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Any carrier of passengers might make such arrangements in his business as would, if necessary, assign such of his customers as he might choose to place there , and whose presence elsewhere would be offensive to the major part of the traveling public , where his business was conducted a particular place in his cars, carriages, or boats, ; but the accommodations must be equal if the same price for carriage was required of all.
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That statute reads: “The rule of the common law giving any person excluded from any hotel , or public means of transportation , or place of amusement , a right of action is hereby abrogated; and hereafter no keeper of any hotel, or public house, or carrier of passengers for hire, or conductors, drivers, or employees of such carrier or keeper, shall be bound, or under any obligation to entertain, carry, or admit any person, whom he shall for any reason whatever, choose not to entertain, carry, or admit, to his house, hotel, carriage, or means of transportation or place of amusement; nor shall any right exist in favor of any such person so refused admission, but the right of such keepers of hotels and public houses, carriers of passengers, and keepers of places of amusement and their employees to control the access and admission or exclusion of persons to or from their public houses, means of transportation, and places of amusement, shall be as perfect and complete as that of any person over his private house, carriage, or private theatre, or place of amusement for his family. ” This Tennessee law is even more sweeping than that of Delaware.
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Therefore, in the absence of authority, an opinion on the matter is of little value, but the following suggestion is ventured: Originally, hotels and inns were no more public places than a man’s dwelling, and one could choose his patrons just as he could choose the guests he would entertain, and might exclude anyone without giving his reasons for it, as a merchant might refuse to sell anyone he chose goods .
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“Whereas, We recognize the duty of the stronger race to uphold the weaker, and that upon it rests the responsibility of an honest and faithful endeavor to raise the level of intelligent citizenship the weaker race ; and
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“Resolved, That the senate and house of representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in general court assembled, successors of those bodies which repeatedly elected the senate of the united states Charles Sumner , and for four years received messages from John A. Andrew, hereby express their severest reprobation of such discrimination and their firm conviction of the truth of the clause of the Declaration of Independence wherein all men are declared to be created equal; and it is further
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The manager of the Lucerne Hotel in New York City in 1905, refused to lease a woman a suite because she was a Jewess.
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The restaurant-keeper argued as a defence in the suit that followed that the restaurant was not included in the term “inns. ” The court[267] held that the legislature meant by “inn” a place that furnished guests both lodging and food , that “restaurant” had no fixed legal meaning, and that the declaration was sufficient if it said “inn” and then explained it by calling it a restaurant.
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Nevertheless, the court[269] held that the proprietor was liable for the act of his servant, and gave the negro compensatory damages .
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The municipal court of Rochester, in which Burks brought suit, gave him judgment , thereby answering the question in the affirmative.
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The Supreme Court[275] of Massachusetts, in which the Negro’s case was finally heard, held that there was no proof that the room was licensed, and added: “It cannot be supposed that it was the intent of the legislature to prescribe the manner in which persons should use their own premises or permit others to use them, if they did not carry on therein an occupation or business, or suffer other persons to appropriate a purpose them , which required a license in order to render such an appropriation lawful. ”
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Hence the legislature might have omitted saloons for that reason. ” The next year the legislature answered otherwise by adding the civil rights bill saloons .
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In 1899 a bar-keeper in Ohio charged a Negro a cocktail thirty cents , the regular price to white customers being only fifteen cents.
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The keeper of a soda fountain in Illinois in 1896 refused to sell a negro cold drinks .
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The question of the rights of Negroes in theatres has given a number of judicial decisions rise .
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One Donnell, held in custody for refusing to pay a fine for violating this law by refusing to sell two negroes theatre tickets , petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus.
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The court[283] held that the law was not unconstitutional, because it in no way appropriated public use private property .
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In 1889 a Negro woman in Illinois, having been refused tickets to a theatre, had a white man buy herself and her husband them .
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When he presented the usher his tickets he was refused the seats called for, but was offered in exchange balcony seats reserved for Negroes.
