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What ion channel is essential for 3a-mediated IL-1Beta secretion?
|
ion channel activity of the 3a protein
| 1,006
| false
| 1,595
| 281
|
Notably, the 3a-CS mutant completely abrogated IL-1β secretion , suggesting that the ion channel activity of the 3a protein is required for SARS-CoV 3a-induced IL-1β secretion. Indeed, we found that IL-1β secretion caused by the 3a protein was significantly inhibited when the extracellular K + concentration increased to 130 mM These observations prompted us to examine whether K + efflux is required for 3a-mediated IL-1β secretion Similarly, IL-1β release induced by the SARS-CoV E and 3a proteins was significantly inhibited by Mito-TEMPOIn summary, we found that the ion channel activity of SARS-CoV 3a protein is essential for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasomeBoth K + Efflux and ROS Production Are Involved in the IL-1β Release Induced by the SARS-CoV 3a Protein Together, these data provide evidence that the ion channel activity of the SARS-CoV 3a protein is essential for triggering the NLRP3 inflammasome.
|
What assay played an important role?
|
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
| 2,606
| false
| 2,628
| 3,850
|
We have to face some unknown pathogenic agents passively This is especially true for infectious agents. Domestic and wild animals, e.g., goats, boars, cattle and dogs, are believed to be the virus-amplifying hosts To get ourselves well prepared we also ought to actively hunt for unknown pathogens These include viruses in the family of Piconaviridae, Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, Astroviridae and Polyomaviridae. This is another example that molecular biology methods played for the discovery of new pathogens Our actively hunting for new viruses has made some significant contributions for our understanding of virus ecology, pathogenesis and interspecies transmission.
|
Is coinfection common in influenza infection?
|
influenza virus infections are often accompanied by other viral pathogens
| 3,095
| false
| 1,629
| 2,151
|
It is known that influenza virus infections are often accompanied by other viral pathogens both are involved in recent influenza outbreaksThe periodic appearance of new influenza variants poses a worldwide pandemic threat Inhibition of viral replication of all tested influenza strains was achieved with both substances Analysis by qRT-PCR revealed that 54.5-83.3% of influenza A or B positive patients were found to have at least one concomitant respiratory viral infection The pathogenicity of influenza viruses in mice varies and is dependent on the strain and its adaptation to the host Of all in-vitro tested influenza strains the H1N1(09)pdm and the LP H7N7 are particularly interesting for two reasons
|
What does the N-protein act as?
|
a peripheral membrane protein
| 10,566
| false
| 1,660
| 4,498
|
N protein has been increasingly linked to viral replication and translation, sometimes in previously unanticipated ways It also acts as a peripheral membrane protein, as does the L protein , an activity that could play a role in its presumed, but not yet demonstrated function as matrixTrafficking of N for viral assembly: Classically, N protein in infected cells appears to be clustered or particulate in nature, with a heavy concentration at a single perinuclear location, widely considered to be the Golgi In the cytoplasm of infected cells, N protein can be found in cellular P bodies where it sequesters and protects 5' caps The N proteins of hantaviruses are found in association with particulate fractions, and confocal microscopy and biochemical-inhibitor studies have shown that N tracks along microtubules but not with actin filamentsThe shorter (50-kD) nucleocapsid or N protein is a structural component of the viral nucleocapsid, along with the genomic viral RNA segments Some of N protein's effects on translation might not immediately be recognized to be adaptive in nature
|
How many swabs were randomly selected and analyzed?
|
250
| 751
| false
| 1,623
| 4,034
|
Based on the budget, a season-stratified sample of 250 swabs was randomly selected in order to describe circulating viruses including outside flu seasonAmong the 250 randomly-selected swabs, 26 were not available anymore as they were sent to Influenza Reference Center for confirmation and characterization of the pathogenic agent The sampling frame contained identification number of swab assigned by Cire OI, laboratory identification number, sex, age, date of onset of symptoms, date of swab collection and result of influenza RT-PCR. In total, only 53 swabs, representing 24% of the sample, remained without etiology with negative multiplex PCR results all along the yearAmong the 148 swabs initially negative for influenza because not previously tested for any other viruses, the study found an etiology for 95 swabs Nasal swabs are randomly collected all along the year and are tested by RT-PCR for influenza viruses In our study, only 5.3% of positive swabs were co-infections whereas in two studies in Madagascar co-infections represented 27.3% and 29.4% .
|
What is an important feature of the replicon system?
|
the self-replicating nature of the RNA. Despite the partial viral genome, the RNAs are self-replicating and can express transgenes at very high levels
| 16,918
| false
| 1,719
| 1,568
|
One important feature of the replicon systems is the self-replicating nature of the RNAThe VEE replicon systems are particularly appealing as the VEE targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphatic tissues, priming rapid and robust immune responses A VEE-based replicon system encoding the HA from PR8 was demonstrated to induce potent HA-specific immune response and protected from challenge in a murine model, despite repeated immunization with the vector expressing a control antigen, suggesting preexisting immunity may not be an issue for the replicon vaccine The replication defective vaccines or replicons do not encode viral structural proteins, having these portions of the genome replaces with transgenic material. While additional clinical data is needed, these reports suggest alphavirus replicon systems or VRPs may be safe and efficacious, even in the face of preexisting immunity. To reduce safety concerns, attenuated VSV vectors were developed More recently, a VEE replicon system expressing the HA protein of PR8 was shown to protect young adult (8-week-old) and aged (12-month-old) mice from lethal homologous challenge .
|
What difference bats demonstrate compared to most non-Chiropteran mammals?
|
no obvious disease symptoms upon infection with pathogens that are highly virulent in non-volant mammals (Schountz et al., 2017) but may, instead, support viruses as longterm persistent infections, rather than transient, immunizing pathologies
| 2,159
| false
| 1,698
| 2,722
|
The experiments and model helped reveal that the bats' defenses may have a potential downside for other animals, including humans Bats, by contrast, demonstrate no obvious disease symptoms upon infection with pathogens that are highly virulent in non-volant mammals (Schountz et al., 2017) but may, instead, support viruses as longterm persistent infections, rather than transient, immunizing pathologies (Plowright et al., 2016) . This suggests that bat immune defenses may drive the evolution of faster transmitting viruses, and while bats are well protected from the harmful effects of their own prolific viruses, other creatures like humans are not. The past decade has born witness to emerging consensus regarding the unique pathways by which bats resist and tolerate highly virulent infections (Brook and Dobson, 2015; Xie et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2013; Ahn et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2016; Ng et al., 2015; Pavlovich et al., 2018)The findings may help to explain why bats are often the source for viruses that are deadly in humansBats have received much attention in recent years for their role as reservoir hosts for emerging viral zoonoses, including rabies and related lyssaviruses, Hendra and Nipah henipaviruses, Ebola and Marburg filoviruses, and SARS coronavirus (Calisher et al., 2006; Wang and Anderson, 2019) In the meantime, the experiments highlight the importance of warning people to avoid direct contact with wild bats
|
What is an example of a case-based measure against coronavirus?
|
strong recommendations or laws to the general
public and primary care about self—isolation when showing COVID-19-like symptoms
| 29,883
| false
| 2,683
| 1,076
|
During this early phase of control measures against the novel coronavirus in Europe, we analyze trends24. Belgium.be. Coronavirus: reinforced measures | Belgium.be.
(2020).coronavirus COVID-19. Gobierno de Espana
(2020).23. Federal Public Service. Coronavirus : Phase 2 maintained, transition to the federal phase and
additional measures.coronavirus.be/en/2020/03/10/protect-yourself—and-protect-the-others/ (2020).20. Bundesministerium. Coronavirus (COVID-19): Status quo — Schulen, Hochschulen,
Universitaten und Forschungsinstitutionen.45. Wikipedia. 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Spain. Wikimedia Foundation
|
Which are the most abundant biological entities on Earth?
|
Viruses
| 574
| false
| 1,690
| 1,175
|
This small bacterium was designated as the most common organism on the planet Among the smallest parasitic living organisms is Nanoarchaeum equitansThe virosphere is the most successful reservoir of biological entities on our planet in terms of numbers of particles, speed of replication, growth rates, and sequence space The experiment can perhaps be generalized from the test tube to a principle, that the most successful survivors on our planet are the viruses and microorganisms, which became the most abundant entities Individual amino acids are indicated as black dots and may be available on Earth from the universe Analogously, the most highly complex microbiomes are found in indigenous human tribes in Africa, which live on a broad variety of different nutrients They lose mobility and become obligatory intracellular elements
|
What is the SSA optimization algorithm inspired by?
|
inspired by the behavior of salp chains
| 6,716
| false
| 2,440
| 4,430
|
SSA is an optimization technique introduced by Moreover, SSA is also an optimization algorithm proposed by Mirjalili et al. inspired by the behavior of salp chains In recent years, the SSA was utilized to solve different optimization problems, such as feature selection , data classification , image segmentation , and others .On the other hand, the updating phase of the followers' positions in the SSA algorithm is applied to improve the global pollination phase in the FPA algorithmAn improved ANFIS model is proposed using a modified FPA algorithm, using SSA. However, in the case of local strategy, the operators of SSA or FPA will be used according to the probability of the fitness value for each solution Moreover, the operators of SSA are combined with the local strategy of FPA to enhance their exploitation ability
|
What is a characteristic of LAIV?
|
LAIV are temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted
| 4,395
| false
| 1,719
| 1,481
|
LAIV are temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted so they do not replicate effectively at core body temperature, but replicate in the mucosa of the nasopharynx LAIV is administered as a nasal spray and contains the same three or four influenza virus strains as inactivated vaccines but on an attenuated vaccine backboneVirus-vectored vaccines share many of the advantages of LAIV, as well as those unique to the vectors While LAIV relies on antigenic match and the HA and NA antigens are replaced on the same schedule as the TIV , there is some suggestion that LAIV may induce broader protection than TIV due to the diversity of the immune response consistent with inducing virus-neutralizing serum and mucosal antibodies, as well as broadly reactive T cell responses LAIV is not recommended for all populations; however, it is generally considered to be as effective as inactivated vaccines and may be more efficacious in children LAIV immunization induces serum antibody responses, mucosal antibody responses (IgA), and T cell responses While robust serum antibody and nasal wash (mucosal) antibody responses are associated with protection from infection, other immune responses, such as CD8 + cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses may contribute to protection and there is not a clear correlate of immunity for LAIV .
|
Why exposure risk of COVID-19 is very high for ICU staff and what precautions should be taken?
|
substantial exposure risk for ICU staff because of the following reasons
| 3,763
| false
| 2,466
| 645
|
Caring for 2019-nCoV patients represents a substantial exposure risk for ICU staff because of the following reasons: highly contagious with multiple transmission route, high exposure dose, long daily contact hours, and ICU stay The higher viral load and aerosol-generating procedures, such as noninvasive ventilation, magnify the exposure and transmission risk Healthcare providers and those in contact with infected patients should utilize contact, droplet, and airborne precautions with N95 respiratorThe risk of 2019-nCoV exposure may cause significant psychosocial stress on healthcare workers More importantly, because the hospitals' ability to respond to the outbreak largely depends on their available ICU beds, the plan to increase ICU bed capacity needs to be determined.The main challenge may include (1) early identification of outbreak, (2) rapid expansion of patients, (3) high risk of nosocomial transmission, (4) unpredictability of size impacted, and (5) lack of backup resource Strict infection prevention and control practices have been implemented and audited in our units following the infection prevention and control plan published by China's National Health Committee (CNHC)
|
What do ribozymes exhibit?
|
structural information by hairpin-loops that form hydrogen bonds between incomplete double strands, and loops free to interact with other molecules.
| 4,077
| false
| 1,690
| 1,186
|
Loss of ribozyme activity is a functional, not a genetic loss Both of them have ribozyme activity Replication of ribozymes was demonstrated in the test tube (Lincoln and Joyce, 2009)Ribozymes are related to the protein-free viroids Their structure is reminiscent of catalytically active ribozymes. The ribozymes may have been the earliest replicating entity Thus, small peptides were available by ribozyme activity
|
What the animal vector reservoir for Hantaan virus?
|
rodents
| 25,187
| false
| 2,565
| 548
|
Hantaan virus is an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus from the genus Hantavirus within the family Bunyaviridae Unlike in rodents, Hantavirus infection leads to HFRS and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans (21) Reservoir animals, usually rodents, are asymptomatic during persistent infection However, we failed in tracking the transportation of HTNV in infected cells possibly due to the lack of fluorescence-labeled virus The allele frequencies and genotypes of healthy Han Chinese and other groups were obtained from the 1,000 genomes project ( HUVEC and A549 cells were infected by incubation with HTNV as indicated moi at 37°C for 60 mins Subsequently, the virus solution was removed and fresh medium added to the cell culture.
