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ASAG2024

Dataset card Data Studio Files
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What are the objectives of IPv6? Please state at least 4 objectives.
- More addresses to support a higher number of end systems - To simplify protocol processing by using a simplified header - To work with existing protocols - To enable real-time traffic
To support billions of end-systems. To reduce routing tables. To simplify protocol processing with Simplified header. To increase security. To support real time data traffic (quality of service). Flow label, traffic class. To provide multicasting. To support mobility (roaming). To be open for change (future): extension headers for additional change incorporation. To coexistence with existing protocols.
1
SAF
1
0.00008
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Look at the tables for Aisha. She moved each of her hands out of the way of a falling cup. She continued until she reached 5 hits or 5 misses and then stopped. What is the stimulus in this activity?
Dropping the cup.
The stimulus is seeing or hearing the cup fall.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
4,463
Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. Is the concentration of Mixture 5 less than, greater than, or the same as the concentration of Mixture 4? Explain your answer.
Same because they both got something.
The concentrations are the same because both mixtures are saturated.
2
SciEntsBank
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0.000096
22
Ron covered his notebook with waxed paper. Then he placed a small drop of water in the middle of the notebook as shown in the picture. Even though the drop was on a slope, the drop stayed where he placed it. Describe 2 ways Ron can make the water move down the notebook without pushing the drop or blowing on it.
He could put more water in the drop.
Expand the drop. Tilt the notebook.
3
SciEntsBank
1
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What are extension headers in IPv6 and where are they located in a packet? What is the main advantage of extension headers compared to IPv4?
They are placed between the fixed header and the payload and are used to add additional non-necessary information to the IP package. The main advantage is, that they are allowing to append new options and the fixed header stays the same.
Extension headers are used to extend the fixed IPv6 header with additional, optional network layer information. If present, they are located between the fixed header/main header and payload/upper-layer header/ transport-layer header. Main advantage: One of the following advantages are considered fully correct: 1. It allows the appending of new options without changing the header. 2. IPv6 packets with optional headers are typically processed faster/simpler by intermediate devices as most of the options are ignored (except “Hop-by-Hop Extension”) while they are processed by all routers in IPv4 unless ordered otherwise.
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SAF
1
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Explain your reasoning.
If bulb b is damaged, then the circuit will be incomplete.
bulb B creates a gap
3
Beetle
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575
The sand and flour in the gray material from mock rocks is separated by mixing with water and allowing the mixture to settle. Explain why the sand and flour separate.
We shook it up and sand is heavier than water so it went to the bottom.
The sand particles are larger and settle first. The flour particles are smaller and therefore settle more slowly.
3
SciEntsBank
1
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When switch X was closed and switch Y was open, why was bulb A on?
no
Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery.
1
Beetle
0.333333
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Explain your reasoning.
they are in the same closed path
A and C are in the same closed path
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
3,902
Why does the level of the water in the straw go up when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is heated?
Because hot water is less dense and it expands.
Water expands when water is heated.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
2,043
Why does a rubber band make a sound when you pluck it (pull and let go quickly)?
Because when you pull it. It hits your thumb.
The rubber band vibrates.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
0.000241
3,396
What are extension headers in IPv6 and where are they located in a packet? What is the main advantage of extension headers compared to IPv4?
Extension headers are optional headers which can be used in addition to the fixed header. They are placed between the fixed IPv6 header and the payload of the packet starting with the upper layer header. This has the advantage that the fixed header is very short and has fixed length because it only contains the absolutely required information, but you have the option to add information with extension headers as needed depending on the application.
Extension headers are used to extend the fixed IPv6 header with additional, optional network layer information. If present, they are located between the fixed header/main header and payload/upper-layer header/ transport-layer header. Main advantage: One of the following advantages are considered fully correct: 1. It allows the appending of new options without changing the header. 2. IPv6 packets with optional headers are typically processed faster/simpler by intermediate devices as most of the options are ignored (except “Hop-by-Hop Extension”) while they are processed by all routers in IPv4 unless ordered otherwise.
0.75
SAF
0.75
0.000291
265
Johnny drove to the store with his father one cold and rainy night. They had only driven a short distance when the windows "fogged up" on the inside. What was the "fog"?
It was the atmosphere.
Condensed water vapor from the air inside the car.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
3,018
Janet found the solubility of silver chloride to be 86 grams in 50 milliliters of water. Mike found the solubility of silver nitrate to be 108 grams in 50 milliliters of water. Janet and Mike thought they must have made a mistake. They thought the solubilities of all materials in water should be the same. Is it possible that both solubilities are correct? Explain your answer.
Yes because they are 2 different things.
Yes, they could both be correct. Solubility is not the same for all materials.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
2,960
What are the conditions that are required to make a bulb light up?
close the path and match the terminals
there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery
1
Beetle
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0.000238
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Explain your reasoning.
bulb b and c are not on a closed path
If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery
2
Beetle
0.666667
0.000272
2,857
What are extension headers in IPv6 and where are they located in a packet? What is the main advantage of extension headers compared to IPv4?
Extension headers allow to append further options not covered by the fixed header and are located between the fixed header and the payload. In contrast to IPv4 options the extension headers are entirely optional and can adapt to changing circumstances without touching the protocol itself.
