question
stringclasses 439
values | positive
stringclasses 260
values | negative
stringlengths 482
5.05k
| document_id
int64 187
2.68k
|
|---|---|---|---|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The other IFITM family members also possess these cysteines Figure 1-A , and thus the role of the Spalmitoylation on the cysteines should be significant for the functions of IFITM proteins. Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like BRIL protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. i Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the expression of IFITM5 is not induced by interferons because the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements . Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C .
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
IFITM5 is another IFITM family protein and interacts with the FK506-binding protein 11 FKBP11 to form a higher-order complex in osteoblast cells, which induces the expression of immunologically relevant genes. In this study, we investigated the role played by S-palmitoylation of IFITM5 in its interaction with FKBP11 in the cells, because this interaction is a key process for the gene expression. Our investigations using an established reporter, 17-octadecynoic acid 17-ODYA , and an inhibitor for the S-palmitoylation, 2-bromopalmitic acid 2BP , revealed that IFITM5 was S-palmitoylated in addition to IFITM3. Specifically, we found that cysteine residues in the TM1 domain and in the CP loop were S-palmitoylated in IFITM5. Then, we revealed by immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses that the interaction of IFITM5 with FKBP11 was inhibited in the presence of 2BP. The mutant lacking the S-palmitoylation site in the TM1 domain lost the interaction with FKBP11.
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role for the antiviral activity. IFITM3 possesses three cysteine residues for the S-palmitoylation in the first transmembrane TM1 domain and in the cytoplasmic CP loop. Because these cysteines are well conserved in the mammalian IFITM family proteins, the S-palmitoylation on these cysteines is significant for their functions. IFITM5 is another IFITM family protein and interacts with the FK506-binding protein 11 FKBP11 to form a higher-order complex in osteoblast cells, which induces the expression of immunologically relevant genes. In this study, we investigated the role played by S-palmitoylation of IFITM5 in its interaction with FKBP11 in the cells, because this interaction is a key process for the gene expression.
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The authors revealed that IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on three membrane proximal cysteines, Cys71 and Cys72 in the first transmembrane TM1 domain, and Cys105 in the CP loop Figure 1-A . In addition, IFITM3 lacking the S-palmitoylation is not clustered in the cell membrane and significantly diminishes the antiviral activity. Moreover, the cysteines in IFITM2, Cys70, Cys71, and Cys104 are also palmitoylated in the same manner, which affects the intracellular localization . A resent study has revealed that murine IFITM1 has four cysteine residues Cys49, Cys50, Cys83, and Cys103 for the S-palmitoylation, which is required for the antiviral activity and the protein stability . The other IFITM family members also possess these cysteines Figure 1-A , and thus the role of the Spalmitoylation on the cysteines should be significant for the functions of IFITM proteins. Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like BRIL protein .
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The palmitoylation and depalmitoylation are catalyzed by protein acyltransferases and acylprotein thioesterases, respectively. In this study, hydroxylamine, NH 2 OH, was used to reduce the thioester linkage. C The amino acid sequence identity similarity among IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 is summarized. .1371/journal.pone.0075831.g001 and protein-protein interaction. The authors revealed that IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on three membrane proximal cysteines, Cys71 and Cys72 in the first transmembrane TM1 domain, and Cys105 in the CP loop Figure 1-A . In addition, IFITM3 lacking the S-palmitoylation is not clustered in the cell membrane and significantly diminishes the antiviral activity.
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The palmitoylation and depalmitoylation are catalyzed by protein acyltransferases and acylprotein thioesterases, respectively. In this study, hydroxylamine, NH 2 OH, was used to reduce the thioester linkage. C The amino acid sequence identity similarity among IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 is summarized. .1371/journal.pone.0075831.g001 and protein-protein interaction. The authors revealed that IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on three membrane proximal cysteines, Cys71 and Cys72 in the first transmembrane TM1 domain, and Cys105 in the CP loop Figure 1-A . In addition, IFITM3 lacking the S-palmitoylation is not clustered in the cell membrane and significantly diminishes the antiviral activity.
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The other IFITM family members also possess these cysteines Figure 1-A , and thus the role of the Spalmitoylation on the cysteines should be significant for the functions of IFITM proteins. Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like BRIL protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. i Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the expression of IFITM5 is not induced by interferons because the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements . Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C .
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The authors revealed that IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on three membrane proximal cysteines, Cys71 and Cys72 in the first transmembrane TM1 domain, and Cys105 in the CP loop Figure 1-A . In addition, IFITM3 lacking the S-palmitoylation is not clustered in the cell membrane and significantly diminishes the antiviral activity. Moreover, the cysteines in IFITM2, Cys70, Cys71, and Cys104 are also palmitoylated in the same manner, which affects the intracellular localization . A resent study has revealed that murine IFITM1 has four cysteine residues Cys49, Cys50, Cys83, and Cys103 for the S-palmitoylation, which is required for the antiviral activity and the protein stability . The other IFITM family members also possess these cysteines Figure 1-A , and thus the role of the Spalmitoylation on the cysteines should be significant for the functions of IFITM proteins. Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like BRIL protein .