|
What are methods to avoid the effect vector immunity on the efficacy of vaccination?
|
the use of vectors derived from nonhuman sources, using human viruses of rare serotypes (Kahl et al., 2010; Lasaro & Ertl, 2009) , heterologous prime-boost approaches (Liu et al., 2008) , homologous reimmunization (Steffensen et al., 2012) and removing key neutralizing epitopes on the surface of viral capsid proteins (Gabitzsch & Jones, 2011; Roberts et al., 2006)
| 23,489
| false
| 1,645
| 877
|
In discussing the possible effects on pre-existing immunity, the natural immunity to the vector needs to be considered Different effects of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of recombinant viral vaccine vectors are summarized in.As some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail As this review discusses the effects of pre-existing immune responses to attenuated vaccines, further discussion of LAB and EThere are several approaches to avoiding pre-existing vector immunity, such as the use of vectors derived from nonhuman sources, using human viruses of rare serotypes (Kahl et al., 2010; Lasaro & Ertl, 2009) , heterologous prime-boost approaches (Liu et al., 2008) , homologous reimmunization (Steffensen et al., 2012) and removing key neutralizing epitopes on the surface of viral capsid proteins (Gabitzsch & Jones, 2011; Roberts et al., 2006) (2009) also demonstrated that the negative impact of vector-specific immune responses can also be countered by repeated immunization with the same vaccine and dose; this in effect leads to higher priming of naive T cells against the delivered antigen Vector-specific antibodies may impede the induction of immune responses to the vaccine-encoded antigens, as they may reduce the dose and time of exposure of the target cells to the vaccinated antigens (Pichla-Gollon et al., 2009; Pine et al., 2011)
|
Are the descendant H1N1 strains of the 1918 H1N1 swine flu (Spanish Influenza) virus, still prevalent?
|
H1N1 Viruses descended from the 1918 strain, as well as
H3N2 Viruses, have now been cocirculating worldwide for
29 years and show little evidence of imminent extinction.
| 4,045
| false
| 2,684
| 1,073
|
when closely related influenza Viruses (now known to be
H1N1 Viruses) were isolated, first from pigs and shortlyInitial genetic characterization of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus.
Science. 1997;275:1793–6. Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus hemagglutinin gene.H1N1 Viruses descended from the 1918 strain, as well as
H3N2 Viruses, have now been cocirculating worldwide forin understanding the risk of H1N1 “swine flu” emergence
in 1976.swine flu), and the reassorted human H3N2 Virus lineage,
which like the human H1N1 Virus, has led to a porcineCharacterization of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus matrix gene
segment. J Virol. 2002;76:10717–23.
|
What percentage of humans have died among all humans reported to be infected?
|
nearly 40 %
| 67,310
| false
| 1,741
| 4,378
|
Among all humans reported to be infected, nearly 40 % have died Approximately 34 people were infected during this time That is to say, the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) -the average number of infections caused by one infected individual in a fully susceptible populationhas been close to one throughout various clusters and outbreaks The outbreak was mostly (>60 % of cases) associated with human-to-human spread within hospital environments and resulted from a lack of, or breakdown in, infection prevention and control In total 186 cases were generated in this outbreak, all linked through a single transmission chain to 68 M; 37 cases died Much of the Arabian Peninsula and all of the Horn of Africa lack baseline data describing the proportion of the community who may have been infected by a MERS-CoV The spread of MERS-CoV among humans has often been associated with outbreaks in hospitals, with around 20 % of all cases to date involving healthcare workers (HCWs).
|
What are the structural protein elements of a flavivirus?
|
capsid (C), membrane (premembrane [prM] and membrane [M] ), and envelope (E)
| 3,504
| false
| 2,437
| 1,228
|
Notably, several structurally distinct compounds have been identified to inhibit flavivirus replication by intensively targeting the TMD of NS4B (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)Above all, the findings reported here provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying flavivirus infection and offer new and promising therapeutic possibilities for combating infections caused by flaviviruses.Flaviviruses have an approximately 11-kb positive-stranded RNA genome containing a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by untranslated regions (UTRs) at both termini Since flaviviruses are similar in structure and pathogenesis, we first utilized JEV as the prototype to screen the drug library and subsequently validated the antiviral activities with ZIKV, WNV, and DENV type 2 (DENV-2) Sequence alignment of NS4B indicated that Q130 was conserved in all flaviviruses except YFV, which possessed a lysine at that position (Fig Most flaviviruses are arthropod borne and cause public health problems worldwide (1)F laviviruses are taxonomically classified in the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae.
|
When was COVID surveillance implemented in European region?
|
27 January 2020
| 1,324
| false
| 2,642
| 3,793
|
In the WHO European Region, COVID-19 surveillance was implemented 27 January 2020. We detail the first European cases The overall aim of surveillance at this time was to support the global strategy of containment of COVID-19 with rapid identification and follow-up of cases linked to affected countries in order to minimise onward transmissionThis preliminary analysis is based on the first reported cases of COVID-19 cases in the WHO European RegionAs at 09:00 on 21 February 2020, 47 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in the WHO European Region and one of these cases had diedAs at 09:00 on 21 February, few COVID-19 cases had been detected in Europe compared with Asia The surveillance objectives were to: describe the key epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases detected in Europe; inform country preparedness; and improve further case detection and management The situation has evolved rapidly since then, however, and the number of countries reporting COVID-19 transmission increased rapidly, notably with a large outbreak in northern Italy with 3,089 cases reported as at 5 March
|
How is exhaled breath condensate used in viral research?
|
the isolation of respiratory viruses
| 548
| false
| 1,582
| 5,193
|
Collection of exhaled breath condensates is a novel and non-invasive method for obtaining samples of the upper respiratory tract Most studies that perform breath analyses for viral detection use modified face masks, with a removable central region in electret or a removable Teflon filter on which exhaled particles impact Therefore, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis has recently been explored as a new and non-invasive method to monitor lung inflammation and pulmonary disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer etcAlso person-dependent factors, such as the number of particles produced, the exhaled volume and the age of the patient, have been suggested to play an important role for exhalation of viral particlesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the EBC collection method was suited for the efficient condensation of aerosolised virus particles during normal breathing and to explore the isolation of respiratory viruses in the condensateThe breath condensates were screened for 11 respiratory RNA viruses (CoV NL63, E229 and OC43, RV, HMPV, InfA&B and PIV1-4) using a OneStep RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen, Westburg, The Netherlands) in a 50 μl reaction containing 10 μl of the extracted RNA, 0.6 μM of forward and reverse primers , 1.5 μl One Step Enzyme Mix, 10 μl 5 × One Step RT-PCR Buffer and 400 μM of each dNTP Previous studies reported the inclusion of a limited subset of participants and investigated the presence of a limited number of viruses in the breath samples
|
What are examples of proinflammatory cytokines?
|
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6
| 2,731
| false
| 1,595
| 290
|
High levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, were detected in autopsy tissues from SARS patients (He et al., 2006) Although dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines may be involved in lung injury and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Furthermore, hepatitis C virus stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production though its p7 viroporin (Negash et al., 2013; Farag et al., 2017) In addition, another viroporin 3a was found to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation (Yue et al., 2018) Similarly, IL-1β release induced by the SARS-CoV E and 3a proteins was significantly inhibited by Mito-TEMPO Indeed, we found that IL-1β secretion caused by the 3a protein was significantly inhibited when the extracellular K + concentration increased to 130 mM Furthermore, IL-1β secretion from LPSprimed BMMs co-infected with E-and 3a-expressing lentiviruses was significantly higher than that from SARS-CoV E-expressing lentivirus-infected cells
|
What is the anti-influenza benefit of carageenan?
|
anti-influenza activity was shown by subgroup analysis of 49 influenza infected patients who benefited from a 3.3 days faster recovery from symptoms
| 6,351
| false
| 1,629
| 2,159
|
The anti-influenza activity was shown by subgroup analysis of 49 influenza infected patients who benefited from a 3.3 days faster recovery from symptomsAs a result of the multiple infections, a specific anti-influenza mono-therapy treats the influenza virus infection only, but not the infection with the concomitant viral pathogen However, lessons should be learned from previous anti-influenza interventions which resulted in occurrence of resistance against currently approved drugsIn summary, we demonstrated that the anti-influenza mechanisms of both single compounds complement each otherNovel protection and treatment options for influenza are desperately neededAt present the only available effective drugs for treatment and post exposure prevention of influenza are the NI (Oseltamivir and Zanamivir worldwide; Peramivir in Japan and South Korea) These results demonstrate that carrageenan and Zanamivir target individual influenza strains to different extents so that they may complement each other to provide broader anti-influenza activity.
|
What is the conclusion of this report?
|
heightened immune responses limit pathogen-induced cellular morbidity, which can facilitate the establishment of rapidly-propagating persistent infections within-host. Rapidly-transmitting viruses that have evolved with bat immune systems will likely cause enhanced virulence following emergence into secondary hosts with immune systems that diverge from those unique to bats.
| 1,153
| false
| 1,698
| 2,720
|
Under absent immune assumptions, r and " were fixed at 0 while b was estimated; under induced immune assumptions, " was fixed at 0 while r and b were estimated; and under constitutive immune assumptions, all three parameters (r, ", and b) were simultaneously estimated for each cell-virus combination All model fits were conducted using consistent starting guesses for the parameters, b (b = 3), and where applicable, r (r = 0.001) and " (" = 0.001) During model fitting for optimization of ", any parameter tests of " values producing R 0 <1 resulted in no infection and, consequently, produced an exceedingly poor fit to infectious time series data Finally, we confirmed our findings in spatially-explicit stochastic simulations of fitted time series from our mean field model In all panel (A) plots, the rate of induced immune antiviral acquisition (r) was fixed at 0.01 Due to uncertainty over the exact epidemic state of Hoechst-stained cells (i.e Results from mean field model fitting were additionally confirmed in spatially explicit stochastic simulations of each time series.
|
What is the effect of host immune response to the delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination?
|
for virally vectored antigens, the existence of pre-existing immunity to the vector (particularly neutralizing antibody) will restrict delivery of the virus into cells, thereby effectively reducing the dose of the vectored antigen. Again, this might be expected to result in a reduction in the antigenicity of the vectored antigen.
| 9,980
| false
| 1,645
| 864
|
Different effects of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of recombinant viral vaccine vectors are summarized in. The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens Finally, long-lasting cellular and (where appropriate) humoral immune responses to the vectored antigen must be induced following administration of these vaccines, preferably with a single dose (Atkins et al., 2006) .As some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail (2009) also demonstrated that the negative impact of vector-specific immune responses can also be countered by repeated immunization with the same vaccine and dose; this in effect leads to higher priming of naive T cells against the delivered antigen Attridge and coworkers reported that the presence of immunity against the bacterial vector prior to the delivery of vectored antigenic (1999) indicated that exposure to the empty vector may completely abrogate immune responses against the delivered antigens (Vijh et al., 1999)
|
What is the result of all species tests of phage particles?
|
is immunogenic without adjuvant in all species tested to date, including mice (Willis et al., 1993) , rats (Dente et al., 1994) , rabbits (de la Cruz et al., 1988) , guinea pigs (Frenkel et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004) , fish (Coull et al., 1996; Xia et al., 2005) , non-human primates (Chen et al., 2001) , and humans (Roehnisch et al., 2014)
| 20,826
| false
| 1,674
| 1,749
|
The phage likely The phage particle is immunogenic without adjuvant in all species tested to date, including mice (Willis et al., 1993) , rats (Dente et al., 1994) , rabbits (de la Cruz et al., 1988) , guinea pigs (Frenkel et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004) , fish (Coull et al., 1996; Xia et al., 2005) , non-human primates (Chen et al., 2001) , and humans (Roehnisch et al., 2014)The phage particle is self-adjuvanting through multiple mechanisms Many excellent reviews are available on phage-display libraries and their applications (Kehoe and Kay, 2005; Bratkovic, 2010; Pande et al., 2010) The few studies attempting to investigate filamentous phage environmental ecology using classical environmental microbiology techniques (typically direct observation by electron microscopy) found that filamentous phage made up anywhere from 0 to 100% of all viral particles (Demuth et al., 1993; Pina et al., 1998; Hofer and Sommaruga, 2001) Initially, the major advantages to phage display of such antigens were speed, ease of purification and low cost of production (Gram et al., 1993)Early work with anti-phage antisera generated for species classification purposes demonstrated that the filamentous phage virion is highly immunogenic in the absence of adjuvants (Meynell and Lawn, 1968 ) and that only the major coat protein, pVIII, and the minor coat protein, pIII, are targeted by antibodies (Pratt et al., 1969; Woolford et al., 1977)
|
Which cells lacking both B and T cell receptors but play a crucial role in secreting type 2 cytokines to perpetuate type 2 inflammation when activated ?