Extension headers are used to extend the fixed IPv6 header with additional, optional network layer information. If present, they are located between the fixed header/main header and payload/upper-layer header/ transport-layer header. Main advantage: One of the following advantages are considered fully correct: 1. It allows the appending of new options without changing the header. 2. IPv6 packets with optional headers are typically processed faster/simpler by intermediate devices as most of the options are ignored (except “Hop-by-Hop Extension”) while they are processed by all routers in IPv4 unless ordered otherwise.
1
SAF
1
0.00008
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Explain why you got a voltage reading of 0 for terminal 6 and the positive terminal.
The positive battery terminal was not separted by a gap from terminal 6
Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected
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Beetle
1
0.00015
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Look at the illustration of the pulley system at the right to answer the questions. What additional disadvantages might there be to this system compared to a single fixed pulley system?
You have to pull twice as much rope to lift the load.
You have to pull up in this system. In the single fixed pulley system, you get a directional advantage.
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SciEntsBank
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0.000092
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Ted poured the same amount of water into 2 small containers, X and Y. He placed them together where they would not be disturbed. After several days, all of the water had evaporated from one of the containers. The other container still had some water. Which container, X or Y, was empty? Explain why the water in that container evaporated more quickly than the water in the other container.
X because X has more surface area and if you have lots of surface area it will evaporate faster.
Container X has more surface area or more water exposed to the air so the water evaporated faster.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
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What is the difference between a data member and a local variable inside a member function?
Local variables are used only within the scope of its declaration
Data members can be accessed from any member functions inside the class defintion. Local variables can only be accessed inside the member function that defines them.
4.5
Mohler
0.9
0.000302
245
Grace set up a science experiment. Here's what she wrote in her notebook. First I put eggshells into a cup and covered them with vinegar. After a while, small bubbles appeared on the surface of the eggshells. The next day there were more bubbles. In a couple of days, the eggshells were gone and the liquid was clear. I think I made a solution and a reaction. Explain why Grace thinks she made a reaction.
Because the egg shells disappeared.
A reaction was indicated by the bubbles of gas (a new material) being produced.
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SciEntsBank
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0.000092
2,323
The change in elevation between contour line A and contour line B is 20 meters. What is the change in elevation between contour line A and contour line C? How do you know that is the change in elevation between A and C?
45, Because you can tell by the lines.
40 meters. The change in elevation is 20 meters between A and B and 20 meters between B and C. So the change between A and C is 40 meters. 20 m plus 20 m equals 40 m.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
0.000241
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Don wants to make a map of his neighborhood that fits into his notebook. He has a photograph of the neighborhood but it is too large. Complete the description of how Don can draw an accurate map that fits into his notebook: 1. Put an overlay grid over the model. 2. ____ 3. Draw a smaller grid with the same number of squares in your notebook. 4. ____ 5. Create a key to go with the map.
2. Then draw all of it on the grid. 4. Then fix all the little problems with it.
2: Trace the features from the photograph onto the overlay grid. 4: Transfer the features to the matching squares on the smaller grid in your notebook.
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SciEntsBank
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Consider the following scenario: You are browsing the web for a very specific and important piece of information. However, you are not quite sure how to find it and adopt an iterative process of refining your query after every search, depending on the shown results and a skim of the first few websites. Is it better to use a connection-oriented or connectionless service for your communication in this scenario? Explain your answer in 1-4 sentences.
A connection-oriented service would be better since information could be lost or delayed in a connectionless service. Since you want to refine your search queries it is important that the shown results are in order. The amount of websites you can check after each query is limited and the results should be as precise as possible to have the smallest amount of iterations needed to reach the piece of information you are searching for. In addition to that the assumed process would be time intensive and therefore the time needed for the handshake should be negligible in comparison to a connectionless service.
Connectionless, because you will communicate with various partners (websites) for short periods of time. If you would initiate a connection with every website you skim, that would incur a lot of overhead in the connecting and disconnecting phase, just to have very short data transfers.
1
SAF
1
0.00008
412
What are the objectives of IPv6? Please state at least 4 objectives.
- Support more end-systems: 16 byte addresses instead of 4 byte in IPv4 - Simplify protocol processing: Removed parts of the IPv4 Header that havent been used - Provide multicasting: Anycast has been introduced. You can send data to one member of a group - Be open for changes: The possibility of "Extension Headers" was introduced to be able to adapt the header in the future
To support billions of end-systems. To reduce routing tables. To simplify protocol processing with Simplified header. To increase security. To support real time data traffic (quality of service). Flow label, traffic class. To provide multicasting. To support mobility (roaming). To be open for change (future): extension headers for additional change incorporation. To coexistence with existing protocols.
1
SAF
1
0.00008
1,193
Explain your reasoning.
when bulb b is damaged there is no complete circut
bulb B creates a gap
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
610
null
The fallacy of the accuser is a fallacy that often occurs in court. It consists of calculating the evidence given the innocence and interpreting it as innocence given the evidence. example: it can be said that there is a high probability that a four-legged animal is a cow(evidence given innocence). The accuser's fallacy consists in interpreting him as: there is a high probability that an animal is a cow if it has four legs.
