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Is oral swab for detecting 2019-nCOV infection, sufficient?
|
patients infected with 2019-nCoV may harbour the virus in the intestine at the early or late stage of disease. It is also worth to note none of the patients with viremia blood had positive swabs. These patients would likely be considered as 2019-nCoV negative through routine surveillance, and thus pose a threat to other people.
| 9,970
| false
| 2,653
| 884
|
Therefore, the presence of viral antigen in oral swabs was used as detection standard for 2019-nCoV We collected blood, oral swabs and anal swabs for 2019-nCoV qPCR test using previously established method . Above all, we strongly suggest using viral IgM and IgG serological test to confirm an infection, considering the unreliable results from oral swabs detection.We show that the current strategy for the detection of viral RNA in oral swabs used for 2019-nCoV diagnosis is not perfect However, patients infected with 2019-nCoV may harbour the virus in the intestine at the early or late stage of diseaseIn the first investigation, we aimed to test whether viral positive can be found in anal swab and blood as well as oral swabs We conducted a molecular investigation to patients in Wuhan pulmonary hospital, who were detected as oral swabs positive for 2019-nCoV upon admission
|
According to the California Code of Regulations, when should a meningitis case be reported?
|
within 1 day of identification
| 1,266
| false
| 1,550
| 2,991
|
According to the California Code of Regulations, meningitis cases are reportable to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) within 1 day of identification of etiology (2) In the fall of 2017, a cluster of aseptic meningitis cases from a northern California high school were reported to the CDPH This cluster of E-30 meningitis cases is similar to previously reported E-30 aseptic meningitis cases (5, 6) in symptoms and epidemiology. Its VP1 sequence was confirmed by the CDC Picornavirus Laboratory to be nearly identical to those of E-30s identified in an aseptic meningitis outbreak that occurred in the fall of 2017 in Nevada; it also has greater than 99% nucleotide identity to the VP1 sequences of E-30 strains from the southern United States identified by the CDC in May 2017 (GenBank accession numbers MG584831 and MG584832), as measured using the online version of blastn ( The genome sequence of E-30 USA/2017/CA-RGDS-1005 shares less than 89% nucleotide identity (NI) and less than 98% amino acid identity (AI) with other publicly available E-30 sequencesThe findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.The contributions of the California Department of Public Health Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory were supported in part by the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases Cooperative Agreement number 6 NU50CK000410 from the U.S Fifteen of 19 (79%) EV-positive patients were confirmed to have echovirus 30 (E-30), using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples
|
An example of social distancing
|
work from home wherever possible
| 30,719
| false
| 2,683
| 1,080
|
social distancing (such as banning large gatherings and advising individuals not to socialize outsidedistancing including local and national Iockdowns.ordered distance.35 22/3/2020
Social distancing Avoid social interaction wherever possiblea partial or complete lockdown (k=5) and encouraging social distancing and isolation (k=6). We denotePeople even with mild symptoms are told to limit
Social distancing social contact, encouragement to work frompandemic, many governments have published advice on social distancing including theSocial distancing Advice to avoid pubs, clubs, theatres and other
encouraged public institutions.58 16/3/2020
|
Is the SARS coronavirus enveloped?
|
enveloped
| 1,778
| false
| 1,595
| 285
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a member of the genus Betacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae, is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 30 kb in length SARS-CoV is the etiological agent of SARS (Drosten et al., 2003; Fouchier et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Kuiken et al., 2003; Peiris et al., 2003) To this end, BMMs in K + -rich medium were infected with influenza A virus or lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV E or 3a proteins Previous studies show that the 3a protein of SARS-CoV is localized to the plasma membrane (Minakshi and Padhan, 2014) and acts as a K + channel (Lu et al., 2006) , thereby (presumably) stimulating the K + efflux at the plasma membrane When the SARS-CoV Cell-free supernatants were collected at 24 h (lentiviruses) or 6 h (ATP) post-infection or stimulation, and analyzed for IL-1β by ELISA The fact that 3a protein of SARS-CoV acts as viroporin prompted us to examine whether it also triggers inflammasome activation Similarly, the lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV E or 3a proteins stimulated IL-1β release from LPS-primed BMMs
|
What would be caused by this hyper-vigilance in most other mammals?
