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What is the effect of host immune response to the viral delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination?
|
Vector-specific antibodies may impede the induction of immune responses to the vaccine-encoded antigens, as they may reduce the dose and time of exposure of the target cells to the vaccinated antigens
| 22,150
| false
| 1,645
| 875
|
Different effects of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of recombinant viral vaccine vectors are summarized in.Few studies using viral vectors have reported on the influence of pre-existing immunity on humoral responses The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogensFor viral vectors, the impact of cell-mediated immunity was more pronounced, and as depicted in, almost always resulted in a reduction in the subsequent immune responseAs some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail Similarly, for virally vectored antigens, the existence of pre-existing immunity to the vector (particularly neutralizing antibody) will restrict delivery of the virus into cells, thereby effectively reducing the dose of the vectored antigenSimilarly, various viral vectors have been successfully tested for their capability to deliver heterologous vaccine antigens, and this generally results in the induction of strong CTL immune responses
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When is a single sample suggested to be sufficient?
|
Human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA
| 23,122
| false
| 1,741
| 4,247
|
It was still considered an applicable tool for screening large sample numbers This may be due to poor sampling when a cough is absent or non-productive or because the viral load is lowThe WHO recommends sampling from the LRT for MERS-CoV RT-rtPCR testing, especially when sample collection is delayed by a week or more after onset of symptoms If R 0 was greater than 1, a sustained increase in case numbers would be expected Of 226 slaughterhouse workers, only eight (3.5 %) were positive by IFA, and those sera could not be confirmed by virus neutralization (NT) test That is to say, the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) -the average number of infections caused by one infected individual in a fully susceptible populationhas been close to one throughout various clusters and outbreaks Fresh samples yield better diagnostic results than refrigerated material and if delays in testing of ≥72 h are likely, samples (except for blood) should be frozen at −70°C
|
What public event was linked with the outbreak?
|
farmers' market
| 14,811
| false
| 1,583
| 5,206
|
The outbreak investigation was conducted within the framework of the Communicable Diseases Law Reform Act of GermanyAn outbreak investigation team was formed and included public health professionals from the local health department, the local veterinary health department, the state health department, the National Consulting Laboratory (NCL) for Coxiellae and the Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), the federal public health instituteThe first case control study served to confirm the hypothesis of an association between the outbreak and the farmers' market More recently a large outbreak occurred in Jena (Thuringia) in 2005 with 322 reported cases associated with exposure to a herd of sheep kept on a meadow close to the housing area in which the cases occurred.In 1954, more than 500 cases of Q fever were, similar to this outbreak, linked to the abortion of an infected cow at a farmers' market This strong association and the very high attributable fraction among all cases suggested a point source and justified defining cases notified through the reporting system as outbreak cases if they were clinically compatible with Q fever and gave a history of having visited the farmers' marketLocal health departments that identified outbreak cases of Q fever (s.a
|
What does the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promote?
|
growth of pathogenic bacteria that may replace the airway microbiome.
| 26,478
| false
| 2,504
| 4,004
|
Finally, the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promotes growth of pathogenic bacteria that may replace the airway microbiome The increased ROS and oxidative stress in the local environment may serve as a trigger to promote inflammation thereby aggravating the inflammation in the airway (Tiwari et al., 2002) The increased inflammation, in turn, worsens the symptoms of airway diseases.While the lower airway is the site of dysregulated inflammation in most chronic airway inflammatory diseases, the upper airway remains the first point of contact with sources of exacerbation In addition, viral infections are usually accompanied with oxidative stress which will further increase the local inflammation in the airway The airway epithelium of patients with chronic airway inflammatory diseases are usually under a state of constant oxidative stress which sustains the inflammation in the airway (Barnes, 2017; van der Vliet et al., 2018) Ciliary proteins FIGURE 2 | Changes in the upper airway epithelium contributing to viral exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases
|
How many people have come in contact and how many of these are in observation?
|
677,243 people have been identified as having had close contact with
infected patients of whom13,701
| 4,931
| false
| 188
| 2,465
|
with an epidemiological history of a potential exposure as well as those with confirmedResults: From January 21, 2020 to March 9, 2020, 3,083 people suspected of or confirmed withhospitalized. To date, 677,243 people have been identified as having had close contact withtheir epidemiological history, symptoms, and signs. If suspected criteria are met, the patientas long as they met suspected criteria.
The radiology department has 65 diagnostic radiologists and 161 other staff membersData gathering includes dissemination of up-to-date case definitions and information aboutmedical information, and because the exchange of information regarding infectious disease
|
What viruses were detected?
|
respiratory viruses in 169/222 (76.1%) samples, mostly rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A virus (21.2%), influenza B virus (12.6%), coronavirus (4.9%) and Human metapneumovirus (3.6%).
| 928
| false
| 1,623
| 4,037
|
In mainland France, during this pandemic, circulation of major respiratory viruses was found, such as Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza, Coronavirus, Human Metapneumovirus, like in our publicationAnalyses showed that some viruses are possibly seasonal and were circulating during a specific period of the year They are detected only in summer for Human Metapneumovirus, RSV A and B, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 On the opposite, Parainfluenza 1,2 and 4 viruses were identified only in winter After influenza viruses, Rhinovirus and Coronavirus were the most common respiratory viruses in Réunion Island For other pathogens, no specific period of detection was observed. We observed in 2011, after a first wave in June mainly due to influenza A not H1N1 virus, a second wave of ILI consultations with mainly identification of Parainfluenza viruses and not influenza viruses
|
What is the incubation period of MERS?
|
five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days
| 6,208
| false
| 1,741
| 4,210
|
Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and subsequently spreads to another Whether MERS-CoV can remain adrift and infectious for extended periods (truly airborne) remains unknownVery early in the MERS outbreak, some animals were highly regarded as either the reservoir or intermediate host(s) of MERS-CoV with three of the first five cases having contact with DCs At high ambient temperature (30°C) and low RH (30 %) MERS-CoV remained viable for 24 h Her exposure history to a MERS-CoV RT-rtPCR positive relative and an antibody-reactive husband, her incubation period and her symptom history met the WHO criteria for being a probable MERS-CoV case . 3 ), there was a rapid increase in MERS cases, accompanied by intense screening; approximately 5,000 samples from in and around the region were tested in a month yielding around 140 MERS-CoV detections (~3 % prevalence) It seems that the majority of human cases of MERS-CoV, even when numbers appear to increase suddenly, do not readily transmit to more than one other human so to date, the localized epidemic of MERS-CoV has not been self-sustaining
|
Can influenza a virus subtype h7n9 be transmit human to human?
|
some sporadic cases seemed to be a result of human to human transmissions
| 2,243
| false
| 1,629
| 2,147
|
The H1N1(09)pdm is associated with more than 18,400 deaths in the season 2009/2010 while the LP H7N7 carries an HA closely related to that of the avian influenza H7N9 virus which has caused more than 175 deaths until October 2014The periodic appearance of new influenza variants poses a worldwide pandemic threatIt is known that influenza virus infections are often accompanied by other viral pathogens Of all in-vitro tested influenza strains the H1N1(09)pdm and the LP H7N7 are particularly interesting for two reasons Inhibition of viral replication of all tested influenza strains was achieved with both substances However, in its fully developed form influenza is an acute respiratory disease resulting in hospitalizations and deaths mainly among high-risk groups Analysis by qRT-PCR revealed that 54.5-83.3% of influenza A or B positive patients were found to have at least one concomitant respiratory viral infection
|
What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein?
|
nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2
| 3,278
| false
| 1,597
| 5,245
|
The pestiviruses have single stranded positive sense RNA genomes, about 12.3 kb in length, which includes a single long open reading frame, encoding a large polyprotein, flanked by 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) that are critical for autonomous replication of the genome The polyprotein is cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into four structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2) and eight nonstructural proteins (N pro , p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B) The availability of genetically defined and stable pestivirus BACs facilitates the functional study of viral proteins or RNA structures and also the development of new marker vaccine candidatesThe BAC constructs pBeloR26 and pBeloR26_E2gif were analysed for the genetic stability of the cDNA to determine the suitability of the BAC vector for maintaining full-length pestivirus cDNAs These include BACs with substitution of the linear TAV-epitope present in the E2 protein and also BACs with substitution of the complete E2 protein with heterologous pestivirus sequencesAnti-CSFV E2 (WH211)Antibody reaction patterns of pestivirus infected cells Infectious pestiviruses can be rescued using RNA transcripts derived from these BACs
|
What percentage of the world has been infected by tuberculosis?
|
one third of the world's population
| 1,940
| false
| 1,684
| 891
|
The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and approximately one third of the world's population has been infected by this pathogenTuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in the developing countries In a recent report, World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are 9.2 million new TB cases around the world in 2006 . tuberculosis H37Rv In order to understand TB pathogenesis, signaling pathways induced by mycobacteria have long been a subject of interest However, our preliminary data suggest that the level of phosphorylated JNK was not increased in PBMo MKP-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of cytokine expression upon mycobacterial infectionMKP-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of cytokine expression upon mycobacterial infection However, the subsequent events as to how MAPK is regulated and how such regulation affects cytokine production in response to mycobacteria remain to be elucidated.
|
What is theorized regarding transmission?
|
motherto-child transmission most likely happens transplacentally shortly before delivery
| 12,096
| false
| 1,689
| 2,524
|
Ramful et al. theorized that motherto-child transmission most likely happens transplacentally shortly before delivery Also, there is the question as to whether widespread use among the public could trigger mosquito transmission or lead to chronic infection or viral reversion .There are always certain risks associated with live attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines For instance, Ae Viral competence, or the potential of viral infection and transmission, is an important parameter that can be quantified by ELISA, viral culture, and PCR. The adverse events associated with the current live vaccine are well documented CHIKV is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and is transmitted to humans primarily by Aedes aegypti, the infamous yellow fever propagator
|
When does the influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island start?
|
April
| 2,971
| false
| 1,623
| 4,093
|
Since 2011, influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island starts in April and the vaccine used corresponds to World Health Organization recommendations for the southern hemisphere. For the latter, it is specific to the studied period since the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus reappeared in Réunion Island in October 2012 and was no longer circulating since late 2010A limit of the study is that no clinical data were available in the virological surveillance system of influenza in Réunion Island Co-circulation was already observed in Réunion Island during the A(H1N1) pdm09 pandemic in addition to influenza virus, with identification of other respiratory viruses such as Rhinovirus or Coronavirus Influenza activity generally increases during austral winter, corresponding to summer in EuropeSince 1996, clinical and biological influenza surveillance has been based on a sentinel practitioner's network In 2012, the second epidemic wave at the end of austral winter coincided with Influenza viruses and Rhinovirus circulation.
|
What happens when a recipient of a vaccine has immune response to the delivery vector?
|
considering a vector such as Salmonella, if a host has previously been infected there will exist robust B and T memory responses, and as such, when a vaccination is delivered, an anamnestic response to the Salmonella antigens will be induced (while the response to the vectored antigen will be a primary response)
| 9,357
| false
| 1,645
| 858
|
As some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail (1999) indicated that exposure to the empty vector may completely abrogate immune responses against the delivered antigens (Vijh et al., 1999) Different effects of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of recombinant viral vaccine vectors are summarized in. Finally, long-lasting cellular and (where appropriate) humoral immune responses to the vectored antigen must be induced following administration of these vaccines, preferably with a single dose (Atkins et al., 2006) . (2009) also demonstrated that the negative impact of vector-specific immune responses can also be countered by repeated immunization with the same vaccine and dose; this in effect leads to higher priming of naive T cells against the delivered antigen The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens This will theoretically reduce the exposure of the heterologous antigen to the immune system, as the vector is rapidly cleared
|
What were the asymptomatic cases tested as?