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
Recent genomic research has revealed that there are 5 IFITM members in humans IFITM1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 and 7 members in mice IFITM1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10 . These proteins play roles in diverse biological processes, such as germ cell maturation during gastrulation IFITM1-3 , cell-to-cell adhesion IFITM1 , antiviral activity IFITM1-3 , and bone formation IFITM5 , although the detailed functions of IFITM6, 7, and 10 are unknown at present. In particular, IFITM3 has been a target of intensive studies on its activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection and internalization . In 2010, Dr. Yount and co-workers reported that the antiviral activity of IFITM3 is dependent on S-palmitoylation on the protein . The S-palmitoylation is a post-translational modification on proteins by C 16 saturated-fatty acids palmitic acids covalently attached to certain cysteine residues via a thioester linkage Figure 1-B . The modification is reversibly catalyzed by protein acyltransferases and acylprotein thioesterases, and confers unique properties to the protein, such as membrane binding and targeting, immunoreactivity, Amino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice.
| 650
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
In the case of IFITM3, as shown in Figure 6 -A, the following are observed. i The three cysteines are all S-palmitoylated ii . The S-palmitoylation leads to the clustering and the correct positioning of IFITM3 molecules in the membrane iii . The Spalmitoylation and the following clustering are crucial for the resistance to the influenza virus. When IFITM3 lacks the Spalmitoylation, the IFITM3 molecules do not cluster, which leads to the significant decrease in the antiviral activity. On the other hand, Figure 6 -B shows that the following observations are made in the case of IFITM5.
| 650
|
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The residues unique in IFITM5 are highlighted in gray. The first and the second transmembrane domains, the extracellular sequences, and the cytoplasmic loop are indicated by arrows and denoted as TM1 and TM2, EC, and the CP loop, respectively. The TM domains were predicted by SOSUI. The aspartates at the C-terminal region in IFITM5 are shown in blue. B The schematic illustration of the protein S-palmitoylation. The C 16 -palmitic acid is attached to cysteine via a thioester linkage. The palmitoylation and depalmitoylation are catalyzed by protein acyltransferases and acylprotein thioesterases, respectively. In this study, hydroxylamine, NH 2 OH, was used to reduce the thioester linkage.
| 650
|
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The palmitoylation and depalmitoylation are catalyzed by protein acyltransferases and acylprotein thioesterases, respectively. In this study, hydroxylamine, NH 2 OH, was used to reduce the thioester linkage. C The amino acid sequence identity similarity among IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 is summarized. .1371/journal.pone.0075831.g001 and protein-protein interaction. The authors revealed that IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on three membrane proximal cysteines, Cys71 and Cys72 in the first transmembrane TM1 domain, and Cys105 in the CP loop Figure 1-A . In addition, IFITM3 lacking the S-palmitoylation is not clustered in the cell membrane and significantly diminishes the antiviral activity.
| 650
|
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
All of these cysteines are highly conserved among the mammalian IFITM family proteins Figure 3-A . To identify the modification site in IFITM5, we prepared cysteine-substituted mutants, IFITM5-C52A/C53A, -C86A, and -C52A/C53A/C86A Cys-less . The osteoblast cells harboring each plasmid were cultured in the absence of 2BP, and then the cell lysate was extracted. Figure 3 -B shows the results of the western blot detecting the expression of all the mutants in the osteoblast cells. In the C52A/C53A and Cys-less mutants see lanes 2 and 4 , the low molecular-mass form was detected. This result indicates that either Cys52 or Cys53 is involved in the S-palmitoylation.
| 650
|
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
The S-palmitoylation is a post-translational modification on proteins by C 16 saturated-fatty acids palmitic acids covalently attached to certain cysteine residues via a thioester linkage Figure 1-B . The modification is reversibly catalyzed by protein acyltransferases and acylprotein thioesterases, and confers unique properties to the protein, such as membrane binding and targeting, immunoreactivity, Amino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice. The conserved residues are highlighted in black. The three conserved cysteines are highlighted in red and numbered based on the sequence of IFITM5 top and IFITM3 bottom . The residues unique in IFITM5 are highlighted in gray. The first and the second transmembrane domains, the extracellular sequences, and the cytoplasmic loop are indicated by arrows and denoted as TM1 and TM2, EC, and the CP loop, respectively.
| 650
|
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein?