|
harmful inflammation
| 5,425
| false
| 1,698
| 2,731
|
In most other mammals, having such a hyper-vigilant immune response would cause harmful inflammation The experiments and model helped reveal that the bats' defenses may have a potential downside for other animals, including humansThe findings may help to explain why bats are often the source for viruses that are deadly in humans This suggests that bat immune defenses may drive the evolution of faster transmitting viruses, and while bats are well protected from the harmful effects of their own prolific viruses, other creatures like humans are not. In the meantime, the experiments highlight the importance of warning people to avoid direct contact with wild bats In most non-Chiropteran mammals, henipaviruses, filoviruses, and coronaviruses induce substantial morbidity and mortality, display short durations of infection, and elicit robust, long-term immunity in hosts surviving infection (Nicholls et al., 2003; Hooper et al., 2001; Mahanty and Bray, 2004) In non-flying mammals, constitutive IFN expression would likely elicit widespread inflammation and concomitant immunopathology upon viral infection, but bats support unique adaptations to combat inflammation (Zhang et al., 2013; Ahn et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2018; Pavlovich et al., 2018) that may have evolved to mitigate metabolic damage induced during flight (Kacprzyk et al., 2017)
|
What tests should be done before a 2019-nCOV infected patient is discharged?
|
we cannot discharge a patient purely based on oral swabs negative, who may still shed the virus by oral-fecal route. Above all, we strongly suggest using viral IgM and IgG serological test to confirm an infection, considering the unreliable results from oral swabs detection
| 10,581
| false
| 2,653
| 886
|
However, patients infected with 2019-nCoV may harbour the virus in the intestine at the early or late stage of diseaseWithin 1 month of the 2019-nCoV disease outbreak, we rapidly developed molecular and serological detection tools These patients would likely be considered as 2019-nCoV negative through routine surveillance, and thus pose a threat to other people Using these serological tools, we demonstrate viral antibody titres increase in patients infected with 2019-nCoV . In contrast, we found viral antibodies in near all patients, indicating serology should be considered for 2019-nCoV epidemiologyWe quickly identified the etiological agent, termed 2019-nCoV (virus name designated by the World Health Organization)Here we launched an investigation of 2019-nCoV in a Wuhan hospital, aiming to investigate the other possible transmission route of this virus.
|
What compartments were the bats divided into?
|
susceptible bats (S B ), exposed bats (E B ), infected bats (I B ), and removed bats (R B ).
| 5,425
| false
| 2,592
| 2,760
|
a) The bats were divided into four compartments: susceptible bats (S B ), exposed bats (E B ), infected bats (I B ), and removed bats (R B ) d) The people were divided into five compartments: The birth rate and death rate of bats were defined as n B and m B We assumed that the virus transmitted among the bats, and then transmitted to unknown hosts (probably some wild animals) In this model, we set Ʌ B = n B × N B as the number of the newborn bats where N B refer to the total number of bats b) The hosts were also divided into four compartments: susceptible hosts (S H ), exposed hosts (E H ), infected hosts (I H ), and removed hosts (R H ) The incubation period of bat infection was defined as 1/ω B and the infectious period of bat infection was defined as 1/γ B
|
What will be the drug of choice for treating COVID-19 between Chloroquine and Remdesivir?
|
two potential drugs, CQ appears to be the drug of choice for large-scale use due to its availability, proven safety record, and a relatively low cost.