|
as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively.
| 7,190
| false
| 2,642
| 3,819
|
The asymptomatic cases were tested as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively Two cases were asymptomatic and remained so until tested negative Serological studies are vital to understand the proportion of cases who are asymptomaticSymptoms at the point of diagnosis were reported for 31 cases Our analysis shows that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/case isolation was about 3 days longer for locally acquired cases than for imported cases People returning from affected areas are likely to have a low threshold to seek care and be tested when symptomatic, however delays in identifying the index cases of the two clusters in France and Germany meant that locally acquired cases took longer to be detected and isolatedThe first three cases detected were reported in France on 24 January 2020 and had onset of symptoms on 17, 19 and 23 January respectively
|
What does the study show?
|
that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI.
| 1,610
| false
| 1,623
| 4,041
|
Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 1 and Excel 1 Results of this study can therefore be of interest to both Indian Ocean and Europe countries. A specific prospective study including clinical data might provide useful elements in the semiotics of diseases.Regarding negative swabs (Fig 2) , we observed no seasonality during the study period with a similar proportion whatever the season Although samples were not taken every week, sample was representative of ILI activity and consistent with flu seasonPatients' sex-ratio was 0.63 (86 men and 136 women) and mean age was 28.4 years [min 0; max 81] In total, 222 analyses were considered
|
At what temperatures was the assay completed?
|
32uC, 37uC, 42uC
| 9,753
| false
| 1,565
| 3,042
|
The assay was done at different temperatures (32uC, 37uC, 42uC) calculating various K i of 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives with papain as model enzyme. For the kinetic analysis and rate constant determinations, the assays were carried out in triplicate, and the average value was considered throughout this work After incubation for 30 min at 37uC, the substrate solution was added and after a further incubation for 20 min the reaction was stopped by the addition of 5% trichloric acid (TCA) acidified with 2.25% HCl and the absorbance of the reaction mixture was determined at a wavelength of 410 nm by Microplate Manager 4.0 (Bio-Rad laboratories) The average of three values was calculated and that was the MIC for the test material and bacterial strain. Temperature dependence of the inhibition constants was used to determine the thermodynamic parameters The kinetic parameters for the substrate hydrolysis were determined by measuring the initial rate of enzymatic activity The same procedure was used at 32uC and 42uC for thermodynamics studies
|
What is sporulation?
|
adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time
| 1,992
| false
| 1,667
| 914
|
Sporulation is an adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time, and is an integral part of the transmission of sporulating pathogens and their tolerance and resistance towards antimicrobial compounds. subtilis and/or play important roles in sporulation [3,There is limited knowledge about the regulation of sporulation in C. difficileThe initiation of sporulation in B. subtilis is subject to complex regulation (for review see ref )Spo0A is the key regulator for sporulation difficile could potentially regulate genes that have no documented function in sporulation This gene encodes the key sigma factor for the transition phase, and regulates processes outside sporulation as well
|
What are some risk factors for countries to experience a high prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections?
|
age, sex, overcrowding, nutritional status, socio-economic status, and where study of ARIs is currently limited
| 3,037
| false
| 1,568
| 1,601
|
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) (the cause of both upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs)) are a major cause of death among children under 5 years old particularly in developing countries where the burden of disease is 2-5 times higher than in developed countries Community-based approaches have been shown useful for learning more about emerging respiratory infections such as assessing under-reporting , types of viruses prevalent in communities , and prediction of epidemics . Further, there was a significant difference between prevalence of the most common viruses in the clinical sample (parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus) and their prevalence in the communityWe identified ten different respiratory tract viruses among the subjects as shown in Fig. 1 In sum, a total of 33 of the 91 subjects surveyed had one or more respiratory tract virus (36.3%, 95% CI 26.6-47.0%, Fig. 1 ) Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses found in the clinical sample Results of this study can inform a larger study, representative across demographic and locations to systematically assess the etiology of infection and differences in clinical and community cohorts
|
How was the ELISA-array assay validated?
|
using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera
| 3,618
| false
| 1,553
| 3,013
|
In the ELISA-array assay, this problem exists as well The conventional ELISAs were performed at the same time as the ELISA-array assays to ensure similar reaction conditionsOptimization of the ELISA-array assay The consensus detection results confirmed that the ELISAarray assay was reliable. The time required for the ELISA-array is significantly less than for conventional ELISA (4 h vs We compared the ELISA-array with a conventional ELISA and confirmed that the advantage of the ELISA-array was evident with comparable specificity and higher sensitivity than ELISA With the characteristics of ease of use, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, the ELISA-array assay would be widely accepted for clinical use.
|
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels?
|
superoxide dismutase
| 11,390
| false
| 1,560
| 2,140
|
Studies also reported that parameters used for oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) were higher and antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase , TAS) were lower in diarrheic calvesThe antioxidant and oxidative system are in a constant state of balance in the organism Decrease in TAS and increase in TOS levels demonstrated that oxidative stress was evident in the diseased calves in our study The host cells initiate the antioxidant system in case of exposure to oxidative stress It is also reported that in livestock diseases, especially enteritis and pneumonia, antioxidant capacity is efficacious . Serum hepcidin (Mybiosource ® ), TAS (Rel Assay Diagnostics ® ), and TOS (Rel Assay Diagnostics ® ) were determined using commercial ELISA kits, and Fe value was measured spectrophotometrically On the other hand, by participating in redox reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), Fe also causes oxidative stress
|
How do the authors suggest that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to the efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses?
|
using genetics and pharmacological inhibition of the genes
| 34,177
| false
| 1,687
| 5,159
|
We presented evidence that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses using genetics and pharmacological inhibition of the genesWe identified ATP1A1 and PHB as novel host-cell proteins that contribute to efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses These findings indicate that ATP1A1 and PHB function as pro-viral factors of a range of mammarenaviruses. Future studies elucidating the roles of pro-and antiviral host-cell factors identified in this study in mammarenavirus multiplication will advance our understanding of the multiple functions of NP and uncover novel cellular targets for the development of antimammarenaviral drugs We documented that the anti-IFN activity of mammarenavirus NP correlated with its ability to interact with IKKεWe next asked whether the ATP1A1 and PHB host-cell factors contributed also to multiplication of viral hemorrhagic fever-causing LASVTo begin assessing the potential biological implications of the identified NP-host cell protein interactions, we selected ATP1A1 and PHB given the availability of reagents, existing knowledge about their roles in cell physiology, and evidence of participation in multiplication of other viruses
|
What did, In the last century, outbreaks of viral-related diseases that have emerged or re-emerged, involve?
|
arenaviruses and dengue viruses
| 2,755
| false
| 1,660
| 4,455
|
During the last decades, several outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens have occurred, affecting both purely-local and worldwide/pandemic involvement of human populations However, in the last century outbreaks of several viral-related diseases have emerged or re-emerged involving arenaviruses and dengue viruses, and more recently, hantaviruses, and the expansion of the geographic range of West Nile virusViral emergence may continue to be promoted as human-introduced changes continue to increase in the environment at different geographical scales In Panama, an outbreak was reported during 1999-2000 in Los Santos, and 12 cases where identified with three fatalities In the Americas, the recent outbreak of pandemic influenza A subtype H1N1 became a major target for control due to its rapid spread, and uncertainties in virulence and transmissibility, yet vaccine availability was limited when significant activity occurred in advance of the traditional influenza seasonHantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas after the description of an outbreak of acute respiratory distress occurred in the Four Corners area in 1993 In South America, the first largest identified outbreak occurred in the Chaco region in northwestern Paraguay during 1995-1996
|
What is Tamiflu?
|
NA inhibitor
| 2,733
| false
| 1,578
| 4,073
|
Indeed, oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is the representative NA inhibitor that has proven to be uniquely applicable oral drug in clinical practice for the treatment of influenza infection With the addition of the above H2N2 inhibitory activity, we have a comprehensively view of the anti-influenza activity of patchouli alcohol.Patchouli alcohol and oseltamivir were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St We anticipate that the insight into the understanding of inhibiting mechanism will be of value in the rational design of novel anti-influenza drugs. It is reported that a SI of 4 or more is appropriate for an antiviral agent , suggesting that patchouli alcohol can be judged to have anti-influenza A (H2N2) virus activity. First, the toxicity of patchouli alcohol and oseltamivir was assessed in the healthy mice by the loss of body weight compared with the control group (2% DMSO in physiological saline) To the best of our knowledge, the anti-influenza virus (H2N2) activities of patchouli alcohol have not been evaluated yet
|
What is a different approach for the detection?
|
monoclonal antibody-based capture ELISA targeting the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein
| 13,821
| false
| 1,741
| 4,234
|
Thanks to quick action, the sensitive and rapid molecular diagnostic tools required to achieve rapid and sensitive detection goal have been in place and made widely available since the virus was reported in 2012 Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA indicates the likely presence of infectious virus 3 ), there was a rapid increase in MERS cases, accompanied by intense screening; approximately 5,000 samples from in and around the region were tested in a month yielding around 140 MERS-CoV detections (~3 % prevalence) The WHO strongly recommends testing for other respiratory pathogens but with this recommendation often discounted, there are limited data to address the occurrence and impact of co-infections or alternative viral diagnoses among both MERS cases and their contacts These were identified as such by screening sera against similar viruses, for example BCoV or HCoV-OC43 (as an antigenic facsimile for BCoV) While very short, the sequence of the fragment defined it as a diagnostic discovery Despite this lack of clarity, the WHO consider that evidence linking MERS-CoV transmission between DCs to humans is irrefutable (Fig
|
What are the ILI samples wich test negative for influence?
|
are of unknown etiology
| 3,683
| false
| 1,623
| 4,098
|
Thus ILI samples tested negative for influenza are of unknown etiology.This study also highlighted several co-infections, showing that concomitant the multiple etiology of ILI It shows that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnosis and thus explain the etiology of symptoms Although samples were not taken every week, sample was representative of ILI activity and consistent with flu season Results of biological analyses were compared with data of ILI consultations declared by sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 1 and Excel 1ILI was defined as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc
|
What is the estimated infection-to-death distribution's mean for coronavirus?
|
23.9 days
| 37,820
| false
| 2,683
| 1,103
|
coronavirus COVID-19. Gobierno de Espana
(2020).starting R0. Our infection fatality ratio, and infection-to-onset-to-death distributions stronglyinfection-to-death distribution is therefore given by:: Left, infection-to-death distribution (mean 23.9 days). Right, survival probability of infectedDuring this early phase of control measures against the novel coronavirus in Europe, we analyze trendsof the novel coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. (2020) .1101/2020.03.19.20039107.mortality and healthcare demand (Report 9).
disease-analysis/news--wuhan-coronavirus/.
|
What is PPE?
|
Personal Protective Equipment
| 6,407
| false
| 1,618
| 2,181
|
The foreignness of putting on, removing, and working from within a PPE and the trustworthiness of available PPE were mentioned They attended special training sessions focused on protocols for admission and treatment of a patient with EVD, the donning/doffing of PPE, and personal protective measures during patient care Many of them were afraid that they would not get the best PPE, others that they would not do the donning/doffing correctly and, lastly, they were worried about work performance while in the PPE In preparedness efforts in other countries, scarcity of resources in relation to manpower demand and problems with training and protocols involving PPE were common challenges One participant said that 'a little bit more seriousness [would have been] needed in the PPE practices'.What bothered most of us was how uncomfortable the PPE was and I think that made people nervous: "How will I manage working in this for hours?" Parked in a closed-off area, a physician in full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) entered the plane, but quickly ruled out Ebola .
