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[1373] After the beginning of congressional Reconstruction, however, the centre of gravity in the Radical party shifted to the Black Belt, and no one any longer paid the few thousand " loyal " whites in north alabama serious attention .
Judge Busteed, a "moderate" Radical, spoke, urging all to take part in the Reconstruction and not leave the ignorant and vicious it .
Congress was thanked for putting the reorganization of the state into the hands of "Union" men; the return to the principle that "all men are created equal" and its application to a "faithful and patriotic class of our fellow-men" was hailed with joy; any settlement which denied the negro the ballot could not stand, they asserted; and "while we believe that rebellion is the highest crime known to the law, and that those guilty of it hold their continued existence solely by the clemency of an outraged but merciful government, we are nevertheless willing to imitate that government in forgiveness of the past, and to reclaim to the Republican Union party all who, forsaking entirely the principles on which the rebellion was founded, will sincerely and earnestly unite with us in establishing and maintaining for the future a government of equal rights and unconditional loyalty;" "we consider willingness to elevate to power the men who preserved unswerving adherence to the government during the war as the best test of sincerity in professions for the future;" and "if the pacification now proposed by Congress be not accepted in good faith by those who staked and forfeited their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor, in rebellion, then it will be the duty of Congress to enforce that forfeiture, by the confiscation of the lands at least of such a stiff-necked and rebellious people;" "the assertion that there are not enough intelligent and loyal men in Alabama to administer the government is false in fact, and mainly promulgated by those who aim to keep treason respectable by retaining power in the hands of its friends and votaries.
[1384] This speech of Clanton's had the effect of rousing organized resistance against the plans of the radicals the people .
The Republican party was indorsed as the negro party, the only party that had done the negro anything .
But the "carpet-baggers, " or the alien-bureau-missionary element, having worked among the negroes and learned their power over them, intended to use the negroes to secure themselves office and power .
At a meeting in Montgomery, in August, Joseph Hodgson[1400] urged the people to take action and save the state from "Brownlowism, "[1401] as the worst results were to be feared from inaction; the enemies of the Conservatives were making every effort to control the constitutional convention; the Conservatives were in favor of conceding every legitimate result of the war and were willing to grant the negro suffrage by state action--the only legitimate way; at the same time the negro must assist in guaranteeing universal amnesty.
Governor Patton yielded to Radical pressure, wrote Reconstruction letters, appeared at Reconstruction meetings, and deferred pope and swayne much .
The chiefs of the League sent the plantation negroes , who were showing some indifference to politics , agents with strict orders to go and vote.
Early the next morning the local leaders formed the negroes into companies and regiments and marched the court-house , where the only polling place for the county was situated them, armed with shotguns, muskets, pistols, and knives, .
However, in some cases the Conservatives had also given negroes tickets , and a careful inspection was made in order to prevent the casting of such ballots.
He also commended the " firmness and fearlessness with which you have conducted the late campaigns them , " and congratulated them upon "the success which has thus far crowned your efforts in the pacification of this state and its restoration to the Union.
A proposition to reduce $ 6 per day the pay of the members from $8 was lost by a vote of 35 to 57.
This was the carpet-baggers' view, but most of the blacks finally voted against a measure providing for mixed schools, because, they said, they did not want to send school their children with white children.
The scalawags with few exceptions were opposed to admitting the same privileges as whites , negroes --in theatres, churches, on railroads and boats, and at hotels, --though they were willing to require equal but separate accommodations for both races.
The negroes were placated with numerous promises and by a special resolution opening " their ladies " the galleries and inviting the latter to be present[1434] at the sessions of the convention.
It was necessary that all who registered be forced to vote in the election on pain of being disfranchised, in order to get the polls a sufficient number of voters , though the report stated that Congress was not bound by the law of March 23 to reject the constitution if a majority did not vote; the convention had the right to say that men must vote or be disfranchised; as to the oath, any one who would refuse to take it had no faith in American principles and was hostile to the Constitution and laws of the United States.
He would have voters and office-holders swear to accept the civil and political equality of all men, and to resist any change, and also swear that they had never held office, aided the Confederacy, nor given confederates aid or comfort .
D. H. Bingham of New York thought that voters should swear that on March 4, 1864, they preferred the confederacy the United States government , and would have abandoned the latter had they had the opportunity.
Wilson wrote to Swayne that the convention and especially such men as D. H. Bingham were doing reconstruction and to the republican party much harm .
The convention organized a new militia system, giving the black counties most of the companies .
In the white counties the extreme scalawags had a better chance for office, and most of the moderate reconstructionists fell away at once, leaving the radicals the spoils .
