellous example of the potential of African rock art
still waiting to be discovered and studied. Not only the quality of the images
depicted is astonishing, but the archaeological data associated with the site
and the landscape itself help to reconstruct a key episode in human history
elsewhere: the moment in which animals started to be domesticated. The strong
symbolism which surrounds the figures of cows and humans is a permanent testimony
of the reverence these communities paid to the animals that provided their sustenance.'
citations:
- sys:
id: 5M3Fqrd5bGqyUGegSo4U84
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:44:40.978000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 12:44:40.978000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: |-
<NAME>., <NAME>. y <NAME>. (2003b): The Discovery of New Rock Art Paintings in the Horn of Africa: The Rock Shelters of Laas Geel, Republic of Somaliland. *Journal of African Archaeology*, 1 (2): 227-236.
<NAME>. and <NAME>. (eds.) (2010): The decorated shelters of Laas Geel and the rock art of Somaliland. Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée, Montpellier University
background_images:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-25 11:49:13.227000000 Z
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title: '2013,2034.15894'
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---<file_sep>/_coll_thematic/landscapes-of-rock-art.md
---
contentful:
sys:
id: 2ULickNOv688OaGigYCWYm
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:26:39.131000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:28:31.662000000 Z
content_type_id: thematic
revision: 2
title: Landscapes of Rock Art
slug: landscapes-of-rock-art
lead_image:
sys:
id: 62Htpy9mk8Gw28EuUE6SiG
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 16:58:24.956000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2015-11-30 16:58:24.956000000 Z
title: SOADRB0050042_1
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/62Htpy9mk8Gw28EuUE6SiG/9cd9572ea1c079f4814104f40045cfb6/SOADRB0050042.jpg"
chapters:
- sys:
id: Ga9XxWBfqwke88qwUKGc2
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-01-10 15:12:02.010000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-01-10 15:12:02.010000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 1'
body: "“Placed within a landscape setting, rock-art becomes a more complex and
expressive visual language” (Chippindale and Nash, 2004:23)\n\nApart from the
quantity and diversity of rock art images in this collection, one of the most
notable features is the landscapes within which they occur: vast undulating
deserts; mountainous regions carved out by the wind and rain; verdant wooded
environments; and lacustrine and coastal backdrops, are all testament to the
diverse contexts in which rock art has been placed across the African continent.
\n"
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-01-10 15:16:11.619000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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title: ALGTAF0010004
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caption: 'View of the Afara Plain in Algeria. 2013,2034.3958 ©TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3636442
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title: KENVIC0010032
description:
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caption: View of Lake Victoria, Kenya. 2013,2034.14266 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3692066
- sys:
id: 4ptu3L494cEYqk6KaY40o4
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 12:27:10.888000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
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id: 2w9QtfzuOAuEsWmSC6MweQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 12:23:48.106000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 12:23:48.106000000 Z
title: SOADRB0050003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/2w9QtfzuOAuEsWmSC6MweQ/68bb49fc2a6a8fc62d889cd22b7b3f74/SOADRB0050003.jpg"
caption: Looking down the Didima River in the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa.
2013,2034.18280 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738721&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18280&page=1
- sys:
id: 5C3yAo4w24egO2O46UCCQg
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 12:37:03.943000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 12:37:03.943000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 2'
body: "Indeed, the defining characteristic of rock art beyond its association
with rock surfaces, is its placement within the geographical landscape. Landscapes
can be social, cultural, economic, political, ritual, or sacred – but more than
anything the geology of the landscape has to be favourable in order for rock
art to be placed within it in the first place. \n\nIn archaeology, context is
everything, and we may assume that the positioning of images in the landscape
is equally important. But what exactly is the relationship between rock art
and the landscape? Any connection between the placement of images and the environment,
if indeed there is a correlation to be made, varies depending on cultural group,
belief systems, economic and social structures, geology, topography and climate.
While we cannot make any overarching theories, as Chippindale and Nash observe,
“All rock art was initially created or caused to be created by someone, for
someone; its landscape position would have been important” (2004:21) \n"
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revision: 1
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id: 4mC1G2fnJ6uKEmoUWsWq0u
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 12:39:33.471000000 Z
title: SOADRB0050008
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4mC1G2fnJ6uKEmoUWsWq0u/cf4d370ea6f240ce296ea830dba06406/SOADRB0050008.jpg"
caption: View from painted rock art shelter looking over the Drakensberg Mountains,
South Africa. 2013,2034.18282 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18282&page=1
- sys:
id: 6cU5WF1xaEUIiEEkyoWaoq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 15:57:49.267000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 16:38:09.121000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 2
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 3'
body: "However, a major concern for archaeologists is the concept of \"landscape\"
itself. The conception or notion of “landscape” is genenerally a cultural construct
- how people perceive a landscape is certainly not a universal perception and
this potentially influences and problematizes our understanding of how cultural
groups in the past conceived of their environments. For example, Western cultures
often focus on large-scale topographical features in the landscape, whereas
often indigenous group, such as !Kung San who inhabit the Kalahari, their frame
of reference is more nuanced, such as “where a certain veld food may grow, even
if that place is only a few yards in diameter, or where there is only a patch
of tall arrow grass or a bee tree…” (Smith and Blundell, 2004:248). Archaeologists
tend to concentrate on prominent features of the landscape, but indigenous groups
may be more concerned with the minutiae of the environment, pebbles, holes,
flora and features less likely to survive in the archaeological record. \n\nOur
perceptions of landscapes also differ. For example, the Sahara may appear to
Western eyes as flat, featureless, austere and demanding, but for those who
live in the desert it can be filled with meaningful reference points and relationships.
It has been noted that in the Sahara the “Tuareg rely heavily on the most prevalent
of global navigation methods: landmark recognition. They have learned to read
what appear to the foreigner as featureless plains in the same way that we come
to recognize our own home environments, albeit swapping shifts in relief, rock
and sand colour for road signs etc...” (Gooley, 2010). This makes a landscape
approach challenging because it will always be from the perspective of what
*we perceive*.\n"
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title: NIGNAS0113
description: Desert landscape, Temet, Niger. 2013,2034.10407 ©TARA/<NAME>
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5hZt83Mv4cu6UcWuAKyMg4/be4780e70e88df213da498b5f100f1cc/NIGNAS0113.jpg"
caption: Desert landscape, Temet, Niger. 2013,2034.10407 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.10407&page=1
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title: CHANAS0103
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/4BGLzXecpqKOsuwwiIaM6K/a4318baa413e590cc6fb087d62888382/CHANAS0103.jpg"
caption: Desert landscape, <NAME>. 2013,2034.8309 ©TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3738722&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.8309&page=1
- sys:
id: 6EhIOeplUA6ouw2kiOcmWe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 16:37:41.994000000 Z
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 4'
body: |
This idea that the landscape is not a passive backdrop but an experiential one took hold in archaeology in the early 1990s with an interest in the *Phenomenology of Landscape* (Tilley,1994). The basic premise of this philosophical approach is how humans’ experience ‘being’ in their worlds, whereby the idea of landscape comprises sets of relational places linked by pathways, movements and narratives. Tilley proposed that phenomenology provides a useful tool to think about how people in the past interacted sensorially with the landscape in which they lived.
So how might we see the importance of landscape, or perhaps not, in the rock art of Africa? It is interesting to note that out of the hundreds of thousands of rock art images across the Continent, not a single depiction from this Collection is an unambiguous representation of a landscape as we understand it in a Western sense. There are tableaux which may include trees, shrubs, huts or features in the landscape such as bees’ nests, but there is nothing that represents a landscape scene in the modern artistic sense. And yet, we might assume that features in the landscape would have been important. For example, particular rock formations might have acted as way markers and permanent or seasonal rivers and springs would have been important places utilised by pastoralists and traders.
- sys:
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revision: 2
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 16:39:42.859000000 Z
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/XUV6CjD6QouOWCoI8OoSq/f3f968e869e63fc59eb186a2d6c9a4c3/ALGTDR0080001.jpg"
caption: 'A unique sandstone inselberg over 17 metres high, resembling a hedgehog
standing on a pedestal in the Tadrart Acacus Mountains, Algeria. 2013,2034.4750
©TARA/<NAME> '
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3605250&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.4750+&page=1
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id: 4Zj7sd5KJW4Eq2i4aSmQSS
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 16:48:08.048000000 Z
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
id: 7eyjgnirUkqiwIQmwc8uoe
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:40.370000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-26 14:56:40.370000000 Z
title: NAMDMT0010062
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/7eyjgnirUkqiwIQmwc8uoe/827acd6affabc436c4124be861493437/NAMDMT0010062.jpg"
caption: A rock formation named the “lion’s mouth” at Twyfelfontein in Namibia.
2013,2034.22084 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3763124&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.22084&page=1
- sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 16:53:04.584000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:08:04.758000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 16:50:31.783000000 Z
title: SOANTC0020004
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/Wmt1hBD2MwmGYUQccaIuW/118e2f905481c14f6a1abb2119d564bc/SOANTC0020004.jpg"
caption: 160 metres of glaciated andesite bedrock of the Riet River covered with
more than 3500 engravings of different geometric motifs, seasonally exposed
as the river rises and falls. Driekops Eiland, South Africa. 2013,2034.18616.
© TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730621&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18616&page=1
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-02-27 17:27:42.253000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 5'
body: "The following rock art studies demonstrate both the advantages of a landscape
approach in thinking about the placement of images and the creation of special
places, but also the role of cultural subjectivity in understanding the importance
of landscape.\n\nA study of the Brandberg Mountain in Namibia has shown the
decision making processes involved in the placement of rock art images. The
Brandberg is Nambia’s highest mountain and is located in the north-western Namib
Desert. Although rainfall is low in the region, the granite composition of the
massif means that water can be stored in “pans, crevices and pot holes from
one rainy season to another”, making this an advantageous resource in an arid
landscape (Lenssen-Erz, 2004:132). \n"
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content_type_id: image
revision: 2
image:
sys:
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2016-09-13 13:02:59.339000000 Z
title: NAMBRG0030001
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1hXbvhDSf2CmOss6ec0CsS/0bb079e491ac899abae435773c74fcf4/NAMBRG0030001.jpg"
caption: Looking out of rock shelter from the Brandberg Mountain over the Namib
Desert. © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?partId=1&objectId=3729901
- sys:
id: 6ycsEOIb0AgkqoQ4MUOMQi
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updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:15:59.100000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:11:08.119000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:11:08.119000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0010003
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/rt6DZs4Zs4Ei8GIEQcGaI/42bd3971573897d602df6c6025365dd5/NAMDMB0010003.jpg"
caption: View looking towards the Tsisab Ravine, Brandberg Mountain, Namibia.
2013,2034.21327 © TARA/David Coulson
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771005&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21327&page=1
- sys:
id: 2aa2jzRtPqwK8egGek6G6
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:18:58.887000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:18:58.887000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5y7VeXhwTCMYQAGWIEaYiq
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:17:33.726000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:17:33.726000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0010027
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5y7VeXhwTCMYQAGWIEaYiq/2bc68cb72aa349891621fcb10179eb7a/NAMDMB0010027.jpg"
caption: " View of Tsisab Ravine, Brandberg Mountain, Namibia. 2013,2034.21351
© TARA/<NAME>"
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771053&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21351&page=1
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created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:23:52.878000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:23:52.878000000 Z
content_type_id: image
revision: 1
image:
sys:
id: 5gAJaqtkRUI4Ie0KCEYemk
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:22:31.706000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-08 15:22:31.706000000 Z
title: NAMDMB0030001
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/5gAJaqtkRUI4Ie0KCEYemk/c097408c698e89d7aea8d02fc8573453/NAMDMB0030001.jpg"
caption: View of a water stained granite boulder outside the rock art site at
<NAME>helter, Namibia. 2013,2034.21385 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3771034&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.21385&page=1
- sys:
id: 175X82dwJgqGAqkqCu4CkQ
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:11:55.103000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:11:55.103000000 Z
content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 6'
body: "There are approximately 1000 rock art sites in the Brandberg, made by San|Bushmen,
and human occupation dates back at least 6000 years through to the 20th century.
\ Depictions predominantly comprise human figures closely followed by large
game animals, and the number of paintings at a site ranges widely from just
one to more than 1000 images (Lenssen-Erz, 2004:138). San|Bushmen used
the mountain for economic and subsistence purposes such as food, water, shelter
and raw material. The landscape was categorised based on certain characteristics,although
each site could have served more than one purpose. For example, sites that were
associated with conspicuous landmarks in the landscape; short or long-term living
sites; aggregation sites; and casual or deliberate ritual sites. The majority
of sites are casual ritual sites with long-term living and aggregation sites
quite rare (Lenssen-Erz, 2004:147). For the most part San|Bushmen visited
infrequently, in small groups and for short term durations, and the placement
of rock art sites seem to be at these locations. Although the choice of place
may have been initially motivated by practical concerns, once at a spot, the
place was often used for ritual activities. It has been proposed that ritual
activity “increases in frequency if a group is facing more than ordinary problems”
(Lenssen-Erz, 2004:148), and although the San|Bushmen went to the Brandberg
because of an advantageous ecosystem, they often seem to have been in a state
of crisis, for example in times of drought (Lenssen-Erz, 2004:148). The strategies
chosen to mitigate such crises, was the recurring performance of rituals, including
the creation of rock art, to cope with the critical environmental circumstances,
thus maintaining some semblance of social stability. \n\nIn an insightful study
in South Africa, Smith and Blundell (2004) attempted to interpret northern South
African rock art from a landscape approach to identify its relevance in this
context. Southern African rock art has benefitted from many years of intensive
and systematic research as well as valuable ethnographic and ethnohistorical
records. As such, the meaning of rock art in this region is well understood
in comparison to other parts of the continent and as a result makes a useful
test case.\n\nThe study area focused on the northern province of South Africa,
where three types of rock art traditions are found. The oldest, that of the
San|Bushmen is characterised by fine brushwork of humans and animals, typically
in red pigment (Smith and Blundell, 2004:254). Concurrent with the San tradition
are finger painted geometric designs, although the authorship is unknown. Finally,
superimposing these are a variety of images, that include quadrupeds, spread-eagled
designs, people, locomotives, wagons and guns that stylistically are attributable
to Bantu-speaking farmer peoples who inhabited parts of eastern, central and
southern Africa (Smith and Blundell, 2004:255). Of the more than 300 sites in
the study area, there appeared to be no clear pattern between the placement
of San|Bushmen rock art or geometric art and features in the landscape
(Smith and Blundell, 2004:255). In fact, San|Bushmen rock art relates to
“the power and experiences of San religious specialists with the other world
– the realm of god, the spirits and mythical creatures … (and) it is argued
that paintings sites were places of negotiation” (Smith and Blundell, 2004:256).
The power of place for San|Bushmen was mediated through the physical rock
face upon which the images were inscribed, which acted as a veil between the
physical world and the spiritual world. As such, landscape is conceptual for
San|Bushmen and in the absence of the ethnographic records explaining this
phenomenon, a landscape approach provides no insightful observations in this
context (Smith and Blundell, 2004:256). \n\nIn contrast, farmer art is more
closely tied to the landscape. It is confined to hilly areas only, with a significant
number located in shaded valleys near perennial water sources, which from a
pastoralist perspective would make sense (Smith and Blundell, 2004:257). The
composition of the images, the vivid white imagery and the seemingly aggressive
subject matter might suggest that the art demonstrated territories, warning
away other herding groups with evidence of conflict between groups. However,
ethnography indicates that farmer art in this region actually is inextricably
linked with boys’ initiation ceremonies. The sites are close to water so that
boys can bathe after circumcision. Sheep and cows are painted not because people
herded them but for important instructional educational purposes. And what may
be perceived as images of aggression actually reflect the upheavals of the 19th
century Ddebel and Swazi raiders (Smith and Blundell, 2004:258).\n"
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title: SOANTC0050054
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caption: Engraved boulder in the landscape northern Cape Namakwa District Municipality,
South Africa. 2013,2034.18803 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1613144248&objectId=3731055&partId=1
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title: SOANTC0030004
description:
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caption: View from the looking towards ponds or kuils. Wildebeest Kuil, South Africa.
2013,2034.18668 © TARA/<NAME>
col_link: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3730725&partId=1&searchText=2013,2034.18668&page=1
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content_type_id: chapter
revision: 1
title_internal: 'Landscape: thematic, chapter 7'
body: |
As Smith and Blundell have shown, a landscape approach to rock art in northern South Africa would have been “embarrassingly far off the mark” (2004:258) without being able to draw on ethnographic and ethnohistorical information. This does not negate the validity of a landscape approach as a legitimate and rational method of analysis, what is of concern for Smith and Blundell is “those arguments that treat landscape as an unproblematic given” (2004:259).
The physical nature of rock art, its immovability, means that it is fixed in a landscape. Those landscapes can be expansive or confined; they can be conspicuously visually arresting and subtly nuanced. The rationale behind the siting of rock art are varied, but ultimately these are “pictures in place” (Chippindale and Nash, 2004:1) and the importance of place is socially and culturally constructed.
citations:
- sys:
id: 5z9VWU8t2MeaiAeQWa0Ake
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:25:02.891000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:25:02.891000000 Z
content_type_id: citation
revision: 1
citation_line: "<NAME>. 2004. ‘The landscape setting of rock-painting
sites in the Brandberg (Namibia): infrastructure, Gestaltung, use and meaning’,
in Christopher Chippindale and George Nash (eds), The Figured Landscapes of
Rock Art: Looking at Pictures in Place. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n\nChippindale,
C. and <NAME>. (Eds) (2004) The Figured Landscapes of Rock-Art: Looking at
pictures in place. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n\nGooley, Tristan.
2010. ‘Natural Navigation with the Tuareg in the Libyan Sahara', in Navigation
News, March 2010. [http://www.naturalnavigator.com/the-library/navigating-with-the-tuareg](http://www.naturalnavigator.com/the-library/navigating-with-the-tuareg)
\n\n<NAME>. and <NAME>. 2004. 'Dangerous ground: a critique of landscape
in rock art-studies', in Christopher Chippindale and George Nash (eds), The
Figured Landscapes of Rock Art: Looking at Pictures in Place. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.\n\nTilley, C. 1994. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places,
Paths and Monuments. Oxford: Berg.\n"
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url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1yhBeyGEMYkuay2osswcyg/7cab20823cbc01ae24ae6456d6518dbd/SOANTC0030004.jpg"
- sys:
id: 1rRAJpaj6UMCs6qMKsGm8K
created_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:14:41.480000000 Z
updated_at: !ruby/object:DateTime 2018-05-09 15:14:41.480000000 Z
title: SOANTC0050054
description:
url: "//images.ctfassets.net/xt8ne4gbbocd/1rRAJpaj6UMCs6qMKsGm8K/f92d2174d4c5109237ab00379c2088b7/SOANTC0050054.jpg"
---
|
f571653138f299532bd382356bfab0542ac95d08
|
[
"Ruby",
"HTML",
"Markdown",
"JavaScript",
"Shell"
] | 89
|
Markdown
|
kingsdigitallab/african-rock-art
|
1407a7d0bec811cec6a1cd6702f4bcbfbd6f2100
|
cfb10b9de2d328a139e042f988eb2d54fac0c3bc
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>natalia-guedes/DigitalHouse_FrontEnd<file_sep>/exercicio_06/images/Color _ FCFBE3 _ vanilla cream __ COLOURlovers_files/ModalWindow.class.js.download
var ModalWindow = new Class.create({
initialize: function(options) {
this.options = Object.isString(options) ? options.evalJSON(true) : options;
if ($("cl-modal-window") === null) {
var body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
body.appendChild(Builder.node("div",{id: "cl-modal-window",style: "display: none;"}))
body.appendChild(Builder.node("div",{id: "cl-modal-window-background",style: "display: none;"}))
}
this.isVisible = false;
this.modalWindow = $("cl-modal-window");
this.modalBackground = $("cl-modal-window-background");
this.options.width = this.options.width || 400;
this.options.body = this.options.body || "";
this.options.showHr = this.options.showHr || true;
this.options.btns = this.options.btns || [];
this.options.btnAlign = this.options.btnAlign || "right";
this.drawContent(); // preload media content in cache
Event.observe(window,"resize",function(event) {
if (this.isVisible) {
this.show(false);
}
}.bind(this));
},
drawContent: function() {
this.modalWindow.style.width = (this.options.width.toString() + "px");
// Build content
var content = "";
if (this.options.body !== "") {
content += this.options.body;
}
if (this.options.showHr) {
content += "<div class=\"hr\"></div>";
}
if (this.options.btns.length !== 0) {
if (this.options.btnAlign === "right") {
this.options.btns = this.options.btns.reverse();
}
var btn = {}, formID = "", style = "",closeBtnIDs = [], href = "";
for (var i=0,numBtns=this.options.btns.length;i<numBtns;i++) {
btn = this.options.btns[i];
btn.method = btn.method || "get";
btn.closeModal = btn.closeModal || false;
btn.onClick = btn.onClick || "";
formID = "";
style = "";
btnID = "cl-modal-btn-" + i.toString();
if (btn.method === "post") {
formID = "cl-modal-form-" + i.toString();
content += "<form action=\"" + btn.href + "\" method=\"post\" id=\"" + formID + "\" class=\"hidden-form\"></form>";
btn.onClick = "if ($('" + formID + "').hasClassName('submitted') === false) { $('" + formID + "').addClassName('submitted'); $('" + formID + "').submit(); } return false;";
}
if (btn.closeModal) {
btn.href = "#";
btn.onClick += "return false;";
closeBtnIDs.push(btnID);
}
if (this.options.btnAlign === "left") {
style = " mr-10";
} else {
style = " ml-10";
}
href = btn.href;
if (btn.method === "post") {
href = "#";
}
content += "<a href=\"" + href + "\" id=\"" + btnID + "\" class=\"short-modal-pill " + this.options.btnAlign + style + "\"" + ((btn.onClick !== "") ? " onclick=\"" + btn.onClick + "\"" : "") + "><span></span>" + btn.title + "</a>";
}
content += "<div class=\"clear\"></div>";
}
// Build window
this.modalWindow.innerHTML = "";
if (this.options.title !== undefined) {
this.modalWindow.innerHTML += "<h2>" + this.options.title + "</h2>";
}
if (content !== "") {
this.modalWindow.innerHTML += "<div class=\"modal-content\">" + content + "</div>";
}
// Assign events to close btns
for (var i=0,numCloseBtns=closeBtnIDs.length;i<numCloseBtns;i++) {
Event.observe(closeBtnIDs[i],"click",this.hide.bind(this));
}
},
show: function(draw) {
this.isVisible = true;
if (draw) {
this.drawContent();
}
var dimensions = this.modalWindow.getDimensions();
var pageSize = getPageSize();
var left = ((pageSize[0] - dimensions.width) / 2);
var top = ((pageSize[3] - dimensions.height) / 2);
this.modalWindow.style.top = "100px";
this.modalWindow.style.left = (left < 0) ? 0 : left.toString() + "px";
this.modalWindow.style.top = (top < 0) ? 0 : top.toString() + "px";
this.modalBackground.setOpacity(0.6);
this.modalBackground.show();
this.modalWindow.show();
},
hide: function() {
this.isVisible = false;
this.modalBackground.hide();
this.modalWindow.hide();
}
});<file_sep>/Aula_07/js/funcao.js
/*function dizerOi (nome) {
console.log("oi "+ nome);
}
dizerOi("Natalia");
*/
//Função anonima
/*
var dizerOla = function (nome) {
return "Olá " + nome;
}
console.log(dizerOla("natalia"));
*/
// falar sobre hoisting da função da normal
/*
function circunferencia (raio){
function diametro (){
return 2*raio;
}
return Math.PI * diametro();
}
console.log(circunferencia(2));
*/
/*
function a(callback){
setTimeout( function()){
console.log('a vem primeiro');
callback();
} 3000;
}
function b(){
console.log('b vem depois');
}
a(b);
*/
/*
let teste =(number)=> {
let primo = "O número " + number + " é primo";
let noPrimo = "O número " + number + " não é primo";
let result = noPrimo;
for (i = 2; i < number; i++) {
result = primo
if (number % i === 0) {
result = noPrimo;
break;
}
}
if (number === 2) {
result = primo;
}
return console.log(result);
};
teste(3);
*/
function a(callback){
for (var i=10;i>=0;i--){
console.log(i);
setTimeout( function(){
callback();
}, 10000 );
}
}
function b(){
console.log("feliz ano novo");
}
a( b );
<file_sep>/exercicio_06/images/Color _ FCFBE3 _ vanilla cream __ COLOURlovers_files/global.js.download
var _domIsLoaded = false, _j = 0, _angle = 0, _width = 0, _height = 0, _paletteIsCPW = false, _timeOut = 0;
var _currentPage = "", _timeout = {}, _cookieDomain = location.hostname.toLowerCase().match(/^[^.]+(.+)/)[1];
var _monthNames = ["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"];
var _cl_timeouts = {_checkForUserNameAvailability: 0,_hideAllNavItems :0,_autoGrowingRow: 0}, _lastUserNameChecked = "", _currentPosition = 0, _originalValues = {};
/*
// This should work in IE, Firefox and Chrome.
window.onerror = function() {
$$("input.javascript-errors").each(function(_element) {
_element.value += (Object.toJSON(this) + "\n");
}.bind(arguments));
return false; // Pass error to browser
};
// Bring Opera up to speed... -- http://stackoverflow.com/questions/645840/mimic-window-onerror-in-opera-using-javascript/6342356#6342356
if (window.opera !== undefined) {
(function () {
var _oldToString = Error.prototype.toString;
Error.prototype.toString = function () {
var _msg = "";
try {
_msg = _oldToString.apply(this,arguments);
window.onerror(_msg,(typeof (this) === "object") ? this.stack : "","");
} catch (e) {}
return _msg;
};
}());
}
*/
jQuery.noConflict()(function($) {
$('a[rel=tipsy]').tipsy({live: true, html: true, gravity: 's'});
});
Event.observe(window,"resize",function(_event) {
positionLogInDropDown();
});
function intval(n,radix) {
n = parseInt(n,radix || 10);
return isNaN(n) ? 0 : n;
}
function floatval(n) {
n = parseFloat(n);
return isNaN(n) ? 0.0 : n;
}
function positionLogInDropDown() {
if (($("log-in-drop-down") !== null) && ($("log-in-drop-down").className === "selected")) {
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").style.visibility = "hidden";
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").style.display = "block";
var position = $("log-in-drop-down").cumulativeOffset();
var logInBtnDimmensions = $("log-in-drop-down").getDimensions();
var logInDivWidth = $("log-in-drop-down-contents").getWidth();
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").style.left = ((position.left - logInDivWidth + logInBtnDimmensions.width).toString() + "px");
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").style.top = ((position.top + logInBtnDimmensions.height - 1).toString() + "px"); // - 1 to hide it under the btn
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").style.visibility = "visible";
}
}
function loadLogInDropDownContents() {
window.headerLogInFormExists = true;
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").update('<iframe src="https://' + location.hostname + '/ajax/header-log-in-form?r=' + encodeURIComponent(location.href) + '" frameborder="0" height="110" width="270" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" auto="no" style="background-color: #ffffff;"></iframe>');
}
document.observe("dom:loaded",function(_event) {
var _body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
_body.appendChild(Builder.node("div",{id: "cl-overlay-content",className: "cl-overlay-content",style: "display: none;"}));
_body.appendChild(Builder.node("div",{id: "cl-overlay",className: "cl-overlay",style: "display: none;"}));
$("cl-overlay").setOpacity(0.8);
/* Label Overlay */
$$('div.label-overlay label').each(function(label) {
label.observe('click', function() {
this.hide();
}.bind(label));
});
$$('div.label-overlay input').each(function(input) {
input.observe('focus', function() {
this.previous('label').hide();
}.bind(input));
input.observe('blur', function() {
if (this.value === '') {
this.previous('label').show();
}
}.bind(input));
if (input.value !== '') {
input.previous('label').hide();
} else {
input.previous('label').show();
}
});
/* Log In Drop Down */
if ($("log-in-drop-down") !== null) {
Event.observe("log-in-drop-down","mouseenter",function(_event) {
if (window.headerLogInFormExists !== true) {
loadLogInDropDownContents();
}
});
Event.observe("log-in-drop-down","click",function(_event) {
if (window.headerLogInFormExists !== true) {
loadLogInDropDownContents();
}
if ($("log-in-drop-down").className === "selected") {
showObtrusiveElements();
$("log-in-drop-down").className = "";
$("log-in-drop-down-contents").style.display = "none";
} else {
hideObtrusiveElements();
$("log-in-drop-down").className = "selected";
positionLogInDropDown();
}
});
}
/* Account Drop Down */
if ($("account-drop-down") !== null) {
Event.observe("account-drop-down","mouseover",function(_event) {
$("account-drop-down-contents").style.visibility = "visible";
$("account-drop-down-contents").style.height = "auto";
this.setStyle({border: '1px solid #cccccc'});
this.style.border = '1px solid #cccccc;';
});
Event.observe("account-drop-down","mouseout",function(_event) {
$("account-drop-down-contents").style.visibility = "hidden";
$("account-drop-down-contents").style.height = "0";
this.setStyle({border: 'none'});
this.style.border = 'none';
});
}
/* Online Users */
if ($('online-users-pop-up') !== null) {
var onlineUsersScrollBar = new Control.ScrollBar('online-users-scroll-content', 'online-users-scroll-track');
var OnlineUsersPopUp = new Class.create({
initialize: function() {
this.timeout = 0;
if ($("online-users-pop-up") !== null) {
Event.observe(window, "resize", function(_event) {
this.resetPosition();
}.bind(this));
$("online-users-pop-up").observe("mouseover", function() {
this.show();
}.bind(this));
$("online-users-pop-up").observe("mouseout",function() {
this.delayHide();
}.bind(this));
if ($("online-users-trigger") !== null) {
this.resetPosition();
$("online-users-trigger").observe("mouseover", function() {
this.show();
}.bind(this));
$("online-users-trigger").observe("mouseout", function() {
this.delayHide();
}.bind(this));
}
if ($("hide-online-users-pop-up") !== null) {
$("hide-online-users-pop-up").observe("click", function(e) {
e.stop();
}.bind(this));
}
}
},
hide: function() {
$("online-users-pop-up").hide();
$("online-users-trigger").removeClassName('hover');
},
delayHide: function() {
this.timeout = this.hide.delay(0.1);
},
show: function() {
onlineUsersScrollBar.recalculateLayout();
clearTimeout(this.timeout);
$("online-users-trigger").addClassName('hover');
$("online-users-pop-up").show();
},
resetPosition: function() {
$("online-users-pop-up").clonePosition($("online-users-trigger"), {
setTop: false,
setWidth: false,
setHeight: false,
offsetLeft: $("online-users-trigger").getWidth() / 2 - $("online-users-pop-up").getWidth() / 2 + 1
});
}
});
window.OnlineUsersPopUp = new OnlineUsersPopUp();
}
/* Tour Pop Up */
var TourPopUp = new Class.create({
initialize: function() {
this.timeout = 0;
if ($("tour-pop-up") !== null) {
Event.observe(window, "resize", function(_event) {
this.resetPosition();
}.bind(this));
$("tour-pop-up").observe("mouseover", function() {
this.show();
}.bind(this));
$("tour-pop-up").observe("mouseout",function() {
this.delayHide();
}.bind(this));
if ($("tour-btn") !== null) {
this.resetPosition();
$("tour-btn").observe("mouseover", function() {
this.show();
}.bind(this));
$("tour-btn").observe("mouseout", function() {
this.delayHide();
}.bind(this));
}
if ($("hide-tour-pop-up") !== null) {
$("hide-tour-pop-up").observe("click", function(e) {
this.unstick();
e.stop();
}.bind(this));
}
}
},
hide: function() {
$("tour-pop-up").hide();
$("tour-btn").removeClassName('hover');
},
delayHide: function() {
if (this.isSticky() === false) {
this.timeout = this.hide.delay(0.1);
}
},
show: function() {
if (this.isSticky() === false) {
clearTimeout(this.timeout);
}
$("tour-btn").addClassName('hover');
$("tour-pop-up").show();
},
resetPosition: function() {
$("tour-pop-up").clonePosition($("tour-btn"), {
setTop: false,
setWidth: false,
setHeight: false,
offsetLeft: $("tour-btn").getWidth() / 2 - $("tour-pop-up").getWidth() / 2
});
},
stick: function() {
$("tour-pop-up").addClassName("sticky");
this.show();
},
unstick: function() {
this.hide();
$("tour-pop-up").removeClassName("sticky");
},
isSticky: function() {
return $("tour-pop-up").hasClassName("sticky");
},
setTitle: function(title) {
$("tour-title").update(title);
},
setMessage: function(message) {
$("tour-message").update(message);
},
setButtonText: function(buttonText) {
$("tour-button-text").update(buttonText);
},
setBarWidth: function(barWidth) {
$$("a#tour-btn span.bar")[0].setStyle({width: barWidth + 'px'});
}
});
window.tourPopUp = new TourPopUp();
// - - -
window._numNavItems = 0;
window._lastNavItem = false;
for (var _i=0;;_i++) {
_element = $("nav_" + _i.toString());
if (_element === null) {
break;
}
window._numNavItems++;
Event.observe(_element,"mouseover",function(_event) {
clearTimeout(_cl_timeouts._hideAllNavItems);
var _element = Event.element(_event);
var _index = getNumericIDFromElementID(_element.id);
var _position = _element.cumulativeOffset();
if ((window._lastNavItem !== false) && (window._lastNavItem !== _index)) {
hideAllNavItems();
}
$("nav_" + _index.toString()).className = "hover";
window._lastNavItem = _index;
var _subNav = $("sub-nav_" + _index.toString());
if(_index.toString() != '4'){ //try to fix google webcache browse ul/li
_subNav.style.left = (_position.left.toString() + "px");
_subNav.style.top = ((_position.top + _element.getHeight()+15).toString() + "px");
}
_subNav.show();
});
Event.observe(_element,"mouseout",function(_event) {
_cl_timeouts._hideAllNavItems = hideAllNavItems.delay(0.5);
});
Event.observe(("sub-nav_" + _i.toString()),"mouseover",function(_event) {
clearTimeout(_cl_timeouts._hideAllNavItems);
});
Event.observe(("sub-nav_" + _i.toString()),"mouseout",function(_event) {
_cl_timeouts._hideAllNavItems = hideAllNavItems.delay(0.5);
});
$$("#sub-nav_" + _i.toString() + " span").each(function(_element) {
Event.observe(_element,"mouseover",function(_event) {
this.className = "active";
}.bind(_element));
Event.observe(_element,"mouseout",function(_event) {
this.className = "";
}.bind(_element));
});
}
function hideAllNavItems() {
for (var _i=0;_i<window._numNavItems;_i++) {
$("sub-nav_" + _i.toString()).hide();
$("nav_" + _i.toString()).className = "";
}
};
/* Global Search Type */
if ($('global-search-type') !== null) {
function globalSearchDocumentHandler(e) {
var element = Event.element(e);
if (element.descendantOf('global-search-type') === false) {
$('global-search-type-menu').hide();
$('global-search-type-trigger').removeClassName('active');
document.stopObserving('click', globalSearchDocumentHandler);
}
}
var globalsearch_offsetleft = 40;
if(isMobile()){
globalsearch_offsetleft = -55;
}
Event.observe('global-search-type-trigger', 'click', function(_event) {
$('global-search-type-menu').clonePosition($('global-search-type-trigger'), {
setWidth: false,
setHeight: false,
offsetTop: 26,
offsetLeft: globalsearch_offsetleft
});
$('global-search-type-trigger').toggleClassName('active');
$('global-search-type-menu').toggle();
if ($('global-search-type-menu').visible()) {
document.observe('click', globalSearchDocumentHandler);
} else {
document.stopObserving('click', globalSearchDocumentHandler);
}
});
$$('#global-search-type-menu a').each(function(a) {
a.observe('click', function(e) {
$('global-search-type-menu').hide();
$('global-search-type-trigger').className = a.classNames();
$('global-search-query-label').update(a.readAttribute('data-label'));
$('global-search-form').writeAttribute('action', a.readAttribute('data-action'));
document.stopObserving('click', globalSearchDocumentHandler);
e.stop();
});
});
}
/* Global Create Button */
if ($('global-create') !== null) {
function globalCreateDocumentHandler(e) {
var element = Event.element(e);
if (element.descendantOf('global-create') === false) {
$('global-create-menu').hide();
$('global-create-trigger').removeClassName('active');
document.stopObserving('click', globalCreateDocumentHandler);
}
}
var globalcreate_offsetleft = 0;
if(isMobile()){
globalcreate_offsetleft = -98;
}
Event.observe('global-create-trigger', 'click', function(_event) {
$('global-create-menu').clonePosition($('global-create-trigger'), {
setWidth: false,
setHeight: false,
offsetTop: 29,
offsetLeft: globalcreate_offsetleft/*-($('global-search').getWidth()) + $('global-search-type').getWidth()*/
});
$('global-create-trigger').toggleClassName('active');
$('global-create-menu').toggle();
if ($('global-create-menu').visible()) {
document.observe('click', globalCreateDocumentHandler);
} else {
document.stopObserving('click', globalCreateDocumentHandler);
}
});
}
// - - -
["trend-search-query","blog-search-query"].each(function(_element) {
if ($(_element) !== null) {
_originalValues[_element] = $(_element).value;
Event.observe(_element,"click",function() {
if (this.value === _originalValues[_element]) {
this.value = "";
this.className = "active";
}
});
Event.observe(_element,"focus",function() {
if (this.value === _originalValues[_element]) {
this.value = "";
this.className = "active";
}
});
Event.observe(_element,"blur",function() {
if (this.value.strip() === "") {
this.value = _originalValues[_element];
this.className = "";
}
});
}
});
// - - -
if ($("channel-chooser_0") !== null) {
var _element;
window._numChannelTabs = 0;
for (var _i=0;;_i++) {
_element = $("channel-chooser_" + _i.toString());
if (_element === null) {
break;
}
window._numChannelTabs++;
Event.observe(_element,"click",function(_event) {
var _index = getNumericIDFromElementID(Event.element(_event).id);
for (var _i=0;_i<window._numChannelTabs;_i++) {
$("channel-chooser_" + _i.toString()).className = "";
}
$("channel-chooser_" + _index.toString()).className = "selected";
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/index-channels",{
method: "get",
parameters: "channelID=" + _index.toString(),
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
$("channel-content").update(_transport.responseText);
}
});
});
}
}
// - - -
if (($("feature-followers_followers-btn") !== null) && ($("feature-followers_following-btn") !== null)) {
featureFollowerHandler = function(_event) {
var _element = Event.element(_event);
["followers","following"].each(function(_element) {
$("feature-followers_" + _element + "-btn").removeClassName("selected");
$("feature-followers_" + _element).style.display = "none";
});
$(_element).addClassName("selected");
$(_element.id.replace(/-btn$/,"")).style.display = "block";
};
Event.observe("feature-followers_followers-btn","click",featureFollowerHandler);
Event.observe("feature-followers_following-btn","click",featureFollowerHandler);
}
// - - -
if ($("userName_register") !== null) {
Event.observe("userName_register","keyup",userName_registerOnChange); // Typing
Event.observe("userName_register","blur",userName_registerOnChange); // Mouse right-click + paste
}
_domIsLoaded = true;
});
// - - -
function setAutoGrowFeatures() {
if (window._autoGrowIsAnimating === undefined) {
window._autoGrowIsAnimating = {};
}
if (window._autoGrowCloseWhenOpened === undefined) {
window._autoGrowCloseWhenOpened = {};
}
$A(arguments).each(function (_argument) {
if (Object.isArray(_argument)) {
setAutoGrowFeatures(_argument);
} else {
Event.observe(_argument + "-overlay","mousemove",function(_event) {
window._autoGrowCloseWhenOpened[this.toString()] = false;
}.bind(_argument));
Event.observe(_argument + "-item","mouseenter",function(_event) {
clearTimeout(_cl_timeouts._autoGrowingRow);
window._autoGrowCloseWhenOpened[this.toString()] = false;
_cl_timeouts._autoGrowingRow = (function() {
var _type = (/([a-z]+)-/).exec(this.toString())[1];
var _elementID = (this.toString() + "-overlay");
var _height = 115;
var _duration = 0.3;
var _effects = [];
if ($(_elementID).getHeight() === _height) {
return;
}
if (window._autoGrowIsAnimating[this.toString()]) {
return;
}
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + _elementID + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: 0; height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Opacity(\"" + _elementID + "\",{to: 1.0,duration: 0.0})");
if (_type === "p") {
var _colorElements = $$("#" + _elementID + " a.palette span.c");
var _shadowElements = $$("#" + _elementID + " a.palette span.c span.s");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.palette")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
for (var _i=0,_rows=_colorElements.length;_i<_rows;_i++) {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + _colorElements[_i].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
}
for (var _i=0,_rows=_shadowElements.length;_i<_rows;_i++) {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + _shadowElements[_i].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
}
} else if (_type === "c") {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.color")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.color span")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
} else if ((_type === "n") || (_type === "pd") || (_type === "h")) {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.pattern")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.pattern span")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
} else if (_type === "s") {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.shape")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.shape span.image")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.shape span.image span")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
}
$(_elementID).show();
eval("new Effect.Parallel([" + _effects.join(",") + "],{duration: " + _duration.toString() + ",transition: Effect.Transitions.easeOutCubic});");
window._autoGrowIsAnimating[this.toString()] = true;
(function() {
delete window._autoGrowIsAnimating[this.toString()];
if (window._autoGrowCloseWhenOpened[this.toString()]) {
hideAutoGrowFeature(_argument);
}
}.bind(this)).delay(_duration);
}.bind(this)).delay(0.5);
}.bind(_argument));
Event.observe(_argument + "-item","mouseleave",function(_event) {
clearTimeout(_cl_timeouts._autoGrowingRow);
});
Event.observe(_argument + "-overlay","mouseleave",hideAutoGrowFeature.bind(_argument));
}
});
}
function hideAutoGrowFeature(_argument) {
clearTimeout(_cl_timeouts._autoGrowingRow);
if (_argument instanceof Event) {
_argument = this.toString();
}
window._autoGrowCloseWhenOpened[_argument] = true;
var _type = (/([a-z]+)-/).exec(_argument)[1];
var _elementID = (_argument + "-overlay");
var _height = 50;
var _duration = 0.3;
var _effects = [];
if ($(_elementID).getHeight() === _height) {
return;
}
if (window._autoGrowIsAnimating[_argument]) {
return;
}
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + _elementID + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: 20px; height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
if (_type === "p") {
var _colorElements = $$("#" + _elementID + " a.palette span.c");
var _shadowElements = $$("#" + _elementID + " a.palette span.c span.s");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.palette")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
for (var _i=0,_rows=_colorElements.length;_i<_rows;_i++) {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + _colorElements[_i].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
}
for (var _i=0,_rows=_shadowElements.length;_i<_rows;_i++) {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + _shadowElements[_i].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
}
} else if (_type === "c") {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.color")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.color span")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
} else if ((_type === "n") || (_type === "pd") || (_type === "h")) {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.pattern")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.pattern span")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
} else if (_type === "s") {
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.shape")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.shape span.image")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\"})");
_effects.push("new Effect.Morph(\"" + $$("#" + _elementID + " a.shape span.image span")[0].identify() + "\",{sync: true,style: \"margin-top: " + (_height - 5).toString() + "px;\"})");
}
eval("new Effect.Parallel([" + _effects.join(",") + "],{duration: " + _duration.toString() + ",transition: Effect.Transitions.easeOutCubic});");
window._autoGrowIsAnimating[this.toString()] = true;
(function() {
delete window._autoGrowIsAnimating[_argument];
$(_elementID).hide();
}).delay(_duration);
(function () {
new Effect.Opacity(_elementID,{to: 0.0,duration: 0.2});
}).delay(0.1);
}
registerAccountSettingsOverlay = function() {
Event.observe(window,"load",function(_event) {
var _h = ($("sponsored-user-settings").getHeight().toString() + "px");
$("non-sponsored-user-settings-overlay").setOpacity(0.8).setStyle({height: _h});
$("non-sponsored-user-settings-container").setStyle({height: _h,marginTop: "-" + _h,display: "none"}).appear({duration: 0.6});
});
};
CheckboxRangeCheck = Class.create({
initialize: function(_formID,_checkboxIdPrefix,_checkboxIdRegex) {
this._lastCheckboxClickedID = "";
this._checkboxIdPrefix = _checkboxIdPrefix;
this._checkboxIdRegex = _checkboxIdRegex;
var _elements = $$("#" + _formID + " input[type=checkbox]").findAll(function(_element) {
return this.test(_element.id);
}.bind(this._checkboxIdRegex));
if (_elements.length !== 0) {
_elements.each(function (_element) {
Event.observe(_element,"click",function(_event) {
var _element = Event.element(_event);
if (_event.shiftKey) {
if (this._lastCheckboxClickedID !== "") {
if ((_element.checked) && ($(this._lastCheckboxClickedID).checked)) {
var _startIndex = parseInt(this._checkboxIdRegex.exec(this._lastCheckboxClickedID)[1],10);
var _endIndex = parseInt(this._checkboxIdRegex.exec(_element.id)[1],10);
if (_endIndex < _startIndex) {
var _tmp = _startIndex;
_startIndex = _endIndex;
_endIndex = _tmp;
}
var _i = _startIndex;
while (true) {
++_i;
if (_i > _endIndex) {
break;
}
$(this._checkboxIdPrefix + _i.toString()).checked = true;
}
}
}
}
this._lastCheckboxClickedID = _element.id;
}.bind(this));
}.bind(this));
}
}
});
// Stolen from Lightbox:
getPageSize = function() {
var xScroll, yScroll;
if (window.innerHeight && window.scrollMaxY) {
xScroll = window.innerWidth + window.scrollMaxX;
yScroll = window.innerHeight + window.scrollMaxY;
} else if (document.body.scrollHeight > document.body.offsetHeight){
xScroll = document.body.scrollWidth;
yScroll = document.body.scrollHeight;
} else {
xScroll = document.body.offsetWidth;
yScroll = document.body.offsetHeight;
}
var windowWidth, windowHeight;
if (self.innerHeight) {
if(document.documentElement.clientWidth){
windowWidth = document.documentElement.clientWidth;
} else {
windowWidth = self.innerWidth;
}
windowHeight = self.innerHeight;
} else if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.clientHeight) {
windowWidth = document.documentElement.clientWidth;
windowHeight = document.documentElement.clientHeight;
} else if (document.body) {
windowWidth = document.body.clientWidth;
windowHeight = document.body.clientHeight;
}
if(yScroll < windowHeight){
pageHeight = windowHeight;
} else {
pageHeight = yScroll;
}
if(xScroll < windowWidth){
pageWidth = xScroll;
} else {
pageWidth = windowWidth;
}
return [pageWidth,pageHeight,windowWidth,windowHeight];
};
function getPageScroll() {
var yScroll;
if (self.pageYOffset) {
yScroll = self.pageYOffset;
} else if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.scrollTop) {
yScroll = document.documentElement.scrollTop;
} else if (document.body) {
yScroll = document.body.scrollTop;
}
return ['',yScroll];
};
// / Stolen from Lightbox
closeSiteBanner = function(_elementID,_ts) {
Effect.BlindUp(_elementID,{duration: 0.5});
if ($("header-colors") !== null) {
(function() {
$("header-colors").appear({duration: 0.3});
}).delay(0.5);
}
setCookie("hide-site-banner-" + _ts.toString(),1,(3600 * 24 * 365));
};
setCookie = function(_name,_value,_expiresFromNow) {
_expiresFromNow = parseInt(_expiresFromNow,10);
_expires = new Date();
if ((isNaN(_expiresFromNow) === false) && (_expiresFromNow !== 0)) {
_expires.setTime((new Date()).getTime() + (_expiresFromNow * 1000)); // Convert to microseconds
}
document.cookie = (_name + "=" + escape(_value) + "; expires=" + _expires.toGMTString() + "; path=/; domain=" + _cookieDomain);
};
getRandStr = function(_length) {
var _chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890";
var _numChars = _chars.length;
var _return = "";
_length = parseInt(_length,10);
for (var _i=0;_i<_length;_i++) {
_return += _chars.substr(Math.floor(Math.random() * _numChars),1);
}
return _return;
};
userName_registerOnChange = function(_event) {
clearTimeout(_cl_timeouts._checkForUserNameAvailability);
_cl_timeouts._checkForUserNameAvailability = checkForUserNameAvailability.bind(this,_event).delay(0.7);
};
checkForUserNameAvailability = function(_event) {
if (this.value !== _lastUserNameChecked) {
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/check-username-availability",{
sanitizeJSON: true,
method: "post",
parameters: "userName=" + encodeURIComponent(this.value),
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
var _text = "Uh oh, that Username is taken.";
var _class = "message-error";
if (_transport.responseJSON._status === "available") {
_text = "Nice Username, suits you well.";
_class = "message-success";
} else if (_transport.responseJSON._status === "invalid-email") {
_text = "Username must not be email addresses.";
_class = "message-error";
}
$("userName_registerIndicator").update(_text);
$("userName_registerIndicator").className = _class;
$("userName_registerIndicator").appear({duration: 0.4});
}
});
_lastUserNameChecked = this.value;
}
};
getS3URL = function(_url) {
return "http://static.colourlovers.com" + _url;
};
getStaticURL = function(_url) {
return "http://static.colourlovers.com" + _url;
};
returnEmptyStringIfUndefinedOrNull = function(_value) {
return ((_value === undefined) || (_value === null)) ? "" : _value;
};
getImgURL = function(_uri,_userLang) {
var _userLang = (_userLang === undefined) ? _lang : _userLang;
return getStaticURL("/images/" + _cSV + "/" + _userLang + _uri);
};
getNumericallyShardedDirectory = function(_path,_id,_levels) {
var _dir = "";
_levels = parseInt(_levels,10);
if (_levels === 1) {
// id = 1234567: /1234
_dir = _path.replace((/%s/),Math.floor(_id / 1000));
} else if (_levels === 2) {
// id = 1234567: /123/1234
_dir = _path.replace((/%s/),Math.floor(_id / 10000) + "/" + Math.floor(_id / 1000));
} else if (_levels === 3) {
// id = 1234567: /123/1234/1234567
_dir = _path.replace((/%s/),Math.floor(_id / 10000) + "/" + Math.floor(_id / 1000) + "/" + _id);
}
return _dir;
}
getNumericIDFromElementID = function(_elementID) {
// Expects something like: someID_123
return parseInt((/^[^\s]+_([0-9]+)$/).exec(_elementID)[1],10);
};
within=function(_val,_low,_high){alert("use isWithinRange()");};
isHex=function(_hex){alert("use isValidHex()");};
Array.prototype.implode=function(_char){alert("implode deprecated, use join()");};
isWithinRange = function(_val,_low,_high) {
return ((_val >= _low) && (_val <= _high));
};
isValidHex = function(_hex) {
return (/^[a-fA-F0-9]{6}$/).test(_hex);
};
dec2hex = function(_dec) {
var _hexChars = "0123456789ABCDEF", _hex = "";
while (_dec > 15) {
_hex = (_hexChars.charAt((_dec - (Math.floor(_dec / 16)) * 16)) + _hex);
_dec = Math.floor(_dec / 16);
}
return (_hexChars.charAt(_dec) + _hex);
};
hex2dec = function(_hex) {
return parseInt(_hex,16);
};
// copaso, FCP
addEvent = function(_function,_event) {
if ((document.all) && (window.attachEvent)) {
window.attachEvent("on" + _event,_function);
} else if (window.addEventListener) {
window.addEventListener(_event,_function,false);
}
};
//Used by FCP
domEvent = function(_event) {
_event = (_event) ? _event : window.event;
// Opera hates this for some reason:
if (!window.opera && _event.srcElement) {
_event.target = _event.srcElement;
}
if (_event.keyCode) {
_event.code = _event.keyCode;
} else if (_event.which) {
_event.code = _event.which;
} else {
_event.code = _event.charCode;
}
return _event;
};
forumPollRadioOnClick = function(_this) {
if ($("pollAnswerOther") !== null) {
$("pollAnswerOther").disabled = !(_this.id === "pollOptionID_1");
}
$("addACommentSubmitBtn").value = "Post Comment and Cast Vote";
$("pollOptionID_comment").value = _this.value;
if ($("forumCastVoteSubmitBtnDiv").style.display === "none") {
Effect.BlindDown("forumCastVoteSubmitBtnDiv",{duration: 0.4});
}
};
togglePollDisplay = function(_area,_element) {
if (_area === "forums") {
if (_element.checked) {
$("discussion-comment-required").className = "";
Effect.BlindDown("add-poll-div",{duration: 0.4});
} else {
$("discussion-comment-required").className = "required";
Effect.BlindUp("add-poll-div",{duration: 0.4});
}
for (var _i=0;_i<10;_i++) {
$("pollOptions_" + _i).disabled = !_element.checked;
$("pollOptionURLs_" + _i).disabled = !_element.checked;
}
$("pollTitle").disabled = !_element.checked;
$("pollEndDate_day").disabled = !_element.checked;
$("pollEndDate_month").disabled = !_element.checked;
$("pollEndDate_year").disabled = !_element.checked;
$("pollDesc").disabled = !_element.checked;
$("commentBox").disabled = _element.checked;
}
};
// Check teatarea length //
checkTALen = function(_elementID,_length) {
var _taLength = $(_elementID).value.length;
var _numLeft = (_length - _taLength);
_numLeft = (_numLeft < 0) ? 0 : _numLeft;
$(_elementID + "count").update(_numLeft + " Characters Left");
if (_taLength > _length) {
$(_elementID).value = $(_elementID).value.substr(0,_length);
$(_elementID + "count").innerText = "0 Characters Left";
}
};
// prototype
absPos = function(_object) {
var r = {x: _object.offsetLeft,y: _object.offsetTop};
if (_object.offsetParent) {
var v = absPos(_object.offsetParent);
r.x += v.x;
r.y += v.y;
}
return r;
};
paletteDetail = function() {
if (_paletteColorsUI === undefined) {
return;
}
var _widths = [], _heights = [], _elements = [];
var _pageSize = getPageSize();
var _numColors = _paletteColorsUI._colors.length;
var _width = (_pageSize[2] - 150);
var _height = (_pageSize[3] - 150);
_angle = (_angle === 4) ? 0 : _angle;
if ((_angle % 2) === 1) {
// Laying down
_heights = palette_getConstraintWidths(_height);
for (var _i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_elements.push(Builder.node("a",{className: "block",href: "#",onclick: "return false;",style: "width: " + _width.toString() + "px; height: " + _heights[_i] + "px; background-color: #" + _paletteColorsUI._colors[_i] + ";"}));
}
} else {
// Standing up
_widths = palette_getConstraintWidths(_width);
for (var _i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_elements.push(Builder.node("a",{className: "left block",onclick: "return false;",style: "width: " + _widths[_i] + "px; height: " + _height.toString() + "px; background-color: #" + _paletteColorsUI._colors[_i] + ";"}));
}
}
if (_angle >= 2) {
_elements.reverse();
}
$("cl-overlay-content").update();
$("cl-overlay-content").appendChild(Builder.node("span",{className: "block",style: "height: " + (_paletteColorsUI._y.toString() + "px")},_elements));
$("cl-overlay-content").appendChild(Builder.node("span",{className: "clear"}));
$("cl-overlay-content").style.width = (_width) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.height = (_height) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").onclick = hideOverlay;
showOverlay([_width,_height]);
};
colorDetail = function() {
if (_colorUiHex === undefined) {
return;
}
var _pageSize = getPageSize();
var _width = (_pageSize[2] - 150);
var _height = (_pageSize[3] - 150);
$("cl-overlay-content").style.backgroundColor = ("#" + _colorUiHex);;
$("cl-overlay-content").style.width = (_width) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.height = (_height) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").onclick = hideOverlay;
showOverlay([_width,_height]);
};
patternImgDetail = function(_patternID,_location,_ts) {
if (_patternID === 0) {
_url = _location;
} else {
_url = getS3URL("/images/patterns/" + parseInt(_patternID / 1000,10) + "/" + _patternID + ".png?" + _ts.toString());
}
var _pageSize = getPageSize();
$("cl-overlay-content").style.background = "transparent url(" + _url + ") center center";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.width = (_pageSize[2] - 150) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.height = (_pageSize[3] - 150) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").onclick = hideOverlay;
showOverlay([(_pageSize[2] - 150),(_pageSize[3] - 150)]);
};
function patternDefinitionDetail(_patternDefinitionID,_ts) {
_url = getStaticURL("/images/patternDefinitions/" + parseInt(_patternDefinitionID / 10000,10) + "/" + parseInt(_patternDefinitionID / 1000,10) + "/" + _patternDefinitionID + ".png?" + _ts.toString());
var _pageSize = getPageSize();
$("cl-overlay-content").style.background = "transparent url(" + _url + ") center center";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.width = (_pageSize[2] - 150) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.height = (_pageSize[3] - 150) + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").onclick = hideOverlay;
showOverlay([(_pageSize[2] - 150),(_pageSize[3] - 150)]);
}
hideObtrusiveElements = function() {
// Hide all object / embed elements - Thanks, lightbox
$$("select","object","embed").each(function(_element) {
_element.style.visibility = "hidden";
});
};
showObtrusiveElements = function() {
// Show all object / embed elements - Thanks, lightbox
$$("select","object","embed").each(function(_element) {
_element.style.visibility = "visible";
});
};
// Overlay //
showOverlay = function(_overlayContentDimensions) {
var _pageSize = getPageSize();
_lastOverlayDimensions = _overlayContentDimensions;
hideObtrusiveElements();
$("cl-overlay").style.height = (_pageSize[1] + "px");
$("cl-overlay").show();
var _overlayContentTop = (getPageScroll()[1] + ((_pageSize[3] - _overlayContentDimensions[1] - 20) / 2)); // -20 for border
var _overlayContentLeft = ((_pageSize[0] - _overlayContentDimensions[0] - 20) / 2); // -20 for border
$("cl-overlay-content").style.top = (_overlayContentTop < 0) ? 0 : _overlayContentTop.toString() + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").style.left = (_overlayContentLeft < 0) ? 0 : _overlayContentLeft.toString() + "px";
$("cl-overlay-content").show();
$("cl-overlay").style.height = (getPageSize()[1] + "px");
};
hideOverlay = function() {
$("cl-overlay").hide();
$("cl-overlay-content").hide();
showObtrusiveElements();
};
modComment = function(_commentType,_commentID,_commentI) {
if (_domIsLoaded) {
var _modDiv = $(_commentType + "_cm_" + _commentID);
var _modDivHeight = $(_commentI).getHeight() + 31; // OB31E
var _comment = _modDiv.innerHTML.base64_decode();
var _textareaID = ("comments" + _commentType + _commentID + _commentI);
_modDiv.update();
var _modCommentForm = document.createElement("form");
_modCommentForm.setAttribute("action","/op/mod/comment/" + _commentType + "/" + _commentID.toString());
_modCommentForm.setAttribute("method","post");
_modDiv.insertBefore(_modCommentForm,_modDiv.firstChild);
var _submitBtn = document.createElement("input");
_submitBtn.setAttribute("type","image");
_submitBtn.setAttribute("class","outline");
_submitBtn.setAttribute("src",getImgURL("/btn/submit.png"));
_modCommentForm.insertBefore(_submitBtn,_modCommentForm.firstChild);
var _commentTextarea = document.createElement("textarea");
_commentTextarea.setAttribute("name","comments");
_commentTextarea.setAttribute("id",_textareaID);
_commentTextarea.onselect = new Function("storeCaret($('" + _textareaID + "'));");
_commentTextarea.onclick = new Function("storeCaret($('" + _textareaID + "'));");
_commentTextarea.onkeyup = new Function("storeCaret($('" + _textareaID + "'));");
_commentTextarea.onchange = new Function("storeCaret($('" + _textareaID + "'));");
_commentTextarea.className = "formElement";
_commentTextarea.style.width = "440px";
_commentTextarea.style.border = "0 none";
_commentTextarea.style.backgroundColor = "#FFF5F5";
_commentTextarea.style.height = (_modDivHeight.toString() + "px");
_commentTextarea.style.marginBottom = "10px";
_modCommentForm.insertBefore(_commentTextarea,_modCommentForm.firstChild);
_commentTextarea.value = _comment;
var _htmlBtns = document.createElement("div");
_htmlBtns.className = "html-btns";
_htmlBtns.innerHTML = "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"fmtTxt('" + _textareaID + "','<strong>','</strong>'); return false;\" class=\"bold\" title=\"Bold\" /><span></span></a>";
_htmlBtns.innerHTML += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"fmtTxt('" + _textareaID + "','<em>','</em>'); return false;\" class=\"italic\" title=\"Italic\" /><span></span></a>";
_htmlBtns.innerHTML += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"fmtTxtUnderline('" + _textareaID + "'); return false;\" class=\"underline\" title=\"Underline\" /><span></span></a>";
/*_htmlBtns.innerHTML += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"fmtTxtImage('" + _textareaID + "'); return false;\" class=\"image\" title=\"Insert Image\" /><span></span></a>";
_htmlBtns.innerHTML += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"fmtTxtURL('" + _textareaID + "'); return false;\" class=\"url\" title=\"Insert Link\" /><span></span></a>";*/
_htmlBtns.innerHTML += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"fmtTxt('" + _textareaID + "','<blockquote>','</blockquote>'); return false;\" class=\"blockquote\" title=\"Quote\" /><span></span></a>";
_htmlBtns.innerHTML += "<span class=\"notice\">Some HTML OK</span>\n";
_modCommentForm.insertBefore(_htmlBtns,_modCommentForm.firstChild);
$(_commentType + "_mc_" + _commentID).update("Options Disabled While Editing");
$(_commentI).style.display = "none";
_modDiv.style.display = "block";
_commentTextarea.focus();
}
};
buildAjaxRequest = function(_uri,_args,_callback) {
var _parameters = ((_args !== undefined) ? "args=" + encodeURIComponent(_args) : "");
if (Object.isFunction(_callback) === false) {
_callback = function(_transport) {
var _responseArray = _transport.responseText.split("|");
if (_responseArray[0] === "redirect") {
window.location.href = _responseArray[1];
}
};
}
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/" + _uri,{
parameters: _parameters,
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
this(_transport);
}.bind(_callback)
});
};
buildAjaxUpdaterRequest = function(_file,_args,_page,_parameters,_showLoadingFlash,_updateElementID,_anchor) {
// Only use this for get requests which will return HTML
// _file needs to also be the elementID of the update()able HTML container, unless _updateElementID is set
// _args is optional, NEEDS TO LOOK LIKE THIS: p/12/223
// _page is optional, needs to be an integer
// _parameters is optional, needs to be a JSON string
// _showLoadingFlash is optional, needs to be bool
// _updateElementID is optional, needs to be a string
// _anchor is optional, needs to be a string
_args = Object.isString(_args) ? ("/" + _args) : "";
_page = (Object.isString(_page) || Object.isNumber(_page)) ? parseInt(_page,10) : 1;
_page = ("/_page_" + _page.toString());
_parameters = Object.isString(_parameters) ? _parameters.evalJSON(true) : "";
if (Object.isString(_updateElementID)) {
if (_parameters === "") {
_parameters = {"contentElementID": _updateElementID};
} else {
_parameters["contentElementID"] = _updateElementID
}
} else {
_updateElementID = _file;
}
if ($(_updateElementID) === null) {
alert("ERROR: Cannot find element: " + _updateElementID);
}
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/" + _file + _args + _page,{
method: "get",
parameters: _parameters,
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
$(this._updateElementID).update(_transport.responseText);
if (this._anchor !== undefined) {
goToAnchor(_anchor);
}
}.bind({_updateElementID: _updateElementID,_anchor: _anchor}) // Otherwise the string will bind as an Object
});
};
goToAnchor = function(_anchor) {
if (_anchor.strip() !== "") {
var _element = $$("a[name=" + _anchor + "]")[0];
if (_element !== undefined) {
Effect.ScrollTo(_element,{duration: 0.5});
} else { // JIC
window.location.href = (window.location.href.replace((/#.+/),"") + "#" + _anchor);
}
}
};
palette_getConstraintWidths = function(_constraint) {
if (_paletteColorsUI._widths === undefined) {
return palette_getEvenWidths(_constraint);
}
_constraint = parseInt(_constraint,10);
var _return = [];
var _tmp = 0;
var _total = 0;
var _numColors = _paletteColorsUI._colors.length;
if (_numColors !== 0) {
for (var _i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_tmp = Math.round(_constraint * _paletteColorsUI._widths[_i]);
_return[_i] = _tmp;
_total += _tmp;
}
var _offset = parseFloat(_constraint - _total);
if (_offset !== 0.0) {
_return[_numColors - 1] = parseInt(_return[_numColors - 1] + _offset,10);
}
}
return _return;
};
function palette_getEvenWidths(_constraint,_numColors) {
_constraint = parseInt(_constraint,10);
_numColors = (_numColors === undefined) ? _paletteColorsUI._colors.length : _numColors;
var _return = [];
if (_numColors !== 0) {
var _fill = Math.floor(_constraint / _numColors);
for (var _i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_return.push(_fill);
}
var _total = (_fill * _numColors);
var _i = 0;
while (_constraint !== _total) {
_return[_i++]++;
++_total;
}
}
return _return;
};
function palette_getUniversalColorsUI(_width,_height,_url,_hexs,_widths,_showbottomShadow,_includeLink) {
_width = parseInt(_width,10);
_height = parseInt(_height,10);
_widths = (_widths === undefined) ? false : _widths;
_showbottomShadow = (_showbottomShadow === undefined) ? true : _showbottomShadow;
_includeLink = (_includeLink === undefined) ? true : _includeLink;
var _numColors = _hexs.length;
var _return = "";
if (_widths === false) {
_widths = palette_getEvenWidths(_width,_numColors);
}
_marginTop = (_height - 5);
_return += _includeLink ? "<a href=\"" + _url + "\" class=\"palette\" style=\"width: " + _width.toString() + "px; height: " + _height.toString() + "px;\">" : "";