|
How many clinical trials are registered?
|
nine
| 12,796
| false
| 2,486
| 3,648
|
Among 23 trials found from the systematic review , there are nine clinical trials registered under the clinical trials registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) for 2019-nCoV therapeutics In addition, we highlight six ongoing Phase I clinical trials identified in the ClinicalTrials.gov register ( ); Table S4 ) It will likely take about a year for most candidates to start phase 1 clinical trials except for those funded by Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) Well-designed clinical trials that provide the gold standard for assessing the therapeutic measures are scarce Both Phase I clinical trials reported positive results, but only one has announced plans to proceed to Phase 2 trial .Besides the six completed randomized controlled trials (RCT) selected from the systematic review , there is only one ongoing randomized controlled trial targeted at SARS therapeutics Its efficacy has been assessed in observational studies, retrospective case series, retrospective cohort study, a prospective observational study, a prospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial ranging from seven to 229 participants
|
What percentage of people infected with SARS-CoV died?
|
10%
| 1,743
| false
| 1,671
| 1,255
|
SARS-CoV infected about 8000 people, and resulted in the deaths of approximately 10% of those infected While MERS-CoV is not as widespread as SARS-CoV, it appears to have an even higher mortality rate, with 35-50% of diagnosed infections resulting in death [3,REviEW Jamieson future science group Risk factors for SARS-CoV patients included an older age and male One factor that increased disease for patients infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV was infection with other viruses or bacteria SARS-CoV also spreads more rapidly between hosts, while MERS-CoV has been more easily contained, but it is unclear if this is due to the affected patient populations and regions 39 ] Immune factors that increased mortality for SARS-CoV were a higher neutrophil count and low T-cell countsSince SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were discovered relatively recently there is a lack of both patient and experimental data
|
What is the key regulator to sporulation?
|
Spo0A
| 2,243
| false
| 1,667
| 915
|
Spo0A is the key regulator for sporulationThough Spo0A is the key regulator for sporulation in Firmicutes, it regulates numerous other processes in various bacteria This gene encodes the key sigma factor for the transition phase, and regulates processes outside sporulation as wellThe initiation of sporulation in B. subtilis is subject to complex regulation (for review see ref ) subtilis and/or play important roles in sporulation [3, difficile could potentially regulate genes that have no documented function in sporulation difficile might regulate the transcription of at least a subset of early sporulation genes by direct binding to their promoter regions.
|
For HCPS, what does that expression favor?
|
the pulmonary bed and lymphoid organs
| 16,823
| false
| 1,660
| 4,551
|
For HCPS, that expression favors the pulmonary bed and lymphoid organs, yet, for unknown reasons, spares the retroperitoneum and, in general, the kidney Several hallmark pathologic changes have been identified that occur in both HFRS and HCPS HFRS and HCPS share many clinical features, leading many investigators to consider them to be, in essence, different manifestations of a similar pathogenic process, differing mainly in the primary target organs of disease expression Thus, at least three classes of potential mechanisms, some overlapping and all certainly nonexclusive of the others, could be presumed to underlie the pathogenesis of HCPS In a facility at which many cases of HCPS are treated, the University of New Mexico medical center in Albuquerque, a diagnostic service has long been offered in which the patient's hematologic findings are analyzed to establish the probability that a patient has HCPSWhile diagnosis of HCPS as well as HFRS is best accomplished with IgM serology, in the acute stage of SNV infection, RT-PCR can also be used if blood cells or blood clot are used instead of plasma or serum, where sensitivity even using nested PCR primers drops to about 70% The combination of thrombocytopenia, elevated abundance of -immunoblast‖ lymphocytes, left-shifted polymorphonuclear cell population without strong morphologic evidence for their activation, and elevated hemoglobin or hematocrit values is highly specific for HCPS and allows clinicians the ability to put presumptive-HCPS patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which is believed to have saved many patients from a lethal outcome .
|
What is directly related to nuclear condensation?
|
apoptotic chromatin changes
| 16,300
| false
| 1,607
| 5,282
|
As shown in, Hoechst 33342 staining demonstrated that nuclear condensation, which is directly related to apoptotic chromatin changes, emerged in some cells after treatment with Cu(BrHAP) 2To investigate the induction of apoptosis by Cu(BrHAP) 2 , nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells were analyzed by detection of nuclear condensation At the same time, control cells were visualized with a green intact nuclear structure The added RNase A limited the ability of PI to bind to only DNA molecules This result suggests the possibility that the cells were arrested in the G 1 or G 2 phase of the cell cycle After washing and suspending the cells in PBS, 25 L of RNase A (10 mg/mL) and 50 L of propidium iodide (PI) (1 mg/mL) were added to the fixed cells for 1 h at 37 ∘ C 2 -Induced LDH Release
|
What has epidemiology and research identified the MERS-CoV's cell receptor is?
|
as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26)
| 4,901
| false
| 1,741
| 4,202
|
Subsequent epidemiology and research has identified the cell receptor as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26); that MERS-CoV has a broad tropism, replicating better in some cells lines and eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV; is widespread in DCs; has the potential to infect other animals and that MERS kills its human host more often than SARS did (20-40 % versus 9 % for SARS ) . For the viruses, MERS-CoV has a broader tropism, grows more rapidly in vitro, more rapidly induces cytopathogenic change, triggers distinct transcriptional responses, makes use of a different receptor, induces a more proinflammatory state and has a delayed innate antiviral response compared to SARS-CoV. Sero-assays and prospective cohort studies have yet to determine the extent to which milder or asymptomatic cases contribute to MERS-CoV transmission chains No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found among 2,400 sera from patients visiting Hospital in Jeddah, from 2010 through 2012, prior to the description of MERS-CoV RT-PCR also detected MERS-CoV The precise source from which humans acquire MERS-CoV remains poorly studied but it seems likely that animal and human behavioural factors may play roles (FigMERS-CoV does not appear to be easily transmitted from DCs to humans, or perhaps it is , but generally does not trigger a detectable immune response if only mild disease or asymptomatic infection results
|
How many cases had no pre-existing conditions?
|
five
| 7,889
| false
| 2,642
| 3,824
|
Data on pre-existing conditions were reported for seven cases; five had no pre-existing conditions while one was reported to be obese and one had pre-existing cardiac diseaseThe first three cases detected were reported in France on 24 January 2020 and had onset of symptoms on 17, 19 and 23 January respectively No data on clinical signs e.g. dyspnea etc. were reported for any of the 38 cases. However, of the 31 cases with information on symptoms, 20 cases presented with fever and nine cases presented only with fever and no other symptomsSymptoms at the point of diagnosis were reported for 31 cases Our analysis shows that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/case isolation was about 3 days longer for locally acquired cases than for imported cases All three cases who were aged 65 years or over were admitted to intensive care and required respiratory support and one French case died
|
What is this network composed of?
|
58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs.
| 3,240
| false
| 1,623
| 4,095
|
In 2014, this network was composed of 58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs Multiplex analysis allows for rapid production of diagnostic results The island benefits from a healthcare system similar to mainland France and epidemiological surveillance has been developed by the regional office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Cire OI), based on the surveillance system of mainland France As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy in the ILI surveillance and allowed to highlight the circulation of other viruses and bacterial causes of respiratory infections, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI Thus they were deleted from the analysis: one is positive for Influenza in singleplex and negative for all tested pathogens in multiplex and one is positive for Influenza in singleplex and positive for PIV2 in multiplex It could be a false positive result from singleplex It thus allows highlighted the possible presence of eighteen respiratory viruses and four bacteria in one reaction by melt curve analysis: Influenza A not (H1N1
|
What conditions are caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
|
mild skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia
| 10,739
| false
| 1,664
| 5,175
|
aureus strain in respiratory infection (Olsen et al., 2010b)Staphylococcus aureus colonizes persistently about 30% of the human population and typical niches include nares, axillae, and skin (Peacock et al., 2001; von Eiff et al., 2001; van Belkum et al., 2009) aureus infection (Small et al., 2010) aureus strains is of special concern, because certain clones are associated with very severe infections (Rasigade et al., 2010) aureus (MRSA) is now a major cause of hospital acquired infections (Hartman and Tomasz, 1984; Ubukata et al., 1989; Zetola et al., 2005) Pneumococci, S. aureus, and GAS are important human Gram-positive pathogens aureus were the most frequently isolated bacterial species (Mauad et al., 2010; Shieh et al., 2010; Rice et al., 2012)
|
For what there is evidence for the efficacy of hand washing?
|
reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission,
| 4,398
| false
| 2,643
| 1,927
|
Hand hygiene is a readily implemented behavior: the distribution of soap to households in humanitarian settings has been shown to increase handwashing by over 30% However, despite the indisputable evidence for the efficacy of hand hygiene for reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, humanitarian WASH standards are based on evidence pertaining to the prevention of illnesses transmitted by the faecal-oral route, with the focus on hand hygiene proximate to latrines Furthermore, hand hygiene is an avenue of agency for protecting one's own health, consistent with the rights to dignity and to fully participate in decisions related to assistance in humanitarian crises Gender-based violence around latrines is an important deterrent for accessing latrine-adjacent handwashing stations, particularly for hand hygiene to prevent respiratory pathogen transmission. Respiratory hygiene is a highly effective public health intervention, supported by evidence demonstrating that the spread of respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, can be prevented by hand hygiene, safe cough practice, and social distancing Widespread introduction of alcohol-based hand rubs is also possible in many resource-limited settings, with published protocols for local production . For example, limited public health, laboratory, and primary care services represent a barrier to testing
|
What does the study highlight?
|
a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. I
| 1,501
| false
| 1,623
| 4,040
|
A specific prospective study including clinical data might provide useful elements in the semiotics of diseases.Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 1 and Excel 1 Multiplex analysis allows for rapid production of diagnostic results Although samples were not taken every week, sample was representative of ILI activity and consistent with flu season Nevertheless, according to the low number of samples, it is difficult to conclude about seasonality Results of this study can therefore be of interest to both Indian Ocean and Europe countries.Regarding negative swabs (Fig 2) , we observed no seasonality during the study period with a similar proportion whatever the season
|
What bacterial delivery vectors have been tested in animal hosts?
|
attenuated bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), specifically Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Shigella and Salmonella, have been tested for the targeted delivery of heterologous antigens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin into a variety of animal hosts
| 1,614
| false
| 1,645
| 802
|
This may be beneficial, as the live bacterial vector used for delivery purposes harbours mutations in genes encoding proteins responsible for their survival in the animal host Attridge and coworkers reported that the presence of immunity against the bacterial vector prior to the delivery of vectored antigenic Since then several other intracellular bacterial vectors have been successfully tested for their capability to deliver a variety of antigens from various pathogens, as well as vaccination against cancerTo summarize, bacterial vectors such as Salmonella and viral vectors such as Ad show great promise as delivery vehicles for heterologous antigens; however, prior exposure to the vector must be consideredConversely, there are reports that indicate that pre-existing immunity against the bacterial vector downregulates immune responses against the delivered heterologous antigen using similar or related vectors However, taken together, these studies conclude that prior exposure of host animals to empty vector does not abrogate immune responses to the vectored antigen, but only reduces them somewhat Various attenuated bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), specifically Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Shigella and Salmonella, have been tested for the targeted delivery of heterologous antigens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin into a variety of animal hosts (Bahey-El-Din et al., 2010; Innocentin et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2011; Tobias et al., 2008 Tobias et al., , 2010 Tobias & Svennerholm, 2012)
|
What are the high resolution pulmonary CT scan findings for patients with severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)?