The fallacy of the accuser is a very common example of error (cognitive bias in the forensic field) that occurs particularly during the trials and consists in calculating, assuming that the accused is innocent, the probability of proof given by the hypothesis of the defense (the probability that there may be a match of NA if the accused is innocent) and reinterpreted as the probability of innocence given the evidence (the probability that he is innocent if there is a match of NA). There is therefore an exchange of roles: in the first case the conditioning event is innocence while the conditioned event is evidence, in the second case they are reversed. An example of the accuser's fallacy is the case of Troy Brown (in the USA) who had been imprisoned for sexual assault on a 9-year-old girl. The evidence in support of his guilt was all circumstantial except for the evidence given by the coincidence of NA (the only evidence of his guilt: Brown's NA was identical to the one found at the crime scene). Despite this, the jury issued a guilty verdict mainly on the basis of the prosecution's attorney's testimony that only 1 out of 3 million (MP: random match probability) of people had a NA profile corresponding to that found, so the probability that Brown was innocent was equal to 1 out of 3 million. In the appeal process, the defense attorney argued that the conclusions drawn on the basis of the statistics quoted by the prosecution's attorney were incorrect and were an example of the accuser's fallacy. The Supreme Court in justifying the decision explained this fallacy by stating that the error of the pm is given by the hypothesis that the MP is the same probability that the defendant was not the source of the NA sample. The mistake is that the probability of such correspondence, given the evidence, is also the probability that the NA sample at the crime scene comes from someone other than Brown. If it is true that the accused was innocent, then there would be a probability in 3 million of a correspondence of NA and MP does not refer to the final hypothesis that the accused was innocent or guilty, but only at the origin of the trace of NA. The accuser's fallacy consists in calculating P(E"Hd) = P(evidence" innocence) and reinterpreted as P(innocence" evidence) where Hd: defence hypothesis and E: evidence, evidence.
0.604651
Stita
0.604651
0.004464
257
Oil, water, and corn syrup are layered in a tall, thin container. All are at the same temperature. What does the layering tell you about the density of the oil compared to the corn syrup?
That oil is more dense than corn syrup.
Oil is less dense than corn syrup.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
0.000241
3,168
Jim used a solid and water to make Mixtures one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. Which solution(s) is saturated? What is the evidence of saturation?
Mixtures 4 and 5, the evidence is that there is material at the bottom and that means it is saturated.
Mixtures 4 and 5 are saturated. There is material on the bottom of 4 and 5.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
682
Look at the picture of a cow bone. Describe how you can tell which part of the cow this bone came from.
It come from the ribs.
The bone is thin and curved.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
3,966
What does a function signature include?
The name of the function and the types of its arguments.This includes the number, type, and order the parameters appear in.
The name of the function and the types of the parameters.
5
Mohler
1
0.000302
431
Lee has an object he wants to test to see if it is an insulator or a conductor. He is going to use the circuit you see in the picture. How will he know if the object is a conductor?
Check if is right or not.
If the motor runs, the object is a conductor.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
2,258
Janet found the solubility of silver chloride to be 86 grams in 50 milliliters of water. Mike found the solubility of silver nitrate to be 108 grams in 50 milliliters of water. Janet and Mike thought they must have made a mistake. They thought the solubilities of all materials in water should be the same. Is it possible that both solubilities are correct? Explain your answer.
No because all different solids have different solubility.
Yes, they could both be correct. Solubility is not the same for all materials.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
0.000241
330
Paula wants to test a food to see if it contains acid and/or sugar. When Paula added water and yeast to a sample of the food and put the mixture in a warm water bath, the mixture began to fizz and bubble. What does this chemical reaction indicate?
It indicates there is sugar in the food.
The food contains sugar.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
88
Adam's friend gave him a cup filled with a water solution. Adam did not know what solid material was used to make it. He evaporated the solution and found crystals in the dish after all of the water was gone. How will the crystals help him decide what solid material was used to make the solution?
Since different materials have different crystals, like salt is a x, then you can figure out what material has the same characteristic shape as the crystal that were from that particular solution, then he knows what material was used.
Crystals of different materials have different shapes. So the shape will help identify the material.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
1,989
What does a voltage reading of 0 tell you about the connection between a bulb terminal and a battery terminal?
that there is no difference between the electrical states of the bulb terminal and the battery terminal
the terminals are connected
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
3,448
After playing the FOSS-ulele, David wrote his results in his lab notebook: I'm confused. When I pull down and tighten the string on the FOSS-ulele, then pluck the string, the pitch sounds HIGHER than it did before. But aren't I making the string longer when I pull the string? I thought a longer length produced a LOWER pitch. What's going on here? What is causing the pitch to be higher? Write a note to David to tell him why the pitch gets higher rather than lower.
The pitch get higher when you put a lot of tension on the string.
The string is tighter, so the pitch is higher. The string between the cup and the table is not longer.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
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What are the main advantages associated with object-oriented programming?
Encapsulation - Objects use operations without knowing how the operation works.Inheritance - cuts redundancy by reusing earlier classes.Polymorphism - objects select the correct operation to use in the situation.
Abstraction and reusability.
4
Mohler
0.8
0.002364
76
Susan has samples of 5 different foods. Using only the results of her experiment, how will Susan know which food contains the most sugar?
The more air in the bag, the more sugar.
Susan should compare the amount of gas in each bag. The bag with the most gas contains the food with the most sugar.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
4,892
Describe how the muscles in the front and back of the leg work together to make the dancer's foot point.
While the front of the leg relaxes, the back contracts - means get shorter.
The muscle in the back of the leg (the gastrocnemius) contracts and the muscle in the front of the leg (the tibia) relaxes to make the foot point.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
4,083
Why are leg bones so large compared to other bones in the human body?
To help balance you out.
The leg bones need to be large because the leg bones carry a lot of weight.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
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Johnny drove to the store with his father one cold and rainy night. They had only driven a short distance when the windows "fogged up" on the inside. What was it about the windows that caused the "fog" to form on them?