for (_i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_return += "<span class=\"c\" style=\"width: " + _widths[_i].toString() + "px; height: " + _height.toString() + "px; background-color: #" + _hexs[_i] + ";\">" + (_showbottomShadow ? "<span class=\"s\" style=\"margin-top: " + _marginTop.toString() + "px;\"></span>" : "") + "</span>\n";
}
_return += _includeLink ? "</a>" : "";
return _return;
}
updatePaletteColorsUI = function() {
if (_paletteColorsUI === undefined) {
return;
}
var _widths = [], _heights = [], _elements = [];
var _pageSize = getPageSize();
var _numColors = _paletteColorsUI._colors.length;
var _url = "/paletteImgDetail/" + _pageSize[0] + "/" + _pageSize[1] + "/" + _paletteColorsUI._colors.join("/") + "/" + _paletteColorsUI._title + ".png";
if (_paletteColorsUI._widths !== undefined) {
_url += "?cPW=" + _paletteColorsUI._widths.join(",").base64_encode();
}
_angle = (_angle === 4) ? 0 : _angle;
if ((_angle % 2) === 1) {
// Laying down
_heights = palette_getConstraintWidths(_paletteColorsUI._y);
for (var _i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_elements.push(Builder.node("a",{className: "pointer block",href: "#",onclick: "paletteDetail(); return false;",style: "width: " + _paletteColorsUI._x.toString() + "px; height: " + _heights[_i] + "px; background-color: #" + _paletteColorsUI._colors[_i] + ";"}));
}
} else {
// Standing up
_widths = palette_getConstraintWidths(_paletteColorsUI._x);
for (var _i=0;_i<_numColors;_i++) {
_elements.push(Builder.node("a",{className: "left pointer block",href: "#",onclick: "paletteDetail(); return false;",style: "width: " + _widths[_i] + "px; height: " + _paletteColorsUI._y.toString() + "px; background-color: #" + _paletteColorsUI._colors[_i] + ";"}));
}
}
if (_angle >= 2) {
_elements.reverse();
}
$("palette-colors-ui").update();
$("palette-colors-ui").appendChild(Builder.node("span",{className: "block",style: "height: " + (_paletteColorsUI._y.toString() + "px")},_elements));
$("palette-colors-ui").appendChild(Builder.node("span",{className: "clear"}));
$("palette-colors-ui").style.width = (_paletteColorsUI._x.toString() + "px");
};
rotatePaletteUI = function() {
++_angle;
updatePaletteColorsUI();
};
rmLoveNoteConf = function(_amt) {
_amt = parseInt(_amt,10);
var _go = false;
if (_amt === 1) {
_go = confirm("Are you sure you want to Delete this Love Note?");
} else {
_go = confirm("Are you sure you want to Delete these Love Notes?");
}
if (_go) {
$("rm-love-notes-form").submit();
}
};
toggleAll = function(_className,_element) {
if (_domIsLoaded) {
$$("." + _className).each(function (_element) {
_element.checked = this.checked;
}.bind(_element));
}
};
setCaret = function(_elementID,_position) {
if ($(_elementID).createTextRange) {
var _range = $(_elementID).createTextRange();
_range.move("character",_position);
_range.select();
} else if ($(_elementID).selectionStart) {
$(_elementID).setSelectionRange(_position,_position);
}
};
prepareNextAddRmScoreState = function () {
if (window._nextAddRmScoreState === undefined) {
window._nextAddRmScoreState = {};
}
};
addScore = function (_contextType,_contextID,_signature,_btnID,_unloveThisBtnID,_loveNumDiv) {
_contextID = parseInt(_contextID,10);
if (isNaN(_contextID) === false) {
prepareNextAddRmScoreState();
if (window._nextAddRmScoreState[_contextType + _contextID.toString()] === "rm") {
return false;
}
window._nextAddRmScoreState[_contextType + _contextID.toString()] = "rm";
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/add/score/" + _contextType + "/" + _contextID.toString() + "/" + _signature,{
method: "post",
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
if ($(this._btnID) !== null) {
$(this._btnID).fade({duration: 0.4});
}
if ($(this._unloveThisBtnID) !== null) {
(function() {
$(this).appear({duration: 0.4});
}.bind(this._unloveThisBtnID)).delay(0.5);
}
if ($(this._loveNumDiv) !== null) {
$(this._loveNumDiv).innerHTML = (parseInt($(this._loveNumDiv).innerHTML.replace((/,/),""),10) + 1).toString().formatNumber();
}
if (_transport.responseJSON.showTourPopUp) {
window.tourPopUp.setTitle(_transport.responseJSON.tourTitle);
window.tourPopUp.setMessage(_transport.responseJSON.tourMessage);
window.tourPopUp.setButtonText(_transport.responseJSON.tourButtonText);
window.tourPopUp.setBarWidth(_transport.responseJSON.tourBarWidth);
window.tourPopUp.stick();
}
}.bind({_btnID: _btnID,_unloveThisBtnID: _unloveThisBtnID,_loveNumDiv: _loveNumDiv})
});
}
return false;
};
rmScore = function (_contextType,_contextID,_signature,_btnID,_unloveThisBtnID,_loveNumDiv) {
_contextID = parseInt(_contextID,10);
if (isNaN(_contextID) === false) {
prepareNextAddRmScoreState();
if (window._nextAddRmScoreState[_contextType + _contextID.toString()] === "add") {
return false;
}
window._nextAddRmScoreState[_contextType + _contextID.toString()] = "add";
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/rm/score/" + _contextType + "/" + _contextID.toString() + "/" + _signature,{
method: "post",
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
if ($(this._unloveThisBtnID) !== null) {
$(this._unloveThisBtnID).fade({duration: 0.4});
}
if ($(this._btnID) !== null) {
(function() {
$(this).appear({duration: 0.4});
}.bind(this._btnID)).delay(0.5);
}
if ($(this._loveNumDiv) !== null) {
$(this._loveNumDiv).innerHTML = (parseInt($(this._loveNumDiv).innerHTML.replace((/,/),""),10) - 1).toString().formatNumber();
}
}.bind({_btnID: _btnID,_unloveThisBtnID: _unloveThisBtnID,_loveNumDiv: _loveNumDiv})
});
}
return false;
};
function muteNotification(contextType,contextID,state,settings) {
if (confirm("Are you sure you want to " + (state ? "" : "un-") + "mute this conversation?")) {
jQuery.post("/ajax/" + (state ? "add" : "rm") + "/muted-notification/" + contextType + "/" + contextID.toString(),settings,function (data) {
var tmp = "mute-" + contextType + "-" + contextID.toString();
jQuery("#" + (state ? "" : "un") + tmp).hide();
jQuery("#" + (state ? "un" : "") + tmp).show();
});
}
}
addAjaxComment = function (_contextType,_contextID,_miscVerification) {
_contextID = parseInt(_contextID,10);
if (isNaN(_contextID) === false) {
if (_miscVerification !== undefined) {
var _Verify = new Verify();
var _numFields = _miscVerification.length;
for (var _i=0;_i<_numFields;_i++) {
_Verify.addElement(_miscVerification[_i]);
}
if (_Verify_poll.verify() === false) {
return false;
}
}
var _comments = $("ajax-comments").value.stripLowerASCII().strip();
if (_comments !== "") {
$("ajax-comments").value = "";
var _parameters = "comments=" + encodeURIComponent(_comments);
/*by waleed*/
var recaptcha = $("g-recaptcha-response").value;
_parameters += ("&g-recaptcha-response=" + encodeURIComponent(recaptcha));
/*end by waleed*/
if ($("pollID") !== null) {
_parameters += ("&pollID=" + encodeURIComponent($("pollID").value));
}
if ($("pollOptionID_comment") !== null) {
_parameters += ("&pollOptionID=" + encodeURIComponent($("pollOptionID_comment").value));
}
if ($("pollAnswerOther_comment") !== null) {
_parameters += ("&pollAnswerOther=" + encodeURIComponent($("pollAnswerOther_comment").value));
}
if ($("comment-loading-indicator") !== null) {
$("comment-loading-indicator").show();
}
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/add/comment/" + _contextType + "/" + _contextID.toString(),{
method: "post",
parameters: _parameters,
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
var _responseArray = _transport.responseText.split("|");
if (_responseArray[0] === "login") {
window.location.href = "/login?r=" + encodeURIComponent(_responseArray[1]);
}
location.reload();
}
});
} else {
alert("Please add some comments");
$("ajax-comments").activate();
}
}
return false;
};
initModLinkCountdown = function(_elementID,_timeout,_containerElementID) {
_containerElementID = (_containerElementID === undefined) ? _elementID : _containerElementID;
var _args = {_elementID: _elementID,_timeout: _timeout,_containerElementID: _containerElementID};
new PeriodicalExecuter(function(_pe) {
var _secondsLeft = Math.round(((this._timeout * 1000) - (new Date()).valueOf()) / 1000);
var _minutesLeft = Math.floor(_secondsLeft / 60);
if (_secondsLeft > 0) {
_secondsLeft = Math.floor(_secondsLeft % 60);
$(this._elementID).update(_minutesLeft.toString() + ":" + _secondsLeft.toString().padLeft("0",1) + " Left");
} else {
$(this._elementID).update("0:00 Left");
$(this._containerElementID).fade({duration: 0.4});
_pe.stop();
}
}.bindAsEventListener(_args),1);
};
showDatePicker = function(_elementID,_date) {
var _days = [], _daysClasses = [], _dates = [];
_date = new Date((_date === undefined) ? Date.parse($(_elementID).value) : Date.parse(_date));
_date = (isNaN(_date)) ? new Date() : _date;
var _numDaysInThisMonth = parseInt(32 - (new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth(),32).getDate()),10);
var _firstDayOffset = (new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth(),1)).getDay();
var _numDaysInLastMonth = parseInt(32 - (new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth() - 1,32).getDate()),10);
var _numWeeksInThisMonth = Math.ceil((_numDaysInThisMonth + _firstDayOffset) / 7);
var _numDaysTrailing = parseInt((_numWeeksInThisMonth * 7) - _numDaysInThisMonth - _firstDayOffset,10);
var _offset = absPos($(_elementID));
var _lastMonth = new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth() - 1,_date.getDate());
var _nextMonth = new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth() + 1,_date.getDate());
var _lastMonthURL = (_lastMonth.getMonth() + 1).toString() + "/" + _lastMonth.getDate().toString() + "/" + _lastMonth.getFullYear().toString();
var _nextMonthURL = (_nextMonth.getMonth() + 1).toString() + "/" + _nextMonth.getDate().toString() + "/" + _nextMonth.getFullYear().toString();
_lastMonth = (_monthNames[_lastMonth.getMonth()] + " " + _lastMonth.getFullYear().toString());
_nextMonth = (_monthNames[_nextMonth.getMonth()] + " " + _nextMonth.getFullYear().toString());
if (_firstDayOffset !== 0) {
_days = _days.concat($A($R(_numDaysInLastMonth - _firstDayOffset + 1,_numDaysInLastMonth)));
_daysClasses = _daysClasses.concat([].fill(0,_firstDayOffset," class=\"darkTD\""));
for (var _i=_firstDayOffset - 1;_i>=0;_i--) {
_dates.push(new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth() - 1,_numDaysInLastMonth - _i));
}
}
_days = _days.concat($A($R(1,_numDaysInThisMonth)));
_daysClasses = _daysClasses.concat([].fill(0,_numDaysInThisMonth,""));
for (var _i=1;_i<=_numDaysInThisMonth;_i++) {
_dates.push(new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth(),_i));
}
if (_numDaysTrailing !== 0) {
_days = _days.concat($A($R(1,_numDaysTrailing)));
_daysClasses = _daysClasses.concat([].fill(0,_numDaysTrailing," class=\"darkTD\""));
for (var _i=1;_i<=_numDaysTrailing;_i++) {
_dates.push(new Date(_date.getFullYear(),_date.getMonth() + 1,_i));
}
}
var _buffer = "";
_buffer += "<div class=\"calendarDiv\">\n";
_buffer += "<form action=\"#\" method=\"get\" onsubmit=\"showDatePicker('" + _elementID + "',new Date($('datePicker_year').value,$('datePicker_month').value,$('datePicker_day').value)); return false;\">\n";
_buffer += "<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"datePicker_day\" value=\"" + _date.getDate() + "\" />\n";
_buffer += "<select id=\"datePicker_month\" class=\"formElement\" style=\"width: 100px;\">\n"; // In JS's 0-based format
for (var _i=0;_i<_monthNames.length;_i++) {
_buffer += "<option value=\"" + _i + "\"" + ((_date.getMonth() === _i) ? " selected=\"selected\"" : "") + ">" + _monthNames[_i] + "</option>";
}
_buffer += "</select>";
_buffer += "<select id=\"datePicker_year\" class=\"formElement\" style=\"margin: 0 8px; width: 55px;\">\n";
for (var _i=2004;_i<(new Date()).getFullYear() + 1;_i++) {
_buffer += "<option value=\"" + _i + "\"" + ((_date.getFullYear() === _i) ? " selected=\"selected\"" : "") + ">" + _i + "</option>";
}
_buffer += "</select>";
_buffer += "<input type=\"submit\" class=\"formBtn\" style=\"padding: 0;\" value=\"GO\" />";
_buffer += "</form>\n";
_buffer += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"showDatePicker('" + _elementID + "','" + _lastMonthURL + "'); return false;\" class=\"block left\" style=\"margin: 5px 0;\"><< " + _lastMonth + "</a>\n";
_buffer += "<a href=\"#\" onclick=\"showDatePicker('" + _elementID + "','" + _nextMonthURL + "'); return false;\" class=\"block right\" style=\"margin: 5px 0;\">" + _nextMonth + " >></a>\n";
_buffer += "<div class=\"clear\"></div>\n";
_buffer += "<table cellpadding=\"0\">\n";
_buffer += "<tr><td>S</td><td>M</td><td>T</td><td>W</td><td>T</td><td>F</td><td>S</td></td>\n";
_buffer += "</table>\n";
_buffer += "<table cellpadding=\"0\" class=\"calendarTable\">\n";
var _l = 0, _dateStr = "";
for (var _i=0;_i<_numWeeksInThisMonth;_i++) {
_buffer += "<tr>\n";
for (var _j=0;_j<7;_j++) {
_dateStr = _dates[_l].getDate() + "," + _dates[_l].getMonth() + "," + _dates[_l].getFullYear();
_buffer += "<td" + _daysClasses[_l] + "" + ((_date.valueOf() === _dates[_l].valueOf()) ? " style=\"background-color: #ccaaaa;\"" : "") + "><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"datePickerSetDate('" + _elementID + "'," + _dateStr + "); return false;\">" + _days[_l] + "</a></td>\n";
_l++;
}
_buffer += "</tr>\n";
}
_buffer += "</table>\n";
_buffer += "</div>\n";
if ($("datePickerDiv") === null) {
$$("body")[0].appendChild(Builder.node("div",{id: "datePickerDiv",style: "display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; zindex: 10;"}));
}
$("datePickerDiv").update(_buffer);
$("datePickerDiv").style.left = (_offset.x.toString() + "px");
$("datePickerDiv").style.top = ((_offset.y + 33).toString() + "px");
$("datePickerDiv").show();
document.observe("mousedown",datePickerMouseClick);
};
datePickerMouseClick = function(_event) {
var _element = Event.element(_event);
if ((_element.descendantOf("datePickerDiv") === false) && (_element.id !== "datePickerDiv")) {
datePickerHide();
}
};
datePickerSetDate = function(_elementID,_day,_month,_year) {
var _date = new Date(_year,_month,_day);
_month = (_date.getMonth() + 1).toString();
_day = _date.getDate().toString();
$(_elementID).value = ((_month.length === 1) ? ("0" + _month) : _month) + "/" + ((_day.length === 1) ? "0" + _day : _day) + "/" + _date.getFullYear();
datePickerHide();
};
datePickerHide = function() {
document.stopObserving("mousedown",datePickerMouseClick);
//$("datePickerDiv").fade({duration: 0.2});
$("datePickerDiv").hide();
};
hsvSearchOnSubmit = function() {
if ($("hsv") !== null) {
$("hsv").value = (_hSliders.values.toString() + "|" + _sSliders.values.toString() + "|" + _bSliders.values.toString());
}
};
hSliderOnSlide = function(_val,_leftSliderID,_rightSliderID) {
_leftSliderID = (_leftSliderID === undefined) ? "hue1O" : _leftSliderID;
_rightSliderID = (_rightSliderID === undefined) ? "hue2O" : _rightSliderID;
$(_leftSliderID).style.width = (parseInt((_val[0] * 390) / 360,10) + 1) + "px";
$(_rightSliderID).style.width = ((390 - parseInt((_val[1] * 390) / 360,10)) - 1) + "px";
};
sSliderOnSlide = function(_val,_leftSliderID,_rightSliderID) {
_leftSliderID = (_leftSliderID === undefined) ? "sat1O" : _leftSliderID;
_rightSliderID = (_rightSliderID === undefined) ? "sat2O" : _rightSliderID;
$(_leftSliderID).style.width = (parseInt((_val[0] * 390) / 100,10) + 1) + "px";
$(_rightSliderID).style.width = ((390 - parseInt((_val[1] * 390) / 100,10)) - 1) + "px";
};
bSliderOnSlide = function(_val,_leftSliderID,_rightSliderID) {
_leftSliderID = (_leftSliderID === undefined) ? "bri1O" : _leftSliderID;
_rightSliderID = (_rightSliderID === undefined) ? "bri2O" : _rightSliderID;
$(_leftSliderID).style.width = (parseInt((_val[0] * 390) / 100,10) + 1) + "px";
$(_rightSliderID).style.width = ((390 - parseInt((_val[1] * 390) / 100,10)) - 1) + "px";
};
replyTo = function(_divID,_inputID,_userName) {
var _value = (_userName.base64_decode() + " wrote:\n<blockquote>" + $(_divID).innerHTML.replace((/<br( \/)?>/gm),"").replace((/<!-- " -->$/gm),"") + "</blockquote>")
if ($(_inputID).value === "") {
$(_inputID).value = _value;
} else {
$(_inputID).value += ("\n" + _value);
}
$(_inputID).focus();
};
confirmRedirect = function(_question,_url) {
if (confirm(_question)) {
window.location.href = _url;
return true;
}
return false;
};
rmAvatar = function(_checkStr,_sex) {
if (confirm("Are you sure you want to delete your Avatar?") === false) {
return;
}
if ((_checkStr !== undefined) && (_checkStr !== null)) {
var _defaultAvatar;
switch (_sex) {
case "f": _defaultAvatar = "noAvatarFemale"; break;
case "m": _defaultAvatar = "noAvatarMale"; break;
default: _defaultAvatar = "noAvatarPat";
}
(new Image()).src = getImgURL("/lover/" + _defaultAvatar + ".png","_");
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/rm/avatar/" + _checkStr,{
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
if (_transport.responseText === "1") {
// Fade my other avatars on the screen
$$(".user-avatar-5504").each(function(_element) {
if (_element.tagName.toLowerCase() === "img") {
_element.fade({duration: 0.6});
new Effect.Tween(_element,1.0,0.0,{duration: 0.6,afterFinish: function() {
_element.src = getImgURL("/lover/" + this._defaultAvatar + ".png","_");
_element.show();
new Effect.Tween(_element,0.0,1.0,{duration: 0.4},function (_value) {
$(this).setOpacity(_value);
}.bind(this._element));
}.bind({_element: _element,_defaultAvatar: _defaultAvatar})},function (_value) {
$(this).setOpacity(_value);
}.bind(_element));
}
});
// Fade element I clicked on
$("avatar-container").childElements().each(function(_element) {
_element.fade({duration: 0.6});
});
(function() {
$("avatar-container").update("<img src=\"" + getImgURL("/lover/" + this + ".png","_") + "\" id=\"tmp-user-avatar\" class=\"mt-0\" style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Avatar\" />");
$("tmp-user-avatar").setOpacity(0.0);
$("tmp-user-avatar").appear({duration: 0.4});
}.bind(_defaultAvatar)).delay(0.6);
} else {
alert("Something went wrong! We were not able to remove your Avatar.");
}
}
});
} else {
alert("Something went wrong! We were not able to remove your Avatar.");
}
};
rmPicture = function(_checkStr) {
if (confirm("Are you sure you want to delete your Picture?") === false) {
return;
}
if ((_checkStr !== undefined) && (_checkStr !== null)) {
(new Image()).src = getImgURL("/lover/noPicture.jpg","_");
new Ajax.Request("/ajax/rm/picture/" + _checkStr,{
onSuccess: function(_transport) {
if (_transport.responseText === "1") {
$("picture-container").childElements().each(function(_element) {
_element.fade({duration: 0.6});
});
(function() {
$("picture-container").update("<img src=\"" + getImgURL("/lover/noPicture.jpg","_") + "\" id=\"tmp-user-picture\" class=\"mt-0\" style=\"display: none;\" alt=\"Picture\" />");
$("tmp-user-picture").setOpacity(0.0);
$("tmp-user-picture").appear({duration: 0.4});
}).delay(0.6);
} else {
alert("Something went wrong! We were not able to remove your Picture.");
}
}
});
} else {
alert("Something went wrong! We were not able to remove your Picture.");
}
};
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7477/autosizing-textarea#answer-948445
var AutoResizeTextarea = Class.create({
initialize: function(_elementID,_minHeight,_maxHeight,_elementWidth) {
this._textarea = $(_elementID);
this._minHeight = parseInt(_minHeight,10);
this._maxHeight = parseInt(_maxHeight,10);
this._elementWidth = parseInt(_elementWidth || this._textarea.getWidth(),10);
this._textarea.observe("keyup",this.refresh.bind(this));
this._textarea.observe("input",this.refresh.bind(this));
this._textarea.observe("change",this.refresh.bind(this));
this._textarea.observe("beforepaste",this.refresh.bind(this));
this._textarea.observe("blur",this.refresh.bind(this));
this._textarea.observe("focus",this.refresh.bind(this));
this._shadow = new Element("div").setStyle({
lineHeight: this._textarea.getStyle("lineHeight"),
fontSize: this._textarea.getStyle("fontSize"),
fontFamily: this._textarea.getStyle("fontFamily"),
textTransform: this._textarea.getStyle("textTransform"),
letterSpacing: this._textarea.getStyle("letterSpacing"),
textIndent: this._textarea.getStyle("textIndent"),
wordSpacing: this._textarea.getStyle("wordSpacing"),
position: "absolute",
top: "-999999em",
left: "-999999em",
width: (this._elementWidth.toString() + "px")
});
this._textarea.insert({after: this._shadow});
this.refresh();
},
refresh: function() {
this._shadow.update($F(this._textarea).replace((/</gm),"<").replace((/>/gm),">").replace((/(\r\n|\n|\r)/gm),"<br />") + " ");
var _height = Math.min(Math.max(parseInt(this._shadow.getHeight(),10),this._minHeight),this._maxHeight);
this._textarea.style.height = (_height.toString() + "px")
this._textarea.style.overflow = ((_height === this._maxHeight) && (this._maxHeight !== -1)) ? "auto" : "hidden";
}
});
var Verify = new Class.create({
initialize: function(_args) {
this._submitBtnText = "Please wait ...";
this._submitBtnID = "submitBtn";
this._elements = [];
if (_args !== undefined) {
this._submitBtnText = _args._submitBtnText;
this._submitBtnID = _args._submitBtnID;
}
},
addElement: function(_elementIDs,_verificationArgs) {
if (Object.isArray(_elementIDs) === false) {
_elementIDs = [_elementIDs];
}
this._elements.push({_elementIDs: _elementIDs,_verificationArgs: _verificationArgs});
},
verify: function() {
var _submitForm = true, _elementID = "", _type = "", _errMsg = "", _msgs = ["Whoops! Looks like we need your help fixing your information.\n---------------------------------------------------------"], _shownDefaultMsg = false;
for (var _i=0;_i<this._elements.length;_i++) {
if ((this._elements[_i]._elementIDs !== null) && (this._elements[_i]._elementIDs.length > 0)) {
_elementID = this._elements[_i]._elementIDs[0];
if ($(_elementID) === null) {
alert("'" + _elementID + "' doesn't exist in the DOM");
return false;
}
if (($(_elementID).hasClassName("disabled") === false) && ($(_elementID).disabled === false)) {
_type = _errMsg = "";
if (this._elements[_i]._verificationArgs !== undefined) {
if (this._elements[_i]._verificationArgs._type !== undefined) {
_type = this._elements[_i]._verificationArgs._type;
}
if (this._elements[_i]._verificationArgs._errMsg !== undefined) {
_errMsg = this._elements[_i]._verificationArgs._errMsg;
}
}
this._elements[_i]._elementIDs.each(function(_field) {
$(_field).removeClassName("error");
});
var val = $(_elementID).value;
switch (_type) {
case "url":
if ((/^https?:\/\/[\-a-zA-Z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[\-a-zA-Z0-9+&@#\/%=~_|]$/).test(val) === false) {
_submitForm = false;
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_msgs.push("URL must be valid\nex: http://www.domain.com");
}
break;
case "email":
if ((/^[a-z0-9!#$%&'*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]+(?:\.[a-z0-9!#$%&'*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]+)*@(?:[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?\.)+(?:[a-z]{2,4}|museum)\b$/i).test(val.strip()) === false) { // Used on themeleon reg page, too
_submitForm = false;
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_msgs.push("Email Address must be valid\nex: <EMAIL>");
}
break;
case "zip":
if ((val.strip() === "") || (val.match(/[0-9]{5}/) === null)) {
_submitForm = false;
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_msgs.push("Zip Code must be valid\nex: 97216");
}
break;
case "checked":
if ($(_elementID).checked === false) {
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push(_errMsg);
}
break;
case "numeric":
if (isNaN(val) || (val === "")) {
_submitForm = false;
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_msgs.push("Value must be a Number\nex: 1234");
}
break;
case "select":
if ($(_elementID).options[$(_elementID).selectedIndex].value === "") {
_submitForm = false;
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_msgs.push(_errMsg);
}
break;
case "password":
_badPasswd = false;
_badPasswd = (val !== $(this._elements[_i]._elementIDs[1]).value) ? true : _badPasswd; // Are they the same?
_badPasswd = (val.length < this._elements[_i]._verificationArgs._minLength) ? true : _badPasswd; // Length?
_badPasswd = (val === "") ? true : _badPasswd; // Is it blank?
if (_badPasswd) {
_submitForm = false;
this._elements[_i]._elementIDs.each(function(_field) {
$(_field).addClassName("error");
});
_msgs.push("The passwords you entered are blank, too short or aren't the same");
} else {
this._elements[_i]._elementIDs.each(function(_field) {
$(_elementID).style.border = "";
});
}
break;
case "userName":
if ((val.replace((/["#$%&')(,\/:;=>\?<{}[+^`|\]\n\r\t\\]/gm),"") !== val) || (val === "")) { // Used on themeleon reg page, too
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push("Usernames must NOT contain any of the following characters:\n\" # $ % & ' ) ( , / : ; = > ? < { } [ + ^ ` | ] \\\nor any new lines or tabs");
}
if (/.+@.+\..+/.test(val)) {
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push("Usernames must not be an email address");
}
break;
case "groupTitle":
if ((val.match(/[\\><\t\r\n]/g) !== null) || (val === "")) {
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push((_errMsg !== "") ? _errMsg : "The Group's Name must NOT contain any of the following characters:\n> < \\ tabs or new line characters\nPlease correct and re-submit.");
}
break;
case "radio":
var _checkCount = 0;
for (var _j=0;_j<this._elements[_i]._elementIDs.length;_j++) {
if ($(this._elements[_i]._elementIDs[_j]).checked) {
_checkCount++;
}
}
if (_checkCount === 0) {
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push(_errMsg);
}
break;
case "colorHex":
if (isValidHex(val) === false) {
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push("Value must be a valid Hex value\nex: FF33CC");
}
break;
case "flickrID":
if ((val !== "") && (val.match(/^\w+?@\w+$/) === null)) {
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
_submitForm = false;
_msgs.push("Value must be a valid Flickr ID\nex: 41434087@N00");
}
break;
default:
if (val === "") {
_submitForm = false;
$(_elementID).addClassName("error");
if (_errMsg !== "") {
_msgs.push(_errMsg);
}
if (_shownDefaultMsg === false) {
_msgs.push("Please Fill out all required fields. [They now have a red border]");
_shownDefaultMsg = true;
}
}
break;
}
}
}
}
if (_submitForm) {
var _submitBtn = $(this._submitBtnID);
if (_submitBtn !== null) {
_submitBtn.disabled = true;
_submitBtn.value = this._submitBtnText;
}
} else {
alert(_msgs.join("\n\n") + "\n\n---------------------------------------------------------");
}
return _submitForm;
}
});
// html.js
storeCaret = function(_input) {
if (_input.createTextRange !== undefined) {
_input._caretPos = document.selection.createRange().duplicate();
}
};
fmtTxt = function(_commentBoxID,_leftStr,_rightStr,_midStr) {
_input = $(_commentBoxID);
_input.focus();
var _selection;
if ((_input._caretPos !== undefined) && (_input.createTextRange)) {
// IE
var _caretPos = _input._caretPos;
_selection = ((_midStr === "") || (_midStr === undefined)) ? _caretPos.text : _midStr;
var _length = _selection.length;
var _bias = 0;
if (_selection.charAt(_selection.length - 1) === " ") {
// There's a trailing space:
_caretPos.text = (_leftStr + _selection.substring(0,(_selection.length - 1)) + _rightStr + " ");
_bias = 1;
} else {
// No trailing space...
_caretPos.text = (_leftStr + _selection + _rightStr);
}
if (_length === 0) {
_caretPos.moveStart("character",(_rightStr.length * -1));
_caretPos.moveEnd("character",(_rightStr.length * -1));
} else {
_caretPos.moveStart("character",((_rightStr.length + _length) * -1));
_caretPos.moveEnd("character",((_rightStr.length + _bias) * -1));
}
_caretPos.select();
} else if (_input.selectionStart !== undefined) {
// FF
var _begin = _input.value.substr(0,_input.selectionStart);
if ((_midStr === "") || (_midStr === undefined)) {
_selection = _input.value.substr(_input.selectionStart,(_input.selectionEnd - _input.selectionStart));
} else {
_selection = _midStr;
}
var _end = _input.value.substr(_input.selectionEnd);
var _newCursorPos = _input.selectionStart;
var _scrollPos = _input.scrollTop;
if (_selection.charAt(_selection.length - 1) === " ") {
// There's a trailing space:
_selection = _selection.substring(0,(_selection.length - 1));
_rightStr += " ";
}
_input.value = (_begin + _leftStr + _selection + _rightStr + _end);
if (_input.setSelectionRange) {
if (_selection.length === 0) {
_input.setSelectionRange((_newCursorPos + _leftStr.length),(_newCursorPos + _leftStr.length));
} else {
_input.setSelectionRange((_newCursorPos + _leftStr.length),(_newCursorPos + _leftStr.length + _selection.length));
}
_input.focus();
}
_input.scrollTop = _scrollPos;
} else {
_input.value += (_leftStr + _rightStr);
_input.focus();
}
};
fmtTxtURL = function(_commentBoxID) {
var _input = $(_commentBoxID);
var _insText = "";
if ((_input._caretPos !== undefined) && (_input.createTextRange)) {
_insText = _input._caretPos.text;
} else if (_input.selectionStart !== undefined) {
_insText = _input.value.substr(_input.selectionStart,(_input.selectionEnd - _input.selectionStart));
}
_url = prompt("Input the destination for this Link","http://");
if ((_url !== null) && (_url !== "")) {
_text = prompt("Input the Title of this Link",_insText);
if ((_url.indexOf("http://") !== 0) && (_url.indexOf("https://") !== 0)) {
_url = ("http://" + _url);
}
if (_text === "") {
_text = _url;
}
if ((_url !== "http://") && (_url !== null) && (_url !== undefined)) {
fmtTxt(_commentBoxID,"<a href=\"" + _url + "\" target=\"_blank\">","</a>",_text);
}
} else {
_input.focus();
}
};
fmtTxtImage = function(_commentBoxID) {
var _input = $(_commentBoxID);
var _imgSrc = "";
_imgSrc = prompt("Input the link where the image is hosted:","http://");
if ((_imgSrc !== null) && (_imgSrc !== "")) {
if ((_imgSrc.indexOf("http://") !== 0) && (_imgSrc.indexOf("https://") !== 0)) {
_imgSrc = ("http://" + _imgSrc);
}
if ((_imgSrc !== "http://") && (_imgSrc !== null) && (_imgSrc !== undefined)) {
fmtTxt(_commentBoxID,"<img src=\"","\" />",_imgSrc);
}
} else {
_input.focus();
}
};
fmtTxtUnderline = function(_commentBoxID) {
// Because nesting 3 sets of quotes in HTML is unpossible:
fmtTxt(_commentBoxID,"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">","</span>");
};
// /html.js
// Prototypes //
Array.prototype.in_array = function(_needle) {
for (var _i=0;_i<=this.length;_i++) {
if (this[_i] === _needle) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
};
Array.prototype.fill = function(_beginIndex,_end,_value) {
var _array = [];
for (var _i=_beginIndex;_i<_end;_i++) {
_array[_i] = _value;
}
return _array;
};
Array.prototype.sum = function() {
var _sum = 0.0, _length = this.length;
if (_length === 0) {
return false;
}
for (var _i=0;_i<_length;_i++) {
if (isNaN(this[_i])) {
return false;
}
_sum += this[_i];
}
return _sum;
};
String.prototype.formatNumber = function(_thousandsSeparator,_decimalSeparator) {
_thousandsSeparator = ((_thousandsSeparator === undefined) ? "," : _thousandsSeparator);
_decimalSeparator = ((_decimalSeparator === undefined) ? "." : _decimalSeparator);
var _parts = this.split(_decimalSeparator);
var _whole = _parts[0];
var _decimal = ((_parts.length > 1) ? (_decimalSeparator + _parts[1]) : "");
var _regEx = (/(\d+)(\d{3})/);
while (_regEx.test(_whole)) {
_whole = _whole.replace(_regEx,'$1' + _thousandsSeparator + '$2');
}
return (_whole + _decimal);
};
String.prototype.stripLowerASCII = function() {
return this.replace((/([\x00-\x08\x0b-\x0c\x0e-\x19])/g),"");
};
String.prototype.padHex = function() {
var _str = ("000000".toString() + this.toString());
return _str.substring((_str.length - 6),_str.length); // THANKS IE!!!!
};
String.prototype.padLeft = function(_padStr,_amount) {
var _finalPadStr = "", _str = "";
_amount++;
for (var _i=0;_i<_amount;_i++) {
_finalPadStr += _padStr.toString();
}
_str = (_finalPadStr + this.toString());
return _str.substring((_str.length - _amount),_str.length); // THANKS IE!!!!
};
String.prototype.base64_encode = function() {
var _buffer = "", _keyStr = "<KEY>;
var _char1, _char2, _char3, _enc1, _enc2, _enc3, _enc4, _i = 0;
var _this = this.utf8_encode();
while (_i < _this.length) {
_char1 = _this.charCodeAt(_i++);
_char2 = _this.charCodeAt(_i++);
_char3 = _this.charCodeAt(_i++);
_enc1 = (_char1 >> 2);
_enc2 = ((_char1 & 3) << 4) | (_char2 >> 4);
_enc3 = ((_char2 & 15) << 2) | (_char3 >> 6);
_enc4 = (_char3 & 63);
if (isNaN(_char2)) {
_enc3 = _enc4 = 64;
} else if (isNaN(_char3)) {
_enc4 = 64;
}
_buffer += _keyStr.charAt(_enc1) + _keyStr.charAt(_enc2) + _keyStr.charAt(_enc3) + _keyStr.charAt(_enc4);
}
return _buffer;
};
String.prototype.base64_decode = function() {
var _buffer = "", _keyStr = "<KEY>;
var _char1, _char2, _char3, _enc1, _enc2, _enc3, _enc4, _i = 0;
var _this = this.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g,"");
while (_i < _this.length) {
_enc1 = _keyStr.indexOf(_this.charAt(_i++));
_enc2 = _keyStr.indexOf(_this.charAt(_i++));
_enc3 = _keyStr.indexOf(_this.charAt(_i++));
_enc4 = _keyStr.indexOf(_this.charAt(_i++));
_char1 = ((_enc1 << 2) | (_enc2 >> 4));
_char2 = (((_enc2 & 15) << 4) | (_enc3 >> 2));
_char3 = (((_enc3 & 3) << 6) | _enc4);
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(_char1);
if (_enc3 != 64) {
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(_char2);
}
if (_enc4 != 64) {
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(_char3);
}
}
return _buffer.utf8_decode();
};
String.prototype.utf8_encode = function() {
var _this = this;//.replace(/\r\n/g,"\n");
var _buffer = "", _char = "";
for (var _i=0;_i<_this.length;_i++) {
_char = _this.charCodeAt(_i);
if (_char < 128) {
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(_char);
} else if ((_char > 127) && (_char < 2048)) {
_buffer += String.fromCharCode((_char >> 6) | 192);
_buffer += String.fromCharCode((_char & 63) | 128);
} else {
_buffer += String.fromCharCode((_char >> 12) | 224);
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(((_char >> 6) & 63) | 128);
_buffer += String.fromCharCode((_char & 63) | 128);
}
}
return _buffer;
};
String.prototype.utf8_decode = function() {
var _buffer = "", _i = 0, _char1 = 0, _char2 = 0, _char3 = 0, _this = this;
while (_i < this.length) {
_char1 = _this.charCodeAt(_i);
if (_char1 < 128) {
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(_char1);
_i++;
} else if ((_char1 > 191) && (_char1 < 224)) {
_char2 = _this.charCodeAt(_i + 1);
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(((_char1 & 31) << 6) | (_char2 & 63));
_i += 2;
} else {
_char2 = _this.charCodeAt(_i + 1);
_char3 = _this.charCodeAt(_i + 2);
_buffer += String.fromCharCode(((_char1 & 15) << 12) | ((_char2 & 63) << 6) | (_char3 & 63));
_i += 3;
}
}
return _buffer;
};
// Custom //
addEngine = function() {
if ((typeof window.sidebar === "object") && (typeof window.sidebar.addSearchEngine === "function")) {
window.sidebar.addSearchEngine("http://www.colourlovers.com/firefox/COLOURlovers.src",getStaticURL("/firefox/COLOURlovers.png"),"COLOURlovers","COLOURlovers Palette Search");
} else {
alert("The Firefox browser is required to install this plugin.");
}
};
addEngine2 = function() {
if ((typeof window.sidebar === "object") && (typeof window.sidebar.addSearchEngine === "function")) {
window.sidebar.addSearchEngine("http://www.colourlovers.com/firefox/COLOURlovers_hex.src",getStaticURL("/firefox/COLOURlovers.png"),"COLOURlovers hex","COLOURlovers Palette HEX Search");
} else {
alert("The Firefox browser is required to install this plugin.");
}
};
function isMobile(){try{return/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|pocket|psp|kindle|avantgo|blazer|midori|Tablet|Palm|maemo|plucker|phone|BlackBerry|symbian|IEMobile|mobile|ZuneWP7|Windows Phone|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)?!0:!1}catch(e){}}
|
5830f1c687c5c49c0e8176902a02aca001f0316b
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 3
|
JavaScript
|
natalia-guedes/DigitalHouse_FrontEnd
|
e411d6dfd7f7c2e7460ae608573afe498072b26a
|
294b0088f85a2a454adacb0896256892091cddb2
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>gt-cs2340-nongshim-shinramen/M10<file_sep>/app/src/main/java/com/example/m6/model/Player.java
package com.example.m6.model;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
@SuppressWarnings("ALL")
public class Player implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID= 1L;
public static List<String> validDifficulty = Arrays.asList("Beginner", "Easy", "Normal",
"Hard", "Impossible");
private boolean warped;
private String name;
private String difficulty;
private Spaceship spaceship;
private int pilot;
private int fighter;
private int trader;
private int engineer;
private int credit;
private int cargo;
private int fuel;
private Map<String, Integer> inven;
private Universe system;
private Planet currentplanet;
public Player(String name, int pilot, int fighter, int trader, int engineer, String difficulty,
Universe universe, Map<String, Integer> map) {
this.name = name;
this.pilot = pilot;
this.fighter = fighter;
this.trader = trader;
this.engineer = engineer;
this.difficulty = difficulty;
this.system = universe;
inven = map;
//this will be acamar solarsystem with acamar planet.
currentplanet = system.getSystem().get(0).getPlanet();
credit = 1000;
spaceship = Spaceship.GNAT;
cargo = 0;
fuel = 80;
}
public void setFuel(int fuel){
this.fuel = fuel;
}
public int getFuel(){return fuel;}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public Universe getUniverse(){return system;}
public void setCurrentplanet(Planet planet){
currentplanet = planet;
}
public Planet getCurrentplanet(){return currentplanet;}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getDifficulty() {
return difficulty;
}
public void setDifficulty(String difficulty) {
this.difficulty = difficulty;
}
public int getPilot() {
return pilot;
}
public void setPilot(int pilot) {
this.pilot = pilot;
}
public int getFighter() {
return fighter;
}
public void setFighter(int fighter) {
this.fighter = fighter;
}
public int getTrader() {
return trader;
}
public void setTrader(int trader) {
this.trader = trader;
}
public int getEngineer() {
return engineer;
}
public void setEngineer(int engineer) {
this.engineer = engineer;
}
public int getCredit() {
return credit;
}
public void setCredit(int credit) {
this.credit = credit;
}
public Spaceship getSpaceship() {
return spaceship;
}
public void setSpaceship(Spaceship spaceship) {
this.spaceship = spaceship;
}
public int getCargo(){
return cargo;
}
public void setCargo(int cargo){
this.cargo = cargo;
}
public Map<String, Integer> getInven(){
return inven;
}
public boolean getWarped() {
return warped;
}
public void setWarped(boolean warped) {
this.warped = warped;
}
}
<file_sep>/app/src/main/java/com/example/m6/model/Planet.java
package com.example.m6.model;
import android.util.Log;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Random;
@SuppressWarnings("ALL")
public class Planet implements Serializable {
private String name;
private double goodsPrice;
private int coordinateX;
private int coordinateY;
private int techLevel;
private int resource;
private Map<String, Integer> stock = new HashMap<>();
public Planet(String name, int coordinateX, int coordinateY, int techLevel, int resource) {
this(name, 0, coordinateX, coordinateY, techLevel, resource);
}
public Planet(String name, double goodsPrice, int coordinateX, int coordinateY, int techLevel,
int resource) {
this.name = name;
this.goodsPrice = goodsPrice;
this.coordinateX = coordinateX;
this.coordinateY = coordinateY;
this.techLevel = techLevel;
this.resource = resource;
setStock(stock);
}
public Planet(String name, double goodsPrice, int coordinateX, int coordinateY, int techLevel,
int resource, Map<String, Integer> stock) {
this.name = name;
this.goodsPrice = goodsPrice;
this.coordinateX = coordinateX;
this.coordinateY = coordinateY;
this.techLevel = techLevel;
this.resource = resource;
this.stock = stock;
}
private void setStock(Map<String, Integer> map) {
for(Goods g : Goods.values()) {
final int min = 5;
final int max = 30;
map.put(g.toString().toLowerCase(), randInt(min, max));
Log.d("stock", String.valueOf(stock.get(g.toString().toLowerCase()))+" "
+g.toString().toLowerCase()+" IN "+getName());
}
}
private int randInt(int min, int max) {
Random rand = new Random();
return rand.nextInt((max - min) + 1) + min;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getCoordinateX() {
return coordinateX;
}
public void setCoordinateX(int coordinateX) {
this.coordinateX = coordinateX;
}
public int getCoordinateY() {
return coordinateY;
}
public void setCoordinateY(int coordinateY) {
this.coordinateY = coordinateY;
}
public int getTechLevel() {
return techLevel;
}
public void setTechLevel(int techLevel) {
this.techLevel = techLevel;
}
public int getResource() {
return resource;
}
public void setResource(int resource) {
this.resource = resource;
}
public Map <String, Integer> getStock(){return stock;}
}
<file_sep>/app/src/main/java/com/example/m6/views/MenuActivity.java
package com.example.m6.views;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import com.example.m6.R;
import com.example.m6.model.Player;
/**
* Class for the MenuActivity
*/
@SuppressWarnings("ALL")
public class MenuActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener{
private Player player;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_menu);
Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
player = (Player)getIntent().getSerializableExtra("player");
//this log checks whether player instance import successfully
Button buyButton = findViewById(R.id.buy_button);
buyButton.setOnClickListener(this);
Button sellButton = findViewById(R.id.sell_button);
sellButton.setOnClickListener(this);
Button infoButton = findViewById(R.id.system_info_button);
infoButton.setOnClickListener(this);
Button playerButton = findViewById(R.id.player_info_button);
playerButton.setOnClickListener(this);
}
/**
* This method accesses the Buy goods option tab.
*/
public void openBuyGoods() {
Intent intent = new Intent(this, BuyGoodsActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("player", player);
startActivity(intent);
}
/**
* This method accesses the Sell goods option tab.
*/
public void openSellGoods() {
Intent intent = new Intent(this, SellGoodsActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("player", player);
startActivity(intent);
}
/**
* This method opens the System Information page.
*/
public void openSystem(){
Intent intent = new Intent(this, CurrentPlanetActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("player", player);
startActivity(intent);
}
/**
* This method opens the Player Information page.
*/
public void openPlayerInformation(){
Intent intent = new Intent(this, player_information.class);
intent.putExtra("player", player);
startActivity(intent);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.buy_button:
openBuyGoods();
break;
case R.id.sell_button:
openSellGoods();
break;
case R.id.system_info_button:
Log.d("test", "system_info_button is clicked");
openSystem();
break;
case R.id.player_info_button:
openPlayerInformation();
break;
}
}
}
|
aa41d34ab5b57ef076976f9250e325f82cfb8479
|
[
"Java"
] | 3
|
Java
|
gt-cs2340-nongshim-shinramen/M10
|
094b55a9c8718012d0bf71af175f468299978377
|
82924c557ba91d03edd19bcc7a566f3a57b94eda
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>"""Provide a simple CLI for testing the flights_search.py module"""
import sys
import datetime
import flights_search
def perform_search():
"""Find requested flights and print them"""
args_len = len(sys.argv)
if args_len == 4 or args_len == 5:
from_iata = sys.argv[1]
to_iata = sys.argv[2]
try:
outbound_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(sys.argv[3], '%Y-%m-%d').date()
return_date = None
if args_len == 5:
return_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(sys.argv[4], '%Y-%m-%d').date()
except ValueError:
print_usage()
quit()
fls = flights_search.FlightsSearcher()
fls.do_search(from_iata, to_iata, outbound_date, return_date)
else:
print_usage()
def print_usage():
"""Print the usage hint to the console"""
print('Usage: {0} IATA-from IATA-to date-outbound [date-return]\n'
'Dates must be formatted as YYYY-MM-DD'.format(sys.argv[0])
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
perform_search()
<file_sep>"""Find the flights matching given criteria on flyniki.com or other specified website
This module exports:
- FlightsSearcher class
- SearchError exception type
- IATANotFoundError exception type
"""
import re
import datetime
import json
import io
import urllib.parse
import parse
import requests
import lxml.etree
class SearchError(RuntimeError):
"""Indicate that the website sent an error"""
pass
class IATANotFoundError(RuntimeError):
"""Indicate that given IATA-code is not found on the website"""
pass
class FlightsSearcher:
"""This class provides the 'do_search' method
It's implemented with a class (instead of a single function) since we should
keep some cached data and the Session object between several calls
of the 'do_search' function for increasing performance and reducing
the traffic consumption.
"""
def __init__(self, domain_name='flyniki.com'):
self.req_ses = requests.Session()
self.airports = None
self.vacancy_url = None
self.domain_name = domain_name
def do_search(self, from_iata, to_iata, outbound_date, return_date=None):
"""
Do several requests to the website (flyniki.com by default) and print found flights
:param from_iata: IATA-code of a 'from' airport
:param to_iata: IATA-code of a 'to' airport
:param outbound_date: a date object
:param return_date: a date object (None for a oneway search)
:return: None
"""
# Check the 'from_iata' format
try:
self._check_iata_code(from_iata)
except ValueError as exception:
raise ValueError('Wrong value of the \'from_iata\' argument: ' + str(exception))
# Check the 'to_iata' format
try:
self._check_iata_code(to_iata)
except ValueError as exception:
raise ValueError('Wrong value of the \'to_iata\' argument: ' + str(exception))
# Check the input dates and convert them to strings
if not isinstance(outbound_date, datetime.date):
raise ValueError('The outbound_date argument must be of the date type')
outbound_date_str = outbound_date.isoformat()
if return_date is None:
return_date_str = None
else:
if not isinstance(return_date, datetime.date):
raise ValueError(
'The return_date argument must be of the date or the NoneType type'
)
return_date_str = return_date.isoformat()
# Convert the IATA-codes into flyniki.com's format
from_city = self._iata_to_city_name(from_iata, 'departure')
to_city = self._iata_to_city_name(to_iata, 'destination')
# Perform search
search_reply = self._request_flights(from_city, to_city, outbound_date_str, return_date_str)
# Check that the website gave exactly what we've asked
if not self._verify_search_results(
search_reply,
from_iata,
to_iata,
outbound_date,
return_date
):
raise RuntimeError('Mismatched sent search criteria and received ones')
# Print search results
self._print_flights(search_reply)
@staticmethod
def _check_iata_code(iata_code):
"""Check the given IATA-code
If it's valid, return True. If not, raise ValueError.
Warning: this function doesn't guarantee that the given IATA-code exists,
it just checks its format."""
# 1. Check for the letter count
if len(iata_code) != 3:
raise ValueError('IATA-code must be exactly 3 characters long')
# 2. Check that only english 26 letters are used
# 3. Check that all letters are in upper case
if re.match("^[A-Z]*$", iata_code) is None:
raise ValueError('IATA-code must contain only A-Z letters in the upper case')
return True
def _request_airports(self):
"""Make an HTTP request to the website and return lists of airports"""
req_departures = self.req_ses.get(
'http://www.'+self.domain_name+'/en/site/json/suggestAirport.php'
'?searchfor=departures'
'&searchflightid=0'
'&departures%5B%5D='
'&destinations%5B%5D=City%2C+airport'
'&suggestsource%5B0%5D=activeairports'
'&withcountries=0'
'&withoutroutings=0'
'&promotion%5Bid%5D='
'&promotion%5Btype%5D='
'&get_full_suggest_list=false'
'&routesource%5B0%5D=airberlin'
'&routesource%5B1%5D=partner'
)
req_destinations = self.req_ses.get(
'http://www.' + self.domain_name + '/en/site/json/suggestAirport.php'
'?searchfor=destinations'
'&searchflightid=0'
'&departures%5B%5D=City%2C+airport'
'&destinations%5B%5D='
'&suggestsource%5B0%5D=activeairports'
'&withcountries=0'
'&withoutroutings=0'
'&promotion%5Bid%5D='
'&promotion%5Btype%5D='
'&get_full_suggest_list=false'
'&routesource%5B0%5D=airberlin'
'&routesource%5B1%5D=partner'
)
# warning: these requests don't get all known airports. It seems that
# flyniki.com doesn't work with some of them
# or there is no planned flights for the remaining airports
try:
airports = {}
# Please note: these lists are different in about 20 airports,
# but they have a lot of common
airports['departures'] = tuple(req_departures.json()['suggestList'])
airports['destinations'] = tuple(req_destinations.json()['suggestList'])
except (json.decoder.JSONDecodeError, IndexError):
raise RuntimeError('Bad data format from the website')
return airports
def _iata_to_city_name(self, iata_code, airport_type):
# Request the airport lists if we don't have them yet
if self.airports is None:
self.airports = self._request_airports()
# Get a list for the requested direction
if airport_type == 'departure':
airports = self.airports['departures']
elif airport_type == 'destination':
airports = self.airports['destinations']
else:
raise ValueError('Wrong airport type is supplied to the function')
# Perform search
iata_match = list(filter(lambda x: x['code'] == iata_code, airports))
found_count = len(iata_match)
if found_count == 0:
raise IATANotFoundError(
'The requested IATA-code \''+ iata_code +'\' was not found on ' + self.domain_name
)
elif found_count == 1:
ret = iata_match[0]['name']
return ret
else:
raise RuntimeError(
self.domain_name + ' provided at least two airports with the same IATA-code'
)
def _request_flights(self, from_city, to_city, outbound_date, return_date):
if self.vacancy_url is None:
# Get a 'sid' parameter.
# If we try to ask the website for a search without this parameter,
# it fails due to some 'security reasons'.
# So, we do a request, then it sends a Location header with a new 'sid' parameter
req = self.req_ses.get(
'http://www.'+self.domain_name+'/en/booking/flight/vacancy.php',
allow_redirects=False
)
self.vacancy_url = "http://www." + self.domain_name + req.headers['Location']
if return_date is None:
oneway_search = True
return_date = ''
oneway = '1'
else:
oneway_search = False
oneway = ''
headers = {
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
post_data = ('_ajax[templates][]=main'
'&_ajax[templates][]=priceoverview'
'&_ajax[templates][]=infos'
'&_ajax[templates][]=flightinfo'
'&_ajax[requestParams][departure]='+from_city+
'&_ajax[requestParams][destination]='+to_city+
'&_ajax[requestParams][returnDeparture]='
'&_ajax[requestParams][returnDestination]='
'&_ajax[requestParams][outboundDate]='+outbound_date+
'&_ajax[requestParams][returnDate]='+return_date+
'&_ajax[requestParams][adultCount]=1'
'&_ajax[requestParams][childCount]=0'
'&_ajax[requestParams][infantCount]=0'
'&_ajax[requestParams][openDateOverview]='
'&_ajax[requestParams][oneway]='+oneway
)
# This conversion is not only for [] symbols.
# Some cities contain some non-latin symbols that are needed to be percent-encoded
post_data = urllib.parse.quote(post_data, safe='=&_+')
req = self.req_ses.post(self.vacancy_url, data=post_data, headers=headers)
got_data = req.json()
if 'error' in got_data:
error_text = self._parse_a_website_error(got_data['error'])
if 'No connections found for the entered data.' in error_text:
# Nothing's bad. We just have an empty result
found_flights = {}
else:
raise SearchError('The website reported the following error: ' + error_text)
else:
main_html = got_data['templates']['main']
found_flights = self._parse_html_flight_tables(main_html, oneway_search)
return found_flights
@staticmethod
def _parse_a_website_error(error_html):
parser = lxml.etree.HTMLParser(recover=True)
html_etree = lxml.etree.parse(io.StringIO("<html>" + error_html + "</html>"), parser)
error_text = html_etree.xpath('/html/body/div/div/p/text()')
try:
error_text = error_text[0]
except IndexError:
error_text = 'Unknown website error'
return error_text
@classmethod
def _parse_html_flight_tables(cls, raw_html, oneway_flights):
result = {}
# Yes, the site's reply has broken tags (like <img></a>).
# So, we need to use a recover mode
parser = lxml.etree.HTMLParser(recover=True)
html_etree = lxml.etree.parse(io.StringIO("<html>" + raw_html + "</html>"), parser)
check_for_results = html_etree.xpath('''
//table[@class='flighttable']
''')
if len(list(check_for_results)) < 1:
# Nothing's found or an error occurred
return result
html_flighttables = html_etree.xpath('''
/html/body
/div[@id='vacancy_flighttable']
/div[@class='wrapper']
/div[@id='flighttables']
''')[0]
html_outbound_table = html_flighttables.xpath('''
div[@class=\'outbound block\']
/div[@class='tablebackground']
/table[@class='flighttable']
''')[0]
html_outbound_table_title = html_flighttables.xpath('''
div[@class=\'outbound block\']
/div[@class='row']
/div[@class='flight-data-date']
/div[@class='outboundicon']
''')[0]
result['outbound_flights_details'] = cls._parse_flight_table_details(
html_outbound_table_title
)
result['outbound_flights'] = cls._parse_flight_table(html_outbound_table)
if oneway_flights is False:
html_return_table = html_flighttables.xpath('''
div[@class=\'return block\']
/div[@class='tablebackground']
/table[@class='flighttable']
''')[0]
html_return_table_title = html_flighttables.xpath('''
div[@class=\'return block\']
/div[@class='row']
/div[@class='flight-data-date']
/div[@class='returnicon']
''')[0]
result['return_flights_details'] = cls._parse_flight_table_details(
html_return_table_title
)
result['return_flights'] = cls._parse_flight_table(html_return_table)
return result
@classmethod
def _parse_flight_table(cls, table_element):
result = {}
result['flights'] = []
fare_types = cls._parse_fare_types(table_element)
# Extract the flights from rows
html_rows = table_element.xpath('''
tbody/tr[@class='flightrow selected'] | tbody/tr[@class='flightrow']
''')
for row in html_rows:
cols = row.xpath('td')
row_result = {}
# Extract the start time
tmp = cols[1].xpath('span/time[1]/text()')[0]
tmp = tmp.split(':')
row_result['start_time'] = datetime.time(int(tmp[0]), int(tmp[1]))
# Extract the end time
tmp = cols[1].xpath('span/time[2]/text()')[0]
tmp = tmp.split(':')
row_result['end_time'] = datetime.time(int(tmp[0]), int(tmp[1]))
# Extract the end time days
days_strong = list(cols[1].xpath('span/strong[1]/text()'))
if len(days_strong) > 0:
row_result['end_time_days'] = int(days_strong[0][1:])
else:
row_result['end_time_days'] = 0
# Extract the duration
tmp = cols[3].xpath('span[1]/text()')[0].strip()
tmp = tmp.split('h')
tmp_hours = int(tmp[0].strip())
tmp = tmp[1].split('min')
tmp_mins = int(tmp[0].strip())
row_result['duration'] = datetime.timedelta(hours=tmp_hours, minutes=tmp_mins)
# Extract the prices
row_result['prices'] = cls._parse_prices(fare_types, cols)
result['flights'].append(row_result)
return result
@staticmethod
def _parse_prices(fare_types, cols):
result = []
for fare_type in fare_types:
price_row = {}
if len(cols[fare_type['column_no']].xpath('span[@class="notbookable"]')) == 0:
price_row['name'] = fare_type['name']
price_row['currency'] = fare_type['currency']
# These prices are really complicated.
# The website usually sends two equal prices: 'lowest' and 'current'.
# Some script on this page hides the 'lowest' one.
# The situation is easy, we should only use the 'current' value.
# But... sometimes there is no a 'current' value.
# In this case script shows the 'lowest' one.
# The solution is pretty simple: use 'lowest' in absence of 'current'.
# But rarely, the website sends both these prices,
# but the 'lowest' one is a bit smaller than the 'current'.
# In this case script shows the 'current' one.
# This code do the same things, but it also ensures that 'lowest' <= 'current'.
lowest_tmp = cols[fare_type['column_no']].xpath(
'label[1]/div[@class="lowest"]/span[1]/text()'
)
current_tmp = price_row['current'] = cols[fare_type['column_no']].xpath(
'label[1]/div[@class="current"]/span[1]/text()'
)
if len(lowest_tmp) > 0:
lowest_tmp = lowest_tmp[0]
else:
raise RuntimeError('The website didn\'t send the \'lowest\' price value')
if len(current_tmp) > 0:
current_tmp = current_tmp[0]
else:
current_tmp = None
if lowest_tmp is None and current_tmp is None:
raise RuntimeError(
'The website didn\'t send both the \'lowest\' and \'current\' price values'
)
elif lowest_tmp is not None and current_tmp is None:
price_row['value'] = lowest_tmp
elif lowest_tmp is not None and current_tmp is not None:
price_row['value'] = current_tmp
if float(lowest_tmp.replace(',', '')) > float(current_tmp.replace(',', '')):
raise RuntimeError('The website sent wrong prices')
else:
raise RuntimeError('Unexpected condition')
result.append(price_row)
return result
@staticmethod
def _parse_fare_types(table_element):
# Extract the fare types and currency symbols from the table's head
# This code finds all given fare types regardless of their order and count
fare_types_cols_offset = int(table_element.xpath('thead/tr[1]/td[1]/@colspan')[0])
fare_types = []
fare_types_columns = table_element.xpath('thead/tr[1]/td')
cnt = fare_types_cols_offset
for column in fare_types_columns[1:]: # the first column is not related to the fare types
fare_type = {}
# Extract name
fare_type['name'] = column.xpath('div[1]/label/p/text()')[0]
if len(fare_type['name']) == 0:
raise RuntimeError('Wrong table head format')
# Extract currency sign
fare_type['currency'] = table_element.xpath(
'thead/tr[2]/th[$col]/text()',
col=cnt
)[0].strip()
if len(fare_type['currency']) == 0:
raise RuntimeError('Wrong table head format')
fare_type['column_no'] = cnt
fare_types.append(fare_type)
cnt += 1
return fare_types
@staticmethod
def _parse_flight_table_details(html_element):
result = {}
# Parse direction
title = html_element.xpath('h2/text()')[0]
# title example: ' outbound flight '
title = title.strip().split(' ')
if title[0] == 'outbound':
result['direction'] = 'outbound'
elif title[0] == 'return':
result['direction'] = 'return'
else:
raise RuntimeError('Can\'t parse flight direction from the table\'s title')
# Parse details
details = html_element.xpath('div[@class=\'vacancy_route\']/text()')[0]
# details string example: 'Berlin (BER) – London (LON), Thursday, 27/10/16'
parsed_data = parse.parse('{0} ({1}) – {2} ({3}), {4}, {5}', details.strip())
result['city_from'] = parsed_data[0]
result['iata_from'] = parsed_data[1]
result['city_to'] = parsed_data[2]
result['iata_to'] = parsed_data[3]
result['date'] = datetime.datetime.strptime(parsed_data[5], '%d/%m/%y').date()
return result
@staticmethod
def _verify_search_results(search_reply, from_iata, to_iata, outbound_date, return_date=None):
result = True
if len(search_reply) == 0:
# We just have no results. It's OK.
return True
if search_reply['outbound_flights_details']['direction'] != 'outbound':
result = False
if search_reply['outbound_flights_details']['iata_from'] != from_iata:
result = False
if search_reply['outbound_flights_details']['iata_to'] != to_iata:
result = False
if search_reply['outbound_flights_details']['date'] != outbound_date:
result = False
if return_date is None:
if 'return_flight_details' in search_reply:
# we were performing a one-way search and should not have any return flights
result = False
else:
if search_reply['return_flights_details']['direction'] != 'return':
result = False
if search_reply['return_flights_details']['iata_from'] != to_iata:
result = False
if search_reply['return_flights_details']['iata_to'] != from_iata:
result = False
if search_reply['return_flights_details']['date'] != return_date:
result = False
return result
@staticmethod
def _print_flights(flights):
for direction in (
{'key': 'outbound_flights', 'name': 'Outbound flight'},
{'key': 'return_flights', 'name': 'Return flight'}
):
if direction['key'] in flights:
for flight in flights[direction['key']]['flights']:
print('{0}:'.format(direction['name']))
# Print information about start and end times
end_days_text = ''
if flight['end_time_days'] == 1:
end_days_text = ' +1 day'
elif flight['end_time_days'] > 1:
end_days_text = ' +' + str(flight['end_time_days']) + ' days'
print('\tStarts at {0} , ends at {1}{2}'.format(
flight['start_time'].strftime('%H:%M'),
flight['end_time'].strftime('%H:%M'),
end_days_text
))
# Print information about duration
print('\tDuration: {0}'.format(flight['duration']))
# Print the information about prices
print('\tFare options:')
for price in flight['prices']:
print('\t\t{0:<17}: {1}{2}'.format(
price['name'],
price['currency'],
price['value']
))
<file_sep>"""Perform a lot of simple random tests for the flights_search.py module
The aim of this test is to find failures that occurs only on rare conditions.
It doesn't check for any parsing mismatches.
"""
import datetime
import time
import random
import requests
import flights_search
def perform_test():
"""Perform the random test"""
fls = flights_search.FlightsSearcher()
airports = fls._request_airports()
now = time.time()
print('Starting a crash test.\n'
'{0} departure airports found.\n'
'{1} destination airports found.'
''.format(
len(airports['departures']),
len(airports['destinations'])
)
)
print('Now: {0}\n'.format(datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(now)))
search_errors = 0
network_errors = 0
total_checks = 1000
for i in range(0, total_checks):
from_iata = random.choice(airports['departures'])['code']
to_iata = random.choice(airports['destinations'])['code']
outbound_ts = now+random.randint(0, 3600*24*15)
return_ts = outbound_ts + random.randint(0, 3600*24*5)
outbound_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(outbound_ts)
return_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(return_ts)
if random.randint(0, 2) == 0:
return_date = None
print('{0:03d}/{1:03d} {2}->{3} {4} {5}'.format(
i,
total_checks-1,
from_iata,
to_iata,
str(outbound_date),
str(return_date)
))
while True:
try:
fls.do_search(from_iata, to_iata, outbound_date, return_date)
except flights_search.SearchError as err:
print('SearchError: ' + str(err))
search_errors += 1
except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
print('Network error. Trying again...')
network_errors += 1
time.sleep(1)
continue
break
print('\nThe crash test successfully passed.\n'
'{0} SearchErrors, {1} NetworkErrors'
''.format(search_errors, network_errors)
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
perform_test()
<file_sep># flights_search
Flights Search is a Python module for retrieving information about flights from flyniki.com according to user-specified search criteria.
# Dependencies
```
pip install requests
pip install lxml
pip install parse
```
# Using a command line interface
```
python3 src/flights_search_cli.py IATA_from IATA_to date_outbound [date_return]
```
Dates must be formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. date_return is optional, leave it for an oneway search.
See UsageExamples.txt for usage examples.
|
4b4217b16dec00dff9f0a783962db0bcadaca984
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python"
] | 4
|
Python
|
dam52nn/flights_search
|
d9bd04985dc72626102c7efe40c4f7efb04b7ee6
|
204a365834ce633ce3bea1ca31f5b0bc5a5e5882
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>IPRIT/typescript-misis-books-recommender-system<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Factors/FactorsComputation.ts
import {IRate, RatesFetcher} from "./RatesFetcher";
var Promise = require('es6-promise').Promise;
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
export class FactorsComputation {
learnEps = 1e-6;
minLearnIterations = 10000;
dataSetUsers = {};
dataSetItems = {};
dataSetMatrix = {};
itemsInfo = {};
debug: boolean = true;
features: number = 50;
lambda: number = 0.05;
eta: number = 0.01;
mu: number = 0;
usersBasePredictor = {};
itemsBasePredictor = {};
usersFeatureVectors = {};
itemsFeatureVectors = {};
iterationNumber: number = 0;
error: number = 0;
rmse: number = 1;
rmseOld: number = 0;
threshold: number = 0.01;
startUserFactorValue: number = 0.1;
startItemFactorValue: number = 0.05;
static indexPrefix: string = '_index_';
rates: IRate[] = [];
initialize() {
let fetcher = new RatesFetcher();
return fetcher.initialize()
.then((rates: Array<IRate>) => {
this.rates = rates;
this.createDataSet();
this.initializeFactors();
});
}
private createDataSet() {
this.rates.forEach((rate: IRate) => {
this.setRate(rate);
});
}
private initializeFactors() {
Object.keys(this.dataSetUsers).forEach(userKey => {
this.usersBasePredictor[ userKey ] = 0;
for (var f = 0; f < this.features; f++) {
if (!this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ]) {
this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ] = [];
}
this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ].push( this.startUserFactorValue );
}
});
Object.keys(this.dataSetItems).forEach(itemKey => {
this.itemsBasePredictor[ itemKey ] = 0;
for (var f = 0; f < this.features; f++) {
if (!this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ]) {
this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ] = [];
}
this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ].push(
this.startItemFactorValue * f
);
}
});
}
private getUserKeyById(userId) {
return FactorsComputation.indexPrefix + 'user_' + userId;
}
private getItemKeyById(itemId) {
return FactorsComputation.indexPrefix + 'item_' + itemId;
}
private addRateForUser(rate: IRate) {
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(rate.user_id);
if (!this.dataSetUsers[ userKey ]) {
this.dataSetUsers[ userKey ] = [];
}
this.dataSetUsers[ userKey ].push(rate);
}
private addRateForItem(rate: IRate) {
let itemKey = this.getItemKeyById(rate.item_id);
if (!this.dataSetItems[ itemKey ]) {
this.dataSetItems[ itemKey ] = [];
}
this.dataSetItems[ itemKey ].push(rate);
}
private getUserRatesVectorById(userId) {
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(userId);
return this.dataSetUsers[ userKey ] || [];
}
private getItemRatesVectorById(itemId) {
let itemKey = this.getItemKeyById(itemId);
return this.dataSetItems[ itemKey ] || [];
}
private setRate(rate: IRate) {
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(rate.user_id),
itemKey = this.getItemKeyById(rate.item_id);
if (!this.dataSetMatrix[ userKey ]) {
this.dataSetMatrix[ userKey ] = {};
}
if (!this.itemsInfo[ itemKey ]) {
this.itemsInfo[ itemKey ] = {
id: rate.item_id,
category: rate.category
};
}
this.dataSetMatrix[ userKey ][ itemKey ] = rate;
this.addRateForUser(rate);
this.addRateForItem(rate);
}
learn() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
while (Math.abs(this.rmseOld - this.rmse) > this.learnEps || this.iterationNumber < this.minLearnIterations) {
this.rmseOld = this.rmse;
this.rmse = 0;
Object.keys(this.dataSetMatrix).forEach(userKey => {
Object.keys(this.dataSetMatrix[ userKey ]).forEach(itemKey => {
let forecastRate = this.computeForecast(userKey, itemKey);
this.error = this.dataSetMatrix[ userKey ][ itemKey ].rate - forecastRate;
this.rmse += this.error * this.error; // computing root mean square deviation (error)
this.mu += this.eta * this.error; // reducing error effect
this.usersBasePredictor[ userKey ] += this.eta * (this.error - this.lambda * this.usersBasePredictor[ userKey ]);
this.itemsBasePredictor[ itemKey ] += this.eta * (this.error - this.lambda * this.itemsBasePredictor[ itemKey ]);
for (var f = 0; f < this.features; f++) {
this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ][f] += this.eta * (
this.error * this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ][f] - this.lambda * this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ][f]
);
this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ][f] += this.eta * (
this.error * this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ][f] - this.lambda * this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ][f]
);
}
});
});
this.rmse = Math.sqrt(this.rmse / this.rates.length);
if (typeof this.rmse !== 'number') {
reject(new Error("Rmse value is not finite"));
}
if (this.debug) {
console.log(`[Epoch ${++this.iterationNumber}]: rmse = ${this.rmse.toFixed(8)}.`);
}
}
resolve();
});
}
private computeForecast(userKey: string, itemKey: string) {
return this.mu + this.usersBasePredictor[ userKey ] + this.itemsBasePredictor[ itemKey ] + this.dotFactors(userKey, itemKey);
}
private dotFactors(userKey: string, itemKey: string) {
return this.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ].reduce((res, factor, f) => {
return res + factor * this.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ][f];
}, 0);
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Security/Config.ts
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
export const CONFIG = {
GATEWAY_TOKEN: '<KEY>'
};<file_sep>/src/config.ts
/*
export const CONF = {
port: 8081,
ip: '10.135.1.53'
};
*/
/**/
export const CONF = {
port: 3000,
ip: 'localhost'
};
/**/<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Security/SecurityGateway.ts
import {CONFIG} from "./Config";
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
var request = require('request-promise');
export class SecurityGateway {
private static instance: SecurityGateway = null;
public static getInstance(): SecurityGateway {
if (SecurityGateway.instance && SecurityGateway.instance instanceof SecurityGateway) {
return SecurityGateway.instance;
}
return (SecurityGateway.instance = new SecurityGateway());
}
public sendUserRequest(uri: string, token: string, params: any = {}) {
params.rs_token = token;
params.token = CONFIG.GATEWAY_TOKEN;
var options = {
uri: uri,
qs: params,
json: true // Automatically parses the JSON string in the response
};
return request(options);
}
public sendSystemRequest(uri: string, params: any = {}) {
params.token = CONFIG.GATEWAY_TOKEN;
var options = {
uri: uri,
qs: params,
json: true // Automatically parses the JSON string in the response
};
return request(options);
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/routers/api.ts
import {RecommendationsEvaluator} from "../RecommenderSystem/Forecast/RecommendationsEvaluator";
import {TokenChecker} from "../RecommenderSystem/Security/TokenChecker";
var express = require('express');
var stream = require('stream');
var router = express.Router();
var app = express();
router.all('/', function (req, res) {
res.json({
'current state': 'API RUNNING'
});
});
router.get('/getRecommendations', function (req, res) {
let rsToken = req.query.rs_token;
let count = Math.max(Math.min(req.query.count || 10, 200), 0);
let offset = Math.max(req.query.offset || 0, 0);
let category = +req.query.category || 1;
TokenChecker.check(rsToken)
.then(response => {
if (!response || response.error) {
return res.json(response);
}
let userId = response.user && response.user.id;
let recSystem = new RecommendationsEvaluator(rsToken);
return recSystem.getRecommendations(userId, { count, offset, category });
})
.then(result => {
res.json(result);
})
.catch(err => {
res.json({
error: err.toString()
});
});
});
module.exports = router;<file_sep>/src/utils/Timing.ts
interface IProxyTiming {
proxy(_: Function): IProxyObject;
zone(_: IProxyObject | Function): IProxyTiming;
elapsed: number
}
interface IProxyObject {
_proxyFunction: Function;
}
export default class Timing implements IProxyTiming {
private start: Date;
proxy(_proxyFunction: Function) {
return {
_proxyFunction
}
}
zone(potentiallyCallableFunction: IProxyObject | Function) {
this.start = new Date();
if (typeof potentiallyCallableFunction === 'function') {
(<Function>potentiallyCallableFunction)();
} else {
(<IProxyObject>potentiallyCallableFunction)._proxyFunction();
}
return this;
}
get elapsed() {
if (this.start) {
return new Date().getTime() - this.start.getTime();
}
return new Date().getTime();
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Security/TokenChecker.ts
import {SecurityGateway} from "./SecurityGateway";
var Promise = require('es6-promise').Promise;
/**
* Created by Александр on 13.06.2016.
