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What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic?
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Transmissibility and severity
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Transmissibility and severity are the 2 most critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic These plans would be useful to enact during the 2019-nCoV epidemic should the United States experience sustained transmission SARS-CoV caused 8098 reported cases and 774 deaths (case-fatality rate, 9.6%) in 37 countries before the epidemic was controlled Firstly, SARS was not controlled "because a high proportion of cases were severe." While that helped , it was because cases were not infectious before some days after symptom onset (usually in the second week of illness) CDC modeling efforts in response to a potential public health emergency: influenza A(H7N9) as an example. Clin Infect Dis A recent study suggests rapid person to person transmission can occur.8 Disease modelers have estimated R0 to be 2.2.9 The University of Hong Kong estimates the outbreak could infect more than 150 000 persons per day in China at its peak.February 24, 2020
COVID 19: a global presence and not only a new pathogen?
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What is the conclusion of this study?
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Our model showed that the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 was higher than the Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Middle East countries, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome, but lower than MERS in the Republic of Korea.
| 1,716
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| 2,592
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f) The parameters b P and b W were estimated by fitting the model with the collected data Based on our previous research , we therefore used the following sets to perform the normalization: The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was employed to assess the goodness-of-fit Since the objective of this study was to provide a mathematical model for calculating the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, the R 0 was estimated based on limited data which published in a literatureThe parameters of the BHRP model were shown in.The parameters were estimated based on the following facts and assumptions: The birth rate and death rate of people were defined as n P and m P
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What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target?
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NA glycoproteins of influenza A and B virus
| 2,050
| false
| 1,578
| 4,071
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So far as it is learned that the most effective antiviral drug is the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, which target the NA glycoproteins of influenza A and B virus . It is consistent with the previous MD results of other NA inhibitorsThe N2 sub-type neuraminidase crystal structure (PDB code 1IVD) was obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank Consistent efforts have been devoted to the development of NA inhibitors, using the crystal structure of the N2 sub-type NA protein The NA inhibitors were designed to prevent the key step by blocking the active site of enzyme and thus allow sufficient time for the host immune systems to remove infected viruses Considering the obvious structure discrepancies against current NA inhibitors, it represents an ideal lead compound for the designs of novel anti-influenza agents As a matter of fact, residues Asp151, Arg152, Glu119, Glu276 and Tyr406 of the NA protein have already received enough attention from rational drug designs
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Where were the CHIKV strain found?
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All of the CHIKV strains isolated from Mayotte carried the E1-A226V mutation, and the mutation was also found in Madagascar in 2007 [
| 8,291
| false
| 1,689
| 2,513
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To design the construct, they aligned 21 sequences of CHIKV isolated between 1952 and 2006, using strains from differing countries, including La Reunion Island All of the CHIKV strains isolated from Mayotte carried the E1-A226V mutation, and the mutation was also found in Madagascar in 2007CHIKV has been isolated into three genotypes based on phylogenetic studies A consequence of CHIKV's rapid evolution is difficulty in constructing a vaccine that will be able toA study by Ng et al. showed biomarkers indicative of severe CHIKV infection Since then, CHIKV has come a long way, with several mutations incorporated, and has continued to wreak epidemics in several regionsCHIKV mosquito-borne disease has caused massive outbreaks for at least half a century but is no longer confined to the developing nations
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What were the results of analysis?
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participants from outside Hubei province were associated with lower risk of experiencing symptoms of distress compared with those in Wuhan (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88; P = .008)
| 2,999
| false
| 2,432
| 3,466
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Hyperarousal, median (IQR) 6.0(2.0, 10.0) 6.0(2.0, 9.0) .29Abbreviation: PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; ISI, 7-item Insomnia Severity Index; IES-R, 22-item Impact of Event Abbreviation: IES-R, 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised; IQR, interquartile range
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What pneumonia related or chest conditions indicate the need for child radiography?
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chest radiography should not be routinely performed in children with ambulatory pneumonia [31] [32] [33] . Indications for chest radiography include hospitalization, severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress, failed initial antibiotic therapy, or suspicion for other diseases (tuberculosis, inhaled foreign body) or complications.
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| 1,571
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Several national guidelines from high-income countries, as well as the WHO recommendations for low-and middleincome countries, recommend that chest radiography should not be routinely performed in children with ambulatory pneumonia In 2005, to aid in defining outcomes of pneumococcal vaccine studies, the World Health Organization's (WHO) standardized chest radiograph description defined a group of children who were considered most likely to have pneumococcal pneumonia In this paper we review the impact of recent preventative and management advances in pneumonia epidemiology, etiology, radiologic presentation and outcome in children.Chest radiologic changes have been considered the gold standard for defining a pneumonia event because clinical findings can be subjective and clinical definitions of pneumonia can be nonspecific A meta-analysis of 23 case-control studies of viral etiology in radiologically confirmed pneumonia in children, completed up to 2014, reported good evidence of causal attribution for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, metapneumovirus and parainfluenza virus Indications for chest radiography include hospitalization, severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress, failed initial antibiotic therapy, or suspicion for other diseases (tuberculosis, inhaled foreign body) or complicationsThe WHO radiologic case definition was not intended to distinguish bacterial from viral etiology but rather to define a sub-set of pneumonia cases in which pneumococcal infection was considered more likely and to provide a set of standardized definitions through which researchers could achieve broad agreement in reporting chest radiographs
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What does all this gradually lead to?