| 1,897
| false
| 2,439
| 651
|
We have recently reported that two drugs, remdesivir (GS-5734) and chloroquine (CQ) phosphate, efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro 1 In light of the preliminary clinical data, CQ has been added to the list of trial drugs in the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (sixth edition) published by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China Remdesivir is a nucleoside analog prodrug developed by Gilead Sciences (USA) However, as an experimental drug, remdesivir is not expected to be largely available for treating a very large number of patients in a timely manner A recent case report showed that treatment with remdesivir improved the clinical condition of the first patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the United States 2 , and a phase III clinical trial of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 was launched in Wuhan on February 4, 2020 Actually, as of February 23, 2020, seven clinical trial registries were found in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( for using HCQ to treat COVID-19 Therefore, in COVID-19 patients, HCQ may also contribute to attenuating the inflammatory response
|
When was the West African Ebolavirus outbreak?
|
2013-2016
| 2,546
| false
| 1,713
| 5,316
|
The different ebolaviruses have caused localised but dramatic human outbreaks, mainly in Central Africa, in the last 40 years These investigations concerned mainly the search for "what transmits ebolaviruses to people" as they were implemented during a human (or great ape) outbreak, and in the vicinity of outbreaksEbolaviruses (EBVs), according to Kuhn et alPotential maintenance mechanisms of ebolaviruses in wildlife, according to current knowledge Potential maintenance mechanisms of ebolaviruses in wildlife, according to current knowledge They have been suspected in other filovirus outbreaks in the past ) than of the natural maintenance of ebolaviruses that is considered here.
|
How many deaths each year are caused by gastroenteritis?
|
two to three million
| 919
| false
| 1,676
| 900
|
Gastroenteritis is responsible for two to three million deaths each year, making it one of the most common causes of mortality Retrospective analysis of nosocomial viral gastroenteritis in a pediatric hospital revealed that in 67% of the cases torovirus could be detected There are five human genogroups of sapovirus described which account for 2.2%-12.7% of all gastroenteritis cases around the globeRotavirus infection is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis among children; however, parents of infected children also often become ill and as a result rotavirus is the second most common cause of gastroenteritis in adults Shortly after the discovery of norovirus several other viruses causing gastroenteritis were discovered: rotavirus in epithelial cells of children with gastroenteritis , astrovirus in infantile diarrhea cases , enteric adenoviruses in the feces of children with acute diarrhea , and sapovirus during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an orphanage in Sapporo, Japan While bacterial and parasitic gastrointestinal infections are declining as a result of proper disposal of sewage and safe drinking water, viral gastroenteritis is not declining in developing countries This high sequence diversity has also been observed within particular outbreaks of gastroenteritis , limiting the likelihood that picobirnaviruses are actually causing outbreaks, as no distinct single source of infection can be identified.
|
Do avian flu viruses change over long periods?
|
Influenza Virus gene
sequences from a number offixed specimens ofwild birds
collected circa 1918 show little difference from avian
Viruses isolated today, indicating that avian Viruses likely
undergo little antigenic change in their natural hosts even
over long periods
| 15,425
| false
| 2,684
| 1,108
|
SS, Lvov DK, et al. Avian influenza A viruses differ from humangenic avian influenza (HPAI) Virus, including H5N1 and a
number of others, has ever been known to cause a majorNP sequences to subsequent avian influenza strains. Avian Dis.
2003;47:921–5.than expected, they are unlikely to have emerged directly
from an avian influenza Virus similar to those that havenant approximately every 2 to 3 years. Without such drift,
circulating human influenza Viruses would presumablyderived from an avianlike influenza Virus shortly before
the start of the pandemic and that the precursor Virus haddrift sufficient to produce new influenza strains capable of
escaping population immunity is believed to take years of
|
What can respiratory viruses cause?
|
common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media
| 2,207
| false
| 1,566
| 1,611
|
Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media Both viruses were reported previously by others as the major aetiology for respiratory viral infections in young children with rhinoviruses being recognized increasingly for their role in lower respiratory tract infections [20, . In addition, there is a continuously increasing list of new respiratory viruses that contribute significantly to the burden of acute respiratory infections, such as the recently identified human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human Bocavirus (HBoV) .Viral respiratory infections continue to be a worldwide health concern The leading viral agents include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) Respiratory infections cluster during winter and early spring monthsViral Respiratory tract infections (RTI) represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages
|
What is Pneumolysin?