*/
export class TokenChecker {
private static API_BASE: string = 'http://twosphere.ru/rs-api';
private static API_RATES_URI: string = '/checkToken';
static check(rsToken) {
let apiUrl = TokenChecker.API_BASE + TokenChecker.API_RATES_URI;
return SecurityGateway.getInstance()
.sendUserRequest(apiUrl, rsToken);
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Factors/RatesFetcher.ts
import {SecurityGateway} from "../Security/SecurityGateway";
var async = require('async');
var Promise = require('es6-promise').Promise;
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
export interface IRate {
user_id: number,
item_id: number,
category: number,
rate: number,
timestamp: number
}
export interface ISystemMetaInfo {
users: number,
items: number,
rates: number
}
export class RatesFetcher {
private API_BASE: string = 'http://twosphere.ru/rs-api';
private API_RATES_URI: string = '/getRates';
private maxRatingsPerRequest: number = 5000;
public metaInfo: ISystemMetaInfo;
public rates: Array<IRate> = [];
private getSystemMetaInfo() {
let apiUrl = this.API_BASE;
return SecurityGateway.getInstance()
.sendSystemRequest(apiUrl)
.then(response => {
return response.result;
})
.catch(function (err) {
console.error('[Fetching system meta info] Error:', err);
});
}
private getAllRates() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let ratingsNumber = this.metaInfo.rates;
let breakdownNumber = Math.ceil(ratingsNumber / this.maxRatingsPerRequest);
let breakdownRange = [];
for (let i = 0; i < breakdownNumber; ++i) {
breakdownRange.push(i * this.maxRatingsPerRequest);
}
let gotItems: IRate[] = [];
let apiUrl = this.API_BASE + this.API_RATES_URI;
var queue = async.queue((offset, callback) => {
SecurityGateway.getInstance().sendSystemRequest(apiUrl, {
offset,
count: this.maxRatingsPerRequest
}).then(resp => resp.result.items)
.then((items: Array<IRate>) => {
gotItems.push(...items);
console.log(`Got items: ${items.length}`);
callback();
});
}, 3);
queue.drain = () => {
resolve(gotItems);
};
queue.push(breakdownRange, err => {
if (err) {
reject(err);
}
});
});
}
initialize() {
return this.getSystemMetaInfo()
.then((metaInfo: ISystemMetaInfo) => {
this.metaInfo = metaInfo;
return this.getAllRates();
})
.then((rates: Array<IRate>) => {
this.rates = rates;
console.log(`Total got rates: ${rates.length}`);
return rates;
})
.catch(err => {
console.log('[Unknown error]:', err);
});
}
}<file_sep>/src/app.ts
var express = require('express');
var path = require('path');
var logger = require('morgan');
var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
var session = require('express-session');
var auth = require('./internal/user/auth');
//var pmx = require('pmx');
var routes = require('./internal/routers/router');
import serverInit from './internal/init';
var app = express();
// view engine setup
app.set('views', __dirname + '/views');
app.set('view engine', 'jade');
// uncomment after placing your favicon in /public
//app.use(favicon(__dirname + '/app/img/favicon.ico'));
app.use(logger('dev'));
app.use(bodyParser.json());
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.use(cookieParser());
app.enable('trust proxy');
app.use(session({
secret: 'keyboard cat',
resave: false,
saveUninitialized: true
}));
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/../app'));
app.use(auth.allowCrossOrigin);
/**
* Fills acm accounts for async queue
*/
serverInit();
/*
* Connecting routers
*/
app.get('/partials\/*:filename', routes.partials);
app.use('/', routes.index);
app.use('/api', routes.api);
app.all('/*', function(req, res, next) {
// Just send the index.jade for other files to support html5 mode in angular routing
res.render('index/index');
});
//app.use(pmx.expressErrorHandler());
// catch 404 and forward to error handler
app.use(function(req, res, next) {
var err = new Error('Not Found');
//noinspection TypeScriptUnresolvedVariable
err['status'] = 404;
next(err);
});
// error handlers
// development error handler
// will print stacktrace
if (app.get('env') === 'development') {
app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
console.log(err);
res.status(err.status || 500);
res.end();
});
}
// production error handler
// no stacktraces leaked to user
app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
console.log(err);
res.status(err.status || 500);
res.end();
});
module.exports = app;<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Factors/FactorsStore.ts
import {type} from "os";
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
export interface SvdModelState {
mu: number,
usersBasePredictor: Object,
itemsBasePredictor: Object,
usersFeatureVectors: Object,
itemsFeatureVectors: Object,
items: Object
}
export class FactorsStore {
private static instance: FactorsStore = null;
public static getInstance(): FactorsStore {
if (FactorsStore.instance && FactorsStore.instance instanceof FactorsStore) {
return FactorsStore.instance;
}
return (FactorsStore.instance = new FactorsStore());
}
private modelState: SvdModelState = null;
public store(modelState: SvdModelState) {
this.modelState = modelState;
//todo: save/restore snapshot in persistent storage
//this.snapshot()
}
public get state(): SvdModelState {
return this.modelState;
}
public get isReady() {
return this.modelState != null;
}
public userExists(userKey) {
return !!this.modelState.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ];
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Forecast/RecommendationsEvaluator.ts
import {FactorsStore} from "../Factors/FactorsStore";
import {FactorsComputation} from "../Factors/FactorsComputation";
import {ItemsCollator} from "./ItemsCollator";
import {CacheStore} from "./CacheStore";
var Promise = require('es6-promise').Promise;
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
export interface IQueryParams {
count: number,
offset: number,
category: number
}
export interface IPrediction {
item_id: number,
forecastRate: number
}
export class RecommendationsEvaluator {
store: FactorsStore;
constructor(public rsToken: string) {
this.store = FactorsStore.getInstance();
}
getRecommendations(userId: number, queryParams: IQueryParams = {count: 10, offset: 0, category: 1}) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (!this.store.isReady) {
return reject(new Error('Recommender model is not ready'));
} else if (!this.store.userExists( this.getUserKeyById(userId) )) {
return reject(new Error('Recommender model does not contain this user'));
}
let cacheStore = CacheStore.getInstance();
let forecastCollection;
if (cacheStore.areItemsExists(userId, queryParams)) {
forecastCollection = cacheStore.getItems(userId, queryParams);
} else {
forecastCollection = this.computeForecastCollection(userId, queryParams.category);
cacheStore.storeItems(userId, queryParams, forecastCollection);
}
let itemsId = forecastCollection.map(item => item.item_id)
.slice(queryParams.offset, queryParams.offset + queryParams.count);
let collator = new ItemsCollator();
collator.collateItems(itemsId, queryParams.category, this.rsToken)
.then(result => {
if (result.items) {
result.items = result.items.map((item, index) => {
item.forecastRate = forecastCollection[queryParams.offset + index].forecastRate;
return item;
});
}
result.all_items_count = forecastCollection.length;
resolve(result);
})
.catch(err => reject(err));
});
}
private computeForecastCollection(userId: number, category: number = 1): Array<IPrediction> {
let state = this.store.state;
let itemsKeyList = Object.keys(state.itemsFeatureVectors)
.filter(itemKey => {
return category === 1 || state.items[ itemKey ].category === category;
});
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(userId);
let forecastCollection = itemsKeyList.map(itemKey => {
let forecastRate = this.computeForecast(userKey, itemKey);
let curCategory = state.items[ itemKey ].category;
if (category === 1 && curCategory > 2) {
forecastRate *= 0.8;
}
return {
item_id: state.items[ itemKey ].id,
forecastRate
}
});
forecastCollection.sort((a, b) => b.forecastRate - a.forecastRate);
return forecastCollection;
}
private computeForecast(userKey: string, itemKey: string) {
let state = this.store.state;
return state.mu + state.usersBasePredictor[ userKey ] + state.itemsBasePredictor[ itemKey ] + this.dotFactors(userKey, itemKey);
}
private dotFactors(userKey: string, itemKey: string) {
let state = this.store.state;
return state.usersFeatureVectors[ userKey ].reduce((res, factor, f) => {
return res + factor * state.itemsFeatureVectors[ itemKey ][f];
}, 0);
}
private getUserKeyById(userId) {
return FactorsComputation.indexPrefix + 'user_' + userId;
}
private getItemKeyById(itemId) {
return FactorsComputation.indexPrefix + 'item_' + itemId;
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/routers/index.ts
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();
router.get('/', function(req, res) {
console.log(1);
res.render('index/index');
});
module.exports = router;<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Forecast/ItemsCollator.ts
import {SecurityGateway} from "../Security/SecurityGateway";
var Promise = require('es6-promise').Promise;
/**
* Created by Александр on 12.06.2016.
*/
export class ItemsCollator {
private API_BASE: string = 'http://twosphere.ru/rs-api';
private API_RATES_URI: string = '/collateItems';
collateItems(items: number[], category: number, rsToken: string) {
let apiUrl = this.API_BASE + this.API_RATES_URI;
return SecurityGateway.getInstance()
.sendUserRequest(apiUrl, rsToken, {
items: items.join(','),
category
});
}
}<file_sep>/src/internal/routers/router.ts
module.exports = {
partials: compileStaticTemplate,
index: require('./index'),
api: require('./api')
};
function compileStaticTemplate(req, res) {
var filename = req.params.filename;
if (!filename) return;
res.render('../../../app/partials/' + filename.replace(/(\.htm|\.html)$/i, ''));
}<file_sep>/src/internal/user/auth/auth.ts
var AUTH_COOKIE_NAME = 'auth.sid';
module.exports = {
allowCrossOrigin: AllowCrossOrigin
};
function AllowCrossOrigin(req, res, next) {
var session = req.session;
res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'POST, GET, OPTIONS');
res.set('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', 'Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Key');
next();
}<file_sep>/src/internal/init.ts
import {SecurityGateway} from "./RecommenderSystem/Security/SecurityGateway";
import {RatesFetcher, IRate} from "./RecommenderSystem/Factors/RatesFetcher";
import {FactorsComputation} from "./RecommenderSystem/Factors/FactorsComputation";
import {FactorsStore} from "./RecommenderSystem/Factors/FactorsStore";
export default function serverInit() {
let fc = new FactorsComputation();
fc.initialize()
.then(() => {
return fc.learn();
})
.then(() => {
FactorsStore.getInstance()
.store({
mu: fc.mu,
usersBasePredictor: fc.usersBasePredictor,
itemsBasePredictor: fc.itemsBasePredictor,
usersFeatureVectors: fc.usersFeatureVectors,
itemsFeatureVectors: fc.itemsFeatureVectors,
items: fc.itemsInfo
});
console.log('Recommender model is ready for forecasting');
})
.catch(err => {
throw err;
});
}<file_sep>/src/internal/RecommenderSystem/Forecast/CacheStore.ts
import {IQueryParams, IPrediction} from "./RecommendationsEvaluator";
/**
* Created by Александр on 13.06.2016.
*/
export class CacheStore {
private static instance: CacheStore = null;
public static getInstance(): CacheStore {
if (CacheStore.instance && CacheStore.instance instanceof CacheStore) {
return CacheStore.instance;
}
return (CacheStore.instance = new CacheStore());
}
private static prefixKey = '_index_';
cacheStorage: Object = {};
public storeItems(userId: number, queryParams: IQueryParams, items: Array<IPrediction>) {
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(userId);
let categoryKey = this.getCategoryKeyById(queryParams.category);
if (!this.cacheStorage[ userKey ]) {
this.cacheStorage[ userKey ] = {};
}
if (!this.cacheStorage[ userKey ][ categoryKey ]) {
this.cacheStorage[ userKey ][ categoryKey ] = [];
}
this.cacheStorage[ userKey ][ categoryKey ] = items;
this.logStats('Items saved');
}
public getItems(userId: number, queryParams: IQueryParams): Array<IPrediction> {
if (!this.areItemsExists(userId, queryParams)) {
return [];
}
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(userId);
let categoryKey = this.getCategoryKeyById(queryParams.category);
this.logStats('Items taken');
return this.cacheStorage[ userKey ][ categoryKey ];
}
public areItemsExists(userId: number, queryParams: IQueryParams) {
let userKey = this.getUserKeyById(userId);
let categoryKey = this.getCategoryKeyById(queryParams.category);
return !!this.cacheStorage[ userKey ]
&& !!this.cacheStorage[ userKey ][ categoryKey ];
}
public reset() {
this.logStats('Items before reset');
this.cacheStorage = {};
this.logStats('Items after reset');
}
private getUserKeyById(userId) {
return CacheStore.prefixKey + 'user_' + userId;
}
private getCategoryKeyById(category) {
return CacheStore.prefixKey + 'category_' + category;
}
private logStats(messageName: string = '') {
let cellsNumber = 0,
itemsNumber = 0,
usersNumber = 0;
Object.keys(this.cacheStorage)
.forEach(userKey => {
usersNumber++;
Object.keys(this.cacheStorage[userKey])
.forEach(categoryKey => {
itemsNumber += this.cacheStorage[ userKey ][ categoryKey ].length;
cellsNumber++;
})
});
let logPrefix = 'Cache storage';
if (messageName) {
messageName = `[${logPrefix}] [${messageName}]`;
} else {
messageName = `[${logPrefix}]`;
}
console.log(messageName, `Items in cache store: ${itemsNumber}. Cache indexes number: ${cellsNumber}. Users: ${usersNumber}.`);
}
}<file_sep>/README.md
# TypeScript Funk SVD Implementation for Recommender System (misis books)
```
$ npm run install && npm run start
```
## Schemes of work
### General scheme
### Functional diagram
|
5c439f0ac2cf42c21e2517261c3127fa9a1ca5b1
|
[
"Markdown",
"TypeScript"
] | 18
|
TypeScript
|
IPRIT/typescript-misis-books-recommender-system
|
3e7c49840499bdc202bf96f525e62748f06aa245
|
3fe0cc53bef2a14d2746c3afe962a697bc7d4167
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>my_name = "Dhruv"
my_age = 35
my_height = 74 # inches
my_weight = 180 # lbs
my_eyes = "Blue"
my_teeth = "White"
my_hair = "Brown"
print ("Lets talk about %s." %(my_name))
print ("He's %d inches tall" %(my_height))
print "He's %d pounds heavy" % my_weight
print "Actually thats not too heavy"
print "He's got %s eyes and %s hair" % (my_eyes, my_hair)
print "His teeth are usually %s depending on the coffee" % my_teeth
print "If I add %d, and %d I get %d " %(
my_age, my_height, my_age + my_height + my_weight
)
<file_sep># this one is like your scripts with argv
def print_two(*argvs):
arg1, arg2 = argvs
print "arg1: %r, arg2: %r" %(arg1, arg2)
# ok, that *argvs is actually pointless, we can just do this
def print_two_again(arg1, arg2):
print "arg1: %r, arg2: %r" %(arg1, arg2)
# this one just takes one argument
def print_one(arg1):
print "arg1: %r" % arg1
# this one takes no arguments
def print_none():
print "I got nothing!"
print_two("Me", "You")
print_two_again("Me", "You")
print_one("Just me")
print_none()
<file_sep>cars = 100
space_in_car = 4.0
drivers = 30
passengers = 90
cars_not_driven = cars - drivers
cars_driven = drivers
carpool_capacity = cars_driven * space_in_car
average_passenger_per_car = passengers / cars_driven
print "There are", cars, "cards available."
print "There are only ", drivers, "drivers available"
print "There will be", cars_not_driven, "empty cars today"
print "We have", passengers, "to carpool today"
print "We need to put about", average_passenger_per_car,"in each car"
<file_sep>from sys import argv
from os.path import exists
script, filename, to_file = argv
print "Copying from %s to %s" %(filename, to_file)
data_from_file = open(filename).read()
print "The input file is %d bytes long." % len(data_from_file)
print "Does the output file exist? %r" %exists(to_file)
print "Ready, hit RETURN to continue or CTRL-C to abort."
raw_input()
out_file = open(to_file, 'w').write(data_from_file)
print "Alright, all done."
|
033f6b1dd28b6f8f8ea37009ad291c403766dae6
|
[
"Python"
] | 4
|
Python
|
salwandhruvdev/learn_python_the_hard_way
|
d6fa0fe767acef900d9f90a80c66b0159b49dcb6
|
16064a930f11b51042abe9f13b1261c9654185a7
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>import { createTheme, ThemeProvider } from "@material-ui/core";
import { Route, Router, Switch } from "react-router-dom";
import AdminMessages from "./screens/AdminMessages";
import BrandsAndCommisions from "./screens/BrandsCommisions";
import history from "./services/history";
const theme = createTheme({
breakpoints: {
values: {
xs: 0,
sm: 500,
md: 770,
lg: 1280,
xl: 1920
}
},
palette: {
primary: {
main: "#1da1f2",
contrastText: "#fff"
},
secondary: {
main: "#ff6d6d",
contrastText: "#fff"
},
text: {
primary: "#242529",
secondary: "#8a96a3"
}
},
typography: {
fontFamily: "Metropolis",
h2: {
fontSize: "1.563rem",
fontWeight: 600
},
h3: {
fontSize: "1.25rem",
fontWeight: 600
},
h5: {
fontWeight: 600
},
h6: {
fontWeight: 600
},
subtitle1: {
fontSize: "0.938"
}
},
shape: { borderRadius: 30 }
});
function App() {
return (
<Router history={history}>
<ThemeProvider theme={theme}>
<Switch>
<Route
exact={true}
path={"/"}
render={(routesProps) => {
return <AdminMessages />;
}}
/>
<Route
exact={false}
path={"/brands"}
render={(routesProps) => {
return <BrandsAndCommisions />;
}}
/>
</Switch>
</ThemeProvider>
</Router>
);
}
export default App;
<file_sep>import React from "react";
import history from "../../../services/history";
import Messages from "../../../icons/Messages";
import Product from "../../../icons/Product";
import Questionare from "../../../icons/Questionare";
import Therepists from "../../../icons/Therepists";
import User from "../../../icons/User";
import LogoImg from "../../../images/Logo.png";
const Sidebar = () => {
const moveToRoute = (route) => {
history.push(route);
};
return (
<>
<div className="logo">
<img onClick={() => moveToRoute("/")} src={LogoImg} alt="" />
</div>
<div className="navigation">
<ul>
<li>
<Questionare />
Questionare
</li>
<li>
<Therepists />
Therepists
</li>
<li onClick={() => moveToRoute("/brands")}>
<Product />
Product
</li>
<li onClick={() => moveToRoute("/")}>
<User />
User
</li>
<li>
<Messages />
Messages
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</>
);
};
export default Sidebar;
<file_sep>export const apiEndpoints = {
userManagement: {
login: "/profile/v1/user/login"
},
testManagement: {
login: "/profile/v1/user/login"
}
};
<file_sep>import { makeStyles } from "@material-ui/core/styles";
import { Backdrop, Fade, Modal } from "@material-ui/core";
import AddItemForm from "./AddItemForm";
const useStyles = makeStyles((theme) => ({
modal: {
display: "flex",
alignItems: "center",
justifyContent: "center",
padding: 20
},
paper: {
backgroundColor: theme.palette.background.paper,
border: "1px solid #979797",
boxShadow: theme.shadows[5],
padding: theme.spacing(2, 4, 3),
width: 600,
borderRadius: 24,
overflow: "auto"
}
}));
const AddItemPopup = ({ open, handleClose, saveBrandHandler }) => {
const classes = useStyles();
return (
<Modal
className={classes.modal}
open={open}
onClose={handleClose}
closeAfterTransition
BackdropComponent={Backdrop}
BackdropProps={{
timeout: 500
}}
aria-labelledby="simple-modal-title"
aria-describedby="simple-modal-description"
>
<Fade in={open}>
<div className={classes.paper}>
<AddItemForm saveBrandHandler={saveBrandHandler} />
</div>
</Fade>
</Modal>
);
};
export default AddItemPopup;
<file_sep>import axios from "axios";
export const baseURL = process.env.API_HOST || "";
export const gpAxios = axios.create({
baseURL,
headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" }
});
/**
*
* @param token
*/
export const setUserToken = (token) => {
if (token) {
gpAxios.defaults.headers.common[
"User-Key"
] = `${process.env.REACT_APP_TOKEN}`;
gpAxios.defaults.headers.common["x-access-token"] = token;
gpAxios.defaults.headers.common["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*";
} else {
delete gpAxios.defaults.headers.common["User-Key"];
delete gpAxios.defaults.headers.common["x-access-token"];
}
};
<file_sep>import React from "react";
const Product = () => {
return (
<>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="14"
height="21"
viewBox="0 0 14 21"
>
<g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<g stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="1.5">
<g>
<path
d="M12.646.75H3.793v8.166H2c-.69 0-1.25.56-1.25 1.25V19c0 .69.56 1.25 1.25 1.25h9.391c.69 0 1.25-.56 1.25-1.25v-8.833c0-.69-.56-1.25-1.25-1.25l-1.794-.001V1h2.892l.157-.25z"
transform="translate(-35 -255) translate(35 255)"
/>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</>
);
};
export default Product;
<file_sep>import React from "react";
import { makeStyles } from "@material-ui/core/styles";
import Table from "@material-ui/core/Table";
import TableBody from "@material-ui/core/TableBody";
import TableCell from "@material-ui/core/TableCell";
import TableContainer from "@material-ui/core/TableContainer";
import TableHead from "@material-ui/core/TableHead";
import TableRow from "@material-ui/core/TableRow";
import Pagination from "@material-ui/lab/Pagination";
import MessageCard from "./MessageCard";
import SortDown from "../../icons/SortDown";
const useStyles = makeStyles({
table: {
minWidth: 650,
borderCollapse: "separate",
borderSpacing: "0 15px",
},
});
function createData(name, calories, fat, carbs, protein) {
return { name, calories, fat, carbs, protein };
}
const rows = [
createData(
"Frozen yoghurt",
"Dec 12, 2020",
"<NAME>, <NAME>",
24,
4.0,
),
createData("Ice cream sandwich", 237, 9.0, 37, 4.3),
createData("Eclair", 262, 16.0, 24, 6.0),
createData("Cupcake", 305, 3.7, 67, 4.3),
createData("Gingerbread", 356, 16.0, 49, 3.9),
];
export default function Messages() {
const classes = useStyles();
return (
<>
<TableContainer className="messages-card">
<Table className={classes.table} aria-label="simple table">
<TableHead>
<TableRow>
<TableCell>
Sender <SortDown />{" "}
</TableCell>
<TableCell align="Left">
Date <SortDown />
</TableCell>
<TableCell align="Left">
Content <SortDown />
</TableCell>
</TableRow>
</TableHead>
<TableBody>
{rows.map((row) => (
<MessageCard row={row} />
))}
</TableBody>
</Table>
</TableContainer>
<Pagination count={10} variant="outlined" className="m-pagination" />
</>
);
}
<file_sep>const ContentCard = () => {
return (
<div className="m-content">
<p>
<b>Product Alert:</b> <NAME>, <NAME>
</p>
<span>My skin becomes itchy and red after using this product.</span>
</div>
);
};
export default ContentCard;
<file_sep>import { useState } from "react";
import { makeStyles } from "@material-ui/core/styles";
import Table from "@material-ui/core/Table";
import TableBody from "@material-ui/core/TableBody";
import TableCell from "@material-ui/core/TableCell";
import TableContainer from "@material-ui/core/TableContainer";
import TableHead from "@material-ui/core/TableHead";
import TableRow from "@material-ui/core/TableRow";
import Paper from "@material-ui/core/Paper";
import Button from "@material-ui/core/Button";
import Container from "@material-ui/core/Container";
import { Grid } from "@material-ui/core";
import Header from "../../components/common/Header";
import Sidebar from "../../components/common/Sidebar";
import Brand from "./Brand";
import AddItemPopup from "./AddItemPopup";
const useStyles = makeStyles((theme) => ({
buttonsContainer: {
padding: 20
},
table: {
minWidth: 650
}
}));
export default function BrandsAndCommisions() {
const classes = useStyles();
const [brands, setBrands] = useState([]);
const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
const handleOpen = () => {
setOpen(true);
};
const handleClose = () => {
setOpen(false);
};
const saveBrandHandler = (title, commision) => {
setBrands((brands) => [...brands, { title, commision }]);
handleClose();
};
const deleteBrandHandler = (title) => {
const newBrands = brands.filter((item) => item.title !== title);
setBrands(newBrands);
};
return (
<Container maxWidth="lg">
<div>
<Grid container spacing={3}>
<Grid container item xs={12}>
<Grid item xs={3} className="sidebar">
<Sidebar />
</Grid>
<Grid container item xs={9} className="main-layout">
<Grid item xs={12}>
<Header />
<div className="messages">
<h1>Brand and Commisions</h1>
<TableContainer component={Paper}>
<Table className={classes.table} aria-label="simple table">
<TableHead>
<TableRow>
<TableCell>S. No</TableCell>
<TableCell align="left">Brand</TableCell>
<TableCell align="left">Commision</TableCell>
<TableCell align="center">Actions</TableCell>
</TableRow>
</TableHead>
<TableBody>
{brands?.map((row, index) => (
<Brand
deleteBrandHandler={deleteBrandHandler}
key={row._id}
index={index}
row={row}
/>
))}
</TableBody>
</Table>
</TableContainer>
<div className={classes.buttonsContainer}>
<Button
onClick={handleOpen}
variant="contained"
color="secondary"
>
Add Item
</Button>
</div>
<AddItemPopup
saveBrandHandler={saveBrandHandler}
open={open}
handleClose={handleClose}
/>
</div>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</div>
</Container>
);
}
<file_sep>import React from "react";
const SortDown = () => {
return (
<>
<svg
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="9"
height="6"
viewBox="0 0 9 6"
>
<g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<g fill="#394034" fill-rule="nonzero">
<path
d="M330.375 165.375c.182 0 .355-.082.52-.246l3.718-4.266.055-.082c.055-.054.082-.127.082-.219 0-.127-.046-.232-.137-.314-.09-.082-.2-.123-.328-.123h-7.82c-.128 0-.237.041-.328.123-.091.082-.137.187-.137.315 0 .109.027.19.082.246l.055.054 3.718 4.266c.165.164.338.246.52.246z"
transform="translate(-326 -160)"
/>
</g>
</g>
</svg>
</>
);
};
export default SortDown;
<file_sep>import TableCell from "@material-ui/core/TableCell";
import TableRow from "@material-ui/core/TableRow";
import Button from "@material-ui/core/Button";
const Brand = ({ row, index, deleteBrandHandler }) => {
return (
<>
<TableRow>
<TableCell style={{ fontWeight: "bolder" }} component="th" scope="row">
{index + 1}
</TableCell>
<TableCell align="left">{row.title?.slice(0, 50)}</TableCell>
<TableCell align="left">{row.content?.slice(0, 50)}</TableCell>
<TableCell align="left">
<div style={{ display: "flex", justifyContent: "space-evenly" }}>
<Button
onClick={() => deleteBrandHandler(row.title)}
variant="contained"
color="secondary"
>
Del
</Button>
</div>
</TableCell>
</TableRow>
</>
);
};
export default Brand;
<file_sep>const { Container, Grid } = require("@material-ui/core");
const Header = () => {
return (
<>
<div className="header">
<Container>
<Grid container spacing={3} justifyContent="flex-end">
<Grid item xs={4} className="login">
<p><EMAIL></p>
<p>Log Out</p>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</Container>
</div>
</>
);
};
export default Header;
<file_sep>import { TableCell, TableRow } from "@material-ui/core";
import Paper from "@material-ui/core/Paper";
import ContentCard from "./ContentCard";
import SenderCard from "./SenderCard";
const MessageCard = ({ row }) => {
return (
<TableRow key={row.name} component={Paper}>
<TableCell component="th" scope="row">
<SenderCard />
</TableCell>
<TableCell align="Left">Dec 12, 2020</TableCell>
<TableCell align="Left">
<ContentCard />
</TableCell>
</TableRow>
);
};
export default MessageCard;
<file_sep>import { Container, Grid } from "@material-ui/core";
import Header from "../../components/common/Header";
import Messages from "../../components/Messages";
import Sidebar from "../../components/common/Sidebar";
const AdminMessages = () => {
return (
<Container maxWidth="lg">
<div>
<Grid container spacing={3}>
<Grid container item xs={12}>
<Grid item xs={3} className="sidebar">
<Sidebar />
</Grid>
<Grid container item xs={9} className="main-layout">
<Grid item xs={12}>
<Header />
<div className="messages">
<h1>Messages</h1>
<Messages />
</div>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</div>
</Container>
);
};
export default AdminMessages;
<file_sep>import { Button, TextField } from "@material-ui/core";
import { useForm } from "react-hook-form";
export default function AddItemForm({ saveBrandHandler }) {
const {
register,
handleSubmit,
formState: { errors }
} = useForm();
const onSubmit = (data) => {
const { title, content } = data;
saveBrandHandler(title, content);
console.log(title, content);
};
return (
/* "handleSubmit" will validate your inputs before invoking "onSubmit" */
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)}>
<div>
{/* include validation with required or other standard HTML validation rules */}
<TextField
{...register("title", { required: true })}
id="title"
label="title"
fullWidth
/>
{/* errors will return when field validation fails */}
{errors.title && <span>This field is required</span>}
</div>
<div>
<TextField
{...register("content", { required: true })}
id="content"
label="content"
fullWidth
/>
{errors.content && <span>This field is required</span>}
</div>
<Button
style={{ float: "right" }}
type="submit"
variant="contained"
color="secondary"
>
Add Item
</Button>
</form>
);
}
|
c84a274e71ac5478ece1280167298987cc5eb64e
|
[
"JavaScript"
] | 15
|
JavaScript
|
RishabhBula/BothOfUs-test-task
|
9421537f6f92d6a5e3ab2e88115b68bd7d4b55c6
|
10456b53aaf0fdafab7dd716f1a673950a30587b
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package main
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
const (
male = iota + 1
female
)
type person struct {
name string
age int
sex int
books []string
}
func main() {
me := person{
name: "Paulin",
age: 29,
sex: male,
books: []string{"Dune", "Foundation"},
}
fmt.Println("Je suis " + me.name + ", j'ai " + strconv.Itoa(me.age))
majorityStatus, err := getMajorityStatus(me.age)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
} else {
fmt.Println("je suis " + majorityStatus)
}
if me.sex == male {
fmt.Println("Je suis un homme")
} else {
fmt.Println("Je suis une femme")
}
listBooks(me.books)
inc(&me.age)
fmt.Println("J'ai maintenant " + strconv.Itoa(me.age) + " ans !")
}
func getMajorityStatus(age int) (string, error) {
if age < 0 {
return "", errors.New("L'age ne peut pas être négatif")
}
if age >= 18 {
return "majeur", nil
}
return "mineur", nil
}
func listBooks(books []string) {
fmt.Println("Mes livres :")
for index := range books {
fmt.Println(books[index])
}
}
func inc(x *int) {
*x++
}
|
442efaf42fde89806124f3fe60582a40052cd5b6
|
[
"Go"
] | 1
|
Go
|
paulintrognon/golang-tutorial
|
66d2de46a7bf09e605c4015c1b9dc2ca453fe2e8
|
86df0bdea59efef911e9bc959d70fda0664cf1b8
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import {v4 as uuidv4} from 'uuid'
import './styles/SearchResults.css'
import ListOfCards from '../components/ListOfCards'
import useResults from '../hooks/useResults'
import SkeletonSearchResultsLoading from "../components/SkeletonSearchResultsLoading";
export default function SearchResults({params}) {
const {keyword, type, keywordType} = params
const {loading, recipes, setDietParam} = useResults({keyword, type, keywordType})
const dietLabels = [
{id: 1, name: "balanced"},
{id: 2, name: "high-fiber"},
{id: 3, name: "high-protein"},
{id: 4, name: "low-carb"},
{id: 5, name: "low-fat"},
{id: 6, name: "low-sodium"}
]
const handleClick = e => {
e.preventDefault()
let dietParam = e.target.value
return setDietParam( dietParam )
}
return (
<>
{
loading
? <SkeletonSearchResultsLoading />
: (recipes.length)
? <div className="SearchResults__Container" >
<div className="SearchResults__Header" >
<h1>{decodeURI(keyword)}</h1>
<ul className="Diet__Options" >
{
dietLabels.map((label) => (
<input key={uuidv4()} onClick={handleClick} type="button" value={label.name} className="Diet__Options-Item" />
))
}
</ul>
</div>
<ListOfCards recipes={recipes} />
</div>
: <h1 className="SearchResults__Container">There is not recipes</h1>
}
</>
)
}
<file_sep>/* eslint-disable import/no-anonymous-default-export */
export default [
{
type: "mealType",
content: [
{ keyword: "breakfast",
titleList: [
{ name:"bacon",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1525184782196-8e2ded604bf7?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMGJhY29ufGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"Pudding",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1517777596324-5df4025800f2?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMHB1ZGRpbmd8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"chicken and waffles",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1562918005-50afb98e5d32?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMGNoaWNrZW58ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"avocado toast",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1512621776951-a57141f2eefd?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMGF2b2NhZG8lMjB0b2FzdHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"home fries",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1520074881623-f6cc435eb449?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMGhvbWUlMjBmcmllc3xlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"cereal",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1457386335663-6115e304bd29?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMGNlcmVhbHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"breakfast wrap",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521390188846-e2a3a97453a0?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMHdyYXB8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"breakfast sandwich",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521390188846-e2a3a97453a0?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMHdyYXB8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"french toast",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1492683962492-deef0ec456c0?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMGZyZW5jaCUyMHRvYXN0fGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"sausage",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1509722747041-616f39b57569?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Zm9vZCUyMGJyZWFrZmFzdCUyMHNhdXNhZ2V8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "dinner",
titleList: [
{ name:"Shrimp & Snap Pea Stir-Fry",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1430163393927-3dab9af7ea38?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHNuYXAlMjBwZWF8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"<NAME> Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1522666257812-173fdc2d11fe?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHBlc3RvJTIwdG9ydGVsbGluaXxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Tofu Coconut Curry",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588166524941-3bf61a9c41db?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHRvZnUlMjBjb2NvbnV0fGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Slow-Cooker Beef & Potato Stew",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1447129568466-afbabc829d86?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHNsb3clMjBjb29rZXJ8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Sweet Potato Enchiladas",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1502472231352-10142bacaba2?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHN3ZWV0JTIwcG90YXRvfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Teriyaki Chicken & Pineapple Rice",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1598515214211-89d3c73ae83b?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHRlcml5YWtpJTIwY2hpY2tlbnxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Lime Tilapia & Rice",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/34/rcaNUh3pQ9GD8w7Iy8qE__DSC0940.jpg?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMGxpbWUlMjB0aWxhcGlhfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Chicken Skillet Noodles",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1473093226795-af9932fe5856?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMG5vb2RsZXxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Pork & Quinoa-Stuffed Peppers",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1543340713-1bf56d3d1b68?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMHBvcmt8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Caribbean Chicken",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1610057099443-fde8c4d50f91?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Zm9vZCUyMGRpbm5lciUyMCUyMGNoaWNrZW58ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "lunch",
titleList: [
{ name:"BBQ Chicken Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1592231167202-a253c3c2d3fa?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMGx1bmNofGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Easy Burrito Bowls",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1579536568809-62154a3bee07?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Zm9vZCUyMGx1bmNofGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Steak Fajita Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1597393353415-b3730f3719fe?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8Zm9vZCUyMGx1bmNofGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Quinoa Fruit Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1457374282245-3ad724e4256a?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8Zm9vZCUyMGx1bmNofGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Chinese Chicken Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1460819739742-50e4486578f5?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8Zm9vZCUyMGx1bmNofGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Kale Pesto Egg Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1546173078-a7d5f578b31c?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fGZvb2QlMjBsdW5jaHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Greek Quinoa and Avocado Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1585417791023-a5a6164b2646?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fGZvb2QlMjBsdW5jaHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Black Bean Quinoa Salad",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1585672840563-f2af2ced55c9?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjV8fGZvb2QlMjBsdW5jaHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Chicken Pesto Sandwich",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1473093226795-af9932fe5856?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mjh8fGZvb2QlMjBsdW5jaHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Greek Yogurt Chicken Salad Sandwich",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1485963631004-f2f00b1d6606?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mzh8fGZvb2QlMjBsdW5jaHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "snack",
titleList: [
{ name:"Potato Chips",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1613919113640-25732ec5e61f?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8cG90YXRvJTIwY2hpcHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cookies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1548365328-8c6db3220e4c?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Y29va2llc3xlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cheese Crackers",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1617210825218-a738b7380033?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8Y2hlZXNlJTIwY3JhY2tlcnN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Pop-Tarts",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1559856191-dbba44b72206?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8cG9wJTIwdGFydHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Tortilla Chips",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1514517521153-1be72277b32f?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8cG9wJTIwdGFydHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Popcorn",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1578849278619-e73505e9610f?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8cG9wY29ybnxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Mixed Fruit",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1568625365131-079e026a927d?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8bWl4ZWQlMjBmcnVpdHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Fruit Snacks",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1546548970-71785318a17b?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8bWl4ZWQlMjBmcnVpdHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Pretzels",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1511951786553-1d4f975424c9?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8cHJldHplbHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"<NAME>",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1568086256437-e745ec321426?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8Z3Jhbm9sYXxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "teatime",
titleList: [
{ name:"Tarts",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1497800640957-3100979af57c?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8dGVhJTIwdGltZXxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Brownies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1613149355673-c9bc2f590071?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8dGVhJTIwdGltZXxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Whoopie pies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1619149557955-9f3a0b450f39?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8dGVhJTIwdGltZXxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Lemon drizzle cake",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1586097384553-af3db3537777?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Fruit scones",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1572097045660-08a1348b49fe?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Florentines",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1512311734173-51a49c854e78?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mjd8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Chai Tea Latte",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1594136604897-29f7e564db27?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjN8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cupcakes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1611280610919-5ce571923a87?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mjl8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Biscotti",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1531967802777-e0f8fc276609?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mjh8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Banana bread",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1507499155415-696f83e0e828?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MzV8fHRlYSUyMHRpbWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
]
},{
type: "dishType",
content: [
{ keyword: "Pancake",
titleList: [
{ name:"Irish Boxty",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1559100644-59dad675d48d?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8ZGlzaCUyMHR5cGUlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"American-Style",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1621236378699-8597faf6a176?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8ZGlzaCUyMHR5cGUlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Scotch Pancakes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1602030638412-bb8dcc0bc8b0?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8YW1lcmljYW4lMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Blueberry pancakes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1560717845-968823efbee1?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8YW1lcmljYW4lMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Russian Blinis",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1538220856186-0be0e085984d?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8YW1lcmljYW4lMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Japanese cabbage",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1517306085770-871ff74b2274?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fGFtZXJpY2FuJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Danish Aebleskiver",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1586985288123-2495f577c250?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fGFtZXJpY2FuJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Coconut crepes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1488558980948-81db7f6c239c?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjJ8fGFtZXJpY2FuJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Korean Jeon",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1581618478941-515a55d3fce5?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MzN8fGFtZXJpY2FuJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Dutch Poffertjes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1598511756348-640384c52ada?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MzV8fGFtZXJpY2FuJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "Bread",
titleList: [
{ name:"Banana Bread",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1518562923427-19e694fbd8e9?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8YnJlYWQlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Baguette",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1523314832514-41a5cbaefa51?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8YnJlYWQlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Breadstick",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1533782654613-826a072dd6f3?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8YnJlYWQlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Brioche",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1512335510234-6166bc3fdaa0?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Challah",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1497581175344-8a5f1a0142a5?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Ciabatta",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1508616185939-efe767994166?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cornbread",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1505253364048-bf56659875a6?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Focaccia",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1530610476181-d83430b64dcd?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Multigrain Bread",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1550599112-0c21a831f6b9?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjV8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Pita Bread",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791697570-e1f13d0b81d0?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjN8fGJyZWFkJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "Cereals",
titleList: [
{ name:"Peanut Butter",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1526127230111-0197afe94d72?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Y2VyZWFsJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Fruit Granola",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1505253213348-ce3e0ff1f0cc?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8Y2VyZWFsJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Strawberry Cereal",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1489444444961-d0fda97f0986?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8Y2VyZWFsJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cookies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528711832838-46c60d34b4e3?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8Y2VyZWFsJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cheese Crispies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1506805841350-215d85d53e04?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8Y2VyZWFsJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Yoghurt Bars",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1470909752008-c78c7f6423a3?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8Y2VyZWFsJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"<NAME>",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1526430578163-6713faa4bbc5?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fGNlcmVhbCUyMGZvb2R8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cinnamon-Raisin",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1457386335663-6115e304bd29?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fGNlcmVhbCUyMGZvb2R8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"S'more Bites",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1614961234274-f204d01c115e?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fGNlcmVhbCUyMGZvb2R8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Marshmallow Crispie Bars",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1550335430-182e6165c01c?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mjd8fGNlcmVhbCUyMGZvb2R8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "Desserts",
titleList: [
{ name:"Custards and Puddings",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1497034825429-c343d7c6a68f?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8ZGVzc2VydHMlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Frozen Desserts",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1468218620578-e8d78dcda7b1?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8ZGVzc2VydHMlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cakes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1488477181946-6428a0291777?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8ZGVzc2VydHMlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cookies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1499636136210-6f4ee915583e?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8ZGVzc2VydHMlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Pies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1506459225024-1428097a7e18?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8ZGVzc2VydHMlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Chocolates and Candies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1474045326708-cdc78c2487cb?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8ZGVzc2VydHMlMjBmb29kfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Pastries",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1488477081514-c6da99e85213?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fGRlc3NlcnRzJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cookie Dough Brownies",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1470124182917-cc6e71b22ecc?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fGRlc3NlcnRzJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Monster Cookie Dough",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1525059337994-6f2a1311b4d4?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fGRlc3NlcnRzJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cookie Dough Buckeyes",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1472555794301-77353b152fb7?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fGRlc3NlcnRzJTIwZm9vZHxlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
{ keyword: "Drinks",
titleList: [
{ name:"Old Fashioned",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1551024709-8f23befc6f87?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8ZHJpbmtzfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Margarita",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1582106245687-cbb466a9f07f?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8ZHJpbmtzfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Cosmopolitan",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1497534446932-c925b458314e?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8ZHJpbmtzfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Negroni",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1513558161293-cdaf765ed2fd?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8ZHJpbmtzfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"<NAME>",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1481671703460-040cb8a2d909?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8ZHJpbmtzfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Martini",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1505252585461-04db1eb84625?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8ZHJpbmtzfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Mojito",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1559842438-2942c907c8fe?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fGRyaW5rc3xlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"<NAME>",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1462887749044-b47cb05b83b8?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fGRyaW5rc3xlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"French 75",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1598679253587-829c6cc6c6fc?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fGRyaW5rc3xlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"Manhattan",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1547595628-c61a29f496f0?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fGRyaW5rc3xlbnwwfHwwfHw%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
}
]
},
]
},{
type: "healthyType",
content: [
{ keyword: "food",
titleList: [
{ name:"alcohol-free",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1509459276366-50507f1e29a6?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"pork-free",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1598515213692-5f252f75d785?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"celery-free",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1430163393927-3dab9af7ea38?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"crustacean-free",
url:"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1464454709131-ffd692591ee5?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8Zm9vZCUyMGNydXN0YWNlYW4lMjBmcmVlfGVufDB8fDB8fA%3D%3D&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"},
{ name:"gluten-free",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1473093226795-af9932fe5856?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8Zm9vZCUyMGdsdXRlbiUyMGZyZWV8ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"
},
{ name:"vegetarian",
url: "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1437750769465-301382cdf094?ixid=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8Zm9vZCUyMHZlZ2V0YXJpYW58ZW58MHx8MHx8&ixlib=rb-1.2.1&auto=format&fit=crop&w=300&q=60"}
]
}
]
}
]
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import {v4 as uuidv4} from 'uuid'
import Skeleton from 'react-loading-skeleton'
export default function SkeletonSearchResultsLoading() {
return (
<div className="SearchResults__Container" data-testid="skeleton-container" >
<h1><Skeleton width={150} /></h1>
<ul className="Diet__Options" >
{
[1,2,3,4,5,6].map((label) => (
<Skeleton key={uuidv4()} height={40} width={90} value={label.name} className="Diet__Options-Item" />
))
}
</ul>
<div className="List__Cards" >
{[1,2,3,4,5,6].map(()=>(
<figure key={uuidv4()} className="Card__Container" >
<div className="Card__Image-Polaroid" >
<Skeleton width={400} height={300} className="Card__Image"/>
</div>
<div className="Info" >
<Skeleton width={200} className="Info__Kicker"/>
<div>
<h1 className="Info__Title" ><Skeleton width={100} height={20}/></h1>
</div>
<div className="Info__Relevant">
<span><Skeleton width={100}/></span>
<span><Skeleton width={100}/></span>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
))
}
</div>
</div>
)
}
<file_sep>const APP_KEY = "7a559f6c982b3ea2cc4a7208024f028d"
const APP_ID = "c9da61d9"
export default function getResults({keyword, dietParam, type, keywordType}) {
console.log(keyword, type, keywordType)
let API_URL = `https://api.edamam.com/api/recipes/v2?type=public&q=${keyword}&app_id=${APP_ID}&app_key=${APP_KEY}`;
if(dietParam){
API_URL = `https://api.edamam.com/api/recipes/v2?type=public&q=${keyword}&app_id=${APP_ID}&app_key=${APP_KEY}&diet=${dietParam}`
}else if(type && type === "mealType") {
API_URL = `https://api.edamam.com/api/recipes/v2?type=public&q=${keyword}&app_id=${APP_ID}&app_key=${APP_KEY}&mealType=${keywordType}`
}else if(type && type === "dishType"){
API_URL = `https://api.edamam.com/api/recipes/v2?type=public&q=${keyword}&app_id=${APP_ID}&app_key=${APP_KEY}&dishType=${keywordType}`
}else if(type && type === "healthyType"){
API_URL = `https://api.edamam.com/api/recipes/v2?type=public&q=${keywordType}&app_id=${APP_ID}&app_key=${APP_KEY}&health=${keyword}`
}else {
API_URL = `https://api.edamam.com/api/recipes/v2?type=public&q=${keyword}&app_id=${APP_ID}&app_key=${APP_KEY}`
}
return fetch(API_URL)
.then(res => res.json())
.then(response => {
const {hits} = response
if(Array.isArray(hits)){
return hits
}
})
}
<file_sep>import React, { useState } from 'react'
const Context = React.createContext({});
export function RecipesContextProvider({children}) {
const [recipes, setRecipes] = useState([])
return (
<Context.Provider value={{recipes, setRecipes}} >
{children}
</Context.Provider>
)
}
export default Context<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import { Route, Switch } from 'wouter'
import Home from './pages/Home'
import RecipeDetail from './pages/RecipeDetail'
import SearchResults from './pages/SearchResults'
import OptionsAndCategories from './pages/OptionsAndCategories'
import './App.css'
import {RecipesContextProvider} from './context/RecipesContext'
import Layout from './components/Layout'
import NotFound from './pages/NotFound'
function App() {
return (
<div className="App">
<RecipesContextProvider>
<Layout>
<Switch>
<Route path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/search/:keyword/:type?/:keywordType?" component={SearchResults} />
<Route path="/recipe/:id" component={RecipeDetail} />
<Route path="/meal-type/:mealType" component={OptionsAndCategories}/>
<Route path="/dish-type/:dishType" component={OptionsAndCategories}/>
<Route path="/healthy-meals/:healthyType" component={OptionsAndCategories}/>
<Route path="/:rest*" component={NotFound}/>
</Switch>
</Layout>
</RecipesContextProvider>
</div>
);
}
export default App;
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import {Link} from 'wouter'
import './styles/NotFound.css'
export default function NotFound() {
return (
<div className="NotFound__Container" >
<span>404</span>
<span>Ooops!!</span>
<span>THAT PAGE DOESN'T EXIST OR IS UNAVAILABLE.</span>
<Link className="NotFound__Button" to="/" >Go Back to Home</Link>
</div>
)
}
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import NavSidebar from './NavSidebar'
export default function Layout(props) {
return (
<>
<NavSidebar />
{props.children}
</>
)
}
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import {useLocation, Link} from 'wouter'
import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
import suggestionsList from '../utils/suggestionsList'
import './styles/SuggestionsList.css'
export default function SuggestionsList({category}) {
const [path, pushLocation] = useLocation()
const {type, keywordType} = category
let element
suggestionsList.forEach( item => {
if(item.type === type){
item.content.forEach( elem => {
if(elem.keyword === keywordType){
element = elem
}
})
}
})
// const handleOnClick = (e) => {
// const keyword = e.target.value
// console.log(keyword, type, keywordType)
// pushLocation(`/search/${keyword}/${type}/${keywordType}`)
// }
return (
<>
<section className="SuggestionList" >
<div className="SuggestionList__Header">
<h2>Suggestions</h2>
</div>
<ul className="SuggestionList__List" >
{
element.titleList.map( item =>(
<li className="SuggestionList__Card" key={uuidv4()}>
<Link to={`/search/${item.name}/${type}/${keywordType}`}>
<div className="Img-Thumbnail">
<img loading="lazy" src={item.url} alt="food"/>
</div>
<div className="Img-Title">
<h3>{item.name}</h3>
</div>
</Link>
</li>
))
}
</ul>
</section>
</>
)
}
<file_sep>import { useContext, useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import RecipesContext from '../context/RecipesContext'
import getResults from '../services/getResults'
export default function useResults({keyword, type, keywordType} = {keyword: null, type: null, keywordType: null}) {
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
const [dietParam, setDietParam] = useState(null)
const {recipes, setRecipes} = useContext(RecipesContext)
const keywordToUse = keyword
useEffect(() => {
if(type || dietParam) return
setLoading(true)
getResults({keyword: keywordToUse})
.then( recipes => {
setRecipes(recipes)
setLoading(false)
})
}, [keyword, keywordToUse, setRecipes, dietParam, type])
useEffect(() => {
if(dietParam == null) return
setLoading(true)
getResults({keyword: keywordToUse, dietParam})
.then( filteredByDiet => {
setRecipes(filteredByDiet)
setLoading(false)
})
}, [keywordToUse, dietParam, setRecipes])
useEffect(() => {
if(type == null) return
setLoading(true)
getResults({keyword: keywordToUse, type, keywordType})
.then( filteredByMealType => {
setRecipes(filteredByMealType)
setLoading(false)
})
}, [keywordToUse, type,setRecipes, keywordType])
return {loading, recipes, setDietParam}
}
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import {v4 as uuidv4} from 'uuid'
import useGlobalRecipes from '../hooks/useGlobalRecipes'
import getIdRecipeFromUri from '../utils/getIdRecipeFromUri'
import './styles/RecipeDetail.css'
import useResults from "../hooks/useResults";
import { BiCheck } from 'react-icons/bi';
export default function RecipeDetail({params}) {
const recipes = useGlobalRecipes()
if(!recipes.length) return (<h1>There is not that Information</h1>)
const {recipe} = recipes.find( singleRecipe => {
let idSingleRecipe = getIdRecipeFromUri(singleRecipe.recipe.uri)
if(idSingleRecipe === params.id) return singleRecipe
})
return (
<>
<div className="Detail__Container">
<div className="Detail__Image-Polaroid" >
<img src={recipe.image} alt="this-is-a-detail" />
</div>
<div className="Info-Detail" >
<span className="Info__Kicker-Detail">{recipe.source} Recommend</span>
<div className="Info-Description" >
<h1 className="Info__Title-Detail" >{recipe.label}</h1>
<div className="Info__Relevant-Detail">
<div className="Info__Relevant-Box" >
<span>CALORIES</span>
<div>
<strong>{Math.round(recipe.calories)}</strong>
<span> Kcal</span>
</div>
</div>
<div className="Info__Relevant-Box" >
<span>CARB</span>
<div>
<strong>{Math.round(recipe.totalNutrients.CHOCDF.quantity)}</strong>
<span> g</span>
</div>
</div>
<div className="Info__Relevant-Box" >
<span>FAT</span>
<div>
<strong>{Math.round(recipe.totalNutrients.FAT.quantity)}</strong>
<span> g</span>
</div>
</div>
<div className="Info__Relevant-Box" >
<span>PROTS</span>
<div>
<strong>{Math.round(recipe.totalNutrients.PROCNT.quantity)}</strong>
<span> g</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className="Info__IngredientsList">
<h3>Ingredients :</h3>
<ul>
{
recipe.ingredientLines.map( ingredient =>
<div className="Ingredient__Item" >
<BiCheck className="Ingredient__Item-Icon"/>
<li key={uuidv4()} >{ingredient}</li>
</div>
)
}
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</>
)
}
<file_sep>import React from 'react'
import SuggestionsList from '../components/SuggestionsList'
export default function OptionsAndCategories({params}) {
const getCategory = (obj) => {
return {
type: Object.keys(obj).toString(),
keywordType: Object.values(obj).toString()
}
}
let category = getCategory(params)
return (
<div>
<SuggestionsList category={category} />
</div>
)
}
<file_sep>import React, { useState, useRef } from 'react'
import {useLocation} from 'wouter'
import { BiSearchAlt2 } from 'react-icons/bi';
import './styles/Home.css'
export default function Home() {
const [keyword, setKeyword] = useState('')
const [path, pushLocation] = useLocation()
const searchInput = useRef()
const handleSubmit = e => {
e.preventDefault()
pushLocation(`/search/${keyword}`)
}
const handleChange = () => {
setKeyword(searchInput.current.value)
}
return (
<div className="Home">
<div className="Background-Square"></div>
<div className="Background-Triangle"></div>
<div className="Background-Circle" ></div>
<div className="Background-Cube"></div>
<header className="Header" >
<h1 className="Header__Title" >Healthy habits for a <b>better life</b></h1>
<p className="Header__Subtitle" >The pocket nutritionist app that will help you reach your health and weight goals</p>
</header>
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit} className="Form--Search" >
<input
onChange={handleChange}
type="text"
placeholder="Type a recipe, a food ..."
value={keyword}
ref={searchInput}/>
<button>Search</button>
</form>
</div>
)
}
<file_sep># RECIPES NUTRITION
This Project is a sample how to use Javascript for a basic development.
## Getting Started
This app is a searcher of food. You can put a food and add its amount of proteins, carbs and calories. The app auto sum all data
and show you the total amounts.
## Deployment
The app was upload on github-page, you can visit the app [here](https://jorge-llanque.github.io/Calories_Counter/)
## TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS
In general I'm using javascript for the development. But for more specification I'm using:
* ReactJS
* Javascript
* Jquery
* CSS3
* HTML5
* Git
## AUTHOR
* **<NAME>** - *JS Developer* - [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorgellanque)
<file_sep>import { useContext } from "react";
import RecipesContext from '../context/RecipesContext'
export default function useGlobalRecipes() {
return useContext(RecipesContext).recipes
}<file_sep><Navigation
activeItemId="/home"
onSelect={({itemId}) => {
if(itemId){
handleSelect(itemId)
}
}}
items={[
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: 'Home',
itemId: '/',
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: 'Meal Type',
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
subNav: [
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Breakfast",
itemId: "/meal-type/breakfast",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Dinner",
itemId: "/meal-type/dinner",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Lunch",
itemId: "/meal-type/lunch",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Snack",
itemId: "/meal-type/snack",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Tea Time",
itemId: "/meal-type/teatime",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
}
]
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: 'Dish Type',
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
subNav: [
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Biscuits",
itemId: "/dish-type/biscuits",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Breads",
itemId: "/dish-type/bread",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Cereals",
itemId: "/dish-type/cereals",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Desserts",
itemId: "/dish-type/desserts",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: "Drinks",
itemId: "/dish-type/drinks",
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
}
]
},
{
key: uuidv4(),
title: 'Healthy Foods',
itemId: '/healthy-meals/food',
elemBefore: () => <BiMenuAltLeft name="inbox" />,
}
]}
/>
|
5ce384b9f2812d179f4988ae6e297a231c8a3198
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 16
|
JavaScript
|
jorge-llanque/Recipe-Preparation-React
|
f267eb1cbc484d22d133be8d17d935a7b3082f45
|
d9420099f25838f5aca5de5de7345cd7d9212e1e
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package TestDoctorPage;
public class PageObjectLogin {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("The prgram is started..");
LoginPage.validLogin("Tarique","Humayun");
System.out.println("The program end..");
}
}
<file_sep>package TestDoctorPage;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
public class HashMapDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("The hash map..");
//LinkedHashMap h = new LinkedHashMap();
HashMap h = new HashMap();
h.put("Chiranjivi", 7);
h.put("Balaih", 6);
h.put("Venkatesh", 2);
h.put("Nagarjuna", 8);
System.out.println(h);
}
}
|
11bb8b4cebfe249d993ef2d808e3f63f64504726
|
[
"Java"
] | 2
|
Java
|
ibntarique/HealthCareRemote
|
6657ffdc182d8266e07ced2036bb3bd52fd7782d
|
3a517eda444c4202fc4fcc36829654bc630537d2
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>(function(){
const app = angular.module('rhapp');
app.controller('RhappController', function($scope, $filter, rhappService){
let vm = this;
// vm.firstname = "Toto";
vm.applications = rhappService.getApplications();
let filter = $filter("addCivility")(vm.civilite, 2000);
});
})();<file_sep>(function(){
const app = angular.module('rhapp');
app.factory('rhappService', function(rhappApplicationListConstant, prenomsFemininsConstantes, prenomsMasculinsConstantes){
let applications = rhappApplicationListConstant;
let hommes = prenomsMasculinsConstantes;
let femmes = prenomsFemininsConstantes;
function getApplications(){
return applications;
}
function getHommes(){
return hommes;
}
function getFemmes(){
return femmes;
}
function addCivility(){
for (application of applications){
if (_.find(application, hommes))
application.civilite = "Homme";
else if(_.find(application, femmes))
application.civilite = "Femme";
}
}
return {
getApplications,
getHommes,
getFemmes
};
});
})();<file_sep># angularJs
tp angular
<file_sep>(function(){
const app = angular.module('rhapp');
app.constant('rhappApplicationListConstant', [{
firstname: "Pierre",
lastname: "Martin",
askedSalary: 55000
},{
firstname: "Jack",
lastname: "Daniel",
askedSalary: 9000
}]);
app.constant('prenomsFemininsConstantes', [{
firstname: "Josianne",
lastname: "Tabasco",
askedSalary: 400000
},{
firstname: "Ginette",
lastname: "<NAME>",
askedSalary: 1200
}]);
app.constant('prenomsMasculinsConstantes', [{
firstname: "Jean",
lastname: "Jack",
askedSalary: 1200368
},{
firstname: "Jackie",
lastname: "Michel",
askedSalary: 1
}]);
})();<file_sep>(function(){
const app = angular.module('rhapp', []);
})();
|
18391c1d45418110cf1c8119e76ffc17ca73535b
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 5
|
JavaScript
|
developaspeur/angularJs
|
a4c48d2b12417c5ee5dc16f7ece5fe74f56ac848
|
0ba76dd7b6c3976c7c619d5ceb28236a2f4aa59a
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep># Howdy Hack 2021
## Team Members
A picture of our team:
<NAME>, Phu (<NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>.
## Summary
Our project is called "Mello." which is a play on the emotion "mellow" and "melody", and we just thought that the period at the end looks cool. This project uses the openCV library in Python for the back-end data processing, React.js for the front-end, web-cam access, and API calls, and the Spotify API to browse a song. The basic functionality of this is using a facial expression recognition model to analyze a user's expression and playing an song that fits their mood.
## Running the Program
To run the program, first pull the reposity using your favorite environment (strongly recommend a virtual one):
### Front End
1. Open a terminal
2. `cd frontend` to navigate to the front end folder
3. `npm install` to install the required modules
4. `npm start` to initiate the front end once the install is completed.
### Back End
1. Open a new terminal
2. `cd backend` to the back end folder
3. `pip install -r requirements.txt` to install the required dependencies
4. `cd server_fer` to navigate to the server_fer folder
5. `python manage.py runserver` to initiate the back end server.
## Reference
We would like to give a very special thank to <NAME>, who made all of this possible. Your pretrained model is goat 🐐.
Here is his repo: https://github.com/justinshenk/fer
<file_sep>absl-py==0.13.0
asgiref==3.4.1
astunparse==1.6.3
autopep8==1.5.7
cachetools==4.2.2
certifi==2021.5.30
charset-normalizer==2.0.4
clang==5.0
cycler==0.10.0
Django==3.2.7
django-cors-headers==3.8.0
djangorestframework==3.12.4
fer==21.0.3
flatbuffers==1.12
gast==0.4.0
google-auth==1.35.0
google-auth-oauthlib==0.4.6
google-pasta==0.2.0
grpcio==1.40.0
h5py==3.1.0
idna==3.2
keras==2.6.0
keras-nightly==2.5.0.dev2021032900
Keras-Preprocessing==1.1.2
kiwisolver==1.3.2
Markdown==3.3.4
matplotlib==3.4.3
mtcnn==0.1.1
numpy==1.19.5
oauthlib==3.1.1
opencv-contrib-python==4.5.3.56
opencv-python==4.5.3.56
opt-einsum==3.3.0
pandas==1.3.2
Pillow==8.3.2
protobuf==3.17.3
pyasn1==0.4.8
pyasn1-modules==0.2.8
pycodestyle==2.7.0
pyparsing==2.4.7
python-dateutil==2.8.2
pytz==2021.1
PyYAML==5.4.1
requests==2.26.0
requests-oauthlib==1.3.0
rsa==4.7.2
scipy==1.7.1
six==1.15.0
sqlparse==0.4.2
tensorboard==2.6.0
tensorboard-data-server==0.6.1
tensorboard-plugin-wit==1.8.0
tensorflow==2.6.0
tensorflow-estimator==2.6.0
termcolor==1.1.0
toml==0.10.2
typing-extensions==3.7.4.3
urllib3==1.26.6
Werkzeug==2.0.1
wrapt==1.12.1
<file_sep>import cv2
from fer import FER
img = cv2.imread("/Users/anhnguyen/Data/HowdyHack2021/test-images/0.jpg")
detector = FER(mtcnn=True)
result = detector.top_emotion(img)
print(result)
<file_sep>import React, { useRef, useState, useEffect } from "react";
import Button from "@material-ui/core/Button";
import Webcam from "react-webcam";
import axios from "axios";
import "./App.css";
import GitHubIcon from "@material-ui/icons/GitHub";
import SpotifyPlayer from "react-spotify-player";
// import SpotifyPlayer from "react-spotify-web-playback";
const access_token =
"<KEY>";
const App = () => {
const [buttonStatus, setButton] = useState(false);
const [mood, setMood] = useState("");
const webcamRef = React.useRef(null);
const [imgSrc, setimgSrc] = useState(null);
const allMood = [
"sad",
"angry",
"fear",
"happy",
"disgust",
"neutral",
"surprise",
];
const allGerne = [];
const allMinDanceability = [0.35, 0.63, 0.2, 0.64, 0.21, 0.29, 1];
const allMaxDanceability = [0.5, 0.85, 0.45, 0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 1];
const allMinEnergy = [0.2, 0.5, 0.0, 0.65, 0.7, 0.0, 1];
const allMaxEnergy = [0.6, 1, 0.2, 1.0, 0.9, 0.6, 1];
const allMinLoudness = [-10.0, -10, -40.0, -10.0, -10, -25, 1];
const allMaxLoudness = [0.0, 0.0, -15.0, 0.0, 0.0, -5, 1];
const allMinValence = [0.1, 0.25, 0.0, 0.7, 0.1, 0.0, 1];
const allMaxValence = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.4, 0.4, 1];
const allMinTempo = [50, 80, 90, 90, 80, 60, 1];
const allMaxTempo = [200, 150, 180, 180, 170, 200, 1];
const minPopularity = 0.0;
const maxPopularity = 1;
const [moodID, setMoodID] = useState(0);
const [suggestSong, setSuggestSong] = useState([]);
const [market, setMarket] = useState("UK");
const [gernes, setGernes] = useState("");
const [minDanceability, setMinDanceability] = useState(0);
const [minEnergy, setMinEnergy] = useState(0);
const [minLoudness, setMinLoudness] = useState(-50);
const [minValence, setMinValence] = useState(0);
const [minTempo, setMinTempo] = useState(0);
const capture = React.useCallback(() => {
const imageSrc = webcamRef.current.getScreenshot();
setButton(true);
setimgSrc(imageSrc);
}, [webcamRef, setimgSrc]);
const sendData = async () => {
let data = JSON.stringify({
title: "test",
content: imgSrc,
});
let url = "http://localhost:8000/ferapp/posts/create/";
let headers = {
"Content-Type": "application/json",
Accept: "application/json",
};
let result = await axios
.post(url, data, { headers })
.then((result) => result.data);
setMood(result);
setButton(false);
};
const getInfoPlaceHolder = async () => {
setMarket("US");
setGernes("country");
setMoodID(allMood.findIndex((element) => (element = mood))); // fix this later
setMinDanceability(allMinDanceability[moodID]);
setMinEnergy(allMinEnergy[moodID]);
setMinLoudness(allMinLoudness[moodID]);
setMinValence(allMinValence[moodID]);
setMinTempo(allMinTempo[moodID]);
};
const getSuggestSong = async () => {
let url =
"https://api.spotify.com/v1/recommendations?limit=1&market=" +
market +
"&seed_artists=4NHQUGzhtTLFvgF5SZesLK&seed_genres=" +
gernes +
"&seed_tracks=0c6xIDDpzE81m2q797ordA" +
"&min_danceability=" +
minDanceability +
"&min_energy=" +
minEnergy +
"&min_loudness=" +
minLoudness +
"&min_popularity=" +
minPopularity +
"&min_tempo=" +
minTempo +
"&min_valence=" +
minValence;
let result = await axios
.get(url, {
headers: {
Authorization: `Bearer ${access_token}`,
"Content-Type": "application/json",
Accept: "application/json",
},
})
.then((res) => res.data.tracks);
console.log("result", result);
setSuggestSong(result);
};
useEffect(() => {
if (!(imgSrc === null)) {
sendData(imgSrc);
}
if (!(mood === "")) {
console.log("mood:", mood);
getInfoPlaceHolder();
if (minTempo !== 0) {
getSuggestSong();
}
}
}, [
imgSrc,
mood,
minDanceability,
minEnergy,
minLoudness,
minPopularity,
minTempo,
minValence,
]);
return (
<div style={{ alignItems: "center", textAlign: "center" }}>
<h1>mello.</h1>
<div
style={{
display: "flex",
flexDirection: "row",
alignItems: "center",
textAlign: "center",
}}
>
<div
style={{
width: "50%",
justifyContent: "center",
alignItems: "center",
}}
>
<div
style={{
justifyContent: "center",
alignItems: "center",
textAlign: "center",
}}
>
<Webcam
audio={false}
ref={webcamRef}
screenshotFormat="image/png"
style={{
width: "45%",
height: "40%",
display: "flex",
margin: "auto",
marginBottom: "5px",
flexWrap: "wrap",
justifyContent: "center",
border: "2px solid",
borderColor: "#312545",
borderRadius: "10px",
transform: "rotateY(180deg)",
}}
/>
</div>
<div
style={{
justifyContent: "center",
alignItems: "center",
}}
>
<Button
disabled={buttonStatus}
variant="contained"
color="secondary"
onClick={capture}
style={{
display: "flex",
margin: "auto",
marginBottom: "5px",
width: 300,
flexWrap: "wrap",
justifyContent: "center",
}}
>
Take photo
</Button>
</div>
{imgSrc && (
<img
src={imgSrc}
style={{
borderRadius: "10px",
border: "2px solid",
width: "45%",
height: "40%",
display: "flex",
margin: "auto",
flexWrap: "wrap",
justifyContent: "center",
borderColor: "#312545",
transform: "rotateY(180deg)",
}}
alt="face capture"
/>
)}
</div>
<div
style={{
width: "50%",
justifyContent: "center",
alignItems: "center",
}}
>
<div>
<h1>{mood === "" ? "Hello..." : mood}</h1>
</div>
{suggestSong.length !== 0 ? (
mood === "surprise" ? (
<div>
<SpotifyPlayer
uri="spotify:track:4cOdK2wGLETKBW3PvgPWqT"
width="100%"
view="coverart"
theme="black"
/>
</div>
) : (
<div>
<SpotifyPlayer
uri={suggestSong[0].uri}
width="100%"
view="coverart"
theme="black"
/>
</div>
)
) : (
<div>
<SpotifyPlayer
uri="spotify:track:0mHyWYXmmCB9iQyK18m3FQ"
width="100%"
view="coverart"
theme="black"
/>
</div>
)}
</div>
<a href="https://github.com/fool1280/howdy-hack-2021">
<GitHubIcon
style={{
margin: "12px",
position: "fixed",
bottom: "0px",
right: "0px",
color: "whitesmoke",
}}
/>{" "}
</a>
</div>
</div>
);
};
export default App;
<file_sep>from .serializers import PostSerializer
from .models import Post
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import status
import cv2
import os
import base64
import numpy as np
from fer import FER
# Create your views here.
class PostView(APIView):
parser_classes = [JSONParser]
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
posts = Post.objects.all()
serializer = PostSerializer(posts, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
class PostCreate(APIView):
parser_classes = [JSONParser]
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
posts_serializer = PostSerializer(data=request.data)
if posts_serializer.is_valid():
posts_serializer.save()
encoded_string = posts_serializer.data['content'].split(',')[1]
decoded_data = base64.b64decode(encoded_string)
np_data = np.frombuffer(decoded_data, np.uint8)
img = cv2.imdecode(np_data, cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED)
output_image = cv2.imwrite(os.getcwd() + "test.jpg", img)
image_load = cv2.imread(os.getcwd() + "test.jpg")
detector = FER(mtcnn=True)
result = detector.top_emotion(image_load)
return Response(result[0], status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
else:
print('error', posts_serializer.errors)
return Response(posts_serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
|
c397942d569f2662320a3bf58dd6734d0788b475
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python",
"Text",
"JavaScript"
] | 5
|
Markdown
|
fool1280/howdy-hack-2021
|
4de9ce2312d696e2a83289af8ff0189c4fc480a8
|
8d5c4ed2a16cb7dcc4b242ae704ef089c921e7d6
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>FROM python:latest
ARG PORT
ENV SERVER_PORT=$PORT
COPY server.py /
RUN mkdir /serverdata
ENTRYPOINT python3 server.py $SERVER_PORT<file_sep># building image
docker build server -t lab1_image --build-arg "PORT=$1"
# creating volume
docker volume create lab1_volume
# run container with port $1
docker run -it --rm -p $1:$1 -d -v lab1_volume:/serverdata --name server lab1_image
$SHELL<file_sep># qa_assignment_1
To run a server:
```shell
cd src
sh server.sh <PORT>
```
It will run this server in a docker container.
To browse this' server output us `telnet` utility:
```shell
telnet 127.0.0.1 <PORT>
```
You will see a contents of file and checksum.