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more far reaching effect when normal flora is replaced with opportunistic pathogens, altering the inflammatory profiles
| 24,491
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| 2,504
| 3,996
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Hence, their presence may further alter the local environment and contribute to current and future exacerbations These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide Increased eosinophilia, in turn, worsens the classical symptoms of disease and may further lead to life-threatening conditions due to breathing difficulties This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness (Xepapadaki and Papadopoulos, 2010) A summary of potential exacerbation mechanisms and the associated viruses is shown inand. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway (Gautier and Charpin, 2017; Viniol and Vogelmeier, 2018) Having multiple means of treatment may also reduce the problems that arise from resistance development toward a specific treatment.
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What general types of vaccines are available?
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trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV), quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV), and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV; in trivalent and quadrivalent forms)
| 2,685
| false
| 1,719
| 1,247
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The general types of influenza vaccines available in the United States are trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV), quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV), and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV; in trivalent and quadrivalent forms) In contrast, viral-vectored vaccines are relatively easy to manipulate and produce, and have well-established safety profiles Many of these vectors have been extensively studied or used as vaccines against wild type forms of the virus While there is limited preexisting immunity, availability of non-human strains as vaccine candidates eliminates these concerns There are three types of inactivated vaccines that include whole virus inactivated, split virus inactivated, and subunit vaccines While each of these vector approaches has unique features and is in different stages of development, the combined successes of these approaches supports the virus-vectored vaccine approach as a wholeThere are limited studies using AAVs as vaccine vectors for influenza
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What does a public events ban intervention mean?
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banning all public events of more than 100 participants
| 30,438
| false
| 2,683
| 1,079
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Public events Bans of events >100 people, closed cultural
banned institutions, leisure facilities etc.27 12/3/2020Public events banned: This refers to banning all public events of more than 100 participants such as
sports events.Public events
banned Banning of gatherings of more than 5 people.21 10/3/2020School closure
ordered Nationwide school closures.30 14/3/2020
Public events
banned Bans of events >100 people.31 13/3/2020ordered guidance.56 21/3/2020
Public events
banned Implemented with lockdown.57 24/3/2020Public events
banned The government bans events >100 people.52 13/3/2020
Lockdowntheir intervention — for example, most countries have banned gatherings of more than 2 people when
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What is a drawback of Ad5 vector?
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preexisting immunity,
| 12,531
| false
| 1,719
| 1,549
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One drawback of an Ad5 vector is the potential for preexisting immunity, so alternative adenovirus serotypes have been explored as vectors, particularly non-human and uncommon human serotypes To reduce safety concerns, attenuated VSV vectors were developedAAV vector systems have a number of engaging properties Two vaccinia vectors were developed to address these safety concerns While clinical trials with rAd vectors have overall been successful, demonstrating safety and some level of efficacy, rAd5 as a vector has been negatively overshadowed by two clinical trial failures PIV5 has only recently been described as a vaccine vector While each of these vector approaches has unique features and is in different stages of development, the combined successes of these approaches supports the virus-vectored vaccine approach as a whole
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What was the result of the test of efficacy of PIV5 in murine challenge?
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Mice intranasally vaccinated with a single dose of PIV5-H5 vaccine had robust serum and mucosal antibody responses, and were protected from lethal challenge. Notably, although cellular immune responses appeared to contribute to protection, serum antibody was sufficient for protection from challenge
| 27,081
| false
| 1,719
| 1,590
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This combined with preclinical data from a variety of animal models suggests that PIV5 as a vector is likely to be safe in humansCurrently there is no clinical safety data for use of PIV5 in humans Recombinant PIV5 vaccines expressing the HA or NP from VN1203 were tested for efficacy in a murine challenge model PIV5 has also been explored as a vaccine against HPAIV PIV5 has only recently been described as a vaccine vector PIV5 expressing the NP protein of HPAIV was also efficacious in the murine immunization and challenge model, where a single intranasal immunization induced robust CD8 + T cell responses and protected against homologous (H5N1) and heterosubtypic (H1N1) virus challenge . As preexisting immunity is a concern for all virus-vectored vaccines, it should be noted that there is no data on the levels of preexisting immunity to PIV5 in humans
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What do fits to rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cells suggest?