|
a pneumococcal pore-forming toxin
| 24,175
| false
| 1,664
| 5,180
|
Pneumolysin, a pneumococcal pore-forming toxin with low affinity to lung epithelial cells, can damage neutrophils by utilizing P2X7 receptor (Domon et al., 2016) Once the initial attachment occurs, bacterial cytotoxins including pneumolysin of pneumococci (Garcia-Suarez Mdel et al., 2007; Zahlten et al., 2015) , α-hemolysin and leukocidins of S The same group tested detoxified pneumolysin (dPly) and pneumococcal histidine triad protein D (PhtD) as potential vaccine candidates to prevent pneumonia (Denoel et al., 2011) While the α-toxin had direct damaging effect on the lung epithelium, PVL induced lung pathology indirectly through the lysis of neutrophils (Mairpady Shambat et al., 2015)The pneumococcus is a typical colonizer of the human nasopharynx Additional potential mechanisms by which the initial colonization of the lower respiratory tract and lung tissue damage might occur include potentiation of the development of pneumonia by IAV neuraminidase through enzymatic removal of sialic acid from the lung, thus exposing host receptors for pneumococcal adherence (McCullers and Bartmess, 2003) Staphylococcal cytotoxins (α-toxin and leukocidins, including Panton-Valentine leucocidin, PVL) are associated with severe tissue pathology, strong upregulation of chemokines, and increased neutrophil influx of the lungs (Mairpady Shambat et al., 2015)
|
What is RANBP2?
|
nuclear pore protein
| 3,370
| false
| 1,561
| 3,034
|
RANBP2 is a protein playing an important role in the energy homeostasis of neuronal cells (28)RANBP2, a nuclear pore protein, has numerous roles in the cell cycle Hence, RANBP2 dysfunction might make neuronal cells much vulnerable to energy failure and necrosis when exposed to inflammatory or other stresses, such as those implicated in AHEM. RANBP2 mutations have been reported in acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) which could present with coma, convulsions, and encephalopathy RANBP2 is associated with microtubules and mitochondria suggesting roles in intracellular protein trafficking or energy maintenance and homeostasis of neuronal cellsAutosomal dominant mutations (with incomplete penetrance) in RANBP2 have been associated with susceptibility to infectioninduced necrotizing encephalopathy (26, 27) The rare heterozygous previously unreported variant we identified in RANBP2 affects a very conserved aminoacid and is predicted deleterious using in silico tools (a prediction tool performing a fast bioinformatics analysis which can predict the pathogenicity of a variant based on the change to an amino acid)
|
What is the incubation period for MERS-COV?
|
incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days [
| 3,850
| false
| 1,551
| 563
|
e literature shows that MERS-CoV infects males more than females erefore, we aimed to identify some demographic markers specific to confirmed cases of MERS-CoV Studies have suggested an incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days , while the median time until death is 11-13 days (range 5-27 days) among severely ill patientsWe collected data from 25,400 cases, of which 23,646 suspected cases of MERS-CoV were included in the final analysisis cross-sectional study about the epidemiological analysis of MERS-CoV infection laboratory-based data was conducted in Riyadh over a one-year period (2017) 23 e adjusted odds of MERS-CoV remained significant among different age groups; the odds of patients aged between 20-40 years increased threefold (A.OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.104-8.76, P value � 0.032), whereas in the age group of 41-60 years, it increased further to a risk that was six times higher We found that MERS-CoV infection was found significantly in people aged between 41 and 60 years and was reported most commonly during the summer season
|
What are the predominant viruses linked to airway inflammatory diseases?