|
Consolidations within a single lobe or several lobes with a clear border and air bronchogram were the most common findings on HRCT scans. Nodules, patches, pleural effusion, abscess and a cavity were also seen visualized by HRCT
| 10,189
| false
| 1,604
| 3,250
|
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune function and a frequent cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease among young children Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55), which is emerging as a highly virulent pathogen for acute fatal adenoviral pneumonia among immunocompetent adults in China, has gained increasing attention Patients with HAdV-55 infection and severe ARDS who failed conventional NPPV and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) were included in the analysisThe prevalence of severe fatal adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 in our study is somewhat similar to that described by Cao and colleaguesOur study results suggest that the following may be clinical features of ARDS caused by HAdV-55: persistent high fever, rapid progression of dyspnea, need for mechanical ventilation support, elevated AST level and rapid progression from unilateral infiltrates to bilateral consolidations In our study, HAdV-55 DNA was detected and monitored in all patients with severe ARDS Five consecutive patients with severe ARDS with confirmed HAdV-55 infection were admitted to our ICU between April and July 2013
|
How was ILI defined?
|
as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc.
| 4,410
| false
| 1,623
| 4,101
|
ILI was defined as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc It shows that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnosis and thus explain the etiology of symptomsThis study also highlighted several co-infections, showing that concomitant the multiple etiology of ILI As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy in the ILI surveillance and allowed to highlight the circulation of other viruses and bacterial causes of respiratory infections, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI Results of biological analyses were compared with data of ILI consultations declared by sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012 Thus ILI samples tested negative for influenza are of unknown etiology.The main objective of our study was to characterize respiratory pathogens responsible for ILI consultations in sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012
|
What was the goal of this study?
|
to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10
| 1,157
| false
| 1,631
| 5,294
|
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and the Animal Experiment Committee of Tongji hospitalData obtained from the experiments are expressed as means ± SEM This study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of Tongji hospital. Analyses of two group results were performed using Student's t-test to evaluate the statistical significance of differences The survival rate was observed for 10 days (n = 24/group). Representative data from three independent experiments are shown Multiple group analyses for data were evaluated by one-way analyses of variance Values represent means and standard error of three independent experiments performed in triplicate
|
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism?
|
Fe
| 2,569
| false
| 1,560
| 2,134
|
Hepcidin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of Fe metabolism , which is a part of foundational cellular functions and thus of vital importance However, more detailed studies are needed on the role of hepcidin in the pathogenesis of septicemia. There is a significant relationship between Hepcidin, Fe metabolism, inflammation, and the immune system Hepcidin is controlled by the presence of inflammation in the body, Fe storage, and erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow and plays a primary role in the homeostasis of Fe The fact that hepcidin plays an active role in the regulation of Fe release from macrophages and in the control of excessive Fe absorption from the duodenum is well documented The role of Fe in the development of oxidative stress may once more show the importance of hepcidin, as an important Fe regulator, with regard to enhancing antioxidant capacity through inhibiting utilization of Fe by the organism as well as the host cells.Hepcidin may play an important part in non-specific immunity and is a key molecule that plays a role in the pathogenesis of diseases by enhancing the development of antioxidant system
|
What is the reason to adopt low-dose CT?
|
low-dose chest CT has been
widely used in the screening of early lung cancer. It is well known that many early lung cancers
are ground-glass opacities (GGO), so we believe that low-dose screening is also applicable for
COVID-19. In addition, considering the rapid development of COVID-19, many CT
14
examinations may be conducted in the same individual to monitor disease progress. Low-dose
scanning can reduce the radiation damage to patients.
| 24,546
| false
| 188
| 2,461
|
adopted the low-dose chest CT scan protocol are as follows: low-dose chest CT has beenThe technologist uses a low-dose chest CT protocol to scan the patient. After scanning, theAfter the CT examination, the technologist browses the images quickly. If the CT appearance isother reasons. The following CT procedure is applicable under these circumstances:non-contaminated CT scanners. The technologists assigned to these scanners wear surgicalare ground-glass opacities (GGO), so we believe that low-dose screening is also applicable forhelpful for making the diagnosis. In our opinion, the major role of chest CT is to understand the
|
Why is it highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2.
|
are distributed throughout the genome in a naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs
| 1,737
| false
| 2,459
| 3,596
|
Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2 In our view, there is currently no credible evidence to support the claim that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a laboratory-engineered CoVCurrently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin of SARS-CoV-2 Therefore, once again there is no credible evidence to support the claim that the SARS-CoV-2 is derived from the chimeric SL-SHC014-MA15 virus. Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV (RaTG13) was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2 It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant CoV generated in nature between a bat CoV and another coronavirus in an intermediate animal host
|
What is the structure of an Echovirus?
|
nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA
| 796
| false
| 1,550
| 2,988
|
Echoviruses were named from the acronym enteric cytopathic human orphan virus at the time of their discovery in the 1950s but were later found to be associated with respiratory illness, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and aseptic meningitis, similar to other enteroviruses (1) . Fifteen of 19 (79%) EV-positive patients were confirmed to have echovirus 30 (E-30), using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samplesE choviruses are members of the Enterovirus B species of the Enterovirus (EV) genus in the Picornaviridae family of nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses We generated and analyzed partial capsid (viral protein 1 [VP1]) sequences using methods developed by Minnaar et al. (4) The enterovirus polyprotein can be divided into one structural (P1-capsid) and two nonstructural (P2 and P3) regions Its VP1 sequence was confirmed by the CDC Picornavirus Laboratory to be nearly identical to those of E-30s identified in an aseptic meningitis outbreak that occurred in the fall of 2017 in Nevada; it also has greater than 99% nucleotide identity to the VP1 sequences of E-30 strains from the southern United States identified by the CDC in May 2017 (GenBank accession numbers MG584831 and MG584832), as measured using the online version of blastn ( The genome sequence of E-30 USA/2017/CA-RGDS-1005 shares less than 89% nucleotide identity (NI) and less than 98% amino acid identity (AI) with other publicly available E-30 sequences The NGS data were analyzed using an in-house Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) pipeline which involves the removal of host sequences using bowtie2/2.3.3.1, primer removal, low-quality (below Q20) and read length (Ͻ50 nucleotides) filtering using cutadapt 1.18, read duplication removal using a Dedup.py script, de novo assembly using SPAdes 3.7 default parameters, and BLAST search of the resultant contigs (8)
|
What is the RNA of the 2019-nCOV?
|
29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids
| 7,519
| false
| 2,634
| 3,713
|
The single-stranded RNA genome of the 2019-nCoV was 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids The importance of this new protein in 2019-nCoV will require further validation and study. For all these 5 genes, the 2019-nCoV was clustered with lineage B βCoVsThe complete genome sequence of 2019-nCoV HKU-SZ-005b was available at GenBank (accession no. MN975262) Interestingly, the new 2019-nCoV orf8 is distant from the conserved orf8 or(B) ) which was shown to trigger intracellular stress pathways and activates NLRP3 inflammasomes , but this is absent in this novel orf8 of 2019-nCoVThe genome of 2019-nCoV has overall 89% nucleotide identity with bat SARS-related-CoV SL-CoVZXC21 (MG772934.1), and 82% with human SARS-CoV BJ01 2003 (AY278488) and human SARS-CoV Tor2 (AY274119) Since the SARS-CoV is the closest human pathogenic virus to the 2019-nCoV, we performed phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignments to investigate the orf8 amino acid sequences
|
What does the immune response elicited by these agents lead to?
|
infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath.
| 3,739
| false
| 2,504
| 3,870
|
These agents elicit an immune response leading to infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath This also increases the chances of allergens coming into contact with airway immune cells These, in turn, enable infiltration of innate immune cells and of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that will then in turn release specific mediators to facilitate viral targeting and clearance, including type II interferon (IFNγ), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-12 (Wark and Gibson, 2006; Singh et al., 2010; Braciale et al., 2012) Immune response and injury factors released from the infected epithelium normally would induce a rapid type 1 immunity that facilitates viral clearance Furthermore, the humanized mouse model that possess human immune cells may also serves to unravel the immune profile of a viral infection in healthy and diseased condition (Ito et al., 2019; Li and Di Santo, 2019) In a healthy airway, the inflammation normally leads to type 1 inflammatory responses consisting of activation of an antiviral state and infiltration of antiviral effector cells Upon infecting the host, viruses evoke an inflammatory response as a means of counteracting the infection
|
Why did the T20/N36 complex not show a typical alpha helical conformation?
|
Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD)
| 10,220
| false
| 1,656
| 2,263
|
Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD), the T20/N36 complex did not show a typical α -helical conformation, in consistence with our previous studies 8, 9 Similar to the α -helicity of C34/N36 complex 3 , the AP1/N36, AP2/N36 and AP3/N36 complexes all formed a saddle-shaped negative peak at 208 nm and 222 nm, indicating their α -helical structures (Fig 4a) Fig. 4b) , indicating that the α -helical complex formed by AP3 and N36 is the most stable among the four complexes. It has been proved that the EE-KK double salt bridge can stabilize helix conformation 30 The fusion protein N36-L6-AP1 was crystallized at 16 °C using the hanging drop, vapor-diffusion method The hydrophobic methionine side chain of M41 accommodates the groove between AP3 and NHR helices, capping the hydrophobic pocket 1a) , aiming to apply the "M-T hook" structure to stabilize the interaction of the artificial peptide with the hydrophobic pocket on the gp41 NHR trimer 17, 18
|
When is this especially true?
|
when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection
| 15,414
| false
| 2,504
| 3,963
|
This is especially true when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection (Singanayagam et al., 2018 (Singanayagam et al., , 2019a Whilst the prevalence of viral exacerbations in CRS is still unclear, its prevalence is likely to be high due to the similar inflammatory nature of these diseases (Rowan et al., 2015; Tan et al., 2017) Moreover, not all viral infections of the airway will lead to acute exacerbations, suggesting a more complex interplay between the virus and upper airway epithelium which synergize with the local airway environment in line with the "united airway" hypothesis (Kurai et al., 2013) This is usually further compounded by the increased susceptibility of chronic airway inflammatory disease patients toward viral respiratory infections, thereby increasing the frequency of exacerbation as a whole (Dougherty and Fahy, 2009; Busse et al., 2010; Linden et al., 2019) On the other hand, viral infections or their components persist in patients with chronic airway inflammatory disease (Kling et al., 2005; Wood et al., 2011; Ravi et al., 2019) Moreover, the destruction of the epithelial barrier may cause further contact with other pathogens and allergens in the airway which may then prolong exacerbations or results in new exacerbations These changes may in turn result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations due to the interplay between virus and pathogenic bacteria in exacerbating chronic airway inflammatory diseases (Wark et al., 2013; Singanayagam et al., 2018)
|
What did the comparison of the FPASSA-ANFIS model with several existing models, show?
|
it showed better performance in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), and computing time.
| 1,459
| false
| 2,440
| 4,401
|
The FPASSA-ANFIS utilizes the improved FPA to train the ANFIS model by optimizing its parametersIn this section, the performance of the proposed FPASSA to predict the DS1 and DS2 is discussed This modified version, called FPASSA, is applied to improve the performance of the ANFIS through determining the optimal value for its parameters The FPASSA-ANFIS contains five layers as the classic ANFIS modelThe parameters of the ANFIS model are prepared by the FPASSA algorithm It can be concluded that the FPASSA outperforms other modelsThis paper aims to assess the ability of the FPASSA to forecast the COVID-19 by comparing its performance with other methods, namely the ANFIS and the trained ANFIS models using PSO, GA, ABC, FPA, and FPASSA
|
What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)?