To quit from listening press `control + ]`. Then iput `quit` to exit from telnet.<file_sep>import sys
import hashlib
import random
import socket
serv = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
HOST = socket.gethostname()
DNS_ADDR = socket.gethostbyname(HOST)
PORT = int(str(sys.argv[len(sys.argv) - 1]))
serv.bind((DNS_ADDR, PORT))
serv.listen(5)
FILEPATH = "/serverdata/file"
ascii_lower = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
ascii_upper = ascii_lower.upper()
digits= '0123456789'
def checksum(path):
md5 = hashlib.md5()
with open(path, "rb") as file_:
content = file_.read()
md5.update(content)
return md5.hexdigest()
def create_file(path):
ran = str(''.join(random.choices(ascii_lower + ascii_upper + digits, k = 1024)))
with open(path, "w+") as file:
file.write(ran)
create_file(FILEPATH)
digest = checksum(FILEPATH)
f = open(FILEPATH, "r")
data = f.read()
while True:
connection, address = serv.accept()
print(f"connection from {address}")
connection.send("\nFile data:\n\n".encode("utf-8"))
connection.send(data.encode("utf-8"))
connection.send("\n\nChecksum:\n\n".encode("utf-8"))
connection.send(digest.encode("utf-8"))
f.close()
|
5bac22b96ecbf4806dbe4fc2a2a1a8da291c5c4b
|
[
"Markdown",
"Python",
"Dockerfile",
"Shell"
] | 4
|
Dockerfile
|
DeLion13/qa_assignment1_shapovalov
|
ee1b73bd0ea324fba235041e402c9489859de1a2
|
616793e3b4b30536445d615e6b7bae8ae2bed224
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>agilly/b-fast<file_sep>/helper.h
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
void info_w(T t)
{
std::cerr << t << std::endl ;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void info_w(T t, Args... args) // recursive variadic function
{
std::cerr << t << " " ;
info_w(args...) ;
}
void info_w(){
std::cerr << std::endl;
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void info(T t, Args... args) // recursive variadic function
{
std::cerr << "INFO:\t"<< t ;
info_w(args...) ;
}
template <typename T>
void error_w(T t)
{
std::cerr << t << std::endl ;
exit(1);
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void error_w(T t, Args... args) // recursive variadic function
{
std::cerr << t << " " ;
error_w(args...) ;
}
void error_w(){
std::cerr << endl;
exit(1);
}
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void error(T t, Args... args) // recursive variadic function
{
std::cerr << "ERROR:\t"<< t ;
error_w(args...) ;
}
unsigned long long choose(unsigned long long n, unsigned long long k) {
// stolen from Knuth
if (k > n) {
return 0;
}
unsigned long long r = 1;
for (unsigned long long d = 1; d <= k; ++d) {
r *= n--;
r /= d;
}
return r;
}<file_sep>/bgen_parser.h
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
enum BGEN_RETURN_CODE
{
E_OK = 0,
E_WRITE_ERROR = -1
};
struct file_info{
file_info(){}
file_info(uint32_t header_offset, uint32_t size_of_header, uint32_t num_variants, uint32_t num_samples, string magic, int freedata_size, string freedata, uint32_t flags, uint32_t empty_space){
this->header_offset=header_offset;
this->size_of_header=size_of_header;
this->num_variants=num_variants;
this->num_samples=num_samples;
this->magic=magic;
this->freedata_size=freedata_size;
this->freedata=freedata;
this->flags=flags;
this->empty_space=empty_space;
this->compression=(flags & 3);
this->bgen_version=((flags & 60)>>2)-1;
}
uint32_t header_offset;
uint32_t size_of_header;
uint32_t num_variants;
uint32_t num_samples;
string magic;
int freedata_size;
string freedata;
uint32_t flags;
unsigned short int compression;
bool bgen_version;
bool sample_info_included;
uint32_t empty_space;
};
file_info parse_header(ifstream & bgenfile, bool VERBOSE){
uint32_t header_offset;
uint32_t size_of_header;
uint32_t num_variants;
uint32_t num_samples;
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&header_offset), sizeof(header_offset));
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&size_of_header), sizeof(size_of_header));
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&num_variants), sizeof(num_variants));
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&num_samples), sizeof(num_samples));
char magic[4];
bgenfile.read(magic, 4);
if(VERBOSE){info("Offset is: ",header_offset);}
if(VERBOSE){info("Size of header is: ", size_of_header);}
if(VERBOSE){info("Number of variants: ", num_variants);}
if(VERBOSE){info("Number of samples: ", num_samples);}
if(VERBOSE){info("Magic number: ", magic);}
int freedata_size=0;
string freedata_s;
if(size_of_header-20>0){
freedata_size=size_of_header-20;
char freedata[freedata_size];
bgenfile.read(freedata, freedata_size);
if(VERBOSE){info("Free data detected: ", freedata);}
freedata_s=std::string(freedata);
}
uint32_t flags;
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&flags), sizeof(flags));
switch(flags & 3){
case 0 :
if(VERBOSE){info("SNP Block probability data is not compressed.");}
break;
case 1 :
if(VERBOSE){info("SNP Block probability data compressed using zlib.");}
break;
case 2 :
if(VERBOSE){info("SNP Block probability data compressed using zstandard.");}
break;
}
switch((flags & 60)>>2){
case 1:
if(VERBOSE){info("Bgen v1.1 detected.");}
break;
case 2:
if(VERBOSE){info("Bgen v1.2 detected.");}
break;
}
string hamlet="";
if(flags>>31==0){
hamlet="not";
}
if(VERBOSE){info("Sample info is ", hamlet, "included in this file.");}
if(hamlet!="not"){
error("Sample info is included (Not supported).");
}
uint32_t skip=header_offset-size_of_header;
if(VERBOSE){info("Skipping ", skip, "bytes.");}
bgenfile.ignore(skip);
file_info bgen_file_info(header_offset, size_of_header, num_variants, num_samples, std::string(magic), freedata_size, freedata_s, flags, skip);
return(bgen_file_info);
}
BGEN_RETURN_CODE write_header(ofstream & bgenfile, file_info f_info){
// TBD: the header data needs to be calculated at the end as it contains numbers of variants and samples
// TBD:
// Write basic header
try{
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.header_offset), 4);
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.size_of_header), 4);
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.num_variants), 4);
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.num_samples), 4);
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.magic), 4);
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.freedata), f_info.freedata_size);
bgenfile.write((char *) &(f_info.flags), 4);
}
catch (...) {
return(E_WRITE_ERROR);
}
// If sample info is present, write sampe identifier block
bgenfile.flush();
return(E_OK);
}<file_sep>/bgenfun.cpp
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <zlib.h>
#include <cstring>
#include "helper.h"
#include "bgen_parser.h"
using std::string;
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
bool VERBOSE=0;
ifstream bgenfile("/lustre/scratch115/projects/ukbiobank/FullRelease/Imputed/001/Stripe/ukb_imp_chr22_v2.bgen", ios::in | ios::binary);
file_info bgen_finfo;
bgen_finfo=parse_header(bgenfile, 0);
ofstream out("/nfs/users/nfs_a/ag15/lol", ios :: out | ios :: binary);
write_header(out, bgen_finfo);
bgenfile.close();
exit(0);
unsigned short id_len;
string id;
string rsid;
string chr;
uint32_t pos;
while(!bgenfile.eof()){
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&id_len), sizeof(id_len));
if(VERBOSE){info("First variant ID length: ", id_len);}
char varid[id_len];
bgenfile.read(varid, id_len);
id=std::string(varid);
if(VERBOSE){info("Variant ID: ", id);}
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&id_len), sizeof(id_len));
if(VERBOSE){info("First variant rsID length: ", id_len);}
char varrs[id_len];
bgenfile.read(varrs, id_len);
rsid=std::string(varrs);
if(VERBOSE){info("Variant rsID: ", rsid);}
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&id_len), sizeof(id_len));
if(VERBOSE){info("First variant chr length: ", id_len);}
char varchr[id_len];
bgenfile.read(varchr, id_len);
chr=std::string(varchr);
if(VERBOSE){info("Variant chr: ", chr);}
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&pos), sizeof(pos));
if(VERBOSE){info("Variant position: ", pos);}
//alleles
unsigned short num_alleles;
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&num_alleles), sizeof(num_alleles));
if(VERBOSE){info("Variant has ", num_alleles, "alleles");}
string alleles[num_alleles];
for(int i=0;i<num_alleles;i++){
uint32_t len_allele;
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&len_allele), sizeof(len_allele));
char allele_c[len_allele];
bgenfile.read(allele_c, len_allele);
string allele;
alleles[i] = std::string(allele_c);
if(VERBOSE){info("\t allele ", allele, "(size ", len_allele, ")");}
}
//genotypes
uint32_t len_gblock; // compressed size
uint32_t len_ugblock; // uncompressed size
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&len_gblock), sizeof(len_gblock));
bgenfile.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&len_ugblock), sizeof(len_ugblock));
long unsigned int len_ugblock_l=(long unsigned int)len_ugblock;
long unsigned int len_gblock_l=(long unsigned int)len_gblock;
char gblock[len_gblock-4]; // read compressed block
bgenfile.read(gblock, len_gblock-4);
uint8_t dest[len_ugblock];
int unzip_code;
unsigned char* gblock_u=reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(gblock);
if(VERBOSE){info("Compressed genotype block of size: ", len_gblock_l);}
if(VERBOSE){info("Uncompressed genotype block size: ", len_ugblock_l);}
unzip_code=uncompress(dest, &len_ugblock_l, gblock_u, len_gblock_l);
if(VERBOSE){info("Decompress returned ",unzip_code);}
uint8_t* temp=&dest[0];
uint8_t snum[4];
memcpy(&snum, temp, 4);
uint32_t ns=*reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(snum);
if(VERBOSE){info("Number of samples in this variant: ",ns);}
temp+=4;
uint8_t numall_p[2];
memcpy(numall_p, temp, 2);
int numall=*reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(numall_p);
if(VERBOSE){info("Number of alleles for this variant: ",numall);}
temp+=2;
uint8_t maxpl[1];
memcpy(maxpl, temp, 1);
if(VERBOSE){info("Min ploidy for this variant: ",(int)*maxpl);}
temp+=1;
uint8_t minpl[1];
memcpy(minpl, temp, 1);
if(VERBOSE){info("Max ploidy for this variant: ",(int)*minpl);}
// reading ploidy and missingness information
temp+=1;
uint8_t ploidy[ns];
memcpy(ploidy, temp, ns);
// reading phasedness
temp+=ns;
uint8_t phased[1];
memcpy(phased, temp, 1);
if(VERBOSE){info("Data is phased: ",(int)*phased);}
// reading number of bits per genotype
temp+=1;
uint8_t nbits[1];
memcpy(nbits, temp, 1);
if(VERBOSE){info("Data is stored in ",(int)*nbits, "bits.");}
float flnb=(float) (2<< nbits[0] -1);
temp+=1;
// probabilities are stored depending on ploidy and allele number per sample.
// they cannot be read in one go.
// genotype assignment loop
bool missingness[ns];
unsigned long int totmiss=0;
for(int i = 0; i < ns; ++i){
uint8_t prob;
missingness[i]=ploidy[i] & 128;
totmiss+=missingness[i];
ploidy[i] <<= 1;
ploidy[i] >>= 1;
int numprob=(ploidy[i]+numall-1)*choose(numall-1, numall-1)-1;
// read genotype
// the following assumes that probabilities are always stored in 8-bit rep, i.e. nbits==8 always
uint8_t probs[numprob];
memcpy(probs, temp, numprob);
temp+=numprob;
float sump=1;
float dosage=0;
for (unsigned int j=0; j<numprob; j++){
float flpr=(float) probs[j];
flpr=flpr/flnb;
sump-=flpr;
dosage+=(float)j*flpr;
//cout << flpr<< ":";
}
dosage+=2*sump;
//cout << dosage <<" ";
}
//cout << "\n";
if(VERBOSE){info("Total ploidy is ", ploidy);}
// float fns=(float)ns*2;
// float fpl=(float)ploidy;
// float fms=(float)totmiss;
// std::cout << id<<"\t"<<rsid<<"\t" << (int)*minpl <<"\t" <<fns<<"\t"<< fpl<<"\t"<< fms <<"\t"<<fpl/(fns-totmiss) <<"\n";
}
}
// char zipped_block_c[len_gblock];
// bgenfile.read(zipped_block_c, len_gblock);
// string zipped_block;
// zipped_block=std::string(zipped_block_c);
// info(uncompress(zipped_block_c, 0));
<file_sep>/README.md
# b-fast
A basic C++ library to speedily parse (and hopefully one day write) BGEN files. This was started mainly out of curiosity and is currently in an unfinished state. Therefore, it should be considered as being devoid of practical purpose and has no ambition of becoming a real tool whatsoever.
`bgen_parser.h` currently exposes:
* `file_info parse_header(ifstream & bgenfile, bool VERBOSE)`, which reads the header of a BGEN file open in an `ifstream` passed as argument. This is returned as a `file_info` struct.
* `BGEN_RETURN_CODE write_header(ofstream & bgenfile, file_info f_info)`, which writes a header contained in a `file_info` struct to an ofstream. Currently unfinished.
`bgenfun.cpp` contains a few lines of code to read and parse genotype information.
`helper.h` contains the `info(...)` and `error(...)` methods, as well as the combinatorics `choose(k,n)` function.
|
f4be6a1290da386fd8db79a4301830c9dc6391ec
|
[
"Markdown",
"C++"
] | 4
|
C++
|
agilly/b-fast
|
a8fbc72d2a93f75efd02c40f2494b09bfbe197ec
|
6892898a2e4803dbd1c1275efeb274ed8b060cc3
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>curl 'http://127.0.0.1/api/expenses/update' \
-H 'authority: bosspy-test.xiaojiaoyu100.com' \
-H 'sec-ch-ua: "Google Chrome";v="93", " Not;A Brand";v="99", "Chromium";v="93"' \
-H 'x-version: 3.6.0-alpha.6' \
-H 'sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0' \
-H 'authorization: Bearer <KEY>kwXm8jmGAo4S-Di7JM30zEfUGeg' \
-H 'content-type: application/json;charset=UTF-8' \
-H 'accept: application/json, text/plain, */*' \
-H 'user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/93.0.4577.63 Safari/537.36' \
-H 'x-source: BOSS' \
-H 'sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"' \
-H 'origin: https://bosspy-test.xiaojiaoyu100.com' \
-H 'sec-fetch-site: same-origin' \
-H 'sec-fetch-mode: cors' \
-H 'sec-fetch-dest: empty' \
-H 'referer: https://bosspy-test.xiaojiaoyu100.com/console/student-management/list' \
-H 'accept-language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8' \
-H 'cookie: gr_user_id=2f15527c-7623-4c88-b0e4-6ad85a8437a5; grwng_uid=f645a3cf-361a-417d-8c58-23fa4512a08e; 80cc4affb69c1130_gr_last_sent_cs1=X55427; bd183afb0d5cb45c_gr_last_sent_cs1=X55427; 80cc4affb69c1130_gr_cs1=X55427; aace305c8b58ec2e_gr_last_sent_cs1=linyouxun1; aace305c8b58ec2e_gr_session_id=d3fe9e0c-a8d6-42a5-ad05-b858ebff588c; aace305c8b58ec2e_gr_last_sent_sid_with_cs1=d3fe9e0c-a8d6-42a5-ad05-b858ebff588c; aace305c8b58ec2e_gr_session_id_d3fe9e0c-a8d6-42a5-ad05-b858ebff588c=true; sessionac-test=MTYzMTQ0MTk0M3xEdi1CQkFFQ180SUFBUkFCRUFBQVFQLUNBQUVHYzNSeWFXNW5EQkFBRG5WelpYSkpSQzFVWlhOMGFXNW5Cbk4wY21sdVp3d2FBQmcxWlRaaU1qSXhZakk1WXpaallqQXdNREZtTmpOaFpEUT18BQy1_8Q01YcOdoShSv72l6r8wr8in7IK6y024rWHGME=; session_ac_ex_test=0; aace305c8b58ec2e_gr_cs1=linyouxun1' \
--data-raw '{"id":"2","accountId":"2","type":"购物","useTime":"2021-08-01 12:22","remark":"","money":2300}' \
--compressed<file_sep>function toSqlString(params, join = " and ") {
return Object.keys(params)
.map((ele) => `${ele} = ?`)
.join(join);
}
function insert(tableName, params = {}) {
return `INSERT INTO ${tableName}(${Object.keys(params).join(
", "
)}) VALUES(${Object.keys(params)
.map((_) => "?")
.join(", ")})`;
}
function query(tableName, params = {}) {
var extra = "";
if (Object.keys(params).length > 0) {
extra = "where " + toSqlString(params);
}
return `SELECT * FROM ${tableName} ${extra || ""}`;
}
function update(tableName, params = {}, where = {}) {
var set = "";
if (Object.keys(params).length > 0) {
set = "SET " + toSqlString(params, ", ");
}
var whereStr = "";
if (Object.keys(where).length > 0) {
whereStr = "WHERE " + toSqlString(where);
}
return `UPDATE ${tableName} ${set || ""} ${whereStr || ""}`;
}
function deleteSql(tableName, params = {}) {
var extra = "";
if (Object.keys(params).length > 0) {
extra = "where " + toSqlString(params);
}
return `DELETE FROM ${tableName} ${extra || ""}`;
}
module.exports = {
insert,
query,
update,
delete: deleteSql,
};
<file_sep>curl 'http://127.0.0.1/api/expenses/list' \
-H 'Connection: keep-alive' \
-H 'X-WX-SERVICE: account' \
-H 'X-WECHAT-CONTAINER-PATH: /api/expenses/list' \
-H 'X-WECHAT-CALL-ID: 0.24993343300632964_1631515067577' \
-H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 10_3_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/603.1.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/10.0 Mobile/14E304 Safari/602.1 wechatdevtools/1.05.2108130 MicroMessenger/8.0.5 Language/zh_CN webview/' \
-H 'X-WECHAT-ENV: account-8gjt64jg11892b13' \
-H 'content-type: application/json' \
-H 'Accept: */*' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-Site: cross-site' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors' \
-H 'Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty' \
-H 'Referer: https://servicewechat.com/wx9489128007aafc1a/devtools/page-frame.html' \
--data-binary '{"useTime":"2021-08-01"}' \
--compressed<file_sep>var express = require("express");
var router = express.Router();
var db = require("../config/db"); //引入db
var sql = require("../config/sql/account");
router.post("/account/list", function (req, res, next) {
db.query(sql.query(), function (err, rows) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "未知错误", data: [] });
}
res.send({ code: 200, data: rows });
});
});
router.post("/account/add", function (req, res, next) {
const { name = "", openid = "", password = "" } = req.body;
db.queryArgs(sql.query({ openid }), [openid], function (err, rows) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "未知错误" });
}
if (rows.length > 0) {
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "已绑定openId" });
} else {
db.queryArgs(
sql.insert({ name, openid, password }),
[name, openid, password],
function (err, rows) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({
code: 400,
msg: "新增数据失败",
data: { name, openid, password },
});
return;
}
res.send({
code: 200,
msg: "新增数据成功",
data: { name, openid, password },
});
}
);
}
});
});
router.post("/account/update", function (req, res, next) {
const { name = "", openid = "", password = "", id = "" } = req.body;
if (!id) {
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "id未填写" });
}
const params = { name, openid, password, updateTime: Date.now() };
db.queryArgs(sql.query({ id }), [id], function (err, rows) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "未知错误" });
}
if (rows.length > 0) {
db.queryArgs(
sql.update(params, { id }),
[name, openid, password, new Date(), id],
function (err, rows) {
console.log(rows);
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({
code: 400,
msg: "更新数据失败",
data: params,
});
return;
}
res.send({
code: 200,
msg: "更新数据成功",
data: params,
});
}
);
} else {
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "id不存在" });
}
});
});
router.post("/account/delete", function (req, res, next) {
const { id = "" } = req.body;
if (!id) {
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "id未填写" });
}
const params = { id };
db.queryArgs(sql.query(params), Object.values(params), function (err, rows) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "未知错误" });
}
if (rows.length > 0) {
db.queryArgs(
sql.delete(params),
Object.values(params),
function (err, rows) {
console.log(rows);
if (err) {
console.log(err);
res.send({
code: 400,
msg: "删除数据失败",
data: params,
});
return;
}
res.send({
code: 200,
msg: "删除数据成功",
data: params,
});
}
);
} else {
res.send({ code: 400, msg: "id不存在" });
}
});
});
module.exports = router;
|
03ddb8410c58bbddaf25d621bd72334fb8f36d19
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Shell"
] | 4
|
Shell
|
linyouxun/wx-account
|
d5e59fcdd97e29910d65890088e00f1993c00d84
|
76b9a189ba7bb29679f67807dfbcca7ac35bd30b
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>yemutex/bach<file_sep>/linked_list/reverse_test.py
from nose.tools import *
import reverse
def test_reverse():
# Linked list is None
assert_raises(TypeError, reverse.reverse, None)
# Linked list has 1 item
item = reverse.Node(1, None)
h = reverse.reverse(item)
assert_equal(1, h.value)
# Linked list has 2 items
item2 = reverse.Node(2, None)
item1 = reverse.Node(1, item2)
h = reverse.reverse(item1)
assert_equal(2, h.value)
assert_equal(1, h.next.value)
# Linked list has 5 items
item5 = reverse.Node(5, None)
item4 = reverse.Node(4, item5)
item3 = reverse.Node(3, item4)
item2 = reverse.Node(2, item3)
item1 = reverse.Node(1, item2)
h = reverse.reverse(item1)
assert_equal(5, h.value)
assert_equal(4, h.next.value)
assert_equal(3, h.next.next.value)
assert_equal(2, h.next.next.next.value)
assert_equal(1, h.next.next.next.next.value)
assert_equal(None, h.next.next.next.next.next)
<file_sep>/leetcode/323.connected_components.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, n, edges):
vertices = set(range(n))
components = 0
neighbors = {i: [] for i in range(n)}
for v1, v2 in edges:
neighbors[v1].append(v2)
neighbors[v2].append(v1)
stack = []
visited = set()
while len(vertices) > 0:
vertex = vertices.pop()
stack.append(vertex)
visited.add(vertex)
while len(stack) > 0:
node = stack.pop()
for item in neighbors[node]:
if item not in visited:
stack.append(item)
if item in vertices:
vertices.remove(item)
visited.add(node)
components += 1
return components
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example1(self):
edges = [[0, 1], [1, 2], [3, 4]]
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(5, edges), 2)
def test_example2(self):
edges = [[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]]
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(5, edges), 1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/993.cousins_in_bst.js
var d, p;
/**
*@param {TreeNode} root
* @param {number} x
* @param {number} y
* @return {boolean}
*/
var isCousins = function(root, x, y) {
find(root, x, 0, null);
const xDepth = d;
const xParent = p;
find(root, y, 0, null);
const yDepth = d;
const yParent = p;
return xDepth === yDepth && xParent !== yParent;
};
function find(root, target, depth, parent) {
if (!root) return false;
if (root.val === target) {
d = depth;
p = parent;
return;
}
find(root.left, target, depth+1, root);
find(root.right, target, depth+1, root);
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/69.sqrtx.js
/**
* @param {number} x
* @return {number}
*/
var mySqrt = function(x) {
if (x < 2) return x;
var lo = 0, hi = x - 1;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
if (mid*mid > x) {
hi = mid - 1;
} else if (mid*mid < x) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
return mid;
}
}
return hi;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/436.find_right_interval.js
const assert = require('assert');
const _ = require('lodash');
function find(intervals, query) {
var lo = 0, hi = intervals.length-1;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
if (query.end < intervals[mid].start) {
hi = mid -1 ;
} else if (query.end > intervals[mid].start) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
return intervals[mid];
}
}
if (lo >= intervals.length) {
return -1;
}
return intervals[lo];
}
/**
* @param {Interval[]} intervals
* @return {number[]}
*/
var findRightInterval = function(intervals) {
var result = Array(intervals.length).fill(null);
var lookup = {};
// set up a map for original index lookup
for (let i = 0; i < intervals.length; i++) {
let key = `${intervals[i].start},${intervals[i].end}`;
lookup[key] = i;
}
var sortedIntervals = _.sortBy(intervals, interval => {
return interval.start;
});
for (let i = 0; i < intervals.length; i++) {
let interval = find(sortedIntervals, intervals[i]);
let key = `${interval.start},${interval.end}`;
result[i] = (interval === -1) ? -1 : lookup[key];
}
return result;
};
function Interval(start, end) {
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
}
var interval1 = new Interval(3, 4);
var interval2 = new Interval(2, 3);
var interval3 = new Interval(1, 2);
console.log(findRightInterval([interval1, interval2, interval3]));
<file_sep>/leetcode/6.zigzag.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, s, num_rows):
if num_rows == 1:
return s
letters = []
for i in range(num_rows):
letters.append([])
index = 0
zig = True # otherwise zag
for value in s:
letters[index].append(value)
if zig:
index += 1
if index == (num_rows-1):
zig = False
else:
index -= 1
if index == 0:
zig = True
for i in range(num_rows):
letters[i] = ''.join(letters[i])
return ''.join(letters)
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
result = Solution().solve('PAYPALISHIRING', 3)
self.assertEqual(result, 'PAHNAPLSIIGYIR')
def test_one_row(self):
result = Solution().solve('AB', 1)
self.assertEqual(result, 'AB')
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/linked_list/circular_spec.rb
require_relative 'circular'
describe "Tests for circular linked lists: " do
it "should indicate when there is no loop" do
a = Node.new
b = Node.new
c = Node.new
a.next = b
b.next = c
c.next = nil
Circular.has_circle?(a).should be_false
end
it "should work when the whole list is a loop" do
a = Node.new
b = Node.new
c = Node.new
a.next = b
b.next = c
c.next = a
Circular.has_circle?(a).should be(a)
end
it "should work when the list has a loop" do
a = Node.new
b = Node.new
c = Node.new
d = Node.new
e = Node.new
a.next = b
b.next = c
c.next = d
d.next = e
e.next = c
Circular.has_circle?(a).should be(c)
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/594.longest_harmonious.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var findLHS = function(nums) {
let h = {};
let count = 0;
for (let num of nums) {
if (h[num] === undefined) {
h[num] = 1;
} else {
h[num]++;
}
}
for (let key in h) {
let tmp = h[key];
if (h[parseInt(key)+1]) {
tmp += h[parseInt(key)+1];
if (tmp > count) {
count = tmp;
}
}
}
return count;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/526.beautiful_arrangement.js
const assert = require('assert');
const _ = require('underscore');
var countArrangement = function(n) {
var counter = 0;
var nums = _.range(1, n+1);
function beautiful(value, index) {
return (value % index === 0) || (index % value === 0);
}
function arrange(candidates, partial) {
if (candidates.length === 0) {
counter++;
return;
} else {
for (var i = 0; i < candidates.length; i++) {
if (beautiful(candidates[i], partial.length+1)) {
var newCandidates = candidates.slice();
var newPartial = partial.slice();
newCandidates.splice(i, 1);
newPartial.push(candidates[i]);
arrange(newCandidates, newPartial);
}
}
}
}
arrange(nums, []);
return counter;
};
assert.strictEqual(countArrangement(2), 2);
assert.strictEqual(countArrangement(3), 3);
<file_sep>/interview_cake/stock_price.py
import unittest
def get_max_profit(stock_prices):
if not stock_prices or len(stock_prices) < 2:
raise TypeError
min_price = stock_prices[0]
max_profit = stock_prices[1] - stock_prices[0]
for index, price in enumerate(stock_prices):
if index == 0:
continue
if price - min_price > max_profit:
max_profit = price - min_price
if price < min_price:
min_price = price
return max_profit
class MaxProfitTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
prices = [10, 7, 5, 8, 11, 9]
self.assertEqual(get_max_profit(prices), 6)
def test_monotonically_decreasing(self):
prices = [10, 9, 7, 6, 5, 2, 1]
self.assertEqual(get_max_profit(prices), -1)
def test_single_value(self):
prices = [100]
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
get_max_profit(prices)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/find_duplicate.py
import unittest
def find_duplicate(values):
floor, ceiling = 1, max(values)
while floor < ceiling:
mid = (floor + (ceiling-floor)) / 2
lower_floor, lower_ceiling = floor, mid
upper_floor, upper_ceiling = mid+1, ceiling
lower_items = 0
for value in values:
if value >= lower_floor and value <= lower_ceiling:
lower_items += 1
if lower_items > (lower_ceiling + 1 - lower_floor):
floor, ceiling = lower_floor, lower_ceiling
else:
floor, ceiling = upper_floor, upper_ceiling
return floor
class FindDuplicateTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
values = [8, 6, 3, 1, 2, 10, 5, 2, 9, 2, 7]
self.assertEqual(find_duplicate(values), 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/840.magic_squares.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[][]} grid
* @return {number}
*/
var numMagicSquaresInside = function(grid) {
if (grid.length < 3 || grid[0].length < 3) return 0;
let result = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < grid.length-2; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j < grid[0].length-2; j++) {
let square = [
grid[i][j], grid[i][j+1], grid[i][j+2],
grid[i+1][j], grid[i+1][j+1], grid[i+1][j+2],
grid[i+2][j], grid[i+2][j+1], grid[i+2][j+2],
];
if (magic(square)) result++;
}
}
return result;
function magic(s) {
return (s[0] + s[1] + s[2]) === 15 &&
(s[3] + s[4] + s[5]) === 15 &&
(s[6] + s[7] + s[8]) === 15 &&
(s[0] + s[3] + s[6]) === 15 &&
(s[1] + s[4] + s[7]) === 15 &&
(s[2] + s[5] + s[8]) === 15 &&
(s[0] + s[4] + s[8]) === 15 &&
(s[2] + s[4] + s[6]) === 15 &&
_.isEqual(_.sortBy(s), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
}
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/48.rotate_image.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, matrix):
# clock-wise rotate
# 1 2 3 7 8 9 7 4 1
# 4 5 6 -> 4 5 6 -> 8 5 2
# 7 8 9 1 2 3 9 6 3
matrix.reverse()
for i in range(len(matrix)):
for j in range(i):
matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i] = matrix[j][i], matrix[i][j]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
m1 = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
r1 = [[7, 4, 1], [8, 5, 2], [9, 6, 3]]
Solution().solve(m1)
self.assertEqual(m1, r1)
m2 = [[5, 1, 9, 11],
[2, 4, 8, 10],
[13, 3, 6, 7],
[15, 14, 12, 16]]
r2 = [[15, 13, 2, 5],
[14, 3, 4, 1],
[12, 6, 8, 9],
[16, 7, 10, 11]]
Solution().solve(m2)
self.assertEqual(m2, r2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/101.js
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
import assert from 'assert';
import _ from 'lodash';
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {boolean}
*/
var isSymmetric = function(root) {
const left = [];
const right = [];
function traverse(node, depth, leftFirst) {
if (!node) {
if (leftFirst) {
left.push([null, depth]);
} else {
right.push([null, depth]);
}
return;
}
if (leftFirst) {
traverse(node.left, depth+1, true);
left.push([node.val, depth]);
traverse(node.right, depth+1, true);
} else {
traverse(node.right, depth+1, false);
right.push([node.val, depth]);
traverse(node.left, depth+1, false);
}
}
traverse(root, 0, true);
traverse(root, 0, false);
return _.isEqual(left, right);
};
// Tests
const root1 = new TreeNode(1);
root1.left = new TreeNode(2);
root1.right = new TreeNode(2);
root1.left.left = new TreeNode(3);
root1.left.right = new TreeNode(4);
root1.right.left = new TreeNode(4);
root1.right.right = new TreeNode(3);
assert(isSymmetric(root1));
const root2 = new TreeNode(1);
root2.left = new TreeNode(2);
root2.right = new TreeNode(2);
root2.left.left = new TreeNode(2);
root2.right.left = new TreeNode(2);
assert(!isSymmetric(root2));
const root3 = new TreeNode(2);
root3.left = new TreeNode(3);
root3.right = new TreeNode(3);
root3.left.left = new TreeNode(4);
root3.left.right = new TreeNode(5);
root3.right.right = new TreeNode(4);
assert(!isSymmetric(root3));
<file_sep>/interview_cake/coin.py
import unittest
def making_change_recursive_helper(amount_remaining, denominations, current):
if amount_remaining == 0:
return 1
if amount_remaining < 0:
return 0
if current == len(denominations):
return 0
current_coin = denominations[current]
count = 0
while amount_remaining >= 0:
count += making_change_recursive_helper(
amount_remaining, denominations, current+1)
amount_remaining -= current_coin
return count
def making_change_recursive(amount, denominations):
return making_change_recursive_helper(amount, denominations, 0)
class Change:
def __init__(self):
self.memo = {}
def __make_helper(self, amount_remaining, denominations, current):
if amount_remaining == 0:
return 1
if amount_remaining < 0:
return 0
if current == len(denominations):
return 0
current_coin = denominations[current]
key = str((amount_remaining, current_coin))
if key in self.memo:
return self.memo[key]
else:
count = 0
while amount_remaining >= 0:
count += self.__make_helper(
amount_remaining, denominations, current+1)
amount_remaining -= current_coin
self.memo[key] = count
return count
def make(self, amount, denominations):
return self.__make_helper(amount, denominations, 0)
class MakingChangeTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example_recursive(self):
self.assertEqual(making_change_recursive(4, [1, 2, 3]), 4)
def test_example_memoization(self):
self.assertEqual(Change().make(4, [1, 2, 3]), 4)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/414.third_max_number.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var thirdMax = function(nums) {
var first = second = third = -Infinity;
var temp1, temp2;
for (var i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (nums[i] > first) {
temp1 = first;
first = nums[i];
temp2 = second;
second = temp1;
third = temp2;
} else if (nums[i] > second && nums[i] !== first) {
temp2 = second;
second = nums[i];
third = temp2;
} else if (nums[i] > third && nums[i] !== second && nums[i] !== first) {
third = nums[i];
}
}
if (third === -Infinity) {
return first;
}
return third;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/744.smallest_letter_greater_than_target.js
/**
* @param {character[]} letters
* @param {character} target
* @return {character}
*/
var nextGreatestLetter = function(letters, target) {
var lo = 0, hi = letters.length-1;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
if (letters[mid] < target) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else if (letters[mid] > target) {
hi = mid - 1;
} else {
while (letters[mid] === target) {
mid++;
}
return letters[(mid) % letters.length];
}
}
return letters[(lo) % letters.length];
};
<file_sep>/sorting/quick_sort.c
/**
* Quick sort implemented on array.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int part(int a[], int lf, int rt) {
int piv = (lf + rt) / 2;
int temp;
int retval = lf;
temp = a[rt];
a[rt] = a[piv];
a[piv] = temp;
int i;
for (i = lf; i < rt; i++) {
if (a[i] < a[rt]) {
temp = a[retval];
a[retval] = a[i];
a[i] = temp;
retval++;
}
}
temp = a[rt];
a[rt] = a[retval];
a[retval] = temp;
return retval;
}
void qsort(int a[], int left, int right) {
if (left < right) {
int pivot = part(a, left, right);
qsort(a, left, pivot-1);
qsort(a, pivot+1, right);
}
}
int main() {
int n;
int i;
int j;
printf("Enter the number of items to be sorted: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n == 0) {
printf("Invalid input.\n");
return 1;
}
int a[n];
printf("Enter %d items below:\n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
if (n > 1) {
qsort(a, 0, n-1);
}
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (j < n-1)
printf("%d ", a[j]);
else
printf("%d\n", a[j]);
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/linked_list/sum_spec.rb
require_relative 'sum'
describe 'Tests for BigNumber addition: ' do
before :each do
@num = BigNumber.new('1234')
@head = @num.to_list
end
it 'should be able to convert to linked list' do
@head.should respond_to(:value)
@head.should respond_to(:next)
end
it 'should create the linked list with right values' do
@head.value.should eq(4)
@head.next.value.should eq(3)
@head.next.next.value.should eq(2)
@head.next.next.next.value.should eq(1)
@head.next.next.next.next.should eq(nil)
end
it "should support '+' arithmetic" do
@num.should respond_to(:+)
end
describe 'arithmetic details' do
it 'should return a BigNumber' do
other = BigNumber.new('4321')
(@num + other).is_a?(BigNumber).should be_true
(@num + other).is_a?(BigNumber).should be_true
end
it 'should work with equal length lists and no carry over' do
other = BigNumber.new('4321')
(@num + other).value.should eq('5555')
end
it 'should correctly append zeros' do
new_head = BigNumber.append_zeros(@head, 2) # 001234
new_head.value.should eq(4)
new_head.next.value.should eq(3)
new_head.next.next.next.next.value.should eq(0)
new_head.next.next.next.next.next.value.should eq(0)
new_head.next.next.next.next.next.next.should eq(nil)
end
it 'should work with different length lists and no carry over' do
other = BigNumber.new('12345')
(@num + other).value.should eq('13579')
end
it 'should work when there is carry over' do
other = BigNumber.new('3276')
another = BigNumber.new('99776')
(@num + other).value.should eq('4510')
(another + @num).value.should eq('101010')
end
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/1137.js
const assert = require('assert');
/**
* @param {number} n
* @return {number}
*/
var tribonacci = function(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 0;
} else if (n < 3) {
return 1;
} else {
const seq = [0, 1, 1];
while (seq.length < n+1) {
let currLen = seq.length;
seq.push(seq[currLen-1] + seq[currLen-2] + seq[currLen-3]);
}
return seq[seq.length-1];
}
};
assert(tribonacci(4) === 4);
assert(tribonacci(25) === 1389537);
<file_sep>/string/reverse.py
# Reverse a string in place
def reverse(sentence):
letters = list(sentence)
for i in range(len(letters) / 2):
letters[i], letters[-1-i] = letters[-1-i], letters[i]
return ''.join(letters)
<file_sep>/leetcode/70.climb_stairs.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, n):
f = [1] * (n+1)
for i in range(n+1):
if i > 1:
f[i] = f[i-1] + f[i-2]
return f[-1]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/51.n_queens.js
const _ = require('underscore');
var board = [];
var solutions = [];
function validate(board, row, col) {
// row
if (board[row].indexOf('Q') > -1) {
return false;
}
// column
for (let i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
if (board[i][col] === 'Q') {
return false;
}
}
// diagnal
let r = row;
let c = col;
while (r > 0) {
r--;
c--;
if (board[r][c] === 'Q') {
return false;
}
}
r = row;
c = col;
while (r > 0) {
r--;
c++;
if (board[r][c] === 'Q') {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
function placeQueenAt(position) {
let row = '';
for (let i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
row += (i === position) ? 'Q' : '.';
}
return row;
}
function solve(board, currentRow) {
if (currentRow >= board.length) {
solutions.push(board);
return;
}
for (let i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
if (validate(board, currentRow, i)) {
board[currentRow] = placeQueenAt(i);
solve(board.slice(), ++currentRow);
currentRow--;
board[currentRow] = emptyRow(board.length);
}
}
}
function emptyRow(n) {
let row = '';
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
row += '.';
}
return row;
}
/**
* @param {number} n
* @return {string[][]}
*/
var solveNQueens = function(n) {
let row = emptyRow(n);
for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
board.push(row);
}
solve(board, 0);
return solutions;
};
solveNQueens(4);
console.log(solutions);
<file_sep>/leetcode/1002.find_common_characters.js
/**
* @param {string[]} A
* @return {string[]}
*/
var commonChars = function(A) {
let letters = {}, h = [];
for (let i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
h.push({});
}
let result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j < A[i].length; j++) {
letters[A[i][j]] = true;
if (h[i][A[i][j]]) {
h[i][A[i][j]]++;
} else {
h[i][A[i][j]] = 1;
}
}
}
for (let k in letters) {
let common = true;
let counter = [];
for (let i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
if (h[i][k] === undefined) {
common = false;
break;
} else {
counter.push(h[i][k]);
}
}
if (common) {
let n = Math.min(...counter);
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
result.push(k);
}
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/19.remove_from_end_of_list.py
import unittest
from util import ListNode
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, head, n):
p1 = head # slow
p2 = head # fast
prev = head # follows p1
moved_p1 = False
while n > 1:
p2 = p2.next
n -= 1
while p2.next is not None:
p1 = p1.next
p2 = p2.next
if moved_p1 is False:
moved_p1 = True
continue
if moved_p1:
prev = prev.next
# now p1 points to the node to be removed
if prev == p1:
return p1.next
else:
prev.next = p1.next
p1.next = None
return head
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
node1 = ListNode(1)
node2 = ListNode(2)
node3 = ListNode(3)
node4 = ListNode(4)
node5 = ListNode(5)
node1.next = node2
node2.next = node3
node3.next = node4
node4.next = node5
head = Solution().solve(node1, 2)
self.assertEqual(head, node1)
self.assertEqual(head.next, node2)
self.assertEqual(head.next.next, node3)
self.assertEqual(head.next.next.next, node5)
def test_delete_head(self):
node1 = ListNode(1)
node2 = ListNode(2)
node3 = ListNode(3)
node4 = ListNode(4)
node5 = ListNode(5)
node1.next = node2
node2.next = node3
node3.next = node4
node4.next = node5
head = Solution().solve(node1, 5)
self.assertEqual(head, node2)
self.assertEqual(head.next, node3)
self.assertEqual(head.next.next, node4)
self.assertEqual(head.next.next.next, node5)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/566.reshape_matrix.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[][]} nums
* @param {number} r
* @param {number} c
* @return {number[][]}
*/
var matrixReshape = function(nums, r, c) {
var numbers = _.flatten(nums);
var result = [];
var index = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < r; i++) {
let row = [];
for (let j = 0; j < c; j++) {
if (index < numbers.length) {
row.push(numbers[index]);
index++;
} else {
return nums;
}
}
result.push(row);
console.log(result);
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/template.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self):
pass
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/118.pascals_triangle.js
/**
* @param {number} numRows
* @return {number[][]}
*/
var generate = function(numRows) {
if (numRows < 1) return [];
var result = [[1]];
for (var i = 1; i < numRows; i++) {
let row = Array(i+1).fill(0);
for (var j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
row[j] = (result[i-1][j-1] || 0) + (result[i-1][j] || 0);
}
result.push(row);
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/linked_list/remove_duplicates.c
/*
* Remove duplicates from an unsorted linked list without a temporary buffer.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
struct node
{
char value;
struct node *next;
};
/*
* Keep two pointers, 'head' does a normal scan of the list while 'runner'
* iterates through all prior nodes and remove duplicate elements.
*/
struct node *
remove_duplicates(struct node *head)
{
struct node *curr = head;
while (curr != NULL) {
struct node *runner = head;
struct node *prev = NULL;
while (runner != curr) {
if (runner->value == curr->value) {
if (runner == head) {
head = runner->next;
} else {
prev->next = runner->next;
}
runner->next = NULL;
free(runner);
break;
} else {
prev = runner;
runner = runner->next;
}
}
curr = curr->next;
}
return head;
}
void
show_list(struct node *head)
{
while (head != NULL) {
printf("%c", head->value);
head = head->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
/*
* Take an array of char and make a corresponding linked list. Return the head
* of the list.
*/
struct node *
create_list(char *str)
{
int length = strlen(str);
struct node *curr = NULL;
struct node *prev = NULL;
int i;
for (i = length; i >= 0; i--) {
curr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
curr->value = str[i];
if (i == length) {
curr->next = NULL;
} else {
curr->next = prev;
}
prev = curr;
}
return curr;
}
int
main()
{
struct node *head = create_list("hello world");
show_list(head);
struct node *new_head = remove_duplicates(head);
show_list(new_head);
}
<file_sep>/interview_cake/rectangular_love.py
import unittest
def find_intersection(rect1, rect2):
# no intersection
if (rect1['left_x'] + rect1['width'] <= rect2['left_x'] or
rect2['left_x'] + rect2['width'] <= rect1['left_x']):
return None
if (rect1['bottom_y'] + rect1['height'] <= rect2['bottom_y'] or
rect2['bottom_y'] + rect2['height'] <= rect1['bottom_y']):
return None
# completely contain
if (rect1['left_x'] >= rect2['left_x'] and
rect1['bottom_y'] >= rect2['bottom_y'] and
rect1['width'] <= rect2['width'] and
rect1['height'] <= rect2['height']):
return rect1
if (rect2['left_x'] >= rect1['left_x'] and
rect2['bottom_y'] >= rect1['bottom_y'] and
rect2['width'] <= rect1['width'] and
rect2['height'] <= rect1['height']):
return rect2
# partially intersect
return {
'left_x': max(rect1['left_x'], rect2['left_x']),
'bottom_y': max(rect1['bottom_y'], rect2['bottom_y']),
'width': min(
rect1['left_x']+rect1['width'],
rect2['left_x']+rect2['width']) - max(
rect1['left_x'], rect2['left_x']),
'height': min(
rect1['bottom_y']+rect1['height'],
rect2['bottom_y']+rect2['height']) - max(
rect1['bottom_y'], rect2['bottom_y'])}
class RectLoveTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_no_intersection(self):
rect1 = {
'left_x': 1,
'bottom_y': 5,
'width': 4,
'height': 4
}
rect2 = {
'left_x': 6,
'bottom_y': 4,
'width': 4,
'height': 4
}
self.assertEqual(find_intersection(rect1, rect2), None)
def test_partial_intersection(self):
rect1 = {
'left_x': 1,
'bottom_y': 5,
'width': 10,
'height': 5
}
rect2 = {
'left_x': 8,
'bottom_y': 3,
'width': 5,
'height': 3
}
self.assertEqual(find_intersection(rect1, rect2), {
'left_x': 8,
'bottom_y': 5,
'width': 3,
'height': 1
})
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/linked_list/reverse.py
# Reverse the direction of a singly-linked list in O(n) time.
class Node(object):
def __init__(self, value=None, next=None):
self.value = value
self.next = next
def reverse(head):
if not type(head) is Node:
raise TypeError("Argument is not a linked list.")
if head.next is None:
return head
curr = head
prev = head
next = head.next
while next is not None:
if curr == head:
curr.next = None
else:
curr.next = prev
prev = curr
curr = next
next = next.next
curr.next = prev
head = curr
return head
<file_sep>/interview_cake/largest_stack.py
import unittest
from util import Stack
class MaxStack(Stack):
def __init__(self):
super(MaxStack, self).__init__()
self.max_stack = Stack()
def push(self, item):
super(MaxStack, self).push(item)
if len(self.max_stack.items) == 0:
self.max_stack.push(item)
elif len(self.max_stack.items) == 1:
if self.max_stack.peek() > item:
temp = self.max_stack.pop()
self.max_stack.push(item)
self.max_stack.push(temp)
else:
self.max_stack.push(item)
else:
if self.max_stack.peek() is None or self.max_stack.peek() < item:
self.max_stack.push(item)
def pop(self):
item = super(MaxStack, self).pop()
if item == self.get_max():
self.max_stack.pop()
return item
def get_max(self):
return self.max_stack.peek()
class LargestStackTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
s = MaxStack()
s.push(1)
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 1)
s.push(2)
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 2)
s.push(3)
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 3)
s.push(4)
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 4)
s.pop()
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 3)
s.pop()
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 2)
s.pop()
self.assertEqual(s.get_max(), 1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/15.three_sum.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, nums):
triplets = []
nums.sort()
for i in range(len(nums)-2):
if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i-1]:
continue
left = i + 1
right = len(nums) - 1
while left < right:
s = nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right]
if s < 0:
left += 1
elif s > 0:
right -= 1
else:
triplets.append([nums[i], nums[left], nums[right]])
while left < right and nums[left] == nums[left+1]:
left += 1
while left < right and nums[right] == nums[right-1]:
right -= 1
left += 1
right -= 1
return triplets
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
s = [-1, 0, 1, 2, -1, -4]
solution = Solution().solve(s)
self.assertIn([-1, 0, 1], solution)
self.assertIn([-1, -1, 2], solution)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 2)
def test_79(self):
s = [-1, 0, 1]
solution = Solution().solve(s)
self.assertIn([-1, 0, 1], solution)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 1)
def test_123(self):
s = [-4, -2, -2, -2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6]
solution = Solution().solve(s)
self.assertIn([-4, -2, 6], solution)
self.assertIn([-4, 0, 4], solution)
self.assertIn([-4, 1, 3], solution)
self.assertIn([-4, 2, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([-2, -2, 4], solution)
self.assertIn([-2, 0, 2], solution)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 6)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/349.intersection_of_two_arrays.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums1
* @param {number[]} nums2
* @return {number[]}
*/
var intersection = function(nums1, nums2) {
var hash = {};
var result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < nums1.length; i++) {
hash[nums1[i]] = true;
}
for (let j = 0; j < nums2.length; j++) {
if (hash[nums2[j]] && result.indexOf(nums2[j]) < 0) {
result.push(nums2[j]);
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/606.tree2str.js
/**
* @param {TreeNode} t
* @return {string}
*/
var tree2str = function(t) {
if (!t) return '';
if (t.left && t.right) {
return `${t.val}(${tree2str(t.left)})(${tree2str(t.right)})`;
}
if (t.left && !t.right) {
return `${t.val}(${tree2str(t.left)})`;
}
if (!t.left && t.right) {
return `${t.val}()(${tree2str(t.right)})`;
}
if (!t.left && !t.right) {
return `${t.val}`;
}
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/46.permutations.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.permutations = []
def backtrack(self, nums, partial):
if len(nums) == 0:
self.permutations.append(partial)
return
for num in nums:
next_nums = nums[:]
next_partial = partial[:]
next_nums.remove(num)
next_partial.append(num)
self.backtrack(next_nums, next_partial)
def permute(self, nums):
self.backtrack(nums, [])
return self.permutations
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
result = Solution().permute([1, 2, 3])
self.assertEqual(len(result), 6)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/561.array_partition.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var arrayPairSum = function(nums) {
var sorted = _.sortBy(nums);
var i = 0;
var s = 0;
while (i < sorted.length) {
s += sorted[i];
i += 2;
}
return s;
};
<file_sep>/interview_cake/bst_checker.py
import unittest
from util import BinaryTreeNode
def valid_bst(root):
if root is None:
return True
nodes = [(root, -float('inf'), float('inf'))]
while len(nodes):
node, lower_bound, upper_bound = nodes.pop()
if node.value < lower_bound or node.value > upper_bound:
return False
if node.left:
nodes.append((node.left, lower_bound, node.value))
if node.right:
nodes.append((node.right, node.value, upper_bound))
return True
def valid_bst_recursive_helper(node, lower_bound, upper_bound):
if node is None:
return True
if node.value < lower_bound or node.value > upper_bound:
return False
return valid_bst_recursive_helper(
node.left, lower_bound, node.value) and valid_bst_recursive_helper(
node.right, node.value, upper_bound)
def valid_bst_recursive(root):
return valid_bst_recursive_helper(root, -float('inf'), float('inf'))
class BinarySearchTreeCheckerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_valid(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(5)
tree.insert_left(4)
tree.left.insert_left(2)
tree.insert_right(8)
tree.right.insert_left(6)
tree.right.insert_right(10)
# self.assertTrue(valid_bst(tree))
self.assertTrue(valid_bst_recursive(tree))
def test_invalid(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(5)
tree.insert_left(4)
tree.left.insert_left(2)
tree.insert_right(8)
tree.right.insert_left(6)
tree.right.insert_right(3)
# self.assertFalse(valid_bst(tree))
self.assertFalse(valid_bst_recursive(tree))
def test_gotcha(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(50)
tree.insert_left(30)
tree.insert_right(80)
tree.left.insert_left(20)
tree.left.insert_right(60)
tree.right.insert_left(70)
tree.right.insert_right(90)
# self.assertFalse(valid_bst(tree))
self.assertFalse(valid_bst_recursive(tree))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/938.bst_range_sum.js
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @param {number} L
* @param {number} R
* @return {number}
*/
var rangeSumBST = function(root, L, R) {
if (!root) return 0;
if (root.val >= L && root.val <= R) {
return rangeSumBST(root.left, L, R) + rangeSumBST(root.right, L, R) + root.val;
} else {
return rangeSumBST(root.left, L, R) + rangeSumBST(root.right, L, R);
}
};
<file_sep>/util/stack.rb
require_relative 'util'
module Util
class Stack
def initialize
@top = nil
end
def peek
@top.nil? ? nil : @top.value
end
def push(value)
node = Util::Node.new(value)
node.next = @top
@top = node
end
def pop
return nil if self.empty?
temp = @top
@top = @top.next
temp.value
end
def empty?
!!@top.nil?
end
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/225.stack_using_queues.js
/**
* Initialize your data structure here.
*/
var MyStack = function() {
this.pushItems = [];
this.popItems = [];
};
/**
* Push element x onto stack.
* @param {number} x
* @return {void}
*/
MyStack.prototype.push = function(x) {
this.pushItems.push(x);
};
/**
* Removes the element on top of the stack and returns that element.
* @return {number}
*/
MyStack.prototype.pop = function() {
while (this.pushItems.length > 1) {
let item = this.pushItems.shift();
this.popItems.push(item);
}
let result = this.pushItems.shift();
let len = this.popItems.length;
for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
this.pushItems.push(this.popItems.shift());
}
return result;
};
/**
* Get the top element.
* @return {number}
*/
MyStack.prototype.top = function() {
return this.pushItems[this.pushItems.length-1];
};
/**
* Returns whether the stack is empty.
* @return {boolean}
*/
MyStack.prototype.empty = function() {
return this.pushItems.length === 0;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/79.word_search.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def find_neighbors(self, x, y, visited):
def out_of_bound(x, y):
return (x < 0) or (x >= self.height) or (
y < 0) or (y >= self.width)
neighbors = []
if not out_of_bound(x-1, y) and not (x-1, y) in visited.keys():
neighbors.append((x-1, y))
if not out_of_bound(x+1, y) and not (x+1, y) in visited.keys():
neighbors.append((x+1, y))
if not out_of_bound(x, y-1) and not (x, y-1) in visited.keys():
neighbors.append((x, y-1))
if not out_of_bound(x, y+1) and not (x, y+1) in visited.keys():
neighbors.append((x, y+1))
return neighbors
def dfs(self, origin, letters, visited):
if len(letters) < 1:
return True
x, y = origin
letter = letters.pop(0)
if letter != self.board[x][y]:
return False
visited[origin] = True
neighbors = self.find_neighbors(x, y, visited)
if len(neighbors) < 1 and len(letters) < 1:
return True
for neighbor in neighbors:
if self.dfs(neighbor, letters[:], visited):
return True
del visited[origin]
def exist(self, board, word):
self.board = board
self.width = len(board[0])
self.height = len(board)
for i in range(self.height):
for j in range(self.width):
if board[i][j] == word[0] and self.dfs((i, j), list(word), {}):
return True
return False
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
board = [
['A', 'B', 'C', 'E'],
['S', 'F', 'C', 'S'],
['A', 'D', 'E', 'E'],
]
self.assertTrue(Solution().exist(board, 'ABCCED'))
self.assertTrue(Solution().exist(board, 'SEE'))
self.assertFalse(Solution().exist(board, 'ABCB'))
def test_53(self):
board = [
['a', 'b'],
['c', 'd'],
]
self.assertTrue(Solution().exist(board, 'acdb'))
def test_72(self):
board = [
['C', 'A', 'A'],
['A', 'A', 'A'],
['B', 'C', 'D'],
]
self.assertTrue(Solution().exist(board, 'AAB'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/string/word_rotation.rb
# Given two strings s1 and s2, check if s2 is a rotation of s1 using only one
# call to isSubstring (a method checks if one word is a substring of another).
#
# e.g. 'erbottlewat' is a rotation of 'waterbottle'
S1 = 'waterbottle'
S2 = 'erbottlewat'
def rotation? s1, s2
return false if s1.length != s2.length || s1.length == 0
s1s1 = s1 + s1
s1s1.include? s2
end
if rotation? S1, S2
puts "#{S1} is a rotation of #{S2}"
else
puts "#{S1} isn't a rotation of #{S2}"
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/970.powerful_integers.js
/**
* @param {number} x
* @param {number} y
* @param {number} bound
* @return {number[]}
*/
var powerfulIntegers = function(x, y, bound) {
let result = [];
let maxi = 0, maxj = 0;
if (x === 1) {
maxi = 1;
} else {
while (x ** (maxi+1) < bound) {
maxi++;
}
}
if (y === 1) {
maxj = 1;
} else {
while (y ** (maxj+1) < bound) {
maxj++;
}
}
for (let i = 0; i <= maxi; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j <= maxj; j++) {
let prod = x ** i + y ** j;
if (prod <= bound && result.indexOf(prod) < 0) {
result.push(prod);
}
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/234.palindrome_linked_list.py
import unittest
from util import ListNode
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, head):
slow = fast = head
while fast and fast.next:
fast = fast.next.next
slow = slow.next
if fast:
slow = slow.next
# reverse the second half
prev = None
while slow:
next = slow.next
slow.next = prev
prev = slow
slow = next
fast = head
slow = prev
while slow:
if fast.val != slow.val:
return False
fast = fast.next
slow = slow.next
return True
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
node1 = ListNode('a')
node2 = ListNode('b')
node3 = ListNode('b')
node4 = ListNode('a')
node1.next = node2
node2.next = node3
node3.next = node4
self.assertTrue(Solution().solve(node1))
node1 = ListNode('a')
node2 = ListNode('b')
node3 = ListNode('c')
node4 = ListNode('b')
node5 = ListNode('a')
node1.next = node2
node2.next = node3
node3.next = node4
node4.next = node5
self.assertTrue(Solution().solve(node1))
node1 = ListNode('a')
node2 = ListNode('b')
node1.next = node2
self.assertFalse(Solution().solve(node1))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/475.heaters.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[]} houses
* @param {number[]} heaters
* @return {number}
*/
var findRadius = function(houses, heaters) {
var sortedHeaters = _.sortBy(heaters);
var radius = 0;
for (let house of houses) {
let heater = nearestHeater(house);
console.log('heater', heater, house);
if (Math.abs(house-heater) > radius) {
radius = Math.abs(house-heater);
}
}
return radius;
function nearestHeater(house) {
var lo = 0, hi = heaters.length-1;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
if (sortedHeaters[mid] > house) {
hi = mid - 1;
} else if (sortedHeaters[mid] < house) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
return sortedHeaters[mid];
}
}
if (hi < 0) return sortedHeaters[lo];
if (lo > heaters.length-1) return sortedHeaters[hi];
let hiDistance = Math.abs(sortedHeaters[hi]-house);
let loDistance = Math.abs(sortedHeaters[lo]-house);
return (hiDistance > loDistance) ? sortedHeaters[lo] : sortedHeaters[hi];
}
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/155.min_stack.js
/**
* initialize your data structure here.
*/
var MinStack = function() {
this.items = [];
this.min = [];
};
/**
* @param {number} x
* @return {void}
*/
MinStack.prototype.push = function(x) {
this.items.push(x);
let min = this.getMin();
if (min !== undefined) {
this.min.push(Math.min(x, min));
} else {
this.min.push(x);
}
};
/**
* @return {void}
*/
MinStack.prototype.pop = function() {
this.items.pop();
this.min.pop();
};
/**
* @return {number}
*/
MinStack.prototype.top = function() {
return this.items[this.items.length-1];
};
/**
* @return {number}
*/
MinStack.prototype.getMin = function() {
return this.min[this.min.length-1];
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/39.combination_sum.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.combinations = []
def combination_helper(self, candidates, target, partial):
if target == 0:
partial.sort()
if partial not in self.combinations:
self.combinations.append(partial)
elif target > 0:
for candidate in candidates:
partial.append(candidate)
self.combination_helper(
candidates, target-candidate, partial[:])
partial.pop()
def solve(self, candidates, target):
self.combination_helper(candidates, target, [])
return self.combinations
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example1(self):
solution = Solution().solve([2, 3, 6, 7], 7)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 2)
self.assertIn([7], solution)
self.assertIn([2, 2, 3], solution)
def test_example2(self):
solution = Solution().solve([2, 3, 5], 8)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 3)
self.assertIn([2, 2, 2, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([2, 3, 3], solution)
self.assertIn([3, 5], solution)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/sorting/merge_sort.c
/**
* Merge sort implemented on an array.
* This program sorts the input integers in ascending order. It assumes
* the values to be sorted are in a reasonable range.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_VALUE 32767
void merge(int a[], int head, int midpoint , int tail) {
int n1 = midpoint - head + 1;
int n2 = tail - midpoint;
// Prepare two subarrays to copy out the value for merging
// Reserve one more space at the end so the comparison won't
// go out of bounds later
int s1[n1+1];
int s2[n2+1];
int i, j, k;
for (i = 0; i < n1; i++)
s1[i] = a[i+head];
s1[n1] = MAX_VALUE;
for (i = 0; i < n2; i++)
s2[i] = a[i+midpoint+1];
s2[n2] = MAX_VALUE;
i = 0; // index for s1
j = 0; // index for s2
for (k = head; k <= tail; k++) {
if (s1[i] < s2[j]) {
a[k] = s1[i];
i++; // i could go out of bound then s1[i] becomes small
}
else {
a[k] = s2[j];
j++; // j could go out of bound then s2[j] becomes small
}
}
}
void merge_sort(int a[], int head, int tail) {
if (head < tail) {
int midpoint = (head + tail) / 2;
merge_sort(a, head, midpoint);
merge_sort(a, midpoint+1, tail);
merge(a, head, midpoint, tail);
}
}
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter the number of items to be sorted: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n < 1) {
printf("Invalid input.\n");
return 0;
}
int a[n];
int i;
printf("Enter %d items below:\n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
merge_sort(a, 0, n-1);
// Display the output
for (i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
printf("%d\n", a[n-1]);
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/409.longest_palindrome.js
/**
* @param {string} s
* @return {number}
*/
var longestPalindrome = function(s) {
let h = {};
let count = 0;
let len = s.length;
for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
if (h[s[i]] === undefined) {
h[s[i]] = 1;
} else {
h[s[i]]++;
}
}
for (let k in h) {
if (h[k] > 1) {
let x = Math.floor(h[k]/2) * 2;
count += x;
len -= x;
}
}
if (len > 0) {
count++;
}
return count;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/138.list_with_random_pointer.py
import unittest
class RandomListNode(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.label = x
self.next = None
self.random = None
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, head):
if head is None:
return None
nodes = {}
curr = head
while curr:
nodes[curr] = RandomListNode(curr.label)
curr = curr.next
curr = head
while curr:
if curr.next:
nodes[curr].next = nodes[curr.next]
else:
nodes[curr].next = None
if curr.random:
nodes[curr].random = nodes[curr.random]
else:
nodes[curr].random = None
curr = curr.next
return nodes[head]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
node1 = RandomListNode(1)
node2 = RandomListNode(2)
node3 = RandomListNode(3)
node4 = RandomListNode(4)
node1.next = node2
node2.next = node3
node3.next = node4
node1.random = node4
node2.random = node3
node3.random = node3
node4.random = node2
node = Solution().solve(node1)
self.assertEqual(node.label, 1)
self.assertEqual(node.next.label, 2)
self.assertEqual(node.random.label, 4)
node = node.next
self.assertEqual(node.label, 2)
self.assertEqual(node.next.label, 3)
self.assertEqual(node.random.label, 3)
node = node.next
self.assertEqual(node.label, 3)
self.assertEqual(node.next.label, 4)
self.assertEqual(node.random.label, 3)
node = node.next
self.assertEqual(node.label, 4)
self.assertEqual(node.next, None)
self.assertEqual(node.random.label, 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/stolen_breakfast_drone.py
import unittest
def find_unique(values):
unique = 0
for value in values:
unique ^= value
return unique
class StolenBreakfastDroneTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
pass
data = [1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3, 4]
self.assertEqual(find_unique(data), 4)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/products_of_others.py
import unittest
def products_of_others(values):
if len(values) < 2:
raise IndexError
# product of predecessors
predecessors = [1 for i in range(len(values))]
# product of successors
successors = [1 for i in range(len(values))]
for index, value in enumerate(values):
if index == 0:
continue
predecessors[index] = predecessors[index-1] * values[index-1]
i = len(values) - 2
while i >= 0:
successors[i] = successors[i+1] * values[i+1]
i -= 1
products = []
for i in range(len(values)):
products.append(predecessors[i] * successors[i])
return products
class ProductsOfOthersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
data = [1, 7, 3, 4]
self.assertEqual(products_of_others(data), [84, 12, 28, 21])
def test_two(self):
data = [1, 2, 6, 5, 9]
self.assertEqual(products_of_others(data), [540, 270, 90, 108, 60])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/674.longest_continuous_increasing_subsequence.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var findLengthOfLCIS = function(nums) {
if (nums.length < 2) return nums.length;
var len = Array(nums.length).fill(1);
for (let i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (nums[i] > nums[i-1]) {
len[i] = len[i-1] + 1;
}
}
return Math.max(...len);
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/18.four_sum.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def three_sum(self, nums, target):
triplets = []
nums.sort()
for i in range(len(nums)-2):
if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i-1]:
continue
left = i + 1
right = len(nums) - 1
while left < right:
s = nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right]
if s < target:
left += 1
elif s > target:
right -= 1
else:
triplets.append([nums[i], nums[left], nums[right]])
while left < right and nums[left] == nums[left+1]:
left += 1
while left < right and nums[right] == nums[right-1]:
right -= 1
left += 1
right -= 1
return triplets
def solve(self, nums, target):
nums.sort()
results = []
for i in range(len(nums)-3):
if i == 0 or nums[i] != nums[i-1]:
three_sum_results = self.three_sum(nums[i+1:], target-nums[i])
if len(three_sum_results) > 0:
for three_sum_result in three_sum_results:
results.append([nums[i]] + three_sum_result)
return results
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
s = [1, 0, -1, 0, -2, 2]
solution = Solution().solve(s, 0)
self.assertIn([-1, 0, 0, 1], solution)
self.assertIn([-2, -1, 1, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([-2, 0, 0, 2], solution)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/tree/find_median.py
# Find Median
# www.hackerrank.com/challenges/find-median-1
import sys
n = int(sys.stdin.readline())
for i in range(n):
value = int(sys.stdin.readline())
<file_sep>/leetcode/174.dungeon_game.py
import unittest
import copy
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, dungeon):
length, width = len(dungeon), len(dungeon[0])
health = copy.deepcopy(dungeon)
for i in reversed(range(0, length)):
for j in reversed(range(0, width)):
if (i == length-1) and (j == width-1):
health[i][j] = max(1, 1 - dungeon[length-1][width-1])
elif i == length-1:
health[i][j] = max(1, health[i][j+1] - dungeon[i][j])
elif j == width-1:
health[i][j] = max(1, health[i+1][j] - dungeon[i][j])
else:
health[i][j] = max(1, min(
health[i+1][j], health[i][j+1]) - dungeon[i][j])
return health[0][0]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
dungeon = [
[-2, -3, 3],
[-5, -10, 1],
[10, 30, -5]
]
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(dungeon), 7)
def test_1(self):
dungeon = [
[0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, -1]
]
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(dungeon), 1)
def test_2(self):
dungeon = [
[1, -3, 3],
[0, -2, 0],
[-3, -3, -3]
]
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(dungeon), 3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/bracket_validator.py
import unittest
def validate(brackets):
stack = [brackets[0]]
brackets = brackets[1:]
for bracket in brackets:
if bracket == ')' and stack[len(stack)-1] == '(':
stack.pop()
elif bracket == ']' and stack[len(stack)-1] == '[':
stack.pop()
elif bracket == '}' and stack[len(stack)-1] == '{':
stack.pop()
else:
stack.append(bracket)
return len(stack) == 0
class BracketValidatorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example1(self):
self.assertTrue(validate('{[]()}'))
def test_example2(self):
self.assertFalse(validate('{[(])}'))
def test_example3(self):
self.assertFalse(validate('{[}'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/454.4sum_ii.js
/**
* @param {number[]} A
* @param {number[]} B
* @param {number[]} C
* @param {number[]} D
* @return {number}
*/
var fourSumCount = function(A, B, C, D) {
var lookup = {};
var length = A.length;
var counter = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
for (var j = 0; j < length; j++) {
if (lookup[A[i]+B[j]]) {
lookup[A[i]+B[j]]++;
} else {
lookup[A[i]+B[j]] = 1;
}
}
}
for (var k = 0; k < length; k++) {
for (var l = 0; l < length; l++) {
if (lookup[-(C[k]+D[l])]) {
counter += lookup[-(C[k]+D[l])];
}
}
}
return counter;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/441.arranging_coins.js
/**
* @param {number} n
* @return {number}
*/
var arrangeCoins = function(n) {
var i = 0;
while (n >= 0) {
i++;
n -= i;
}
return i-1;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/200.number_of_islands.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, grid):
if len(grid) < 1:
return 0
self.n, self.m = len(grid), len(grid[0])
self.grid = [list(s) for s in grid]
num_islands = 0
for i in range(self.n):
for j in range(self.m):
if self.grid[i][j] == '1':
self.dfs_mark(self.grid, i, j)
num_islands += 1
return num_islands
def dfs_mark(self, grid, i, j):
if i < 0 or i > self.n-1 or j < 0 or j > self.m-1 or grid[i][j] != '1':
return
grid[i][j] = '0'
self.dfs_mark(self.grid, i-1, j)
self.dfs_mark(self.grid, i+1, j)
self.dfs_mark(self.grid, i, j-1)
self.dfs_mark(self.grid, i, j+1)
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example1(self):
grid = ['11110', '11010', '11000', '00000']
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(grid), 1)
def test_example2(self):
grid = ['11000', '11000', '00100', '00011']
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(grid), 3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/605.can_place_flowers.js
/**
* @param {number[]} flowerbed
* @param {number} n
* @return {boolean}
*/
var canPlaceFlowers = function(flowerbed, n) {
let i = 0, j = flowerbed.length-1;
let l2r = r2l = n;
while (i < flowerbed.length) {
if (!flowerbed[i-1] && !flowerbed[i+1] && !flowerbed[i]) {
l2r--;
i += 2;
} else {
i++;
}
}
if (l2r < 1) return true;
while (j > -1) {
if (!flowerbed[j-1] && !flowerbed[j+1] && !flowerbed[j]) {
r2l--;
j -= 2;
} else {
j--;
}
}
if (r2l < 1) return true;
return false;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/60.permutation_sequence.py
import math
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, n, k):
nums = range(1, n+1)
result = []
k = k - 1
while k > 0:
q = k / math.factorial(n-1)
r = k % math.factorial(n-1)
digit = nums[q]
result.append(digit)
nums.remove(digit)
n -= 1
k = r
result += nums
return ''.join(map(str, result))
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(3, 3), '213')
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(4, 9), '2314')
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/167.2sum_ii.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[]} numbers
* @param {number} target
* @return {number[]}
*/
var twoSum = function(numbers, target) {
var lo = 0, hi = numbers.length-1;
while (lo < hi) {
if (numbers[lo] + numbers[hi] < target) {
lo++;
} else if (numbers[lo] + numbers[hi] > target) {
hi--;
} else {
return [lo+1, hi+1];
}
}
};
<file_sep>/queue/truck_tour.py
# Truck Tour
# www.hackerrank.com/challenges/truck-tour
import sys
# Given that the truck moves 1 km for each litre of petrol, a petrol pump
# with, say, 5L of petrol and 3km to the next pump is equivalent of that
# pump having only 2L petrol but 0km to the next pump. Therefore, an example
# circle of four petrol pumps
#
# 1km 0km
# 5L--------2L 1L--------1L
# | | | |
# 4km | | 2km becomes 0km | | 0km
# | | | |
# 1L--------10L -7L--------8L
# 8km 0km
#
# Now we simply start from anywhere and keep a counter of the current
# cumulative petrol level. Whenever it dips below zero we know the truck won't
# make the full circle, so we reset the counter and use the next pump as the
# new starting point.
n = int(sys.stdin.readline())
distances = []
for i in range(n):
values = sys.stdin.readline().split(' ')
values = map(int, values)
distances.append(values[0] - values[1])
current_sum = 0
start_pump = -1
for index, distance in enumerate(distances):
current_sum += distance
if current_sum >= 0:
if start_pump < 0:
start_pump = index
else:
current_sum = 0
start_pump = -1
print start_pump
<file_sep>/util/stack_spec.rb
require_relative 'stack'
module Util
describe "Stack Tests: " do
before(:each) do
@stack = Stack.new
end
it "should be able to peek" do
names = %w(bing bang bosh)
names.each { |name| @stack.push(name) }
@stack.peek.should == 'bosh'
end
it "should properly push" do
numbers = [3, 1, 5, 1, 5, 9]
numbers.each { |num| @stack.push(num) }
@stack.peek.should == 9
@stack.push(2)
@stack.peek.should == 2
end
describe "pop" do
before(:each) do
3.times { @stack.push(2) }
end
it "should pop some elements" do
2.times { @stack.pop }
@stack.empty?.should be_false
end
it "should pop all elements" do
3.times { @stack.pop }
@stack.empty?.should be_true
end
it "should return popped element" do
result = @stack.pop
result.should == 2
end
end
it "should know when empty" do
@stack.empty?.should be_true
@stack.push(1)
@stack.empty?.should be_false
end
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/96.unique_bst.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def num_trees(self, n):
'''
Number of unique trees = number of unique left subtrees * number
of unique right subtrees. Therefore, the formulation is:
F(n) = F(0)*F(n-1) + F(1)*F(n-2) + ... + F(n-2)*F(1) + F(n-1)*F(0)
'''
if n == 1:
return 1
f = [1] * (n+1)
f[1] = 1
f[2] = 2
for i in xrange(n+1):
if i > 2:
f[i] = sum([f[j] * f[i-1-j] for j in range(i)])
return f[-1]
class UniqueBSTTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_3(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().num_trees(3), 5)
def test_4(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().num_trees(4), 14)
def test_5(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().num_trees(5), 42)
def test_6(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().num_trees(6), 132)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/stack/sort.rb
# Sort a stack in ascending order with only push, pop, peek, and isEmpty.
require_relative '../util/util'
class SortStack
def self.sort(stack)
temp = Util::Stack.new
result = Util::Stack.new
while !stack.empty? || !temp.empty?