It was condensation.
The windows were cooler than the water vapor in the air, causing the vapor to condense.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
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What is the role of a prototype program in problem solving?
It is used to let the users have a first idea of the completed program and allow the clients to evaluate the program. This can generate much feedback including software specifications and project estimations of the total project.
To simulate the behaviour of portions of the desired software product.
3
Mohler
0.6
0.001916
4
Mariella made a saturated solution by adding a solid to 100 milliliters water. Richard made a saturated solution by adding the same solid to 250 milliliters water. Do the 2 saturated solutions have the same concentration? Explain your answer.
No. Because one has more water.
Yes. If both solutions are saturated (and at the same temperature), the solutions will both have the same concentration. Once a solution is saturated, the solution cannot get any more concentrated.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
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Throwing a ball uses a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Describe how each of these 2 joints moves when you throw a ball. The ball-and-socket joint ___.
The socket joint just move twice.
rotates. moves in all directions. moves up-and-down, back-and-forth, and side-to-side.
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SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
2,484
WHAT is the purpose of Reverse Path Forwarding and Reverse Path Broadcast? HOW do they work?
The purpose of these two algorithms is to broadcast the packets to all the nodes present while reducing the duplicates. Reverse Path Forwarding: When a packet is received at an IS from a sender, then it is checked whether this is the correct and shortest path followed or not ie if the IS had to send the packets back will it use the same route or not. If the route is correct, in that case the packet is accepted and then forwarded to all other edges. If not then then packet is discarded as it might be a duplicate packet. Reverse Path Broadcast: When a packet is unicasted to a particular station the other other station listen to check if that is the best route to the packet forwarding for the receiver station or not. If that is the best route then when a packet arrives at a station then it is also send to this edge. If that is not the best route then the packet is rejected and not sent on that path. In this case it learns from the packets whether a node lies in the path of sending or receiving to a particular node or not if it does then it also forwards the packet to that path else it does not forward to that path.
Purpose: Both implement a more efficient kind (in terms of duplicate packets) of broadcasting than flooding / to minimize the number of duplicate packets in the network when broadcasting. Reverse Path Forwarding: Each node has a routing table stemming from unicast routing algorithms. When receiving a packet of sender S from neighbor N at node X, check the routing table and only forward the packet to all adjacent nodes (except for N) when you would send packets to S over N → the assumption is that the packet used the BEST route until now. Reverse Path Broadcast: Nodes monitor unicast traffic to learn which paths in the network they are a part of, that is node X knows that is on the best path between two nodes A and B if it receives unicast packets coming from A and going to B or visa versa. In other words, each node knows which spanning trees it is part of in the network. Reverse Path Broadcasting works identical to Reverse Path Forwarding with the exception that it only forwards packets on edges that are part of a spanning tree (again excluding the incoming line to N).
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SAF
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3
null
If the question is IR-Based, I will do the following: I can assume the question as a query. Because of having a very large text, I would segment these texts to shorter passages like paragraphs. Then, I need to find the relevant texts in the corpus. To find relatedness, I would apply one of some methods such as TF-IDF Similarity, Jaccard Index, Word embeddings, etc, on query and passages. At last, I need to rank these relevant passages to find the most related. To do that, I can sort the passages according to: - The number of named entities of the right type in the passage. - The number of question words and keywords in the passage. - The keyword proximity between the question and each passage. - The number of question N-grams that also in the passage. - The number of sequences of question words' occurring in passages. etc. In that way, I can find the most relevant text.
Lemmatization can be applied to decrease the sıze of the corpus. Then sentences in the corpus and the question are weighted by using TF-IDF. Then similarity calculated by cosine sımilarity. The sentence wıth the largest cosıne value is the most relavent sentence. The text which includes the sentence is the most relevant text.
50
CU-NLP
0.5
0.005208
40
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 1 and the positive terminal.
no
Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap
0
Beetle
0
0.000812
2,919
What role does the path play in determining whether or not a switch affects a bulb?
the path must bring the voltage to the bulb.
If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb
1
Beetle
0.333333
0.000238
3,501
Look at the picture of a cow bone. Describe how you can tell which part of the cow this bone came from.
Because it is bent and it has a little knob.
The bone is thin and curved.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
4,014
During class Corey used the falling cup tool to check how fast he could move his hands and feet. Corey found that he couldn't move his right foot as fast as he could move his right hand. Use what you know about stimulus response time to explain why his right hand is faster than his right foot.
Your hand is closer to your brain and less distance for your nerves.
The right hand is faster than the right foot because the foot is farther from the brain. Therefore the message to respond takes longer to reach the foot than the message takes to reach the hand.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
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Mary was trying to understand how tuning forks make sounds. She hit the tuning fork on the table and placed the tuning fork into a cup full of water while it was still ringing. The water splashed in all directions. How did seeing what happened help Mary understand how a tuning fork makes sounds?
Because after Mary hit it on a table it vibrated and the vibration made the water splash!
The water splashed because the fork was vibrating. Vibrations make sounds.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
1,419
What is the evidence in this experiment that OJ1 or OJ2 had more acid?
If you look on the chart the dot is higher, so it has more vitamin C.