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The legislature of Mississippi[291] of 1900, for instance, gave the Ladies’ Auxiliary Cemetery Association, an organization of white women, permission to remove the negro cemetery in jackson , mississippi , the monument and remains of the Negro State Secretary of State, James Lynch, from the white provided it was done without expense to the State.
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But if a place is specifically mentioned in the statute, the law is not satisfied by offering negroes separate accommodations , even though such accommodations are equal for both races in every respect; they must be identical.
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The rest have left the churches themselves it to decide the matter.
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The executive committee of the convention postponed a year the meeting , assigning as their reason, or one of their reasons, the fact that they experienced difficulty in securing a church in which to hold the convention, the white Baptists being averse to having the colored members of the denomination assemble with them.
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At one of these conventions, held at Tarboro, North Carolina, in 1907, the following resolution was passed: “That the time has come when the welfare of both races in the Southern States requires that each race should have its own ecclesiastical legislative assemblies, and that we urge the General Convention to take immediate action. ” The colored clergy and congregations had already expressed their willingness to submit the general convention the whole matter .
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Indiana, [333] in 1879, made associations formed for the purpose of maintaining an asylum for colored orphan children an appropriation .
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Any persons so offending shall be fined each day he attends such institution or school fifty dollars : Provided, That the provisions of this law shall not apply to any penal institution or house of reform.
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That was Berea College, which had been established about fifty years before for the purpose of “promoting the cause of Christ” and of giving “ all youth of good moral character general and nonsectarian instruction . ” It was primarily for the benefit of the mountain whites of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas.
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“We are glad that we have known you, or known about you, and that we know you are rising above all discouragements, and showing a capacity and a character that give your people promise . . . . And you will always have our friendship, and the friendship of the best people throughout the world.
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“That the Board of Education is determined in its efforts to effect the establishment of separate schools for Chinese and Japanese pupils, not only for the purpose of relieving the congestion at present prevailing in our schools, but also for the higher end that our children should not be placed in any position where their youthful impressions may be affected by association with pupils of the Mongolian race. ” On October 1, 1906, the Board took the next step and adopted this resolution: “That in accordance with Article X, Section 1662, of the school law of California, principals are hereby directed to send the oriental public school , situated on the south side of cary street between powell and mason streets , all Chinese, Japanese or Korean children on and after Monday, October 15, 1906. ”
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The latter, in turn, called on the President, reporting the home government the matter at the same time .
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President Roosevelt dispatched california Secretary Metcalf to make investigations.
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These conservative and guarded words of the head of the University which has, above all other American institutions of learning, preserved and encouraged the “open-door policy” toward students of all races, struck the radicals of both the white and colored races in the north and east consternation , and gladdened the hearts of many of the South and West who are facing their own race problems.
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Probably there are schools which would close white applicants their doors .
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The year before the white patron of a school had brought an action against the directors because they erroneously admitted the school colored children , thus contriving, he said, “to deprive him of the benefit” of sending his children to the school.
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The year before the white patron of a school had brought an action against the directors because they erroneously admitted colored children to the school, thus contriving, he said, “to deprive him of the benefit” of sending the school his children .
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The law of 1849 gave a difficulty rise .
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The Constitution of Ohio, by restricting white persons the electorate , had provided that those entrusted with any power connected with the government of the State should be white persons.
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He petitioned for a writ of mandamus against the mayor and common council to compel them to admit the most convenient school his children , and after the case had been tried seven times by juries in the circuit court, the writ was finally granted by the Supreme Court.
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Before the schools were opened for the session of 1908-09, many of the Negroes were visited and induced to send the four negro schools built in alton their children .
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If there were not enough within a reasonable distance, then the trustees might provide such other means of education of colored children as would employ the best advantage their proportion of the school fund .
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The State has not given cities of the second class this power of separation , so the courts[446] have held that, except in cities of the first class, the colored children must be admitted to the schools along with the white children.
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A law[448] of Nevada of 1865 excluded Negroes, Mongolians, and Indians from the public schools, and prescribed as a punishment to the school opening all races its doors a withdrawal of its share of the public school fund.