if stack.empty?
base, alt = temp, stack
else
base, alt = stack, temp
end
max = base.pop
while curr = base.pop
if curr < max
alt.push(curr)
else
alt.push(max)
max = curr
end
end
result.push(max)
end
result
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/559.max_depth.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {Node} root
* @return {number}
*/
var maxDepth = function(root) {
if (!root) return 0;
if (!root.children) return 1;
let maxdepth = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < root.children.length; i++) {
const d = maxDepth(root.children[i]);
if (maxDepth(d > maxdepth)) {
maxdepth = d;
}
}
return maxdepth+1;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/16.three_sum_closest.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, nums, target):
closest_sum = float('inf')
nums.sort()
for i in range(len(nums)-2):
if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i-1]:
continue
left = i + 1
right = len(nums) - 1
while left < right:
s = nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right]
if s < target:
if abs(target - s) < abs(target - closest_sum):
closest_sum = s
left += 1
elif s > target:
if abs(target - s) < abs(target - closest_sum):
closest_sum = s
right -= 1
else:
return s
return closest_sum
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
nums = [-1, 2, 1, -4]
target = 1
s = Solution().solve(nums, target)
self.assertEqual(s, 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/110.js
import _ from 'lodash';
import assert from 'assert';
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {boolean}
*/
var isBalanced = function(root) {
function getDepth(node) {
if (!node) return -1;
const leftDepth = getDepth(node.left);
const rightDepth = getDepth(node.right);
if (leftDepth === Infinity || rightDepth === Infinity) return Infinity;
if (Math.abs(leftDepth - rightDepth) > 1) return Infinity;
return Math.max(leftDepth, rightDepth) + 1;
}
return getDepth(root) !== Infinity;
};
// Tests
const root = new TreeNode(3);
root.left = new TreeNode(9);
root.right = new TreeNode(20);
root.right.left = new TreeNode(15);
root.right.right = new TreeNode(7);
assert(isBalanced(root));
const root2 = new TreeNode(1);
root2.left = new TreeNode(2);
root2.right = new TreeNode(2);
root2.left.left = new TreeNode(3);
root2.left.right = new TreeNode(3);
root2.left.left.left = new TreeNode(4);
root2.left.left.right = new TreeNode(4);
assert(!isBalanced(root2));
<file_sep>/leetcode/894.js
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
/**
* @param {number} N
* @return {TreeNode[]}
*/
var allPossibleFBT = function(N) {
const allTrees = { 0: [], 1: [new TreeNode(0)] };
return fbt(N);
function fbt(n) {
if (!allTrees[n]) {
const ans = [];
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
let j = n-1-i;
const left = fbt(i);
const right = fbt(j);
for (let l of left) {
for (let r of right) {
const node = new TreeNode(0);
node.left = l;
node.right = r;
ans.push(node);
}
}
}
allTrees[n] = ans;
}
return allTrees[n];
}
};
<file_sep>/util/graph.rb
require 'set'
require 'thread'
require_relative 'util'
module Util
class Graph
attr_accessor :vertices, :edges, :directed
def initialize(args)
@vertices = Set.new
@edges = Set.new
@directed = args[:directed]
end
def add(thing)
if thing.is_a? Vertex
@vertices << thing
else
@edges << thing
@vertices.merge([thing.head, thing.tail])
thing.head.neighbors << thing.tail
thing.tail.neighbors << thing.head unless @directed
end
end
def dfs(src)
depth_first(src, [])
end
def bfs(src)
visited, enqueued, unvisited = [], [], Queue.new
unvisited << src
enqueued << src.id
while not unvisited.empty?
vertex = unvisited.pop
visited << vertex.id
vertex.neighbors.each do |neighbor|
unvisited << neighbor unless enqueued.include? neighbor.id
enqueued << neighbor.id
end
end
visited
end
private
def depth_first(src, visited)
unless visited.include? src.id
visited << src.id
if src.neighbors.any?
src.neighbors.each { |neighbor| depth_first(neighbor, visited) }
end
end
visited
end
end
class Vertex
attr_accessor :id, :neighbors
def initialize(id)
@id = id
@neighbors = []
end
end
class Edge
attr_accessor :head, :tail, :weight
def initialize(args)
@head = args[:head]
@tail = args[:tail]
@weight = args[:weight] unless args[:weight].nil?
end
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/1.two_sum.py
def two_sum(nums, target):
d = dict()
for index, value in enumerate(nums):
if target - value in d.keys():
return [d[target-value], index]
else:
d[value] = index
return []
print two_sum([2, 7, 11, 15], 9)
<file_sep>/leetcode/1022.sum_root_to_leaf.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {number}
*/
var sumRootToLeaf = function(root) {
function traverse(tree, value) {
if (!tree) return;
if (!tree.left && !tree.right) {
nums.push(value + tree.val);
return;
}
let newValue = value + tree.val;
traverse(tree.left, newValue);
traverse(tree.right, newValue);
}
var nums = [];
traverse(root, '');
return _.sum(_.map(nums, num => { return parseInt(num, 2); }));
};
<file_sep>/interview_cake/shuffle.py
import random
def get_random(floor, ceiling):
random.randrange(floor, ceiling+1)
def shuffle(items):
i = len(items) - 1
while i > 0:
k = get_random(0, i)
items[i], items[k] = items[k], items[i]
i -= 1
<file_sep>/leetcode/11.container_most_water.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, height):
left = 0
right = len(height) - 1
water = (right - left) * min(height[left], height[right])
while right > left:
if height[right] > height[left]:
left += 1
else:
right -= 1
area = (right - left) * min(height[left], height[right])
water = max(water, area)
return water
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
h = [1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3]
area = Solution().solve(h)
self.assertEqual(area, 18)
def test_unequal_height(self):
h = [1, 2]
area = Solution().solve(h)
self.assertEqual(area, 1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/131.palindrome_partition.py
import unittest
# if we view this problem as finding all the positions where we would
# partition the given string, it becomes equivalent to finding all subsets
# of the list [1..len(s)]
class Solution(object):
def all_palindromic(self, partition):
for part in partition:
if part != part[::-1]:
return False
return True
def get_partition(self, positions, s):
if len(positions) < 1:
return [s]
partition = []
for i in range(len(positions)):
if i == 0:
partition.append(s[:positions[0]])
else:
partition.append(s[positions[i-1]:positions[i]])
partition.append(s[positions[-1]:])
return partition
def subsets(self, nums):
all_subsets = [[]]
remainder = nums[:]
for num in nums:
remainder.remove(num)
result = self.subsets(remainder)
for item in result:
subset = [num] + item
all_subsets.append(subset)
return all_subsets
def solve(self, s):
all_positions = self.subsets(range(1, len(s)))
palindromic_partitions = []
for positions in all_positions:
partition = self.get_partition(positions, s)
if self.all_palindromic(partition):
palindromic_partitions.append(partition)
return palindromic_partitions
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
solution = Solution().solve('aab')
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 2)
self.assertIn(['aa', 'b'], solution)
self.assertIn(['a', 'a', 'b'], solution)
def test_get_partition(self):
partition = Solution().get_partition([1, 2], 'aab')
self.assertEqual(partition, ['a', 'a', 'b'])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/204.count_primes.js
/**
* @param {number} n
* @return {number}
*/
var countPrimes = function(n) {
if (n < 3) return 0;
let count = 0;
for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
if (isPrime(i)) {
count++;
}
}
return count;
function isPrime(k) {
for (let j = 2; j <= Math.floor(Math.sqrt(k)); j++) {
if (k % j === 0) return false;
}
return true;
}
};
<file_sep>/string/atoi.py
# Convert a string into an integer
def atoi(s):
total = 0
negative = False
if s[0] == '-':
negative = True
s = s[1:]
for c in s:
value = ord(c) - 48
total = 10 * total + value
return total
<file_sep>/leetcode/448.find_all_disappeared.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number[]}
*/
var findDisappearedNumbers = function(nums) {
var result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
let index = Math.abs(nums[i]) - 1;
nums[index] = -Math.abs(nums[index]);
}
for (let j = 0; j < nums.length; j++) {
if (nums[j] > 0) result.push(j+1);
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/interview_cake/util.py
import unittest
class BinaryTreeNode:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
self.left = None
self.right = None
def insert_left(self, value):
self.left = BinaryTreeNode(value)
return self.left
def insert_right(self, value):
self.right = BinaryTreeNode(value)
return self.right
class Stack(object):
def __init__(self):
self.items = []
def push(self, item):
self.items.append(item)
def pop(self):
if not self.items:
return None
return self.items.pop()
def peek(self):
if not self.items:
return None
return self.items[-1]
class LinkedListNode:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
self.next = None
class GraphNode:
def __init__(self, label):
self.label = label
self.neighbors = set()
self.color = None
class Trie(object):
def __init__(self):
self.root = {}
def find(self, key):
node = self.root
for char in key:
if char in node:
node = node[char]
else:
return False
return True
def insert(self, key):
node = self.root
i = 0
for char in key:
if char in node:
node = node[char]
else:
break
i += 1
while i < len(key):
node[key[i]] = {}
node = node[key[i]]
i += 1
"""Tests"""
class TrieTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.trie = Trie()
self.trie.root = {
'd': {
'o': {
'n': {},
'g': {
'o': {
'o': {
'd': {}}},
'e': {}}}}}
def test_find(self):
self.assertTrue(self.trie.find('dog'))
self.assertTrue(self.trie.find('doge'))
self.assertFalse(self.trie.find('done'))
def test_insert(self):
self.trie.insert('doggie')
self.assertEqual(self.trie.root, {
'd': {
'o': {
'n': {},
'g': {
'o': {
'o': {
'd': {}}},
'e': {},
'g': {
'i': {
'e': {}}}}}}})
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/119.pascals_triangle_ii.js
/**
* @param {number} rowIndex
* @return {number[]}
*/
var getRow = function(rowIndex) {
var prev = [1], curr = [];
if (rowIndex < 1) return prev;
for (var i = 0; i <= rowIndex; i++) {
for (var j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
curr[j] = (prev[j-1] || 0) + (prev[j] || 0);
}
prev = curr.slice();
}
return curr;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/687.js
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {number}
*/
var longestUnivaluePath = function(root) {
let result = 0;
function findLength(node) {
if (!node) return 0;
let leftLength = findLength(node.left);
let rightLength = findLength(node.right);
let leftPath = rightPath = 0;
if (node.left && node.left.val === node.val) {
leftPath = leftLength + 1;
}
if (node.right && node.right.val === node.val) {
rightPath = rightLength + 1;
}
result = Math.max(result, leftPath+rightPath);
return Math.max(leftPath, rightPath);
}
findLength(root);
return result;
};
<file_sep>/stack/largest_rect.py
# Largest Rectangle
# www.hackerrank.com/challenges/largest-rectangle
#
# The following code implements the algorithm described in Problem H-4 at:
# www.informatik.uni-ulm.de/acm/Locals/2003/html/judge.html
import sys
n = int(sys.stdin.readline())
h = sys.stdin.readline().split(' ')
heights = map(int, h)
max_area = 0
# Initialize [left, right] for each bar
bounds = [[0, 0] for _ in range(n)]
# Calculate how far right we can go from a given bar
def find_right_bounds(heights):
stack = []
for index, height in enumerate(heights):
# Stack is empty
if not stack:
stack.append(index)
# Current bar has a larger height than top of stack, meaning we can
# go farther right
elif heights[stack[-1]] < height:
stack.append(index)
# Current bar has a smaller height, meaning we've found the right
# boundary for one or more bars currently in the stack. We remove
# them from the stack and update their right bounds accordingly
elif heights[stack[-1]] > height:
while stack and heights[stack[-1]] > height:
prev_top = stack.pop()
bounds[prev_top][1] = index - prev_top
stack.append(index)
while stack:
prev_top = stack.pop()
bounds[prev_top][1] = n - prev_top
# Same as find_right_bounds() but for the left direction
def find_left_bounds(heights):
stack = []
for index, height in reversed(list(enumerate(heights))):
if not stack:
stack.append(index)
elif heights[stack[-1]] < height:
stack.append(index)
elif heights[stack[-1]] > height:
while stack and heights[stack[-1]] > height:
prev_top = stack.pop()
bounds[prev_top][0] = prev_top - index
stack.append(index)
while stack:
prev_top = stack.pop()
bounds[prev_top][0] = prev_top + 1
if __name__ == '__main__':
find_right_bounds(heights)
find_left_bounds(heights)
# Calculate the rectangle area for each bar and find the max
for index, bound in enumerate(bounds):
area = heights[index] * (bound[0] + bound[1] - 1)
if area > max_area:
max_area = area
print max_area
<file_sep>/leetcode/53.max_subarray.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def max_sum(self, nums):
max_sums = nums[:]
for i in xrange(len(nums)):
if i > 0:
max_sums[i] = max(max_sums[i-1] + nums[i], nums[i])
return max(max_sums)
class MaxSumTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().max_sum(
[-2, 1, -3, 4, -1, 2, 1, -5, 4]), 6)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/linked_list/sum.rb
# Given two non-negative integers where each is represented as a linked
# list (in reverse order), output the sum as a linked list.
#
# Input: 3->1->5, 5->9->2
# Output: 8->0->8
require_relative '../util/util'
class BigNumber
attr_accessor :value, :length
def initialize(str)
@value = str
@length = str.length
end
# Append (remember list is in reverse order) list with 0s where numnber of 0s
# equal count.
def self.append_zeros(list, count)
temp = ''
count.times { temp << '0' }
zeros = BigNumber.new(temp)
head = zeros.to_list # head -> 0 -> 0
tail = list # tail -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1
tail = tail.next while tail.next # tail -> 1
tail.next = head # 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> 0 -> 0
list
end
# Convert string into a linked list, which is created in reverse order to
# simplify the implementation of addition.
# i.e. '1234' becomes 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1
def to_list
digits = @value.reverse.split('')
curr = prev = nil
(digits.length - 1).downto(0) do |index|
curr = Util::Node.new(digits[index].to_i)
curr.next = prev
prev = curr
end
curr
end
def +(operand)
result = ''
zeros_to_append = (self.length - operand.length).abs
# Make two linked lists of equal length.
if self.length > operand.length
list1 = self.to_list
list2 = BigNumber.append_zeros(operand.to_list, zeros_to_append)
elsif self.length < operand.length
list1 = BigNumber.append_zeros(self.to_list, zeros_to_append)
list2 = operand.to_list
else
list1 = self.to_list
list2 = operand.to_list
end
# Add digit by digit.
while list1
digit_sum = list1.value + list2.value
if list1.next
list1.next.value += 1 if digit_sum > 9
result << (digit_sum % 10).to_s
else
# Carry over happens on last digit, simply keep the sum since there is
# no 'next' digit to hold the carry over.
result << digit_sum.to_s.reverse
end
list1, list2 = list1.next, list2.next
end
BigNumber.new(result.reverse)
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/888.fair_candy_swap.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[]} A
* @param {number[]} B
* @return {number[]}
*/
var fairCandySwap = function(A, B) {
let sumA = _.sum(A);
let sumB = _.sum(B);
let delta = Math.abs(sumA - sumB);
let dA = {}, dB = {};
for (let i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
if (dA[A[i]] === undefined) {
dA[A[i]] = true;
}
}
for (let i = 0; i < B.length; i++) {
if (dB[B[i]] === undefined) {
dB[B[i]] = true;
}
}
if (sumA > sumB) {
for (let i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
let target = A[i] - (delta/2);
if (dB[target]) return [A[i], target];
}
} else {
for (let i = 0; i < B.length; i++) {
let target = B[i] - (delta/2);
if (dA[target]) return [target, B[i]];
}
}
};
<file_sep>/recursion/queens_spec.rb
require_relative 'queens'
describe "N-Queens Tests" do
describe "placeable" do
before(:each) { @game = Queens.new(4) }
it "same row" do
@game.board = [
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]
]
@game.send(:placeable?, 1, 1).should be_false
end
it "same column" do
@game.board = [
[0, 0, 1, 0],
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]
]
@game.send(:placeable?, 3, 2).should be_false
end
it "diagonal" do
@game.board = [
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]
]
@game.send(:placeable?, 3, 3).should be_false
end
it "should be placeable" do
@game.board = [
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]
]
@game.send(:placeable?, 2, 1).should be_true
end
end
it "1x1" do
game = Queens.new(1)
game.place_queen(0)
game.count.should == 1
end
it "2x2" do
game = Queens.new(2)
game.place_queen(0)
game.count.should == 0
end
it "4x4" do
game = Queens.new(4)
game.place_queen(0)
game.count.should == 2
end
it "8x8" do
game = Queens.new(8)
game.place_queen(0)
game.count.should == 92
end
end
<file_sep>/interview_cake/merge_ranges.py
import unittest
def merge_ranges(ranges):
if len(ranges) < 2:
return ranges
sorted_ranges = sorted(ranges)
merged_ranges = [sorted_ranges[0]]
for current_start, current_end in sorted_ranges[1:]:
last_merged = merged_ranges[-1]
if current_start <= last_merged[1]:
last_merged = (last_merged[0], max(current_end, last_merged[1]))
merged_ranges[-1] = last_merged
else:
merged_ranges.append((current_start, current_end))
return merged_ranges
class MergeRangesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
data = [(0, 1), (3, 5), (4, 8), (10, 12), (9, 10)]
self.assertEqual(merge_ranges(data), [(0, 1), (3, 8), (9, 12)])
def test_subsumed(self):
data = [(1, 10), (2, 6), (3, 5), (7, 9)]
self.assertEqual(merge_ranges(data), [(1, 10)])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/recursion/queens.rb
# Find all ways of arranging N queens on a chess board so that none of them
# share the same row, column or diagonal.
class Queens
attr_reader :count
attr_accessor :board # for spec
def initialize(value)
@size = value
@board = Array.new(value) { Array.new(value, 0) }
@count = 0
end
def place_queen(row)
if row >= @size
@count += 1
print_board
return
end
(0..@size-1).each do |column|
if placeable?(row, column)
@board[row][column] = 1
place_queen(row + 1)
@board[row][column] = 0
end
end
end
private
def placeable?(row, col)
# Row and column
(0..@size-1).each do |index|
return false if @board[row][index] == 1 or @board[index][col] == 1
end
# Diagonals above
(1..row).each do |index|
if col - index > -1
return false if @board[row-index][col-index] == 1
end
if col + index < @size
return false if @board[row-index][col+index] == 1
end
end
true
end
def print_board
(0..@size-1).each do |i|
(0..@size-1).each do |j|
print @board[i][j]
end
puts ""
end
puts ""
end
end
BOARD_SIZE = 8
game = Queens.new(BOARD_SIZE)
game.place_queen(0)
puts game.count
<file_sep>/leetcode/236.lca.py
import unittest
from util import BinaryTreeNode
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, root, p, q):
queue = [root]
parents = {}
while len(queue) > 0:
node = queue.pop()
if node.left:
parents[node.left] = node
queue.insert(0, node.left)
if node.right:
parents[node.right] = node
queue.insert(0, node.right)
# compute paths from root to p and q respectively
p_path, q_path = [p], [q]
temp = p
while temp != root:
p_path.append(parents[temp])
temp = parents[temp]
temp = q
while temp != root:
q_path.append(parents[temp])
temp = parents[temp]
p_path.reverse()
q_path.reverse()
# compare the two paths to find LCA
temp = 0
while temp < min(len(p_path), len(q_path)):
if p_path[temp] == q_path[temp]:
temp += 1
else:
return p_path[temp-1]
return p_path[temp-1]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
seven = BinaryTreeNode(7)
four = BinaryTreeNode(4)
six = BinaryTreeNode(6)
two = BinaryTreeNode(2)
two.left = seven
two.right = four
five = BinaryTreeNode(5)
five.left = six
five.right = two
zero = BinaryTreeNode(0)
eight = BinaryTreeNode(8)
one = BinaryTreeNode(1)
one.left = zero
one.right = eight
three = BinaryTreeNode(3)
three.left = five
three.right = one
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(three, five, one), three)
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(three, five, four), five)
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(three, seven, eight), three)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/733.js
/**
* @param {number[][]} image
* @param {number} sr
* @param {number} sc
* @param {number} newColor
* @return {number[][]}
*/
var floodFill = function(image, sr, sc, newColor) {
const originalColor = image[sr][sc];
const visited = {};
fill(sr, sc, newColor);
return image;
function fill(row, col, color) {
if (row < 0 || row > image.length-1) return;
if (col < 0 || col > image[0].length-1) return;
if (visited[`${row}-${col}`]) return;
visited[`${row}-${col}`] = true;
if (image[row][col] === originalColor) {
image[row][col] = color;
fill(row-1, col, color);
fill(row, col-1, color);
fill(row, col+1, color);
fill(row+1, col, color);
}
}
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/981.time_based_kv_store.js
const _ = require('lodash');
const assert = require('assert');
/**
* Initialize your data structure here.
*/
var TimeMap = function() {
this.entries = {};
};
/**
* @param {string} key
* @param {string} value
* @param {number} timestamp
* @return {void}
*/
TimeMap.prototype.set = function(key, value, timestamp) {
let kv = {};
kv[timestamp] = value;
if (this.entries[key]) {
this.entries[key].push(kv);
} else {
this.entries[key] = [kv];
}
};
/**
* @param {string} key
* @param {number} timestamp
* @return {string}
*/
TimeMap.prototype.get = function(key, timestamp) {
if (!this.entries[key]) {
return '';
}
function getKey(entry) {
return Object.keys(entry)[0];
}
function getValue(entry) {
return Object.values(entry)[0];
}
var entries = this.entries[key];
var lo = 0;
var hi = entries.length - 1;
var obj;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
if (timestamp < getKey(entries[mid])) {
hi = mid - 1;
} else if (timestamp > getKey(entries[mid])) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
return getValue(entries[mid]);
}
}
if (hi < 0) {
return '';
}
return getValue(entries[hi]);
};
var tm = new TimeMap();
tm.set('foo', 'bar', 1);
assert(tm.get('foo', 1) === 'bar');
assert(tm.get('foo', 3) === 'bar');
tm.set('foo', 'bar2', 4);
assert(tm.get('foo', 4) === 'bar2');
assert(tm.get('foo', 5) === 'bar2');
var tm2 = new TimeMap();
tm2.set('love', 'high', 10);
tm2.set('love', 'low', 20);
assert(tm2.get('love', 5) === '');
assert(tm2.get('love', 10) === 'high');
assert(tm2.get('love', 15) === 'high');
assert(tm2.get('love', 20) === 'low');
assert(tm2.get('love', 25) === 'low');
var tm3 = new TimeMap();
tm3.set('ctondw', 'ztpearaw', 1);
tm3.set('vrobykydll', 'hwliiq', 2);
tm3.set('gszaw', 'ztpearaw', 3);
tm3.set('ctondw', 'gszaw', 4);
assert(tm3.get('gszaw', 5) === 'ztpearaw');
assert(tm3.get('ctondw', 6) === 'gszaw');
assert(tm3.get('ctondw', 7) === 'gszaw');
assert(tm3.get('gszaw', 8) === 'ztpearaw');
assert(tm3.get('vrobykydll', 9) === 'hwliiq');
assert(tm3.get('ctondw', 10) === 'gszaw');
tm3.set('vrobykydll', 'kcvcjzzwx', 11);
assert(tm3.get('vrobykydll', 12) === 'kcvcjzzwx');
<file_sep>/leetcode/257.js
import { TreeNode } from "./util.js";
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {string[]}
*/
var binaryTreePaths = function(root) {
const paths = [];
function findPath(node, path) {
if (!node) return;
if (!node.left && !node.right) {
path += `${node.val}`;
paths.push(path);
return;
}
path += `${node.val}->`;
findPath(node.left, path);
findPath(node.right, path);
}
findPath(root, '');
return paths;
};
// Tests
const root = new TreeNode(1);
root.left = new TreeNode(2);
root.right = new TreeNode(3);
root.left.right = new TreeNode(5);
console.log(binaryTreePaths(root));
<file_sep>/leetcode/216.combination_sum_iii.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.combinations = []
def combination_sum(self, k, n):
def combination_helper(k, n, partial):
if k == 0:
if n == 0:
partial.sort()
if partial not in self.combinations:
self.combinations.append(partial)
else:
remaining_set = set(range(1, 10)) - set(partial)
for num in list(remaining_set):
partial.append(num)
combination_helper(k-1, n-num, partial[:])
partial.pop()
combination_helper(k, n, [])
return self.combinations
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
solution = Solution().combination_sum(3, 9)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 3)
self.assertIn([1, 2, 6], solution)
self.assertIn([1, 3, 5], solution)
self.assertIn([2, 3, 4], solution)
def test_max(self):
solution = Solution().combination_sum(9, 45)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 1)
self.assertIn([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], solution)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/658.k_closest_elements.js
const assert = require('assert');
const _ = require('lodash');
// return the index of the element in arr that is closest to x
function closest(arr, x) {
var lo = 0, hi = arr.length-1;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo + hi) / 2);
if (x < arr[mid]) {
hi = mid - 1;
} else if (x > arr[mid]) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else {
return mid;
}
}
if (hi < 0) {
return lo;
}
if (lo > arr.length-1) {
return hi;
}
if (Math.abs(arr[hi]-x) < Math.abs(arr[lo]-x)) {
return hi;
} else if (Math.abs(arr[hi]-x) > Math.abs(arr[lo]-x)) {
return lo;
} else {
if (arr[hi] < arr[lo]) {
return hi;
} else {
return lo;
}
}
}
/**
* @param {number[]} arr
* @param {number} k
* @param {number} x
* @return {number[]}
*/
var findClosestElements = function(arr, k, x) {
var start = closest(arr, x);
var lo = start-1, hi = start+1;
var result = [arr[start]];
if (lo < 0) {
return arr.slice(0, k);
}
if (hi >= arr.length) {
return arr.slice(arr.length-k);
}
while (result.length < k) {
let loValue = (lo > -1) ? arr[lo] : Infinity;
let hiValue = (hi < arr.length) ? arr[hi] : Infinity;
if (Math.abs(x-hiValue) < Math.abs(x-loValue)) {
result.push(hiValue);
hi++;
} else {
result.push(loValue);
lo--;
}
}
return _.sortBy(result);
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/653.two_sum_iv.js
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @param {number} k
* @return {boolean}
*/
var findTarget = function(root, k) {
var s = new Set([]);
function traverse(node) {
if (!node) return false;
if (s.has(k-node.val)) {
return true;
} else {
s.add(node.val);
}
return traverse(node.left) || traverse(node.right);
}
return traverse(root);
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/872.leaf_similar.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root1
* @param {TreeNode} root2
* @return {boolean}
*/
var leafSimilar = function(root1, root2) {
const s1 = [], s2 = [];
getLeaves(root1, s1);
getLeaves(roo2, s2);
return _.isEqual(s1, s2);
};
function getLeaves(root, s) {
if (!root.left && !root.right) {
s.push(root);
return;
}
if (root.left) {
getLeaves(root.left, s);
}
if (root.right) {
getLeaves(root.right, s);
}
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/90.subsets_ii.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, nums):
all_subsets = [[]]
remainder = nums[:]
for num in nums:
remainder.remove(num)
result = self.solve(remainder)
for item in result:
subset = [num] + item
subset.sort()
if subset not in all_subsets:
all_subsets.append(subset)
return all_subsets
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
solution = Solution().solve([1, 2, 2])
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 6)
self.assertIn([2], solution)
self.assertIn([1], solution)
self.assertIn([1, 2, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([2, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([1, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([], solution)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/37.sudoku.js
const assert = require('assert');
const _ = require('underscore');
const BOARD_SIZE = 9;
let allPeers = {};
/**
* Returns the row, column, and box given the current square
*
* @return [[Array], [Array], [Array]]
*/
function getUnits(current) {
let indices = _.range(0, BOARD_SIZE);
let row = _.map(indices, (num) => {
return [current[0], num];
});
let column = _.map(indices, (num) => {
return [num, current[1]];
});
let box = [];
let r, c;
switch (true) {
case (current[0] < 3):
r = [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2];
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
box.push([r[i], undefined]);
}
break;
case (current[0] < 6):
r = [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5];
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
box.push([r[i], undefined]);
}
break;
case (current[0] < 9):
r = [6, 7, 8, 6, 7, 8, 6, 7, 8];
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
box.push([r[i], undefined]);
}
break;
}
switch (true) {
case (current[1] < 3):
c = [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2];
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
box[i][1] = c[i];
}
break;
case (current[1] < 6):
c = [3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5];
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
box[i][1] = c[i];
}
break;
case (current[1] < 9):
c = [6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8];
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
box[i][1] = c[i];
}
break;
}
return [row, column, box];
}
function unitsWithoutSelf(units, current) {
let result = [];
units = _.flatten(units, true); // flatten one level
for (let i = 0; i < units.length; i++) {
if (!_.isEqual(units[i], [current[0], current[1]])) {
result.push(units[i]);
}
}
return result;
}
function getAllPeers(board) {
let result = {};
for (var i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
for (var j = 0; j < BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
let current = [i, j];
let units = getUnits(current);
result[JSON.stringify(current)] = unitsWithoutSelf(units, current);
}
}
return result;
}
function validate(board, row, col, value) {
let peers = allPeers[JSON.stringify([row, col])];
for (let p of peers) {
let peerRow = p[0];
let peerCol = p[1];
if (board[peerRow][peerCol] === value) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
function nextSquare(board) {
for (let i = 0; i < BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j < BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
if (board[i][j] === '.') {
return [i, j];
}
}
}
return false;
}
function solve(board) {
let next = nextSquare(board);
let row = next[0];
let col = next[1];
let candidates = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'];
if (!next) {
return true; // solved
}
for (let candidate of candidates) {
if (validate(board, row, col, candidate)) {
board[row][col] = candidate;
if (solve(board)) {
return true;
}
board[row][col] = '.';
}
}
return false;
}
var solveSudoku = function(board) {
allPeers = getAllPeers(board);
solve(board);
};
var board = [
['5', '3', '.', '.', '7', '.', '.', '.', '.'],
['6', '.', '.', '1', '9', '5', '.', '.', '.'],
['.', '9', '8', '.', '.', '.', '.', '6', '.'],
['8', '.', '.', '.', '6', '.', '.', '.', '3'],
['4', '.', '.', '8', '.', '3', '.', '.', '1'],
['7', '.', '.', '.', '2', '.', '.', '.', '6'],
['.', '6', '.', '.', '.', '.', '2', '8', '.'],
['.', '.', '.', '4', '1', '9', '.', '.', '5'],
['.', '.', '.', '.', '8', '.', '.', '7', '9']
];
solveSudoku(board);
<file_sep>/leetcode/852.mountain_peak_index.js
/**
* @param {number[]} A
* @return {number}
*/
var peakIndexInMountainArray = function(A) {
var lo = 0, hi = A.length-1;
while (lo <= hi) {
let mid = Math.floor((lo+hi) / 2);
let pred = A[mid-1] || -Infinity, succ = A[mid+1] || -Infinity;
if (pred < A[mid] && A[mid] < succ) {
lo = mid + 1;
} else if (pred > A[mid] && A[mid] > succ) {
hi = mid - 1;
} else {
return mid;
}
}
};
console.log(peakIndexInMountainArray([0, 2, 1, 0]));
<file_sep>/interview_cake/balanced_binary_tree.py
import unittest
from util import BinaryTreeNode
def superbalanced(tree):
if tree is None:
return True
depths = [] # keep track of all leaves depth, short circuit when possible
nodes = [(tree, 0)] # treat this as a stack
while len(nodes):
node, depth = nodes.pop()
if (not node.left) and (not node.right):
if depth not in depths:
depths.append(depth)
if (len(depths) > 2 or (len(depths) == 2 and abs(
depths[0] - depths[1]) > 1)):
return False
else:
if node.right:
nodes.append((node.right, depth+1))
if node.left:
nodes.append((node.left, depth+1))
return True
class BalancedBinaryTreeTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_balanced(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(0)
tree.insert_left(1)
tree.insert_right(2)
tree.left.insert_left(3)
tree.left.insert_right(4)
tree.left.right.insert_left(5)
tree.left.right.insert_right(6)
tree.right.insert_right(7)
self.assertTrue(superbalanced(tree))
def test_unbalanced(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(0)
tree.insert_left(1)
tree.insert_right(2)
tree.left.insert_left(3)
tree.left.insert_right(4)
tree.left.right.insert_left(5)
tree.left.right.insert_right(6)
self.assertFalse(superbalanced(tree))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/string/anagrams.rb
# Check if two strings are anagrams.
STRING_ONE = 'cinema'
STRING_TWO = 'iceman'
def anagrams? s1, s2
return false if s1.length != s2.length
a1 = s1.split('').sort
a2 = s2.split('').sort
a1 == a2
end
if anagrams? STRING_ONE, STRING_TWO
puts "#{STRING_ONE} and #{STRING_TWO} are anagrams"
else
puts "#{STRING_ONE} and #{STRING_TWO} aren't anagrams"
end
<file_sep>/sorting/heap_sort.c
/**
* Heap (binary) sort implemented on an array.
* This program sorts the input integers in ascending order by maintaining
* a max-heap while popping its root.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
/*
* This method makes subtree rooted at i become a max-heap, with assumption
* that the left subtree and right subtree of h[i] are max-heaps, but h[i]
* may be smaller than its children.
*/
void max_heapify(int h[], int i, int size) {
int lc = 2 * i;
int rc = 2 * i + 1;
int max = i;
if (h[i] < h[lc] && lc <= size)
max = lc;
if (h[max] < h[rc] && rc <= size)
max = rc;
if (max != i) {
int temp;
temp = h[i];
h[i] = h[max];
h[max] = temp;
max_heapify(h, max, size);
}
}
void build_max_heap(int h[], int size) {
int i;
for (i = size/2; i > 0; i--)
max_heapify(h, i, size);
}
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter the number of items to be sorted: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
if (n < 1) {
printf("Invalid input.\n");
return 1;
}
/* To satisfy left(i) == 2*i the root should be placed at a[1] not a[0] */
int a[n+1];
int i;
printf("Enter %d items below:\n", n);
for (i = 1; i < n+1; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
int size = n;
build_max_heap(a, size);
int temp;
for (i = n; i > 1; i--) {
temp = a[1];
a[1] = a[i];
a[i] = temp;
size--;
max_heapify(a, 1, size);
}
/* Display the output */
for (i = 1; i < n+1; i++) {
if (i != n)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
else
printf("%d\n", a[i]);
}
}
<file_sep>/string/reverse.c
/**
* Reverse a C-style string.
* e.g. "abcd" is represented as five characters including the null character.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
/*
* Reverse string
*/
void reverse(char *s, char *r, int size)
{
int i, j;
r[size - 1] = '\0';
for (i = size - 2, j = 0; i >= 0; i--, j++)
{
r[i] = *(s + j);
}
}
/*
* Reverse string in place
*/
void reverse_in_place(char *s)
{
char tmp;
char *head = s, *tail = s;
while (*tail != '\0')
{
tail++;
}
tail--;
while (head < tail)
{
tmp = *tail;
*tail = *head;
*head = tmp;
head++;
tail--;
}
}
/*
* Find string size (including the null character at the end)
*/
int find_size(char *s)
{
int size = 0;
char *curr = s;
while (*curr != '\0')
{
size++;
curr++;
}
return size + 1;
}
int main()
{
char original[] = "world";
if (original == NULL) return 0;
int size = find_size(original);
char reversed[size];
//reverse(original, reversed, size);
reverse_in_place(original);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
printf("%c", original[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/26.remove_duplicates_from_sorted_array.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var removeDuplicates = function(nums) {
if (nums.length < 2) return nums.length;
var p1 = 0, p2 = 1;
while (p2 < nums.length) {
if (nums[p1] === nums[p2]) {
nums.splice(p2, 1);
} else {
p1++;
p2++;
}
}
return nums.length;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/617.merge_bst.js
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
/**
* @param {TreeNode} t1
* @param {TreeNode} t2
* @return {TreeNode}
*/
var mergeTrees = function(t1, t2) {
return merge(t1, t2, null);
};
function merge(t1, t2, t) {
if (t1 === null && t2 === null) {
return;
} else if (t1 === null) {
return t2;
} else if (t2 === null) {
return t1;
} else {
t = new TreeNode(t1.val + t2.val);
t.left = merge(t1.left, t2.left, t);
t.right = merge(t1.right, t2.right, t);
return t;
}
}
const t1 = new TreeNode(1);
t1.left = new TreeNode(3);
t1.left.left = new TreeNode(5);
t1.right = new TreeNode(2);
const t2 = new TreeNode(2);
t2.left = new TreeNode(1);
t2.left.right = new TreeNode(4);
t2.right = new TreeNode(3);
t2.right.right = new TreeNode(7);
const t = mergeTrees(t1, t2);
t.print();
<file_sep>/recursion/hanoi.rb
# Tower of Hanoi solved with recursion.
require_relative '../util/util'
class Stack < Util::Stack
attr_reader :name
def initialize(name)
@top = nil
@name = name
end
end
class Hanoi
def initialize(value)
@a = Stack.new("A")
@b = Stack.new("B")
@c = Stack.new("C")
@num = value
disks = Array(1..value)
disks.reverse.each { |disk| @a.push(disk) }
end
# To move n disks from peg A to peg C:
# 1. move n−1 disks from A to B. This leaves disk n alone on peg A
# 2. move disk n from A to C
# 3. move n−1 disks from B to C so they sit on disk n
def move(num, src, dest, buffer)
if num > 0
move(num - 1, src, buffer, dest)
bottom = src.pop
if dest.peek.nil? || bottom <= dest.peek
dest.push(bottom)
puts "Move disk #{bottom} from #{src.name} to #{dest.name}"
else
raise "Cannot place a larger disk on top of a smaller disk."
end
move(num - 1, buffer, dest, src)
end
end
def runner
move(@num, @a, @c, @b)
end
end
NUM_OF_DISKS = 3
h = Hanoi.new(NUM_OF_DISKS)
h.runner
<file_sep>/leetcode/139.word_break.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def word_break(self, s, word_list):
d = [False] * len(s)
for i in range(len(s)):
for word in word_list:
if word == s[i-len(word)+1:i+1] and (
d[i-len(word)] or i-len(word) == -1):
d[i] = True
break
return d[-1]
class WordBreakTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
s = 'leetcode'
word_list = ['leet', 'code']
self.assertTrue(Solution().word_break(s, word_list))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/724.pivot_index.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var pivotIndex = function(nums) {
if (nums.length < 2) return -1;
var s = { 0: [0, null] };
for (let i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
s[i] = [s[i-1][0] + nums[i-1], null];
}
s[nums.length-1][1] = 0;
for (let i = nums.length-2; i > -1; i--) {
s[i][1] = s[i+1][1] + nums[i+1];
}
for (let key in s) {
if (s[key][0] === s[key][1]) return parseInt(key);
}
return -1;
};
<file_sep>/hash_table/chaining.c
/*
* Hash table with collision resolution by chaining.
* All elements that hash to the same slot are contained in a linked list.
*
* This program is the solution to problem 11.2-2
*
* h(k) = k mod 9
* To be inserted: [5, 28, 19, 15, 20, 33, 12, 17, 10]
* After insertion:
* 0 |
* 1 | 10 -> 19 -> 28
* 2 | 20
* 3 | 12
* 4 |
* 5 | 5
* 6 | 33 -> 15
* 7 |
* 8 | 17
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define TABLE_SIZE 9
typedef struct node {
int value;
struct node *next;
} node;
void insert(struct node *T[], int x) {
node *temp = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
temp->value = x;
int i;
i = x % TABLE_SIZE;
if (T[i] == NULL) {
temp->next = NULL;
} else {
temp->next = T[i];
}
T[i] = temp;
}
/*
* Return node x if found, return NULL otherwise
*/
struct node* search(struct node *T[], int x) {
node *temp = T[x % TABLE_SIZE];
while (temp != NULL) {
if (temp->value == x)
return temp;
temp = temp->next;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* Delete the first occurrence found
* Return 0 on success, return -1 otherwise
*/
int delete(struct node *T[], int x) {
node *curr = T[x % TABLE_SIZE];
/* Case: empty list */
if (curr == NULL)
return -1;
/* Case: first element is the one to be deleted */
if (curr->value == x) {
free(curr);
curr = NULL;
return 0;
}
/* Case: general */
node *prev = curr;
curr = curr->next;
while (curr != NULL) {
if (curr->value == x) {
prev->next = curr->next;
free(curr);
curr = NULL;
return 0;
}
curr = curr->next;
prev = prev->next;
}
return -1;
}
void display(struct node *T[]) {
printf("Hash Table:\n");
int i;
for (i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
node *temp = T[i];
if (temp == NULL)
printf("%d |\n", i);
else
printf("%d | ", i);
while (temp != NULL) {
if (temp->next == NULL) {
printf("%d\n", temp->value);
break;
}
printf("%d -> ", temp->value);
temp = temp->next;
}
}
}
int main() {
/* Hash table */
struct node *h[TABLE_SIZE];
int test[TABLE_SIZE] = { 5, 28, 19, 15, 20, 33, 12, 17, 10 };
int i;
/* Initialize the hash table */
for (i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
h[i] = NULL;
}
/* Test insertion */
for (i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
insert(h, test[i]);
}
display(h);
/* Test search */
node *search_result;
search_result = search(h, 15);
if (search_result->value == 15)
printf("Test for search on success PASSED.\n");
else
printf("Test for search on success FAILED.\n");
search_result = search(h, 87);
if (search_result == NULL)
printf("Test for search on failure PASSED.\n");
else
printf("Test for search on failure FAILED.\n");
/* Test delete */
int delete_result;
delete_result = delete(h, 19);
if (delete_result == 0)
printf("Test for delete on success PASSED.\n");
else
printf("Test for delete on success FAILED.\n");
delete_result = delete(h, 87);
if (delete_result == -1)
printf("Test for delete on failure PASSED.\n");
else
printf("Test for delete on failure FAILED.\n");
display(h);
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/49.group_anagrams.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, strs):
result = []
groups = {}
for s in strs:
key = ''.join(sorted(s))
try:
groups[key]
except KeyError:
groups[key] = [s]
else:
groups[key].append(s)
for k, v in groups.iteritems():
result.append(v)
return result
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
words = ['eat', 'tea', 'tan', 'ate', 'nat', 'bat']
expect = [['ate', 'eat', 'tea'],
['nat', 'tan'],
['bat']]
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(words), expect)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/queue_two_stacks.py
from util import Stack
class Queue2Stacks:
def __init__(self):
self.in_stack = Stack()
self.out_stack = Stack()
def enqueue(self, item):
self.in_stack.push(item)
def dequeue(self):
item = self.out_stack.pop()
if item is None:
# if out_stack is empty, import everything from in_stack then pop
while True:
temp = self.in_stack.pop()
if temp is None:
# queue is empty
break
else:
self.out_stack.push(temp)
self.out_stack.pop()
<file_sep>/leetcode/485.max_consecutive_ones.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var findMaxConsecutiveOnes = function(nums) {
var maxLen = -Infinity;
var currLen = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (nums[i] === 0) {
if (currLen > maxLen) maxLen = currLen;
currLen = 0;
} else {
currLen++;
}
}
return Math.max(maxLen, currLen);
};
<file_sep>/stack/sort_spec.rb
require_relative 'sort'
describe "Tests for sort a stack: " do
it "should sort the stack in ascending order" do
stack = Util::Stack.new
array = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5]
array2 = []
array.each { |element| stack.push(element) }
result = SortStack.sort(stack)
array.length.times { array2 << result.pop }
array2.should == array.sort
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/93.ip_addresses.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.result = []
def backtrack(self, k, s, partial):
if k > 3:
if len(s) < 1:
self.result.append(partial[:-1])
return
else:
for i in range(1, 4):
if i > len(s):
continue
if i == 1:
self.backtrack(k+1, s[i:], partial + s[0:i] + '.')
elif i == 2 and s[0] != '0':
self.backtrack(k+1, s[i:], partial + s[0:i] + '.')
elif i == 3 and s[0] != '0' and int(s[0:3]) < 256:
self.backtrack(k+1, s[i:], partial + s[0:i] + '.')
def solve(self, s):
self.backtrack(0, s, '')
return self.result
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
ip_addresses = Solution().solve('25525511135')
self.assertEqual(len(ip_addresses), 2)
self.assertIn('255.255.11.135', ip_addresses)
self.assertIn('255.255.111.35', ip_addresses)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/261.graph_valid_tree.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, n, edges):
# build graph with given edges
neighbors = {i: [] for i in range(n)}
for v1, v2 in edges:
neighbors[v1].append(v2)
neighbors[v2].append(v1)
# traverse the graph with DFS while updating visited
visited = set()
visited.add(0)
stack = neighbors[0]
while len(stack) > 0:
node = stack.pop()
for item in neighbors[node]:
if item not in visited:
stack.append(item)
visited.add(node)
return len(edges) == n-1 and len(visited) == n
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_valid(self):
edges = [[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3], [1, 4]]
self.assertTrue(Solution().solve(5, edges))
def test_invalid(self):
edges = [[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [1, 3], [1, 4]]
self.assertFalse(Solution().solve(5, edges))
def test_disconnected(self):
edges = [[0, 1], [0, 4], [1, 4], [2, 3]]
self.assertFalse(Solution().solve(5, edges))
def test_valid2(self):
edges = [[0, 1], [0, 2], [2, 5], [3, 4], [3, 5]]
self.assertTrue(Solution().solve(6, edges))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/746.min_cost_climbing_stairs.js
/**
* @param {number[]} cost
* @return {number}
*/
var minCostClimbingStairs = function(cost) {
if (cost.length < 3) return Math.min(...cost);
let a = [cost[0], cost[1]];
for (let i = 2; i < cost.length; i++) {
a[i] = Math.min(cost[i] + a[i-1], cost[i] + a[i-2]);
}
return Math.min(a[cost.length-1], a[cost.length-2]);
};
<file_sep>/interview_cake/find_rotation.py
import unittest
def find_rotation(words):
lower, upper = 0, len(words)-1
while lower < upper:
mid = (upper-lower) / 2 + lower
if words[lower][0] > words[mid][0]:
upper = mid
else:
lower = mid + 1
return lower
class FindRotationTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
words = [
'ptolemaic',
'retrograde',
'supplant',
'undulate',
'xenoepist',
'asymptote', # <-- rotates here!
'babka',
'banoffee',
'engender',
'karpatka',
'othellolagkage']
self.assertEqual(find_rotation(words), 5)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/496.next_greater_element_i.js
/**
* @param {number[]} nums1
* @param {number[]} nums2
* @return {number[]}
*/
var nextGreaterElement = function(nums1, nums2) {
let result = [];
let dict = {};
for (let i = 0; i < nums2.length; i++) {
dict[nums2[i]] = nums2.slice(i+1);
}
for (let i = 0; i < nums1.length; i++) {
let candidates = dict[nums1[i]];
if (candidates.length < 1) {
result[i] = -1;
continue;
}
for (let j = 0; j < candidates.length; j++) {
if (candidates[j] > nums1[i]) {
result[i] = candidates[j];
break;
}
if (j === candidates.length-1) result[i] = -1;
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/skiena/2-1.c
/* 2-1 Primary Arithmetic */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
/* Right zero padding to 10 characters */
char *zero_pad10(char *n)
{
/* 10 includes null character */
char *padded = (char *)malloc(10);
strcpy(padded, n);
int i;
for (i = 1; i < 10-strlen(n); i++) {
strcat(padded, "0");
}
return padded;
}
int carry_count(char *a, char *b)
{
int count = 0;
/* Make sure a and b have the same length */
char *padded_a = zero_pad10(a);
char *padded_b = zero_pad10(b);
/* Add up each digit */
int test = 1;
while (*padded_a != '\0') {
int sum;
sum = ((int)*padded_a - '0') + ((int)*padded_b - '0');
if (sum > 9) {
count++;
}
padded_a++;
padded_b++;
}
return count;
}
int main()
{
size_t buffer = 32; /* Assume each input line is 32 bytes */
char *input;
char *num1, *num2;
input = (char *)malloc(buffer);
while (getline(&input, &buffer, stdin) > 0) {
int count;
char *line = strdup(input);
num1 = strsep(&line, " ");
num2 = strsep(&line, "\n");
if (*num1 == '0' || *num2 == '0') {
break;
}
count = carry_count(num1, num2);
if (count <= 0) {
printf("No carry operation.\n");
} else {
printf("%d carry operation.\n", count);
}
}
return 0;
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/78.subsets.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def subsets(self, nums):
all_subsets = [[]]
remainder = nums[:]
for num in nums:
remainder.remove(num)
result = self.subsets(remainder)
for item in result:
subset = [num] + item
all_subsets.append(subset)
return all_subsets
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
all_subsets = Solution().subsets([1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(len(all_subsets), 16)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/884.uncommon_words.js
/**
* @param {string} A
* @param {string} B
* @return {string[]}
*/
var uncommonFromSentences = function(A, B) {
let h1 = {}, h2 = {};
A = A.split(' ');
B = B.split(' ');
for (let word of A) {
if (h1[word]) {
h1[word]++;
} else {
h1[word] = 1;
}
}
for (let word of B) {
if (h2[word]) {
h2[word]++;
} else {
h2[word] = 1;
}
}
let result = [];
for (let word of A) {
if (h1[word] === 1 && !h2[word]) {
result.push(word);
}
}
for (let word of B) {
if (h2[word] === 1 && !h1[word]) {
result.push(word);
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/interview_cake/highest_product.py
import unittest
def highest_product(values):
if len(values) < 3:
raise Exception('Too few items in the list.')
highest = max(values[0], values[1])
lowest = min(values[0], values[1])
highest_product_2 = values[0] * values[1]
lowest_product_2 = values[0] * values[1]
highest_product_3 = values[0] * values[1] * values[2]
values = values[2:] # start from the 3rd item
for current in values:
highest_product_3 = max(
highest_product_3,
current * highest_product_2,
current * lowest_product_2)
highest_product_2 = max(
highest_product_2,
current * highest,
current * lowest)
highest = max(highest, current)
lowest_product_2 = min(
lowest_product_2,
current * highest,
current * lowest)
lowest = min(lowest, current)
return highest_product_3
class HighestProductTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_negative_numbers(self):
data = [-10, -10, 1, 3, 2]
self.assertEqual(highest_product(data), 300)
def test_last_item_yield(self):
data = [1, 10, -5, 1, -100]
self.assertEqual(highest_product(data), 5000)
def test_normal(self):
data = [4, 5, 1, 3, 1]
self.assertEqual(highest_product(data), 60)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/700.search_bst.js
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @param {number} val
* @return {TreeNode}
*/
var searchBST = function(root, val) {
if (root === null) return null;
if (root.val === val) {
return root.val;
}
return searchBST(root.left, val) || searchBST(root.right, val);
};
<file_sep>/util/graph_spec.rb
require_relative 'graph'
module Util
describe "Graph Tests: " do
# A
# / \
# B C
# | / |
# D - F - G
# |
# H - E
before(:each) do
@graph = Graph.new(directed: false)
@a = Vertex.new("A")
@b = Vertex.new("B")
@c = Vertex.new("C")
@d = Vertex.new("D")
@e = Vertex.new("E")
@f = Vertex.new("F")
@g = Vertex.new("G")
@h = Vertex.new("H")
@ab = Edge.new(head: @a, tail: @b)
@ac = Edge.new(head: @a, tail: @c)
@bf = Edge.new(head: @b, tail: @f)
@cg = Edge.new(head: @c, tail: @g)
@cf = Edge.new(head: @c, tail: @f)
@fd = Edge.new(head: @f, tail: @d)
@fg = Edge.new(head: @f, tail: @g)
@fh = Edge.new(head: @f, tail: @h)
@he = Edge.new(head: @h, tail: @e)
[@a, @b, @c, @d, @e, @f, @g, @h].each { |v| @graph.add(v) }
[@ab, @ac, @bf, @cf, @cg, @fd, @fg, @fh, @he].each { |e| @graph.add(e) }
end
it "should properly build the graph" do
@graph.vertices.should have(8).nodes
@graph.edges.should have(9).edges
@a.neighbors.should == [@b, @c]
@b.neighbors.should == [@a, @f]
@c.neighbors.should == [@a, @f, @g]
@d.neighbors.should == [@f]
@e.neighbors.should == [@h]
@f.neighbors.should == [@b, @c, @d, @g, @h]
@g.neighbors.should == [@c, @f]
@h.neighbors.should == [@f, @e]
end
it "should traverse the graph using DFS" do
@graph.dfs(@a).should == ["A", "B", "F", "C", "G", "D", "H", "E"]
@graph.dfs(@c).should == ["C", "A", "B", "F", "D", "G", "H", "E"]
end
it "should traverse the graph using BFS" do
@graph.bfs(@a).should == ["A", "B", "C", "F", "G", "D", "H", "E"]
@graph.bfs(@c).should == ["C", "A", "F", "G", "B", "D", "H", "E"]
end
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/5.longest_palindromic_substr.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def palindromic(self, s):
return s == s[::-1]
def solve(self, s):
a = [1] * len(s)
for i in range(1, len(s)):
# find out how far back we need to look
last = a[i-1]
start = max(i - 1 - last, 0)
# from that position on, look at each substring up until the
# current position to find the longest palindromic one
for j in range(start, i):
temp = s[j:i+1]
if self.palindromic(temp) and len(temp) > a[i]:
a[i] = len(temp)
max_len = max(a)
position = a.index(max_len)
return s[position-max_len+1:position+1]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
s = Solution().solve('babad')
self.assertIn(s, ['aba', 'bab'])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/string/all_unique.c
/**
* Implement an algorithm to determine if a string has all unique characters.
* What if you can not use additional data structures?
*/
#include <stdio.h>
/*
* Relaxed condition
* Use an extra array to hold character count
*/
int all_unique(char *s, int size)
{
// Assume all characters are ASCII
int char_set[256];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
char_set[i] = 0;
}
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
int curr_char = (int)s[i];
if (char_set[curr_char])
{
return 0;
}
char_set[curr_char] = 1;
}
return 1;
}
/*
* Somewhat strict condition
* Use a single 32-bit int to hold character count, assuming charset is 'a' - 'z'
*/
int all_unique_bitwise(char *s, int size)
{
int i;
int char_set = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
int curr_char = (int)s[i] - (int)'a';
if ((char_set & (1 << curr_char)) > 0)
{
return 0;
}
char_set |= (1 << curr_char);
}
return 1;
}
int main()
{
printf("string returns %d\n", all_unique("string", 6));
printf("hello returns %d\n", all_unique("hello", 5));
printf("goran returns %d\n", all_unique_bitwise("goran", 5));
printf("maximize returns %d\n", all_unique_bitwise("maximize", 8));
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/17.letter_combination_of_number.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def generate(self, base, letters):
result = []
for i in base:
for j in letters:
result.append(i+j)
return result
def solve(self, digits):
if len(digits) < 1:
return []
dictionary = {
'2': 'abc',
'3': 'def',
'4': 'ghi',
'5': 'jkl',
'6': 'mno',
'7': 'pqrs',
'8': 'tuv',
'9': 'wxyz',
}
self.combo = list(dictionary[digits[0]])
for i in range(1, len(digits)):
digit = digits[i]
letters = dictionary[digit]
self.combo = self.generate(self.combo, letters)
return self.combo
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve('23'), [
'ad', 'ae', 'af', 'bd', 'be', 'bf', 'cd', 'ce', 'cf'])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/linked_list/circular.rb
# Given a linked list, return the node at the beginning of the loop.
#
# Input: A (where A -> B -> C -> D -> E -> C)
# Output: C
class Node
attr_accessor :next
def initialize
end
end
class Circular
# Algorithm for finding the beginning of the loop:
# 0. Return false if at any point current_node.next is nil
# 1. Set up two pointers p1 and p2 so that p2 moves twice as fast as p1;
# 2. Traverse the list until p1 and p2 meet;
# 3. Keep p2 at its current position and move p1 to the start of the list;
# 4. Move both pointers at the same pace (one node at a time) until they meet again;
# 5. The node they are at is the beginning of the loop.
def self.has_circle?(head)
p1 = p2 = head
while p1 = p1.next
p2 = p2.next.next rescue break # in case list doesn't have loop
if p1.equal?(p2)
p1 = head
while !p1.equal?(p2)
p1 = p1.next
p2 = p2.next
end
return p1
end
end
false
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/47.permutations_ii.py
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.permutations = {}
def permute(self, nums, partial):
if len(nums) == 0:
self.permutations[tuple(partial)] = True
return
for num in nums:
next_nums = nums[:]
next_partial = partial[:]
next_nums.remove(num)
next_partial.append(num)
self.permute(next_nums, next_partial)
def solve(self, nums):
self.permute(sorted(nums), [])
return self.permutations.keys()
if __name__ == '__main__':
print Solution().solve([1, 1, 2])
<file_sep>/sorting/anagrams.rb
# Group anagrams together in a collection of words.
class Anagrams
attr_reader :words
def initialize(words)
@words = words
end
def sort!
quick_sort(0, @words.length-1)
end
private
def quick_sort(left, right)
pivot = nil
if left < right
pivot = partition(left, right)
quick_sort(left, pivot - 1)
quick_sort(pivot + 1, right)
end
end
def partition(left, right)
pivot = (left + right) / 2
retval = left # final pisotion for pivot
@words[pivot], @words[right] = @words[right], @words[pivot]
(left..right - 1).each do |i|
if @words[i].alphabetize < @words[right].alphabetize
@words[i], @words[retval] = @words[retval], @words[i]
retval += 1
end
end
@words[right], @words[retval] = @words[retval], @words[right]
retval
end
end
class String
def alphabetize
chars = self.split("")
chars = sort!
chars.join
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/2.add_two_numbers.py
import unittest
from util import ListNode
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, l1, l2):
if l1 is None:
return l2
elif l2 is None:
return l1
# both l1 and l2 have at least 1 node
curr = prev = head = ListNode(l1.val + l2.val)
curr = ListNode(0)
l1 = l1.next
l2 = l2.next
while (l1 is not None) and (l2 is not None):
curr.val = l1.val + l2.val
prev.next = curr
l1 = l1.next
l2 = l2.next
curr = ListNode(0)
prev = prev.next
if l1 is None:
prev.next = l2
if l2 is None:
prev.next = l1
# take care of carry over
curr = head
prev = None
carry = 0
while curr is not None:
curr.val += carry
if curr.val > 9:
carry = curr.val / 10
curr.val %= 10
else:
carry = 0
if curr.next is None:
prev = curr
curr = curr.next
if carry > 0:
curr = ListNode(carry)
prev.next = curr
return head
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
node1 = ListNode(4)
node2 = ListNode(3)
node1.next = node2
node2.next = None
node3 = ListNode(5)
node4 = ListNode(6)
node5 = ListNode(4)
node3.next = node4
node4.next = node5
node5.next = None
head = Solution().solve(node1, node3)
self.assertEqual(head.val, 9)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.val, 9)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.val, 4)
head = head.next
self.assertIs(head, None)
def test_carry(self):
node1 = ListNode(9)
node2 = ListNode(9)
node3 = ListNode(9)
node1.next = node2
node2.next = node3
node3.next = None
node4 = ListNode(1)
head = Solution().solve(node1, node4)
self.assertEqual(head.val, 0)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.val, 0)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.val, 0)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.val, 1)
head = head.next
self.assertIs(head, None)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/85.max_rectangle.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, matrix):
if matrix is None or len(matrix) < 1:
return 0
length, width = len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
left, right = [0] * width, [width] * width
height = [0] * width
result = 0
for i in range(length):
curr_left, curr_right = 0, width
# calculate left boundary
for j in range(width):
if matrix[i][j] == '1':
left[j] = max(left[j], curr_left)
else:
left[j] = 0
curr_left = j + 1
# calculate right boundary
for j in reversed(range(width)):
if matrix[i][j] == '1':
right[j] = min(right[j], curr_right)
else:
right[j] = width
curr_right = j
# calculate height
for j in range(width):
if matrix[i][j] == '1':
height[j] += 1
else:
height[j] = 0
area = [(right[k] - left[k]) * height[k] for k in range(width)]
result = max(result, max(area))
return result
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
m = ['11001',
'01001',
'00111',
'00111',
'00001']
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(m), 6)
def test_first(self):
m = ['10100',
'10111',
'11111',
'10010']
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(m), 6)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/reverse_linked_list.py
import unittest
from util import LinkedListNode
def reverse(head):
if head.next is None:
return head
if head.next.next is None:
head.next.next = head
new_head = head.next
head.next = None
return new_head
# there are at least 3 nodes
prev = head
curr = head.next
next = curr.next
prev.next = None
while next:
curr.next = prev
prev = curr
curr = next
next = next.next
curr.next = prev
return curr
class ReverseLinkedListTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
head = LinkedListNode(1)
head.next = LinkedListNode(2)
head.next.next = LinkedListNode(3)
head.next.next.next = LinkedListNode(4)
head.next.next.next.next = LinkedListNode(5)
head = reverse(head)
self.assertEqual(head.value, 5)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.value, 4)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.value, 3)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.value, 2)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head.value, 1)
head = head.next
self.assertEqual(head, None)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/fibonacci.py
import unittest
memo = {}
def fibonacci(n):
"""using memoization"""
if n < 2:
return n
if n in memo:
return memo[n]
else:
value = fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)
memo[n] = value
return value
def fib(n):
"""dynamic programming"""
f = [0] * (n+1)
f[1] = 1
for i in range(2, n+1):
f[i] = f[i-1] + f[i-2]
return f[n]
class FibonacciTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_20(self):
self.assertEqual(fibonacci(20), 6765)
self.assertEqual(fib(20), 6765)
def test_23(self):
self.assertEqual(fibonacci(23), 28657)
self.assertEqual(fib(23), 28657)
def test_24(self):
self.assertEqual(fibonacci(24), 46368)
self.assertEqual(fib(24), 46368)
def test_137(self):
self.assertEqual(fibonacci(137), 19134702400093278081449423917)
self.assertEqual(fib(137), 19134702400093278081449423917)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/heap/heap_spec.rb
require_relative 'heap'
describe "Heap tests" do
it "should initialize with valid argument" do
expect { Heap.new(:invalid) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
expect { Heap.new(:max) }.to_not raise_error
end
it "should max heapify" do
h = Heap.new(:max)
h.data = [nil, 100, 19, 36, 17, 3, 25, 1, 2, 92]
(h.data.length / 2).downto(1) { |index| h.heapify(index) }
h.data.should == [nil, 100, 92, 36, 19, 3, 25, 1, 2, 17]
end
it "should min heapify" do
h = Heap.new(:min)
h.data = [nil, 10, 12, 50, 13, 14, 99, 51, 6]
(h.data.length / 2).downto(1) { |index| h.heapify(index) }
h.data.should == [nil, 6, 10, 50, 12, 14, 99, 51, 13]
end
it "should support heap sort" do
h = Heap.new(:max)
array = [6, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 2, 4]
array.each { |el| h.insert(el) }
(h.data.length / 2).downto(1) { |index| h.heapify(index) }
h.data.should == [nil, 8, 6, 7, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1]
(array.length - 1).downto(0) do |index|
h.data[1], h.data[index+1] = h.data[index+1], h.data[1]
array[index] = h.data.pop
(h.data.length / 2).downto(1) { |i| h.heapify(i) }
end
array.should == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/797.all_paths_source_target.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def find_path(self, graph, source, target, path, all_paths):
for neighbor in sorted(graph[source]):
p = path[:]
p.append(neighbor)
if neighbor == target:
all_paths.append(p)
return
self.find_path(graph, neighbor, target, p, all_paths)
def solve(self, graph):
target = len(graph) - 1
all_paths = []
self.find_path(graph, 0, target, [0], all_paths)
return all_paths
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
graph = [[1, 2], [3], [3], []]
paths = Solution().solve(graph)
self.assertEqual(len(paths), 2)
self.assertIn([0, 1, 3], paths)
self.assertIn([0, 2, 3], paths)
def test_target_has_neighbor(self):
graph = [[1, 2], [4], [3], [5], [], [4]]
paths = Solution().solve(graph)
self.assertEqual(len(paths), 1)
self.assertIn([0, 2, 3, 5], paths)
def test_6_of_26(self):
graph = [[4, 3, 1], [3, 2, 4], [3], [4], []]
paths = Solution().solve(graph)
self.assertEqual(len(paths), 5)
self.assertIn([0, 4], paths)
self.assertIn([0, 3, 4], paths)
self.assertIn([0, 1, 3, 4], paths)
self.assertIn([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], paths)
self.assertIn([0, 1, 4], paths)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/811.subdomain_visit_count.js
/**
* @param {string[]} cpdomains
* @return {string[]}
*/
var subdomainVisits = function(cpdomains) {
let result = [];
let h = {};
for (let pair of cpdomains) {
let [count, domain] = pair.split(' ');
count = parseInt(count);
let parts = domain.split('.');
for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
let key = parts.slice(i).join('.');
if (h[key]) {
h[key] += count;
} else {
h[key] = count;
}
}
}
for (let k in h) {
result.push(`${h[k]} ${k}`);
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/152.max_prod_subarray.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def max_product(self, nums):
# keep track of the max and min products that can be achieved
# ending with index i
max_values = nums[:]
min_values = nums[:]
for i in xrange(len(nums)):
if i > 0:
max_values[i] = max(
max_values[i-1] * nums[i],
min_values[i-1] * nums[i],
nums[i])
min_values[i] = min(
max_values[i-1] * nums[i],
min_values[i-1] * nums[i],
nums[i])
return max(max_values)
class MaxProductTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().max_product([2, 3, -2, 4]), 6)
def test_negatives(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().max_product([-2, 3, -4]), 24)
def test_negatives2(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().max_product([2, -5, -2, -4, 3]), 24)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/338.count_bits.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def count_bits(self, num):
if num == 0:
return [0]
if num == 1:
return [0, 1]
n, exp = num, 1
while (n / 2):
exp += 1
n /= 2
values = [0] * (exp ** 2)
values[1] = 1
index = 2
for e in range(1, exp):
prev_start = 2 ** (e-1)
prev_end = 2 ** e
temp = values[index:index+(2**e/2)] = values[prev_start:prev_end]
values[index+(2**e/2):(2**(e+1))] = [i+1 for i in temp]
index += 2 ** e
return values[0:(num+1)]
class CountBitsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().count_bits(5), [0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/tree/bst.c
/*
* Binary search tree implemented with linked list.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct node {
int value;
struct node *parent;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
} node;
typedef struct bst {
struct node *root;
} bst;
/*
* Given the root and a key, return a pointer to a node with that key
* on success; return NULL otherwise
*/
struct node* search(node *r, int k) {
if (r == NULL || r->value == k)
return r;
if (k < r->value)
return search(r->left, k);
else
return search(r->right, k);
}
/*
* Given a node x in the tree, return a pointer to the minimum element
* in the subtree rooted at x
*/
struct node* minimum(node *x) {
if (x->left == NULL)
return x;
else
return minimum(x->left);
}
/*
* Given a node x in the tree, return a pointer to the maximum element
* in the subtree rooted at x
*/
struct node* maximum(node *x) {
if (x->right == NULL)
return x;
else
return maximum(x->right);
}
/*
* Return the successor of a node x if it exists; return NULL otherwise
*/
struct node* successor(node *x) {
if (x->right != NULL)
return minimum(x->right);
else {
/* Return the lowest ancestor of x whose left child is also
* an ancestor (including x itself) of x */
node *p = x->parent;
while (p != NULL && x == p->right) {
x = p;
p = x->parent;
}
return p;
}
}
/*
* Return the predecessor of a node x if it exists; return NULL otherwise
*/
struct node* predecessor(node *x) {
if (x->left != NULL)
return maximum(x->left);
else {
/* Return the lowest ancestor of x whose right child is also
* an ancestor (including x itself) of x */
node *p = x->parent;
while (p != NULL && x == p->left) {
x = p;
p = x->parent;
}
return p;
}
}
/*
* Given the root and a key, insert the node with that key into the
* appropriate position
*/
void insert(bst *b, int k) {
node *i = b->root;
node *p = NULL;
node *t = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
t->value = k;
t->parent = NULL;
t->left = NULL;
t->right = NULL;
/* Connecting the inserting node with its parent */
while (i != NULL) {
p = i;
if (k < i->value)
i = i->left;
else
i = i->right;
}
t->parent = p;
/* Connecting the parent with the inserting node */
if (p == NULL) {
/* The tree is empty */
b->root = t;
}
else if (k < p->value)
p->left = t;
else
p->right = t;
}
/*
* See detailed explanation on page 263 of Intro to Algorithms
*/
struct node* delete(node *r, int k) {
node *target = search(r, k);
node *succ;
node *temp;
if (target->left == NULL || target->right == NULL) {
/* target has at most one child */
succ = target;
} else {
/* target has two children */
succ = successor(target);
}
/* succ can have only one child in either case above */
if (succ->left != NULL)
temp = succ->left;
else
temp = succ->right;
/* Connect child with grandparent */
if (temp != NULL)
temp->parent = succ->parent;
/* Connect grandparent with child */
if (succ->parent == NULL)
r = temp;
else if (succ == succ->parent->left)
succ->parent->left = temp;
else
succ->parent->right = temp;
if (succ != target) {
int swap;
swap = target->value;
target->value = succ->value;
succ->value = swap;
}
return succ;
}
/*
* Traverse and display the nodes of the tree
*/
void print(node *r) {
if (r != NULL) {
if (r->left != NULL)
printf("%d -> %d \t", r->value, r->left->value);
else
printf("%d -> NULL\t", r->value);
if (r->right != NULL)
printf("%d -> %d", r->value, r->right->value);
else
printf("%d -> NULL", r->value);
printf("\n");
print(r->left);
print(r->right);
}
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/211.add_and_search.py
import unittest
class TreeNode(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.val = x
self.terminal = False
self.children = []
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.root = TreeNode(None)
def add_word(self, word):
node = self.root
for index, letter in enumerate(word):
found = False
for child in node.children:
if letter == child.val:
found = True
node = child
break
if not found:
new_child = TreeNode(letter)
node.children.append(new_child)
node = new_child
if index == len(word)-1:
# mark current position as a potential terminal node
node.terminal = True
def search(self, word):
def search_helper(node, word):
if len(word) == 0:
return node.terminal
if word[0] != '.':
for child in node.children:
if child.val == word[0]:
return search_helper(child, word[1:])
return False
else:
for child in node.children:
if search_helper(child, word[1:]):
return True
return False
return search_helper(self.root, word)
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
o = Solution()
o.add_word('bad')
o.add_word('dad')
o.add_word('mad')
o.add_word('badad')
self.assertFalse(o.search('pad'))
self.assertTrue(o.search('bad'))
self.assertTrue(o.search('.ad'))
self.assertTrue(o.search('b..'))
self.assertFalse(o.search('bada'))
self.assertTrue(o.search('ba.ad'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/111.js
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {number}
*/
var minDepth = function(root) {
if (!root) return 0;
let result = Infinity;
function traverse(node, depth) {
if (!node) return;
if (!node.left && !node.right) {
if (depth < result) {
result = depth;
}
return;
}
traverse(node.left, depth+1);
traverse(node.right, depth+1);
}
traverse(root, 1);
return result;
};
// Tests
const root = new TreeNode(3);
root.left = new TreeNode(9);
root.right = new TreeNode(20);
root.right.left = new TreeNode(15);
root.right.right = new TreeNode(7);
console.log(minDepth(root));
<file_sep>/interview_cake/cake_thief.py
import unittest
def max_duffel_bag_value(cakes, capacity):
if capacity < 1:
return 0
max_values = [0] * (capacity+1)
# base case
for cake in cakes:
weight, value = cake
max_values[weight] = value
for i in range(1, capacity+1):
values = []
for k in cakes:
if i - k[0] > -1:
values.append(max_values[i-k[0]] + k[1])
else:
values.append(0)
max_values[i] = max(values)
return max_values[capacity]
class CakeThiefTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
cakes = [(7, 160), (3, 90), (2, 15)]
capacity = 20
self.assertEqual(max_duffel_bag_value(cakes, capacity), 555)
def test_edge(self):
cakes = [(7, 160), (3, 90), (2, 15)]
capacity = 0
self.assertEqual(max_duffel_bag_value(cakes, capacity), 0)
def test_3(self):
cakes = [(3, 40), (5, 70)]
capacity = 9
self.assertEqual(max_duffel_bag_value(cakes, capacity), 120)
def test_4(self):
cakes = [(3, 40), (5, 70)]
capacity = 8
self.assertEqual(max_duffel_bag_value(cakes, capacity), 110)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/463.island_perimeter.js
/**
* @param {number[][]} grid
* @return {number}
*/
var islandPerimeter = function(grid) {
let root = findRoot(grid);
if (root === null) {
return 0;
}
return bfs(grid, root);
};
function findRoot(grid) {
for (let i = 0; i < grid.length; i++) {
for (let j = 0; j < grid[0].length; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] === 1) {
return [i, j];
}
}
}
return null;
}
function findNeighbors(grid, node) {
let x = node[0], y = node[1];
let result = [];
if (y > 0 && grid[x][y-1] > 0) {
result.push([x, y-1]);
}
if (y+1 < grid[0].length && grid[x][y+1] > 0) {
result.push([x, y+1]);
}
if (x > 0 && grid[x-1][y] > 0) {
result.push([x-1, y]);
}
if (x+1 < grid.length && grid[x+1][y] > 0) {
result.push([x+1, y]);
}
return result;
}
function bfs(grid, source) {
let result = 0;
let queue = [source];
let visited = {};
visited[source] = true;
while (queue.length > 0) {
let curr = queue.pop();
let neighbors = findNeighbors(grid, curr);
for (let neighbor of neighbors) {
if (visited[neighbor] === undefined) {
queue.push(neighbor);
visited[neighbor] = true;
}
}
result += (4 - neighbors.length);
}
return result;
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/1014.capacity_to_ship_packages.js
const assert = require('assert');
const _ = require('lodash');
function fit(weights, days, capacity) {
while (days > 0) {
var quota = capacity;
while (quota >= 0) {
let w = weights.shift();
quota -= w;
if (quota < 0) {
quota += w;
weights.unshift(w);
break;
}
}
days--;
}
if (weights.length > 0) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
var shipWithinDays = function(weights, D) {
var sum = _.reduce(weights, (s, w) => s + w);
var capacity = Math.ceil(sum / D);
while (!fit(weights.slice(), D, capacity)) {
capacity++;
}
return capacity;
};
const weights1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
const d1 = 5;
assert(shipWithinDays(weights1, d1) === 15);
const weights2 = [3, 2, 2, 4, 1, 4];
const d2 = 3;
assert(shipWithinDays(weights2, d2) === 6);
const weights3 = [1, 2, 3, 1, 1];
const d3 = 4;
assert(shipWithinDays(weights3, d3) === 3);
<file_sep>/string/substring.py
# Determine whether a string x is a substring of string y
def is_substring(x, y):
l = len(x)
if l > 0:
try:
index = y.index(x[0])
except ValueError:
return False
if y[index:index+l] == x:
return True
return False
<file_sep>/tree/trie.rb
# Auto-completion for English words using trie.
#
# This program uses <NAME>'s Most Common English Words API as the dictionary.
# http://alexdadgar.com/projects/rank/
require 'json'
require 'open-uri'
class AutoComplete
def initialize
@trie = Trie.new
end
def setup
data = open(DICT_URL) { |io| io.read }
dict = JSON.parse(data)
dict.each do |item|
item = item.flatten # item = ["the", 1]
@trie.add(item.first, item.last) # build trie
end
end
def run
puts "!!! Type '\\q' to exit the program.\n"
while true
print "?> "
str = ARGF.readline.strip!
break if str == "\\q"
unless str.empty?
words = @trie.find_word_children(str)
# Nothing just formatting output.
words.length < 1 ? puts('[]') : print('[')
words.each_with_index do |word, index|
print word
index < words.length - 1 ? print(', ') : print("]\n")
end
end
end
end
end
class Trie
def initialize
@trie = Hash.new
end
def add(word, frequency)
subtrie = @trie
word.each_char do |letter|
subtrie[letter] ||= Hash.new
subtrie = subtrie[letter]
end
subtrie[:end] = frequency
end
# Find all children that are valid words for a prefix.
def find_word_children(prefix)
words = Array.new
root = get_subtrie(prefix)
words.concat(get_leaves(root, prefix)) # since all valid words are stored in the leaves
words
end
private
def get_subtrie(prefix)
subtrie = @trie
prefix.each_char do |letter|
return nil unless subtrie = subtrie[letter]
end
subtrie
end
def get_leaves(root, prefix)
leaves = Array.new
return leaves if root.nil?
leaves << prefix if root.has_key?(:end)
root.each_key do |key|
if key != :end
leaves.concat(get_leaves(root[key], prefix + key))
end
end
leaves
end
end
DICT_SIZE = 1000
DICT_URL = "http://www.alexdadgar.com/projects/rank/api?top=#{DICT_SIZE}"
ac = AutoComplete.new
ac.setup
ac.run
<file_sep>/stack/stack.c
/*
* Stack implemented by a singly linked list.