The syringe for OJ1 rose higher because OJ1 produced more gas, so OJ1 has more acid than OJ2.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
240
Anna wants to compare the fat in walnuts and peanuts. Using only the results from her experiment, how will Anna know which one, walnuts or peanuts, has more fat? The experiment has the following procedure: Measure out equal masses of walnuts and peanuts (for example, one gram). Smash the samples uniformly in the same size area on brown paper. Wait (the same time for each).
She will get the results with the biggest grease spot. For the most fat.
Anna should compare the size of the grease spots. The sample with the larger grease spot has more fat.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
732
Please explain the problem with "Distributed Queue Dual Buses" that was discussed in the lecture in 1-3 sentences.
Depending on the stations location in the network, they might be able to more easily reserve bandwidth on the BUS for sending data. Stations which are farther back will have less opportunities for reserving a BUS than stations at the front. This can be fixed by introducing some formulas describing how often each station can reserve a BUS.
Depending on your position in the bus station have a disadvantage/advantage when reserving transmission rights.
1
SAF
1
0.00008
347
null
If the question is IR-Based, I will do the following: I can assume the question as a query. Because of having a very large text, I would segment these texts to shorter passages like paragraphs. Then, I need to find the relevant texts in the corpus. To find relatedness, I would apply one of some methods such as TF-IDF Similarity, Jaccard Index, Word embeddings, etc, on query and passages. At last, I need to rank these relevant passages to find the most related. To do that, I can sort the passages according to: - The number of named entities of the right type in the passage. - The number of question words and keywords in the passage. - The keyword proximity between the question and each passage. - The number of question N-grams that also in the passage. - The number of sequences of question words' occurring in passages. etc. In that way, I can find the most relevant text.
First we divide that corpus to genres (news,science,education).Then we compare the corpus and question meaning. After that we can do a "semantic analysis". If the semantic meaning of the question fits with that corpus we can make a sense level similarity test to find the most relevant text to this question.
0
CU-NLP
0
0.002907
76
Nathaniel and Sammy are trying to make up a code for sending messages to each other by dropping items in a drop chamber and listening to them. Sammy wants to design a code using blocks made of plastic, metal, and wood. Nathaniel thinks it would be a better idea to use wooden blocks of different sizes and shapes. Which student's method would make it easier to tell the difference between the sounds? Why?
Nathaniel - Because they are all different shapes and sizes so they are easier to discriminate.
Sammy's. Different materials would make very different sounds. Different size wood would make very similar sounds.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
0.000241
4,482
Anna spilled half of her cup of water on the kitchen floor. The other half was still in the cup. When she came back hours later, all of the water on the floor had evaporated but most of the water in the cup was still there. (Anna knew that no one had wiped up the water on the floor.) Explain to Anna why the water on the floor had all evaporated but most of the water in the cup had not.
The water on the floor had more surface area than the cup so the water on the floor evaporated faster.
The water on the floor had a much larger surface area. The water in the cup had a much smaller surface area.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
252
3 girls wanted to see who could throw a ball the farthest. Each girl brought her favorite ball to the park. Ling brought her basketball, Diana brought her football, and Rachael brought her baseball. They made a line on the playground. They all had to throw the ball from that line. Ling took 2 steps up to the line and threw her basketball. Diana stood at the line and threw her football. Rachael got a running start and threw her baseball when she reached the line. Rachael threw her ball the farthest. Describe 2 variables that are not controlled in the contest.
How they start and what ball they use.
Different girls are throwing the balls. The girls use different launch techniques. Each girl uses a different type of ball.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
157
Why not?
there is a closed path that contains bulb a and does not contain switch y
there is still a closed path containing Switch Z, Switch X, Bulbs A and C and the battery
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
1,127
null
The hypothesis verification process consists of several steps. 1) identify the problem and formulate the question that you want to verify 2) to formulate the question in statistical terms: to identify the statistics that can solve the problem 3) propose the null hypothesis 4) suggest alternative hypothesis  5) select the random sample 6) Calculate test statistics i.e. calculate sample statistics from sample data 7. rule of decision: (a) compare the value of the test statistic with the theoretical values separating the acceptance zone from the rejection zone (s) b) calculate p-value and compare it with theoretical values 8) decide whether or not to reject the hypothesis null 
The statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis that is made on a parameter of the population that leads to the identification of a statistical rule that makes to decide whether to refuse or not to reject the hypothesis made. There are several steps in the verification of the hypotheses: 1- identify the problem and formulate the question you want to see; 2. to formulate the question in statistical terms: to identify the statistics that can solve the problem; 3. propose the null hypothesis, i.e. the hypothesis checked; 4- propose the alternative hypothesis, i.e. the opposite hypothesis, 5- select the random sample; 6- calculate the test statistics, which can be calculated from the sample data as it is a sample statistics; 7- rule of decision: (a) compare the value of the test statistic with the theoretical values separating the acceptance zone from the rejection zone (s); or (b) calculate the p-value and compare it with the theoretical values. The p-value is used to calculate how far away we are from the nothing hypothesis, the smaller and the more distant we are. If the p-value is: - less than 0.01 there is strong empirical evidence against the null hypothesis, so I refuse the null hypothesis at the level of significance of 1% - less than 0.05 there is empirical evidence against the null hypothesis, so I refuse the zero hypothesis at the level of 5% significance; - less than 0.1 there is a weak empirical evidence against the sposi nulla, therefore I refuse the hypothesis nothing at the level of significance of 10%; - more than 0.1 there is no empirical evidence against the hypothesis nothing, therefore I refuse the hypothesis nothing; 8- decide whether to reject the hypothesis nothing. In the event that the null hypothesis is rejected it is said that the test is significant, i.e. when the empirical evidence is contrary to the null hypothesis.