|
ILC2s are a group of lymphoid cells
| 12,704
| false
| 2,504
| 3,949
|
ILC2s are a group of lymphoid cells lacking both B and T cell receptors but play a crucial role in secreting type 2 cytokines to perpetuate type 2 inflammation when activated (Scanlon and McKenzie, 2012; Li and Hendriks, 2013) These factors heighten local inflammation and the infiltration of granulocytes, T-cells and B-cells (Wark and Gibson, 2006; Braciale et al., 2012) These 3 cytokines then work in concert to activate ILC2s to further secrete type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 which further aggravate the type 2 inflammation in the airway causing acute exacerbation (Camelo et al., 2017) IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP are type 2 inflammatory cytokines expressed by the epithelial cells upon injury to the epithelial barrier (Gabryelska et al., 2019; Roan et al., 2019) Their impairment stems from a type 2-skewed inflammatory response which deprives the airway of important type 1 responsive CD8 cells that are responsible for the complete clearance of virusinfected cells (Becker, 2006; McKendry et al., 2016) These, in turn, enable infiltration of innate immune cells and of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that will then in turn release specific mediators to facilitate viral targeting and clearance, including type II interferon (IFNγ), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-12 (Wark and Gibson, 2006; Singh et al., 2010; Braciale et al., 2012) In a healthy airway, the inflammation normally leads to type 1 inflammatory responses consisting of activation of an antiviral state and infiltration of antiviral effector cells
|
What is United Kingdom's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March?
|
2.7% [1.2%-5.4%]
| 13,346
| false
| 2,683
| 857
|
representing between 1.88% and 11.43% ofthe population. The proportion of the population infected: Posterior model estimates of percentage of total population infected as of 28th March 2020.Country % of total population infected (mean [95% credible intervall)
Austria 1.1% [0.36%-3.1%]
Belgium 3.7% [1.3%-9.7%]Given the serial interval distribution, the number of infections Eamon a given day t, and country, m,infected as of March 28th, giving an attack rate of 9.8% [3.2%-25%] of the population . Spaina fundamental epidemiological quantity representing the average number of infections, at time t, pereach country have been infected, with an attack rate on average of 4.9% [l.9%-ll%] with considerable
|
What were the model assumptions?
|
the virus transmitted among the bats, and then transmitted to unknown hosts (probably some wild animals). The hosts were hunted and sent to the seafood market which was defined as the reservoir of the virus. People exposed to the market got the risks of the infection
| 5,011
| false
| 2,592
| 2,759
|
Therefore, we added the further assumptions as follows: There were several researches focusing on mathematical modelling This assumption might lead to the simulation been under-or over-estimatedThe parameters were estimated based on the following facts and assumptions:f) The parameters b P and b W were estimated by fitting the model with the collected data The normalized RP model is changed as follows: The BHRP transmission network model was based on the following assumptions or facts:
|
How is Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus transmitted?
|
by mosquitoes
| 3,319
| false
| 1,679
| 933
|
V enezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a New World alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that is endemic to the Americas Currently, vaccine strain TC83 is used in horses and for high-risk personnel; however, due to the low rate of seroconversion achieved with this vaccine (5) and its reliance on two single attenuating mutations (6) , it is considered unfit for mass distribution (7) In 1995, an outbreak of VEEV in Colombia and Venezuela resulted in over 100,000 human cases (3) Primary antibodies to the following were used: EGR1 (antibody 44D5; catalog number 4154; Cell Signaling), polyclonal anti-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus TC83 (subtype IA/B) capsid protein (BEI Resources), CHOP (antibody L63F7; catalog number 2895; Cell Signaling), phosphorylated ␣ subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (p-eIF2␣; Ser51; antibody D9G8; catalog number 3398; Cell Signaling), ATF4 (antibody D4B8; catalog number 11815; Cell Signaling), activated caspase 3 (antibody Asp175; catalog number 9661; Cell Signaling), and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated -actin (catalog number ab49900-100; Abcam). The IA/B and IC strains are of particular concern due to increased rates of morbidity and mortality and the risks associated with viral amplification and potential species spillover (2) Viral supernatants and cells were collected at various times postinfection for further analysis VEEV is a positive-strand RNA virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and that is naturally present in rodent reservoirs (1)
|
Before linking respiratory viruses, what was linked to acute exacerbations?
|
Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s (Pattemore et al., 1992) ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation
| 6,000
| false
| 2,504
| 3,880
|
Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s (Pattemore et al., 1992) ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation (Stevens, 1953; Message and Johnston, 2002) One of the reasons for the involvement of respiratory viruses' in exacerbations is their ease of transmission and infection (Kutter et al., 2018) Therefore, its infection by respiratory viruses may have far reaching consequences in augmenting and synergizing current and future acute exacerbations Furthermore, due to the different replication cycles and response against the myriad of respiratory viruses, each respiratory virus may also contribute to exacerbations via different mechanisms that may alter their severityOnce the link between viral infection and acute exacerbations of chronic airway inflammatory disease was established, there have been many reports on the mechanisms underlying the exacerbation induced by respiratory viral infection These classical mechanisms of viral induced acute exacerbations are summarized in. (2006) has underlined the synergistic effect of viral infection with other sensitizing agents in causing more severe acute exacerbations in the airway
|
What diminishes the effectiveness of annual influenza vaccinations?
|
Constant evolution of circulating influenza virus strains and the emergence of new strains
| 415
| false
| 1,719
| 1,241
|
It is clear that currently licensed influenza vaccines have not fully met these goals, nor those specific to inducing long-term, robust immunitySeasonal influenza is a worldwide health problem causing high mobility and substantial mortalityCurrently licensed influenza virus vaccines suffer from a number of issues This would likely limit the use and/or efficacy of poxvirus-vectored influenza virus vaccines for regular and seasonal use There is also a need for revision of the current influenza virus vaccine strategies for at-risk populations, particularly those at either end of the age spectrum There is significant interest in developing universal influenza vaccines that would not require annual reformulation to provide protective robust and durable immunity There are a number of vaccine-related issues that must be addressed before population-based influenza vaccination strategies are optimized
|
Compounds from what framework have shown promising anticancer and antiviral properties?
|
quinazolin-4-one
| 2,259
| false
| 1,562
| 3,039
|
In the last decades several compounds containing the quinazolin-4-one framework, which exhibited promising anticancer as well as antiviral properties, have been obtained Several reviews focused on the synthetic strategies and biological activities of these compounds have been published Among them, quinazolines and quinazolinones have drawn special attention due to the broad spectrum of biological activities of their derivatives, including sedative , anticancer , antiviral , antibacterial , antifungal , anti-inflamatory [15, and antifibrotic activities In continuation of our studies on antiviral and cytostatic activity of isoxazolidine analogues of C-nucleoside analogues, we designed a new series of compounds of the general formula 11 containing a substituted quinazolinone moiety as a false nucleobase at C5 in the isoxazolidine ring and the diethoxyphosphoryl function attached at C3 In continuation of our studies on antiviral and cytostatic activity of isoxazolidine analogues of C-nucleoside analogues, we designed a new series of compounds of the general formula 11 containing a substituted quinazolinone moiety as a false nucleobase at C5 in the isoxazolidine ring and the diethoxyphosphoryl function attached at C3 In continuation of our studies on antiviral and cytostatic activity of isoxazolidine analogues of C-nucleoside analogues, we designed a new series of compounds of the general formula 11 containing a substituted quinazolinone moiety as a false nucleobase at C5 in the isoxazolidine ring and the diethoxyphosphoryl function attached at C3 Ganciclovir, cidofovir, acyclovir, brivudin, zalcitabine, zanamivir, alovudine, amantadine, rimantadine, ribavirin, dextran sulfate (molecular weight 10,000, DS-10000), mycophenolic acid, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) were used as the reference compounds
|
What are the clinical symptoms of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)?
|
Flulike symptoms, such as fever, cough and little sputum, were commonly observed at the onset of illness
| 8,509
| false
| 1,604
| 3,244
|
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55), which is emerging as a highly virulent pathogen for acute fatal adenoviral pneumonia among immunocompetent adults in China, has gained increasing attentionHuman adenoviruses (HAdVs) are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune function and a frequent cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease among young childrenThe prevalence of severe fatal adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 in our study is somewhat similar to that described by Cao and colleagues Severe adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 has been reported to be more closely related to severe cases compared to other serotypes (HAdV-3, HAdV-7 and HAdV-14) . The time between initial ETA sample collection of adenoviruses and positive results for HAdV-55 nucleic acid in the blood was 1 to 10 days HAdV-55 DNA was previously reported in 41.2% of patients with severe infection In our cohort, we found that severe HAdV-55 infection could cause a rapid progression of respiratory failure, with a very high failure rate for NPPV and IMV
|
What are the SRC-family of kinases?
|
signaling molecules
| 7,048
| false
| 1,652
| 1,949
|
The dimeric state allows recruitment of signaling molecules such as SRC-family kinases, including the tyrosine phosphatase SRC homology 2 (SH2)-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1) and SHP2 members to phosphorylate ITIMs 24 Small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases or protein phosphatases (e.g inhibitors for Src, JAK, SHP2) have been developed as therapies for cancer, inflammation, immune and metabolic diseases 51 In addition, H5N1-upregulated genes were also involved in regulation of protein phosphorylation, cellular metabolism and cell proliferation, which are thought to be exploited by viruses for replication 38 The long cytoplasmic tail contains two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are absent in the short form 20 Examples include modulation of ROS to reduce inflammation 5 and inhibition of NFκB and mitogenic Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade activation to suppress viral replication 36, 37 Among these were inflammatory cytokines/chemokines genes, including CXCL5, IL1A, AXL (a member of the TAM receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases) and TMEM173/STING (Stimulator of IFN Genes) .
|
What is a future potential of filamentous phage?
|
as elements of combination therapeutics against certain drug-resistant infections.
| 27,890
| false
| 1,674
| 1,756
|
Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight recent and current work using filamentous phage in novel and nontraditional applications Thus, unmodified filamentous phage may be of future interest as elements of combination therapeutics against certain drug-resistant infections. A final section is dedicated to recent developments in filamentous phage ecology and phage-host interactions It is worth noting that the unusual biophysical properties of the filamentous phage can also be exploited in the study of structures of other macromolecules However, there are some indications that filamentous phage can exert useful but more subtle effects upon their bacterial hosts that may not result in the development of resistance to infection The phage likely While novel applications of the filamentous phage continue to be developed, the phage is likely to retain its position as a workhorse for therapeutic antibody discovery for many years to come, even with the advent of competing technologies.
|
What does a chest x-ray look like for a patient with a severe case of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)?
|
CXRs revealed multiple bilateral lobar or segment consolidation in the lungs of all five patients, and radiographic lesions progressed rapidly after ICU admission
| 9,825
| false
| 1,604
| 3,249
|
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55), which is emerging as a highly virulent pathogen for acute fatal adenoviral pneumonia among immunocompetent adults in China, has gained increasing attentionHuman adenoviruses (HAdVs) are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune function and a frequent cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease among young children Patients with HAdV-55 infection and severe ARDS who failed conventional NPPV and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) were included in the analysisThe prevalence of severe fatal adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 in our study is somewhat similar to that described by Cao and colleaguesThe use of mechanical ventilation and ECMO in patients with ARDS caused by HAdV-55 has not been detailed in previous studiesCurrent knowledge of HAdV-55-induced severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in immunocompetent adults is derived from single case reports or relatively small, single-center series The time between initial ETA sample collection of adenoviruses and positive results for HAdV-55 nucleic acid in the blood was 1 to 10 days
|
Where did SARS-CoV-2 originate?
|
Wuhan City, China
| 981
| false
| 2,463
| 1,199
|
Its emergence in China adds an additional dimension in the light of previous experience with SARSA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average This was seen clearly in SARS, MERS in RoK and Ebola in West Africa The WHO established the means to do this for SARS and it has since been further developed and integrated into global preparedness, especially after the West Africa Ebola epidemicThe rapid sharing of information in this outbreak and the speed of the coordinated response both in the country and internationally suggest that lessons have been learned from SARS that improve global capacityChina was inevitably influenced by the historical reaction to the country's response to SARS and the world's suspicion of China's lack of cooperation at that time The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is significant but not comparable to the 10% rate for SARS or 34% reported for MERS
|
How many people were infected during the 1918 Spanish Influenza epidemic?
|
An estimated one third of the world’s population (or
z500 million persons) were infected and had clinical-
ly apparent illnesses
| 985
| false
| 2,684
| 1,058
|
The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains anWhen and Where Did the 1918 Influenza
Pandemic Arise?accounted for 6 % of influenza cases. But in 1918, cases in1918, influenza epidemics had settled into a pattern of
annual epidemicity associated with strain drifting and sub- Age and sex incidence of influenza and pneumonia morbidity and mortality in the epidemic of 1928-1929 with comparativedata for the epidemic of 1918–1919. Public Health Rep.