|
The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV),
| 2,534
| false
| 1,575
| 550
|
3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), which are responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children A variety of predominant multiple infection patterns between respiratory viruses were observed in different studies 24, 29, 33 Regardless of the IAV (H1N1) outbreak, RSV and HRV were the two most common viral pathogens in ARTIs, which was consistent with most previous studies 1 In this study, IAV was the most frequently detected respiratory virus, followed by RSV and HRV Studies showed that many viral respiratory infections exhibited predictable seasonal variationsAcute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a persistent and pervasive public health problem in both developed and developing countries Our results also showed that RSV, IAV and HRV were the main pathogens in single viral infection cases
|
How far can pathogenic bacteria spread in a coughed aerosol?
|
4 m
| 44,513
| false
| 1,741
| 4,287
|
For context, pathogenic bacteria can remain viable and airborne for 45 min in a coughed aerosol and can spread 4 m Such findings expand our understanding of the possibilities for droplets to transmit respiratory viruses in many settings, including hospital waiting rooms, emergency departments, treatment rooms, open intensive care facilities and private patient rooms Bacterial testing is sometimes included (for example, for Legionella and Pneumococcus) but the impact of bacterial co-presence is also unclear [22, Aerosol experiments found MERS-CoV viability only decreased 7 % at low RH at 20°C Whether the WHO definition of animal contact is sufficient to identify exposure to this respiratory virus remains unclear 3 ) and this may be a time when there is increased risk to humans of spill-over due to new infections among naïve DC populationsIn 2015 two large outbreaks occurred
|
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide?
|
more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa.
| 2,291
| false
| 630
| 278
|
Of the 97 HIV-1-infected infants, 57 were infected IU, 11 were infected IP, and 17 were infected PP as determined by PCR analyses of blood samples collected at birth, 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months of age and according to the following definitions adapted from Bryson and colleagues In the most heavilyaffected countries, such as Zimbabwe, HIV-1 is responsible for one third of all deaths among children under the age of five Of the 97 HIV-1-infected infants, 57 were infected IU, 11 were infected IP, and 17 were infected PP Among them, 97 infants were HIV-1-infected and 100 infants remained uninfectedWithout specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45% UNAIDS estimates that last year alone, more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa Timing of infection was not determined for 12 HIV-1-infected infants
|
What intestinal factors may reduce the effectiveness of orally-administered immunizations?
|
gastric acids, pepsin, and trypsin
| 3,759
| false
| 2,461
| 605
|
As a superior way of mucosal immunization, oral administration can protect the gut and stimulate the common mucosal immune system The system can protect antigens from the severe environment of the GI tract and deliver antigens to intestinal mucosa Therefore, the effective work of maintaining intestine morphology is a good indicator for assessing the efficacy of vaccines Nevertheless, there are several challenges by oral immunization, which consist of physical, chemical, and biological barriers when delivering antigens to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (such as gastric acids, pepsin, and trypsin in the GI tract) . Therefore, oral immunization often delivers large amounts of antigens to prevent the diarrheal diseasesSmall intestine morphology can directly reflect the intestinal health and plays an important role in maintaining the intestine immune system Consequently, learning about how the lymphocytes are distributed in the small intestinal mucosa is very meaningful for mucosal immunology
|
What was the age profile of mortality in the 1918 swine flu?
|
age-specific death rates in the
1918 pandemic exhibited a distinct pattern that has not been
documented before or since: a “W—shaped” curve, similar to
the familiar U-shaped curve but with the addition of a third
(middle) distinct peak of deaths in young adults z20410
years of age
| 21,925
| false
| 2,684
| 1,110
|
Age and sex incidence of influenza and pneumonia morbidity and mortality in the epidemic of 1928-1929 with comparativesons had once been exposed. Mortality data are in accord.
In 1918, persons >75 years had lower influenza andly half of the influenza—related deaths in the 1918 pandem-
ic were in young adults 20410 years of age, a phenomenonall excess influenza—related deaths in 191871919. In com-
parison, the <65-year age group accounted for 36% of all1917, the 5- to 15-year age group accounted for 11% of
total influenza cases, while the >65-year age groupIn 1918, the cause of human influenza and its links to
avian and swine influenza were unknown. Despite clinicalyears of age accounted for a disproportionate number of
influenza cases, but had a much lower death rate from
|
How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV?
|
eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV
| 5,044
| false
| 1,741
| 4,203
|
MERS-CoV survival is inferior to that previously demonstrated for SARS-CoVMERS and SARS have some clinical similarities but they also diverge significantly However, the proportion of deaths among those infected with MERS-CoV is much higher than that known for the HCoVs NL63, HKU1, 229E or OC43 in other countries, and even above that for SARS-CoV; it is not a virus that could reasonably be described as a "storm in a teacup" RT-PCR also detected MERS-CoV For the viruses, MERS-CoV has a broader tropism, grows more rapidly in vitro, more rapidly induces cytopathogenic change, triggers distinct transcriptional responses, makes use of a different receptor, induces a more proinflammatory state and has a delayed innate antiviral response compared to SARS-CoV. Subsequent epidemiology and research has identified the cell receptor as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26); that MERS-CoV has a broad tropism, replicating better in some cells lines and eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV; is widespread in DCs; has the potential to infect other animals and that MERS kills its human host more often than SARS did (20-40 % versus 9 % for SARS ) . DC versions of MERS-CoV were found to be as similar to each other, as were variants detected from different humans over time and across distance.
|
What percentage of HIV-infected people go undetected in the United States?
|
20%
| 2,416
| false
| 1,580
| 4,437
|
Despite technological advances in the field of HIV diagnostics and the high sensitivity and specificity associated with most HIV diagnostic tests that are currently available, it is estimated that approximately 20% of HIV-infected individuals living in the United States remain undiagnosed The limit of detection for HIV-1 DNA was 10 copies/reactionWhole blood from HIV-1 infected individuals was collected as part of a separate, IRB-approved study , or obtained commercially (SeraCare Life Sciences) HIV-specific antibody typically begins to appear around three weeks post-infection, allowing for detection by most antibody-based assays within 3-6 weeks All HIVnegative blood samples, included in each reaction, were negative (data not shown)Despite the advances made by the widespread availability of rapid tests, all antibody-based tests for the detection of HIV exhibit some limitations Furthermore, testing sites have reported as many as 35 to 50% of individuals with an initial positive test result will not return for a confirmatory diagnosis if follow-up laboratory testing is required
|
How were the first human infections identified?
|
through a surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown aetiology
| 6,720
| false
| 2,526
| 2,983
|
The first human infections were identified through a surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown aetiology, and all of the earliest infections therefore had Modelling studies incorporating healthcare capacity and processes pneumonia The earliest human infections had occurred by early December 2019, and a large wet market in central Wuhan was linked to most, but not all, of the initial cases While evidence from the initial outbreak investigations seemed to suggest that 2019-nCoV could not easily spread between humans , it is now very clear that infections have been spreading from person to personIn conclusion, there are a number of urgent research priorities to inform the public health response to the global spread of 2019-nCoV infectionsIn an analysis of the first 425 confirmed cases of infection, 73% of cases with illness onset between 12 and 22 January reported no exposure to either a wet market or another person with symptoms of a respiratory illnessThose under 18 years are a critical group to study in order to tease out the relative roles of susceptibility vs severity as possible underlying causes for the very rare recorded instances of infection in this age group Beyond the first year, one interesting possibility in the longer term, perhaps borne of wishful hope, is that after the first few epidemic waves, the subsequent endemic re-infections could be of milder severity
|
What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens?
|
hey have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases [102, 103] , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases.
| 19,603
| false
| 2,486
| 3,668
|
Although upper respiratory tract specimens such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs can be used, they have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases. It was found that the respiratory specimens were positive for the virus while serum was negative in the early periodRapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are key pharmaceutical interventions to limit transmission of respiratory infectious diseasesImproved mortality following receipt of convalescent plasma in various doses was consistently reported in several observational studies involving cases with severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) of viral etiology Combined usage with ribavirin was also associated with lower incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome, nosocomial infection and death, amongst other favorable outcomes For SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract such as sputum and tracheal aspirates have higher and more prolonged levels of viral RNA because of the tropism of the virus False negative results may occur due to insufficient organisms in the specimen resulting from improper collection, transportation or handling
|
Why early identification of COVID-19 patients can be difficult?
|
Early identification of 2019-nCoV infection presents a major challenge
| 1,104
| false
| 2,466
| 642
|
The main challenge may include (1) early identification of outbreak, (2) rapid expansion of patients, (3) high risk of nosocomial transmission, (4) unpredictability of size impacted, and (5) lack of backup resourceEarly identification of 2019-nCoV infection presents a major challenge for the frontline clinicians The key point is to discriminate the infectious disease outbreak from regular clustering cases of flu-like diseases at early stage In addition, asymptomatic cases and lack of diagnosis kits result in delayed or even missed diagnosis inevitable and makes many other patients, visitors, and healthcare workers exposed to the 2019-nCoV infection. At the early stage, the size of the patients' population is not beyond the capability of local infectious diseases hospital (IDH) For suspected 2019-nCoV infection, several key points are crucial procedures: recording a detailed history, standardizing pneumonia workup, obtaining lower respiratory tract specimens , and implementing droplet isolation to break the transmission chain in the healthcare setting . The death of a retired ENT physician from a 2019-nCoV infection has added to fears in January 2020
|
How can countries enhance public health surveillance?
|
active community surveillance
| 13,076
| false
| 1,568
| 1,607
|
In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIsDisease Surveillance and Notification Officers, who are employed by the State Ministry of Health and familiar with the communities in this study, performed specimen and data collection Efforts worldwide including in East and Southern Africa have been focused on developing community-based participatory disease surveillance methods Further, findings from this work also add to the growing body of research that shows value of community-data in infectious disease surveillance Thus, the utility of community-based surveillance may be appropriate in contexts such as in Nigeria, and the purpose of this pilot study was to investigate if clinical cases may describe the entire picture of ARI among children in Nigeria. These broad risk factors alongside limited resources have indicated the need for community-based initiatives for surveillance and interventions For ARI surveillance in particular, infections in the community are those that do not get reported clinically
|
Which viruses are part of the Old World complex of Arenaviridae?
|
Lassa and Lujo viruses
| 514
| false
| 1,606
| 5,271
|
The virus family Arenaviridae consists of only one genus, but most viruses within this genus can be divided into two different groups: the Old World arenaviruses and the New World arenaviruses (also known as the Tacaribe complex) Tacaribe complex lineage B of the New World arenaviruses consists of the Junin virus (JUNV), Guanarito virus (GUNV), Sabia virus (SABV) and Machupo virus (MACV), the etiological agents of Argentine, Venezuelan, Brazilian, and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers, respectively The Lujo virus is most distantly related to the other Old World arenaviruses A novel pathogenic New World arenavirus, Chapare virus (CHPV), has been isolated from a fatal case of VHF in Bolivia The genome sequence analysis of the Lujo virus suggests that the virus is genetically distinct from previously characterized arenaviruses In addition, five cases of VHF have been reported in South Africa, and a novel arenavirus, named Lujo virus, was isolated from a patient The Lujo virus is a new member of the hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus family from Zambia and southern Africa, and the virus is classified as a BSL-4 pathogen
|
What is dynamitin associated with?