0.590909
Stita
0.590909
0.003788
151
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 3 and the positive terminal.
The positive battery terminal is separated by a gap from terminal 1. and germinal 3 is connected to the negative battery termina
Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
1,799
Consider the following network topology from the lecture:With routing, we want to find the best path for our packets. For this, we first need to define a metric to evaluate the quality of a path. One possible choice could be the current load (i.e. the current utilization in terms of sent packets/bytes) on this path. Assume that A wants to send data to G, could this routing strategy cause any problems at the receiver end? Please explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.
It may happen that the chosen route is fully utilized and thus an alternative (longer) route must be used which takes more time and generates more traffic in the network.
Yes, using the current load to find the best path can lead to fluctuations/oscillations when there is more than one path between any pair of end systems in the network (here: CF and EI). This can cause packet reorderings at the receiving side.
0.5
SAF
0.5
0.000227
472
How do you define a controlled experiment?
To find the answer.
An experiment is controlled if only one variable is changed at a time.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
242
Don wanted to find out if a battery powered toy truck would always travel the same distance in 10 seconds no matter how heavy a load the truck carried. He placed one or more blocks (the load) in the back of the truck and recorded his results. (Each block had the same mass.) The following graph displays his results. What is the relationship between the number of blocks and the distance traveled by the truck in 10 seconds?
When he had 0 blocks it went 5 meters and when he had 2 it went 3 meters when had 4 it went one meter.
The more blocks the truck carries, the less distance the truck travels in 10 seconds.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
121
Maria weighed a small, wet sponge. It weighed 38 grams. She left the sponge on the balance. The next day, Jose found the sponge on the balance. It weighed 22 grams. Both students weighed the sponge accurately. Why were the masses different?
Because Jose wet it the day before he looked at it, so it evaporated.
Some water evaporated from the sponge between the time Maria weighed the sponge and the time Jose weighed the sponge.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
3,304
The motors shown at the right with the D-cell batteries will NOT run. Explain why.
The negative end are sharing so the D-cell is getting all the power.
The negative terminals of the D-cell batteries are facing each other, so there is no flow of electricity.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
2,047
To model the packet arrivals as a poisson process, we assumed that the arrivals for each time interval Δt are independent. Does this assumption hold for real INTERNET traffic? Explain your answer in 2-5 sentences.
For real internet traffic, the assumption is not always hold. For example, for a specific moment where nobody is using the internet, the time interval will always be 0. On the other hand, when a movie is being streamed via netflix, the packets will always arrive with time interval 1. Especially, for the streaming service, the packets will arrive via a stream buffer with more packets in a row, meaning the arrivals are not independent.
No. Real internet traffic often comes in bursts. Therefore, arrivals are not independent because the probability of an arrival happening at a node is influenced by previous arrivals at the node. For example, on-demand video streams selectively load the next video segments when needed. This means the actual network utilization depends on the current playback state on the client-side. The packet arrivals are not independent, as it is likely that there is a low utilization directly after the next segments have been loaded.
0.75
SAF
0.75
0.000291
1,058
Name the 3 service classes the Data Link Layer offers and explain the differences between the classes.
1. „Unconfirmed Connectionless Service“ Within the first of these service classes, the data sent will arrive at the receiver without any acknowledgement of the sender. This means the sender does not know if the data arrives and if it is complete or not. So loss of data units is possible and there is no flow control. Additionally, during the data transfer there is no real connection between sender and recipient. The data units are transmitted isolated in only one direction as an answer to the data request. 2. „Confirmed Connectionless Service“ Compared to the first, within the second service class the receiver will let the sender know about the successful transmission of the data. If there is no acknowledgement from the recipient within a certain time frame, the data units will be send again. So there will not be any loss of data. But because of the retransmission there might be duplicates and sequence errors. Futhermore, this means there is no flow control as in the first service class and also no real connection between sender and receiver. Although the communictaion is not one-directional anymore. 3. „Connection-Oriented Service“ In contrast to the other two service classes, the third option offers flow control and connection between the participants of the data transfer. This comes with the advantage of no errors due to lost, duplicated or sequenced data. To make this way of data transfer possible there is a 3-phased communication between sender and receiver. Firstly, the connection between both is settled and the needed variables are initialised. So before sending any data both participants will get a confirmation from each other whether they are ready or not. After that, the actual data transfer will start which is mostly bi-directional. And if the data transfer is completed in the end, there is another request and confirmation about the upcoming disconnection.
1.unconfirmed connectionless - no ACK, loss of data possible, no flow control, no connect or disconnect. 2.confirmed connectionless - with ACK, no loss of data (timeout and retransmit instead→ duplicates and sequence errors possible), no flow control, no connect or disconnect. 3.connection-oriented - no data loss, duplication or sequencing errors. Instead a 3 phased communication with connect and disconnect, and flow control
1
SAF
1
0.00008
541
What does a voltage reading of 0 tell you about the connection between a bulb terminal and a battery terminal?
That it is a negative terminal.
the terminals are connected
1
Beetle
0.333333
0.000238
3,441
Katie got a guitar for her birthday. She experimented with the strings and found she could change their sounds. One way Katie could change the sound of a string was to tighten it. Describe how the sound was different when the string was tightened.
The string was tighter.