* This program is the solution to problem 10.2-2
*
* Visual structure:
* item_1 <- item_2 <- ... <- item_n (top of stack)
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct node
{
int value;
struct node *next;
} node;
typedef struct stack
{
int count;
struct node *top;
} stack;
int
is_empty(stack *S)
{
if (S->count == 0) return 1;
else return 0;
}
void
push(stack *S, int num)
{
node *item = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
item->value = num;
item->next = S->top;
S->top = item;
S->count += 1;
}
int
pop(stack *S)
{
printf("popping item...");
if (is_empty(S)) {
printf("ERROR: Stack is empty.\n");
return -1;
} else {
int retval = S->top->value;
node *temp = S->top->next;
free(S->top);
S->top = temp;
S->count -= 1;
return retval;
}
}
void
display(stack *S)
{
node *curr = S->top;
while (curr != NULL) {
printf("%d ", curr->value);
curr = curr->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
int
main()
{
printf("Stack test:\n\
push 10 times, display stack\n\
pop 2 times, display stack\n\
pop 9 times, display error\n\n");
stack *s = (stack *)malloc(sizeof(stack));
int i, j;
printf("pushing...\n");
for (i = 1; i < 11; i++) {
push(s, i);
}
display(s);
printf("%d\n", pop(s));
printf("%d\n", pop(s));
display(s);
for (j = 1; j < 10; j++) {
int temp = pop(s);
if (temp != -1)
printf("%d\n", temp);
}
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/util.py
class ListNode(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.val = x
self.next = None
class BinaryTreeNode(object):
def __init__(self, x):
self.val = x
self.left = None
self.right = None
class UndirectedGraphNode(object):
def __init__(self, label):
self.label = label
self.neighbors = set()
self.color = None
<file_sep>/leetcode/637.average_of_levels.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {number[]}
*/
var averageOfLevels = function(root) {
const result = [];
let queue = [root];
while (queue.length > 0) {
const sum = _.reduce(queue, (s, o) => { return s + o.val; }, 0);
const avg = sum / queue.length;
result.push(avg);
const temp = queue.slice();
queue = [];
for (let i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) {
if (temp[i].left) queue.push(temp[i].left);
if (temp[i].right) queue.push(temp[i].right);
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/interview_cake/second_largest_item_bst.py
import unittest
from util import BinaryTreeNode
def largest_item(root):
node = root
while node.right:
node = node.right
return node
def second_largest_item(root):
if root is None:
return
node = root
while node:
if node.left and not node.right:
return largest_item(node.left)
elif node.right and not node.right.right and not node.right.left:
return node
else:
node = node.right
class SecondLargestItemTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_naive(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(50)
tree.insert_left(30)
tree.insert_right(80)
tree.left.insert_left(20)
tree.left.insert_right(40)
tree.right.insert_left(70)
tree.right.insert_right(90)
self.assertEqual(second_largest_item(tree).value, 80)
def test_left_subtree(self):
tree = BinaryTreeNode(50)
tree.insert_left(30)
tree.insert_right(90)
tree.left.insert_left(20)
tree.right.insert_left(70)
tree.right.left.insert_left(60)
tree.right.left.insert_right(80)
self.assertEqual(second_largest_item(tree).value, 80)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/hash_table/lin_prob.c
/*
* Open-addressed hash table with linear probing.
* Auxiliary hash function: h(k) = k mod 9
*
* To be inserted: [5, 28, 19, 15, 20, 33, 12, 17, 10]
* After insertion:
* 0 | 10
* 1 | 28
* 2 | 19
* 3 | 20
* 4 | 12
* 5 | 5
* 6 | 15
* 7 | 33
* 8 | 17
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define TABLE_SIZE 9
/* In open-addressing the size of hash table is pre-determined */
int h[TABLE_SIZE];
/* Return 0 on success, return -1 on table overflow */
int insert(int x) {
int i = 0;
int j = -1;
while (i < TABLE_SIZE) {
j = ((x % TABLE_SIZE) + i) % TABLE_SIZE;
if (h[j] == -1) {
h[j] = x;
return 0;
}
else
i++;
}
return -1;
}
/* Return the position of x on success, return -1 otherwise */
int search(int x) {
int i = 0;
int j = -1;
do {
j = ((x % TABLE_SIZE) + i) % TABLE_SIZE;
if (h[j] == x)
return j;
else
i++;
} while (h[j] == -1 || i == TABLE_SIZE);
return -1;
}
void display() {
int i;
printf("Hash Table:\n");
for (i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++)
printf("%d | %d\n", i, h[i]);
}
int main() {
/* Initialization */
int i;
for (i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++)
h[i] = -1;
/* Test insertion */
int t[TABLE_SIZE] = {5, 28, 19, 15, 20, 33, 12, 17, 10};
int retval;
for (i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
retval = insert(t[i]);
if (retval == -1) {
printf("ERROR: hash table overflow\n");
return 0;
}
}
display();
/* Test search */
int result;
result = search(15);
if (result == 6)
printf("Test for search on success PASSED.\n");
else
printf("Test for search on success FAILED.\n");
result = search(87);
if (result == -1)
printf("Test for search on failure PASSED.\n");
else
printf("Test for search on failure FAILED.\n");
}
<file_sep>/queue/queue.c
/*
* Queue implemented by a singly linked list.
* This program is the solution to problem 10.2-3
*
* Visual structure:
* (head) item_1 -> item_2 -> ... -> item_n (tail)
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct node
{
int value;
struct node *next;
} node;
typedef struct queue
{
int count;
struct node *head;
struct node *tail;
} queue;
int
is_empty(queue *Q)
{
if (Q->count == 0) return 1;
else return 0;
}
void
enqueue(queue *Q, int num)
{
node *item = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
item->value = num;
if (Q->count == 0) {
Q->head = item;
Q->tail = item;
} else {
Q->tail->next = item;
Q->tail = item;
}
Q->count += 1;
}
int
dequeue(queue *Q)
{
printf("dequeuing...");
if (is_empty(Q)) {
printf("ERROR: Queue is empty.\n");
return -1;
} else {
int retval = Q->head->value;
node *temp = Q->head->next;
free(Q->head);
Q->head = temp;
Q->count -= 1;
return retval;
}
}
void
display(queue *Q)
{
node *curr = Q->head;
while (curr != NULL) {
printf("%d ", curr->value);
curr = curr->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
int
main()
{
printf("Queue test:\n\
enqueue 10 times, display queue\n\
dequeue 2 times, display queue\n\
dequeue 9 times, display error\n\n");
queue *q = (queue *)malloc(sizeof(queue));
int i, j;
printf("enqueuing...\n");
for (i = 1; i < 11; i++) {
enqueue(q, i);
}
display(q);
printf("%d\n", dequeue(q));
printf("%d\n", dequeue(q));
display(q);
for (j = 1; j < 10; j++) {
int temp = dequeue(q);
if (temp != -1)
printf("%d\n", temp);
}
}
<file_sep>/leetcode/849.max_distance_to_closest.js
/**
* @param {number[]} seats
* @return {number}
*/
var maxDistToClosest = function(seats) {
var maxDist = 0;
var left = Array(seats.length).fill(Infinity);
var right = Array(seats.length).fill(Infinity);
for (let i = 0; i < seats.length; i++) {
if (seats[i] > 0) {
left[i] = 0;
} else {
if (i < 1) continue;
left[i] = left[i-1] + 1;
}
}
for (let j = seats.length-1; j >= 0; j--) {
if (seats[j] > 0) {
right[j] = 0;
} else {
if (j === seats.length-1) continue;
right[j] = right[j+1] + 1;
}
}
for (let k = 0; k < seats.length; k++) {
let dist = Math.min(left[k], right[k]);
if (dist > maxDist) {
maxDist = dist;
}
}
return maxDist;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/953.alien_dictionary.js
/**
* @param {string[]} words
* @param {string} order
* @return {boolean}
*/
var isAlienSorted = function(words, order) {
if (words.length < 2) return true;
for (let i = 1; i < words.length; i++) {
let w1 = words[i-1], w2 = words[i];
let j = 0;
if (w1.includes(w2)) return false;
while (j < w1.length && j < w2.length) {
if (order.indexOf(w1[j]) < order.indexOf(w2[j])) {
break;
}
if (order.indexOf(w1[j]) > order.indexOf(w2[j])) {
return false;
}
j++;
}
}
return true;
};
<file_sep>/sorting/ksmall.py
# Finding the Kth smallest element in an array of n elements.
from random import randint
def partition(a, start, end):
pivot = randint(start, end)
a[pivot], a[end] = a[end], a[pivot]
final= start
for i in range(start, end):
if a[i] < a[end]:
a[i], a[final] = a[final], a[i]
final += 1
a[final], a[end] = a[end], a[final]
return final
def quick_find(a, start, end, k):
pivot = partition(a, start, end)
if pivot + 1 < k:
quick_find(a, pivot+1, end, k-pivot-1)
elif pivot + 1 == k:
return a[pivot+1]
else:
quick_find(a, start, pivot-1, k)
def ksmall(a, k):
print quick_find(a, 0, len(a)-1, k)
array = [1, 4, 2, 8, 5, 7]
ksmall(array, 3)
<file_sep>/leetcode/104.js
import { TreeNode } from './util.js';
/**
* @param {TreeNode} root
* @return {number}
*/
var maxDepth = function(root) {
let answer = 0;
function dfs(node, depth) {
if (!node) return;
if (depth > answer) answer = depth;
dfs(node.left, depth+1);
dfs(node.right, depth+1);
}
dfs(root, 1);
return answer;
};
// Tests
const root = new TreeNode(3);
root.left = new TreeNode(9);
root.right = new TreeNode(20);
root.right.left = new TreeNode(15);
root.right.right = new TreeNode(7);
console.log(maxDepth(root));
<file_sep>/leetcode/1021.remove_outermost_parentheses.js
/**
* @param {string} S
* @return {string}
*/
var removeOuterParentheses = function(S) {
let stack = [];
let counter = -1;
let result = '';
for (let i = 0; i < S.length; i++) {
stack.push(S[i]);
if (S[i] === ')') {
if (counter > 0) {
counter--;
} else {
result += stack.slice(counter+1, stack.length-1).join('');
stack = [];
counter = -1;
}
} else {
counter++;
}
}
return result;
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/tests.js
import assert from 'assert';
import { array2tree } from './util.js';
/**
* array2tree()
*/
const a1 = [];
const t1 = array2tree(a1);
assert(t1 === null);
const a2 = [5, 4, 8, 11, null, 13, 4, 7, 2, null, null, null, 1];
const t2 = array2tree(a2);
assert(t2.val === 5);
assert(t2.left.val === 4);
assert(t2.right.val === 8);
assert(t2.left.left.val === 11);
assert(t2.left.right === null);
assert(t2.left.left.left.val === 7);
assert(t2.left.left.right.val === 2);
assert(t2.right.val === 8);
assert(t2.right.left.val === 13);
assert(t2.right.right.val === 4);
assert(t2.right.left.left === null);
assert(t2.right.left.right === null);
assert(t2.right.right.left === null);
assert(t2.right.right.right.val === 1);
assert(t2.right.right.right.left === null);
assert(t2.right.right.right.right === null);
<file_sep>/interview_cake/temperature_tracker.py
class TempTracker:
def __init__(self):
self.temp = dict()
self.total = 0
self.count = 0
self.mode = None
self.largest = None
self.smallest = None
def insert(self, value):
if value in self.temp:
self.temp[value] += 1
if self.temp[value] > self.mode:
self.mode = self.temp[value]
else:
self.temp[value] = 1
self.total += value
self.count += 1
self.largest = max(self.largest, value)
self.smallest = min(self.smallest, value)
def get_max(self):
return self.largest
def get_min(self):
return self.smallest
def get_mean(self):
return float(self.total) / self.count
def get_mode(self):
return self.mode
<file_sep>/leetcode/215.kth_largest.py
def findKthLargest(nums, k):
while k > 0:
largest = -float('inf')
for num in nums:
if num > largest:
largest = num
nums.remove(largest)
if k == 1:
return largest
k -= 1
print findKthLargest([3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 4], 2)
<file_sep>/leetcode/3.longest_sub_no_rep.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def solve(self, s):
if len(s) < 1:
return 0
l = [1] * len(s)
for i in range(1, len(s)):
j = i - 1
k = l[j]
while k > 0:
if s[i] == s[j]:
l[i] = i - j
break
else:
j -= 1
k -= 1
if k == 0:
l[i] = l[i-1] + 1
return max(l)
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example1(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve('abcabcbb'), 3)
def test_example2(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve('bbbbb'), 1)
def test_example3(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve('pwwkew'), 3)
def test_edge(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(''), 0)
def test_case1(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve('dvdf'), 3)
def test_case2(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve('abba'), 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/heap/heap.rb
# Generic binary heap as array.
class Heap
attr_accessor :data
def initialize(type)
raise ArgumentError unless [:min, :max].include? type
@type = type
@data = [nil]
end
def heapify(root)
return if root > @data.length / 2 # root is a leaf
winner = 0
left = root * 2
right = root * 2 + 1
if !@data[left].nil? and compare(@data[left], @data[root])
winner = left
else
winner = root
end
if !@data[right].nil? and compare(@data[right], @data[winner])
winner = right
end
if winner != root
@data[root], @data[winner] = @data[winner], @data[root]
heapify(winner)
end
end
def peek
@data.first
end
def delete
@data.delete_at(0)
end
def insert(key)
@data.push(key)
end
private
def compare(v1, v2)
@type == :max ? v1 > v2 : v1 < v2
end
end
<file_sep>/leetcode/5.longest_palindromic_substr.js
const assert = require('assert');
var longestPalindrome = function(s) {
// initialization
let p = [];
for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
p.push(new Array(s.length).fill(false));
p[i][i] = true;
if (i < s.length-1) {
p[i][i+1] = s[i] === s[i+1];
}
}
// DP
for (let j = 2; j < s.length; j++) {
for (let i = 0; i < j-1; i++) {
p[i][j] = p[i+1][j-1] && (s[i] === s[j]);
}
}
// find result
let longest = s[0];
for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
for (let j = i; j < s.length; j++) {
if (p[i][j] && (j-i+1) > longest.length) {
longest = s.slice(i, j+1);
}
}
}
return longest;
};
assert(['bab', 'aba'].includes(longestPalindrome('babad')));
assert(longestPalindrome('cbbd') === 'bb');
assert(longestPalindrome('abcba') === 'abcba');
<file_sep>/leetcode/279.perfect_squares.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def max_base(self, n):
return int(n ** (1/2.0))
def solve(self, n):
f = [0] * (n+1)
for i in range(1, n+1):
dependents = [j*j for j in range(1, self.max_base(i)+1)]
f[i] = min([f[i-d]+1 for d in dependents])
return f[-1]
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example1(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(12), 3)
def test_example2(self):
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(13), 2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/interview_cake/mesh_message.py
import unittest
def shortest_route(network, sender, recipient):
# breadth first search
queue = [sender]
visited = []
parent = {k: None for k in network.keys()}
while len(queue) > 0:
node = queue.pop()
visited.append(node)
if node == recipient:
break
for neighbor in network[node]:
if neighbor not in visited:
queue.insert(0, neighbor)
parent[neighbor] = node
# backtrack the search tree to find the shortest path
path = [recipient]
curr = recipient
while curr != sender:
prev = parent[curr]
path.insert(0, prev)
curr = prev
return path
class MeshMessageTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
network = {
'Min': ['William', 'Jayden', 'Omar'],
'William': ['Min', 'Noam'],
'Jayden': ['Min', 'Amelia', 'Ren', 'Noam'],
'Ren': ['Jayden', 'Omar'],
'Amelia': ['Jayden', 'Adam', 'Miguel'],
'Adam': ['Amelia', 'Miguel', 'Sofia', 'Lucas'],
'Miguel': ['Amelia', 'Adam', 'Liam', 'Nathan'],
'Noam': [],
'Omar': [],
}
self.assertEqual(shortest_route(network, 'Jayden', 'Adam'), [
'Jayden', 'Amelia', 'Adam'])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/628.max_product_three_numbers.js
const _ = require('lodash');
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {number}
*/
var maximumProduct = function(nums) {
var sorted = _.sortBy(nums);
return Math.max(
sorted[0]*sorted[1]*sorted[sorted.length-1],
sorted[sorted.length-1]*sorted[sorted.length-2]*sorted[sorted.length-3]
);
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/295.data_stream_median.py
import unittest
from heapq import heappush, heappushpop, heappop
class MedianFinder(object):
def __init__(self):
self.small = []
self.large = []
def add_num(self, num):
heappush(self.small, -heappushpop(self.large, num))
if len(self.large) < len(self.small):
heappush(self.large, -heappop(self.small))
def find_median(self):
if len(self.large) > len(self.small):
return float(self.large[0])
return (self.large[0] - self.small[0]) / 2.0
class MedianFinderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
mf = MedianFinder()
mf.add_num(1)
mf.add_num(2)
self.assertEqual(mf.find_median(), 1.5)
mf.add_num(3)
self.assertEqual(mf.find_median(), 2)
mf.add_num(8)
self.assertEqual(mf.find_median(), 2.5)
mf.add_num(9)
self.assertEqual(mf.find_median(), 3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/621.task_scheduler.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.data = {}
def parse_tasks(self, tasks):
for task in tasks:
if task not in self.data.keys():
self.data[task] = 1
else:
self.data[task] += 1
def solve(self, tasks, n):
self.parse_tasks(tasks)
task_sequence = []
# spread each task as far apart as possible
while sum(self.data.values()) > 0:
for key in self.data:
if self.data[key] > 0:
task_sequence.append(key)
self.data[key] -= 1
# insert idle intervals
for i, v in enumerate(task_sequence):
current = task_sequence[i]
if current is not None:
window = task_sequence[max(i-n, 0):i]
idles = 0
for j in range(len(window)):
if window[j] == current:
idles = j + 1
break
while idles > 0:
task_sequence.insert(i, None)
idles -= 1
return len(task_sequence)
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
tasks = ['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B']
n = 2
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(tasks, n), 8)
def test_single_task(self):
tasks = ['A', 'A', 'A']
n = 2
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(tasks, n), 7)
def test_unbalanced(self):
tasks = ['A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G']
n = 2
self.assertEqual(Solution().solve(tasks, n), 16)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/util/util.rb
require_relative 'node'
require_relative 'stack'
require_relative 'graph'
<file_sep>/leetcode/77.combinations.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def generate(self, nums, k):
if k == 0:
return [[]]
result = []
remainder = nums[:]
for num in nums:
remainder.remove(num)
for item in self.generate(remainder, k-1):
result.append([num] + item)
return result
def solve(self, n, k):
nums = range(1, n+1)
return self.generate(nums, k)
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
solution = Solution().solve(4, 2)
self.assertEqual(len(solution), 6)
self.assertIn([2, 4], solution)
self.assertIn([3, 4], solution)
self.assertIn([1, 4], solution)
self.assertIn([1, 3], solution)
self.assertIn([1, 2], solution)
self.assertIn([2, 3], solution)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/leetcode/22.generate_parentheses.py
import unittest
class Solution(object):
def __init__(self):
self.results = []
def generate(self, sequence, left, right, n):
if len(sequence) == 2 * n:
self.results.append(sequence)
return
if left > 0:
self.generate(sequence + '(', left-1, right, n)
if right > left:
self.generate(sequence + ')', left, right-1, n)
def solve(self, n):
self.generate('', n, n, n)
return self.results
class SolutionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_example(self):
results = Solution().solve(3)
self.assertIn('((()))', results)
self.assertIn('(()())', results)
self.assertIn('(())()', results)
self.assertIn('()(())', results)
self.assertIn('()()()', results)
self.assertEqual(len(results), 5)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
<file_sep>/string/remove_duplicates.rb
# Remove the duplicate characters in a string without using
# any additional buffer.
def remove_duplicates str
return str if str.nil? || str.length < 2
i = 1
while i < str.length
(0..i - 1).each do |j|
if str[i] == str[j]
str[i] = ''
i -= 1
break
end
end
i += 1
end
str
end
puts remove_duplicates 'maximization'
<file_sep>/leetcode/108.js
import { TreeNode } from "./util.js";
/**
* @param {number[]} nums
* @return {TreeNode}
*/
var sortedArrayToBST = function(nums) {
function convert(A, root) {
if (A.length < 1) return null;
let mid = Math.floor((A.length-1) / 2);
root.val = A[mid];
root.left = convert(A.slice(0, mid), new TreeNode());
root.right = convert(A.slice(mid+1, A.length), new TreeNode());
return root;
}
return convert(nums, new TreeNode());
};
<file_sep>/leetcode/121.best_time_buy_sell_stock.js
/**
* @param {number[]} prices
* @return {number}
*/
var maxProfit = function(prices) {
var profit = 0;
var lowest = prices[0];
for (var i = 1; i < prices.length; i++) {
profit = Math.max(prices[i]-lowest, profit);
if (prices[i] < lowest) {
lowest = prices[i];
}
}
return profit;
};
|
00ea1d091776e411cc0bd1f2eede383b61665e7d
|
[
"JavaScript",
"C",
"Python",
"Ruby"
] | 178
|
Python
|
yemutex/bach
|
cdec6245be8d2a5d86a848b3c1f710a4492649ae
|
fba70fb85d021d5bb7d9eb96c350ff7a809ef760
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>## Put comments here that give an overall description of what your
## functions do
## Write a short comment describing this function
## makeCacheMatrix is a function that constructs a 'special matrix' containing a
## list to functions that implement the following operations
## set: Sets the value of the matrix. When a new matrix is 'set' the value of
## of the inverse is deleted.
## get: Recovers the value of the matrix which has been stored in the parent
## environment
## setinv:Sets the value of the inverse matrix as a variable in the parent environment
## getinv:Returns the value of the inverse matrix (m_inv) which is found in the
## parent environment
makeCacheMatrix <- function(x = matrix()) {
m_inv <- NULL
set <- function(y){
x <<- y
m_inv <<- NULL
}
get <- function() x
setinv <- function(inverse) m_inv <<- inverse
getinv <- function() m_inv
list(set = set, get = get,
setinv = setinv,
getinv = getinv)
}
## Write a short comment describing this function
## cacheSolve returns the inverse value of a matrix created with makeCacheMatrix
## function. The function tries to find the inverse in the cache (parent environmet).
## If the inverse has been calculated previously then it returns its value from
## the cache (parent environment). Otherwise, if the inverse is not found
## it computes the inverse, stores it in the cache and returns its value
cacheSolve <- function(x, ...) {
## Return a matrix that is the inverse of 'x'
m_inv <- x$getinv()
if(!is.null(m_inv)){
message("getting cached data")
return(m_inv)
}
mat <- x$get()
m_inv <- solve(mat,...)
x$setinv(m_inv)
m_inv
}
|
3ba48471a871bba90a9b1a09c637922bbcd5dd06
|
[
"R"
] | 1
|
R
|
FrancescTarres/ProgrammingAssignment2
|
f5bcd7453f954bf45259b3f10813d384b82f98f5
|
1cb78af4ab909e1a7aa7275cc4f86fa8538a9606
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep>export function foo({ foo }) {
console.log(`Inside foo({foo:${foo}})`);
}
<file_sep>import { foo } from "foo";
foo({ foo: 100 });
<file_sep>export declare function foo({ foo }: {
foo: number;
}): void;
<file_sep>import { foo } from "foo";
foo({ foo: 100 });
<file_sep># TS Node Repro
## Issue
.d.ts files are ignored when `allowJs && checkJs`
Works fine when either of them are set to false.
## Run
```bash
cd ./myapp-bar
yarn tsc # produces no error
node --loader ts-node/esm main.ts # errors
```
## Error shown
```
(node:700514) ExperimentalWarning: --experimental-loader is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time
(Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created)
/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/src/index.ts:618
return new TSError(diagnosticText, diagnosticCodes);
^
TSError: ⨯ Unable to compile TypeScript:
../myapp-foo/dist/foo.js:1:23 - error TS7031: Binding element 'foo' implicitly has an 'any' type.
1 export function foo({ foo }) {
~~~
at createTSError (/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/src/index.ts:618:12)
at reportTSError (/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/src/index.ts:622:19)
at getOutput (/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/src/index.ts:809:36)
at Object.compile (/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/src/index.ts:1111:30)
at /home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/src/esm.ts:146:38
at Generator.next (<anonymous>)
at /home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/dist/esm.js:8:71
at new Promise (<anonymous>)
at __awaiter (/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/dist/esm.js:4:12)
at transformSource (/home/farseen/Projects/97.Temp/ts-node-types/node_modules/ts-node/dist/esm.js:88:16)
```
|
935d3b0047120a5b5827cddb6640807139566710
|
[
"JavaScript",
"TypeScript",
"Markdown"
] | 5
|
JavaScript
|
itsfarseen/ts-node-repro
|
e7e4747bb5585fd7ce0dc258fcdca3cf0062cb58
|
7dbb6c71dbf3d97aef047cdfdcb076c463ad437d
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>tylearymf/HlslTools<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Binding/FunctionInvocationExpressionTests.cs
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols.Markup;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Binding
{
[TestFixture]
public class FunctionInvocationExpressionTests
{
[TestCase("int", "int")]
[TestCase("uint", "int")]
[TestCase("float", "float")]
[TestCase("half", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("half1", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float1", "float")]
[TestCase("half2", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float2x1", "float2")]
[TestCase("float1x2", "float2")]
[TestCase("float1x3", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float3x1", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float2x3", "float")]
[TestCase("float3x3", "float3x3")]
[TestCase("half2x3", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("int2x2", "int")]
[TestCase("MyStruct", "#undeclared")]
public void TestFunctionOverloadResolution1Arg(string type, string expectedMatchType)
{
var code = $@"
struct MyStruct {{}};
int foo(int x) {{ return 1; }}
int foo(float x) {{ return 2; }}
int foo(double x) {{ return 3; }}
int foo(int2 x) {{ return 4; }}
int foo(float2 x) {{ return 5; }}
int foo(double2 x) {{ return 6; }}
int foo(float3x3 x) {{ return 7; }}
void main()
{{
foo(({type}) 0);
}}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var syntaxTreeSource = syntaxTree.Root.ToFullString();
Assert.AreEqual(code, syntaxTreeSource, $"Source should have been {code} but is {syntaxTreeSource}.");
var expression = (FunctionInvocationExpressionSyntax) syntaxTree.Root.ChildNodes
.OfType<FunctionDefinitionSyntax>()
.Where(x => x.Name.GetName() == "main")
.Select(x => ((ExpressionStatementSyntax) x.Body.Statements[0]).Expression)
.First();
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var combinedDiagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToList();
foreach (var d in combinedDiagnostics)
Debug.WriteLine(d);
var invokedFunctionSymbol = (FunctionSymbol) semanticModel.GetSymbol(expression);
var diagnostic = combinedDiagnostics.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Severity == DiagnosticSeverity.Error);
var result = diagnostic == null
? ExpressionTestUtility.GetExpressionTypeString(invokedFunctionSymbol.Parameters[0].ValueType)
: ExpressionTestUtility.GetErrorString(diagnostic.DiagnosticId);
Assert.AreEqual(expectedMatchType, result, $"Expression should have matched the function overload '{expectedMatchType}' but it actually matched '{result}'.");
}
[TestCase("float", "float", "float, float")]
[TestCase("float", "half", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("half", "half", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("half2", "half", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float", "half", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("double", "half", "double, float")]
[TestCase("double", "double", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("double", "bool", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("double", "int", "double, int")]
[TestCase("float2", "int", "float2, float")]
[TestCase("float2", "half", "float2, float")]
[TestCase("float2", "float", "float2, float")]
[TestCase("float2", "double", "float2, float")]
[TestCase("float3", "bool", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float3", "int", "float, int")]
[TestCase("float3", "float", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("int3", "float", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("int3", "int", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float3", "double", "float, double")]
[TestCase("float3x3", "bool", "float3x3, float")]
[TestCase("float3x3", "half", "float3x3, float")]
[TestCase("float3x3", "float", "float3x3, float")]
[TestCase("float3x3", "double", "float3x3, float")]
[TestCase("float", "int2", "float, int")]
[TestCase("float", "half2", "#ambiguous")]
[TestCase("float", "float2", "float, float")]
[TestCase("float", "double2", "float, double")]
[TestCase("float4x4", "float", "#ambiguous")]
public void TestFunctionOverloadResolution2Args(string type1, string type2, string expectedMatchTypes)
{
var code = $@"
int foo(int x, float y) {{ return 1; }}
int foo(float x, float y) {{ return 2; }}
int foo(double x, float y) {{ return 3; }}
int foo(float x, int y) {{ return 4; }}
int foo(float x, double y) {{ return 5; }}
int foo(double x, int y) {{ return 6; }}
int foo(int2 x, float y) {{ return 7; }}
int foo(float2 x, float y) {{ return 8; }}
int foo(double2 x, float y) {{ return 9; }}
int foo(float3x3 x, float y) {{ return 10; }}
void main()
{{
foo({ExpressionTestUtility.GetValue(type1)}, {ExpressionTestUtility.GetValue(type2)});
}}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var syntaxTreeSource = syntaxTree.Root.ToFullString();
Assert.AreEqual(code, syntaxTreeSource, $"Source should have been {code} but is {syntaxTreeSource}.");
var expression = (FunctionInvocationExpressionSyntax) syntaxTree.Root.ChildNodes
.OfType<FunctionDefinitionSyntax>()
.Where(x => x.Name.GetName() == "main")
.Select(x => ((ExpressionStatementSyntax) x.Body.Statements[0]).Expression)
.First();
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var combinedDiagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToList();
foreach (var d in combinedDiagnostics)
Debug.WriteLine(d);
var invokedFunctionSymbol = (FunctionSymbol) semanticModel.GetSymbol(expression);
var diagnostic = combinedDiagnostics.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Severity == DiagnosticSeverity.Error);
var result = diagnostic == null
? $"{SymbolMarkup.ForSymbol(invokedFunctionSymbol.Parameters[0].ValueType)}, {SymbolMarkup.ForSymbol(invokedFunctionSymbol.Parameters[1].ValueType)}"
: ExpressionTestUtility.GetErrorString(diagnostic.DiagnosticId);
Assert.AreEqual(expectedMatchTypes, result, $"Expression should have matched the function overload '{expectedMatchTypes}' but it actually matched '{result}'.");
}
[TestCase("min", "float", "float", "float, float")]
[TestCase("mul", "float4", "float4x4", "float4, float4x4")]
[TestCase("mul", "float3", "float4x4", "float3, float3x4")]
[TestCase("mul", "float4", "float3x4", "float1x3, float3x4")]
[TestCase("mul", "float1", "float3x4", "float, float3x4")]
[TestCase("mul", "float4", "float4x3", "float4, float4x3")]
[TestCase("mul", "float4x3", "float3x4", "float4x3, float3x4")]
[TestCase("dot", "int", "uint", "int1, int1")]
public void TestIntrinsicFunctionOverloading(string function, string type1, string type2, string expectedMatchTypes)
{
var expressionCode = $"{function}(({type1}) 0, ({type2}) 0)";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseExpression(expressionCode);
var syntaxTreeSource = syntaxTree.Root.ToFullString();
Assert.AreEqual(expressionCode, syntaxTreeSource, $"Source should have been {expressionCode} but is {syntaxTreeSource}.");
var expression = (ExpressionSyntax) syntaxTree.Root;
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var combinedDiagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToList();
foreach (var d in combinedDiagnostics)
Debug.WriteLine(d);
var invokedFunctionSymbol = (FunctionSymbol) semanticModel.GetSymbol(expression);
var diagnostic = combinedDiagnostics.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Severity == DiagnosticSeverity.Error);
var result = diagnostic == null
? $"{SymbolMarkup.ForSymbol(invokedFunctionSymbol.Parameters[0].ValueType)}, {SymbolMarkup.ForSymbol(invokedFunctionSymbol.Parameters[1].ValueType)}"
: ExpressionTestUtility.GetErrorString(diagnostic.DiagnosticId);
Assert.AreEqual(expectedMatchTypes, result, $"Expression should have matched the function overload '{expectedMatchTypes}' but it actually matched '{result}'.");
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Diagnostics/Diagnostic.cs
using System.Globalization;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics
{
public sealed class Diagnostic : DiagnosticBase
{
public DiagnosticId DiagnosticId { get; }
public Diagnostic(TextSpan textSpan, DiagnosticId diagnosticId, string message)
: base(textSpan, message, DiagnosticFacts.GetSeverity(diagnosticId))
{
DiagnosticId = diagnosticId;
}
public static Diagnostic Format(TextSpan textSpan, DiagnosticId diagnosticId, params object[] args)
{
var message = diagnosticId.GetMessage();
var formattedMessage = (message != null)
? string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, message, args)
: $"Missing diagnostic message for {diagnosticId}";
return new Diagnostic(textSpan, diagnosticId, formattedMessage);
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Symbols/Symbol.cs
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols.Markup;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols
{
public abstract class Symbol
{
public SymbolKind Kind { get; }
public string Name { get; }
public string Documentation { get; }
public Symbol Parent { get; }
internal Symbol(SymbolKind kind, string name, string documentation, Symbol parent)
{
Kind = kind;
Name = name;
Documentation = documentation;
Parent = parent;
}
public sealed override string ToString()
{
return SymbolMarkup.ForSymbol(this).ToString();
}
protected bool EqualsImpl(Symbol other)
{
return Kind == other.Kind
&& string.Equals(Name, other.Name)
&& (Parent == null) == (other.Parent == null)
&& (Parent == null || Parent.EqualsImpl(other.Parent));
}
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;
if (obj.GetType() != GetType()) return false;
return EqualsImpl((Symbol) obj);
}
public override int GetHashCode()
{
unchecked
{
var hashCode = (int) Kind;
hashCode = (hashCode * 397) ^ Name.GetHashCode();
hashCode = (hashCode * 397) ^ (Parent?.GetHashCode() ?? 0);
return hashCode;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Unity/Parser/RoundtrippingTests.cs
using System.IO;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Tests.Unity.Support;
using ShaderTools.Unity.Syntax;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Unity.Parser
{
[TestFixture]
public class RoundtrippingTests
{
[TestCaseSource(typeof(ShaderTestUtility), nameof(ShaderTestUtility.GetUnityTestShaders))]
public void CanBuildUnitySyntaxTree(string testFile)
{
var sourceCode = File.ReadAllText(testFile);
// Build syntax tree.
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseUnitySyntaxTree(
SourceText.From(sourceCode));
ShaderTestUtility.CheckForParseErrors(syntaxTree);
// Check roundtripping.
var roundtrippedText = syntaxTree.Root.ToFullString();
Assert.That(roundtrippedText, Is.EqualTo(sourceCode));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Unity/Diagnostics/DiagnosticFacts.cs
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
namespace ShaderTools.Unity.Diagnostics
{
internal static class DiagnosticFacts
{
public static DiagnosticSeverity GetSeverity(DiagnosticId id)
{
return DiagnosticSeverity.Error;
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Support/InMemoryFileSystem.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Support
{
internal sealed class InMemoryFileSystem : IIncludeFileSystem
{
private readonly Dictionary<string, string> _includes;
public InMemoryFileSystem(Dictionary<string, string> includes)
{
_includes = includes;
}
public SourceText GetInclude(string path)
{
string include;
return _includes.TryGetValue(path, out include)
? new StringText(include, path)
: null;
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests/Hlsl/Tagging/Classification/SyntaxTaggerTests.cs
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Tagging;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Classification;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Tagging.Classification
{
[TestFixture]
internal class SyntaxTaggerTests : AsyncTaggerTestsBase<SyntaxTagger, IClassificationTag>
{
private HlslClassificationService _hlslClassificationService;
protected override void OnTestFixtureSetUp()
{
_hlslClassificationService = Container.GetExportedValue<HlslClassificationService>();
}
protected override SyntaxTagger CreateTagger(BackgroundParser backgroundParser, ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return new SyntaxTagger(_hlslClassificationService, backgroundParser);
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Navigation/GoToDefinitionProviders/IQuickInfoModelProvider.cs
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Navigation.GoToDefinitionProviders
{
internal interface IGoToDefinitionProvider
{
TextSpan? GetTargetSpan(SemanticModel semanticModel, SourceLocation position);
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Binding/UnaryExpressionTests.cs
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Binding
{
[TestFixture]
public class UnaryExpressionTests
{
[TestCase("-", "float", "float")]
[TestCase("!", "float2", "bool2")]
public void TestPrefixUnaryOperatorTypeConversions(string opText, string argumentText, string expectedResult)
{
var argument = ExpressionTestUtility.GetValue(argumentText);
var source = $"{opText}{argument}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseExpression(source);
var syntaxTreeSource = syntaxTree.Root.ToString();
if (syntaxTreeSource != source)
Assert.Fail($"Source should have been {syntaxTreeSource} but is {source}");
var expression = (PrefixUnaryExpressionSyntax)syntaxTree.Root;
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var operandType = ExpressionTestUtility.GetExpressionTypeString(semanticModel.GetExpressionType(expression.Operand));
if (argumentText != operandType)
Assert.Fail($"Operand should be of type '{argumentText}' but has type '{operandType}'");
var diagnostic = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).SingleOrDefault();
var expressionType = semanticModel.GetExpressionType(expression);
var result = diagnostic == null
? ExpressionTestUtility.GetExpressionTypeString(expressionType)
: ExpressionTestUtility.GetErrorString(diagnostic.DiagnosticId);
Assert.AreEqual(expectedResult, result, $"Expression {source} should have evaluated to '{expectedResult}' but was '{result}'");
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Util/Extensions/Extensions.cs
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Parser;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Util;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Util.Extensions;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Classification;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Util.Extensions
{
internal static class Extensions
{
private static readonly ConditionalWeakTable<ITextSnapshot, SyntaxTree> CachedSyntaxTrees = new ConditionalWeakTable<ITextSnapshot, SyntaxTree>();
private static readonly ConditionalWeakTable<ITextSnapshot, SemanticModel> CachedSemanticModels = new ConditionalWeakTable<ITextSnapshot, SemanticModel>();
private static readonly object TextContainerKey = new object();
private static readonly object IncludeFileSystemKey = new object();
private static readonly object BackgroundParserKey = new object();
public static VisualStudioSourceTextContainer GetTextContainer(this ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return textBuffer.Properties.GetOrCreateSingletonProperty(TextContainerKey,
() => new VisualStudioSourceTextContainer(textBuffer));
}
public static IIncludeFileSystem GetIncludeFileSystem(this ITextBuffer textBuffer, VisualStudioSourceTextFactory sourceTextFactory)
{
return textBuffer.Properties.GetOrCreateSingletonProperty(IncludeFileSystemKey,
() => new VisualStudioFileSystem(textBuffer.GetTextContainer(), sourceTextFactory));
}
public static BackgroundParser GetBackgroundParser(this ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return textBuffer.Properties.GetOrCreateSingletonProperty(BackgroundParserKey,
() => new BackgroundParser(textBuffer));
}
public static SyntaxTagger GetSyntaxTagger(this ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return (SyntaxTagger) textBuffer.Properties.GetProperty(typeof(SyntaxTagger));
}
public static SyntaxTree GetSyntaxTree(this ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
return CachedSyntaxTrees.GetValue(snapshot, key =>
{
var sourceText = key.ToSourceText();
var options = new ParserOptions();
options.PreprocessorDefines.Add("__INTELLISENSE__");
var sourceTextFactory = VisualStudioSourceTextFactory.Instance ?? HlslPackage.Instance.AsVsServiceProvider().GetComponentModel().GetService<VisualStudioSourceTextFactory>();
var fileSystem = key.TextBuffer.GetIncludeFileSystem(sourceTextFactory);
return SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(sourceText, options, fileSystem, cancellationToken);
});
}
public static bool TryGetSemanticModel(this ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken, out SemanticModel semanticModel)
{
if (HlslPackage.Instance != null && !HlslPackage.Instance.Options.AdvancedOptions.EnableIntelliSense)
{
semanticModel = null;
return false;
}
try
{
semanticModel = CachedSemanticModels.GetValue(snapshot, key =>
{
try
{
var syntaxTree = key.GetSyntaxTree(cancellationToken);
var compilation = new Compilation(syntaxTree);
return compilation.GetSemanticModel(cancellationToken);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
throw;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Logger.Log($"Failed to create semantic model: {ex}");
return null;
}
});
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
semanticModel = null;
}
return semanticModel != null;
}
public static int GetPosition(this ITextView syntaxEditor, ITextSnapshot snapshot)
{
return syntaxEditor.Caret.Position.BufferPosition.TranslateTo(snapshot, PointTrackingMode.Negative);
}
// From https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/blob/e39a3aeb1185ef0b349cad96a105969423065eac/src/EditorFeatures/Core/Shared/Extensions/ITextViewExtensions.cs#L278
public static int? GetDesiredIndentation(this ITextView textView, ISmartIndentationService smartIndentService, ITextSnapshotLine line)
{
var pointInView = textView.BufferGraph.MapUpToSnapshot(line.Start, PointTrackingMode.Positive, PositionAffinity.Successor, textView.TextSnapshot);
if (!pointInView.HasValue)
return null;
var lineInView = textView.TextSnapshot.GetLineFromPosition(pointInView.Value.Position);
return smartIndentService.GetDesiredIndentation(textView, lineInView);
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/IntelliSense/Completion/CompletionProviders/ICompletionProvider.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.IntelliSense.Completion.CompletionProviders
{
internal interface ICompletionProvider
{
IEnumerable<CompletionItem> GetItems(SemanticModel semanticModel, SourceLocation position);
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/IntelliSense/QuickInfo/QuickInfoModelProviders/IQuickInfoModelProvider.cs
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.IntelliSense.QuickInfo.QuickInfoModelProviders
{
internal interface IQuickInfoModelProvider
{
int Priority { get; }
QuickInfoModel GetModel(SemanticModel semanticModel, SourceLocation position);
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests/Hlsl/Tagging/Outlining/OutliningTaggerTests.cs
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Tagging;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Outlining;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Support;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Tagging.Outlining
{
[TestFixture]
internal class OutliningTaggerTests : AsyncTaggerTestsBase<OutliningTagger, IOutliningRegionTag>
{
protected override OutliningTagger CreateTagger(BackgroundParser backgroundParser, ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return new OutliningTagger(textBuffer, backgroundParser, new FakeOptionsService());
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Binding/GlobalDeclarationTests.cs
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Binding
{
[TestFixture]
public class GlobalDeclarationTests
{
[Test]
public void DetectsRedefinitionAsVariable()
{
var code = @"
struct foo {};
int foo;";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
Assert.That(diagnostics[0].DiagnosticId, Is.EqualTo(DiagnosticId.SymbolRedefined));
}
[Test]
public void DetectsRedefinitionAsFunction()
{
var code = @"
struct foo {};
void foo();";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
Assert.That(diagnostics[0].DiagnosticId, Is.EqualTo(DiagnosticId.SymbolRedefined));
}
[Test]
public void DetectsUndeclaredVariable()
{
var code = @"
void main()
{
int foo = a;
}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
Assert.That(diagnostics[0].DiagnosticId, Is.EqualTo(DiagnosticId.UndeclaredVariable));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Parser/RoundtrippingTests.cs
using System.IO;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
using ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Support;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Parser
{
[TestFixture]
public class RoundtrippingTests
{
[TestCaseSource(typeof(ShaderTestUtility), nameof(ShaderTestUtility.GetTestShaders))]
public void CanBuildSyntaxTree(string testFile)
{
var sourceCode = File.ReadAllText(testFile);
// Build syntax tree.
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(sourceCode), fileSystem: new TestFileSystem(testFile));
ShaderTestUtility.CheckForParseErrors(syntaxTree);
// Check roundtripping.
var roundtrippedText = syntaxTree.Root.ToFullString();
Assert.That(roundtrippedText, Is.EqualTo(sourceCode));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Options/HlslFormattingIndentationOptionsPage.cs
using System;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Formatting;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Options.Views;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Options.ViewModels;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Options
{
internal sealed class HlslFormattingIndentationOptionsPage : HlslOptionsPageBase<IndentationOptions>
{
protected override OptionsControlBase CreateControl(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
{
return new OptionsPreviewControl(() => new FormattingIndentationViewModel(serviceProvider, Options));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Tagging/Squiggles/SyntaxErrorTagger.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Adornments;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Tagging.Squiggles;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Options;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Util.Extensions;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Squiggles
{
internal sealed class SyntaxErrorTagger : ErrorTagger
{
public SyntaxErrorTagger(ITextView textView, BackgroundParser backgroundParser,
IHlslOptionsService optionsService)
: base(PredefinedErrorTypeNames.SyntaxError, textView, optionsService)
{
backgroundParser.SubscribeToThrottledSyntaxTreeAvailable(BackgroundParserSubscriptionDelay.Medium,
async x => await InvalidateTags(x.Snapshot, x.CancellationToken));
}
protected override IEnumerable<DiagnosticBase> GetDiagnostics(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
return snapshot.GetSyntaxTree(cancellationToken).GetDiagnostics();
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Unity/Support/ShaderTestUtility.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Unity.Syntax;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Unity.Support
{
public static class ShaderTestUtility
{
public static IEnumerable<TestCaseData> FindTestShaders(string rootFolder)
{
return Directory.GetFiles(rootFolder, "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories)
.Where(x =>
{
var ext = Path.GetExtension(x).ToLower();
return ext == ".shader";
})
.Select(x => new TestCaseData(x));
}
internal static IEnumerable<TestCaseData> GetUnityTestShaders()
{
return FindTestShaders(@"Unity\Shaders");
}
public static void CheckForParseErrors(SyntaxTree syntaxTree)
{
foreach (var diagnostic in syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics())
Debug.WriteLine(diagnostic.ToString());
Assert.That(syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Count(), Is.EqualTo(0));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Parsing/BackgroundParser.cs
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Util.Extensions;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing
{
internal sealed class BackgroundParser : BackgroundParserBase
{
public BackgroundParser(ITextBuffer textBuffer)
: base(textBuffer)
{
}
protected override void CreateSyntaxTree(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
// Force creation of SyntaxTree.
snapshot.GetSyntaxTree(cancellationToken);
}
protected override bool TryCreateSemanticModel(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
// Force creation of SemanticModel.
SemanticModel semanticModel;
return snapshot.TryGetSemanticModel(cancellationToken, out semanticModel);
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/ShaderLab/ErrorList/SyntaxErrorManager.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.ErrorList;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Util;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.ShaderLab.Options;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.ShaderLab.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.ShaderLab.Util.Extensions;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.ShaderLab.ErrorList
{
internal sealed class SyntaxErrorManager : ErrorManager
{
public SyntaxErrorManager(BackgroundParser backgroundParser, ITextView textView, IShaderLabOptionsService optionsService, IServiceProvider serviceProvider, ITextDocumentFactoryService textDocumentFactoryService)
: base(textView, optionsService, serviceProvider, textDocumentFactoryService)
{
backgroundParser.SubscribeToThrottledSyntaxTreeAvailable(BackgroundParserSubscriptionDelay.OnIdle,
async x => await ExceptionHelper.TryCatchCancellation(() =>
{
RefreshErrors(x.Snapshot, x.CancellationToken);
return Task.FromResult(0);
}));
}
protected override IEnumerable<DiagnosticBase> GetDiagnostics(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
return snapshot.GetSyntaxTree(cancellationToken).GetDiagnostics();
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Tagging/Squiggles/SemanticErrorTagger.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Adornments;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Tagging.Squiggles;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Options;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Util.Extensions;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Squiggles
{
internal sealed class SemanticErrorTagger : ErrorTagger
{
public SemanticErrorTagger(ITextView textView, BackgroundParser backgroundParser,
IHlslOptionsService optionsService)
: base(PredefinedErrorTypeNames.CompilerError, textView, optionsService)
{
backgroundParser.SubscribeToThrottledSemanticModelAvailable(BackgroundParserSubscriptionDelay.Medium,
async x => await InvalidateTags(x.Snapshot, x.CancellationToken));
}
protected override IEnumerable<DiagnosticBase> GetDiagnostics(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
SemanticModel semanticModel;
if (!snapshot.TryGetSemanticModel(cancellationToken, out semanticModel))
return Enumerable.Empty<DiagnosticBase>();
return semanticModel.GetDiagnostics();
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Syntax/SyntaxTree.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Parser;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax
{
public sealed class SyntaxTree
{
private readonly List<FileSegment> _fileSegments;
public SourceText Text { get; }
public SyntaxNode Root { get; }
internal SyntaxTree(SourceText text, Func<SyntaxTree, Tuple<SyntaxNode, List<FileSegment>>> parseFunc)
{
Text = text;
var parsed = parseFunc(this);
Root = parsed.Item1;
_fileSegments = parsed.Item2;
}
public IEnumerable<Diagnostic> GetDiagnostics()
{
return Root.GetDiagnostics();
}
public SourceLocation MapRootFilePosition(int position)
{
var runningTotal = 0;
foreach (var fileSegment in _fileSegments)
{
if (fileSegment.Text.Filename == null && position < fileSegment.Start + fileSegment.Length)
return new SourceLocation(runningTotal + (position - fileSegment.Start));
runningTotal += fileSegment.Length;
}
return new SourceLocation(runningTotal);
}
public SourceRange MapRootFileRange(TextSpan span)
{
return new SourceRange(MapRootFilePosition(span.Start), span.Length);
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests/Hlsl/Tagging/Squiggles/SyntaxErrorTaggerTests.cs
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Tagging;
using NSubstitute;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Squiggles;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Support;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Tagging.Squiggles
{
[TestFixture]
internal class SyntaxErrorTaggerTests : AsyncTaggerTestsBase<SyntaxErrorTagger, IErrorTag>
{
protected override SyntaxErrorTagger CreateTagger(BackgroundParser backgroundParser, ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
var textView = Substitute.For<ITextView>();
textView.TextSnapshot.Returns(textBuffer.CurrentSnapshot);
return new SyntaxErrorTagger(
textView, backgroundParser, new FakeOptionsService());
}
protected override bool MustCreateTagSpans => false;
}
}
<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Diagnostics/DiagnosticExtensions.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
using ShaderTools.Properties;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics
{
internal static class DiagnosticExtensions
{
public static string GetMessage(this DiagnosticId diagnosticId)
{
return Resources.ResourceManager.GetString(diagnosticId.ToString());
}
public static void Report(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, DiagnosticId diagnosticId, params object[] args)
{
var diagnostic = Diagnostic.Format(textSpan, diagnosticId, args);
diagnostics.Add(diagnostic);
}
#region Lexer errors
public static void ReportIllegalInputCharacter(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, char character)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.IllegalInputCharacter, character);
}
public static void ReportUnterminatedComment(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.UnterminatedComment);
}
public static void ReportUnterminatedString(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.UnterminatedString);
}
public static void ReportInvalidInteger(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidInteger, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportInvalidReal(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidReal, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportInvalidOctal(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidOctal, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportInvalidHex(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidHex, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportNumberTooLarge(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.NumberTooLarge, tokenText);
}
#endregion
#region Parser errors
public static void ReportTokenExpected(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, SyntaxToken actual, SyntaxKind expected)
{
var actualText = actual.GetDisplayText();
var expectedText = expected.GetDisplayText();
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.TokenExpected, actualText, expectedText);
}
public static void ReportTokenUnexpected(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, SyntaxToken actual)
{
var actualText = actual.GetDisplayText();
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.TokenUnexpected, actualText);
}
public static void ReportNoVoidHere(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.NoVoidHere);
}
public static void ReportNoVoidParameter(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.NoVoidParameter);
}
#endregion
#region Semantic errors
public static void ReportUndeclaredType(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxNode type)
{
diagnostics.Report(type.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredType, type.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences());
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredFunction(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, FunctionInvocationExpressionSyntax node, IEnumerable<TypeSymbol> argumentTypes)
{
var name = node.Name.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences();
var argumentTypeList = string.Join(@", ", argumentTypes.Select(t => t.ToDisplayName()));
diagnostics.Report(node.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredFunction, name, argumentTypeList);
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredNumericConstructor(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, NumericConstructorInvocationExpressionSyntax node, IEnumerable<TypeSymbol> argumentTypes)
{
var name = node.Type.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences();
var argumentTypeList = string.Join(@", ", argumentTypes.Select(t => t.ToDisplayName()));
diagnostics.Report(node.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredFunction, name, argumentTypeList);
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredMethod(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, MethodInvocationExpressionSyntax node, TypeSymbol declaringType, IEnumerable<TypeSymbol> argumentTypes)
{
var name = node.Name.ValueText;
var declaringTypeName = declaringType.ToDisplayName();
var argumentTypeNames = string.Join(@", ", argumentTypes.Select(t => t.ToDisplayName()));
diagnostics.Report(node.GetTextSpanRoot(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredMethod, declaringTypeName, name, argumentTypeNames);
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredFunctionInNamespaceOrClass(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, QualifiedDeclarationNameSyntax name)
{
var declaringTypeName = name.Left.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences();
diagnostics.Report(name.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredFunctionInNamespaceOrClass, declaringTypeName, name.GetUnqualifiedName().Name.Text);
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredIndexer(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, ElementAccessExpressionSyntax node, TypeSymbol declaringType, IEnumerable<TypeSymbol> argumentTypes)
{
var declaringTypeName = declaringType.ToDisplayName();
var argumentTypeNames = string.Join(@", ", argumentTypes.Select(t => t.ToDisplayName()));
diagnostics.Report(node.GetTextSpanRoot(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredIndexer, declaringTypeName, argumentTypeNames);
}
public static void ReportVariableNotDeclared(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken name)
{
diagnostics.Report(name.Span, DiagnosticId.UndeclaredVariable, name.ValueText);
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredField(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, FieldAccessExpressionSyntax node, TypeSymbol type)
{
var typeName = type.ToDisplayName();
var propertyName = node.Name.ValueText;
diagnostics.Report(node.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredField, typeName, propertyName);
}
public static void ReportUndeclaredNamespaceOrType(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, QualifiedDeclarationNameSyntax node)
{
var typeName = node.Left.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences();
diagnostics.Report(node.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.UndeclaredNamespaceOrType, typeName);
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousInvocation(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, InvocableSymbol symbol1, InvocableSymbol symbol2, IReadOnlyList<TypeSymbol> argumentTypes)
{
if (argumentTypes.Count > 0)
{
var displayTypes = string.Join(@", ", argumentTypes.Select(t => t.ToDisplayName()));
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousInvocation, symbol1, symbol2, displayTypes);
}
else
{
var message = string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "Invocation is ambiguous between '{0}' and '{1}'.", symbol1, symbol2);
var diagnostic = new Diagnostic(span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousInvocation, message);
diagnostics.Add(diagnostic);
}
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousField(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken name)
{
diagnostics.Report(name.Span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousField, name.ValueText);
}
public static void ReportCannotConvert(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, TypeSymbol sourceType, TypeSymbol targetType)
{
var sourceTypeName = sourceType.ToDisplayName();
var targetTypeName = targetType.ToDisplayName();
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.CannotConvert, sourceTypeName, targetTypeName);
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousName(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken name, IReadOnlyList<Symbol> candidates)
{
var symbol1 = candidates[0];
var symbol2 = candidates[1];
diagnostics.Report(name.Span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousReference, name.ValueText, symbol1.Name, symbol2.Name);
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousType(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken name, IReadOnlyList<Symbol> candidates)
{
var symbol1 = candidates[0];
var symbol2 = candidates[1];
diagnostics.Report(name.Span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousType, name.ValueText, symbol1.Name, symbol2.Name);
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousNamespaceOrType(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, QualifiedDeclarationNameSyntax syntax, IReadOnlyList<Symbol> candidates)
{
var symbol1 = candidates[0];
var symbol2 = candidates[1];
diagnostics.Report(syntax.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.AmbiguousNamespaceOrType, syntax.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences(), symbol1.Name, symbol2.Name);
}
public static void ReportInvocationRequiresParenthesis(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken name)
{
diagnostics.Report(name.Span, DiagnosticId.InvocationRequiresParenthesis, name.ValueText);
}
public static void ReportCannotApplyBinaryOperator(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken operatorToken, TypeSymbol leftType, TypeSymbol rightType)
{
var operatorName = operatorToken.Text;
var leftTypeName = leftType.ToDisplayName();
var rightTypeName = rightType.ToDisplayName();
diagnostics.Report(operatorToken.Span, DiagnosticId.CannotApplyBinaryOperator, operatorName, leftTypeName, rightTypeName);
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousBinaryOperator(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken operatorToken, TypeSymbol leftType, TypeSymbol rightType)
{
var operatorName = operatorToken.Text;
var leftTypeName = leftType.ToDisplayName();
var rightTypeName = rightType.ToDisplayName();
diagnostics.Report(operatorToken.Span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousBinaryOperator, operatorName, leftTypeName, rightTypeName);
}
public static void ReportCannotApplyUnaryOperator(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken operatorToken, TypeSymbol type)
{
var operatorName = operatorToken.Text;
var typeName = type.ToDisplayName();
diagnostics.Report(operatorToken.Span, DiagnosticId.CannotApplyUnaryOperator, operatorName, typeName);
}
public static void ReportAmbiguousUnaryOperator(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, SyntaxToken operatorToken, TypeSymbol type)
{
var operatorName = operatorToken.Text;
var typeName = type.ToDisplayName();
diagnostics.Report(operatorToken.Span, DiagnosticId.AmbiguousUnaryOperator, operatorName, typeName);
}
public static void ReportFunctionMissingImplementation(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, FunctionInvocationExpressionSyntax syntax)
{
diagnostics.Report(syntax.Name.GetTextSpanSafe(), DiagnosticId.FunctionMissingImplementation, syntax.Name.ToStringIgnoringMacroReferences());
}
public static void ReportMethodMissingImplementation(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, MethodInvocationExpressionSyntax syntax)
{
diagnostics.Report(syntax.Name.Span, DiagnosticId.FunctionMissingImplementation, syntax.Name.Text);
}
public static void ReportSymbolRedefined(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, Symbol symbol)
{
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.SymbolRedefined, symbol.Name);
}
public static void ReportLoopControlVariableConflict(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, VariableDeclaratorSyntax syntax)
{
diagnostics.Report(syntax.Identifier.Span, DiagnosticId.LoopControlVariableConflict, syntax.Identifier.Text);
}
public static void ReportImplicitTruncation(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, TypeSymbol sourceType, TypeSymbol destinationType)
{
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.ImplicitTruncation, sourceType.Name, destinationType.Name);
}
#endregion
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Text/IIncludeFileSystem.cs
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text
{
public interface IIncludeFileSystem
{
SourceText GetInclude(string path);
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Support/TestFileSystem.cs
using System.IO;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Support
{
public sealed class TestFileSystem : IIncludeFileSystem
{
private readonly string _parentDirectory;
public TestFileSystem(string parentFile)
{
_parentDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(parentFile);
}
public SourceText GetInclude(string path)
{
return new StringText(File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(_parentDirectory, path)), path);
}
}
}<file_sep>/README.md
# Shader Tools for Visual Studio
[](https://gitter.im/tgjones/HlslTools)
A Visual Studio extension that provides enhanced support for editing High Level Shading Language (HLSL) files and Unity ShaderLab shaders.
Shader Tools works with both Visual Studio 2015 and Visual Studio 2017.
[](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/tgjones/hlsltools) [](http://www.issuestats.com/github/tgjones/hlsltools) [](http://www.issuestats.com/github/tgjones/hlsltools)
Download the extension at the [VS Gallery](https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/75ddd3be-6eda-4433-a850-458b51186658)
or get the [nightly build](http://vsixgallery.com/extension/7def6c01-a05e-42e6-953d-3fdea1891737/).
See the [changelog](CHANGELOG.md) for changes and roadmap.
### Why use Shader Tools?
Visual Studio itself includes basic support for editing HLSL files - and, with Visual Studio Tools for Unity installed,
it also includes basic support for editing Unity shaders.
In addition to those basic features, Shader Tools for Visual Studio includes many more navigational and editing features:
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"></th>
<th colspan="2">HLSL</th>
<th colspan="2">Unity ShaderLab</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Visual Studio</th>
<th>Shader Tools</th>
<th>VS Tools for Unity</th>
<th>Shader Tools</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Syntax highlighting</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Automatic formatting</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brace matching</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brace completion</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Outlining</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#statement-completion">Statement completion</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#signature-help">Signature help</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#reference-highlighting">Reference highlighting</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#navigation-bar">Navigation bar</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#navigate-to">Navigate to (Ctrl+,)</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#live-errors">Live errors</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#go-to-definition">Go to definition</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#quick-info">Quick info</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#preprocessor-support">Gray out code excluded by preprocessor</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#options">Language-specific preferences</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
<td></td>
<td>✓</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
There are more features [on the roadmap](CHANGELOG.md).
### Features
#### Statement completion
Just start typing, and Shader Tools will show you a list of the available symbols (variables, functions, etc.)
at that location. You can manually trigger this with the usual shortcuts: `Ctrl+J`, `Ctrl+Space`, etc.
#### Signature help
Signature help (a.k.a. parameter info) shows you all the overloads for a function call, along with information (from MSDN)
about the function, its parameters, and return types. Typing an open parenthesis will trigger statement
completion, as will the standard `Ctrl+Shift+Space` shortcut. Signature help is available for all HLSL functions and methods,
including the older `tex2D`-style texture sampling functions, and the newer `Texture2D.Sample`-style methods.
#### Reference highlighting
Placing the cursor within a symbol (local variable, function name, etc.) will cause all references to
that symbol to be highlighted. Navigate between references using `Ctrl+Shift+Up` and `Ctrl+Shift+Down`.
#### Navigation bar
#### Navigate To
Shader Tools supports Visual Studio's Navigate To feature. Activate it with `Ctrl+,`, and start typing the name
of the variable, function, or other symbol that you want to find.
#### Live errors
Shader Tools shows you syntax and semantic errors immediately. No need to wait till compilation!
Errors are shown as squigglies and in the error list.
#### Go to definition
Press F12 to go to a symbol definition. Go to definition works for variables, fields, functions, classes,
macros, and more.
#### Quick info
Hover over almost anything (variable, field, function call, macro, semantic, type, etc.) to see a Quick Info tooltip.
#### Preprocessor support
Shader Tools evaluates preprocessor directives as it parses your HLSL code, and grays out excluded code.
If you want to make a code block visible to, or hidden from, Shader Tools, use the `__INTELLISENSE__` macro:
#### Options
Configure HLSL- and ShaderLab-specific IntelliSense and formatting options. If you really want to, you can disable IntelliSense altogether
and just use Shader Tools' other features. You can also set HLSL- and ShaderLab-specific highlighting colours in
Tools > Options > Environment > Fonts and Colors.
### Extras
#### The code
Shader Tools includes [handwritten parsers for HLSL and ShaderLab](https://github.com/tgjones/HlslTools/blob/master/src/ShaderTools).
It initially used an ANTLR lexer and parser,
but the handwritten version was faster, and offered better error recovery.