|
reduced N's accumulation in the Golgi
| 14,136
| false
| 1,660
| 4,509
|
A dominant negative inhibitor, dynamitin, associated with dynein-mediated transport, reduced N's accumulation in the Golgi HFRS and HCPS share many clinical features, leading many investigators to consider them to be, in essence, different manifestations of a similar pathogenic process, differing mainly in the primary target organs of disease expression Several hallmark pathologic changes have been identified that occur in both HFRS and HCPS Unlike the neurologic diseases that have been possible to elicit with HTNV, the hamster model for HCPS appears to be caused by capillary leak that results in pulmonary edema and the production of a pleural effusion with exudative characteristics Thus, at least three classes of potential mechanisms, some overlapping and all certainly nonexclusive of the others, could be presumed to underlie the pathogenesis of HCPSLocal elaboration of inflammatory and chemotactic mediators is considered to be a requirement for the development of systemic disease symptoms, with those abnormalities sometimes culminating in shock and death HFRS as a distinct syndrome, however, was first brought to the attention of western medicine in association with an outbreak that occurred among United Nations troops during the Korean conflict between 1951 and 1954, where more than 3,200 soldiers were afflicted
|
What is the key aim of non-pharmaceutical interventions?
|
reduce the effective reproduction number
| 6,703
| false
| 2,683
| 814
|
We also catalogue data on the nature and type of major non-pharmaceutical interventions. We lookedWe estimate that major non-pharmaceutical interventions have had a substantial impact on the time-unprecedented non-pharmaceutical interventions including case isolation, the closure of schools andUnderstanding firstly, whether these interventions are having the desired impact of controlling thestudy have implemented all major non-pharmaceutical interventions.epidemics. These large-scale non-pharmaceutical interventions vary between countries but include8.5 Counterfactual analysis — interventions vs no interventions
|
How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken?
|
72 h
| 19,631
| false
| 1,631
| 5,297
|
Liver tissues were harvested 72 h following MHV-3 infection, and liver histology was detected by H&E stainingMHV-3 induced fulminant viral hepatitis progresses rapidly and infected mice die within 3-5 days Livers were collected from saline-treated (a) and CC10-treated (b) BALB/cJ mice at 72 h after MHV-3 infection (B) Histopathology of liver tissues (H&E staining; original magnification, ×400, n = 5/group) at 72 h post-MHV-3 infection was evaluated in the two groups of MHV-3-infected BALB/cJ mice There were rare or no infiltrating inflammatory cells, and few or no hepatocyte necrosis in the livers of mice in the CC10 group 72 h after MHV-3 infection MHV-3-induced liver injury in CC10-treated mice occurred rarely and the areas of lesions were much fewer than those in saline-treated control mice Serum ALT and AST levels in mice were observed 72 h after MHV-3 infection
|
What are the most common viruses?
|
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs)
| 2,831
| false
| 1,566
| 1,614
|
The most common viruses detected were RSV and rhinovirus accounting for almost 60% of all cases multiple infections as well as the number of co-occurrences of viruses for each possible virus combination The leading viral agents include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) In absolute terms the most common combination observed was RSV/rhinovirus On the other hand, the viruses most rarely seen in co-infections were influenza viruses A and B as well as RSV In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen (58.1%), followed by rhinovirus (20.3%) and PIV3 with 8.1% each In addition, there is a continuously increasing list of new respiratory viruses that contribute significantly to the burden of acute respiratory infections, such as the recently identified human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human Bocavirus (HBoV) .
|
How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus?
|
170 million people worldwide
| 3,062
| false
| 1,564
| 1,626
|
At least 170 million people worldwide are persistently infected with hepatitis C virus Chronic HCV infection is associated with a significant risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma Fifty-seven of these samples were obtained from chronically infected HCV patientsHepatitis C virus (HCV, a member of the Flaviviridae family) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus that preferentially replicates in hepatocytes Experimentally infected chimpanzees and naturally infected humans can be re-infected with homologous and heterologous HCV strains, suggesting that the humoral immunity that develops after spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C is not sterilizingBetter knowledge of the viral and host factors that determine HCV clearance or persistence during the acute stage of infection is needed in order to improve antiviral therapy and to develop efficient vaccines Thus, of 57 HCV-infected patients, only two did not test positive for neutralizing antibodies in this assay (the titers were 0.960 and 0.932, respectively).
|
What are some of the other diagnostic methods?
|
reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), RT-insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) and a one-step rRT-PCR assay based on specific TaqMan probes.
| 7,770
| false
| 2,486
| 3,634
|
It is comparable to the usual diagnostic tests and is rapid, simple and convenient Hence, enhancements to the current molecular test were conducted to improve the diagnosisThe first validated diagnostic test was designed in Germany. Corman et alRapid diagnostics plays an important role in disease and outbreak management Nucleic amplification tests (NAAT) are usually preferred as in the case of MERS-CoV diagnosis as it has the highest sensitivity at the earliest time point in the acute phase of infection We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and validation trials (for diagnostics test) published in English, that measured (a) the sensitivity and/or specificity of a rapid diagnostic test or a point-of-care testing kit, (b) the impact of drug therapy or (c) vaccine efficacy against either of these diseases with no date restriction applied Hence, serological diagnoses are likely used when nucleic amplification tests (NAAT) are not available or accessible .
|
How are humans typically infected with Coxiella burnetii?
|
inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool
| 2,913
| false
| 1,583
| 5,210
|
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii (CC. burnetii infection in humans is asymptomatic in approximately 50% of cases burnetii by wind were relevant risk factors for acquiring Q fever High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II burnetii is able to survive in a spore-like state for months to years, outbreaks among humans have also occurred through contaminated dust carried by wind over large distances .An outbreak investigation team was formed and included public health professionals from the local health department, the local veterinary health department, the state health department, the National Consulting Laboratory (NCL) for Coxiellae and the Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), the federal public health institute
|
What does immunization with adenovirus induce?
|
potent cellular and humoral immune responses that are initiated through toll-like receptor-dependent and independent pathways which induce robust pro-inflammatory cytokine responses
| 11,409
| false
| 1,719
| 1,540
|
Adenovirus has been extensively studied as a vaccine vector for human diseaseImmunization with adenovirus vectors induces potent cellular and humoral immune responses that are initiated through toll-like receptor-dependent and independent pathways which induce robust pro-inflammatory cytokine responses Prime-boost strategies, using DNA or protein immunization in conjunction with an adenovirus vaccine booster immunization have also been explored as a means to avoided preexisting immunity . Even replication-defective adenovirus vectors are naturally immunostimulatory and effective adjuvants to the recombinant antigen being deliveredAdeno-associated viruses (AAV) were first explored as gene therapy vectors However, safety concerns have led to the majority of adenovirus-based vaccine development to focus on replication-defective vectors A live adenovirus vaccine containing serotypes 4 and 7 has been in use by the military for decades, suggesting adenoviruses may be safe for widespread vaccine use
|
What is the advantage of Boosted Regression Tree method?
|
The advantage of BRT is that it applies stochastic processes that include probabilistic components to improve predictive performance.
| 26,125
| false
| 1,628
| 591
|
We used regression trees to select relevant predictor variables and boosting to improve accuracy in a single tree Boosted regression trees, also known as stochastic gradient boosting, was performed to predict the probability of HPAI H5N1 occurrence and determine the relative influence of each risk factor to the HPAI H5N1 occurrence BRT utilizes regression trees and boosting algorithms to fit several models and combines them for improving prediction by performing iterative loop throughout the model . The sequential process allows trees to be fitted iteratively through a forward stage-wise procedure in the boosting model Two important parameters specified in the BRT model are learning rate (lr) and tree complexity (tc) to determine the number of trees for optimal prediction In our model we used 10 sets of training and test points for cross-validation, a tree complexity of 5, a learning rate of 0.01, and a bag fraction of 0.5 This indicated that though clustering effects were significant, our theory driven predictor variables improved model performance.
|
On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed?
|
on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science).
| 5,642
| false
| 1,623
| 4,105
|
The reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science) In recent years, multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed to identify several viruses simultaneously Multiplex analysis allows for rapid production of diagnostic resultsAnalyses showed that some viruses are possibly seasonal and were circulating during a specific period of the yearStatistical analyses were performed with Stata 1 and Excel 1 For the latter, it is specific to the studied period since the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus reappeared in Réunion Island in October 2012 and was no longer circulating since late 2010 Co-circulation was already observed in Réunion Island during the A(H1N1) pdm09 pandemic in addition to influenza virus, with identification of other respiratory viruses such as Rhinovirus or Coronavirus
|
What is Koch's third postulate?
|
after being fully isolated from the body and repeatedly grown in pure culture, the microbe can induce the disease anew
| 15,429
| false
| 1,676
| 909
|
Koch recognized as early as 1891 that associating the presence of a certain agent with a certain disease is complex, and he therefore postulated guidelines that should be followed before an agent can be classified as a pathogen Although attempts have been made to adjust the Koch's postulates specifically for viruses and the current methodologies deployed , fulfilling these postulates is still not feasible on most occasions due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system, difficulties in antigen synthesis and high levels of viral genetic diversity within viral groups, reviewed in the literature . In two studies the detection of this virus was associated with diarrhea , while in another study no association with disease was found His postulates can be summarized in three points: (1) The microbe occurs in every case of the disease in question and under circumstances which can account for the pathological changes and clinical course of the disease; (2) the microbe occurs in no other disease as a fortuitous and nonpathogenic parasite; and (3), after being fully isolated from the body and repeatedly grown in pure culture, the microbe can induce the disease anew Tusavirus, another recently described member of the Parvoviridae, was identified in the feces of a child from Tunisia with unexplained diarrhea , and thus far this is the only study describing this virusIn conclusion, the long list of viruses identified in the gastrointestinal tract is most probably not final yet Filtrated norovirus was given to healthy volunteers after which most of them developed diarrhea
|
What are miRNAs found to be induced by?
|
viral infections and may play a role in the modulation of antiviral responses and inflammation
| 29,232
| false
| 2,504
| 4,011
|
miRNAs are found to be induced by viral infections and may play a role in the modulation of antiviral responses and inflammation (Gutierrez et al., 2016; Deng et al., 2017; Feng et al., 2018)MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional modulation of biological processes, and implicated in a number of diseases (Tan et al., 2014) Other than these direct evidence of miRNA changes in contributing to exacerbations, an increased number of miRNAs and other non-coding RNAs responsible for immune modulation are found to be altered following viral infections (Globinska et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2018; Hasegawa et al., 2018) In the case of chronic airway inflammatory diseases, circulating miRNA changes were found to be linked to exacerbation of the diseases (Wardzynska et al., 2020) Therefore, it is likely that such miRNA changes originated from the infected epithelium and responding immune cells, which may serve to further dysregulate airway inflammation leading to exacerbations Conversely, miR-22 was shown to be suppressed in asthmatic epithelium in IFV infection which lead to aberrant epithelial response, contributing to exacerbations (Moheimani et al., 2018) The dysregulation of inflammation can be further compounded by modulation of miRNAs and epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation and histone modifications that promote dysregulation in inflammation
|
Where was the first known MERS human-to-human transmission event?
|
in a healthcare setting in Jordan
| 47,604
| false
| 1,741
| 4,302
|
The first known MERS human-to-human transmission event was one characterized by acute LRT disease in a healthcare setting in Jordan Household human-to human transmission occurs but is also limitedIt became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human The very first MERS case had made contact with 56 HCWs and 48 others, but none developed any indication of infectionVery early in the MERS outbreak, some animals were highly regarded as either the reservoir or intermediate host(s) of MERS-CoV with three of the first five cases having contact with DCs None of the contacts of the first two MERS cases imported into the USA in 2014 contained any MERS-CoV footprint and none of the 131 contacts of two travellers returning to the Netherlands developed MERS-CoV antibodies or tested RNA positive This outbreak predated the first case of MERS in the KSA
|
What appears to be a requirement for transmission?