[1483] Several hundred citizens sent the president a petition , setting forth that some of the delegates to the convention were not residents of the state, that others did not, and had not, resided in the counties which they pretended to represent, and that others belonged to the army or were officials of the Freedmen's Bureau, and were thus not legally qualified to sit in the convention.
"[1511] He recommended that Congress reassemble the convention, which should revise the constitution, eliminating the objectionable features, and again submit the people it .
The state Radical Executive Committee issued instructions for all Radicals to collect affidavits concerning high water, storms, obstruction, fraud, violence, intimidation, and discharge, and send the radical agents at washington , who were urging the admission of the state , notwithstanding the rejection of the constitution them .
They refused to send meade , who was not in sympathy with the radical programme these reports .
The legislature was to be convened to adopt amendments to the constitution and resubmit the people the latter .
The Nationalist[1524] said: "If we can get the offices, we, and not a 'military saphead' [Meade], can conduct the next election; we can by the Spalding bill get the government, rule the state as long as we please provisionally, and, when satisfied we can hold our own against the rebels, submit a vote the constitution .
The Independent Monitor, now the head and front of opposition to Reconstruction, gave the white people , who , however , did not need it the following advice : "We reiterate the advice hitherto offered to those of our southern people who are not ashamed to honor the service of the 'lost cause' and the memory of their kith and kin whose lives were nobly laid down to save the survivors from a subjection incomparably more tolerable in contemplation than in realization.
But do not, we implore you, abdicate your rule over us, by transferring the blighting brutality and unnatural dominion of an alien and inferior race us .
[1531] The Radicals of Alabama kept the wires hot sending their agents in washington and to wilson and sumner telegrams , urging the inclusion of Alabama in the bill.
The military commanders transferred the state authorities state property, papers, and prisoners .
The members of Congress returned from their migrations[1539] and presented congress themselves with their credentials .
In 1867 several of the Leagues sent virginia delegates to reconcile the two warring factions of Radicals.
From the very beginning the preachers, teachers, and Bureau agents had been accustomed to hold regular meetings of the negroes and to make them speeches .
This sounded well and was impressive, and at this point the negro was always willing to take an oath of secrecy, after which he was asked to swear with a solemn oath to support the principles of the Declaration of Independence, to pledge himself to resist all attempts to overthrow the United States, to strive for the maintenance of liberty, elevation of labor, education of all people in the duties of citizenship, to practise all of the order friendship and charity , and to support for election or appointment to office only such men as were supporters of these principles and measures.
After prayer by the chaplain, the room was darkened, the "fire of liberty"[1556] lighted, the members joined hands in a circle around the candidate, who was made to place one hand on the flag and, with the other raised, swore again to support the government, to elect office true Union men , etc.
As a usual thing, he carried the league meetings them , and nothing was more natural than that the negroes should begin drilling at night.
If the home of such a person happened to be on the roadside, the negroes usually made a practice of stopping in front of the house and treating unlimited abuse the inmates , firing off their guns in order to waken them.
The defeated candidate was apt to run as an independent, and in order to be elected would sell the whites himself .
The reconstructed government at once raised three-fourths of one per cent the rate on property of all descriptions, [1584] and added new license taxes, more than quadrupling the former rate.
Some examples[1610] may be given: Governor Lewis spent $800 on a short visit to New York and Florida;[1611] the governor's private secretary received $21, 000 for services rendered in distributing the "political" bacon in 1874;[1612] the treasurer drew $1200 to pay mobile and new york his expenses , though he had no business to attend to in either place, and travelled on roads over which he had passes; ex-Governor W. H. Smith, when attorney for the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, was paid $500 by the state for services rendered in connection with his own road, and the committee was unable to discover the nature of these services; the secretary of state charged $952 for signing his name to bonds, though it was his constitutional duty to do so without charge; a bill of stationery from Benedict of New York cost $7761. 58, when the bid of Joel White of Montgomery on the same order was $4336. 54; $50 was allowed to John A. Bingham (presumably a relative of the treasurer) for signing enough bonds to purchase a farm for the penitentiary.
Some examples[1610] may be given: Governor Lewis spent $800 on a short visit to New York and Florida;[1611] the governor's private secretary received $21, 000 for services rendered in distributing the "political" bacon in 1874;[1612] the treasurer drew $1200 to pay his expenses to Mobile and New York, though he had no business to attend to in either place, and travelled on roads over which he had passes; ex-Governor W. H. Smith, when attorney for the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, was paid $500 by the state for services rendered in connection with his own road, and the committee was unable to discover the nature of these services; the secretary of state charged $952 for signing bonds his name , though it was his constitutional duty to do so without charge; a bill of stationery from Benedict of New York cost $7761. 58, when the bid of Joel White of Montgomery on the same order was $4336. 54; $50 was allowed to John A. Bingham (presumably a relative of the treasurer) for signing enough bonds to purchase a farm for the penitentiary.