1931;46:1909–37.all excess influenza—related deaths in 191871919. In com-
parison, the <65-year age group accounted for 36% of all
|
What has become the preferred and lethal vector?
|
Ae. albopictus
| 8,913
| false
| 1,689
| 2,516
|
albopictus has become the new preferred and more lethal vector for CHIKV This mutation allowed CHIKV's secondary vector species, Ae. albopictus, to supplement Ae. aegypti as its primary vector . One way to avoid these potential problems is to construct a consensus-based DNA vaccine The VEEV and EEEV chimeras yielded higher neutralizing antibody titers than the SINV chimera without being more virulent The most common nucleotide among the sequences was chosen at each position to be used in the consensus construct, taking care not to alter the reading frame A consequence of CHIKV's rapid evolution is difficulty in constructing a vaccine that will be able to As a result, the NIAID has designated CHIKV as a Category C pathogen alongside the influenza and SARS-CoV viruses
|
What causes tuberculosis?
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
| 1,889
| false
| 1,684
| 890
|
The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and approximately one third of the world's population has been infected by this pathogenTuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in the developing countries tuberculosis H37Rv In order to understand TB pathogenesis, signaling pathways induced by mycobacteria have long been a subject of interest In a recent report, World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are 9.2 million new TB cases around the world in 2006 .In response to MTB infection, induction of cytokines by immune cells is an important defense mechanismIn summary, MKP-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of cytokine expression upon mycobacterial infection
|
What was the duration of hospitalisation reported for 16 cases ?
|
a median of 13 days (range: 8-23 days)
| 8,559
| false
| 2,642
| 3,831
|
The duration of hospitalisation was reported for 16 cases with a median of 13 days (range: 8-23 days) The time from onset of symptoms to hospitalisation (and isolation) ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days (reported for 29 cases) Our analysis shows that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/case isolation was about 3 days longer for locally acquired cases than for imported cases The mean number of days to hospitalisation was 2.5 days for cases imported from China, but 4.6 days for those infected in Europe The case who died was hospitalised for 21 days and required intensive care and mechanical ventilation for 19 days In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six took only a mean of 2 days to be hospitalised. In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six were hospitalised after a mean of 2 days
|
How many hantaviral genotypes have been described
|
Well over 40
| 658
| false
| 1,660
| 4,443
|
However, some hantavirus genotypes have been described in the same rodent species The categorization of hantaviruses as belonging to the family Bunyaviridae is due in part to the consistent presence of three RNA genomes that are circularized in vivo as a result of the presence of terminal complementary nucleotides that help fold the genome into a -hairpin‖ morphology, first described for the Uukuniemi phlebovirus .is a list of the predominant, serologically distinct pathogenic hantavirusesHantavirus diseases of man have long been suspected of having an immunopathogenic basis in part because of their relatively long incubation period of 2-3 weeks and the observed temporal association between immunologic derangements and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of hantavirus illness At least 15 rodent species have been identified as carriers of different pathogenic hantaviruses, with some South American genotypes such as Castelo do Sonhos (CDSV) or Hu39694 only identified after human infections Hantaviruses typically show high species-specificity and no intermediate host Also, one hantavirus genotype (e.g., Juquitiba-like virus) may be carried by more than one rodent species (OCertain pathophysiologic characteristics, including thrombocytopenia and shock, of hantavirus diseases of humans, bear substantial similarity to the hemorrhagic fevers induced by other viruses such arenaviruses, filoviruses and flaviviruses, despite sharing essentially no sequence similarities therewith
|
How was the epidemic curve modelled?
|
, the C i series, as an exponential growi
| 5,150
| false
| 2,620
| 1,895
|
Following previous studies , we modelled the epidemic curve, i.e., the C i series, as an exponential growing Poisson processDue to an unknown reason, the cumulative number of cases remained at 41 from 1 to 15 January 2020 according to the official report, i.e., no new case was reported during these 15 days, which appears inconsistent with the following rapid growth of the epidemic curve since 16 January 2020 Our analysis yielded cumulative cases of 280 (95% CI: 128-613) as of 12 January 2020, and 609 (95% CI: 278-1333) as of 18 January 2020 based on the exponential growing mechanistic in the early outbreak In this study, we estimated the number of unreported cases and the basic reproduction number, R 0 , of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan from 1 to 15 January 2020 based on the limited data in the early outbreak. show the exponential growth fitting results of the cumulative number of cases (Ci) and the daily number of cases (εi) respectively With the R0 of 2.56 and ξ of 469, the exponential growing framework fitted the cumulative total number of cases (Ci) remarkably well, see, referring to McFadden's pseudo-R-squared of 0.99 However, using SIs of SARS and MERS as approximation could provide an insight into the transmission potential of 2019-nCoV at the early outbreak
|
What is it most similar to?
|
bat beta-coronaviruses, with the highest being >96% identity
| 1,035
| false
| 2,459
| 3,593
|
The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the new viral sequences and a close relative in a wildlife species (bats) are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution In a rebuttal paper led by an HIV-1 virologist DrEvolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes instead of the randomly occurring mutations that are present in naturally isolated viruses such as bat CoV RaTG13 Civets were proposed to be an intermediate host of the bat-CoVs, capable of spreading SARS CoV to humans A search for an intermediate animal host between bats and humans is needed to identify animal CoVs more closely related to human SARS-CoV-2 However, in 2013 several novel bat coronaviruses were isolated from Chinese horseshoe bats and the bat SARS-like or SL-CoV-WIV1 was able to use ACE2 from humans, civets and Chinese horseshoe bats for entry Feng Gao, they used careful bioinformatics analyses to demonstrate that the original claim of multiple HIV insertions into the SARS-CoV-2 is not HIV-1 specific but random
|
How many cases were there on 5 March?
|
4,250
| 2,162
| false
| 2,642
| 3,798
|
As at 21 February, nine countries had reported cases ( Figure) : Belgium (1), Finland (1), France (12), Germany (16), Italy (3), Russia (2), Spain (2), Sweden (1) and the UK (9 -not included further). The asymptomatic cases were tested as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively Data on 38 of these cases (i.e. all except the nine reported in the UK) are included in this analysis. Late detection of the clusters' index cases delayed isolation of further local cases. As at 5 March, there were 4,250 cases.Three cases were aged 65 years or over. All required admission to intensive care and were tourists (imported cases) The remaining 21 cases were infected in Europe In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six were hospitalised after a mean of 2 days
|
What is te safety of the vaccines?
|
All vaccine candidates for SARS and MERS were reported to be safe,
| 12,005
| false
| 2,486
| 3,646
|
There was one SARS vaccine trial conducted by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesVaccines can prevent and protect against infection and disease occurrence when exposed to the specific pathogen of interest, especially in vulnerable populations who are more prone to severe outcomesVaccines against the 2019-nCoV are currently in development and none are in testing (at the time of writing) All vaccine candidates for SARS and MERS were reported to be safe, well-tolerated and able to trigger the relevant and appropriate immune responses in the participants The vaccines in development include viral vector-based vaccine, DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, virus-like particles (VLPs)-based vaccine, inactivated whole-virus (IWV) vaccine and live attenuated vaccine The latest findings for these vaccines arebased on the review by Yong et al. (2019) in August 2019Of the total of 570 unique studies on 2019-nCoV, SARS CoV or MERS-CoV vaccines screened, only four were eventually included in the review
|
What is the reason for the involvement of respiratory viruses in exacerbation?
|
their ease of transmission and infection
| 4,685
| false
| 2,504
| 3,873
|
One of the reasons for the involvement of respiratory viruses' in exacerbations is their ease of transmission and infection (Kutter et al., 2018) Furthermore, due to the different replication cycles and response against the myriad of respiratory viruses, each respiratory virus may also contribute to exacerbations via different mechanisms that may alter their severity Therefore, its infection by respiratory viruses may have far reaching consequences in augmenting and synergizing current and future acute exacerbationsDespite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s (Pattemore et al., 1992) ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation (Stevens, 1953; Message and Johnston, 2002) In addition, the high diversity of the respiratory viruses may also contribute to exacerbations of different nature and severity (Busse et al., 2010; Costa et al., 2014; Jartti and Gern, 2017)Once the link between viral infection and acute exacerbations of chronic airway inflammatory disease was established, there have been many reports on the mechanisms underlying the exacerbation induced by respiratory viral infection Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway (Gautier and Charpin, 2017; Viniol and Vogelmeier, 2018)
|
What can be a factor in using common vectors for the delivery of vaccines?
|
commonly employed vectors, for example Salmonella and adenovirus, often have pre-existing immune responses in the host and this has the potential to modify the subsequent immune response to a vectored antigen.
| 791
| false
| 1,645
| 798
|
As these authors conclude, it will be possible to utilize such vectors only by developing vaccines from alternative serotypesHowever, before vectored vaccines can be used in the human population they need to satisfy several important criteria The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens They have been extensively examined as a delivery vector in several preclinical and clinical studies for infectious diseases such as anthrax, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), malaria and tuberculosis MAs some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail It may be that a vector such as Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors attenuated influenza virus, with the ability to easily develop reassortants, will be useful in this context. In the veterinary field, there are numerous viral vector vaccines that are currently licensed for use in livestock and domesticated animals
|
What can some of the other activities of N have, be linked to?
|
to fundamental requirements of replication
| 10,857
| false
| 1,660
| 4,500
|
Additional activities have been identified with, or claimed to be related to, Gn Until recently, it had not been appreciated that N has a wide variety of other activities, some of which can be linked, not only to fundamental requirements of replication, but also to the interference with an array of the intracellular processes of the normal cell We have reviewed some of the activities associated with the Gn, Gc and N, virally-encoded polypeptides in previous sections. These include: The ultimate destination for N, for its assembly into viral particles is the Golgi, and it traffics there via the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate complex (ERGIC), also known as vesicular-tubular cluster N is also reported to interact with actin microfilaments, and the SUMO-1 protein Anti-interferon activities have also been attributed to the NSs protein that may be elaborated in cells infected by serotypes that encode this protein
|
How long did the patient breath into the RTube?
|
10 minutes
| 4,107
| false
| 1,582
| 5,196
|
The patient was instructed to breath orally at tidal volumes into a mouthpiece attached to a condenser for 10 minutes We used the RTube™ in combination with the ECoVent, that allowed the registration of additional ventilation parameters such as breathing frequency and exhaled volume This device registers ventilatory parameters such as the exhaled volume, breathing frequency and tidal volume With the RTube™ collection device, aerosolized particles of the airway lining fluid are precipitated into a condensate when the breath is cooled which serves as an immediate starting point for molecular testing. Previous studies reported the inclusion of a limited subset of participants and investigated the presence of a limited number of viruses in the breath samplesCollection of exhaled breath condensates is a novel and non-invasive method for obtaining samples of the upper respiratory tract Huynh and co-workers recruited 9 volunteers for exhaled breath sampling
|
How many times was the experiment repeated?
|
twice
| 2,661
| false
| 1,656
| 2,255
|
Each sample was tested in triplicate and the experiment was repeated twice. The data are presented as means ± SD. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the data are presented as means ± SD For AP1 and AP2, an optimized linker Each sample was tested in triplicate and the experiment was repeated twice The samples were pooled and homogenized, followed by centrifugation at 9,000 g for 20 min at 4 °C After injection, blood samples were acquired from rat orbit at several time points (8 and 30 min and 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after peptide injection) and placed in clean tubes The resulting mixture were incubated at 37 °C in a water bath and taken out at different time intervals (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes), followed by quenching the samples with ethyl alcohol and quantitating the peptides by LC-MS analysis as described above. All coordinates were deposited in the Protein Data Bank (N36-L6-AP1: 5CMU; N36-L6-AP2: 5CN0; and N45/AP3: 5CMZ)
|
What is a Hantavirus?