When the string was tighter, the pitch was higher.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
627
Beth made 2 solutions of different concentrations of water and citric acid. She put 50 milliliters of the first solution in cup X and 50 milliliters of the second solution in cup Y. When she put the cups on the balance, the balance looked as shown below. Which solution, X or Y, is more concentrated? Explain how you know which is more concentrated.
Y, I think y because x just because it is heavier does not mean that that is more concentrated. I think it means it is less concentrated because there is more room the more water the more room.
X. When equal amounts of 2 solutions are compared, the solution that is more concentrated will have the greater mass (weigh more). 50 milliliters of X has a greater mass than 50 milliliters of Y, so X must be more concentrated.
1
SciEntsBank
0.333333
0.000241
49
A solution of water and material A is clear. A solution of water and material B is also clear. When the 2 solutions are mixed, a white solid settles to the bottom, leaving a clear liquid. What does the white solid indicate?
The white solid had settles and so the 2 solutions would be a mixture.
A chemical reaction occurred. [The white solid is a precipitate (a new material) which indicates the reaction.]
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
4,625
null
Widrow-Hoff rule states that the weight adjustment is proportional to the product of input and the error in the output. It is also called the delta rule. $$\Delta w{ji} = \eta xie{ji}$$ $\eta$ is the proportional constant also called as learning constant $$W(i)=W(i-1)+\Delta W{ji}$$
The adjustment made to a synaptic weight of a neuron is proportional to the product of the error signal and the input signal of the synapse in question. The rule is derived from the steepest descent method.
2
DigiKlausur
1
0.001001
339
A harp has strings of different lengths. Describe how the sound of a short string being plucked (pulled and let go quickly) is different from the sound of a long string being plucked.
The short one is louder than the long one.
If the string is shorter, the pitch will be higher. If the string is longer, the pitch will be lower.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
789
Look at the diagram of a circuit at the right. Will the motor run? Why?
Because it no a circuit.
The circuit is not complete. The electrical pathway is broken.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
4,679
Angie wrote in her science notebook, "Evaporation only happens when water is heated to high temperatures." Explain why you agree or disagree.
I disagree because evaporation happens if there is any temperature water, but it will evaporate faster with warm air.
Disagree. Evaporation can occur at any temperature.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
1,180
Why does a rubber band make a sound when you pluck it (pull and let go quickly)?
It will make a soft sound.
The rubber band vibrates.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
3,354
What do you think the red X means?
a short circuit has occured
the battery is damaged
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
3,260
Ron covered his notebook with waxed paper. Then he placed a small drop of water in the middle of the notebook as shown in the picture. Even though the drop was on a slope, the drop stayed where he placed it. Describe 2 ways Ron can make the water move down the notebook without pushing the drop or blowing on it.
Make the drop bigger by adding more water to it.
Expand the drop. Tilt the notebook.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
3,623
WHICH PROPERTY of spanning trees makes them appealing for broad- and multicasting? EXPLAIN how you can modify Link State Routing to construct a spanning tree for multicasting.
Spanning trees identify multiple ways from node to node and transfer them into a tree topology with shortest paths ensuring loop free (packet) communication * Global knowledge of the multicast group’s spanning tree by sharing them with each other e.g. via link state routing * Link State Routing and spanning tree: * In link state routing each IS gathers information about distances to the adjacent stations, and now also knows which multicast group it belongs to * IS distribute these information (distances + multicast group) in periodically send link state packets * With these complete state information each IS can calculate a multicast tree and based on those determine outgoing lines
Property: There is a single unique path between every pair of nodes in the tree. Alternatively, you can say that spanning trees are subnets of a network that do not contain loops but contain all nodes. This means that no unnecessary duplicates are distributed in the network when forwarding packets using that tree structure. Spanning Tree with Link State Routing: Each intermediate system knows which multicast groups it belongs to, but initially doesn’t know which other IS belong to the groups. Therefore, you can add multicast group information to the link state packet and each node can construct multicast trees once the full network topology and group information are distributed in the whole network, as each node then has the complete state information stored locally (e.g. with Prim or Kruskal)
1
SAF
1
0.00008
1,561
In an SDN, switches maintain a pipeline of flow tables and a meter table. Summarize their respective functions in one sentence each.
flow table: Part in the switch that sets/contains the rules to forward data from in-port to out-port. Meter table: creates simple QoS mechanism to provide statistics
Meter table: collects flow statistics or contains meter entry per flow (0.25) which is taken into account by the controller for management of the network like QoS operation(rate-limiting being one of them). Flow pipeline: consists of flow tables that contain “rules” or fields (0.25) for packet forwarding(0.25) /actions to be taken on the packets or in other words it implements the routing logic in the switch
1
SAF
1
0.00008
120
Jen was talking on the phone with her Uncle Bill who lives in Canada. When she asked him how the weather was, he said it was nice and warm, about 28 degrees. Why is it important to have standard units of measurement?
So you know how to measure.
To communicate the measurement to other people and have the people know exactly what is meant.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
313
Matthew's mother left a plastic bottle full of water in the trunk of their car. The temperature dropped below 0 degrees Celsius that night. When his mother opened the trunk the next afternoon, she discovered the water bottle had cracked. Explain why the water bottle cracked.
The water bottle cracked because the air was so cold that the bottle could not stay together.
The water froze. Water expands when water freezes so the ice needed more space.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
320
Why does the level of the water in the straw go up when the bottle-and-straw thermometer is heated?
The water goes up because it expands.