|
Rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
| 6,507
| false
| 2,504
| 3,882
|
As RV, RSV, and IFV were the most frequently studied viruses in chronic airway inflammatory diseases, most of the viruses listed are predominantly these viruses The common feature these viruses share is that they can infect both the upper and/or lower airway, further increasing the inflammatory conditions in the diseased airway (Mallia and Johnston, 2006; Britto et al., 2017) . In this review, we highlight recent data regarding viral interactions with the airway epithelium that could also contribute to, or further aggravate, acute exacerbations of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.As integration of the virology, microbiology and immunology of viral infection becomes more interlinked, additional factors and FIGURE 1 | Current understanding of viral induced exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases In addition, viral infections are usually accompanied with oxidative stress which will further increase the local inflammation in the airway Ciliary proteins FIGURE 2 | Changes in the upper airway epithelium contributing to viral exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases Due to the viral components remaining in the airway, antiviral genes such as type I interferons, inflammasome activating factors and cytokines remained activated resulting in prolong airway inflammation (Wood et al., 2011; Essaidi-Laziosi et al., 2018)
|
Why are E Coli and lactic acid are safe choices as delivery vectors for vaccines?
|
E. coli is a commensal and lactic acid bacteria are present in most fermented food items and are therefore naturally present in the host. They are also a much safer option than traditional attenuated vaccines in children and immunecompromised people.
| 2,161
| false
| 1,645
| 805
|
As these authors conclude, it will be possible to utilize such vectors only by developing vaccines from alternative serotypes The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens Attridge and coworkers reported that the presence of immunity against the bacterial vector prior to the delivery of vectored antigenic coli is a commensal and lactic acid bacteria are present in most fermented food items and are therefore naturally present in the host Various attenuated bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), specifically Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Shigella and Salmonella, have been tested for the targeted delivery of heterologous antigens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin into a variety of animal hosts (Bahey-El-Din et al., 2010; Innocentin et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2011; Tobias et al., 2008 Tobias et al., , 2010 Tobias & Svennerholm, 2012) This may be beneficial, as the live bacterial vector used for delivery purposes harbours mutations in genes encoding proteins responsible for their survival in the animal host coli as potential vectors will not be undertaken; however, the reader is directed to several interesting reviews (Bermú dez-Humarán et al., 2011; Wells & Mercenier, 2008)
|
Does blood type play a role in the severity of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection?
|
HAdV-55 may cause severe ARDS in immunocompetent young men with blood type B
| 12,906
| false
| 1,604
| 3,253
|
Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55), which is emerging as a highly virulent pathogen for acute fatal adenoviral pneumonia among immunocompetent adults in China, has gained increasing attentionHuman adenoviruses (HAdVs) are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune function and a frequent cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease among young children Severe adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 has been reported to be more closely related to severe cases compared to other serotypes (HAdV-3, HAdV-7 and HAdV-14) .The prevalence of severe fatal adenoviral pneumonia induced by HAdV-55 in our study is somewhat similar to that described by Cao and colleagues The time between initial ETA sample collection of adenoviruses and positive results for HAdV-55 nucleic acid in the blood was 1 to 10 days HAdV-55 DNA was previously reported in 41.2% of patients with severe infection (1) HAdV-55 may cause severe ARDS in immunocompetent young men with blood type B
|
What happens by the time that secondary viremia emerges?
|
the agents of the more severe forms of HFRS and HCPS have begun to achieve sufficient mass
| 16,586
| false
| 1,660
| 4,549
|
By the time that secondary viremia emerges, the agents of the more severe forms of HFRS and HCPS have begun to achieve sufficient mass as to induce, through PAMP-PRR interactions and other means, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines The virus seeds local endothelium, where the first few infected cells give rise, ultimately, to a primary viremia, a process that appears to take a long time for hantavirus infectionsBy the time symptoms appear in HCPS, both strong antiviral responses, and, for the more virulent viral genotypes, viral RNA can be detected in blood plasma or nucleated blood cells respectively(2) Direct viral effects(3) Pathogenic effects caused by the activities of specific viral macromolecules The ultimate destination for N, for its assembly into viral particles is the Golgi, and it traffics there via the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate complex (ERGIC), also known as vesicular-tubular cluster Until recently, it had not been appreciated that N has a wide variety of other activities, some of which can be linked, not only to fundamental requirements of replication, but also to the interference with an array of the intracellular processes of the normal cell
|
What is important for containing the transmission?