|
zoonotic diseases
| 484
| false
| 2,652
| 4,220
|
In experiments to assess the effect of NEAT1 on the control of hantaviruses, In-Cell Western (ICW) analysis was applied to qualify HTNV NP production Hantavirus infection affects up to 100,000 to 200,000 humans annually, with fulminant HFRS cases most represented in China (3) It has been reported that the GnT of hantaviruses suppressed IFN- expression of host cells at an early stage of infection (14) All these cells could be infected by HTNV ( Fig. 1E and F) and generated hantavirus progeny (Fig. 1G ) However, the role of NEAT1 in hantaviral infection remains unclear. Since there is neither an effective therapeutic nor FDA-licensed vaccine, further understanding of host immune responses against hantaviral infection is of great significance for global public health and safety Though considerable progress has been achieved to demonstrate the antiviral effects of lncRNAs on model viruses, there are no published reports assessing the role of lncRNAs in hantaviral infection
|
Which are the type 2 inflammatory cytokines expressed by the epithelial cells upon injury to the epithelial barrier?
|
IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP
| 12,529
| false
| 2,504
| 3,948
|
IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP are type 2 inflammatory cytokines expressed by the epithelial cells upon injury to the epithelial barrier (Gabryelska et al., 2019; Roan et al., 2019) In the event of viral infection, cell death and injury to the epithelial barrier will also induce the expression of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, with heighten expression in an inflamed airway (Allakhverdi et al., 2007; Goldsmith et al., 2012; Byers et al., 2013; Shaw et al., 2013; Beale et al., 2014; Jackson et al., 2014; Uller and Persson, 2018; Ravanetti et al., 2019) Immune response and injury factors released from the infected epithelium normally would induce a rapid type 1 immunity that facilitates viral clearance The destruction of epithelial barrier, mucociliary function and cell death of the epithelial cells serves to increase contact between environmental triggers with the lower airway and resident immune cells These infections, however, cause massive damage and cell death to the epithelial barrier, so much so that areas of the epithelium may be completely absent post infection (Yan et al., 2016; Tan et al., 2019) These 3 cytokines then work in concert to activate ILC2s to further secrete type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 which further aggravate the type 2 inflammation in the airway causing acute exacerbation (Camelo et al., 2017)Viral infections can cause the disruption of mucociliary function, an important component of the epithelial barrier
|
How many patients were analyzed in the study?
|
Two hundred
| 1,521
| false
| 1,599
| 5,252
|
Characteristics of the 200 patients (age, age more than 65, gender, probability of CAP diagnosis by adjudication committee) were not significantly different from those of the 119 other patients of the ESCAPED study and are summarized inThe distribution values of the biomarkers were determined in the different populations of patients using boxplotsIn the present study, patients were recruited on the basis of initial clinical assessment for the diagnosis of CAPThe CRP and PCT distributions in the 200 patients are presented in FigBased on data collected from baseline standardized case report forms, DVD recorded pictures of X-ray and CTscan, and blinded to local interpretations, an adjudication committee consisting of three independent senior experts in infectious diseases, pneumology and radiology retrospectively assigned the probability of CAP diagnosis using the same 4-level Likert scale, with all available data including patients' discharge summary, and follow-up data obtained by assistant investigators who contacted by phone either the patient, relatives or general practitioners at day 28The clinical characteristics of the patients included in this sub-study are consistent with those in the current literature This may explain why the mean age of our patients (64 years) falls within the lower values of those reported elsewhere
|
What is the proposed model?
|
an improved adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) using an enhanced flower pollination algorithm (FPA) by using the salp swarm algorithm (SSA)
| 788
| false
| 2,440
| 4,396
|
We compare the proposed model with the original ANFIS and existing modified ANFIS models, such as PSO, GA, ABC, and FPA. These results denote that the proposed method can optimize the parameters of the ANFIS model effectively and produce good results in terms of the performance measures The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the real data with the predicted data using the performance measures Then the best solution is passed to train the parameters of the ANFIS model.The quality of the proposed method is evaluated using a set of performance metrics as follows: The parameters' setting for these models is listed in. Then a set of solutions is generated where each of them represents the value for the parameters of the ANFIS model
|
What is the advantage of recombinant DNA system?
|
enables modification of the vectors to attenuate the virus or enhance immunogenicity
| 7,085
| false
| 1,719
| 1,493
|
Recombinant DNA systems exist that allow ready manipulation and modification of the vector genome Recombinant live-attenuated or replication-deficient influenza viruses may offer an advantage for this and other approaches.Adenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material Interestingly, over two decades ago, recombinant MVA expressing the HA and NP of influenza virus was shown to be effective against lethal influenza virus challenge in a murine model Even replication-defective adenovirus vectors are naturally immunostimulatory and effective adjuvants to the recombinant antigen being deliveredBaculovirus has been extensively used to produce recombinant proteins The wild type viruses are non-pathogenic and replication incompetent in humans and the recombinant AAV vector systems are even further attenuated
|
How is the LAIV administered?
|
nasal spray
| 4,255
| false
| 1,719
| 1,477
|
LAIV is administered as a nasal spray and contains the same three or four influenza virus strains as inactivated vaccines but on an attenuated vaccine backbone LAIV is not recommended for all populations; however, it is generally considered to be as effective as inactivated vaccines and may be more efficacious in children LAIV are temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted so they do not replicate effectively at core body temperature, but replicate in the mucosa of the nasopharynx LAIV immunization induces serum antibody responses, mucosal antibody responses (IgA), and T cell responsesVirus-vectored vaccines share many of the advantages of LAIV, as well as those unique to the vectors While LAIV relies on antigenic match and the HA and NA antigens are replaced on the same schedule as the TIV , there is some suggestion that LAIV may induce broader protection than TIV due to the diversity of the immune response consistent with inducing virus-neutralizing serum and mucosal antibodies, as well as broadly reactive T cell responses While robust serum antibody and nasal wash (mucosal) antibody responses are associated with protection from infection, other immune responses, such as CD8 + cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses may contribute to protection and there is not a clear correlate of immunity for LAIV .
|
Can host resilience be predicted?
|
A recent study looking at malaria infections in animal models and human patients demonstrated that resilient hosts can be predicted
| 13,735
| false
| 1,671
| 1,282
|
• Host resilience is the ability of a host to tolerate the effects of an infection and return to a state of health. We refer to resilience as the ability of a host to tolerate the effects of pathogens and the immune response to pathogens Understanding these factors could be a key to increasing host resilience to the infections• The future challenge is to target host resilience pathways in such a way that there are limited effects on pathogen clearance pathways If host gene responses are maintained this may increase disease resilience Increased understanding of host resilience mechanisms can lead to future host-based therapies that could increase patient survival . By understanding risk factors for disease severity we can perhaps predict if a host may be nonresilient and tailor the treatment options appropriately.
|
What are some challenges associated with using media and social media to capture information about an emerging epidemic?
|
the volume and diversity of the information available and the relative lack of verification mechanisms
| 8,273
| false
| 2,463
| 1,213
|
The increase in access to early information from diverse sources including media and social media adds an important dimension to identifying and tracking new events globally and is a key part of the overall epidemic intelligence system These contribute to, and amplify, epidemic intelligence and are being integrated with national and international surveillance systems. The global media response to the unfolding events has been relatively balanced and informed but the nuances of the evolving situation have not been critically examined in partnership with the media and as a result the public perception of the risk may be exaggeratedalthough it of course remains possible that the outbreak will develop in a way that matches up to the perceived riskThe value, and the challenges, of this additional source of information has been evident in the current outbreakTo supplement formal reporting mechanisms between countries and with WHO (including the IHR), the use of informal mechanisms such as media and social media reports was advocated in the light of the SARS experienceThe rapid sharing of information in this outbreak and the speed of the coordinated response both in the country and internationally suggest that lessons have been learned from SARS that improve global capacityWhile reporting of this outbreak shows signs of the efforts of epidemiologists, infectious disease experts, national and international public health agencies and others engaging with journalists, there are also signs that this is not yet achieving it's goal
|
When was it determined that the 1918 pandemic was caused by the H1N1 Influenza virus?
|
That question did not begin to be resolved until the 1930s,
when closely related influenza Viruses (now known to be
H1N1 Viruses) were isolated, first from pigs and shortly
thereafter from humans. Seroepidemiologic studies soon
linked both of these viruses to the 1918 pandemic
| 2,355
| false
| 2,684
| 1,064
|
When and Where Did the 1918 Influenza
Pandemic Arise?What Was the Biological Basis for
1918 Pandemic Virus Pathogenicity?The impact of this pandemic was not limited to
191871919. All influenza A pandemics since that time, andslightly in 1917. The first pandemic influenza wave
appeared in the spring of 1918, followed in rapid succes-and then another critical genetic event occur soon after the
1918 pandemic to produce an attenuated H1N1 Virus?Proving the hypothesis that the Virus responsible for the
1918 pandemic had a markedly different origin requiresreservoir of influenza Viruses. Understanding influenza
pandemics in general requires understanding the 1918 pan-
|
What are the salient findings in Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis?
|
fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis
| 615
| false
| 1,561
| 3,033
|
Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis has been described in pediatric patients following ADEM or ADEM-like episodes (20, 21)Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (AHEM) or acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis is considered a rare and extremely severe form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) AHEM is characterized by an acute and rapidly progressive encephalopathy including hemorrhagic necrosis of the parenchyma of the central nervous system Our patient has a similar presentation and imaging features as infection-induced necrotizing encephalopathy, including bilateral thalamic involvementSeveral differential diagnoses of acute encephalopathy in a patient with sickle cell anemia can be considered There is an overlap between the diagnostic criteria of AHEM and those of acute hemorrhagic encephalopathy (25, 26) making possible that both entities might be part of the same pathophysiological continuum AHEM is the most plausible diagnosis in our patients based on the clinical and radiological presentation, the preceding ADEM-like episode, and the exclusion of other etiologies of acute encephalopathy
|
Name some medications used to treat influenza.
|
zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
| 2,356
| false
| 1,585
| 5,219
|
The emergence of new drug-resistant strains resulting from antigenic drift limits the therapeutic benefits of vaccination and antiviral agents in controlling influenza Several antiinfluenza medications have been widely used, including zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu). Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using EAP as a novel immunomodulatory agent against influenza infection Therefore, the development of novel antiinfluenza agents against the H5N1 subtype is very important.In conclusion, our study demonstrates that EAP leaf extract is a prophylactic and immune enhancement agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection Currently, the most effective preventive measure against the influenza virus is vaccination Thus, development of novel broad-spectrum antiinfluenza strategies is urgently needed
|
How is the serum antibody response measured?
|
by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay,
| 3,493
| false
| 1,719
| 1,472
|
Notably, although cellular immune responses appeared to contribute to protection, serum antibody was sufficient for protection from challenge Serum antibody responses to HA are measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay, and the strain-specific HI titer is considered the gold-standard correlate of immunity to influenza where a four-fold increase in titer post-vaccination, or a HI titer of ≥1:40 is considered protective These responses, even to the HA antigen, could be cross-protective The majority of these broadly cross-reactive antibodies recognize regions on the stalk of the HA protein LAIV immunization induces serum antibody responses, mucosal antibody responses (IgA), and T cell responses Protection against clinical disease is mainly conferred by serum antibodies; however, mucosal IgA antibodies also may contribute to resistance against infection While robust serum antibody and nasal wash (mucosal) antibody responses are associated with protection from infection, other immune responses, such as CD8 + cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses may contribute to protection and there is not a clear correlate of immunity for LAIV .
|
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection?
|
the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected
| 5,054
| false
| 1,552
| 3,002
|
NTCP itself is not sufficient to allow HBV infection, as the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected Moreover, the authors could convert the cell lines previously non-permissible to HBV infection to permissible by over-expression of NTCP, again supporting its possible role in the HBV infection process As such, the identification of NTCP as a potential viral receptor for HBV may serve as an important initial step for this journey, leading to the development of an HBV infection system to facilitate the HBV research and hepatitis B treatment. The authors further produced HCC cell lines stably expressing NTCP and subsequently infected them with HBV or HDV.Looking forward, we need to understand how NTCP interacts with both HBV envelope proteins and with other cellular proteins, especially through the motif embedded in the cell membrane Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane. For example, the authors can use the NTCP-expressing cell lines as the starting materials to systemically identify other factors (maybe carboxypeptidase D) and make these cell lines more productive and permissive to HBV infection
|
Is the SARS coronavirus single-stranded or double-stranded?