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In 1872 it was held[449] that a mandamus would lie compelling trustees to admit the public schools where separate schools were not provided for such persons colored persons .
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A Negro petitioned for a writ of mandamus to compel the trustees to admit the white schools his children , and the court[451] issued the writ.
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These decisions were under the law of 1864, [457] reënacted in 1894, [458] which gave the school authorities of cities and incorporated villages power , when they deemed it expedient, to establish separate schools.
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The County Board of Education of Richmond County, Georgia, in 1880, established a high school for Negroes, but in 1897 it was discontinued for economic reasons, because the money to educate fifty or sixty Negroes in the high school would give two hundred of the four hundred young negroes in the county who were crowded out the rudiments of education .
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A Negro brought discrimination against his race in that the white high school to which the board made contributions had not been closed also suit against the board .
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Mulveen had sent her Arnaud .
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He shifted mulveen's mouth his hands .
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Perhaps this is part of what we will have to make up our minds to pay some day as the price of peace; but has any one as yet put the american people it in concrete form and asked their opinion about it?
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First, the most important thing is that any difficulties arising should automatically go before some body which will publish the world at large the facts and give public opinion an opportunity to make a decision.
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Very few people in any nation today are inclined to be really liberal in allowing other individuals real freedom .
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Like our forebears we want ourselves , but not for those who differ from us freedom .
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To think and act as we please within the limits, of course, caused by the necessity for respecting the equal rights which must belong to our neighbors, would seem to be almost a platitudinous doctrine, yet we would frequently like to overlook these limits and permit our neighbors no freedom .
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When we once control ourselves and submit constituted authorities personal differences for settlement, we can say that we have a will to peace between individuals.
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This will need energy, patience and understanding beyond the average, qualities of leadership to win their point of view other men , unselfishness and heroism, for they may be asked to make great sacrifices.
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The need for employment may push over-production , as well as fear of their neighbors them , and they may manufacture so much that the temptation to use it may be great.
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They will not, for instance, destroy a battleship and add a half dozen airplanes, telling the agreement the other members that they have carried out the promised reduction, but forgetting to mention the additions to some other arm of their military service.
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If all nations were obliged to report some central body their military strength , and this body was allowed to inspect and vouch for the truth of their statements, then all governments could feel secure against that hidden danger which is now part of the incentive for a constant increase in the defense machinery of every nation.
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Joint economic action on the part of a group of nations will undoubtedly be very effective, but it will take time to educate a point where they are willing to sacrifice , even temporarily , material gains in the interests of peace people , so I doubt whether we can count at once on complete cooperation in the use of an economic boycott.
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They may be right, but great religious revivals which are not simply short emotional upheavals lifting the heights people and dropping them down again below the place from which they rose, mean a fundamental change in human nature.
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Ah God, a fitting messenger was he To show us below Thy mysteries .
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Faraday saw a mine of knowledge, and resolved to explore it. ” To one of his friends he said that a book by Watts, “On the Mind, ” first made him think, and that the article on “Electricity” in a cyclopædia which came into his hands to be bound first turned science his attention .
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Another frequenter of Riebau’s shop was a Mr. Dance, whose interest in the industry and intelligence of the apprentice led an act which changed the whole destiny of his life him .
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He submitted the criticism of his friend abbott , with whom he discussed chemical and electrical problems , and the experiments which they had individually tried his notes .
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At the same time that he thus gratified my desires as to scientific employment, he still advised me not to give up the prospects I had before me, telling me that Science was a harsh mistress; and in a pecuniary point of view but poorly rewarding those who devoted her service themselves .
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He smiled at my notion of the superior moral feelings of philosophic men, and said he would leave the experience of a few years me to set me right on that matter.
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I believe he held the last that office .
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Tatum introduced this society Faraday in 1813.
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This journal he kept with minute care, with the sole purpose of recalling his mind events .
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From Rome Faraday wrote to his mother a long chatty letter summarising his travels, and sending his old master riebau and others messages of kindly remembrance .