|
Furthermore, the expression of IFITM5 is mostly restricted to osteoblast cells , while the other IFITM proteins are expressed ubiquitously ii . Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins ~ 65% similarity , while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other Figure 1 -C . In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding Figure 1 -A . iii Role of IFITM5 in bone formation: The expression of IFITM5 is associated with mineralization during the bone formation process in osteoblast cells . Previous studies have confirmed the expression of IFITM5 in bone tissues in mice, rats, humans and tammar wallabies . The ifitm5-gene knockout mice have smaller bones .
|
Therefore, we concluded that Cys86, plus one or two other cysteine residues in IFITM5, i.e., Cys52 and/or Cys53, are S-palmitoylated. In addition, it was found that the S-palmitoylation on the TM1 domain has a major effect on the mobility in the gel lower panel of Figure 2 -D and Figure 3-B . Therefore, we hereafter refer to the high and low molecular-mass forms as the TM1palmitoylated and the TM1-depalmitoylated forms, respectively. Finally, we reassigned the bands shown in the western blot analysis as follows: IFITM5-WT is fully palmitoylated, the C86A mutant is partially palmitoylated at Cys52 and/or Cys53, the C52A/C53A mutant is partially palmitoylated at Cys86, and the Cys-less mutant is completely depalmitoylated. Previous studies have revealed that IFITM5 interacts with FKBP11 . FKBP11 belongs to the FK506-binding protein family and has a transmembrane domain.
| 650
|
What is the size of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 . . The phylogenetic analysis on the orf1ab confirms that BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F. The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 .
| 1,546
|
What is the size of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no. KU886219 , with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Finally, the highest Blastn score for the N gene was found with the American enteric BCoV-ENT accession no. AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 .
| 1,546
|
What is the size of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
| 1,546
|
What is the size of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
| 1,546
|
What is the size of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
. To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of a BCoV detected in France. The BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 strain was obtained from a fecal sample collected from a 1-week-old calf in Normandy in 2014. The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing.
| 1,546
|
What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 . . The phylogenetic analysis on the orf1ab confirms that BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F. The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 .
| 1,546
|
What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
| 1,546
|
What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
| 1,546
|
What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no. KU886219 , with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Finally, the highest Blastn score for the N gene was found with the American enteric BCoV-ENT accession no. AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 .
| 1,546
|
What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus?
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
|
The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 . The nsp12 and N coding regions of BCoVs from France and DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates clustered together in C 2 . The DcCoV S gene individualized from both HCoV-OC43 and BCoV S genes. Potential recombination events could be at the origin of DcCoV. Accession number s .
| 1,546
|
How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain?
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
| 1,546
|
How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain?
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
|
EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no. KU886219 , with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Finally, the highest Blastn score for the N gene was found with the American enteric BCoV-ENT accession no. AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 .
| 1,546
|
How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain?
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
| 1,546
|
How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain?
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
|
AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 . . The phylogenetic analysis on the orf1ab confirms that BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F. The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 .
| 1,546
|
How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain?
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
|
. To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of a BCoV detected in France. The BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 strain was obtained from a fecal sample collected from a 1-week-old calf in Normandy in 2014. The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing.
| 1,546
|
What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
| 1,546
|
What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 . . The phylogenetic analysis on the orf1ab confirms that BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F. The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 .
| 1,546
|
What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no. KU886219 , with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Finally, the highest Blastn score for the N gene was found with the American enteric BCoV-ENT accession no. AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 .
| 1,546
|
What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
| 1,546
|
What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 . The nsp12 and N coding regions of BCoVs from France and DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates clustered together in C 2 . The DcCoV S gene individualized from both HCoV-OC43 and BCoV S genes. Potential recombination events could be at the origin of DcCoV. Accession number s .
| 1,546
|
Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus BCoV complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus BCoV belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Betacoronavirus ICTV/proposals/2008.085-122V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf . Its genome is a single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA of around 31 kb. BCoV is responsible for respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, particularly during winter . . To date, the 19 complete BCoV genome sequences available in GenBank databases consulted on 17 January 2017 originated from the United States or Asia.
| 1,546
|
Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 . . The phylogenetic analysis on the orf1ab confirms that BCoV/FRA-EPI/CAEN/2014/13 is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F. The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 .
| 1,546
|
Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no. KU886219 , with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Finally, the highest Blastn score for the N gene was found with the American enteric BCoV-ENT accession no. AF391541 , associated with a nucleotide identity of 100%. Multiple-sequence alignment, including 20 BCoVs and 10 clade A betacoronaviruses closely related to BCoV from North America, two DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates, and two Human coronavirus OC43 HCoV-OC43 strains from France, was performed using the Muscle algorithm implemented in MEGA7 .