|
single-stranded
| 1,801
| false
| 1,595
| 287
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a member of the genus Betacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae, is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 30 kb in lengthTo generate lentiviruses expressing V5-tagged SARS-CoV E, 3a, and M proteins, the full-length cDNA encoding each viral protein was cloned into the pLenti6.3/V5-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) using the following primers: SARS-CoV E forward, 5 -caccatgtactcattcgtttcgga-3 , and reverse, 5 -gaccagaagatcaggaactc-3 ; SARS-CoV 3a forward, 5caccatggatttgtttatgagatt-3 , and reverse, 5 -caaaggcacgctagtagtcg-3 ; SARS-CoV M forward, 5 -caccatggcagacaacggtactat-3 , and reverse, 5 -ctgtactagcaaagcaatat-3 To this end, BMMs in K + -rich medium were infected with influenza A virus or lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV E or 3a proteins HeLa cells were transfected with the expression plasmid encoding NLRP3 and that encoding HA-tagged SARS-CoV 3a, 3a-CS, E, or V25F, and by with a confocal microscope We next transduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed BMMs with the lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV E, 3a, M, influenza virus M2, or EMCV 2B proteins Similarly, the lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV E or 3a proteins stimulated IL-1β release from LPS-primed BMMs SARS-CoV is the etiological agent of SARS (Drosten et al., 2003; Fouchier et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Kuiken et al., 2003; Peiris et al., 2003)
|
What tests can simultaneously identify and subtype multiple respiratory viruses?
|
multilocus polymerase chain reaction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
| 4,633
| false
| 1,579
| 4,081
|
Overlapping clinical presentations shared by different respiratory viruses make differential diagnoses difficult to perform based solely on the clinical parametersCases that tested positive for any respiratory virus either by culture or by PCR/ESI-MS were analyzed Similarly, more control cases may be needed to better estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of respiratory viruses Simultaneous detection of more than 1 respiratory virus was observed in 11 (4.1%) patients, and rhinovirus (5 cases) was most likely to be codetected with another respiratory virus In addition to the advantage of sensitive detection, PCR/ ESI-MS possesses the capability of simultaneous subtype identification of respiratory viruses 21 Furthermore, the low positive detection rate for respiratory viruses in the control group suggests a low possibility of false-positive artifacts in PCR/ESI-MS or a lower rate of asymptomatic colonization of respiratory virusesBy PCR/ESI-MS, respiratory viruses were detected in 126 cases (47.2%)
|
What would have the number of confirmed cases on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, without a movement restriction starting on the 5th February 2020?
|
the cumulative incidence with and without close contact would have been as large as 1373 (95% CI: 570, 2176) and 766 (95% CI: 587, 946) cases,
| 1,008
| false
| 2,555
| 1,189
|
As the case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards Other than continued exposure among crew members, the estimated incidence in this study indicates that the movement restriction policy from 5 February 2020 was highly successful in greatly reducing the number of secondary transmissions on board In the presence of intervention, the cumulative incidence among passengers with and without close contact and crew members were 102, 47 and 48 cases, respectively, as of 24 February 2020 Out of a total of 3711 persons (consisting of 2666 passengers and 1045 crew members), 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported. The estimated number of new infections among passengers without close contact was very small from 5 February, on which the movement restriction policy was imposed, and at most there was, on average, one case of infection per day from 8 to 10 February In addition to the date of illness onset, cases were classified by contact history inside the cabin and also by the type of membership, i.e., crew or passenger The epidemic curve in a latter half period was dominated by crew members whose movement was not strictly controlled due to the need to continue service on the ship
|
What were the two contexts for transmission?
|
sporadic cases among travellers from China (14 cases) and cases who acquired infection due to subsequent local transmission in Europe (21 cases).
| 9,651
| false
| 2,642
| 3,835
|
In our analysis of early cases, we observed transmission in two broad contexts: sporadic cases among travellers from China (14 cases) and cases who acquired infection due to subsequent local transmission in Europe (21 cases) In addition, prompt sharing of information on cases and contacts through international notification systems such as the International Health Regulations (IHR) mechanism and the European Commission's European Early Warning and Response System is essential to contain international spread of infection. This approach will be used globally to help identify evidence of widespread community transmission and, should the virus spread and containment no longer be deemed feasible, to monitor intensity of disease transmission, trends and its geographical spread. The study includes a comparison between cases detected among travellers from China and cases whose infection was acquired due to subsequent local transmission. This was consistent with the epidemiological situation in Asia, and supported the recommendation for testing of suspected cases with travel history to China and potentially other areas of presumed ongoing community transmissionWith increasing numbers of cases in Europe, data from surveillance and investigations in the region can build on the evidence from countries in Asia experiencing more widespread transmission particularly on disease spectrum and the proportion of infections with severe outcome Once the exposure is determined and contacts identified and quarantined (171 contacts in France and 200 in Germany for the clusters in Haute-Savoie and Bavaria, respectively), further cases are likely to be rapidly detected and isolated when they develop symptoms
|
What is the incubation period for arenavirus?
|
1-3 weeks
| 4,195
| false
| 1,606
| 5,273
|
A number of arenavirus species have been recently discovered as a result of both rodent surveys and disease outbreaks Recent discoveries of novel arenavirus species and their potential to evolve predominantly via host switching, rather than with their hosts , suggest that an unknown pathogenic arenavirus may emerge in the future, and that the diagnostic methods for VHF caused by arenaviruses should thus be further developed and improved.Recombinant baculoviruses that express the full-length rNP of arenaviruses have been generatedHemorrhagic fever outbreaks caused by pathogenic arenaviruses result in high fatality rates In addition, five cases of VHF have been reported in South Africa, and a novel arenavirus, named Lujo virus, was isolated from a patient In contrast, the time required for infection in the pseudotyped retrovirus system is 48 h , which is similar to the time required for infectious viruses to replicate to a level that results in plaque-forming or cytopathic effects in infected cells Most of the arenaviruses cause persistent infection in rodents without any symptoms, and humans acquire a variety of diseases when zoonotically infected
|
What is discussed in this publication?
|
the potential anti-virus activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a well characterized effector of the cellular homeostatic response to an overloading of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein-folding capacity. IRE1, an ER-membrane-resident ribonuclease (RNase), upon activation catalyses regulated cleavage of select protein-coding and non-coding host RNAs, using an RNase domain which is homologous to that of the known anti-viral effector RNaseL.
| 582
| false
| 1,593
| 2,466
|
Notwithstanding the fact that this might be an efficient way of virus clearance, it also portends pathological outcomes for the infected organism (Aoshi et al., 2011; Bowzard et al., 2011; Jensen and Thomsen, 2012) In both the cases mentioned above, stability of the viral proteins seems to be affected by ERAD-mediated degradation, although other potential anti-viral effect of IRE1 activation are not clear yet (Isler et al., 2005; Saeed et al., 2011) Though initial discoveries were made in the context of homeostatic and anti-viral role for the former and latter, differences between the pathways are narrowed by further advances in research A perturbation of the folding capacity, due to either physiological disturbances or virus infection, can lead to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which signals an unfolded protein response (UPR) On the other hand the pathways, e.g., those that culminate in initiating an apoptotic death for the host cell, indirectly serve to limit the spread of virus (Roulston et al., 1999) This would suggest important implications for the observed refractory nature of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and influenza virus RNA to RIDD cleavage (Hassan et al., 2012; Bhattacharyya et al., 2014)
|
What virus was the most common among the H1N1v negative patients?
|
rhinovirus
| 11,928
| false
| 1,602
| 5,265
|
Among H1N1v negative single infections, the most prevalent viruses were rhinovirus (62.6%, 119 patients), followed by parainfluenza viruses 1 to 4 (24.2%, 46 patients), adenovirus (5.3%, 10 patients), human coronavirus 229E, OC43 and NL63 (3.2%, 6 patients) and respiratory syncytial virus A and B (2.6%, 5 patients) Viral multiple infection (including samples with H1N1v) was not associated with a different clinical presentation H1N1v infected patients were not significantly younger than H1N1v non infected patients (27 years old vs Two hundred and fifteen (62.5%) of the remaining 344 H1N1v negative samples were found positive for at least one respiratory pathogenOur results showed the lack of specific clinical signs associated with proven H1N1v infectionsIn H1N1v infected patients (including single and multiple infections), the main symptoms were also fever (98.2%) and cough (89.5%) ( We then compared clinical characteristics between patients positive for H1N1v, patients positive for other respiratory pathogens and negative for H1N1v and patients without any detection of respiratory pathogens (as detected with RespiFin-der19H)Overall, 68 patients (16.5%) were then positive for H1N1v, one for H3N2 and 212 for non influenza pathogens
|
What was the estimated effect on China's reproduction number in March based on the intervention introduced in January?
|
from
around 2-4 during the uncontrolled epidemic down to below 1
| 7,632
| false
| 2,683
| 827
|
varying reproduction numbers in countries where there has been time to observe intervention effects2.2 Reproduction numbers and impact of interventionsreproduction number over time, with Rt changing only when an intervention is introduced -correspondence between our estimated starting reproduction number and the basic reproductionfunction of the initial reproduction number before interventions and the effect sizes from
interventions.Averaged across all countries, we estimate initial reproduction numbers of around 3.87 [3.01-4.66],reproduction number, Rt, dropped to close to 1 around the time of Iockdown (11th March), although
|
What do we know about the genomics of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)?
|
This pathogen was fully characterized by whole-genome sequencing
| 3,601
| false
| 1,604
| 3,243
|
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55), which is emerging as a highly virulent pathogen for acute fatal adenoviral pneumonia among immunocompetent adults in China, has gained increasing attentionHuman adenoviruses (HAdVs) are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune function and a frequent cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease among young childrenThe prevalence of severe fatal adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 in our study is somewhat similar to that described by Cao and colleagues Severe adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 has been reported to be more closely related to severe cases compared to other serotypes (HAdV-3, HAdV-7 and HAdV-14) . HAdV-55 DNA was previously reported in 41.2% of patients with severe infection The time between initial ETA sample collection of adenoviruses and positive results for HAdV-55 nucleic acid in the blood was 1 to 10 days It was presumed that HAdV-55 was a recombinant form of the B2 species of HAdV-14 and HAdV-11 due to its sharing a hexon gene with the HAdV-11 and HAdV-14 chassis
|
What is the clinical and biological influenza surveillance has been based on?
|
a sentinel practitioner's network
| 3,162
| false
| 1,623
| 4,094
|
Since 1996, clinical and biological influenza surveillance has been based on a sentinel practitioner's networkThis retrospective study based on a sentinel GPs network showed that not only influenza viruses are responsible for ILI consultationsA limit of the study is that no clinical data were available in the virological surveillance system of influenza in Réunion Island Among these surveillance samples, 40 to 50% are tested positive for influenza A virus, A(H1N1)pdm09 or B virus by the virological laboratory of the University Hospital Center of Réunion We observed in 2011, after a first wave in June mainly due to influenza A not H1N1 virus, a second wave of ILI consultations with mainly identification of Parainfluenza viruses and not influenza viruses Respiratory viral pathogens were present in 76.1% of samples, which is largely above results from annual influenza surveillance For the latter, it is specific to the studied period since the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus reappeared in Réunion Island in October 2012 and was no longer circulating since late 2010
|
What viruses are most frequently associated with acute respiratory infections?
|
HRVs, coronaviruses (CoV), influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (PIV)
| 4,174
| false
| 1,740
| 311
|
A variety of animal models exist to research respiratory viruses such as influenza , RSV , HRV [22,Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) manifest as Upper (URI) or Lower (LRI) respiratory tract infections and may move between the two compartments; ARIs represent the most common infectious diseases and are predominantly of viral aetiology In the past, human rhinovirus (HRV) has been identified as the virus most frequently associated with respiratory illness with 30-50% of infections annually on average, and up to 80% of upper respiratory infections during the autumn outbreaksThe shared symptomatology of respiratory viruses requires a single standard research platform that can be used to evaluate respiratory disease pathogenesis and the efficacy of candidate therapeutics Using a multiplex PCR, virus was detected in about 80% of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in children and is also detectable in the nasopharynx of 30% of asymptomatic childrenThere are limited licensed therapeutic options against respiratory viruses, highlighting a significant unmet medical need Influenza followed this (15.8%), adenovirus (ADV) (9.8%), PIV and RSV (both 9.7%), CoV (5.6%), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (5.5%) and human bocavirus (HBoV) (2.0%)
|
Which isotope labeled lysine?
|
heavy (R6K6)
| 9,674
| false
| 1,686
| 5,139
|
We labeled Jurkat TAP-Tat and Jurkat TAP cells with light (R0K0) and heavy (R6K6) isotope containing arginine and lysine, respectively Comparative quantitative proteomic analysis was performed using MaxQuant to analyse the ratios in isotopes for each peptide identifiedThe incorporation efficiency of labelled amino-acids was determined by analysing the peptides identified in isolated nucleoli from cell population maintained in ''Heavy'' medium as described in Consistent with this, we detected the coordinated increase in the abundance of enzymes which plays a central role in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines Collectively, these results confirmed that our methods produced a highly enriched nucleolar fraction without significant cross contamination. Several recent studies have capitalized on the recent advances in the ''OMICS'' technologies, and have revealed important insights into this finely tuned molecular dialogue Similarly, we noted the nucleolar enrichment of PSAT1, an enzyme involved in serine and threonin metabolism, which is associated with cellular proliferation
|
Which rAd5 delivery has been tested?