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that the constitutive IFN-a expression characteristic of P. alecto cells may represent more of a constitutive immune priming process than a perpetual, functional, antiviral defense.
| 35,005
| false
| 1,698
| 2,750
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In rVSV-EBOV and rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cells, this antiviral protection halted the epidemic ; R-effective <1) before susceptibles fully declined Model support for induced immune assumptions in fits to rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cells suggests that the constitutive IFN-a expression characteristic of P In general, best fit models recapitulated expected outcomes based on the immune phenotype of the cell line in question, as described in the general literature Ironically, the induced immune model offered a slightly better fit than the constitutive to rVSV-MARV infections on the PaKiT01 cell line (the one cell line-virus combination for which we know a constitutively antiviral cell-receptor incompatibility to be at play) Because constitutive immune processes can actually prohibit initial pathogen invasion, constitutive immune fits to rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cell lines consistently localized at or below the Branch point threshold for virus invasion (R 0 ¼ 1)Finally, rVSV-G and rVSV-EBOV trials on PaKiT01 cells were best fit by models assuming constitutive immunity, while rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 were matched equivalently by models assuming either induced or constitutive immunity-with induced models favored over constitutive in AIC comparisons because one fewer parameter was estimated -figure supplements 4-5; Supplementary file 4) These interactions ranged from the total absence of evolutionary history in the case of rVSV-G infections on all cell lines to a known receptor-level cell entry incompatibility in the case of rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cell lines. Between 18 and 39 trials were run at each cell-virus-MOI combination, excepting rVSV-MARV infections on PaKiT01 cells at MOI = 0.001, for which only eight trials were run (see Materials and methods;-figure supplements 1-3, Supplementary file 1).
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Which are some phage based contraceptive vaccines for animals?
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Phage displaying or chemically Rubinchik and Chow (2000) conjugated to sperm antigen peptides or peptide mimics (Samoylova et al., 2012a,b) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Samoylov et al., 2012) are also in development.
| 14,172
| false
| 1,674
| 1,745
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Several strategies for phage-based contraceptive vaccines have been proposed for control of animal populationsIn certain vaccine applications, the filamentous phage has been used as a carrier for larger molecules that would be immunogenic even in isolation Its high immunogenicity and ability to display a variety of surface antigens make the phage an excellent particulate vaccine carrier, although its bacterial production and preparation heterogeneity likely limits its applications in human vaccines at present, despite being apparently safe and well-tolerated in animals and people The phage particle is immunogenic without adjuvant in all species tested to date, including mice (Willis et al., 1993) , rats (Dente et al., 1994) , rabbits (de la Cruz et al., 1988) , guinea pigs (Frenkel et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004) , fish (Coull et al., 1996; Xia et al., 2005) , non-human primates (Chen et al., 2001) , and humans (Roehnisch et al., 2014)Building upon existing peptide-carrier technology, the first filamentous phage-based vaccine immunogens displayed short amino acid sequences derived directly from proteins of interest as recombinant fusions to pVIII or pIII (de la Cruz et al., 1988) These tend to fall into four major categories of use: (i) filamentous phage as a vaccine carrier; (ii) engineered filamentous phage as a therapeutic biologic agent in infectious and chronic diseases; (iii) filamentous phage as a scaffold for bioconjugation and surface chemistry; and (iv) filamentous phage as an engine for evolving variants of displayed proteins with novel functions Thus, the idea of using the phage as carrier to elicit antibodies against poorly immunogenic haptens or polypeptide was a natural extension of the ability to display recombinant exogenous sequences on its surface, which was first demonstrated by de la Cruz et al
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How many COVID deaths occurred in Chinese mainland as of March 11th?
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3,169
| 4,765
| false
| 188
| 2,464
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of 80,793 confirmed cases and 3,169 deaths on the Chinese mainland. There remain 14,831case of COVID-19 in Sichuan province was reported on January 21, 2020. The Sichuanand confirmed 24 cases of COVID-19. Of these, 3,083 people underwent fever-CThigh risk of infection of COVID-19. In China, healthcare workers account for 1,716 confirmedof COVID-19 was confirmed to be human-to-human on January 20, 2020. The first suspectedResults: From January 21, 2020 to March 9, 2020, 3,083 people suspected of or confirmed withsuspicious for COVID-19, to March 9, 2020, our hospital screened a total of 7,203 individuals
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What did the first report on the NDV vector test conclude?
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it induced a robust serum antibody response and protected against homologous influenza virus challenge in a murine model of infection
| 24,174
| false
| 1,719
| 1,586
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NDV has limited clinical data; however, phase I and phase I/II clinical trials have shown that the NDV vector is well-tolerated, even at high doses delivered intravenouslyNDV has also been explored as a vaccine vector for humans While these results are promising, additional studies are needed to advance NDV as a human vaccine vector for influenza. NDV has a number of appealing qualities as a vaccine vector Influenza was the first infectious disease targeted with a recombinant NDV (rNDV) vector To reduce safety concerns, attenuated VSV vectors were developed This process has enabled manipulation of the NDV genome as well as incorporation of transgenes and the development of NDV vectors
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