|
close and lengthy exposure
| 912
| false
| 1,741
| 4,180
|
Household human-to human transmission occurs but is also limited It is the low transmission rate that has prevented worldwide spread, despite many "opportunities". Results of contact tracing to date have found that onward transmission among humans is an infrequent event Molecular epidemiology has revealed otherwise hidden links in transmission chains encompassing a period of up to five months Subsequent transmission to other humans requires relatively close and prolonged exposure . All of the reported transmission occurred across three or four generations and apart from one unknown source, were all hospital-acquired [24, 120, 181, Despite this lack of clarity, the WHO consider that evidence linking MERS-CoV transmission between DCs to humans is irrefutable (Fig
|
What was the result of the treatment?
|
Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (p < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvement and corticosteroid usgae between the 2 groups.
| 18,272
| false
| 2,486
| 3,664
|
Its efficacy was documented in several studies, causing notably lower incidence of adverse outcomes than with ribavirin alone This drug treatment appears to be the most advanced. Timing of treatment is likely an important factor in effectivenessOther therapeutic agents have also been reported A significant reduction in the pooled odds of mortality following treatment of 0.25 compared to placebo or no therapy was observed Its efficacy has been assessed in observational studies, retrospective case series, retrospective cohort study, a prospective observational study, a prospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial ranging from seven to 229 participants Factors like concomitant treatment may have also confounded the results Seroconversion measured by S1-ELISA occurred in 86% and 94% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively, and was maintained in 79% participants up to study end at week 60
|
What were the aims of this study?
|
to investigate the different pathogens involved in ILI and describe the associated symptoms
| 1,012
| false
| 1,602
| 5,262
|
This study was a non-interventional study with no addition to usual proceeduresData from our study are summarized as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables A review of the 379 workable questionnaires showed that 90.8% (344/379) of the patients included in this study fulfilled the criteria of ILI as defined above, and 52.5% had either a severe clinical presentation or an underlying risk factor of complications (45.9%, 174/379), or were in a suspected cluster of grouped cases (6.6%, 25/379).Clinical data were collected at the time of medical attention and reported by clinicians on a national standardized questionnaire provided by InVS Consequently, PIV and ADV were more frequently detected in the younger population of TRS versus SLS (p,10 24 and p,10 23 respectively) Few in vitro data support this hypothesis In both institutions, there was a decrease in the proportion and number of RHV diagnoses roughly in parallel with the increase of influenza diagnoses
|
What is the incidence of RSV in children older than 3 years of age?
|
13%
| 10,507
| false
| 1,566
| 1,630
|
The incidence of RSV, however, decreases significantly with increasing age (p-value < 0.0001) dropping to 13% in children older than 3 years old, while the reverse relationship is observed for Influenza A and B and HAdV In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen (58.1%), followed by rhinovirus (20.3%) and PIV3 with 8.1% each A recently published study found that RSV was the most commonly detected virus in nasopharyngeal swabs from children presenting symptoms of RTIs and in addition to that it also showed that RSV infections follow a similar circulation pattern peaking from December to March This finding can probably be explained by the fact that RSV infections occurred predominantly in the very young, where co-infections were less frequently observed Another study has revealed that RSV and PIV3 incidence decreases significantly with age, whereas the opposite is observed for influenza and adenovirus infections, a trend that was also observed in our study . Studies have shown that viral co-infection was significantly associated with longer duration of illness symptoms, but with a decreased severity in hospitalized children regarding oxygen requirement and intensive care unit admission, whereas the findings of other studies have indicated that severe clinical phenotypes were more prevalent in co-infection patients, especially in RSV co-infections that may increase the severity of RSV associated disease in children [25, . Rhinoviruses, HBoV and enteroviruses are most frequently observed in children from 4 months to 3 years of age
|
Why are some poxvirus ideally suited as vaccine delivery vectors?
|
They are ideal candidate vectors due to their large DNA-packing capacity and their thermal and genetic stability
| 6,864
| false
| 1,645
| 833
|
Poxviruses are also studied extensively as candidate vectors for human use, among which attenuated derivatives of vaccinia virus [such as modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and New York attenuated vaccinia virus NYVAC strains] are the most promising vectors (Esteban, 2009; Gó mez et al., 2008; Rimmelzwaan & Sutter, 2009 ) The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens As these authors conclude, it will be possible to utilize such vectors only by developing vaccines from alternative serotypes In the veterinary field, there are numerous viral vector vaccines that are currently licensed for use in livestock and domesticated animals Based on the safety record in the veterinary field, many viruses have been studied for human use as a vector in vaccine development (Beukema et al., 2006; Esteban, 2009; Schirrmacher & Fournier, 2009; Stoyanov et al., 2010; Weli & Tryland, 2011) The adenovirus (Ad) vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses (Alexander et al., 2012; Fitzgerald et al., 2003; Gabitzsch & Jones, 2011; Lasaro & Ertl, 2009; Vemula & Mittal, 2010; Weyer et al., 2009)Similarly, various viral vectors have been successfully tested for their capability to deliver heterologous vaccine antigens, and this generally results in the induction of strong CTL immune responses
|
What is the reported value of R0 for MERS?
|
0.8-1.3
| 15,455
| false
| 2,592
| 2,773
|
The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries According to the equation of R 0 deduced from the simplified RP model, R 0 is related to many parameters Thirdly, since there was no data of the initial prevalence of the virus in the seafood market, we assumed the initial value of 1/100 000 The value of R 0 was estimated of 2.30 from reservoir to person, and from person to person and 3.58 from person to person which means that the expected number of secondary infections that result from introducing a single infected individual into an otherwise susceptible population was 3.58. Therefore, we believe that the commonly acceptable average value of the R 0 of SARS might be 2.9The R 0 of the normalized RP model is shown as follows: In this study, R 0 was deduced from the RP model by the next generation matrix approach
|
What is the relationship between the presence of virus in blood and anal swabs and disease severity?
|
all of the 6 patients with detectable viral RNA in the blood cohort progressed to severe symptom stage, indicating a strong correlation of serum viral RNA with the disease severity (p-value = 0.0001). Meanwhile, 8 of the 11 patients with annal swab virus-positive was in severe clinical stage.
| 906
| false
| 2,519
| 1,160
|
Fortunately, two cases with detectable virus both in blood and anal swab cohort were recorded In the anal swab cohort, we found that the presence of virus RNA in the anal digestive tract was also positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0102)In summary, we find that the presence of viral RNA in the blood and anal swab is positively correlated with the severe disease stage and that early monitoring of virus RNA in blood and the digestive tract on top of the respiratory tract might benefit the disease prediction. In the anal swab cohort (B)), 11 of 28 cases were detected to be anal swab positive, 8 of them (72.7%) were with severe symptoms, which was significantly higher than that 4 (23.5%) of the rest 17 cases without detectable virus in anal were severe cases. Nevertheless, confirmation of virus transmission through the digestive tract warrants further virus isolation from the anal swab in high safety level lab. The 3 patients detected with anal virus RNA but in mild stage should be monitored whether they will progress to the severe stage For patient 1, a high concentration of viral RNA (Ct = 23 + 27, on day 13) was detected in anal swab but not in pharyngeal (the same day) and blood (1 d ahead)
|
What is toltrazuril used to treat?
|
anticoccidial
| 3,094
| false
| 1,589
| 595
|
Toltrazuril has been marketed for anticoccidial treatment in sheep since the 1980s, and its use has increased during recent years, both in Norway and in the UK (Dr Gillian Diesel, personal communication) are presented in; reduced efficacy of toltrazuril is apparent against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic speciesAlthough the initial efficacy values have not been provided for toltrazuril by the manufacturer, several studies have investigated its effect on oocyst excretion Therefore, current efforts should focus on identifying ACE, and maintaining the efficacy of toltrazuril in susceptible flocks Other studies have shown toltrazuril efficacies [either provided in the publication or calculated as 1-(mean OPG treated group)/(mean OPG control group) from data in the publication] ranging from 90.0 to 100.0% in the period from two to three weeks after treatment [13, 18, 19, Metaphylactic administration of a single oral dose of toltrazuril in the prepatent period has been shown to be effective at reducing clinical signs and maintaining adequate lamb growth rates in different production systems [13, According to the FOCRT results, toltrazuril had reduced efficacy against Eimeria in two flocks
|
What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies?
|
the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957
| 25,486
| false
| 1,601
| 5,260
|
It may also indicate that immune mechanisms other than cross reactive antibodies detected by HIA (i.e In order to solve this ambiguity, we specifically considered the group of 249 subjects in whom cross reactive antibodies were detected at the time of phase A (W30-31) These cross reactive antibodies have been interpreted as being the residual signature of the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957 However the majority of positive sera had low antibody titers, at the cut off value for confirmation (i.e. = 1/40) This can induce slight differences in the sensitivity of detection of cross-reacting antibodies, but this does not modify the kinetics of Ab and the epidemiological evolution of seroprevalence and does not jeopardize the global comparability of serological results Similar results of early antibody decay were recently reportedTo estimate more appropriately the decline of antibody titers occurring after the peak of the humoral response to the pH1N1/ 2009v, we considered paired-sera from the group of 264 subjects for whom the first serum sample (sample 1) was obtained just after the epidemic wave (phase C, W40-44), and the corresponding second sample was collected at the end of the survey (phase D, W45-52)
|
What did the Nature Medicine paper report?
|
the construction of a chimeric CoV with a bat CoV S gene (SHC014) in the backbone of a SARS CoV that has adapted to infect mice (MA15) and is capable of infecting human cells
| 2,585
| false
| 2,459
| 3,598
|
Because of the many concerns raised by the international community, the authors who made the initial claim have already withdrawn this report. In a rebuttal paper led by an HIV-1 virologist Dr We should emphasize that, although SARS-CoV-2 shows no evidence of laboratory origin, viruses with such great public health threats must be handled properly in the laboratory and also properly regulated by the scientific community and governments.There are also rumours that the SARS-CoV-2 was artificially, or intentionally, made by humans in the lab, and this is highlighted in one manuscript submitted to BioRxiv (a manuscript sharing site prior to any peer review), claiming that SARS-CoV-2 has HIV sequence in it and was thus likely generated in the laboratoryCurrently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin of SARS-CoV-2 However, this claim lacks any scientific basis and must be discounted because of significant divergence in the genetic sequence of this construct with the new SARS-CoV-2 (>5,000 nucleotides).
|
Where did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur?
|
in Jordan
| 422
| false
| 1,741
| 4,174
|
In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd In Amman, Jordan, 1,005 samples from hospitalized children under the age of two years with fever and/or respiratory signs and symptoms were tested but none were positive for MERS-CoV RNA, despite being collected at a similar time to the first known outbreak of MERS-CoV in the neighbouring town of Al-Zarqa This outbreak predated the first case of MERS in the KSAThe first known MERS human-to-human transmission event was one characterized by acute LRT disease in a healthcare setting in Jordan The tracheal aspirates and BAL returned the highest viral load values followed by NPA and sputum
|
What was time from onset to hospitalisation?
|
ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days
| 6,518
| false
| 2,642
| 3,814
|
The time from onset of symptoms to hospitalisation (and isolation) ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days (reported for 29 cases) The duration of hospitalisation was reported for 16 cases with a median of 13 days (range: 8-23 days) Our analysis shows that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/case isolation was about 3 days longer for locally acquired cases than for imported cases In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six were hospitalised after a mean of 2 days The mean number of days to hospitalisation was 2.5 days for cases imported from China, but 4.6 days for those infected in Europe In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six took only a mean of 2 days to be hospitalised. The case who died was hospitalised for 21 days and required intensive care and mechanical ventilation for 19 days
|
Who performed the sampling procedures?