Shader Tools has a reasonable test suite - although it can certainly be improved. Amongst more granular tests,
it includes a suite of 433 shaders, including all of the shaders from the DirectX and Nvidia SDKs, and Unity's built-in shaders.
If you want to contribute gnarly source files that push HLSL and ShaderLab to its limit, that would be great!
#### Syntax visualizer
Inspired by Roslyn, Shader Tools includes a syntax visualizer for HLSL source files. It's primarily of interest to Shader Tools developers,
but may be of interest to language nerds, so it's included in the main extension. Open it using `View > Other Windows > HLSL Syntax Visualizer`.
### Getting involved
You can ask questions in our [Gitter room](https://gitter.im/tgjones/HlslTools).
If you find a bug or want to request a feature, [create an issue here ](https://github.com/tgjones/HlslTools/issues).
You can find me on Twitter at [@\_tim_jones\_](https://twitter.com/_tim_jones_) and I tweet about Shader Tools using the
[#shadertools](https://twitter.com/hashtag/shadertools) hashtag.
Contributions are always welcome. [Please read the contributing guide first.](CONTRIBUTING.md)
### Maintainer(s)
* [@tgjones](https://github.com/tgjones)
### Acknowledgements
* Much of the code structure, and some of the actual code, comes from [Roslyn](https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn).
* [NQuery-vnext](https://github.com/terrajobst/nquery-vnext) is a nice example of a simplified Roslyn-style API,
and Shader Tools borrows some of its ideas and code.
* [Node.js Tools for Visual Studio](https://github.com/Microsoft/nodejstools) and
[Python Tools for Visual Studio](https://github.com/Microsoft/PTVS) are amongst the best examples of how to build
a language service for Visual Studio, and were a great help.
* [ScriptSharp](https://github.com/nikhilk/scriptsharp) is one of the older open-source .NET-related compilers,
and is still a great example of how to structure a compiler.
* [LangSvcV2](https://github.com/tunnelvisionlabs/LangSvcV2) includes many nice abstractions for some of the more
complicated parts of Visual Studio's language service support.
<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Binding/FunctionDeclarationTests.cs
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Binding
{
[TestFixture]
public class FunctionDeclarationTests
{
[Test]
public void DetectsFunctionRedefinition()
{
var code = @"
void foo() {}
void foo() {}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
Assert.That(diagnostics[0].DiagnosticId, Is.EqualTo(DiagnosticId.SymbolRedefined));
}
[Test]
public void AllowsFunctionOverloads()
{
var code = @"
void foo(int x) {}
void foo() {}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Is.Empty);
}
[Test]
public void AllowsMultipleMatchingFunctionDeclarations()
{
var code = @"
void foo();
void foo();";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Is.Empty);
}
[Test]
public void AllowsMissingFunctionImplementationIfUnused()
{
var code = @"void foo();";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Is.Empty);
}
[Test]
public void DetectsMissingFunctionImplementation()
{
var code = @"
void foo();
void main()
{
foo();
}";
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(code));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var diagnostics = syntaxTree.GetDiagnostics().Concat(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics()).ToImmutableArray();
Assert.That(diagnostics, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
Assert.That(diagnostics[0].DiagnosticId, Is.EqualTo(DiagnosticId.FunctionMissingImplementation));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests/Hlsl/Tagging/Classification/SemanticTaggerTests.cs
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Tagging;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Parsing;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Tagging.Classification;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Tagging.Classification
{
[TestFixture]
internal class SemanticTaggerTests : AsyncTaggerTestsBase<SemanticTagger, IClassificationTag>
{
private HlslClassificationService _hlslClassificationService;
protected override void OnTestFixtureSetUp()
{
_hlslClassificationService = Container.GetExportedValue<HlslClassificationService>();
}
protected override SemanticTagger CreateTagger(BackgroundParser backgroundParser, ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return new SemanticTagger(_hlslClassificationService, backgroundParser);
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Core/Diagnostics/DiagnosticBase.cs
using System.Globalization;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics
{
public abstract class DiagnosticBase
{
public TextSpan Span { get; }
public string Message { get; }
public DiagnosticSeverity Severity { get; }
protected DiagnosticBase(TextSpan textSpan, string message, DiagnosticSeverity severity)
{
Span = textSpan;
Message = message;
Severity = severity;
}
public override string ToString()
{
return $"{Span} {Message}";
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Core/Tagging/Squiggles/ErrorTagger.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Tagging;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Options;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Tagging.Squiggles
{
internal abstract class ErrorTagger : AsyncTagger<IErrorTag>
{
private readonly string _errorType;
private readonly ITextView _textView;
private readonly IOptionsService _optionsService;
private bool _squigglesEnabled;
protected ErrorTagger(string errorType, ITextView textView, IOptionsService optionsService)
{
_errorType = errorType;
_textView = textView;
_optionsService = optionsService;
optionsService.OptionsChanged += OnOptionsChanged;
textView.Closed += OnViewClosed;
OnOptionsChanged(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
private async void OnOptionsChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
_squigglesEnabled = _optionsService.EnableErrorReporting && _optionsService.EnableSquiggles;
await InvalidateTags(_textView.TextSnapshot, CancellationToken.None);
}
protected ITagSpan<IErrorTag> CreateTagSpan(ITextSnapshot snapshot, DiagnosticBase diagnostic, bool squigglesEnabled)
{
var span = new Span(diagnostic.Span.Start, diagnostic.Span.Length);
var snapshotSpan = new SnapshotSpan(snapshot, span);
var errorTag = new ErrorTag(_errorType, diagnostic.Message);
var errorTagSpan = new TagSpan<IErrorTag>(snapshotSpan, errorTag);
return errorTagSpan;
}
private void OnViewClosed(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
_optionsService.OptionsChanged -= OnOptionsChanged;
var view = (IWpfTextView)sender;
view.Closed -= OnViewClosed;
}
protected override Tuple<ITextSnapshot, List<ITagSpan<IErrorTag>>> GetTags(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
if (!_squigglesEnabled)
return Tuple.Create(snapshot, new List<ITagSpan<IErrorTag>>());
var tagSpans = GetDiagnostics(snapshot, cancellationToken)
.Where(x => x.Span.IsInRootFile)
.Select(d => CreateTagSpan(snapshot, d, _squigglesEnabled))
.Where(x => x != null)
.ToList();
return Tuple.Create(snapshot, tagSpans);
}
protected abstract IEnumerable<DiagnosticBase> GetDiagnostics(ITextSnapshot snapshot, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Symbols/IntrinsicTypesTests.cs
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Symbols
{
[TestFixture]
public class IntrinsicTypesTests
{
[Test]
public void VectorTypesHaveCorrectFields()
{
var float1Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float1;
Assert.That(float1Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(9));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[0].Name, Is.EqualTo("x"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[1].Name, Is.EqualTo("xx"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[2].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxx"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[3].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxxx"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[4].Name, Is.EqualTo("r"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[5].Name, Is.EqualTo("rr"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[6].Name, Is.EqualTo("rrr"));
Assert.That(float1Type.Members[7].Name, Is.EqualTo("rrrr"));
var float2Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float2;
Assert.That(float2Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(61));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[0].Name, Is.EqualTo("x"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[1].Name, Is.EqualTo("y"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[2].Name, Is.EqualTo("xx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[3].Name, Is.EqualTo("xy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[4].Name, Is.EqualTo("yx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[5].Name, Is.EqualTo("yy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[6].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[7].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[8].Name, Is.EqualTo("xyx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[9].Name, Is.EqualTo("xyy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[10].Name, Is.EqualTo("yxx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[11].Name, Is.EqualTo("yxy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[12].Name, Is.EqualTo("yyx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[13].Name, Is.EqualTo("yyy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[14].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxxx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[15].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxxy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[16].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxyx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[17].Name, Is.EqualTo("xxyy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[18].Name, Is.EqualTo("xyxx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[19].Name, Is.EqualTo("xyxy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[20].Name, Is.EqualTo("xyyx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[21].Name, Is.EqualTo("xyyy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[22].Name, Is.EqualTo("yxxx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[23].Name, Is.EqualTo("yxxy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[24].Name, Is.EqualTo("yxyx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[25].Name, Is.EqualTo("yxyy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[26].Name, Is.EqualTo("yyxx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[27].Name, Is.EqualTo("yyxy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[28].Name, Is.EqualTo("yyyx"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[29].Name, Is.EqualTo("yyyy"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[30].Name, Is.EqualTo("r"));
Assert.That(float2Type.Members[59].Name, Is.EqualTo("gggg"));
var float3Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float3;
Assert.That(float3Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(241));
var float4Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float4;
Assert.That(float4Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(681));
}
[Test]
public void MatrixTypesHaveCorrectFields()
{
var matrix1x1Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float1x1;
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(9));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[0].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[1].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[2].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00_m00_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[3].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00_m00_m00_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[4].Name, Is.EqualTo("_11"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[5].Name, Is.EqualTo("_11_11"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[6].Name, Is.EqualTo("_11_11_11"));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[7].Name, Is.EqualTo("_11_11_11_11"));
var matrix1x2Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float1x2;
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(61));
Assert.That(matrix1x1Type.Members[0].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members[1].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m01"));
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members[2].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members[3].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00_m01"));
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members[4].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m01_m00"));
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members[5].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m01_m01"));
Assert.That(matrix1x2Type.Members[6].Name, Is.EqualTo("_m00_m00_m00"));
var matrix2x2Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float2x2;
Assert.That(matrix2x2Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(681));
var matrix4x4Type = IntrinsicTypes.Float4x4;
Assert.That(matrix4x4Type.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(139809));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Resources;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl;
[assembly: AssemblyTitle("Shader Tools for Visual Studio")]
[assembly: AssemblyDescription("")]
[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("")]
[assembly: AssemblyCompany("<NAME>")]
[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Shader Tools for Visual Studio")]
[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("Copyright © 2015-2016 <NAME>")]
[assembly: AssemblyTrademark("")]
[assembly: AssemblyCulture("")]
[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
[assembly: CLSCompliant(false)]
[assembly: NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
[assembly: AssemblyVersion(HlslPackage.Version)]
[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion(HlslPackage.Version)]
[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100db0e6b6325cc8d19c80ca770a04910ef5fa65f56adf2b3b5edf9941d151fa4441fb64c68f93b61491fe730fc97a0fff117482b91476b55310e7ef8b90dc0f88974fabbff0f410fbe5a709df50ba1892e01152656f590e1e1670d7ba006708dba2a4410217ba5a478d499e2d08748b9e2ee09a03e97100c9a5d2218c90ebfc9b9")]
[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("DynamicProxyGenAssembly2, PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100c547cac37abd99c8db225ef2f6c8a3602f3b3606cc9891605d02baa56104f4cfc0734aa39b93bf7852f7d9266654753cc297e7d2edfe0bac1cdcf9f717241550e0a7b191195b7667bb4f64bcb8e2121380fd1d9d46ad2d92d2d15605093924cceaf74c4861eff62abf69b9291ed0a340e113be11e6a7d3113e92484cf7045cc7")]<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Compilation/SemanticModelTests.cs
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Symbols;
using ShaderTools.Hlsl.Syntax;
using ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Support;
namespace ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Compilation
{
[TestFixture]
public class SemanticModelTests
{
[TestCaseSource(typeof(ShaderTestUtility), nameof(ShaderTestUtility.GetTestShaders))]
public void CanGetSemanticModel(string testFile)
{
var sourceCode = File.ReadAllText(testFile);
// Build syntax tree.
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(sourceCode), fileSystem: new TestFileSystem(testFile));
ShaderTestUtility.CheckForParseErrors(syntaxTree);
// Get semantic model.
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
Assert.That(semanticModel, Is.Not.Null);
foreach (var diagnostic in semanticModel.GetDiagnostics())
Debug.WriteLine(diagnostic);
Assert.That(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics().Count(x => x.Severity == DiagnosticSeverity.Error), Is.EqualTo(0));
}
[Test]
public void SemanticModelForStructAndFunction()
{
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(@"
struct MyStruct
{
float a;
int b;
};
void MyFunc()
{
MyStruct s;
s.a = 1.0;
}"));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
var structDefinition = (TypeDeclarationStatementSyntax) syntaxTree.Root.ChildNodes[0];
var functionDefinition = (FunctionDefinitionSyntax) syntaxTree.Root.ChildNodes[1];
var variableDeclaration = (VariableDeclarationStatementSyntax) functionDefinition.Body.Statements[0];
var assignmentStatement = (ExpressionStatementSyntax) functionDefinition.Body.Statements[1];
var structSymbol = semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol((StructTypeSyntax) structDefinition.Type);
Assert.That(structSymbol, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(structSymbol.Name, Is.EqualTo("MyStruct"));
Assert.That(structSymbol.Members, Has.Length.EqualTo(2));
var functionSymbol = semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(functionDefinition);
Assert.That(functionSymbol, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(functionSymbol.Name, Is.EqualTo("MyFunc"));
Assert.That(functionSymbol.ReturnType, Is.EqualTo(IntrinsicTypes.Void));
var variableSymbol = semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(variableDeclaration.Declaration.Variables[0]);
Assert.That(variableSymbol, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(variableSymbol.Name, Is.EqualTo("s"));
Assert.That(variableSymbol.ValueType, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(variableSymbol.ValueType, Is.EqualTo(structSymbol));
var assignmentExpressionType = semanticModel.GetExpressionType(assignmentStatement.Expression);
Assert.That(assignmentExpressionType, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(assignmentExpressionType, Is.EqualTo(IntrinsicTypes.Float));
}
[Test]
public void SemanticModelForTypedef()
{
var syntaxTree = SyntaxFactory.ParseSyntaxTree(SourceText.From(@"
typedef float2 Point;
Point p;"));
var compilation = new ShaderTools.Hlsl.Compilation.Compilation(syntaxTree);
var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel();
foreach (var diagnostic in semanticModel.GetDiagnostics())
Debug.WriteLine(diagnostic);
Assert.That(semanticModel.GetDiagnostics().Count(x => x.Severity == DiagnosticSeverity.Error), Is.EqualTo(0));
var typedefStatement = (TypedefStatementSyntax) syntaxTree.Root.ChildNodes[0];
var variableDeclaration = (VariableDeclarationStatementSyntax) syntaxTree.Root.ChildNodes[1];
var typeAliasSymbol = semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(typedefStatement.Declarators[0]);
Assert.That(typeAliasSymbol, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(typeAliasSymbol.Name, Is.EqualTo("Point"));
var variableSymbol = semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(variableDeclaration.Declaration.Variables[0]);
Assert.That(variableSymbol, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(variableSymbol.Name, Is.EqualTo("p"));
Assert.That(variableSymbol.ValueType, Is.Not.Null);
Assert.That(variableSymbol.ValueType, Is.EqualTo(typeAliasSymbol));
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Unity/Diagnostics/DiagnosticExtensions.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
using ShaderTools.Properties;
using ShaderTools.Unity.Syntax;
namespace ShaderTools.Unity.Diagnostics
{
internal static class DiagnosticExtensions
{
public static string GetMessage(this DiagnosticId diagnosticId)
{
return Resources.ResourceManager.GetString(diagnosticId.ToString());
}
public static void Report(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, DiagnosticId diagnosticId, params object[] args)
{
var diagnostic = Diagnostic.Format(textSpan, diagnosticId, args);
diagnostics.Add(diagnostic);
}
#region Lexer errors
public static void ReportIllegalInputCharacter(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, char character)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.IllegalInputCharacter, character);
}
public static void ReportUnterminatedComment(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.UnterminatedComment);
}
public static void ReportUnterminatedString(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.UnterminatedString);
}
public static void ReportInvalidInteger(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidInteger, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportInvalidReal(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidReal, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportInvalidOctal(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidOctal, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportInvalidHex(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.InvalidHex, tokenText);
}
public static void ReportNumberTooLarge(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan textSpan, string tokenText)
{
diagnostics.Report(textSpan, DiagnosticId.NumberTooLarge, tokenText);
}
#endregion
#region Parser errors
public static void ReportTokenExpected(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, SyntaxToken actual, SyntaxKind expected)
{
var actualText = actual.GetDisplayText();
var expectedText = expected.GetDisplayText();
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.TokenExpected, actualText, expectedText);
}
public static void ReportTokenExpectedMultipleChoices(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, SyntaxToken actual, IEnumerable<SyntaxKind> expected)
{
var actualText = actual.GetDisplayText();
var expectedText = string.Join(", ", expected.Select(x => $"'{x.GetDisplayText()}'"));
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.TokenExpectedMultipleChoices, actualText, expectedText);
}
public static void ReportTokenUnexpected(this ICollection<Diagnostic> diagnostics, TextSpan span, SyntaxToken actual)
{
var actualText = actual.GetDisplayText();
diagnostics.Report(span, DiagnosticId.TokenUnexpected, actualText);
}
#endregion
#region Semantic errors
#endregion
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Diagnostics/DiagnosticFacts.cs
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Diagnostics
{
internal static class DiagnosticFacts
{
public static DiagnosticSeverity GetSeverity(DiagnosticId id)
{
switch (id)
{
case DiagnosticId.LoopControlVariableConflict:
case DiagnosticId.ImplicitTruncation:
return DiagnosticSeverity.Warning;
default:
return DiagnosticSeverity.Error;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests/Hlsl/Support/VsShaderTestUtility.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using NUnit.Framework;
using ShaderTools.Tests.Hlsl.Support;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Tests.Hlsl.Support
{
internal static class VsShaderTestUtility
{
public static IEnumerable<TestCaseData> GetTestShaders()
{
return ShaderTestUtility.FindTestShaders("../../../ShaderTools.Tests/Hlsl/Shaders");
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Options/HlslOptionsPageBase.cs
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.Options;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Options
{
internal abstract class HlslOptionsPageBase<TOptions> : OptionsPageBase<IHlslOptionsService, TOptions>
where TOptions : class, new()
{
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Hlsl/Navigation/EditorNavigationSourceProvider.cs
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Glyphs;
using ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Util.Extensions;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Hlsl.Navigation
{
[Export]
internal class EditorNavigationSourceProvider
{
[Import]
public DispatcherGlyphService GlyphService { get; private set; }
public EditorNavigationSource TryCreateEditorNavigationSource(ITextBuffer textBuffer)
{
return textBuffer.Properties.GetOrCreateSingletonProperty(
() =>
{
var result = new EditorNavigationSource(textBuffer, textBuffer.GetBackgroundParser(), GlyphService);
result.Initialize();
return result;
});
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools/Hlsl/Text/DummyFileSystem.cs
using System;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.Hlsl.Text
{
internal sealed class DummyFileSystem : IIncludeFileSystem
{
public SourceText GetInclude(string path)
{
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
}
}<file_sep>/src/ShaderTools.VisualStudio/Core/ErrorList/IErrorListHelper.cs
using System;
using ShaderTools.Core.Diagnostics;
using ShaderTools.Core.Text;
namespace ShaderTools.VisualStudio.Core.ErrorList
{
internal interface IErrorListHelper : IDisposable
{
void AddError(DiagnosticBase diagnostic, TextSpan span);
void Clear();
}
}
|
b575492262582c6f76204a5f95fdc7e8a840102a
|
[
"Markdown",
"C#"
] | 41
|
C#
|
tylearymf/HlslTools
|
e5a5c4ce693ede02a39711b3e06e6926c98f01f5
|
434b50a21843ed8275ec5b639de9811e58989dbf
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep># Laravel Document api
# Установка
- Клонировать репозиторий
```sh
git clone https://github.com/nipler/laravel_api_test.git
```
- Запустить composer
```sh
composer install
```
- Выполнить миграции
```sh
php artisan migrate
```
<file_sep><?php namespace App\Providers;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
class ValidatorServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider {
public function boot()
{
$this->app['validator']->extend('uuid', function ($attribute, $value, $parameters)
{
return preg_match('/^[a-f0-9]{8}\-[a-f0-9]{4}\-[a-f0-9]{4}\-[a-f0-9]{4}\-[a-f0-9]{12}$/', $value);
});
}
public function register()
{
//
}
}
<file_sep><?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api\V1;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Http\Requests\DocumentRequest;
use App\Documents;
use Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid;
class DocumentsController extends Controller
{
/**
* получить список документов с пагинацией
*
* @return App\Documents
*/
public function index(DocumentRequest $request)
{
$perPage = $request->input('perPage');
$documents = Documents::select()
->orderBy('id', 'desc')
->paginate($perPage);
return [
'document'=>$documents->items(),
'pagination' => [
'page' => $documents->currentPage(),
'perPage' => $documents->perPage(),
'total' => $documents->total()
]
];
}
/**
* Создаем черновик документа
*
* @param App\Http\Requests\DocumentRequest $request
* @return App\Documents
*/
public function draft(DocumentRequest $request)
{
if ($request->isMethod('post')) {
$document = new Documents;
$document->uuid = Uuid::uuid4();
$document->status = 'draft';
$document->payload = new \stdClass ;
$document->save();
return ['document'=>$document];
}
}
/**
* редактировать документ
*
* @param App\Http\Requests\DocumentRequest $request
* @param UUID $id
* @return App\Documents
*/
public function patch(DocumentRequest $request, $id)
{
// Если валидация не прошла то отдаем стутус 400
if (isset($request->validator) && $request->validator->fails()) {
return response()->json($request->validator->messages(), 400);
}
$document = Documents::where('uuid', $id)->firstOrFail();
if($document->status == "draft") {
$document->payload = $request->payload;
$document->save();
}
else {
return response()->json("Record already published", 400);
}
return ['document'=>$document];
}
/**
* // получить документ по id
*
* @param uuid $id
* @return App\Documents
*/
public function show($id)
{
$document = Documents::where('uuid', $id)->firstOrFail();
return ['document'=>$document];
}
/**
* опубликовать документ
*
* @param App\Http\Requests\DocumentRequest $request
* @param uuid $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function publish(DocumentRequest $request, $id)
{
$document = Documents::where('uuid', $id)->firstOrFail();
if($document->status == "draft") {
$document->status = "published";
$document->save();
}
return ['document'=>$document];
}
}
<file_sep><?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Documents extends Model
{
protected $fillable = ['uuid', 'status', 'payload', 'created_at', 'updated_at'];
protected $hidden = ['id'];
/**
* payload преобразуем в json и обратно
*
* @var array
*/
protected $casts = [
'payload' => 'object',
];
}
<file_sep><?php
namespace App\Http\Requests;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Http\FormRequest;
class DocumentRequest extends FormRequest
{
public $validator = null;
public function wantsJson()
{
return true;
}
/**
* Переопределяем метод
*
* @return bool
*/
protected function failedValidation(\Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Validator $validator) {
$this->validator = $validator;
}
/**
* Просим отдаватьвсе в json
*
* @return bool
*/
public function authorize()
{
return $this->isJson();
}
/**
* Устанавливаем правила валидации
*
* @return array
*/
public function rules(Request $request) {
$rules = [
// 'id' => ['required', 'string', 'uuid'],
// 'payload' => ['required'],
];
switch ($this->getMethod())
{
case 'POST':
/* $segments = $this->segments();
if(isset($segments[4]) && $segments[4] == "publish") {
} */
break;
case 'PATCH':
$rules = [
'payload' => ['required'],
];
break;
}
return $rules;
}
/**
* Устанавливаем сообщения при ошибке
*
* @return array
*/
public function messages() {
return [
'id.uuid' => 'ID невалидный uuid',
'id.string' => 'ID не является строкой',
'id.required' => 'ID не может быть пустым',
'payload.required' => 'Payload не может быть пустым',
];
}
/**
* Преобразуем json запрос в нужный формат
*
* @return array
*/
public function all($keys = null){
$json = parent::json()->all();
if(!isset($json['document'])) return [];
if(empty($keys)){
return $json['document'];
}
return collect($json['document'])->only($keys)->toArray();
}
}
|
f6f6c06afa69da8040e530eee83429a73b0c2672
|
[
"Markdown",
"PHP"
] | 5
|
Markdown
|
nipler/laravel_api_test
|
cce0e9739a4c50323691c97d11585b39d9e5dff3
|
3c0e5d9e976965363891fae1fd05215efb4a11ca
|
refs/heads/main
|
<file_sep>using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces
{
public interface IUserTravelPlanService
{
Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetTravelersForActivityAsync(Guid travelPlanId);
Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetUserTravelPlanIDsAsync(Guid userId);
Task<bool> Delete(UserTravelPlan userTPToRemove);
}
}
<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces
{
public interface ITPActivityService
{
Task<TravelPlanActivityDto> CreateAsync(TravelPlanActivityDto activityDto, Guid userId);
Task<TravelPlanActivityDto> EditAsync(TravelPlanActivityDto activityDto, Guid userId);
Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid activityId, Guid userId);
Task<TravelPlanActivityDto> GetAsync(Guid activityId);
Task<List<TravelPlanActivityDto>> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId);
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan;
using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using DTOs = Domain.DTOs;
using Models = Domain.Models;
namespace TravelogApi.Tests.Business.TravelPlan
{
[TestClass]
public class TPActivityServiceTests
{
private readonly MockRepository _mockRepo = new MockRepository(MockBehavior.Strict);
private DTOs.TravelPlanActivityDto _genericActivityDTO;
private Guid _emptyTPID;
private Guid _emptyUserId;
private DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> _dbOptions;
//gets called before each test
[TestInitialize]
public void Initialize()
{
_emptyTPID = new Guid();
_emptyUserId = new Guid();
_genericActivityDTO = new DTOs.TravelPlanActivityDto()
{
TravelPlanId = _emptyTPID,
Name = "Activity 1",
StartTime = new DateTime(),
EndTime = new DateTime().AddHours(1),
Location = new DTOs.LocationDto()
{
Address = "Some Place",
Latitude = 123.451,
Longitude = 543.210
},
Category = "Food"
};
_dbOptions = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<AppDbContext>().UseInMemoryDatabase(databaseName: "TravelogApi").Options;
}
[TestMethod]
public async Task CreateAsync_ValidActivity_ReturnsActivity()
{
var newActivity = new Models.TravelPlanActivity
{
Name = _genericActivityDTO.Name,
StartTime = _genericActivityDTO.StartTime,
EndTime = _genericActivityDTO.EndTime,
Category = _genericActivityDTO.Category,
Location = new Models.Location
{
Address = _genericActivityDTO.Location.Address,
Latitude = _genericActivityDTO.Location.Latitude,
Longitude = _genericActivityDTO.Location.Longitude,
},
HostId = _emptyUserId,
TravelPlanId = _genericActivityDTO.TravelPlanId
};
var travelPlanDto = new DTOs.TravelPlanDto();
var tpService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanService>();
var tpActivityRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanActivityRepository>();
//arrange
tpService.Setup((tps) => tps.GetAsync(_emptyTPID, false, false)).ReturnsAsync(travelPlanDto);
tpActivityRepo.Setup((tpa) => tpa.CreateAsync(It.IsAny<Models.TravelPlanActivity>())).ReturnsAsync(newActivity);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpActivityService = new TPActivityService(context, tpService.Object, tpActivityRepo.Object);
var result = await tpActivityService.CreateAsync(_genericActivityDTO, _emptyUserId);
//verify
Assert.IsNotNull(result);
Assert.IsTrue(result is DTOs.TravelPlanActivityDto);
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))]
public async Task CreateAsync_InvalidTPId_ThrowsException()
{
DTOs.TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto = null;
var tpService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanService>();
var tpActivityRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanActivityRepository>();
//arrange
tpService.Setup((tps) => tps.GetAsync(_emptyTPID, false, false)).ReturnsAsync(travelPlanDto);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpActivityService = new TPActivityService(context, tpService.Object, tpActivityRepo.Object);
var result = await tpActivityService.CreateAsync(_genericActivityDTO, _emptyUserId);
//verify
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))]
public async Task EditAsync_InvalidActivityID_ThrowsException()
{
var tpService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanService>();
var tpActivityRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanActivityRepository>();
Models.TravelPlanActivity nullTPActivity = null;
//arrange
tpActivityRepo.Setup((tpa) => tpa.GetAsync(It.IsAny<Guid>())).ReturnsAsync(nullTPActivity);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpActivityService = new TPActivityService(context, tpService.Object, tpActivityRepo.Object);
var result = await tpActivityService.EditAsync(_genericActivityDTO, _emptyUserId);
//verify
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(InsufficientRightsException))]
public async Task EditAsync_UserNotHost_ThrowsInsufficientRightsException()
{
var tpService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanService>();
var tpActivityRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanActivityRepository>();
var tpActivityToEdit = new Models.TravelPlanActivity
{
HostId = Guid.NewGuid()
};
//arrange
tpActivityRepo.Setup((tpa) => tpa.GetAsync(It.IsAny<Guid>())).ReturnsAsync(tpActivityToEdit);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpActivityService = new TPActivityService(context, tpService.Object, tpActivityRepo.Object);
var result = await tpActivityService.EditAsync(_genericActivityDTO, _emptyUserId);
//verify
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(InsufficientRightsException))]
public async Task DeleteAsync_UserNotHost_ThrowsInsufficientRightsException()
{
var tpService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanService>();
var tpActivityRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanActivityRepository>();
var tpActivityToDelete = new Models.TravelPlanActivity
{
HostId = Guid.NewGuid()
};
//arrange
tpActivityRepo.Setup((tpa) => tpa.GetAsync(It.IsAny<Guid>())).ReturnsAsync(tpActivityToDelete);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpActivityService = new TPActivityService(context, tpService.Object, tpActivityRepo.Object);
var result = await tpActivityService.EditAsync(_genericActivityDTO, _emptyUserId);
//verify
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories
{
public class TravelPlanRepository : ITravelPlanRepository
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
private readonly ITravelPlanStatusRepository _travelPlanStatusRepository;
public TravelPlanRepository(AppDbContext dbContext,
IUserRepository userRepository,
ITravelPlanStatusRepository travelPlanStatusRepository)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
_userRepository = userRepository;
_travelPlanStatusRepository = travelPlanStatusRepository;
}
public async Task<bool> AddTravelerAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userToAddId)
{
try
{
//check if travelplan exists
var travelPlan = await _dbContext.TravelPlans.FindAsync(travelPlanId);
if (travelPlan == null) throw new Exception("Travel Plan Not Found");
var newUserTravelPlan = new UserTravelPlan
{
UserId = userToAddId,
TravelPlanId = travelPlanId
};
//could throw exception if traveler is already added to travel plan bc of the composite key constraint
_dbContext.UserTravelPlans.Add(newUserTravelPlan);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
return isSuccessful;
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlan> CreateAsync(TravelPlan newTravelPlan)
{
try
{
await _dbContext.TravelPlans.AddAsync(newTravelPlan);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
return newTravelPlan;
}
throw new Exception("Problem Editing Travel Plan");
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(TravelPlan travelPlanToDelete)
{
try
{
//let EF core cascade delete and delete relations with dependent tables via collection nav properties
_dbContext.Remove(travelPlanToDelete);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
//public async Task<TravelPlanDto> EditAsync(TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto, Guid userId)
//{
// try
// {
// var travelPlanToEdit = await _dbContext.TravelPlans.FindAsync(travelPlanDto.Id);
// if (travelPlanToEdit == null) throw new Exception("Travel Plan Not Found");
// if (travelPlanToEdit.CreatedById != userId) throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to edit Travel Plan");
// //map here
// travelPlanToEdit.TravelPlanId = travelPlanDto.Id;
// travelPlanToEdit.Name = travelPlanDto.Name;
// travelPlanToEdit.StartDate = travelPlanDto.StartDate;
// travelPlanToEdit.EndDate = travelPlanDto.EndDate;
// travelPlanToEdit.Description = travelPlanDto.Description;
// if (!_dbContext.ChangeTracker.HasChanges()) return travelPlanDto;
// var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
// if (isSuccessful)
// {
// return new TravelPlanDto(travelPlanToEdit);
// }
// throw new Exception("Problem Editing Travel Plan");
// }
// catch (Exception)
// {
// throw;
// }
//}
//public async Task<bool> UpdateTPStatus(TravelPlan travelPlanToEdit, int status)
//{
// if (!_dbContext.ChangeTracker.HasChanges())
// {
// return true;
// }
// else
// {
// var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
// return isSuccessful;
// }
//}
public async Task<TravelPlan> GetAsync(Guid travelPlanId, bool includeUTP = false)
{
try
{
TravelPlan travelPlan;
if(includeUTP)
{
travelPlan = await _dbContext.TravelPlans.Where((tp) => tp.TravelPlanId == travelPlanId)
.Include(tp => tp.UserTravelPlans)
.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
}
else
{
travelPlan = await _dbContext.TravelPlans.FindAsync(travelPlanId);
}
var travelPlanDto = new TravelPlanDto(travelPlan);
var tpStatus = await _dbContext.TravelPlanStatuses.Where(tps => tps.UniqStatus == (TravelPlanStatusEnum)travelPlan.TravelPlanStatusId)
.FirstOrDefaultAsync();
travelPlanDto.TravelPlanStatus = new TravelPlanStatusDto
{
UniqStatus = tpStatus.UniqStatus,
Description = tpStatus.Description
};
return travelPlan;
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<List<TravelPlan>> GetTravelPlansWithFilterAsync(IEnumerable<Guid> travelPlanIDs, int? status = null)
{
var travelPlans = new List<TravelPlan>();
//if null, aka not specified, get all,
//else get specific
if (status == null)
{
travelPlans = await _dbContext.TravelPlans.Where((tp) => travelPlanIDs.Contains(tp.TravelPlanId))
.OrderBy((tp) => tp.StartDate).ToListAsync();
}
else if (Enum.IsDefined(typeof(TravelPlanStatusEnum), status))
{
travelPlans = await _dbContext.TravelPlans.Where((tp) => travelPlanIDs.Contains(tp.TravelPlanId) && tp.TravelPlanStatusId == status)
.OrderBy((tp) => tp.StartDate).ToListAsync();
}
return travelPlans;
}
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan;
using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Repositories;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging;
using Persistence;
namespace TravelogApi
{
public class Startup
{
public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
{
Configuration = configuration;
}
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
var connectionString = Configuration.GetConnectionString("TravelogApi");
services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
options.UseSqlServer(connectionString));
services.AddCors(options =>
{
//allows any requests from localhost;3000 to get into app
//without this requests from any origin will not be allowed to hit
//this api
options.AddPolicy("TravelogCorsPolicy", policy =>
{
policy
.AllowAnyHeader()
.AllowAnyMethod()
.WithOrigins("http://localhost:3000")
.WithExposedHeaders("WWW-Authenticate")
.AllowCredentials();
});
});
//use the jwtbearer auth
services.AddAuthentication("TravelogBearerAuth")
.AddJwtBearer("TravelogBearerAuth", config =>
{
config.Authority = Configuration["IdentityServerUrl"];
//who we are, needed by server to check whether token is for this resource
config.Audience = "TravelogApi";
});
//repos
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanRepository, TravelPlanRepository>();
services.AddScoped<IUserRepository, UserRepository>();
services.AddScoped<IUserTravelPlanRepository, UserTravelPlanRepository>();
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanActivityRepository, TravelPlanActivityRepository>();
services.AddScoped<IPlanInvitationRepository, PlanInvitationRepository>();
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanStatusRepository, TravelPlanStatusRepository>();
services.AddScoped<ITPAnnouncementRepository, TPAnnouncementRepository>();
//bus services
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanService, TravelPlanService>();
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanInvitationService, TravelPlanInvitationService>();
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanStatusService, TravelPlanStatusService>();
services.AddScoped<IUserTravelPlanService, UserTravelPlanService>();
services.AddScoped<ITPActivityService, TPActivityService>();
services.AddScoped<ITPAnnouncementService, TPAnnouncementService>();
services.AddScoped<ITravelPlanInvitationService, TravelPlanInvitationService>();
services.AddControllers();
}
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
IdentityModelEventSource.ShowPII = true;
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.UseRouting();
app.UseCors("TravelogCorsPolicy");
app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
endpoints.MapDefaultControllerRoute();
});
}
}
}<file_sep>using Dapper;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories
{
public class PlanInvitationRepository : IPlanInvitationRepository
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
private readonly ITravelPlanRepository _travelPlanRepository;
public string ConnectionString { get; }
public PlanInvitationRepository(AppDbContext dbContext,
IUserRepository userRepository,
ITravelPlanRepository travelPlanRepository,
IConfiguration configuration)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
_userRepository = userRepository;
_travelPlanRepository = travelPlanRepository;
ConnectionString = configuration.GetConnectionString("TravelogApi");
}
public async Task DeleteInvitation(PlanInvitation invitation)
{
try
{
//accepting means remove the invitation from table
_dbContext.PlanInvitations.Remove(invitation);
var result = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
if (result <= 0)
{
//log here
throw new Exception("Could not save invitation changes");
}
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task InviteUser(PlanInvitation newInvitation)
{
try
{
_dbContext.PlanInvitations.Add(newInvitation);
var result = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
if (result <= 0)
{
throw new Exception("Could not add invitation in db");
}
}
catch (DbUpdateException exc)
{
if (exc.InnerException is SqlException sqlExc)
{
switch (sqlExc.Number)
{
//2627 is unique id already exists
case 2627: throw new UniqueConstraintException("Invitation has already been sent");
default: throw;
}
}
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<List<PlanInvitationDto>> List(Guid loggedInUserId)
{
try
{
//get invitations
const string PLAN_INVITATIONS_FOR_USER_SQL = @"SELECT INV.ID, TP.NAME as TravelPlanName, INV.INVITEEID as InviteeId, INV.INVITEDBYID as InvitedById, TP.TRAVELPLANID as TravelPlanId, INV.CREATED as CreatedDate, INV.EXPIRATION as ExpirationDate FROM PLANINVITATIONS INV INNER JOIN TRAVELPLANS TP ON TP.TRAVELPLANID = INV.TRAVELPLANID WHERE INV.INVITEEID=@loggedInUserId";
List<PlanInvitationDto> userInvitations;
using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(ConnectionString))
{
var enumerablInvs = await connection
.QueryAsync<PlanInvitationDto>(PLAN_INVITATIONS_FOR_USER_SQL,
new { loggedInUserId = loggedInUserId });
userInvitations = enumerablInvs.ToList();
}
return userInvitations;
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<PlanInvitation> GetInvitation(int invitationId)
{
try
{
var invitation = await _dbContext.PlanInvitations.FindAsync(invitationId);
return invitation;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan;
using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Models = Domain.Models;
using DTOs = Domain.DTOs;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace TravelogApi.Tests.Business.TravelPlan
{
[TestClass]
public class TravelPlanServiceTests
{
private readonly MockRepository _mockRepo = new MockRepository(MockBehavior.Strict);
private DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> _dbOptions;
private Guid _emptyTPId;
private Guid _emptyUserId;
[TestInitialize]
public void Initialize()
{
_emptyTPId = new Guid();
_emptyUserId = new Guid();
_dbOptions = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<AppDbContext>().UseInMemoryDatabase(databaseName: "TravelogApi").Options;
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))]
public async Task SetStatus_InvalidStatus_ThrowsException()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
int invalidStatus = 123;
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.SetStatusAsync(loggedInUserId, _emptyUserId, invalidStatus);
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))]
public async Task SetStatus_InvalidTravelPlan_ThrowsException()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
int invalidStatus = (int)TravelPlanStatusEnum.Archived;
var tpToEdit = new Models.TravelPlan();
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(It.IsAny<Guid>(), false)).ReturnsAsync(tpToEdit);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.SetStatusAsync(loggedInUserId, _emptyUserId, invalidStatus);
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(InsufficientRightsException))]
public async Task SetStatus_UserIsNotCreator_ThrowsInsufficientRightsException()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
int status = (int)TravelPlanStatusEnum.Archived;
var tpToEdit = new Models.TravelPlan() { CreatedById = Guid.NewGuid() };
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(It.IsAny<Guid>(), false)).ReturnsAsync(tpToEdit);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.SetStatusAsync(loggedInUserId, _emptyUserId, status);
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))]
public async Task RemoveTraveler_InvalidTravelPlan_ThrowsException()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
Models.TravelPlan nullTP = null;
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(_emptyTPId, true)).ReturnsAsync(nullTP);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.RemoveTraveler(loggedInUserId, "someUsername", _emptyTPId);
}
}
[TestMethod]
public async Task RemoveTraveler_InvalidTraveler_ReturnsTrue()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var userName = "someUsername";
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
Models.TravelPlan travelPlan = new Models.TravelPlan();
DTOs.UserDto nullUser = null;
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(_emptyTPId, true)).ReturnsAsync(travelPlan);
userRepo.Setup((ur) => ur.GetUserAsync(userName)).ReturnsAsync(nullUser);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.RemoveTraveler(loggedInUserId, userName, _emptyTPId);
Assert.IsTrue(result);
}
}
[TestMethod]
public async Task RemoveTraveler_UserTravelPlanNotExists_ReturnsTrue()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var userName = "someUsername";
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
Models.TravelPlan travelPlan = new Models.TravelPlan();
travelPlan.UserTravelPlans = null;
DTOs.UserDto user = new DTOs.UserDto();
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(_emptyTPId, true)).ReturnsAsync(travelPlan);
userRepo.Setup((ur) => ur.GetUserAsync(userName)).ReturnsAsync(user);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.RemoveTraveler(loggedInUserId, userName, _emptyTPId);
Assert.IsTrue(result);
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(Exception))]
public async Task RemoveTraveler_HostRemoveThemslves_ThrowsException()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var userName = "someUsername";
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
Models.TravelPlan travelPlan = new Models.TravelPlan();
travelPlan.CreatedById = _emptyUserId;
//user to remove is the host
var userTPToRemove = new Models.UserTravelPlan
{
UserId = _emptyUserId
};
travelPlan.UserTravelPlans = new List<Models.UserTravelPlan>
{
userTPToRemove
};
DTOs.UserDto user = new DTOs.UserDto();
user.Id = _emptyUserId.ToString();
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(_emptyTPId, true)).ReturnsAsync(travelPlan);
userRepo.Setup((ur) => ur.GetUserAsync(userName)).ReturnsAsync(user);
userTPService.Setup(utp => utp.Delete(It.IsAny<Models.UserTravelPlan>())).ReturnsAsync(true);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.RemoveTraveler(loggedInUserId, userName, _emptyTPId);
}
}
[TestMethod]
[ExpectedException(typeof(InsufficientRightsException))]
public async Task RemoveTraveler_UserNotHostRemoveOtherTraveler_ThrowsInsufficientRIghtsException()
{
var loggedInUserId = _emptyUserId;
var userName = "someUsername";
var tpRepo = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanRepository>();
var userRepo = _mockRepo.Create<IUserRepository>();
var userTPService = _mockRepo.Create<IUserTravelPlanService>();
var tpStatusService = _mockRepo.Create<ITravelPlanStatusService>();
Models.TravelPlan travelPlan = new Models.TravelPlan();
//user is not the host and user to remove is not themselves
travelPlan.CreatedById = Guid.NewGuid();
var userTPToRemove = new Models.UserTravelPlan
{
UserId = Guid.NewGuid()
};
travelPlan.UserTravelPlans = new List<Models.UserTravelPlan>
{
userTPToRemove
};
DTOs.UserDto user = new DTOs.UserDto();
user.Id = userTPToRemove.UserId.ToString();
//arrange
tpRepo.Setup((tpr) => tpr.GetAsync(_emptyTPId, true)).ReturnsAsync(travelPlan);
userRepo.Setup((ur) => ur.GetUserAsync(userName)).ReturnsAsync(user);
userTPService.Setup(utp => utp.Delete(It.IsAny<Models.UserTravelPlan>())).ReturnsAsync(true);
//act
using (var context = new AppDbContext(_dbOptions))
{
var tpService = new TravelPlanService(tpRepo.Object, userRepo.Object, userTPService.Object, tpStatusService.Object, context);
var result = await tpService.RemoveTraveler(loggedInUserId, userName, _emptyTPId);
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using Domain.Models;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces
{
public interface ITravelPlanStatusRepository
{
Task<List<TravelPlanStatus>> ListAsync();
Task<TravelPlanStatus> GetStatusAsync(TravelPlanStatusEnum status);
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan
{
public class TravelPlanStatusService : ITravelPlanStatusService
{
private readonly ITravelPlanStatusRepository _travelPlanStatusRepository;
public TravelPlanStatusService(ITravelPlanStatusRepository travelPlanStatusRepository)
{
_travelPlanStatusRepository = travelPlanStatusRepository;
}
public async Task<TravelPlanStatusDto> GetStatusAsync(TravelPlanStatusEnum status)
{
var tpStatus = await _travelPlanStatusRepository.GetStatusAsync(status);
var tpStatusDto = new TravelPlanStatusDto()
{
Description = tpStatus.Description,
UniqStatus = tpStatus.UniqStatus
};
return tpStatusDto;
}
public async Task<List<TravelPlanStatusDto>> ListAsync()
{
var tpStatuses = await _travelPlanStatusRepository.ListAsync();
var tpStatusDtos = tpStatuses.Select(tps => new TravelPlanStatusDto() { UniqStatus = tps.UniqStatus, Description = tps.Description }).ToList();
return tpStatusDtos;
}
}
}
<file_sep>using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using Domain.DTOs;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces
{
public interface ITravelPlanStatusService
{
Task<List<TravelPlanStatusDto>> ListAsync();
Task<TravelPlanStatusDto> GetStatusAsync(TravelPlanStatusEnum status);
}
}<file_sep>using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces
{
public interface IUserTravelPlanRepository
{
Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetTravelersForActivityAsync(Guid travelPlanId);
Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetUserTravelPlanIDsAsync(Guid userId);
Task<bool> Delete(UserTravelPlan userTPToRemove);
}
}
<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces
{
public interface IPlanInvitationRepository
{
Task InviteUser(PlanInvitation newInvitation);
Task<PlanInvitation> GetInvitation(int invitationId);
Task<List<PlanInvitationDto>> List(Guid loggedInUserId);
Task DeleteInvitation(PlanInvitation invitation);
}
}
<file_sep>using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Domain.DTOs
{
public class TPAnnouncementDto
{
public Guid Id { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
public string Description { get; set; }
public DateTime CreatedDate { get; set; }
public Guid CreatedById { get; set; }
public Guid TravelPlanId { get; set; }
public Guid? TravelPlanActivityId { get; set; }
public TPAnnouncementDto()
{
}
public TPAnnouncementDto(TPAnnouncement tpAnnouncement)
{
this.Id = tpAnnouncement.Id;
this.Title = tpAnnouncement.Title;
this.Description = tpAnnouncement.Description;
this.CreatedDate = DateTime.SpecifyKind(tpAnnouncement.CreatedDate, DateTimeKind.Utc);
this.CreatedById = tpAnnouncement.CreatedById;
this.TravelPlanId = tpAnnouncement.TravelPlanId;
this.TravelPlanActivityId = tpAnnouncement.TravelPlanActivityId;
}
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TravelogApi.Controllers
{
public class TravelPlanActivityController : Controller
{
private readonly ITPActivityService _activityService;
private readonly IUserTravelPlanService _userTravelPlanService;
public TravelPlanActivityController(ITPActivityService activityService, IUserTravelPlanService userTravelPlanService)
{
_activityService = activityService;
_userTravelPlanService = userTravelPlanService;
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> Create([FromBody] TravelPlanActivityDto activityDto)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var newActivity = await _activityService.CreateAsync(activityDto, new Guid(userId));
return Ok(newActivity);
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpPut]
public async Task<IActionResult> Edit([FromBody] TravelPlanActivityDto activityDto)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var editedActivityDto = await _activityService.EditAsync(activityDto, new Guid(userId));
return Ok(editedActivityDto);
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpDelete]
public async Task<IActionResult> Delete([FromQuery] string id)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var isSuccessful = await _activityService.DeleteAsync(new Guid(id), new Guid(userId));
if (!isSuccessful) return StatusCode(500);
return Ok();
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> Details([FromQuery] string id)
{
var activityDto = await _activityService.GetAsync(new Guid(id));
return Ok(activityDto);
}
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> List([FromQuery] string id)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var travelPlanId = new Guid(id);
var travelers = await _userTravelPlanService.GetTravelersForActivityAsync(travelPlanId);
if(travelers.Count() == 0)
{
//travel plan doesn't exist
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = "Error occurred retrieving activities for travel plan"
});
}
if (!travelers.Contains(new Guid(userId)))
{
return Forbid();
}
var lstActivityDto = await _activityService.ListAsync(travelPlanId);
return Ok(lstActivityDto);
}
catch
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces
{
public interface ITravelPlanActivityRepository
{
Task<TravelPlanActivity> CreateAsync(TravelPlanActivity newActivity);
Task<bool> DeleteAsync(TravelPlanActivity activityToDelete);
Task<TravelPlanActivity> GetAsync(Guid activityId);
Task<List<TravelPlanActivity>> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId);
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TravelogApi.Controllers
{
public class InviteController : Controller
{
private readonly ITravelPlanInvitationService _travelPlanInvitationService;
public InviteController(ITravelPlanInvitationService travelPlanInvitationService)
{
_travelPlanInvitationService = travelPlanInvitationService;
}
public async Task<IActionResult> List()
{
try
{
var loggedInUserId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var userInvitations = await _travelPlanInvitationService.List(new Guid(loggedInUserId));
return Ok(userInvitations);
}
catch (Exception)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> Accept(int inviteId)
{
try
{
var loggedInUserId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
await _travelPlanInvitationService.AcceptInvitation(new Guid(loggedInUserId), inviteId);
return Ok();
}
catch
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> Decline(int inviteId)
{
try
{
var loggedInUserId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
await _travelPlanInvitationService.DeclineInvitation(new Guid(loggedInUserId), inviteId);
return Ok();
}
catch
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces
{
public interface ITravelPlanRepository
{
Task<TravelPlan> CreateAsync(TravelPlan newTravelPlan);
//Task<TravelPlanDto> EditAsync(TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto, Guid userId);
Task<bool> AddTravelerAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userToAddId);
Task<bool> DeleteAsync(TravelPlan travelPlanToDelete);
Task<TravelPlan> GetAsync(Guid travelPlanId, bool includeUTP = false);
Task<List<TravelPlan>> GetTravelPlansWithFilterAsync(IEnumerable<Guid> travelPlanIDs, int? status = null);
//Task<bool> UpdateTPStatus(TravelPlan travelPlanToEdit, int status);
}
}
<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces
{
public interface ITPAnnouncementRepository
{
Task<AnnouncementEnvelope> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId, int limit, int offset);
Task<TPAnnouncement> GetAsync(Guid announcementId);
Task<bool> DeleteAsync(TPAnnouncement announcementToDelete);
Task<TPAnnouncement> CreateAsync(TPAnnouncement newAnnouncement);
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan
{
public class TPAnnouncementService : ITPAnnouncementService
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
private readonly ITravelPlanService _travelPlanService;
private readonly ITPAnnouncementRepository _announcementRepository;
public TPAnnouncementService(AppDbContext dbContext, ITravelPlanService travelPlanService, ITPAnnouncementRepository announcementRepository)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
_travelPlanService = travelPlanService;
_announcementRepository = announcementRepository;
}
public async Task<TPAnnouncementDto> CreateAsync(TPAnnouncementDto announcementDto, Guid loggedInUserId)
{
try
{
var tpToAnnounceTo = await _travelPlanService.GetAsync(announcementDto.TravelPlanId);
if (tpToAnnounceTo.CreatedById != loggedInUserId)
{
throw new InsufficientRightsException("User doesn't have rights to delete");
}
var newAnnouncement = new TPAnnouncement
{
Title = announcementDto.Title,
Description = announcementDto.Description,
CreatedDate = DateTime.UtcNow,
CreatedById = loggedInUserId,
TravelPlanId = announcementDto.TravelPlanId,
TravelPlanActivityId = announcementDto.TravelPlanActivityId
};
var addedAnnouncement = await _announcementRepository.CreateAsync(newAnnouncement);
return new TPAnnouncementDto(addedAnnouncement);
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid announcementId, Guid loggedInUserId)
{
try
{
//get list of announcements for travel plan
var announcementToDelete = await _announcementRepository.GetAsync(announcementId);
if (announcementToDelete == null)
{
return true;
}
if (announcementToDelete.CreatedById != loggedInUserId)
{
throw new InsufficientRightsException("User doesn't have rights to delete");
}
var isSuccessful = await _announcementRepository.DeleteAsync(announcementToDelete);
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TPAnnouncementDto> EditAsync(TPAnnouncementDto announcementDto, Guid loggedInUserId)
{
try
{
//validate announcement exists
var announcementToEdit = await _announcementRepository.GetAsync(announcementDto.Id);
if (announcementToEdit == null)
{
throw new CommonException("Invalid Announcement");
}
//validate logged in user is even able to make an announcement to travel plan
var tpToAnnounceTo = await _travelPlanService.GetAsync(announcementDto.TravelPlanId);
if (tpToAnnounceTo.CreatedById != loggedInUserId)
{
throw new InsufficientRightsException("User doesn't have rights to delete");
}
announcementToEdit.Title = announcementDto.Title;
announcementToEdit.Description = announcementDto.Description;
announcementToEdit.CreatedDate = announcementDto.CreatedDate; //probably create a new column for updated date
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
return new TPAnnouncementDto(announcementToEdit);
}
throw new CommonException("Problem occurred creating announcement");
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TPAnnouncementDto> GetAsync(Guid announcementId)
{
try
{
var announcement = await _announcementRepository.GetAsync(announcementId);
if (announcement == null)
{
throw new CommonException("Invalid Announcement");
}
return new TPAnnouncementDto(announcement);
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<AnnouncementEnvelope> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId, int limit, int offset)
{
try
{
var tPlan = await _travelPlanService.GetAsync(travelPlanId);
if (tPlan == null)
{
throw new CommonException("Invalid TravelPlan");
}
var annEnvelope = await _announcementRepository.ListAsync(travelPlanId, limit, offset);
return annEnvelope;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Persistence;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories
{
public class TravelPlanStatusRepository : ITravelPlanStatusRepository
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
public TravelPlanStatusRepository(AppDbContext dbContext)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
}
public async Task<List<TravelPlanStatus>> ListAsync()
{
var tpStatuses = await _dbContext.TravelPlanStatuses.ToListAsync();
return tpStatuses;
}
public async Task<TravelPlanStatus> GetStatusAsync(TravelPlanStatusEnum status)
{
var tpStatus = await _dbContext.TravelPlanStatuses.Where((tps) => tps.UniqStatus == status).FirstOrDefaultAsync();
return tpStatus;
}
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TravelogApi.Controllers
{
public class TravelPlanStatusController : Controller
{
private readonly ITravelPlanStatusService _travelPlanStatusService;
public TravelPlanStatusController(ITravelPlanStatusService travelPlanStatusService)
{
_travelPlanStatusService = travelPlanStatusService;
}
public async Task<IActionResult> List()
{
try
{
var statuses = await _travelPlanStatusService.ListAsync();
return Ok(statuses);
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Domain.DTOs
{
public class AnnouncementEnvelope
{
public List<TPAnnouncementDto> AnnouncementDtos { get; set; }
public int AnnouncementCount { get; set; }
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TravelogApi.Controllers
{
//[Authorize]
public class TravelPlanController : Controller
{
private readonly ITravelPlanService _travelPlanService;
private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
private readonly IUserTravelPlanService _userTravelPlanService;
private readonly ITravelPlanInvitationService _travelPlanInvitationService;
public TravelPlanController(IUserRepository userRepository,
IUserTravelPlanService userTravelPlanService,
ITravelPlanInvitationService travelPlanInvitationService,
ITravelPlanService travelPlanService)
{
_userRepository = userRepository;
_userTravelPlanService = userTravelPlanService;
_travelPlanInvitationService = travelPlanInvitationService;
_travelPlanService = travelPlanService;
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> Create([FromBody] TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var newTravelPlan = await _travelPlanService.CreateAsync(travelPlanDto, new Guid(userId));
return Ok(newTravelPlan);
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpPut]
public async Task<IActionResult> Edit([FromBody] TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var editedTravelPlanDto = await _travelPlanService.EditAsync(travelPlanDto, new Guid(userId));
return Ok(editedTravelPlanDto);
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> SetStatus([FromQuery] string id, [FromQuery] int status)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var tpIdAndStatusDto = await _travelPlanService.SetStatusAsync(new Guid(id), new Guid(userId), status);
return Ok(tpIdAndStatusDto);
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = "Error occurred updating status" });
}
}
[HttpDelete]
public async Task<IActionResult> Delete([FromQuery] string id)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var isSuccessful = await _travelPlanService.DeleteAsync(new Guid(id), new Guid(userId));
if (!isSuccessful) return StatusCode(500);
return Ok();
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> Details([FromQuery] string id)
{
try
{
var travelPlanId = new Guid(id);
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var travelers = await _userTravelPlanService.GetTravelersForActivityAsync(travelPlanId);
if (!travelers.Contains(new Guid(userId)))
{
return Forbid();
}
var userTravelers = await _userRepository.GetUsersAsync(travelers);
var travelPlanDTO = await _travelPlanService.GetAsync(travelPlanId, includeStatus: true);
travelPlanDTO.Travelers = userTravelers.ToList();
return Ok(travelPlanDTO);
}
catch
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> List([FromQuery] int? status = null)
{
try
{
var loggedInUserId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var lstTravelPlanDTO = await _travelPlanService.ListAsync(new Guid(loggedInUserId), status);
return Ok(lstTravelPlanDTO);
}
catch (Exception)
{
return BadRequest();
}
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> RemoveTraveler(string travelerUsername, Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
var loggedInUserId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var isSuccessful = await _travelPlanService.RemoveTraveler(new Guid(loggedInUserId), travelerUsername, travelPlanId);
if (!isSuccessful)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = "Could not remove traveler"
});
}
return Ok();
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = "An error occurred sending invitation"
});
}
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> CreateInvitation(string inviteeUsername, Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
var loggedInUserId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
await _travelPlanInvitationService.InviteUser(new Guid(loggedInUserId), inviteeUsername, travelPlanId);
return Ok();
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufRights)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = insufRights.Message
});
}
catch (UserNotFoundException notFoundExc)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = notFoundExc.Message
});
}
catch (UniqueConstraintException uniqExc)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = uniqExc.Message
});
}
catch (CommonException commExc)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = commExc.Message
});
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
return BadRequest(new
{
Message = "An error occurred sending invitation"
});
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces
{
public interface ITPAnnouncementService
{
Task<AnnouncementEnvelope> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId, int limit, int offset);
Task<TPAnnouncementDto> GetAsync(Guid announcementId);
Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid announcementId, Guid loggedInUserId);
Task<TPAnnouncementDto> CreateAsync(TPAnnouncementDto announcementDto, Guid loggedInUserId);
Task<TPAnnouncementDto> EditAsync(TPAnnouncementDto announcementDto, Guid loggedInUserId);
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan
{
public class TPActivityService : ITPActivityService
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
private readonly ITravelPlanService _travelPlanService;
private readonly ITravelPlanActivityRepository _travelPlanActivityRepository;
public TPActivityService(AppDbContext dbContext, ITravelPlanService travelPlanService, ITravelPlanActivityRepository travelPlanActivityRepository)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
_travelPlanService = travelPlanService;
_travelPlanActivityRepository = travelPlanActivityRepository;
}
public async Task<TravelPlanActivityDto> CreateAsync(TravelPlanActivityDto activityDto, Guid userId)
{
try
{
var travelPlan = await _travelPlanService.GetAsync(activityDto.TravelPlanId);
if (travelPlan == null) throw new Exception("Travel Plan Not Found");
//map here
var newActivity = new TravelPlanActivity
{
Name = activityDto.Name,
StartTime = activityDto.StartTime,
EndTime = activityDto.EndTime,
Category = activityDto.Category,
Location = new Location
{
Address = activityDto.Location.Address,
Latitude = activityDto.Location.Latitude,
Longitude = activityDto.Location.Longitude,
},
HostId = userId,
TravelPlanId = activityDto.TravelPlanId
};
var addedActivity = await _travelPlanActivityRepository.CreateAsync(newActivity);
return new TravelPlanActivityDto(addedActivity);
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid activityId, Guid userId)
{
try
{
var activityToDelete = await _travelPlanActivityRepository.GetAsync(activityId);
if (activityToDelete == null)
{
//log maybe?
return true;
}
if (activityToDelete.HostId != userId) throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to delete activity");
var isSuccessful = await _travelPlanActivityRepository.DeleteAsync(activityToDelete);
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlanActivityDto> EditAsync(TravelPlanActivityDto activityDto, Guid userId)
{
try
{
var activityToEdit = await _travelPlanActivityRepository.GetAsync(activityDto.Id);
if (activityToEdit == null) throw new Exception("Activity not found");
if (activityToEdit.HostId != userId) throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to edit activity");
//map lib here
activityToEdit.Name = activityDto.Name;
activityToEdit.StartTime = activityDto.StartTime;
activityToEdit.EndTime = activityDto.EndTime;
activityToEdit.Location.Address = activityDto.Location.Address;
activityToEdit.Location.Longitude = activityDto.Location.Longitude;
activityToEdit.Location.Latitude = activityDto.Location.Latitude;
activityToEdit.Category = activityDto.Category;
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
return new TravelPlanActivityDto(activityToEdit);
}
throw new Exception("Error saving changes");
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlanActivityDto> GetAsync(Guid activityId)
{
try
{
var activity = await _travelPlanActivityRepository.GetAsync(activityId);
return new TravelPlanActivityDto(activity);
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<List<TravelPlanActivityDto>> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
var lstActivities = await _travelPlanActivityRepository.ListAsync(travelPlanId);
var lstActivityDto = lstActivities.Select((a) => new TravelPlanActivityDto(a)).ToList();
return lstActivityDto;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
};
}
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan
{
public class TravelPlanInvitationService : ITravelPlanInvitationService
{
private readonly IPlanInvitationRepository _planInvitationRepository;
private readonly ITravelPlanService _travelPlanService;
private readonly ITravelPlanRepository _travelPlanRepository;
private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
public TravelPlanInvitationService(IPlanInvitationRepository planInvitationRepository,
ITravelPlanService travelPlanService,
ITravelPlanRepository travelPlanRepository,
IUserRepository userRepository)
{
_planInvitationRepository = planInvitationRepository;
_travelPlanService = travelPlanService;
_travelPlanRepository = travelPlanRepository;
_userRepository = userRepository;
}
public async Task AcceptInvitation(Guid invitee, int invitationId)
{
//get invitation
var invitation = await _planInvitationRepository.GetInvitation(invitationId);
if (invitation?.InviteeId != invitee)
{
throw new Exception("Cannot accept invitation");
}
var isSuccessful = await _travelPlanService.AddTravelerAsync(invitation.TravelPlanId, invitee);
if (isSuccessful)
{
await _planInvitationRepository.DeleteInvitation(invitation);
}
}
public async Task DeclineInvitation(Guid invitee, int invitationId)
{
try
{
var invitation = await _planInvitationRepository.GetInvitation(invitationId);
//validate decline
if (invitation == null)
{
return;
}
if (invitation?.InviteeId != invitee)
{
throw new Exception("Cannot delete invitation");
}
await _planInvitationRepository.DeleteInvitation(invitation);
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task InviteUser(Guid inviter, string inviteeUsername, Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
var travelPlan = await _travelPlanRepository.GetAsync(travelPlanId, includeUTP: true);
//validate the inviter is the host
if (travelPlan.CreatedById != inviter)
{
//log here
throw new InsufficientRightsException("User doesn't have rights to add to travelplan");
}
//validate invitee exists
var userToInvite = await _userRepository.GetUserAsync(inviteeUsername);
if (userToInvite == null)
{
//log here
throw new UserNotFoundException("User to add does not exist");
}
//check if user to invite is already part of plan
if (travelPlan.UserTravelPlans.Exists((utp) => utp.TravelPlanId == new Guid(userToInvite.Id)))
{
throw new CommonException("User is already a traveler!");
}
var newInvitation = new PlanInvitation
{
Created = DateTime.UtcNow,
Expiration = DateTime.UtcNow.AddDays(7),
InvitedById = inviter,
InviteeId = new Guid(userToInvite.Id),
TravelPlanId = travelPlanId
};
await _planInvitationRepository.InviteUser(newInvitation);
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<IEnumerable<PlanInvitationDto>> List(Guid loggedInUserId)
{
try
{
//validate user
var currUser = await _userRepository.GetUserAsync(loggedInUserId);
if (currUser == null)
{
//log here
throw new UserNotFoundException("User to add does not exist");
}
var userInvitations = await _planInvitationRepository.List(loggedInUserId);
if (userInvitations == null)
{
return new List<PlanInvitationDto>();
}
//get the inviters username
foreach (var inv in userInvitations)
{
var inviterUser = await _userRepository.GetUserAsync(inv.InvitedById);
if (inviterUser == null)
{
userInvitations.Remove(inv);
}
inv.InviterUsername = inviterUser.UserName;
}
return userInvitations;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan
{
public class UserTravelPlanService : IUserTravelPlanService
{
private readonly IUserTravelPlanRepository _userTravelPlanRepository;
public UserTravelPlanService(IUserTravelPlanRepository userTravelPlanRepository)
{
_userTravelPlanRepository = userTravelPlanRepository;
}
public async Task<bool> Delete(UserTravelPlan userTPToRemove)
{
try
{
var isSuccessful = await _userTravelPlanRepository.Delete(userTPToRemove);
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetTravelersForActivityAsync(Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
var travelerIDs = await _userTravelPlanRepository.GetTravelersForActivityAsync(travelPlanId);
return travelerIDs;
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetUserTravelPlanIDsAsync(Guid userId)
{
try
{
var travelPlanIDs = await _userTravelPlanRepository.GetUserTravelPlanIDsAsync(userId);
return travelPlanIDs;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
}
}
<file_sep>using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories
{
public class TravelPlanActivityRepository : ITravelPlanActivityRepository
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
public TravelPlanActivityRepository(AppDbContext dbContext)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
}
public async Task<TravelPlanActivity> CreateAsync(TravelPlanActivity newActivity)
{
try
{
_dbContext.TravelPlanActivities.Add(newActivity);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
return newActivity;
}
throw new Exception("Error saving changes");
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(TravelPlanActivity activityToDelete)
{
try
{
_dbContext.TravelPlanActivities.Remove(activityToDelete);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlanActivity> GetAsync(Guid activityId)
{
try
{
var activity = await _dbContext.TravelPlanActivities.Include(tpa => tpa.Location).FirstOrDefaultAsync(tpa => tpa.TravelPlanActivityId == activityId);
if (activity == null) throw new Exception("Activity Not Found");
return activity;
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<List<TravelPlanActivity>> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
//get all activities for a given travel plan
var lstActivities = await _dbContext.TravelPlanActivities
.Include(tpa => tpa.Location)
.Where((tpa) => tpa.TravelPlanId == travelPlanId)
.OrderBy(a => a.StartTime).ToListAsync();
return lstActivities;
}
catch
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces
{
public interface ITravelPlanInvitationService
{
Task InviteUser(Guid inviter, string inviteeUsername, Guid TravelPlanId);
Task<IEnumerable<PlanInvitationDto>> List(Guid loggedInUserId);
Task AcceptInvitation(Guid invitee, int invitationId);
Task DeclineInvitation(Guid invitee, int invitationId);
}
}
<file_sep>using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories
{
public class TPAnnouncementRepository : ITPAnnouncementRepository
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
public TPAnnouncementRepository(AppDbContext dbContext, ITravelPlanRepository travelPlanRepository)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
}
public async Task<TPAnnouncement> CreateAsync(TPAnnouncement newAnnouncement)
{
try
{
_dbContext.TPAnnouncements.Add(newAnnouncement);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
return newAnnouncement;
}
throw new CommonException("Problem occurred creating announcement");
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(TPAnnouncement announcementToDelete)
{
try
{
_dbContext.TPAnnouncements.Remove(announcementToDelete);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TPAnnouncement> GetAsync(Guid announcementId)
{
try
{
//get list of announcements for travel plan
var announcement = await _dbContext.TPAnnouncements.FindAsync(announcementId);
if (announcement == null)
{
throw new CommonException("Invalid Announcement");
}
return announcement;
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<AnnouncementEnvelope> ListAsync(Guid travelPlanId, int limit, int offset)
{
try
{
//get list of announcements for travel plan
var annQueryable = _dbContext.TPAnnouncements
.Where((tpa) => tpa.TravelPlanId == travelPlanId)
.OrderByDescending((tpa) => tpa.CreatedDate)
.AsQueryable();
var announcements = await annQueryable
.Skip(offset)
.Take(limit)
.ToListAsync();
var announcementDTOs = announcements.Select((a) => new TPAnnouncementDto(a)).ToList();
return new AnnouncementEnvelope
{
AnnouncementDtos = announcementDTOs,
AnnouncementCount = annQueryable.Count()
};
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TravelogApi.Controllers
{
[Route("/TravelPlan/[controller]/[action]")]
public class AnnouncementController : Controller
{
private readonly ITPAnnouncementService _announcementService;
public AnnouncementController(ITPAnnouncementService announcementService)
{
_announcementService = announcementService;
}
[HttpGet]
public async Task<IActionResult> List([FromQuery] Guid travelPlanId, [FromQuery] int limit = 5, [FromQuery] int offset = 0)
{
try
{
var announcements = await _announcementService.ListAsync(travelPlanId, limit, offset);
return Ok(announcements);
}
catch (Exception)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = "Error Occurred" });
}
}
[HttpDelete]
public async Task<IActionResult> Delete([FromQuery] Guid announcementId)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var isSuccessful = await _announcementService.DeleteAsync(announcementId, new Guid(userId));
if (isSuccessful)
{
return Ok();
}
return BadRequest(new { Message = "Error Occurred" });
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufExc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = insufExc.Message });
}
catch (CommonException commExc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = commExc.Message });
}
catch (Exception)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = "Error Occurred" });
}
}
[HttpPost]
public async Task<IActionResult> Create([FromBody] TPAnnouncementDto announcementDto)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var announcement = await _announcementService.CreateAsync(announcementDto, new Guid(userId));
return Ok(announcement);
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufExc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = insufExc.Message });
}
catch (CommonException commExc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = commExc.Message });
}
catch (Exception)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = "Error Occurred" });
}
}
[HttpPut]
public async Task<IActionResult> Edit([FromBody] TPAnnouncementDto announcementDto)
{
try
{
var userId = HttpContext.User.Claims.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
var announcement = await _announcementService.EditAsync(announcementDto, new Guid(userId));
return Ok(announcement);
}
catch (InsufficientRightsException insufExc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = insufExc.Message });
}
catch (CommonException commExc)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = commExc.Message });
}
catch (Exception)
{
return BadRequest(new { Message = "Error Occurred" });
}
}
}
}<file_sep>using Domain.DTOs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces
{
public interface ITravelPlanService
{
Task<TravelPlanDto> CreateAsync(TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto, Guid userId);
Task<TravelPlanDto> EditAsync(TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto, Guid userId);
Task<Dictionary<string, TravelPlanStatusDto>> SetStatusAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userId, int status);
Task<bool> AddTravelerAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userToAddId);
Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userId);
Task<TravelPlanDto> GetAsync(Guid travelPlanId, bool includeUTP = false, bool includeStatus = false);
Task<List<TravelPlanDto>> ListAsync(Guid userId, int? status = null);
Task<bool> RemoveTraveler(Guid loggedInUserId, string travelerUsername, Guid travelPlanId);
}
}
<file_sep>using Dapper;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.Models;
using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DataAccess.Repositories
{
public class UserTravelPlanRepository : IUserTravelPlanRepository
{
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
public string ConnectionString { get; }
public UserTravelPlanRepository(IConfiguration configuration, AppDbContext dbContext)
{
this.ConnectionString = configuration.GetConnectionString("TravelogApi");
_dbContext = dbContext;
}
public async Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetTravelersForActivityAsync(Guid travelPlanId)
{
const string GET_TRAVELERS_SQL = @"SELECT USERID FROM USERTRAVELPLANS WHERE TRAVELPLANID = @Id";
using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(ConnectionString))
{
//use string literals and let dapper handle parameterized querying
var travelerIDs = await connection.QueryAsync<Guid>(GET_TRAVELERS_SQL, new { Id = travelPlanId });
return travelerIDs;
}
}
public async Task<IEnumerable<Guid>> GetUserTravelPlanIDsAsync(Guid userId)
{
//get travel plans associated with the user, whether they created it or just belong it
var userTravelPlanIds = await _dbContext.UserTravelPlans.Where(utp => utp.UserId == userId).Select((utp) => utp.TravelPlanId).ToListAsync();
return userTravelPlanIds;
}
public async Task<bool> Delete(UserTravelPlan userTPToRemove)
{
//remove entry tying user to TP
_dbContext.UserTravelPlans.Remove(userTPToRemove);
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
return isSuccessful;
}
}
}
<file_sep>using Business.TravelPlan.Interfaces;
using DataAccess.Common.Enums;
using DataAccess.CustomExceptions;
using DataAccess.Repositories.Interfaces;
using Domain.DTOs;
using Domain.Models;
using Persistence;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Business.TravelPlan
{
public class TravelPlanService : ITravelPlanService
{
private readonly ITravelPlanRepository _travelPlanRepository;
private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
private readonly IUserTravelPlanService _userTravelPlanService;
private readonly ITravelPlanStatusService _travelPlanStatusService;
private readonly AppDbContext _dbContext;
public TravelPlanService(ITravelPlanRepository travelPlanRepository,
IUserRepository userRepository,
IUserTravelPlanService userTravelPlanService,
ITravelPlanStatusService travelPlanStatusService,
AppDbContext dbContext)
{
_travelPlanRepository = travelPlanRepository;
_userRepository = userRepository;
_userTravelPlanService = userTravelPlanService;
_travelPlanStatusService = travelPlanStatusService;
_dbContext = dbContext;
}
public async Task<bool> AddTravelerAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userToAddId)
{
try
{
//check if user exists
var userExists = await _userRepository.DoesUserExistAsync(userToAddId);
if (!userExists) throw new Exception("Invalid User Id");
var isSuccessful = await _travelPlanRepository.AddTravelerAsync(travelPlanId, userToAddId);
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlanDto> CreateAsync(TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto, Guid userId)
{
try
{
//map here
var newTravelPlan = new Domain.Models.TravelPlan
{
Name = travelPlanDto.Name,
Description = travelPlanDto.Description,
StartDate = travelPlanDto.StartDate,
EndDate = travelPlanDto.EndDate,
CreatedById = userId,
TravelPlanStatusId = (int)TravelPlanStatusEnum.Created,
//add jxn, auto adds to UTP table
UserTravelPlans = new List<UserTravelPlan>
{
new UserTravelPlan
{
UserId = userId
}
}
};
var tp = await _travelPlanRepository.CreateAsync(newTravelPlan);
return new TravelPlanDto(tp);
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userId)
{
try
{
var travelPlanToDelete = await _travelPlanRepository.GetAsync(travelPlanId);
if (travelPlanToDelete == null) return true;
if (travelPlanToDelete.CreatedById != userId) throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to delete Travel Plan");
var isSuccessful = await _travelPlanRepository.DeleteAsync(travelPlanToDelete);
return isSuccessful;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlanDto> EditAsync(TravelPlanDto travelPlanDto, Guid userId)
{
try
{
var travelPlanToEdit = await _travelPlanRepository.GetAsync(travelPlanDto.Id);
if (travelPlanToEdit == null) throw new Exception("Travel Plan Not Found");
if (travelPlanToEdit.CreatedById != userId) throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to edit Travel Plan");
//map here
travelPlanToEdit.TravelPlanId = travelPlanDto.Id;
travelPlanToEdit.Name = travelPlanDto.Name;
travelPlanToEdit.StartDate = travelPlanDto.StartDate;
travelPlanToEdit.EndDate = travelPlanDto.EndDate;
travelPlanToEdit.Description = travelPlanDto.Description;
if (!_dbContext.ChangeTracker.HasChanges()) return travelPlanDto;
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
return new TravelPlanDto(travelPlanToEdit);
}
throw new Exception("Problem Editing Travel Plan");
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<TravelPlanDto> GetAsync(Guid travelPlanId, bool includeUTP = false, bool includeStatus = false)
{
var travelPlan = await _travelPlanRepository.GetAsync(travelPlanId, includeUTP);
if (travelPlan == null) throw new Exception("Travel Plan not found");
var travelPlanDto = new TravelPlanDto(travelPlan);
if (includeStatus)
{
var tpStatus = await _travelPlanStatusService.GetStatusAsync((TravelPlanStatusEnum)travelPlan.TravelPlanStatusId);
travelPlanDto.TravelPlanStatus = new TravelPlanStatusDto
{
UniqStatus = tpStatus.UniqStatus,
Description = tpStatus.Description
};
}
return travelPlanDto;
}
public async Task<List<TravelPlanDto>> ListAsync(Guid userId, int? status = null)
{
try
{
//get travel plans associated with the user, whether they created it or just belong it
var userTravelPlanIds = await _userTravelPlanService.GetUserTravelPlanIDsAsync(userId);
var travelPlans = await _travelPlanRepository.GetTravelPlansWithFilterAsync(userTravelPlanIds, status);
List<TravelPlanDto> lstTravelPlanDto = new List<TravelPlanDto>();
foreach (var tp in travelPlans)
{
var tpDto = new TravelPlanDto(tp);
var tpStatus = await _travelPlanStatusService.GetStatusAsync((TravelPlanStatusEnum)tp.TravelPlanStatusId);
tpDto.TravelPlanStatus = new TravelPlanStatusDto
{
UniqStatus = tpStatus.UniqStatus,
Description = tpStatus.Description
};
lstTravelPlanDto.Add(tpDto);
}
return lstTravelPlanDto;
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<bool> RemoveTraveler(Guid loggedInUserId, string travelerUsername, Guid travelPlanId)
{
try
{
var travelPlan = await _travelPlanRepository.GetAsync(travelPlanId, true);
if (travelPlan == null)
{
throw new Exception("Travel Plan Not Found");
}
//validate traveler to remove
var travelerToRemove = await _userRepository.GetUserAsync(travelerUsername);
if (travelerToRemove == null)
{
return true;
}
var userTPToRemove = travelPlan.UserTravelPlans?.Where((utp) => utp.UserId.ToString() == travelerToRemove.Id).FirstOrDefault();
//if user actually was never part of the utp then just return
if (userTPToRemove == null)
{
return true;
}
var isUserHost = loggedInUserId == travelPlan.CreatedById;
if(isUserHost && loggedInUserId == userTPToRemove.UserId)
{
throw new Exception("Host can't remove themselves from plan");
}
var userNotHostButIsTraveler = !isUserHost && loggedInUserId == userTPToRemove.UserId;
//hosts have delete rights or the travelers want to remove themselves
if (isUserHost || userNotHostButIsTraveler)
{
var isSuccessful = await _userTravelPlanService.Delete(userTPToRemove);
return isSuccessful;
}
else
{
throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to Travel Plan");
}
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
public async Task<Dictionary<string, TravelPlanStatusDto>> SetStatusAsync(Guid travelPlanId, Guid userId, int status)
{
try
{
if (!Enum.IsDefined(typeof(TravelPlanStatusEnum), status))
{
throw new Exception("Problem Setting Status of Travel Plan");
}
var travelPlanToEdit = await _travelPlanRepository.GetAsync(travelPlanId);
if (travelPlanToEdit == null) throw new Exception("Travel Plan Not Found");
if (travelPlanToEdit.CreatedById != userId) throw new InsufficientRightsException("Insufficient rights to edit Travel Plan");
travelPlanToEdit.TravelPlanStatusId = status;
var isSuccessful = await _dbContext.SaveChangesAsync() > 0;
if (isSuccessful)
{
var tpStatus = await _travelPlanStatusService.GetStatusAsync((TravelPlanStatusEnum)status);
return new Dictionary<string, TravelPlanStatusDto> { { travelPlanId.ToString(),
new TravelPlanStatusDto
{
UniqStatus = tpStatus.UniqStatus,
Description = tpStatus.Description
}
} };
}
throw new Exception("Problem occurred saving status of Travel Plan");
}
catch (Exception)
{
throw;
}
}
}
}<file_sep>#build stage
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/sdk:3.1 as build
WORKDIR /app
#restore our project and deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY *.sln .