|
A rAd5-HA expressing the HA from A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1; PR8) was delivered to humans epicutaneously or intranasally
| 9,876
| false
| 1,719
| 1,524
|
While clinical trials with rAd vectors have overall been successful, demonstrating safety and some level of efficacy, rAd5 as a vector has been negatively overshadowed by two clinical trial failures Subsequently, the rAd5 vaccine-associated risk was confirmed A rAd5-HA expressing the HA from A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1; PR8) was delivered to humans epicutaneously or intranasally and assayed for safety and immunogenicity Several rAd5 vectors have been explored for delivery of non-HA antigens, influenza nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2) protein [29, Replication defective rAd5 vaccines expressing influenza HA have also been tested in humansCurrently there is no clinical safety data for use of PIV5 in humans More recently, single-cycle replicating VSV vaccines have been tested for efficacy against H5N1 HPAIV
|
What is mobile population in Wuhan?
|
about 2.87 million
| 11,463
| false
| 2,592
| 2,770
|
In Wuhan, there are about 2.87 million mobile population Since the population of Wuhan was about 11 million at the end of 2018 , the rate of people traveling out from Wuhan City would be 0.018 (0.2/11) per day Therefore, we set the rate of people moving into and moving out from Wuhan City as 0.0018 per day (n P = m P = 0.0018). Therefore, n P and m P refer to the rate of people traveling into Wuhan City and traveling out from Wuhan City, respectively. We assumed that there was 0.1 million people moving out to Wuhan City per day since January 10, 2020, and we believe that this number would increase (mainly due to the winter vacation and the Chinese New Year holiday) until 24 January, 2020 However, people would commonly travel into and out from Wuhan City mainly due to the Chinese New Year holiday e) Since 14 January, 2020, Wuhan City has strengthened the body temperature detection of passengers leaving Wuhan at airports, railway stations, long-distance bus stations and passenger terminals
|
What are among the factors that may have increased the human caseload of HCPS between 1993 and the present?
|
Habitat disturbance and larger-scale ecological disturbances, perhaps including climate change,
| 1,066
| false
| 1,660
| 4,449
|
In Chile, 671 cases of HCPS due to ANDV have occurred during the period 2001-2009 Since 1995, more than 1,000 HCPS cases have been reported in Argentina ; in Brazil, approximately 1,100 HCPS cases have been identified between 1993 and 2008 Several hallmark pathologic changes have been identified that occur in both HFRS and HCPS During the spring of 1993, an outbreak of patients with HCPS due to SNV occurred in the Four Corners states resulting in more than 60% case-fatality among the initial cases, many involving members of the Navajo tribe Thus, at least three classes of potential mechanisms, some overlapping and all certainly nonexclusive of the others, could be presumed to underlie the pathogenesis of HCPS In South America, HCPS cases have been indentified in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, and evidence for human exposure to hantaviruses have also been reported in Venezuela and PerúBecause early cases of HCPS often came to autopsy, it became possible to examine necropsied tissues for expression of cytokines
|
Where does the Tat protein move to in cells?
|
nucleoplasm and the nucleolus
| 519
| false
| 1,686
| 5,129
|
We could observe cases where Tat upregulated the expression of proteins which resulted in a general increase of theses proteins throughout the cellular compartments including the nucleolus (DDX3, TNPO1)The mechanisms of Tat-mediated segregation and compartimentalisation of proteins in or out of the nucleolus may depend on factor(s) inherent for each protein and the nature of their relationship with Tat, since subcellular fractionation combined with WB analysis showed that the pattern and extent of subcellular redistribution between proteins varied Alternatively, Tat could trigger the nucleolar translocation of proteins directly from the cytoplasm or the nucleoplasm (pRb) Importantly, their phosphorylation status determines their subcellular distribution, thus providing a potential mechanism for their redistribution by Tat While Tat is known to accumulate in the nucleus and nucleolus in Jurkat cells and other transformed cell lines, in primary T-cells, Tat was described to primarily accumulate at the plasma membrane, while trafficking via the nucleus where it functions The distinct ratios of protein changes upon Tat expression could reflect specific nucleolar reorganization and altered activities of the nucleolus. This is exemplified by the following enriched proteins, pRb, PP1 and STAT3, for which phosphorylation is induced by Tat
|
What indicates the likely presence of infectious virus?
|
Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA
| 13,491
| false
| 1,741
| 4,231
|
Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA indicates the likely presence of infectious virusIndividual human case studies report long periods of viral shedding, sometimes intermittently and not necessarily linked to the presence of disease symptoms Whether the WHO definition of animal contact is sufficient to identify exposure to this respiratory virus remains unclear Occasionally, virus is transmitted from infected DCs to exposed humans This indicated that DCs had in the past been infected by MERS-CoV, or a very similar virus. In earlier Hajj gatherings, it was found that influenza viruses circulated widely, whilst other viruses, often rhinoviruses, circulated more selectively, interpreted as indicating their importation along with foreign pilgrimsAlthough DCs appear to suffer the equivalent of a 'common cold' from MERS-CoV infection, in humans, the virus can be a more serious and opportunistic pathogen associated with the death of up to 40 % of reported cases
|
What may be a problem with individual SI algorithm?
|
may stock at local optima
| 5,219
| false
| 2,440
| 4,426
|
However, individual SI algorithms may stock at local optima Therefore, one solution is to apply hybrid SI algorithms to avoid this problem The SI methods include the particle swarm optimization (PSO) , social-spider optimization , sine-cosine algorithm (SCA) , and multi-verse optimizer (MVO) In , a hybrid of two SI algorithms, namely GA and SSA, was presented to improve the ANFIS model This concept avoids the limitations of traditional SI techniques by combining the strengths of different techniques, and this produces new SI techniques that are better than traditional ones. The steps of the proposed FPASSA are presented in Algorithm 1. For example, by analyzing the results of RMSE, MAE, MAPE, RMSRE, and CPU time(s) it can be observed that the FPASSA achieves the smallest value among the comparison algorithms, and this indicates the high quality of the FPASSA
|
Why is the Spanish Influenza virus the Mother of the modern influenza viruses?
|
The latter are composed of key
genes from the 1918 Virus, updated by subsequently-incor—
porated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface
*Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, USA;
and TNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
proteins, making the 1918 Virus indeed the “mother” of all
pandemics.
| 1,729
| false
| 2,684
| 1,063
|
Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus.
Science. 1997;275:1793–6. Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus hemagglutinin gene.Characterization of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus matrix gene
segment. J Virol. 2002;76:10717–23.The “Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918—1919,
which caused :50 million deaths worldwide, remains anwhen closely related influenza Viruses (now known to be
H1N1 Viruses) were isolated, first from pigs and shortlyWorld War I may have allowed the emergence of “Spanish” influenza. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:111–4.the 1918–1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med
2002;76:105–15.
|
Why the human influenza viruses do not disappear after herd immunity is developed?
|
The occurrence, and to some extent the severity, of recur-
rent annual outbreaks, are driven by Viral antigenic drift,
with an antigenic variant Virus emerging to become domi-
nant
| 11,043
| false
| 2,684
| 1,096
|
disappear once herd immunity had reached a critical
threshold at which further Virus spread was sufficientlydecades. Factors believed to be responsible include partial
herd immunity limiting Virus spread in all but the mostdrift sufficient to produce new influenza strains capable of
escaping population immunity is believed to take years ofinfluenza Viruses behave differently when they find a uni-
versal or highly susceptible human population. Thereafter,animal influenza Viruses will help us understand the genet-
ic basis of host adaptation and the extent of the naturalwhen closely related influenza Viruses (now known to be
H1N1 Viruses) were isolated, first from pigs and shortlynant approximately every 2 to 3 years. Without such drift,
circulating human influenza Viruses would presumably
|
What was the response rate for the study?
|
95% to 97%
| 9,615
| false
| 1,557
| 3,026
|
The response rate ranged from 95% to 97% in different clusters The same pattern of case identification rate was observed in the sputum positive cases (7.5%, 1.9% and 0% respectively) The World Health organization (WHO) estimated that China had reached the targets of 85% treatment success by 1993 and 70% case detection rate by 2005 A sample size of 52500 adults (≧15 years old), in 35 clusters, was calculated based on detecting a change of 20% in prevalence rate of TB smear positive cases compared with the rate of the 2000 survey (95 per 100,000), with a probability greater than 95% and 95% power, accounting for 90% response rate of participants . Population representative samples were drawn in Shandong in the surveys of 2000 and 2010 using similar methods 54,279 participants attended clinical consultation and were examined by CXRAY. Among them, 47% were males It covered a total population of 89,093, of which 56,671 were eligible for the survey
|
What are Furin, along with other PCSK family members implicated in?
|
in immune regulation, cancer and the entry, maturation or release of a broad array of evolutionarily diverse viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza (IAV), Ebola (EboV), dengue (DenV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
| 5,246
| false
| 2,669
| 4,154
|
Furin, along with other PCSK family members, is widely implicated in immune regulation, cancer and the entry, maturation or release of a broad array of evolutionarily diverse viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza (IAV), Ebola (EboV), dengue (DenV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Here, Braun and Sauter review the roles of furin in these processes, as well as the history and future of furin-targeting therapeuticsAnother mRNA under post-transcriptional regulation by Regnase-1 and Roquin is Furin, which encodes a conserved proprotein convertase crucial in human health and disease 7 They also discuss their recent work revealing how two IFN-cinducible factors exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition of IAV, measles (MV), zika (ZikV) and HIV by suppressing furin activity 5 In their contribution to this Special Feature, Yoshinaga and Takeuchi review endogenous RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that post-transcriptionally control expression of crucial inflammatory factors in various tissues and their potential therapeutic applications 6 These RBPs include tristetraprolin and AUF1, which promote degradation of AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA; members of the Roquin and Regnase families, which respectively promote or effect degradation of mRNAs harbouring stem-loop structures; and the increasingly apparent role of the RNA methylation machinery in controlling inflammatory mRNA stability In this way, mRNA-destabilising RBPs constitute a 'brake' on the immune system, which may ultimately be toggled therapeutically
|
What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)?
|
IFITM5 with FKBP11
| 1,807
| false
| 650
| 571
|
The interaction is presumed to be mediated by the palmitic acid(s) attached to the cysteine(s) facing toward the interaction surface on FKBP11 The C 16 -palmitic acid is attached to cysteine via a thioester linkage The lack of the S-palmitoylation influences the interaction with FKBP11, which could account for the following complex formation and gene expression The S-palmitoylation is a post-translational modification on proteins by C 16 saturated-fatty acids (palmitic acids) covalently attached to certain cysteine residues via a thioester linkage -B) Cells transfected by a plasmid DNA encoding mouse IFITM5 were grown in the presence of an established chemical reporter, 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) , or an inhibitor for the S-palmitoylation, 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)For direct observation of the S-palmitoylation, an established chemical reporter, 17-ODYA -C) , was used While 2BP is commonly used as an inhibitor of palmitoylation, it also targets many metabolic enzymes
|
What method can significantly alleviate the emergence of drug-resistant variants in RNA viral infections?
|
Combination therapy
| 20,355
| false
| 1,687
| 5,157
|
Combination therapy can significantly alleviate the problem posed by the rapid emergence of drug-resistant variants commonly observed during monotherapy strategies to control RNA virus infectionsTo initially assess pro-or anti-viral roles of NP-interacting host-cell proteins identified by LC-MS/MS, we examined the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown (kd) of each of the corresponding genes on multiplication of rLCMV expressing reporter gene ZsGreen (ZsG) in A549 cells (Fig 3A)To further investigate the effect of ouabain and rocaglamide on virus RNA synthesis, we infected A549 cells with a recombinant single-cycle infectious LCMV expressing eGFP (rLCMVΔGPC/eGFP) and treated cells with either ouabain or rocaglamide These findings, together with the detection of a number of ribosomal proteins in the NP interactome, suggest that translation of viral mRNAs may take place within RTC the potential problem that overexpression of a single viral gene product may potentiate PPI interactions that are not relevant during the course of a natural virus infectionATP1A1 or with NC siRNA 72 h prior to infection with rLCMV/ZsG However, rocaglamide reduced eGFP expression, confirming inhibitory effect of rocaglamide on virus RNA synthesis.
|
When does the vaccine strain selection occur in the northern hemisphere?