| 1,546
|
Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
The presence of BCoV in the fecal sample was assessed using an in-house reverse transcription-PCR RT-PCR targeting the M gene .. A cDNA library was synthesized using SuperScript III Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA and hexamers. The complete genome sequencing of overlapping PCR products was carried out in both directions, using original primers and Sanger's dideoxy sequencing. Sequencing reactions were performed as previously described .. Sequences were assembled and annotated using the Geneious software version 5.1.6 . We obtained a sequence counting 30,847 nucleotides. The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no.
| 1,546
|
Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome?
|
The orf1ab, HE, S, ns5, E, M, and N genes of the obtained BCoV were submitted to a Blastn analysis. According to these analyses, the orf1ab 20kb nucleotides, located at the 5= side of the genome gene is closely related to the Dromedary camel coronavirus DcCoV HKU23-23-362F strain from the United Arab Emirates accession no. KF906251 , with a nucleotide identity of 99.19%. Conversely, the NS2, HE, S, ns5, and M genes are closely related to the BCoV Bubalus/Italy/179/07-11 strain accession no. EU019216 , with nucleotide identities of 99.88%, 99.45%, 99.02%, 98.79%, and 99.28%, respectively. The E gene is closely related to the Chinese Bovine coronavirus strain BCV-AKS-01 accession no.
|
The orf1ab gene of these two viruses together clustered separately from that of BCoV and BCoV-like viruses from North America and Asia. This finding also confirms the results from our previous analysis on partial genomes in which nsp12, S, and N genes of American and Asian BCoVs group together in a cluster tentatively named C 1 . The nsp12 and N coding regions of BCoVs from France and DcCoVs from the United Arab Emirates clustered together in C 2 . The DcCoV S gene individualized from both HCoV-OC43 and BCoV S genes. Potential recombination events could be at the origin of DcCoV. Accession number s .
| 1,546
|
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells?
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
| 1,552
|
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells?
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
|
Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among the five hepatotropic hepatitis viruses, only hepatitis B virus HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus HDV still wait for the development of an in vitro infection system in cell culture. One hepatocellular carcinoma HCC cell line, HepaRG, can be infected at a modest efficiency after weeks of culture and induced differentiation . Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors.
| 1,552
|
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells?
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
|
For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro. The HBV research community has searched for HBV receptors for decades. Many candidates have been discovered and then discarded. The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step".
| 1,552
|
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells?
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
| 1,552
|
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells?
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection?
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
| 1,552
|
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection?
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
| 1,552
|
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection?
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
|
Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among the five hepatotropic hepatitis viruses, only hepatitis B virus HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus HDV still wait for the development of an in vitro infection system in cell culture. One hepatocellular carcinoma HCC cell line, HepaRG, can be infected at a modest efficiency after weeks of culture and induced differentiation . Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors.
| 1,552
|
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection?
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
| 1,552
|
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection?
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection?
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
|
The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction. However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender . HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process. Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s .
| 1,552
|
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection?
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
|
Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors. The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively. Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. The molecules on the cell membrane needed for HBV infection can be divided into two classes: low affinity and high affinity molecules. Among others, the heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins mediate the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction.
| 1,552
|
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection?
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection?
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
|
Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among the five hepatotropic hepatitis viruses, only hepatitis B virus HBV and its satellite hepatitis D virus HDV still wait for the development of an in vitro infection system in cell culture. One hepatocellular carcinoma HCC cell line, HepaRG, can be infected at a modest efficiency after weeks of culture and induced differentiation . Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture. The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factors.
| 1,552
|
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection?
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
| 1,552
|
Where is NTCP located in the body?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
Where is NTCP located in the body?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
| 1,552
|
Where is NTCP located in the body?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step". As such, the identification of NTCP as a potential viral receptor for HBV may serve as an important initial step for this journey, leading to the development of an HBV infection system to facilitate the HBV research and hepatitis B treatment.
| 1,552
|
Where is NTCP located in the body?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
In order to obtain sufficient materials after cross-linking, they adopted the Tupaia hepatocytes, instead of human hepatocytes, for the experiments. The strategies actually brought down many membrane proteins, but in comparison with the negative control homologous peptide without specific binding , they identified one cellular protein, NTCP sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide by LC/MS/MS. The same protein was pulled down from human hepatocytes as well. The authors further produced HCC cell lines stably expressing NTCP and subsequently infected them with HBV or HDV. Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR.
| 1,552
|
Where is NTCP located in the body?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro. The HBV research community has searched for HBV receptors for decades. Many candidates have been discovered and then discarded. The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step".