Most of the farmers and tenants of that period were unable to send school their children and pay tuition.
The first Democratic legislature restricted three-fifths of one per cent taxation and local taxation to one-half of one per cent.
Governor Patton reissued the amount of $ 4 , 087 , 800 the bonds , and the sixteenth section and the university trust funds with unpaid interest raised the total debt, in 1867, to $6, 130, 910.
Governor Patton reissued the bonds to the amount of $4, 087, 800, and the sixteenth section and the university trust funds with unpaid interest raised $ 6 , 130 , 910 the total debt, in 1867, .
(a) The state gave the holders of the alabama and chattanooga first mortgage indorsed bonds $1, 000, 000 in bonds, Class C, drawing interest at 2 per cent for five years and at 4 per cent thereafter, .
For forty years before the Civil War there was a feeling on the part of many thoughtful citizens that the state should extend any enterprise for connecting north and south alabama aid .
During the session of 1855-1856, though the governor vetoed thirty-three bills passed in aid of railroads, still the legislature voted $500, two roads 000 .
However, conservative sentiment, strict constructionist theories, sectional jealousies, and the knowledge of the sad experience of the state in other public enterprises[1638] operated against state aid to internal improvements, and before the $500, 000 bonds were issued the act appropriating them was repealed, thus putting the last attempt at direct state aid before the war an end .
Thus began the Federal policy of granting the state alternate sections of public land along a road for the corporation.
In 1841 Congress relinquished the state the "two per cent fund" to aid railroads and other public enterprises from "east to west" and from "north to south. "
The State Bank failed and the "three per cent fund" was lost, but the legislature assumed it as a debt and issued the railroads state bonds to the amount of $858, 498.
The governor was authorized to indorse the extent of $ 12 , 000 per mile its first mortgage bonds , when 20 miles of a new road should have been completed, and to continue the indorsement at that rate as the road was built.
The first Reconstruction legislature[1645] increased $ 16 , 000 a mile the endowment , authorized the indorsement of bonds in five-mile blocks instead of twenty-mile blocks, as before, and to the roads that proposed to extend outside of the state it promised aid for 20 miles beyond the boundaries of the state.
Finally, Farley and Holmes each agreed to furnish $12, gilmer 000 .
[1675] Congress had made all the roads within the boundaries of alabama a grant of land, six sections per mile, amounting to 1, 000, 000 acres, , and the state held a mortgage on this land.
[1680] The road secured indorsement at the rate of $16, 000 a mile along with other roads, but this was not enough, and, on March 3, 1870, the legislature increased $ 22 , 000 a mile its indorsement .
[1681] Governor Smith knew so little of what he did in regard to railroads that in his last message he stated that the South and North road was indorsed for $1, 440, 000, that is, for ninety miles at $16, 000 a mile, [1682] while he raised $ 22 , 000 a mile the indorsement of the Selma and Gulf , thus confusing the two roads.
Some one, probably Smith, though Lindsay was accused of it, raised $ 640 , 000 , $ 160 , 000 of which was not recorded this amount .
In 1873 capitalists offered to lease enough to pay the interest on its bonds the road , provided the state would release the road from all claims and give to it the $330, 000 already loaned.
The state gave them the state taxes to assist in paying off the debt and also loaned them money .
The constitution of 1875 forbade state, counties, or towns to engage in works of internal improvement, or to lend such , or to any private or corporate enterprise money or credit .
The legislature loaned $70, the university 000 , besides paying the interest on the University fund.
[1716] The legislature added another source of income by chartering several lotteries and exempted them from taxation provided they paid the school fund a certain amount .
For this privilege it was to give the school fund $2000 a year .
[1717] Two months later the Mobile Charitable Association was formed, which paid the school fund $1000 a year , [1718] and a number of other lotteries were chartered soon after.
But Cloud paid charges made against the integrity of his school officials no attention .
There was little progress to be noted, but much space was devoted to an appreciation of that "glorious document, " the constitution of 1867, the crowning glory of which--the article on education--should "entitle the rare merit of statemen and sages the members . "
They voted to themselves a secretary, sergeant-at-arms, pages, etc. , like the House of Representatives; all school offices were declared vacated and all school contracts void; separate schools were provided for the races where the parents were unwilling to send to mixed schools; eleven normal schools were provided for, with no distinction of color; and a bill was introduced by G. L. Putnam and passed into a law, the object of which was to merge the Mobile schools into the state system and also to make putnam an office .