|
in February
| 5,646
| false
| 1,719
| 1,486
|
For the northern hemisphere, vaccine strain selection occurs in February and then manufacturers begin production, taking at least six months to produce the millions of vaccine doses required for the fall While there is limited preexisting immunity, availability of non-human strains as vaccine candidates eliminates these concerns Typically, vectored vaccines generate antigen for weeks after immunization, in contrast to subunit vaccination This would likely limit the use and/or efficacy of poxvirus-vectored influenza virus vaccines for regular and seasonal use There is also a need for revision of the current influenza virus vaccine strategies for at-risk populations, particularly those at either end of the age spectrum Issues with influenza vaccine strain selection based on recently circulating viruses often reflect recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO)-a process that is cumbersome Thus, the circulating influenza A and B strains are reviewed annually for antigenic match with current vaccines, Replacement of vaccine strains may occur regularly, and annual vaccination is recommended to assure protection
|
Is Rotavirus single or double-stranded?
|
double-stranded ribonucleic acid
| 4,111
| false
| 1,625
| 431
|
The rotavirus (RV) belongs to the Reoviridae family and comprises nine species known as Rotavirus group A to I, with a recent proposal of the J species Rotavirus is widely distributed in animals, which act as sources of rotavirus emergent strains, with these animals acting in the transmission between species and through reassortment leading to the emergence of new strains which have been reported in human infections . Rotavirus A (RVA) is widespread worldwide and predominantly infects humans, bovines and other mammal species, as well as birdsThe qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) used the NSP3 gene and the TaqMan probe from a highly conserved region of the rotavirus non-structural protein 3 (NSP3), which was previously used in samples from human origin and with low viral loadsRotavirus A (RVA) detected in the present study of wild and domestic animals belonging to the three areas of forest fragment, according to Fig 2 In this sense, the possibility of contagion with other species of animals, even humans, should be considered because of the capacity of the rotavirus to be transmitted via the fecal / oral route or through direct contact with the environment With the advent of real-time PCR (qPCR), there was an exponential growth, compared to conventional PCR essays, since its superior accuracy, sensitivity and specificity is remarkable, and it is Rotavirus A in wild and domestic animals possible to detect RVA in a variety of animal species using NSP3 gene
|
What is the structure of the Arenavirus?
|
bisegmented, negative-sense, single stranded RNA genome
| 9,282
| false
| 1,606
| 5,274
|
Recent discoveries of novel arenavirus species and their potential to evolve predominantly via host switching, rather than with their hosts , suggest that an unknown pathogenic arenavirus may emerge in the future, and that the diagnostic methods for VHF caused by arenaviruses should thus be further developed and improved. It has been shown that monoclonal antibody panels against pathogenic arenaviruses are useful for detecting viral antigens on the virus-infected cells as well as for investigating of antigenic relationships of arenaviruses Most of the arenavirus rNPs expressed in insect cells using the recombinant baculoviruses are crystallized and are solubilized in PBS containing 8M urea In order to study the infectivity of this newly identified arenavirus, we have recently developed a luciferase-expressing VSV pseudotype bearing Lujo virus GPC (VSV-Lujo-GP)A number of arenavirus species have been recently discovered as a result of both rodent surveys and disease outbreaks The method used for the purification of arenavirus rNP from insect Tn5 cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses is effective and simple compared to those for Ebola, Marburg, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus rNPsRecombinant baculoviruses that express the full-length rNP of arenaviruses have been generated
|
What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves?
|
Calf septicemia
| 1,971
| false
| 1,560
| 2,129
|
Calf septicemia is the main cause of death in the neonatal periodNeonatal calf septicemia causes high morbidity and mortality and is one of the leading and most significant difficulties in raising cattleThe study consisted of 15 calves with suspected neonatal septicemia aged between 1 and 10 days old admitted to the Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine The hematological parameters (WBC, HCT, LYM, and MCV) evaluated in this study were comparable with those reported by others in neonatal calves with diarrhea and suspected septicemia Decrease in TAS and increase in TOS levels demonstrated that oxidative stress was evident in the diseased calves in our study As in our study, Fe levels are well known to decrease in diarrheic calves when compared to healthy calvesThis study aimed to determine the clinical importance or use of hepcidin by comparing the values of serum hepcidin, TAS, TOS and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment.
|
What is an effective indicator of a vaccine's ability to generate an immune response?
|
cytokines
| 22,001
| false
| 2,461
| 612
|
Therefore, cytokines are a key indicator for evaluating the ability of a vaccine to stimulate immune responses However, the effective vaccines are currently lacking . Oral vaccines can induce more robust mucosal immunity than injectable counterparts Therefore, the effective work of maintaining intestine morphology is a good indicator for assessing the efficacy of vaccinesIn conclusion, the present results demonstrated that oral immunization with B Therefore, oral immunization often delivers large amounts of antigens to prevent the diarrheal diseasesAmidst the PEDV outbreak, various vaccines have been developed to control diseases and the effects are unsatisfactory
|
What is the molecular structure of the Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
|
single-stranded RNA virus
| 1,725
| false
| 1,591
| 4,060
|
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a single-stranded RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae and closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)All human metapneumovirus (HMPV) full genome sequences were retrieved from GenBank (January 2018) using the query (txid162145 (Organism) AND 12000(SLEN): 14000(SLEN) NOT patent) Nucleotide sequence identity was 71.3% within HMPV-A and 80% within HMPV-B The HMPV genome is approximately 13 kb and comprises eight open reading frames (ORFs) encoding nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion glycoprotein (F), transcription enhancer protein (M2), small hydrophobic protein (SH), attachment glycoprotein (G), and large polymerase protein (L)A dataset of HMPV genome sequences was retrieved from ViPR in order to infer relationship between HMPV viruses from Kenya and Zambia and viral populations sampled globally To select primers, the HMPV genome sequences were divided into amplicons with 222 nt overlap spanning the virus genome HMPV infections are seasonal and coinfection with other respiratory pathogens is common
|
What motifs are absent in the short form of CEACAM1 protein?
|
immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs)
| 6,702
| false
| 1,652
| 1,946
|
The expression of four main CEACAM1 variants, CEACAM1-4L, -4S, -3L and -3S, and CEACAM1 protein were analyzed using SYBR Green qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively Therefore, observed reductions in CEACAM1 protein expression can be attributed mainly to the abolishment of CEACAM1-4L. The full-length human CEACAM1 protein (CEACAM1-4L) consists of four extracellular domains (one extracellular immunoglobulin variable-region-like (IgV-like) domain and three immunoglobulin constant region 2-like (IgC2-like) domains), a transmembrane domain, and a long (L) cytoplasmic tail Western blot analysis. Protein expression of CEACAM1 was determined using Western blot analysis as previously described 6 Therefore, although CEACAM1 forms heterodimers with CEACAM5 23 , the higher basal expression of CEACAM5 in ATII cells may explain why its expression was not enhanced by H5N1 infection As such, the presence or absence of ITIMs in CEACAM1 isoforms influences signaling properties and downstream cellular function CEACAM1 interacts homophilically with itself 22 or heterophilically with CEACAM5 (a related CEACAM family member) 23
|
Why adenovirus may be the safest vaccine vector?
|
A live adenovirus vaccine containing serotypes 4 and 7 has been in use by the military for decades
| 7,758
| false
| 1,719
| 1,498
|
Adenovirus has been extensively studied as a vaccine vector for human disease However, safety concerns have led to the majority of adenovirus-based vaccine development to focus on replication-defective vectorsAdenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material A live adenovirus vaccine containing serotypes 4 and 7 has been in use by the military for decades, suggesting adenoviruses may be safe for widespread vaccine useThere are 53 serotypes of adenovirus, many of which have been explored as vaccine vectors Even replication-defective adenovirus vectors are naturally immunostimulatory and effective adjuvants to the recombinant antigen being deliveredAdeno-associated viruses (AAV) were first explored as gene therapy vectors
|
What trials have been done to demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials?
|
Taking advantage of the ability to display substrate-specific peptides at known locations on the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice.
| 35,374
| false
| 1,674
| 1,764
|
For more than a decade, interest in the filamentous phage as a building block for nanomaterials has been growing because of its unique physicochemical properties, with emerging applications in magnetics, optics, and electronicsThus, the purpose of this review is to highlight recent and current work using filamentous phage in novel and nontraditional applications Unanticipated characteristics of the phage particle, such as crossing of the blood-brain barrier and formation of highly ordered liquid crystalline phases, have opened up entirely new avenues of research in therapeutics for chronic disease and the design of nanomaterialsThus, the unique physicochemical properties of the phage, in combination with modular display of peptides and proteins with known binding specificity, have spawned wholly novel materials with diverse applications Many excellent reviews are available on phage-display libraries and their applications (Kehoe and Kay, 2005; Bratkovic, 2010; Pande et al., 2010) While novel applications of the filamentous phage continue to be developed, the phage is likely to retain its position as a workhorse for therapeutic antibody discovery for many years to come, even with the advent of competing technologies.The filamentous phage represents a highly versatile organism whose uses extend far beyond traditional phage display and affinity selection of antibodies and polypeptides of desired specificity
|
What screening method was evaluated in this study?
|
HIV-1 RT-LAMP assay
| 1,334
| false
| 1,580
| 4,435
|
Rapid tests are currently a key component of HIV screening at the point-of-care (POC), significantly expanding the diagnostic capabilities of testing sites in developed countries, as well as resource-limited settings.HIV-1 diagnostic tests are held to a high standard of performance, as diagnosis has a direct impact on patient care and reduction of transmission For POC use, limited sample manipulation and reagent preparation is desired and, therefore, it is anticipated that the test procedure of the end product will include reconstituting the amplification reagents in water and adding the sample directly into the reaction tube Amplification consistency was most evident with two of the patient samples (patient #4 and #5) that were only positive in one of the three replicates, regardless of the heating device that was used Furthermore, testing sites have reported as many as 35 to 50% of individuals with an initial positive test result will not return for a confirmatory diagnosis if follow-up laboratory testing is requiredSince point-of-care testing may refer to an air-conditioned laboratory or a field site with high temperatures and humidity, the stability of the temperature generated by the heating devices must be reliableDespite the advances made by the widespread availability of rapid tests, all antibody-based tests for the detection of HIV exhibit some limitations
|
What is the presumed incubation period?
|
up to 14 days [
| 5,644
| false
| 2,642
| 3,809
|
The place of infection (assessed at national level based on an incubation period presumed to be up to 14 days , travel history and contact with probable or confirmed cases as per the case definition) was reported for 35 cases (missing for three cases), of whom 14 were infected in China (Hubei province: 10 cases; Shandong province: one case; province not reported for three cases) Our analysis shows that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/case isolation was about 3 days longer for locally acquired cases than for imported cases The time from onset of symptoms to hospitalisation (and isolation) ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days (reported for 29 cases) Once the exposure is determined and contacts identified and quarantined (171 contacts in France and 200 in Germany for the clusters in Haute-Savoie and Bavaria, respectively), further cases are likely to be rapidly detected and isolated when they develop symptomsAdditional research is needed to complement surveillance data to build knowledge on the infectious period, modes of transmission, basic and effective reproduction numbers, and effectiveness of prevention and case management options also in settings outside of China The duration of hospitalisation was reported for 16 cases with a median of 13 days (range: 8-23 days) The mean number of days to hospitalisation was 2.5 days for cases imported from China, but 4.6 days for those infected in Europe
|
What does the microscopic examination of the lung reveal, as with human HCPS?
|
abundant fibrin deposition, thickened alveolar septa, and viral antigen expressed abundantly in the microvascular endothelium.
| 20,844
| false
| 1,660
| 4,566
|
As with human HCPS, the microscopic examination of the lung reveals abundant fibrin deposition, thickened alveolar septa, and viral antigen expressed abundantly in the microvascular endothelium A critical feature of both is a transient (~ 1-5 days) capillary leak involving the kidney and retroperitoneal space in HFRS and the lungs in HCPS Human activities in poorly ventilated buildings that aerosolize particulates that are then inhaled (i.e., cleaning, shaking rugs, dusting) are frequently identified among patients admitted for HCPSBecause early cases of HCPS often came to autopsy, it became possible to examine necropsied tissues for expression of cytokines Cells with a close morphologic similarity to these -immunoblasts‖ were detected in the congested, heavy lungs of patients who came to autopsy, as well as in lymphoid organs and in the portal triads [63, HFRS and HCPS share many clinical features, leading many investigators to consider them to be, in essence, different manifestations of a similar pathogenic process, differing mainly in the primary target organs of disease expression Unlike the neurologic diseases that have been possible to elicit with HTNV, the hamster model for HCPS appears to be caused by capillary leak that results in pulmonary edema and the production of a pleural effusion with exudative characteristics
|
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