| 1,552
|
What does the NTCP protein mediate?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
| 1,552
|
What does the NTCP protein mediate?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
What does the NTCP protein mediate?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
In order to obtain sufficient materials after cross-linking, they adopted the Tupaia hepatocytes, instead of human hepatocytes, for the experiments. The strategies actually brought down many membrane proteins, but in comparison with the negative control homologous peptide without specific binding , they identified one cellular protein, NTCP sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide by LC/MS/MS. The same protein was pulled down from human hepatocytes as well. The authors further produced HCC cell lines stably expressing NTCP and subsequently infected them with HBV or HDV. Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR.
| 1,552
|
What does the NTCP protein mediate?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step". As such, the identification of NTCP as a potential viral receptor for HBV may serve as an important initial step for this journey, leading to the development of an HBV infection system to facilitate the HBV research and hepatitis B treatment.
| 1,552
|
What does the NTCP protein mediate?
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
|
Both genetic and functional examination identified one domain in the Nterminus of HBV preS1 amino acids 1-47 necessary for infection. This domain has been shown to function as a direct mediator for HBV by binding presumably cellular corresponding receptor s . More importantly, the myristoylated peptide is shown to effectively block HBV infection in primary human hepatocytes and in the human hepatocytechimera mouse at a nanomolar concentration . In fact, a clinical trial testing the efficacy of this peptide in preventing HBV infection has been ongoing . Clearly, this preS1 peptide can be a useful probe to pull out the interacting cellular factors, including specific viral receptors. Yan et al.
| 1,552
|
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
| 1,552
|
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step". As such, the identification of NTCP as a potential viral receptor for HBV may serve as an important initial step for this journey, leading to the development of an HBV infection system to facilitate the HBV research and hepatitis B treatment.
| 1,552
|
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro. The HBV research community has searched for HBV receptors for decades. Many candidates have been discovered and then discarded. The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step".
| 1,552
|
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
In order to obtain sufficient materials after cross-linking, they adopted the Tupaia hepatocytes, instead of human hepatocytes, for the experiments. The strategies actually brought down many membrane proteins, but in comparison with the negative control homologous peptide without specific binding , they identified one cellular protein, NTCP sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide by LC/MS/MS. The same protein was pulled down from human hepatocytes as well. The authors further produced HCC cell lines stably expressing NTCP and subsequently infected them with HBV or HDV. Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR.
| 1,552
|
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step". As such, the identification of NTCP as a potential viral receptor for HBV may serve as an important initial step for this journey, leading to the development of an HBV infection system to facilitate the HBV research and hepatitis B treatment.
| 1,552
|
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor. Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process. This can be a critical and long-awaited discovery toward understanding HBV receptors and establishing an experimental HBV infection system. Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected .
| 1,552
|
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro. The HBV research community has searched for HBV receptors for decades. Many candidates have been discovered and then discarded. The current study, however, took advantage of a well-documented viral peptide required for HBV entry in combination with a state-of-the-art proteomics platform. As a Chinese proverb says "a thousand-mile journey starts from one incremental step".
| 1,552
|
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR. They also showed a Southern blot supporting the presence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA in the infected cell, a well-recognized marker for productive HBV infection. Finally, they identified a stretch of 10 amino acids in the NTCP transmembrane domain, as the motif directly interacting with the PreS1 peptide. NTCP is a transmembrane protein, usually located in the lateral surface canalicular of hepatocytes, which mediates bile acid transport . Geographically, it is a good candidate for an HBV receptor.
| 1,552
|
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection?
|
Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane. NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected . NTCP might initiate or mediate molecular interactions that can overcome the cell-surface restrictions for viral entry. Such cooperative cellular or viral factors have to be discovered and demonstrated to enhance the efficiency of viral infection, at a level comparable to a natural one hundreds or thousands fold viral amplification . For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors maybe carboxypeptidase D and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection. In the near future, standard virological assays for HBV infections, including Northern or Western blots, are expected to demonstrate the successful HBV infections in vitro.
|
In order to obtain sufficient materials after cross-linking, they adopted the Tupaia hepatocytes, instead of human hepatocytes, for the experiments. The strategies actually brought down many membrane proteins, but in comparison with the negative control homologous peptide without specific binding , they identified one cellular protein, NTCP sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide by LC/MS/MS. The same protein was pulled down from human hepatocytes as well. The authors further produced HCC cell lines stably expressing NTCP and subsequently infected them with HBV or HDV. Immunofluorescence staining clearly demonstrated the expression of HBV and HDV proteins in these cell lines, suggestive of a successful viral infection. In addition, they documented a 2-4-fold increase of viral RNA and DNA after infection in the cell line by real-time PCR.
| 1,552
|
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China?
|
Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess the likelihood of China achieving global targets for TB prevalence. Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 .
|
The yield of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 47% by symptom screening and 95% by CXRAY. Over 50% of TB cases were among over 65’s. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases was significantly reduced compared with 2000. The survey raised challenges to identify TB cases without clear symptoms. Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 .