|
veterinarians
| 2,560
| false
| 1,576
| 3,680
|
The topology of these four strains was correlated to the sampling location The topology of these four strains was correlated to the sampling location The topology of these four strains was correlated to the sampling locationAll sampling procedures were performed by veterinarians, with approval from Animal Ethics Committee of the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIVH5210201) The experiments were performed three times independently The experiments were performed three times independently Data are representative of at least three independent experiments, with each determination performed in triplicate (mean ± SD of fold change)
|
What was the fatality rate for SARS-CoV?
|
10%
| 7,310
| false
| 2,463
| 1,211
|
The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is significant but not comparable to the 10% rate for SARS or 34% reported for MERSA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average One analyst estimates that the current coronavirus outbreak's likely impact will range from a 0.8% cut to real GDP if the epidemic is controlled within 3 months, to a 1.9% cost to GDP if the epidemic lasts 9 monthsThis may indicate another impact of the SARS (and MERS and Ebola) experience on the response to subsequent outbreaksa tendency to look at worst case scenarios and respond accordingly and a fear of 'getting it wrong'The rapid sharing of information in this outbreak and the speed of the coordinated response both in the country and internationally suggest that lessons have been learned from SARS that improve global capacity Similarly the virus is usually described by the media as 'deadly' and although this is true in the sense that it has caused deaths, the nuances of uncertain case fatality rates in the early stages of an outbreak are not being communicated This was seen clearly in SARS, MERS in RoK and Ebola in West Africa
|
What diagnostic test has been show to have excellent sensitivity in detecting viral infections?
|
PCR assays
| 16,937
| false
| 1,606
| 5,276
|
For the diagnosis of many viral infections, PCR assays have been shown to have an excellent analytical sensitivity, but the established techniques are limited by their requirement for expensive equipment and technical expertise Diagnostic methods using recombinant viral proteins have been developed and their utilities for diagnosing of VHF have been reviewed Serologic diagnostic methods for VHFs most often employ an ELISA, IFA, and/or virus neutralization assay Detection of the virus genome is suitable for a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of VHF patients in the early stage of illness, and extensive reviews of such RT-PCR assays have been describedIn outbreaks of VHFs, infections are confirmed by various laboratory diagnostic methodsThe virus neutralization assay is accepted as the "gold standard" serodiagnostic assay to quantify the antibody response to infection and vaccination of a wide variety of viruses associated with human diseases In this review, we describe the usefulness of such recombinant protein-based diagnostic assays for diagnosing VHFs caused by arenaviruses.
|
What is carageenan?
|
a high molecular weight sulfated polymer derived from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) that has been extensively used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and is generally recognized as safe by the FDA
| 4,955
| false
| 1,629
| 2,157
|
Carrageenan is a high molecular weight sulfated polymer derived from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) that has been extensively used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and is generally recognized as safe by the FDA (GRAS) (reviewed in ) Second, they are of special interest for the carrageenan/Zanamivir combination approach Instead Zanamivir-a NI that is applied as active drug-was chosen for the development of a compound combination. Thus, to provide a broader spectrum of activity against different influenza virus strains, a mixture of iota-and kappa-carrageenan (designated as carrageenan) was used for further evaluation.The finding supports the development of the Zanamivir and carrageenan combination approach We published that iota-carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of hRV and influenza A replication and demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of iota-carrageenan against common cold viruses by intranasal application in several randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled clinical trialsKappa-carrageenan and iota-carrageenan were purchased from FMC Biopolymers (Philadelphia, PA)
|
How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured?
|
detection of nuclear condensation
| 16,150
| false
| 1,607
| 5,281
|
To determine the exact arrested phase, treated HT-29 cells were analyzed for cell cycle progression using flow cytometryTo investigate the induction of apoptosis by Cu(BrHAP) 2 , nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells were analyzed by detection of nuclear condensation However, when treatment time increased to 72 h, late apoptosis or necrosis characterizations were dominant among treated HT-29 cells Morphological changes in HT-29 cells treated with Cu(BrHAP) 2 compound were observed under a fluorescent microscope at 24, 48, and 72 h According to our study, after exposing the Cu(II) compound to HT-29 cells and analyzing the levels of ROS, it was demonstrated that the level of ROS in treated HT-29 cells was significantly elevated at a compound concentration of 6.25 g/mL. Briefly, HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations of Cu(BrHAP) 2 and Triton X-100 (positive control) for 48 h, and the supernatants of the untreated and treated cells were transferred to a new 96-well plate for LDH activity analysis At the same time, control cells were visualized with a green intact nuclear structure
|
Could the 1918 swine flu virus been controlled by modern day drugs or vaccines?
|
the 1918 and 1918-like Viruses would be
as sensitive as other typical Virus strains to the Food and
Drug Administrationiapproved antiinfluenza drugs riman-
tadine and oseltamivir.
| 27,291
| false
| 2,684
| 1,117
|
In 1918, the cause of human influenza and its links to
avian and swine influenza were unknown. Despite clinicalViral sequence data now suggest that the entire 1918
Virus was novel to humans in, or shortly before, 1918, andtoday. Furthermore, laboratory experiments with recombi-
nant influenza Viruses containing genes from the 1918samples of human influenza strains circulating before
1918 and samples of influenza strains in the wild that moreWhen and Where Did the 1918 Influenza
Pandemic Arise?in understanding the risk of H1N1 “swine flu” emergence
in 1976.of humans and swine. The Virus of the 1918 pandemic like-
ly expressed an antigenically novel subtype to which most
|
What was the goal of the study?
|
describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents
| 697
| false
| 1,634
| 5,307
|
The respective impact of each individual factor was tested with Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared tests At the beginning of the surveillance period, information regarding participation in the study was displayed in the family vising area, including a document about their right to access and rectify personal dataIn, the specific effects of age or autonomy were tested .). A German study from 2013 also reported a greater impact in women As a result, the observed patterns reflected the characteristics of an institutional population with longitudinal and pluriannual exposures. Each year, the referring local practitioner of the study coordinated with the doctors working in the nursing home One or more positive samples led to the qualification of a NoV (NoV+) or flu (Flu+) context
|
What is Bacillus subtilis?
|
Gram-positive bacterium
| 4,284
| false
| 2,461
| 606
|
Currently, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is widely used as a vaccine delivery system for its unique characteristics. subtilis-RC reduced the ability of pathogens to cross the intestinal mucosa and the systemic spread of invasive pathogens subtilis has been regarded as a novel probiotic and food additive in humans and animals subtilis is widely used as an effective vaccine delivery system to induce mucosal immune responses and shows unique effect on the immune system. subtilis-RC. The satisfactory intestine morphology was the first step on the road against PEDV infectionAs a nonpathogenic Gram-positive bacterium, B subtilis (B. subtilis-RC) which had been successfully constructed with expressing PEDV COE protein in piglets
|
What type of test was initially developed to screen for SARS-CoV-2?
|
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
| 1,445
| false
| 2,463
| 1,205
|
WHO's response system includes three virtual groups based on those developed for SARS to collate real time information to inform real time guidelines, and a first candidate vaccine is ready for laboratory testing within 4 weeks of the virus being identified. Its emergence in China adds an additional dimension in the light of previous experience with SARSA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average The WHO established the means to do this for SARS and it has since been further developed and integrated into global preparedness, especially after the West Africa Ebola epidemic Within 4 weeks, by 26 January 2020, the causative organism had been identified as a novel coronavirus, the genome of the virus had been sequenced and published, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests had been developed, the WHO R&D Blueprint had been activated to accelerate diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development and a candidate vaccine was ready for initial laboratory testing The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is significant but not comparable to the 10% rate for SARS or 34% reported for MERS This was seen clearly in SARS, MERS in RoK and Ebola in West Africa
|
Why it can be concluded that MERS-COV is a novel and distinct virus?
|
less than 80 % identity between the amino acid sequence of MERS ORF 1ab and betacoronavirus relatives, Tylonycteris bat HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat HKU5
| 12,220
| false
| 1,741
| 4,230
|
Virus Res 2015 Vol 202:60-88 with permission from Elsevier reviewed the broad tropism of MERS-CoV There is no evidence that MERS-CoV is a virus of pandemic concern For the viruses, MERS-CoV has a broader tropism, grows more rapidly in vitro, more rapidly induces cytopathogenic change, triggers distinct transcriptional responses, makes use of a different receptor, induces a more proinflammatory state and has a delayed innate antiviral response compared to SARS-CoV. However, these are not variants of the same virus nor always within the same phylogenetic lineage as MERS-CoV; they are each a genetically distinct virusVigilance remains important for containment since MERS-CoV is a virus with a genetic makeup that has been observed for only three years and is not stable It remains unclear if this group are uniquely affected by MERS-CoV or if other respiratory virus infections, including those from HCoVs, produce a similarly serious impactThe MERS-CoV appears to be an enzootic virus infecting the DC URT with evidence of recent genetic recombination
|
What chest X-ray findings are typically indicative of community-acquired pneumonia?
|
the presence of new parenchymal infiltrates
| 3,577
| false
| 1,599
| 5,254
|
This could be due to the consideration of CAP diagnosis based on chest X-ray as establishing pulmonary infectionPulmonary infiltrates were seen on chest X-ray in 127 (63.5 %) patients Chest X-ray and thoracic CT-scan were performed using a standardized protocolMultidetector thoracic CT-scan was performed after chest X-ray, ideally within the four hours following inclusionSetting ESCAPED was a multicenter, prospective, interventional study, entitled "Early Thoracic CT-Scan for Community-Acquired Pneumonia at the Emergency Department (ESCAPED)" , conducted from November 2011 to January 2013, in four emergency departments (EDs) of four tertiary teaching hospitals in Paris, France, designed to measure the impact of thoracic CT scan on clinical decisionBased on data collected from baseline standardized case report forms, DVD recorded pictures of X-ray and CTscan, and blinded to local interpretations, an adjudication committee consisting of three independent senior experts in infectious diseases, pneumology and radiology retrospectively assigned the probability of CAP diagnosis using the same 4-level Likert scale, with all available data including patients' discharge summary, and follow-up data obtained by assistant investigators who contacted by phone either the patient, relatives or general practitioners at day 28 This led to the correction of CAP diagnosis previously based on chest X-ray in a high number of patients
|
What may the epithelial destruction cause?
|
may also promote further epithelial remodeling during its regeneration as viral infection induces the expression of remodeling genes such as MMPs and growth factors . Infections that cause massive destruction of the epithelium, such as IFV, usually result in severe acute exacerbations with non-classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.
| 21,116
| false
| 2,504
| 3,985
|
These infections, however, cause massive damage and cell death to the epithelial barrier, so much so that areas of the epithelium may be completely absent post infection (Yan et al., 2016; Tan et al., 2019) Moreover, the destruction of the epithelial barrier may cause further contact with other pathogens and allergens in the airway which may then prolong exacerbations or results in new exacerbations Epithelial destruction may also promote further epithelial remodeling during its regeneration as viral infection induces the expression of remodeling genes such as MMPs and growth factors The destruction of epithelial barrier, mucociliary function and cell death of the epithelial cells serves to increase contact between environmental triggers with the lower airway and resident immune cells Additionally, necroptotic factors such as RIP3 further compounds the cell deaths in IFV infected epithelium In the event of viral infection, cell death and injury to the epithelial barrier will also induce the expression of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, with heighten expression in an inflamed airway (Allakhverdi et al., 2007; Goldsmith et al., 2012; Byers et al., 2013; Shaw et al., 2013; Beale et al., 2014; Jackson et al., 2014; Uller and Persson, 2018; Ravanetti et al., 2019) Infections that cause massive destruction of the epithelium, such as IFV, usually result in severe acute exacerbations with non-classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases
|
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