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At Rome they witness unconvinced some attempts of Morichini to impart steel needles magnetism by the solar rays.
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They pass the Colosseum by moonlight, making fear of brigands an early morning start across the Campagna, on the road to Naples, with an armed guard .
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Twice he sends riebau messages .
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Sometimes I compared storms and tempests , which cause them a temporary disarrangement to produce permanent good; sometimes they appeared to me like roads--stony, uneven, hilly, and uncomfortable, it is true--but the only roads to a good beyond them; and sometimes I said they were clouds which intervened between me and the sun of prosperity, but which I found were refreshing, reserving to me that tone and vigour of mind which prosperity alone would enervate and ultimately destroy. . . .
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No Englishmen were there, and no Frenchman fit for the place could talk me English .
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De la Rive expressed his feelings strongly, and ordered faraday dinner in a separate room .
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After visiting this and other German towns, they crossed vicenza Tyrol southwards , halting in the neighbourhood of the Pietra Mala to collect the inflammable gas which there rises from the soil.
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He writes once and again to his mother, while his anxiety about the Royal Institution makes him send abbott inquiries as to what is going to happen there, and to charge him, “if any change should occur in Albemarle Street, ” not to forget his books which are lying there.
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I beg leave to return my kind mistress a thousand thanks , to Mr. and Mrs. Paine and George for their remembrances, and venture to give mine with respect in return.
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Nevertheless the shops appeared well stocked with books in their own language, and the encouragement Napoleon gave to Arts and Sciences extended the printing and binding of books its influence even .
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I must now, Kind Sir, put this letter , which i fear an end you will think already too long.
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Remember mr. me, if you please,
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A mere enumeration of the eminent men who have thus given the royal institution their time and labours would fill many pages.
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Davy’s brilliant but ill-balanced genius had drawn the morning lectures which he gave fashionable crowds .
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At this time he began to give a pupil to whom he had been recommended by davy private lessons in chemistry .
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In the next two years he contributed in all the quarterly journal of science no fewer than thirty-seven papers or notes .
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Sarah Barnard showed her father the letter .
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Mrs. Faraday proved to be exactly the true helpmeet for his need; and he loved the end of his life her with a chivalrous devotion which has become almost a proverb.
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Every Saturday evening he used to take her father ’s house at paternoster row his wife , so that on Sunday they should be nearer to the chapel at Paul’s Alley.
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In July, 1822, he took ramsgate his wife and her mother , whilst he went off with Phillips to Swansea to try a new process in Vivian’s copper works.
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I perceive that if I give my thoughts way , I shall write you a mere love-letter, just as usual, with not a particle of news in it: to prevent which I will constrain myself to a narrative of what has happened since I left you up to the present time, and then indulge my affection.
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I perceive that if I give way to my thoughts, I shall write you a mere love-letter, just as usual, with not a particle of news in it: to prevent which I will constrain a narrative myself of what has happened since I left you up to the present time, and then indulge my affection.
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I went in the morning to the Institution, and in the course of the day analysed the water, and sent mr. hatchett an account of it
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The money, as you know, could not have been at any time more acceptable; and I cannot see any reason, my dear love, why you and I should not regard it as another proof, among many, that our trust should without a moment’s reserve be freely reposed on Him who provideth his people all things .
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This morning he received a letter from Mrs. Phillips (who is very well) desiring him to ask a copy of one of my letters to you me , that he may learn to write love-letters of sufficient length.
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Give our mothers as earnestly as you would your own my love , and also to Charlotte or John, or any such one that you may have with you.
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This discovery, which created much interest in the scientific world, was the occasion of a serious trouble with Sir Humphry Davy; for doubtless Davy was annoyed that he had left a mere assistant such a simple experiment .
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Faraday was made Club Secretary; but he found the duties totally uncongenial, and in 1824 resigned his friend magrath the post .
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He has not proved, but he makes out a strong case for the opinion, that they owe manganesic acid their colour and other properties .
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I have sent the r. s. a paper , but not chemical.
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