| 1,557
|
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China?
|
Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess the likelihood of China achieving global targets for TB prevalence. Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 .
|
BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding approaches. METHODS: A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multi-stage random cluster sampling. 54,279 adults participated in the survey with a response rate of 96%. Doctors interviewed and classified participants as suspected TB cases if they presented with persistent cough, abnormal chest X-ray CXRAY , or both. Three sputum specimens of all suspected cases were collected and sent for smear microscopy and culture.
| 1,557
|
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China?
|
Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess the likelihood of China achieving global targets for TB prevalence. Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 .
|
Another notable change is the sharp decline of the proportion of sputum positive cases, which accounted for 30.5% of all cases in the 2000 survey but was reduced to 6.6% in the 2010 survey. The proportion of notified sputum cases out of all TB cases in Shandong also declined from 80.9% in 2005 to 64.6% in 2010 . The prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases has reduced by 80% in the last decade in Shandong, compared with a national decline of 45% from 216/ 100,000 in 2000 to 119/ 100,000 in 2010 . The rapid decline of TB prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases in the recent decade may be attributed to China's strengthened public health system following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003 . Another reason may be due to improved reporting of TB cases in the online communicable disease reporting system, and the improved collaboration between public hospitals and TB dispensaries . Other factors such as social economic development may also have played an important role in the reduction of TB prevalence, as found in a study of TB notification rates trends in 134 countries .
| 1,557
|
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China?
|
Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess the likelihood of China achieving global targets for TB prevalence. Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 .
|
Doctors interviewed and classified participants as suspected TB cases if they presented with persistent cough, abnormal chest X-ray CXRAY , or both. Three sputum specimens of all suspected cases were collected and sent for smear microscopy and culture. RESULTS: Adjusted prevalence rate of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 34 per 100,000 for adults in Shandong in 2010. Compared to the 2000 survey, TB prevalence has declined by 80%. 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases did not present persistent cough. The yield of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 47% by symptom screening and 95% by CXRAY. Over 50% of TB cases were among over 65’s.
| 1,557
|
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China?
|
Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess the likelihood of China achieving global targets for TB prevalence. Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 .
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
| 1,557
|
What is the population of Shandong province?
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
|
Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 . The prevalence rate of TB in Shandong was lower compared with the average rate of China in 2000 . Population representative samples were drawn in Shandong in the surveys of 2000 and 2010 using similar methods. The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months.
| 1,557
|
What is the population of Shandong province?
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
|
Text: China, with an estimated prevalence of all TB cases of 108 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 13% of all cases worldwide . The World Health organization WHO estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 . National TB prevalence surveys were conducted in China in 1979 China in , 1990 China in , 2000 , and 2010 . Survey results provide more accurate estimates for TB prevalence rates than the WHO estimates and can be used to assess the likelihood of China achieving global targets for TB prevalence. Shandong province has a population of 94 million. It is a relatively developed province with a per capita GDP 1.6 times of the national average in 2010 .
| 1,557
|
What is the population of Shandong province?
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
|
BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding approaches. METHODS: A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multi-stage random cluster sampling. 54,279 adults participated in the survey with a response rate of 96%. Doctors interviewed and classified participants as suspected TB cases if they presented with persistent cough, abnormal chest X-ray CXRAY , or both. Three sputum specimens of all suspected cases were collected and sent for smear microscopy and culture.
| 1,557
|
What is the population of Shandong province?
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
|
As reported in China's previous surveys , including these cases as TB cases may result in an over-estimate of all pulmonary cases . The survey revealed that over half of the TB patients were 65 years and older in Shandong, while the over 65's were more likely to present with abnormal CXRAY and persistent cough. Similar trends have been documented in other developed cities such as Hong Kong and Singapore . These high rates may reflect the higher TB rates in the past and decline in immunity in the over 65's. How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels.
| 1,557
|
What is the population of Shandong province?
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
|
Military barracks and prisons located in the cluster were excluded . The survey was conducted from March to June 2010 by survey teams consisting of clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses. Local media was used to promote awareness of the survey. Community workers conducted a house-to-house census to update the database of residents, inform survey participants and obtain informed consent. The study did not involve children under 15 years old. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of 16 years old or above. While from those of 15 years old, written informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. All documents were properly stored in the Shandong Chest Hospital.
| 1,557
|
What was the purpose of this study?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 . A sample size of 52500 adults ≧15 years old , in 35 clusters, was calculated based on detecting a change of 20% in prevalence rate of TB smear positive cases compared with the rate of the 2000 survey 95 per 100,000 , with a probability greater than 95% and 95% power, accounting for 90% response rate of participants . A stratified multi stage random sampling was used to select the 35 clusters within 17 prefectures in Shandong province. The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older .