Water expands when water is heated.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
2,023
Throwing a ball uses a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Describe how each of these 2 joints moves when you throw a ball. The ball-and-socket joint ___.
Rotates when you throw a ball.
rotates. moves in all directions. moves up-and-down, back-and-forth, and side-to-side.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
2,431
Explain your reasoning.
njo
If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery
0
Beetle
0
0.000812
2,840
Where are variables declared in a C++ program?
In the Function main() before using the variable.
Variables can be declared anywhere in a program. They can be declared inside a function (local variables) or outside the functions (global variables)
3
Mohler
0.6
0.001916
146
Name the two modes of control plane distribution and name one downside for each of them.
The control plane can be distibuted or centralized. Distributed needs multiple steps to converge to a perfect solution. Centralized needs to share the path with the router.
Two modes of physical distribution of control plane and associated drawbacks are: Replication ● Issue of scalability ● More resources, more cost ● Wastage of resources as the replicated node is on standby and no actual load distribution occurs. ● The problem to keep the data consistent in the replicated node is hard and complex. Partitioning ● Raises issues similar to P2P networks ● Knowledge about neighborhood ● Coordination and consistency ● Lower availability
0
SAF
0
0.000578
47
When defining a recursive function, what are possible causes for infinite recursion?
Incorrect or missing base case. Must reduce to the base case. The function must get simpler each time it is run (converge to the base case).
If the recursion step is defined incorrectly, or if the base case is not included.
5
Mohler
1
0.000302
574
Explain why you got a voltage reading of 1.5 for terminal 1 and terminal 6.
terminal 1 is seperate from terminal 6
Terminals 1 and 6 are separated by the gap
3
Beetle
1
0.00015
177
What is the relationship between an organism's range of tolerance and its optimum condition?
Its range of tolerance is like a scale and the optimum condition is on that scale.
The optimum condition is within the range of tolerance.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
2,507
Gerry used a paper filter to separate a mixture of sand, salt, and water. Think about particle size and answer this question: Why did the salt go through the filter while the sand got caught?
The salt went through because when the salt and water mixed the salt dissolved a little.
The dissolved salt particles are small enough to go through the holes in the filter paper, but the sand particles are too large.
2
SciEntsBank
0.666667
0.000096
3,586
Denise made a circuit to light a bulb or run a motor. She used a special switch. Below is the schematic diagram of her circuit. The switch is inside the dotted box. What will happen when she moves the switch to the right?
The motor will turn on.
The motor will run.
3
SciEntsBank
1
0.000056
269
What is the relationship between an organism's range of tolerance and its optimum condition?
They need water, food, and a habitat.
The optimum condition is within the range of tolerance.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
2,540
Write-down all addresses in Class A networks that are reserved.
0.0.0.0 (Default Route, or this Host) 127.0.0.0 (Loopback Function)
126 Class A nets can be addressed in classful IP addressing (1.xx.yy.zz - 126.xx.yy.zz) 127.xx.yy.zz is reserved for loopback testing 0.xx.yy.zz can be accepted if stated accordingly (definitions defer whether this is in Class A)
0.25
SAF
0.25
0.001136
178
null
HERE: Perceptron learning algorithm: - Initialize the network by assigning random weights to the synaptic links. - Calculate error as the difference of the desired output with the actual output. - If the input is misclassified with positive error, $w(new)$ = $w(current) + input$. - If the input is misclassified with negative error, $w(new)$ = $w(current) - input$. - If the input is correctly classified, no changes are made in the weights. - Repeat from step 2 as long as the error is under some defined threshold value.
Label the data with positive and negative (+/-) labels, initialize the weights randomly, apply (simplified) update rule: Dw = eta*x(n) if <w,x> <= 0, repeat on all epochs till the weights don’t change much. The algorithm will converge as the data is linearly separable.
2
DigiKlausur
1
0.001001
93
Jim used a solid and water to make Mixture one (one spoon of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), Mixture 3 (3 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with nothing on the bottom), Mixture 4 (4 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom), and Mixture 5 (5 spoons of solid in 100 milliliters water was clear with material on the bottom) as shown below. He stirred each one and observed the results. What evidence does Jim have that the solid and water make a solution?
Mixtures 4 and 5 are evidence.
The mixtures are all clear.
0
SciEntsBank
0
0.000092
4,775
Discuss 3 methods (each with at least one advantage and disadvantage) that address the problem of duplicate packets on the transport layer in a connection-oriented service.
1. Use of temporarily valid TSAPs: 2. Indentify connections individually 3. Identify PDUs individually:
1. to use temporarily valid TSAPs -method: -TSAP valid for one connection only -generate always new TSAPs -evaluation -in general not always applicable:-process server addressing method not possible, because -server is reached via　a designated/known TSAP - some TSAPs always exist as "well-known" 2. to identify connections individually -method: -each individual connection is assigned a new SeqNo and -endsystems remember already assigned SeqNo -evaluation -endsystems must be capable of storing this information -prerequisite: -connection oriented system (what if connection-less?) -endsystems, however, will be switched off and it is necessary that the information is reliably available whenever needed 3. to identify PDUs individually: individual sequential numbers for each PDU -method: -SeqNo basically never gets reset -e.g. 48 bit at 1000 msg/sec: reiteration after 8000 years -evaluation -higher usage of bandwidth and memory -sensible choice of the sequential number range depends on -the packet rate -a packet's probable "lifetime" within the network
0.5
SAF
0.5
0.000227
1