Words are wanting to do the genus scalawag full justice .
Another Auburn man promised a negro of more domestic inclinations a cooking stove , and amidst the excitement forgot all about it; but after the vote the negro came up and demanded his stove.
The general field agent of the American Missionary Association, Edward P. Smith, offered the school commissioners the "schools and teachers" to be paid but not controlled.
Later investigation showed that Putnam had made out pay-rolls for the teachers of the Emerson Institute for the last quarter of 1868 and presented a. h. ryland , the county superintendent of mobile , them for his approval.
He signed a receipt by which he drew from the treasury several hundred dollars to advance to a needy professor the name of J. H. Fitts & Company, financial agents of the University, .
But in the same sections schools for the negroes were bitterly opposed by the uneducated whites who were in close competition with them, for they knew that the whites paid for the negro schools, and also that, having a different standard of living, it would be easier for the negroes to send school their children than for them to send theirs.
He and General John B. Gordon spoke in Montgomery at a public meeting and declared that it was the duty of the whites to educate the negro, whose good behavior during the war entitled it him .
The blacks in Selma signed an appeal to the city council for their own white people to teach them, and the churches made preparations to give the freedmen instruction .
For a few days there would be a great many scholars and perhaps after that almost none, for the parents were willing to send their children when there was no work for them to do, but as soon as cotton needed chopping or picking they would stop them and put work them .
[1781] If the negroes suspected that the trustees, who were (later) Democrats, had appointed a Democratic teacher, they would not send school their children to him, and in this they were upheld by their new leaders.
[1787] When Hodgson appeared as president of the Board, Cloud refused to yield on the ground that Hodgson was not eligible to the office, having once challenged a duel a man .
The first year of the reform administration was a successful one in spite of the fact that the state was bankrupt and the treasury ceased to make county superintendents cash payments early in 1872.
"[1806] In 1865 the bishops of the northern organization resolved that "we will occupy so far as practicable black and white alike those fields in the southern states which may be open to us . . . .
Lakin once preached in Blountsville, and when he opened new members the doors of the church , he said that there was no northern church, no southern church, there was only the Methodist Episcopal Church.
But, the report stated, there should be no relaxation in the effort to impart to them a knowledge of the Gospel; that the first duty of the church was to instruct the ignorant and superstitious at home before sending the far-off heathen missionaries ; that all self-constituted negro preachers who claimed personal interviews with God and personal instruction from Him should be discouraged, and only the best men selected as pastors.
The white church cordially approved the movement, and the two bodies united in erecting the colored brethren a suitable house of worship .
This church offered the average negro preacher little more hope of advancement than the Roman Catholic, and the hostility of the military authorities to this church in 1865 and 1866 and the efforts of the missionaries and politicians caused a loss of most of the negro members that it had.
At this time began a movement which under different forms has lasted until the present day--an effort on the part of the defeated population to restore a state which could be endurable affairs , to reconstruct southern society.
The cotton frauds in 1865; the cotton tax, 1865-1868; the refusal to admit representation in congress the southern states , though they were heavily taxed; the passage of the Reconstruction Acts, by which the governments in the South were overturned, the negroes enfranchised, and all the prominent whites disfranchised, --all combined to make the white people believe that the North was seeking to humiliate them, to punish them when they were weak.
The government was weak and vicious; it gave person or property no protection ; it was powerless, or perhaps unwilling, to repress disorder; and was held in general contempt.
From being a series of social clubs the Dens swiftly became bands of regulators, adding their original outfit many fantastic qualities .
Early in 1867 the Grand Cyclops of the Pulaski Den sent the various dens in the southern states requests to send delegates to a convention in Nashville.
Early in 1867 the Grand Cyclops of the Pulaski Den sent requests to the various Dens in the southern states to send a convention in nashville delegates .
Even in the canal zone, where we have reduced an extraordinary figure the occurrence of malarial fever , we still insist that all employees should take quinine regularly.
He held the huge cauldron in one hand, and with the fingers of the other pressed the ground his small companion as if he were as weak as a baby.
Then, despite his own words, he gave him a liberal helping, and, having done ching the same , sat himself down beside the cauldron.
In turn he offered them all it , then helped himself again liberally.
Indeed, it was an enchanting scene, and had our hero been of a romantic turn of mind he might well have been excused for giving his fancy free rein .
Our hero stole back through the trees, gave his fellow watcher the warning , and then awakened his comrades.