| 1,557
|
What was the purpose of this study?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
Case identification rate was calculated as the number of cases identified by a screening method over all suspected cases found by the method. Yields of the symptom consultation and CXRAY were calculated as a proportion of the total number of bacteriologically confirmed cases. The survey selected 17 urban clusters and 18 rural clusters. It covered a total population of 89,093, of which 56,671 were eligible for the survey Figure 1 . The response rate ranged from 95% to 97% in different clusters. 54,279 participants attended clinical consultation and were examined by CXRAY. Among them, 47% were males. The average age was 46 years with 14% of 65 years and older.
| 1,557
|
What was the purpose of this study?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding approaches. METHODS: A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multi-stage random cluster sampling. 54,279 adults participated in the survey with a response rate of 96%. Doctors interviewed and classified participants as suspected TB cases if they presented with persistent cough, abnormal chest X-ray CXRAY , or both. Three sputum specimens of all suspected cases were collected and sent for smear microscopy and culture.
| 1,557
|
What was the purpose of this study?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
Military barracks and prisons located in the cluster were excluded . The survey was conducted from March to June 2010 by survey teams consisting of clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses. Local media was used to promote awareness of the survey. Community workers conducted a house-to-house census to update the database of residents, inform survey participants and obtain informed consent. The study did not involve children under 15 years old. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of 16 years old or above. While from those of 15 years old, written informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. All documents were properly stored in the Shandong Chest Hospital.
| 1,557
|
What was the purpose of this study?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
While from those of 15 years old, written informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. All documents were properly stored in the Shandong Chest Hospital. Ethical approvals for the study and consent procedures were obtained from the Institutional Review Board IRB of Shandong Chest Hospital NIH register numberIRB00006010 . Those who agreed to participate in the survey were invited to the county TB dispensary, where they completed a consultation with a trained clinical TB doctor regarding any symptoms suggestive of TB, such as persistent cough lasting two weeks or longer , haemoptysis, weight loss and fever. All participants had a chest X-ray CXRAY taken that then were reviewed by a panel of radiologists. Those with symptoms or CXRAY films suggestive of TB were classified as suspected TB cases.
| 1,557
|
What was the age range for the people surveyed?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
Case identification rate was calculated as the number of cases identified by a screening method over all suspected cases found by the method. Yields of the symptom consultation and CXRAY were calculated as a proportion of the total number of bacteriologically confirmed cases. The survey selected 17 urban clusters and 18 rural clusters. It covered a total population of 89,093, of which 56,671 were eligible for the survey Figure 1 . The response rate ranged from 95% to 97% in different clusters. 54,279 participants attended clinical consultation and were examined by CXRAY. Among them, 47% were males. The average age was 46 years with 14% of 65 years and older.
| 1,557
|
What was the age range for the people surveyed?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
Military barracks and prisons located in the cluster were excluded . The survey was conducted from March to June 2010 by survey teams consisting of clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses. Local media was used to promote awareness of the survey. Community workers conducted a house-to-house census to update the database of residents, inform survey participants and obtain informed consent. The study did not involve children under 15 years old. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of 16 years old or above. While from those of 15 years old, written informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. All documents were properly stored in the Shandong Chest Hospital.
| 1,557
|
What was the age range for the people surveyed?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older . If the community contained less than 1250 adult residents, the neighboring community to the north was annexed. If the community or combined communities containing more than 1750 adults, we randomly selected households and then included all adults in the household for the survey until the total number of selected adults reached 1750. Military barracks and prisons located in the cluster were excluded . The survey was conducted from March to June 2010 by survey teams consisting of clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses.
| 1,557
|
What was the age range for the people surveyed?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
Among them, 47% were males. The average age was 46 years with 14% of 65 years and older. A total of 572 suspected TB cases were found. Of these, 264 46% were identified based on CXRAY abnormalities, 228 40% were based on persistent cough, 80 14% were based on both. The survey diagnosed 172 new cases, including 19 new bacteriologically confirmed cases including 11 sputum and culture positive cases, and 8 sputum negative but culture positive cases and 153 CXRAY suggestive bacteriologically negative cases. The survey also identified 11 existing cases registered on the national TB program.
| 1,557
|
What was the age range for the people surveyed?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
The survey results in 2010 and 2000 were standardized against the age structures of China's census population in 2010. The 2000 TB prevalence survey included all age groups . The WHO recommended method was used to enable comparison between the two surveys that prevalence rates of child TB were assumed to reduce to the same extent as adult TB from 2000 to 2010 . Subgroup analysis in gender, age groups and urban/rural residence were conducted. Case identification rate was calculated as the number of cases identified by a screening method over all suspected cases found by the method. Yields of the symptom consultation and CXRAY were calculated as a proportion of the total number of bacteriologically confirmed cases.
| 1,557
|
What was the age range for the people surveyed?