COPY ./TravelogApi/*.csproj ./TravelogApi/
COPY ./Domain/*.csproj ./Domain/
COPY ./DataAccess/*.csproj ./DataAccess/
COPY ./Persistence/*.csproj ./Persistence/
COPY ./Business/*.csproj ./Business/
COPY ./TravelogApi.Tests/*.csproj ./TravelogApi.Tests/
RUN dotnet restore
#copy rest and publish
COPY ./TravelogApi/. ./TravelogApi/
COPY ./Domain/. ./Domain
COPY ./DataAccess/. ./DataAccess/
COPY ./Persistence/. ./Persistence/
COPY ./Business/. ./Business/
COPY ./TravelogApi.Tests/. ./TravelogApi.Tests/
RUN dotnet publish -c release -o out
#start our app stage
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/aspnet:3.1
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /app/out .
ENTRYPOINT [ "dotnet", "TravelogApi.dll" ]
|
25a1c36e3eea53230c5ea3d0201769e5861559f2
|
[
"C#",
"Dockerfile"
] | 35
|
C#
|
kheneahm-ares/travelog-webapi
|
db2b9cd47d381fbd037dff207ea45b0457636af3
|
641340aabab78d3e1bb4ee36c38e89b1a8608858
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>
#include <linux/netdevice.h>
#include <linux/ethtool.h>
#if IFNAMSIZ != 16
#error "IFNAMSIZ != 16 is not supported"
#endif
#define MAX_QUEUE_NUM 1024
/**
* This union is use to store name of the specified interface
* and read it as two different data types
*/
union name_buf{
char name[IFNAMSIZ];
struct {
u64 hi;
u64 lo;
}name_int;
};
/* data retrieved in tracepoints */
struct queue_data{
u64 total_pkt_len;
u32 num_pkt;
u32 size_64B;
u32 size_512B;
u32 size_2K;
u32 size_16K;
u32 size_64K;
};
/* array of length 1 for device name */
BPF_ARRAY(name_map, union name_buf, 1);
/* table for transmit & receive packets */
BPF_HASH(tx_q, u16, struct queue_data, MAX_QUEUE_NUM);
BPF_HASH(rx_q, u16, struct queue_data, MAX_QUEUE_NUM);
static inline int name_filter(struct sk_buff* skb){
/* get device name from skb */
union name_buf real_devname;
struct net_device *dev;
bpf_probe_read(&dev, sizeof(skb->dev), ((char *)skb + offsetof(struct sk_buff, dev)));
bpf_probe_read(&real_devname, IFNAMSIZ, dev->name);
int key=0;
union name_buf *leaf = name_map.lookup(&key);
if(!leaf){
return 0;
}
if((leaf->name_int).hi != real_devname.name_int.hi || (leaf->name_int).lo != real_devname.name_int.lo){
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
static void updata_data(struct queue_data *data, u64 len){
data->total_pkt_len += len;
data->num_pkt ++;
if(len / 64 == 0){
data->size_64B ++;
}
else if(len / 512 == 0){
data->size_512B ++;
}
else if(len / 2048 == 0){
data->size_2K ++;
}
else if(len / 16384 == 0){
data->size_16K ++;
}
else if(len / 65536 == 0){
data->size_64K ++;
}
}
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(net, net_dev_start_xmit){
/* read device name */
struct sk_buff* skb = (struct sk_buff*)args->skbaddr;
if(!name_filter(skb)){
return 0;
}
/* update table */
u16 qid = skb->queue_mapping;
struct queue_data newdata;
__builtin_memset(&newdata, 0, sizeof(newdata));
struct queue_data *data = tx_q.lookup_or_try_init(&qid, &newdata);
if(!data){
return 0;
}
updata_data(data, skb->len);
return 0;
}
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(net, netif_receive_skb){
struct sk_buff* skb = (struct sk_buff*)args->skbaddr;
if(!name_filter(skb)){
return 0;
}
u16 qid = skb->queue_mapping;
struct queue_data newdata;
__builtin_memset(&newdata, 0, sizeof(newdata));
struct queue_data *data = rx_q.lookup_or_try_init(&qid, &newdata);
if(!data){
return 0;
}
updata_data(data, skb->len);
return 0;
}
|
eccd2be4051f7ec3d7bb595cc866b808e8c9ca74
|
[
"C"
] | 1
|
C
|
bbara/bcc
|
1294ec6bd3cd9b514ae02fc4a3a1cc8bce772d95
|
3950e378ffb22fa6e982ed348fc755c82e28a2fc
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package hello;
import counter.LongAdderCounter;
import counter.SimpleCounter;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
/**
* The Web Service provides three APIs:
* 1. /hello
* 2. /twilio
* 3. /count
* 3 will return the total number of http get requests
* Created by Yuwen on 11/19/15.
*/
@RestController
public class HelloController {
private SimpleCounter simpleCounter = new SimpleCounter();
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public String hello(){
simpleCounter.increment();
return new String("Welcome!");
}
@RequestMapping("/twilio")
public String twilio(){
simpleCounter.increment();
return new String("Hello Twilio!");
}
@RequestMapping("/count")
public String totalCount(){
simpleCounter.increment();
return new String("Total number of requests is: " + simpleCounter.get());
}
}
<file_sep>package test;
import counter.AtomicLongCounter;
import counter.Counter;
import counter.LongAdderCounter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import counter.SimpleCounter;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
/**
* Created by Yuwen on 11/19/15.
*/
public class MyTest {
private LongAdderCounter longAdderCounter = new LongAdderCounter();
private SimpleCounter simpleCounter = new SimpleCounter();
private AtomicLongCounter atomicLongCounter = new AtomicLongCounter();
// Three test threads are started every second
private int numThread = 100000;
// Number of counts per thread
private int wordLoad = 10000;
@Test
public void Compare(){
long simpleDuration = setUp(simpleCounter);
long longAdderDuration = setUp(longAdderCounter);
long atomicLongDuration = setUp(atomicLongCounter);
System.out.println("SimpleCounter duration is: " + simpleDuration);
System.out.println("LongAdderCounter duration is: " + longAdderDuration);
System.out.println("AtomicLongCounter duration is: " + atomicLongDuration);
}
public long setUp(Counter counter){
long begin = new Date().getTime();
List<Thread> threadList = new ArrayList<Thread>();
for(int i = 0; i < numThread; i++){
Thread t = new Thread(new Increment(counter, wordLoad));
threadList.add(t);
t.start();
}
try {
for (int i = 0; i < threadList.size(); i++) {
threadList.get(i).join();
}
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
new Thread(new GetValue(counter)).run();
assertEquals(numThread * wordLoad, counter.get());
long end = new Date().getTime();
return end - begin;
}
private class Increment implements Runnable{
private int workLoad;
private Counter counter;
public Increment(Counter c, int init){
workLoad = init;
counter = c;
}
public void run(){
for(int i = 0; i < workLoad; i++) {
counter.increment();
}
}
}
private class GetValue implements Runnable{
private Counter counter;
public GetValue(Counter counter){
this.counter = counter;
}
public void run(){
try {
Thread.sleep(10);
System.out.println("Count number is " + counter.get());
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
<file_sep>rootProject.name = 'SimpleCounter'
<file_sep># SimpleCounter
## There are three implementations:
1. My implementation is SimpleCounter, which keeps a counter for each thread, indexed by a concurrent hashmap
2. LongAdderCounter is based on LongAdder, which implements a similar method with mine
3. AtomicLongCounter is based on AtomicLong, which is a lock protected long
## Test Counters Result
The expected performance: LongAdderCounter is better than SimpleCounter, given its more efficient implementations.
And SimpleCounter is better the AtomicLongCounter.
As expected, an example on my machine gives the following results for 100,000 threads, each of which generates 10,000 counts:
```
Count number is 1000000000
Count number is 1000000000
Count number is 1000000000
SimpleCounter duration is: 14705
LongAdderCounter duration is: 8750
AtomicLongCounter duration is: 26153
```
The time unit is milliseconds
The test framework is Junit
## Test Web Service
In the command line, please run the following command to start the Springboot application:
> java -jar SimpleCounter-0.1.0.jar
Then visit in any browser:
```
http://localhost:8080/hello
http://localhost:8080/twilio
http://localhost:8080/count
```
When you visit /count api, the page will shows the total number of counts
|
0d13154e1e44f2200754249ab70674a7570399d7
|
[
"Markdown",
"Java",
"Gradle"
] | 4
|
Java
|
littleday/SimpleCounter
|
53710cf2780c2ea253116ac675fc93f47043856d
|
773c444e6799f430c80ef0d5452e7a2bcee70f1f
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
import com.bumptech.glide.Glide
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_full_article.*
class FullArticle : AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_full_article)
datafromFirst()
}
private fun datafromFirst() {
val image=intent.getStringExtra("img")
val title=intent.getStringExtra("title")
val desc=intent.getStringExtra("desc")
val full=intent.getStringExtra("full")
Glide.with(this).load(image).into(img1)
title1.text=title.toString()
descr1.text=desc.toString()
btnFullArticle.setOnClickListener {
var intent1= Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(full))
startActivity(intent1)
}
btnAdd.setOnClickListener {
var intent1 = Intent(this, DataStorage::class.java)
Toast.makeText(this,"data saved temporary",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
intent1.putExtra("img", image)
intent1.putExtra("title", title)
intent1.putExtra("desc", desc)
startActivity(intent1)
}
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.network
import retrofit2.Retrofit
import retrofit2.adapter.rxjava3.RxJava3CallAdapterFactory
import retrofit2.converter.gson.GsonConverterFactory
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.api.ApiClient
object network {
private const val base="https://newsapi.org/"
fun getDataByNetwork():ApiClient{
val builder=Retrofit.Builder()
.baseUrl(base)
.addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
.addCallAdapterFactory(RxJava3CallAdapterFactory.create())
.build()
return builder.create(ApiClient::class.java)
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainrepo
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.core.Observable
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.ResponseDTO
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.network.network
class MainRepo {
fun getDataByRepo():Observable<ResponseDTO>{
return network.getDataByNetwork().getDataByApi()
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.recycler
import android.view.View
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
import com.bumptech.glide.Glide
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.R
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.listener.NewsListener
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.Article
class Holderr(var itemView: View,val clicklistener:NewsListener) : RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemView) {
fun setdata(article: Article,pos:Int) {
val image = itemView.findViewById<ImageView>(R.id.img)
val title = itemView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.title)
val date = itemView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.date)
val desc = itemView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.descr)
title.text=article.title
date.text=article.publishedAt
desc.text=article.description
Glide.with(image).load(article.urlToImage).into(image)
itemView.setOnClickListener {
clicklistener.onNews(article,adapterPosition)
}
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import com.bumptech.glide.Glide
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_data_storage.*
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_full_article.*
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.Article
class DataStorage : AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_data_storage)
add()
}
fun add() {
val image=intent.getStringExtra("img")
val title=intent.getStringExtra("title")
Glide.with(this).load(image).into(imggg)
Title.text=title.toString()
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.recycler
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.ViewGroup
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.R
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.listener.NewsListener
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.Article
class Adpterr(val article: List<Article>,var clicklistener:NewsListener):RecyclerView.Adapter<Holderr>() {
override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewtype: Int): Holderr {
val view=LayoutInflater.from(parent.context).inflate(R.layout.item_design,parent,false)
return Holderr(view,clicklistener)
}
override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: Holderr, position: Int) {
var article:Article=article[position]
holder.setdata(article,position)
}
override fun getItemCount(): Int {
return article.size
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.provider.ContactsContract.Intents.Insert.ACTION
import android.util.Log
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.listener.NewsListener
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainuimodel.MainUiModel
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainview.MainViewModel
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.Article
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.ResponseDTO
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.recycler.Adpterr
import java.util.Collections.emptyList
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity(),NewsListener{
private lateinit var mainViewModel: MainViewModel
private var list=emptyList<Article>()
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
mainViewModel=ViewModelProvider(this).get(MainViewModel::class.java)
mainViewModel.CallApiByView()
mainViewModel.liveData.observe(this, {
when (it) {
is MainUiModel.onSucess -> {
list = it.responseDTO.articles
setrecycler()
}
is MainUiModel.onError -> {
Log.d("umang", it.error)
}
}
})
}
private fun setrecycler() {
val Madapter=Adpterr(list,this)
val linearLayoutManager=LinearLayoutManager(this)
recycler.adapter=Madapter
recycler.layoutManager=linearLayoutManager
}
override fun onNews(article: Article, Position: Int) {
var intent=Intent(this@MainActivity,FullArticle::class.java)
intent.putExtra("img",article.urlToImage)
intent.putExtra("full",article.url)
intent.putExtra("title",article.title)
intent.putExtra("desc",article.description)
startActivity(intent)
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.listener
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.Article
interface NewsListener {
fun onNews(article: Article, Position: Int)
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainview
import androidx.lifecycle.LiveData
import androidx.lifecycle.MutableLiveData
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.android.schedulers.AndroidSchedulers
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.core.Observer
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.disposables.Disposable
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.schedulers.Schedulers
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainrepo.MainRepo
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainuimodel.MainUiModel
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.ResponseDTO
class MainViewModel : ViewModel() {
private val mainRepo=MainRepo()
private val mutableLiveData=MutableLiveData<MainUiModel>()
val liveData:LiveData<MainUiModel> =mutableLiveData
private lateinit var disposable: Disposable
fun CallApiByView(){
mainRepo.getDataByRepo().subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()).subscribe(object : Observer<ResponseDTO>{
override fun onSubscribe(d: Disposable) {
disposable=d
}
override fun onNext(t: ResponseDTO) {
mutableLiveData.value=MainUiModel.onSucess(t)
}
override fun onError(e: Throwable) {
}
override fun onComplete() {
}
})
}
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.api
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.core.Observable
import io.reactivex.rxjava3.core.Observer
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.http.GET
import retrofit2.http.Query
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.ResponseDTO
interface ApiClient {
//https://newsapi.org/v2/everything?q=tesla&from=2021-11-08&sortBy=popularity&apiKey=<KEY>
@GET("v2/everything?q=political&from=2021-11-08&sortBy=popularity&apiKey=<KEY>")
fun getDataByApi():Observable<ResponseDTO>
@GET("v2/everything?q=political&from=2021-11-08&sortBy=popularity&apiKey=<KEY>")
fun getDataByBase(): Call<ResponseDTO>
}<file_sep>package ug.sharma.nov8eva.mainuimodel
import ug.sharma.nov8eva.model.ResponseDTO
sealed class MainUiModel {
data class onSucess(var responseDTO: ResponseDTO):MainUiModel()
data class onError(var error:String):MainUiModel()
}
|
5a3ee5bc67da4997f91d8a48d31276def1735a75
|
[
"Kotlin"
] | 11
|
Kotlin
|
umangsh28/MVVM_with_Retrofit
|
5fba05da362f537a7a49af7ec4a8f142aa8c4e1f
|
d0c240b1cfc57923337592778edd0830a76b7189
|
refs/heads/master
|
<repo_name>andrei-radzetski/simple-logistics-server<file_sep>/app/dictionary/dictionary-routing.js
const ctrl = require('./dictionary-controller')
const Routing = require('../rest').Routing
const Route = require('../rest').Route
const namespase = '/dictionaries'
const routes = [
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.find(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.POST,
path: '/',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.create(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.DELETE,
path: '/:id',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.remove(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/filter',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.filter(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/types',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.types(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/languages',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.languages(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/countries',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.countries(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/request/kinds',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.requestKinds(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/request/servives',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.requestServices(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/transports',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.trasports(req, res, next)
}
]
module.exports = (app) => {
new Routing(app, namespase, routes).commit()
}
<file_sep>/app/store/index.js
module.exports = {
db: require('./store'),
AbstractService: require('./abstract-service')
}
<file_sep>/app/logger/index.js
const log4js = require('log4js')
const config = require('../config')
log4js.configure(config.get('log4js'))
/**
* Get logger by module name, if module is undefined, logger name will be [default].
*
* @param {Object} module - Module meta data.
* @returns {Logger}
*/
module.exports = function (module) {
let name = module ? module.filename : '[default]'
let key = '/app/' /* application path */
let keyIndex = name.indexOf(key)
name = keyIndex !== -1 ? '[' + name.substr(keyIndex + 1) + ']' : name
return log4js.getLogger(name)
}
<file_sep>/app/rest/abstract-controller.js
const RestUtil = require('../rest/rest-util')
const ParamsValidator = require('../validation/params-validator')
const ParamValidator = require('../validation/param-validator')
const logger = require('../logger')(module)
/**
* @abstract
*/
class AbstractController {
/**
* @param {AbstractService} service
*/
constructor (service) {
if (new.target === AbstractController) {
throw new TypeError('Cannot construct abstract instances directly.')
}
if (service == null) {
throw new TypeError('Service must be defined.')
}
this.service = service
}
/**
* @abstract
* @returns {Observable<Object>}
*/
validateCreateParams(params) {
throw new TypeError('"validateCreate" must be overridden.')
}
/**
* Create response.
*
* @param {Object} response - data for the response.
* @param {Error} error
* @param {string} message - error message
* @returns {Object}
*/
createResponseBoby (response, error, message) {
return RestUtil.createResponseBoby(response, error, message)
}
/**
* Find object by id.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
*/
findById (req, res, next) {
if (typeof this.service.findById !== 'function') {
throw new TypeError('Service doesn\'t have "findById" method.')
}
let ths = this
new ParamsValidator([
{ name: 'id', value: req.params.id, type: ParamValidator.OBJECT_ID, required: true }
]).validate()
.flatMap(result => ths.service.findById(result.id))
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
/**
* Get list of all objects.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
find (req, res, next) {
if (typeof this.service.find !== 'function') {
throw new TypeError('Service doesn\'t have "find" method.')
}
// TODO: Unchecked url params
logger.warn('Unchecked url params')
let ths = this
this.service.find({})
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
/**
* Create new object.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
create(req, res, next) {
if (typeof this.service.create !== 'function') {
throw new TypeError('Service doesn\'t have "create" method.')
}
let ths = this
this.validateCreateParams(req.body)
.flatMap(params => ths.service.create(params))
.flatMap((model, numAffected) => RestUtil.dataToResponse(model))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
/**
* Update object by id.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
update (req, res, next) {
if (typeof this.service.update !== 'function') {
throw new TypeError('Service doesn\'t have "update" method.')
}
// TODO: Unchecked req.body
logger.warn('Unchecked req.body')
let ths = this
new ParamsValidator([
{ name: 'id', value: req.params.id, type: ParamValidator.OBJECT_ID, required: true }
]).validate()
.flatMap(result => ths.service.update(result.id, req.body))
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
/**
* Remove object by id.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
remove (req, res, next) {
if (typeof this.service.remove !== 'function') {
throw new TypeError('Service doesn\'t have "remove" method.')
}
let ths = this
new ParamsValidator([
{ name: 'id', value: req.params.id, type: ParamValidator.OBJECT_ID, required: true }
]).validate()
.flatMap(result => ths.service.remove(result.id))
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
}
module.exports = AbstractController
<file_sep>/app/index.js
const logger = require('./logger')(module)
const db = require('./store').db
const server = require('./server').server(__dirname)
const init = require('./server/init')
db.connect()
.flatMap(() => server.run())
.subscribe(
() => {},
err => logger.error(err),
() => logger.info('System was started.') /* init() */ )<file_sep>/app/auth/auth-controller.js
const Observable = require('rx').Observable
const RestUtil = require('../rest/rest-util')
const userService = require('../user/user-service')
const tokenService = require('../token/token-service')
const ParamsValidator = require('../validation/params-validator')
const ParamValidator = require('../validation/param-validator')
const HttpError401 = require('../rest/error/http-error-401')
class AuthController {
/**
* Login.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
login (req, res, next) {
let ths = this
let params = {}
new ParamsValidator([
{ name: 'login', value: req.body.username, type: ParamValidator.STRING, required: true },
{ name: 'password', value: req.body.password, type: ParamValidator.STRING, required: true },
{ name: 'remember', value: req.body.remember, type: ParamValidator.BOOLEAN }
]).validate()
.flatMap(result => {
params = result
return userService.findByLogin(params.login)
})
.flatMap(user => ths._checkUser(user, params.password))
.flatMap(user => tokenService.create(user, params.remember))
.flatMap(token => tokenService.get(token))
.flatMap(token => RestUtil.dataToResponse(token))
.subscribe(
token => res.json(RestUtil.createResponseBoby(token, false)),
err => next(err))
}
/**
* Logout.
*
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
logout (req, res, next) {
tokenService.disable(req.user.token)
.subscribe(
token => res.json(RestUtil.createResponseBoby(null, false)),
err => next(err))
}
/**
*
*/
_checkUser (user, password) {
if (!user) {
return Observable.throw(new HttpError401('User not found.'))
}
return user.comparePassword(password)
.flatMap(isMatch => isMatch
? Observable.return(user)
: Observable.throw(new HttpError401('Incorrect password.')))
}
}
module.exports = new AuthController()
<file_sep>/app/geo/geo-controller.js
const geoService = require('./geo-service')
const RestUtil = require('../rest/rest-util')
class GeoController {
/**
* @param {Object} req - server request
* @param {Object} res - server response
* @param {function} next
*/
find(req, res, next) {
geoService.find(req.params.name)
.subscribe(
data => res.json(RestUtil.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
}
module.exports = new GeoController()<file_sep>/app/message/message-service.js
const AbstractService = require('../store').AbstractService
const Message = require('./message')
const Rx = require('rx')
class MessageService extends AbstractService {
constructor() {
super(Message)
}
/**
* @returns {Observable<Message>}
*/
createNewInstance(data) {
return Rx.Observable.return(new Message(data));
}
find(params, projection, options) {
let self = this
return Rx.Observable.create(observer => {
self.clazz
.find(params, projection, options)
.populate('sender')
.populate('recipient')
.exec((err, msg) => {
if (err) {
observer.onError(err)
} else {
observer.onNext(msg)
observer.onCompleted()
}
});
});
}
/**
* Get object by id.
*
* @param {string|ObjectId} id - the identifier of the desired object.
* @returns {Observable<Object>}
*/
findById(id) {
let self = this
return Rx.Observable.create(observer => {
self.clazz
.findById(id)
.populate('sender')
.populate('recipient')
.exec((err, msg) => {
if (err) {
observer.onError(err)
} else {
observer.onNext(msg)
observer.onCompleted()
}
});
});
}
read(id, recipient) {
let body = { read: true }
let cond = { _id: id, recipient: recipient }
let options = { new: true }
let source = Rx.Observable.fromNodeCallback(this.clazz.findOneAndUpdate, this.clazz)
return source(cond, body, options)
}
}
module.exports = new MessageService()<file_sep>/app/rest/rest-util.js
const Rx = require('rx')
class RestUtil {
/**
* Create response.
*
* @param {Object} response - data for the response.
* @param {Error} error
* @param {string} message - error message
* @param {nubmber} code - internal error code
* @returns {Object}
*/
static createResponseBoby (response, error, message, code) {
return error
? { response: null, error: true, message: message, internalCode: code }
: { response: response, error: false }
}
static addCountToBody(response, count) {
response.count = count
return response
}
/**
* Create error response.
*
* @param {string} message - error message.
* @param {nubmber} code - internal error code.
* @returns {Object}
*/
static createErrorResBoby (message, code) {
return RestUtil.createResponseBoby(null, true, message, code)
}
/**
* Create response from error.
*
* @param {Error} error - error.
* @returns {Object}
*/
static createResBobyFromError (error) {
return RestUtil.createErrorResBoby(error.message, error.code)
}
/**
* Convert object or list of objects to response.
* Object have to have "toResponse" method.
*
* @param {Object|Array<Object>} data
*
* @returns {Observable<Object>|Observable<Array<Object>>}
*/
static dataToResponse (data) {
return Array.isArray(data)
? Rx.Observable.from(data).map(el => el.toResponse()).toArray()
: Rx.Observable.return(data ? data.toResponse() : null)
}
}
module.exports = RestUtil
<file_sep>/app/request/request.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const Point = require('../point/point')
const properties = {
kind: { type: String, required: true },
service: { type: String, required: true },
seatsNumber: { type: Number, required: true },
transport: { type: String, required: true },
name: { type: String },
width: { type: Number },
height: { type: Number },
length: { type: Number },
weight: { type: Number },
displayEmail: { type: Boolean, default: false, required: true },
displayPhone: { type: Boolean, default: false, required: true },
points: [ 'Point' ],
user: {
type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
ref: 'User',
required: true
},
comment: { type: String },
enabled: { type: Boolean, default: true },
creationDate: { type: Date, default: new Date(), required: true }
}
const schema = new mongoose.Schema(properties)
schema.methods = {
/**
* Convert object of this class to simple response object.
*
* @return {object}
*/
toResponse: function () {
let obj = {}
obj.id = this._id
obj.kind = this.kind
obj.service = this.service
obj.seatsNumber = this.seatsNumber
obj.transport = this.transport
obj.name = this.name
obj.width = this.width
obj.height = this.height
obj.length = this.length
obj.weight = this.weight
obj.displayEmail = this.displayEmail
obj.displayPhone = this.displayPhone
if(this.user._id) {
obj.user = this.user._id
obj.userName = this.user.getFullName()
obj.phone = this.displayPhone ? this.user.phone : undefined
obj.email = this.displayEmail ? this.user.email : undefined
} else {
obj.user = obj.user
}
obj.comment = this.comment
obj.enabled = this.enabled
obj.creationDate = this.creationDate
obj.points = [];
for(let point of this.points) {
obj.points.push(Point.toResponse(point))
}
return obj
}
}
schema.pre('save', function (next) {
for(let i = 0; i < this.points.length; i++) {
this.points[i].length = this.points.length
}
next()
})
module.exports = mongoose.model('Request', schema)
<file_sep>/app/message/message.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const properties = {
sender: {
type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
ref: 'User',
required: true
},
recipient: {
type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
ref: 'User',
required: true
},
text: { type: String, required: true, maxlength: 1000 },
date: { type: Date, default: new Date(), required: true },
read: { type: Boolean, default: false }
}
const schema = new mongoose.Schema(properties)
schema.methods = {
/**
* Convert object of this class to simple response object.
*
* @return {object}
*/
toResponse: function (extended) {
let obj = {}
obj.id = this._id;
if(this.sender._id) {
obj.sender = this.sender._id;
obj.senderName = this.sender.getFullName();
} else {
obj.sender = this.sender;
}
if(this.recipient._id) {
obj.recipient = this.recipient._id;
obj.recipientName = this.recipient.getFullName();
} else {
obj.recipient = this.recipient;
}
obj.text = this.text;
obj.date = this.date;
obj.read = this.read;
return obj
}
}
module.exports = mongoose.model('Message', schema)
<file_sep>/app/server/server.js
const bodyParser = require('body-parser')
const config = require('../config')
const express = require('express')
const logger = require('../logger')(module)
const namespace = require('express-namespace')
const Rx = require('rx')
const errorsHandler = require('./errors-handler')
const cors = require('cors')
const app = express()
/**
* Define all middleware here.
*/
function defineMiddleware () {
app.use(bodyParser.json())
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }))
app.use(httpMethodWatcher)
require('../auth/auth-init')()
registerRouters()
errorsHandler(app)
}
function httpMethodWatcher (req, res, next) {
logger.info('%s -> "%s"', req.method, req.path)
next()
}
/**
* Register routers.
*/
function registerRouters () {
app.options('*', cors())
require('../auth').routing(app)
require('../user').routing(app)
require('../request').routing(app)
require('../dictionary/dictionary-routing')(app)
require('../geo/geo-routing')(app)
require('../message/message-routing')(app)
}
module.exports = function (rootDir) {
defineMiddleware()
return {
/**
* Run server (info about host and port see config.json).
*
* @returns {Observable}
*/
run: () => {
return Rx.Observable.create(observer => {
let port = config.get('server:port')
let host = config.get('server:host')
app.listen(port, host, () => {
logger.info('The server running at "http://%s:%d/"', host, port)
observer.onNext()
observer.onCompleted()
}).on('error', err => {
logger.error(err)
observer.onError(err)
})
})
}
}
}
<file_sep>/app/rest/index.js
module.exports = {
Routing: require('./routing'),
Route: require('./route'),
RestUtil: require('./rest-util'),
AbstractController: require('./abstract-controller')
}
<file_sep>/app/token/token.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const AuthUtil = require('../auth/auth-util')
const config = require('../config')
const properties = {
accessToken: { type: String, required: true, unique: true },
creationDate: { type: Date, default: new Date(), required: true },
expires: { type: Number, required: true },
enabled: { type: Boolean, default: true },
user: {
type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
ref: 'User',
required: true
}
}
const schema = new mongoose.Schema(properties)
schema.statics = {
/**
* Create token properties by params.
*
* @param {User} user
* @param {bool} remember
* @returns {Object}
*/
newProperties: function (user, remember) {
return {
accessToken: AuthUtil.genToken(config.get('auth:tokenLength')),
expires: remember ? config.get('auth:rememberLong') : config.get('auth:rememberShort'),
user: user._id,
}
}
}
schema.methods = {
/**
* Convert object of this class to simple response object.
*
* @returns {Object}
*/
toResponse: function () {
let obj = {}
obj.accessToken = this.accessToken
obj.expires = this.expires
obj.scope = this.user ? this.user.scope : 'user';
obj.user = this.user ? this.user._id : undefined;
return obj
},
/**
* Expires checking
*
* @returns {bool}
*/
isExpired: function () {
let startTime = this.creationDate.getTime()
let finishTime = startTime + this.expires
let currentTime = new Date().getTime()
return currentTime > finishTime
}
}
module.exports = mongoose.model('Token', schema)
<file_sep>/app/message/message-routing.js
const ctrl = require('./message-controller')
const Routing = require('../rest').Routing
const Route = require('../rest').Route
const namespase = '/messages'
const routes = [
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.find(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/:id',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.findById(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.POST,
path: '/',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.create(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/box/in',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.inbox(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/box/out',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.outbox(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/box/read/:id',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.read(req, res, next)
}
]
module.exports = (app) => {
new Routing(app, namespase, routes).commit()
}
<file_sep>/app/dictionary/dictionary.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const properties = {
key: { type: String, required: true },
value: { type: String, required: true },
type: { type: String, required: true },
description: String
}
const schema = new mongoose.Schema(properties)
schema.methods = {
/**
* Convert object of this class to simple response object.
*
* @return {object}
*/
toResponse: function (extended) {
let obj = {}
obj.id = this._id;
obj.key = this.key;
obj.value = this.value;
obj.type = this.type;
obj.description = this.description;
return obj
}
}
const Dictionary = mongoose.model('Dictionary', schema)
Dictionary.LANGUAGE = 'language'
Dictionary.COUNTRY = 'country'
Dictionary.REQUEST_KIND = 'request-kind'
Dictionary.REQUEST_SERVICE = 'request-service'
Dictionary.TRANSPORT = 'transport'
module.exports = Dictionary
<file_sep>/app/message/message-controller.js
const AbstractController = require('../rest').AbstractController
const messageService = require('./message-service')
const RestUtil = require('../rest/rest-util')
class MessageController extends AbstractController {
constructor () {
super(messageService)
}
create(req, res, next) {
let ths = this
let params = req.body
params.sender = req.user._id
params.read = false
params.date = new Date()
this.service.create(params)
.flatMap((model, numAffected) => RestUtil.dataToResponse(model))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
inbox(req, res, next) {
let ths = this
let params = { recipient: req.user._id }
this.service.find(params, null, { sort: { date: -1 }})
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
outbox(req, res, next) {
let ths = this
let params = { sender: req.user._id }
this.service.find(params, null, { sort: { date: -1 }})
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
read(req, res, next) {
let ths = this
ths.service.read(req.params.id, req.user._id)
.flatMap(data => RestUtil.dataToResponse(data))
.subscribe(
data => res.json(ths.createResponseBoby(data)),
err => next(err))
}
}
module.exports = new MessageController()
<file_sep>/app/auth/auth-util.js
const bcrypt = require('bcrypt')
const Rx = require('rx')
const randtoken = require('rand-token')
class AuthUtil {
/**
* Generate salt by salt round.
*
* @param {number} saltRounds
* @return {Observable<string>}
*/
static genSalt (saltRounds) {
return Rx.Observable.fromNodeCallback(bcrypt.genSalt)(saltRounds)
}
/**
* Generate hash for string by the salt.
*
* @param {string} str
* @param {string} salt
* @return {Observable<string>}
*/
static genHash (str, salt) {
return Rx.Observable.fromNodeCallback(bcrypt.hash)(str, salt)
}
/**
* Compare original string to hashed.
*
* @param {string} original - original string
* @param {string} hashed - hashed string
* @return {Observable<bool>}
*/
static compareHashed (original, hashed) {
return Rx.Observable.fromNodeCallback(bcrypt.compare)(original, hashed)
}
/**
* Generate hash for string.
*
* @param {string} str
* @param {number} saltRounds
* @return {Observable<string>}
*/
static genHashedString (str, saltRounds) {
return AuthUtil
.genSalt(saltRounds)
.flatMap(salt => AuthUtil.genHash(str, salt))
}
/**
* Generate token by the length
*
* @param {number} length
*/
static genToken (length) {
return randtoken.generate(length)
}
}
module.exports = AuthUtil
<file_sep>/app/geo/geo.js
const config = require('../config')
class Geo {
constructor(name, fullName, latitude, longitude, placeId) {
this.name = name
this.fullName = fullName
this.latitude = latitude
this.longitude = longitude
this.placeId = placeId;
}
}
module.exports = Geo<file_sep>/app/auth/index.js
module.exports = {
AuthUtil: require('./auth-util'),
routing: require('./auth-routing'),
controller: require('./auth-controller'),
init: require('./auth-init')
}
<file_sep>/app/user/user-routing.js
const ctrl = require('./user-controller')
const Routing = require('../rest').Routing
const Route = require('../rest').Route
const namespase = '/users'
const routes = [
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/profile',
straight: true,
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.profile(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.POST,
path: '/profile',
straight: true,
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.createProfile(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.PUT,
path: '/profile',
straight: true,
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.updateProfile(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.find(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/filter',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.filter(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/:id',
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.findById(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.POST,
path: '/',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.create(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.PUT,
path: '/:id',
protection: 'admin',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.update(req, res, next)
}
]
module.exports = (app) => {
new Routing(app, namespase, routes).commit()
}
<file_sep>/app/point/point.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const properties = {
latitude: {type: Number, required: true },
longitude: { type: Number, required: true },
name: { type: String },
radius: {
type: Number
},
radiusUnitFactor: {
type: Number
},
start: {
type: Boolean,
default: false,
required: true
},
end: {
type: Boolean,
default: false,
required: true
},
arrivalDatetime: {
type: Date,
required: true
},
departureDatetime: {
type: Date,
required: true
},
order: {
type: Number,
required: true
},
placeId: {
type: String
},
editable: {
type: Boolean,
default: true
},
enabled: {
type: Boolean,
default: true
},
length: {
type: Number
},
creationDate: { type: Date, default: new Date(), required: true }
}
const schema = new mongoose.Schema(properties)
schema.statics = {
toResponse: function (point) {
let obj = {}
obj.id = point._id
obj.latitude = point.latitude
obj.longitude = point.longitude
obj.name = point.name
obj.radius = point.radius
obj.radiusUnitFactor = point.radiusUnitFactor
obj.start = point.start
obj.end = point.end
obj.arrivalDatetime = point.arrivalDatetime
obj.departureDatetime = point.departureDatetime
obj.order = point.order
obj.placeId = point.placeId
obj.editable = point.editable
obj.enabled = point.enabled
obj.creationDate = point.creationDate
return obj;
}
}
schema.methods = {
/**
* Convert object of this class to simple response object.
*
* @return {object}
*/
toResponse: function () {
return this.toResponse(this);
}
}
module.exports = mongoose.model('Point', schema)<file_sep>/app/store/store.js
const config = require('../config')
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const Database = require('./database')
const Promise = require('promise')
mongoose.Promise = Promise
let db = new Database(
mongoose,
config.get('db:uri'),
config.get('db:options')
)
module.exports = db
<file_sep>/app/rest/routing.js
const Route = require('./route')
const logger = require('../logger')(module)
const passport = require('passport')
class Routing {
/**
* @typedef Raw
* @property {string} method - type of the method (GET, POST, PUT ...).
* @property {string} path - url.
* @property {bool} straight - if it is true, route path exactly matches defined path.
* @property {bool|string|Array<string>} protection - if it's true or defined scope,
* route is protected (available strings: *, admin, user).
* @property {function} handler - processing request middleware.
*/
/**
* @param {Object} app - expressJS app.
* @param {string} namespace - namespace of the routing.
* @param {Array<Raw>} raws - raw routing objects.
*/
constructor (app, namespace, raws) {
this.app = app
this.namespace = namespace
this.routesWithNamespace = []
this.routesWithoutNamespace = []
this._createRoutesFromRaws(raws)
}
/**
* @private
* Create routing objects from {@link Routing#raws}
* array of route data.
*
* @param {Array<Raw>} raws - raw routing objects.
*/
_createRoutesFromRaws (raws) {
if (raws && Array.isArray(raws)) {
for (let raw of raws) {
let protect = raw.protection ? passport.authenticate('bearer', { session: false }) : null
let scope = raw.protection ? this._createScopeMiddleware(raw.protection) : null
let route = new Route(raw.method, raw.path, protect, scope, raw.handler, raw.straight)
this.addRoute(route)
}
}
}
_createScopeMiddleware (scope) {
if (scope && (typeof scope === 'boolean' || scope instanceof Boolean)) {
return passport.scope('*')
}
if (scope && (Array.isArray(scope) || typeof scope === 'string' || scope instanceof String)) {
return passport.scope(scope)
}
return null
}
/**
* Add route to the list applying.
* Route won't apply, to apply needs to call {@link Routing#commit}.
*
* @param {Route} route
*/
addRoute (route) {
route.straight
? this.routesWithoutNamespace.push(route)
: this.routesWithNamespace.push(route)
}
/**
* Apply all routing methods to the app.
*/
commit () {
let ths = this
for (let route of this.routesWithoutNamespace) {
this._registerRoute(route)
}
this.app.namespace(this.namespace, () => {
for (let route of this.routesWithNamespace) {
ths._registerRoute(route)
}
})
}
/**
* Register route in the app by the method.
*
* @param {Route} route - local route.
* @private
*/
_registerRoute (route) {
switch (route.method) {
case Route.GET:
this._registerMethod(this.app.get, route)
break
case Route.POST:
this._registerMethod(this.app.post, route)
break
case Route.PUT:
this._registerMethod(this.app.put, route)
break
case Route.DELETE:
this._registerMethod(this.app.delete, route)
break
default:
logger.error('Unknown route (namespace=[%s]): %s', route.straight ? '' : this.namespace, route.toString())
logger.error('Add this method to the {rest.Routing#_registerRoute}')
throw new TypeError('Unknown route method.')
}
}
/**
* Apply router method to the app.
*
* @param {function} fn - app router function.
* @param {Route} route - local route.
* @private
*/
_registerMethod (fn, route) {
fn.apply(this.app, route.toArguments())
let pr = route.protection ? '(-)' : '(+)'
logger.info('Mapped: %s -> %s -> %s%s', pr, route.method, route.straight ? '' : this.namespace, route.path)
}
}
module.exports = Routing
<file_sep>/README.md
# Simple Logistics (server)
Simple logistics web server application.
## Getting Started
### Prerequisities
### Installing
1. Download or clone project:
```
git clone https://github.com/andrei-radzetski/simple-logistics-server.git
```
2. Move to the project directory and install the project:
```
npm install
```
3. Run the starting script:
```
npm start
```
## Authors
* **<NAME>** - [Github](https://github.com/andrei-radzetski), [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/stels666)
<file_sep>/app/server/errors-handler.js
const logger = require('../logger')(module)
const RestUtil = require('../rest/rest-util')
const MongoErrors = require('mongo-errors')
const HttpError = require('../rest/error/http-error')
const HttpError404 = require('../rest/error/http-error-404')
const HttpError500 = require('../rest/error/http-error-500')
const ValidationError = require('../validation/validation-error')
module.exports = app => {
/**
* Handle page not found error.
*/
app.use((req, res) => {
throw new HttpError404()
})
/**
* Handle ValidationError
*/
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
if (!(err instanceof ValidationError)) {
return next(err)
}
logger.warn(err.message)
res.status(400).json(RestUtil.createErrorResBoby(err.message))
})
/**
* Handle MongoError
*/
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
if (err.name !== 'MongoError') {
return next(err)
}
switch (err.code) {
case MongoErrors.DuplicateKey:
logger.error(err.message)
return res.status(400)
.json(RestUtil.createErrorResBoby('User with such parameters already exists.', err.code))
default:
logger.error('Unknown MongoError code: ' + err.code)
return next(err)
}
})
/**
* Handle HttpError500
*/
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
if (!(err instanceof HttpError500)) {
return next(err)
}
logger.error(err.toString())
res.status(err.code).json(RestUtil.createErrorResBoby(err.message))
})
/**
* Handle HttpError
*/
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
if (!(err instanceof HttpError)) {
return next(err)
}
logger.warn(err.message)
res.status(err.code).json(RestUtil.createErrorResBoby(err.message))
})
/**
* Handle Error
*/
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
logger.error(err)
res.status(500).json(RestUtil.createErrorResBoby('Internal Server Error'))
})
}<file_sep>/app/auth/auth-routing.js
const ctrl = require('./auth-controller')
const Routing = require('../rest').Routing
const Route = require('../rest').Route
const namespase = '/auth'
const routes = [
{
method: Route.POST,
path: '/login',
straight: true,
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.login(req, res, next)
},
{
method: Route.GET,
path: '/logout',
straight: true,
protection: '*',
handler: (req, res, next) => ctrl.logout(req, res, next)
}
]
module.exports = (app) => {
new Routing(app, namespase, routes).commit()
}
<file_sep>/app/rest/error/http-error-400.js
const HttpError = require('./http-error')
/**
* 400 Bad Request.
*/
class HttpError400 extends HttpError {
constructor (message) {
message = message != null ? message : 'Bad Request'
super(400, message)
this.name = this.constructor.name
this.message = message
if (typeof Error.captureStackTrace === 'function') {
Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor)
} else {
this.stack = (new Error(message)).stack
}
}
}
module.exports = HttpError400
<file_sep>/app/validation/params-validator.js
const ParamValidator = require('./param-validator')
const ValidationError = require('./validation-error')
const Observable = require('rx').Observable
class ParamsValidator {
/**
* @typedef RawParam
* @property {string} name - param name.
* @property {Object|undefined} value - value of the param.
* @property {string} type - type of the param (ParamValidator.EMAIL, ParamValidator.PHONE ... )
* @property {boolean} required - requirement of the param.
* @property {function} condition - aditional validation condition.
*/
/**
* @param {Array<RawParam>} raws
*/
constructor (raws) {
if (raws == null || !Array.isArray(raws)) {
throw new TypeError('Argument "raws" must be array.')
}
this.params = []
this._init(raws)
}
/**
* Initialize params validator.
*/
_init (raws) {
for (let raw of raws) {
this.params.push(new ParamValidator(raw.name, raw.value, raw.type, raw.required, raw.condition))
}
}
/**
* Validate params, if valid return object
* of values ({ fieldname1: fieldvalue1, fieldname2: fieldvalue2, ... }
* if invalid throw error.
*
* @return {Observable}
*/
validate () {
return Observable.fromArray(this.params)
.filter(param => !param.validate())
.map(param => param.createMessage())
.toArray()
.flatMap(array => {
return array != null && array.length > 0
? Observable.throw(new ValidationError(array.join('; ')))
: Observable.fromArray(this.params)
})
.reduce((acc, x) => {
if(x.value != null) {
acc[x.name] = x.value
}
return acc
}, {})
}
}
module.exports = ParamsValidator
<file_sep>/app/rest/error/http-error-401.js
const HttpError = require('./http-error')
/**
* 401 Unauthorized.
*/
class HttpError401 extends HttpError {
constructor (message) {
message = message != null ? message : 'Unauthorized'
super(401, message)
this.name = this.constructor.name
this.message = message
if (typeof Error.captureStackTrace === 'function') {
Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor)
} else {
this.stack = (new Error(message)).stack
}
}
}
module.exports = HttpError401
<file_sep>/app/request/index.js
module.exports = {
routing: require('./request-routing'),
controller: require('./request-controller'),
service: require('./request-service')
}
<file_sep>/app/rest/route.js
const cors = require('cors')
class Route {
static get GET () {
return 'GET'
}
static get POST () {
return 'POST'
}
static get PUT () {
return 'PUT'
}
static get DELETE () {
return 'DELETE'
}
/**
* @property {string} method - type of the method (GET, POST, PUT ...).
* @property {string} path - url.
* @property {function} protection - protecting middleware.
* @property {function} scope - scope protection middleware.
* @property {function} handler - processing request middleware.
* @property {bool} straight - if it is true, route path exactly matches defined path.
*/
constructor (method, path, protection, scope, handler, straight) {
this.method = method
this.path = path
this.protection = protection
this.scope = scope
this.handler = handler
this.straight = straight
}
/**
* Create array of arguments to register route function.
* If protect middleware isn't null, array consists of tree
* elements (first - path, second - protection, third - handler),
* otherwise array consists of two elemens
* (first - path, second - handler).
*
* @returns {Array<Object>}
*/
toArguments () {
return this.protection != null
? [this.path, cors(), this.protection, this.scope, this.handler]
: [this.path, cors(), this.handler]
}
toString () {
return this.method + ' -> "' + this.path + '"'
}
}
module.exports = Route
<file_sep>/app/token/index.js
module.exports = {
Token: require('./token'),
service: require('./token-service')
}
<file_sep>/app/validation/param-validator.js
const ValidationUtil = require('./validation-util')
const logger = require('../logger')(module)
class ParamValidator {
static get EMAIL () {
return 'EMAIL'
}
static get PHONE () {
return 'PHONE'
}
static get STRING () {
return 'STRING'
}
static get NUMBER () {
return 'NUMBER'
}
static get BOOLEAN () {
return 'BOOLEAN'
}
static get OBJECT_ID () {
return 'OBJECT_ID'
}
/**
* @param {string} name - param name.
* @param {Object|undefined} value - value of the param.
* @param {string} type - type of the param (EMAIL, PHONE ... see above)
* @param {boolean} required - requirement of the param.
* @param {function} condition - aditional validation condition.
*/
constructor (name, value, type, required, condition) {
if (!ValidationUtil.isString(name)) {
throw new TypeError('Field "name" must have string type.')
}
if (!ValidationUtil.isString(type)) {
throw new TypeError('Field "type" must have string type.')
}
this.name = name
this.value = ValidationUtil.isString(value) && ValidationUtil.isStringBlank(value) ? null : value
this.type = type
this.required = !!required
this.condition = ValidationUtil.isFunction(condition) ? condition : null
this.error = false
this.message = null
}
/**
* @returns {boolean}
*/
validate () {
let exists = this._validateRequired()
if (this.required && !exists) {
return this._markAsError(' is undefined')
}
if (exists && !this._validateType()) {
return this._markAsError(' isn\'t ' + this.type)
}
if (this.condition != null && !this.condition(this.value)) {
return this._markAsError(' is wrong')
}
this.value = exists ? ParamValidator.convert(this.value, this.type) : this.value
return this._markAsValid()
}
/**
* @private
* Validate field by the required.
*
* @returns {boolean}
*/
_validateRequired () {
switch (this.type) {
case ParamValidator.EMAIL:
case ParamValidator.PHONE:
case ParamValidator.STRING:
return !ValidationUtil.isStringBlank(this.value)
case ParamValidator.NUMBER:
return this.value != null
case ParamValidator.BOOLEAN:
return this.value != null
case ParamValidator.OBJECT_ID:
return !ValidationUtil.isStringBlank(this.value)
default:
throw new TypeError('Unknown type "' + this.type + '"')
}
}
/**
* @private
* Validate field by the type.
*
* @returns {boolean}
*/
_validateType () {
switch (this.type) {
case ParamValidator.EMAIL:
return ValidationUtil.isEmail(this.value)
case ParamValidator.PHONE:
return ValidationUtil.isPhone(this.value)
case ParamValidator.STRING:
return ValidationUtil.isString(this.value)
case ParamValidator.NUMBER:
return ValidationUtil.isNumber(this.value, true)
case ParamValidator.BOOLEAN:
return ValidationUtil.isBoolean(this.value, true)
case ParamValidator.OBJECT_ID:
return ValidationUtil.isObjectId(this.value)
default:
throw new TypeError('Unknown type "' + this.type + '"')
}
}
/**
* Mark param as invalid.
* All the time returns false.
*
* @return {boolean}
*/
_markAsError (message) {
this.error = true
this.message = message
return false
}
/**
* Mark param as valid.
* All the time returns true.
*
* @return {boolean}
*/
_markAsValid () {
this.error = false
this.message = null
return true
}
/**
* Create message. Format "name" + "message".
* @returns {string}
*/
createMessage () {
return this.error ? ('"' + this.name + '"' + this.message) : null
}
/**
* Conver the value to native type by user type (EMAIL, PHONE ...)
*
* @param {any} value
* @param {string} type
*
* @return {any}
*/
static convert (value, type) {
switch (type) {
case ParamValidator.EMAIL:
case ParamValidator.PHONE:
case ParamValidator.STRING:
return value.toString()
case ParamValidator.NUMBER:
// TODO: verify
logger.warn('Not Verified')
return Number(value)
case ParamValidator.BOOLEAN:
return ValidationUtil.isBoolean(value) ? value : value === 'true'
case ParamValidator.OBJECT_ID:
// TODO: verify
logger.warn('Not Verified')
return value.toString()
default:
throw new TypeError('Unknown type "' + type + '"')
}
}
}
module.exports = ParamValidator
<file_sep>/app/geo/geo-service.js
const config = require('../config')
const request = require('request')
const urlencode = require('urlencode')
const Observable = require('rx').Observable
const Geo = require('./geo')
class GeoService {
formUrl(name) {
return 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?language=ru&types=locality|political&address=' + name + '&key=' + config.get('google:apiKey')
}
find(name) {
return Observable.create(observer => {
name = urlencode(name);
var options = {
url: this.formUrl(name)
};
request(options, (error, response, body) => {
if (error || response == null || response.statusCode != 200) {
observer.onError(error)
} else {
observer.onNext(this.parse(body))
observer.onCompleted()
}
})
})
}
parse(body) {
let temp = JSON.parse(body)
let geos = []
if (temp.results) {
for (let tempGeo of temp.results) {
if (tempGeo &&
tempGeo.formatted_address &&
tempGeo.geometry &&
tempGeo.geometry.location &&
tempGeo.geometry.location.lat &&
tempGeo.geometry.location.lng &&
tempGeo.address_components &&
tempGeo.address_components[0] &&
tempGeo.address_components[0].long_name &&
tempGeo.place_id)
geos.push(new Geo(tempGeo.address_components[0].long_name, tempGeo.formatted_address, tempGeo.geometry.location.lat, tempGeo.geometry.location.lng, tempGeo.place_id))
}
}
return geos
}
}
module.exports = new GeoService()<file_sep>/app/user/user.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const config = require('../config')
const AuthUtil = require('../auth/auth-util')
const logger = require('../logger')(module)
const properties = {
email: { type: String, required: true, unique: true, maxlength: 50 },
phone: { type: String, required: true, unique: true, maxlength: 13 },
password: { type: String, required: true },
firstName: { type: String, required: true, maxlength: 50 },
secondName: { type: String, required: true, maxlength: 50 },
country: { type: String, maxlength: 3 },
city: { type: String, maxlength: 50 },
language: { type: String, maxlength: 3 },
additionalInfo: { type: String, maxlength: 500 },
confirmed: { type: Boolean, default: true },
enabled: { type: Boolean, default: true },
creationDate: { type: Date, default: new Date(), required: true },
// *, admin, user
scope: { type: String, default: 'user', required: true }/*,
tokens: [{
type: mongoose.Schema.Types.ObjectId,
ref: 'Token'
}] */
}
const schema = new mongoose.Schema(properties)
schema.methods = {
/**
* Convert object of this class to simple response object.
*
* @returns {Object}
*/
toResponse: function (extended) {
let obj = {}
obj.id = this._id
obj.email = this.email
obj.phone = this.phone
obj.firstName = this.firstName
obj.secondName = this.secondName
obj.country = this.country
obj.city = this.city
obj.additionalInfo = this.additionalInfo
if(extended) {
obj.language = this.language
obj.scope = this.scope
obj.confirmed = this.confirmed
}
return obj
},
getFullName() {
return this.firstName + ' ' + this.secondName
},
/**
* Compare password.
*
* @param {string} password
* @returns {Observable<bool>}
*/
comparePassword: function (password) {
return AuthUtil.compareHashed(password, this.password)
}
}
schema.pre('save', function (next) {
// TODO: Unchecked format of email, phone, password, firstName, secondName
logger.warn('Unchecked format of email, phone, password, firstName, secondName')
var ths = this
// only hash the password if it has been modified (or is new)
if (!ths.isModified('password')) {
return next()
}
/*
* Generate password hash.
*/
AuthUtil.genHashedString(ths.password, config.get('auth:saltRounds'))
.subscribe(
hash => ths.password = hash,
err => next(err),
() => next())
})
module.exports = mongoose.model('User', schema)
|
48962420506c2b17af11b7b31234d0becb059015
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 36
|
JavaScript
|
andrei-radzetski/simple-logistics-server
|
f1114825cdb3210e83fecdd5e0c0ffd1fc962a9e
|
88bd62167ef9de04f950cb6d3712df6a25d49aaa
|
refs/heads/master
|
<file_sep>var Loginobj = require ('../PageObjects/loginobjects');
var KeyActions = require('../commom/KeyActions');
let properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json');
var InputData = require('../InputData/elmsdata.json');
describe("Navigate to elms",function()
{
it("Validate with Invalid username and pswd",function(){
browser.get(properties.ElmsLocators.URL);
browser.driver.manage().window().maximize();
//browser.get("http://pre-prod.hbfxlabs.com/");
browser.sleep(3000);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(Loginobj.UserName,InputData.AppInputData.Invaliduserpswd.username);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(Loginobj.Password,InputData.AppInputData.Invaliduserpswd.password);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(Loginobj.Login);
browser.sleep(2000);
//console.log(KeyActions.getTextValueElementVisible(Loginobj.Invalid));
expect(KeyActions.getTextValueElementVisible(Loginobj.Invaliduserpswd)).toEqual("Invalid Credentials");
})
})<file_sep>var properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json')
var Userobj = function(){
};
Userobj.prototype = Object.create({},{
clickuser:{
get: function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.clickuser));
}
},
Adduser:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.adduser));
}
},
Uname:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.name));
}
},
Userpswd:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.pswd));
}
},
Fname:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.fname));
}
},
Lname:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.lname));
}
},
Email:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.email));
}
},
Searchadds:{
get:function(){
return element(by.id(properties.ElmsLocators.User.searchaddress));
}
},
Contactnum:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.mobilenum));
}
},
Desc:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.User.description));
}
}
});
module.exports = new Userobj();
<file_sep>var properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json');
var courseobj = function(){
};
courseobj.prototype = Object.create({},{
clickcourse:{
get: function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Courses.clickcourse));
}
},
addcourse:{
get: function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Courses.addcour));
}
},
parentcourse:{
get: function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Courses.parntcours));
}
},
selectcourse:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Courses.selectcours));
}
},
coursename:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Courses.coursename));
}
},
Coursedesc:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Courses.descr));
}
}
});
module.exports = new courseobj();<file_sep>var properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json')
var RoleObj = function () {
};
RoleObj.prototype = Object.create({}, {
Role: {
get: function () {
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Roles.clickrole));
}
},
AddRole:{
get: function (){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Roles.addrole));
}
},
Rolename:{
get: function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Roles.rolename));
}
},
Description:{
get: function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Roles.desc));
}
}
});
module.exports = new RoleObj();<file_sep>var AdminObj = require('../PageObjects/Organisationobj');
var KeyActions = require('../commom/KeyActions');
//const EC = protractor.ExpectedConditions;
//var RoleObjs = ('../PageObjects/roleobj.js');
//var properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json');
var InputData = require('../InputData/elmsdata.json');
//var login = require('../Test Cases/login.js');
describe("Navigate to Admin", function () {
require('../Test Cases/Adminlogin.js');
it("Open Admin Page", function () {
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.Profilebtn);
KeyActions.selectDropdownWhenVisible(AdminObj.Admin);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.ClickOrg);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.AddOrg);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(AdminObj.Organization, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.name);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(AdminObj.Code, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.code);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.selectOrg);
KeyActions.selectDropdownWhenVisible(AdminObj.ParentOrg);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(AdminObj.Phonenumber, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.Mobilenumber);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(AdminObj.Email, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.emailid);
KeyActions.performAutoCompleteWhenElementVisible(AdminObj.SearchAddress, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.searchaddress, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.address_indexvalue);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(AdminObj.Domainnme, InputData.AppInputData.Organization.domain_name );
//element (by.xpath("//button[@class='primary-btn btn-white mat-raised-button']")).click();
// expect(AdminObj.UploadBanner.isDisplayed()).toBeTruthy();
browser.sleep(2000);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.UploadBanner);
//element (by.xpath("//input[@id='inputGroupFile04']")).click();
browser.sleep(2000);
})
})<file_sep>var AdminObj = require('../PageObjects/Organisationobj');
var courseobj = require('../PageObjects/courseobj.js');
var KeyActions = require('../commom/KeyActions');
var InputData = require('../InputData/elmsdata.json');
describe ("Navigate to courses",function()
{
require('../Test Cases/Adminlogin.js');
it("Open course page",function()
{
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.Profilebtn);
KeyActions.selectDropdownWhenVisible(AdminObj.Admin);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(courseobj.clickcourse);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(courseobj.addcourse);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(courseobj.parentcourse);
KeyActions.selectDropdownWhenVisible(courseobj.selectcourse);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(courseobj.coursename,InputData.AppInputData.Courses.coursename);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(courseobj.Coursedesc,InputData.AppInputData.Courses.description);
})
})<file_sep>var Loginobj = require ('../PageObjects/loginobjects');
var KeyActions = require('../commom/KeyActions');
let properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json');
var InputData = require('../InputData/elmsdata.json');
describe("Navigate to elms",function()
{
it("Validate with Invalid Pswd",function(){
browser.get(properties.ElmsLocators.URL);
browser.driver.manage().window().maximize();
//browser.get("http://pre-prod.hbfxlabs.com/");
browser.sleep(3000);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(Loginobj.UserName,InputData.AppInputData.Invalidpswd.username);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(Loginobj.Password,InputData.AppInputData.Invalidpswd.password);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(Loginobj.Login);
browser.sleep(2000);
//console.log(KeyActions.getTextValueElementVisible(Loginobj.Invalid));
expect(KeyActions.getTextValueElementVisible(Loginobj.Invalidpswd)).toEqual("Invalid Credentials");
})
})<file_sep>var properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json')
var Loginobj = function(){
};
Loginobj.prototype = Object.create({},{
UserName:{
get:function(){
return element(by.id(properties.ElmsLocators.LoginDetails.username));
}
},
Password:{
get:function(){
return element(by.id(properties.ElmsLocators.LoginDetails.password));
}
},
Login:{
get:function(){
return element(by.css(properties.ElmsLocators.LoginDetails.Login));
}
},
Invalid:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Invaliduser.emailerrormsg));
}
},
Invalidpswd:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Invalidpswd.pswderrormsg));
}
},
Emptypwsd:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.EmptyPswd.Pswdreq));
}
},
Invaliduserpswd:{
get:function(){
return element(by.xpath(properties.ElmsLocators.Invaliduserpswd.Errormsg));
}
}
});
module.exports = new Loginobj();<file_sep># ProtractorDemoCode
This Repo contains Protractor code
<file_sep>var AdminObj = require('../PageObjects/Organisationobj');
var KeyActions = require('../commom/KeyActions');
var TopicObj = require('../PageObjects/topicobj.js');
var InputData = require('../InputData/elmsdata.json');
describe("Navigate to Topics",function()
{
require('../Test Cases/Adminlogin.js');
it("Open Topic Page",function()
{
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(AdminObj.Profilebtn);
KeyActions.selectDropdownWhenVisible(AdminObj.Admin);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(TopicObj.clicktopic);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(TopicObj.addtopic);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(TopicObj.topicname,InputData.AppInputData.Courses.topicname);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(TopicObj.topiccode,InputData.AppInputData.Courses.topiccode);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(TopicObj.Tpcdesc,InputData.AppInputData.Courses.desc);
})
})<file_sep>var Loginobj = require ('../PageObjects/loginobjects');
var KeyActions = require('../commom/KeyActions');
let properties = require('../Properties/Elmslocators.json');
var InputData = require('../InputData/elmsdata.json');
describe("Navigate to ELMS", function(){
it("Open Login Page", function(){
// browser.get(properties.ElmsLocators.URL);
browser.driver.manage().window().maximize();
browser.get("http://pre-prod.hbfxlabs.com/");
browser.sleep(3000);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(Loginobj.UserName,InputData.AppInputData.LoginData.username);
KeyActions.TypeTextWhenElementVisible(Loginobj.Password,InputData.AppInputData.LoginData.password);
KeyActions.clickWhenClickable(Loginobj.Login);
browser.sleep(2000);
})
})
|
bc8ca0e782e6f26ac050455fe23d034b319e25c4
|
[
"JavaScript",
"Markdown"
] | 11
|
JavaScript
|
Manasa646/ProtractorDemoCode
|
9596e8e5b0754373f935e4fce476cf3f17e38e02
|
b5cd5452fce17f706dd2eecfb0ad0622a040b7f1
|
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