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
|
How to treat elders with TB and other complications such as diabetes remains an ongoing challenge in China and similar settings. The survey results can be generalized to the Shandong population of 94 million or similar international settings with middle income and middle TB prevalence levels. The patterns of the TB epidemic found in Shandong, i.e., the proportion of patients with symptoms, ratios between urban and rural areas, men and women, were similar to those found in the national survey . However, the prevalence rates cannot be extrapolated to western provinces in China with a higher TB prevalence. For logistical reasons, the eligible population did not include adults staying in the sampled clusters less than 6 months, which was the same practice in the 2000 survey. However, shortterm migrants may have a potentially higher prevalence of TB than the general population .
| 1,557
|
How was the survey designed?
|
The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 . A sample size of 52500 adults ≧15 years old , in 35 clusters, was calculated based on detecting a change of 20% in prevalence rate of TB smear positive cases compared with the rate of the 2000 survey 95 per 100,000 , with a probability greater than 95% and 95% power, accounting for 90% response rate of participants . A stratified multi stage random sampling was used to select the 35 clusters within 17 prefectures in Shandong province. The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older .
|
Military barracks and prisons located in the cluster were excluded . The survey was conducted from March to June 2010 by survey teams consisting of clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses. Local media was used to promote awareness of the survey. Community workers conducted a house-to-house census to update the database of residents, inform survey participants and obtain informed consent. The study did not involve children under 15 years old. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants of 16 years old or above. While from those of 15 years old, written informed consents were obtained from their parents or guardians. All documents were properly stored in the Shandong Chest Hospital.
| 1,557
|
How was the survey designed?
|
The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 . A sample size of 52500 adults ≧15 years old , in 35 clusters, was calculated based on detecting a change of 20% in prevalence rate of TB smear positive cases compared with the rate of the 2000 survey 95 per 100,000 , with a probability greater than 95% and 95% power, accounting for 90% response rate of participants . A stratified multi stage random sampling was used to select the 35 clusters within 17 prefectures in Shandong province. The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older .
|
The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older . If the community contained less than 1250 adult residents, the neighboring community to the north was annexed. If the community or combined communities containing more than 1750 adults, we randomly selected households and then included all adults in the household for the survey until the total number of selected adults reached 1750. Military barracks and prisons located in the cluster were excluded . The survey was conducted from March to June 2010 by survey teams consisting of clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses.
| 1,557
|
How was the survey designed?
|
The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 . A sample size of 52500 adults ≧15 years old , in 35 clusters, was calculated based on detecting a change of 20% in prevalence rate of TB smear positive cases compared with the rate of the 2000 survey 95 per 100,000 , with a probability greater than 95% and 95% power, accounting for 90% response rate of participants . A stratified multi stage random sampling was used to select the 35 clusters within 17 prefectures in Shandong province. The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older .
|
Case identification rate was calculated as the number of cases identified by a screening method over all suspected cases found by the method. Yields of the symptom consultation and CXRAY were calculated as a proportion of the total number of bacteriologically confirmed cases. The survey selected 17 urban clusters and 18 rural clusters. It covered a total population of 89,093, of which 56,671 were eligible for the survey Figure 1 . The response rate ranged from 95% to 97% in different clusters. 54,279 participants attended clinical consultation and were examined by CXRAY. Among them, 47% were males. The average age was 46 years with 14% of 65 years and older.
| 1,557
|
How was the survey designed?
|
The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 . A sample size of 52500 adults ≧15 years old , in 35 clusters, was calculated based on detecting a change of 20% in prevalence rate of TB smear positive cases compared with the rate of the 2000 survey 95 per 100,000 , with a probability greater than 95% and 95% power, accounting for 90% response rate of participants . A stratified multi stage random sampling was used to select the 35 clusters within 17 prefectures in Shandong province. The number of clusters was randomly allocated in proportion to the provincial population at the prefectural, county/district and township levels. A cluster was defined as a community a village in the rural area or a resident community in an urban area with a population of 1250 to 1750 adults i.e., those of 15 years or older .
|
The study aimed to estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong based on the 2010 survey, and compare results of the two cross sectional surveys. The target population of the TB prevalence survey was residents of 15 years old or above who had lived in the selected clusters for more than 6 months. A population based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using multistage random cluster sampling method. The survey employed the same sampling methods as the China national survey in 2010, which was similar to the sampling methods used in 2000 . The design of the surveys was in accordance with WHO recommendations . The design effect factor due to cluster sampling was estimated at 1.28 .
| 1,557
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.