|
to decrease R 0
| 15,929
| false
| 2,592
| 2,775
|
To contain the transmission of the virus, it is important to decrease R 0 The BHRP transmission network model was based on the following assumptions or facts: This means that the transmission route was mainly from person to person rather than from reservoir to person in the early stage of the transmission in Wuhan CityThe BHRP transmission network model was posted to bioRxiv on 19 January, 2020 The S H will be infected through sufficient contact with I B and I H , and the transmission rates were defined as β BH and β H , respectively However, this result was based on the limited data from a published literature, and it might not show the real situation at the early stage of the transmission.The Bats-Hosts-Reservoir-People (BHRP) transmission network model
|
What are the ancient lineage of NCLDVs?
|
emerging human pathogens that possess enormous genomes of up to several megabases in size encoding hundreds of proteins with unique and unknown functions.
| 7,673
| false
| 2,669
| 4,165
|
11 Another is the ancient lineage of nucleocytosolic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs), which are emerging human pathogens that possess enormous genomes of up to several megabases in size encoding hundreds of proteins with unique and unknown functions 12 Moreover, hundreds of human-and avian-infective viruses such as IAV strain H5N1 are known, but recent efforts indicate the true number may be in the millions and many harbour zoonotic potential 10 I anticipate further improvements in the performance of such devices over the coming decade will transform virus surveillance efforts, the importance of which was underscored by the recent EboV and novel coronavirus (nCoV / COVID-19) outbreaks, enabling rapid deployment of antiviral treatments that take resistance-conferring mutations into account. 9 While direct sequencing of viral genomic RNA is challenging, this system was recently used to directly sequence an RNA virus genome (IAV) for the first timeDecades of basic immunology research have provided a near-complete picture of the main armaments in the human antiviral arsenal Shaped by the hostvirus immunological 'arms race' and tempered in the forge of deep time, the biodiversity of our world is increasingly being harnessed for new biotechnologies and therapeutics Furin, along with other PCSK family members, is widely implicated in immune regulation, cancer and the entry, maturation or release of a broad array of evolutionarily diverse viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV), influenza (IAV), Ebola (EboV), dengue (DenV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
|
As of 5 March 2020, what are the cases in the WHO European region?
|
there are 4,250 cases including 113 deaths reported among 38 countries
| 9,465
| false
| 2,642
| 3,834
|
As at 21 February, nine countries had reported cases ( Figure) : Belgium (1), Finland (1), France (12), Germany (16), Italy (3), Russia (2), Spain (2), Sweden (1) and the UK (9 -not included further). As at 5 March 2020, there are 4,250 cases including 113 deaths reported among 38 countries in the WHO European region .In the WHO European Region, COVID-19 surveillance was implemented 27 January 2020. We detail the first European casesOn 27 January 2020, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe asked countries to complete a WHO standard COVID-19 case report form for all confirmed and probable cases according to WHO criteria The remaining 21 cases were infected in Europe As at 21 February, nine European countries reported 47 casesThis preliminary analysis is based on the first reported cases of COVID-19 cases in the WHO European Region
|
What are the attractive features of the PIV5 vector?
|
PIV5 has a stable RNA genome and no DNA phase in virus replication cycle reducing concerns of host genome integration or modification. PIV5 can be grown to very high titers in mammalian vaccine cell culture substrates and is not cytopathic allowing for extended culture and harvest of vaccine virus [98, 99] . Like NDV, PIV5 has a 3'-to 5' gradient of gene expression and insertion of transgenes at different locations in the genome can variably attenuate the virus and alter transgene expression [100] . PIV5 has broad tropism, infecting many cell types, tissues, and species without causing clinical disease, although PIV5 has been associated with -kennel cough‖ in dogs
| 25,629
| false
| 1,719
| 1,589
|
Similar to other RNA viruses, PIV5 has a number of features that make it an attractive vaccine vector PIV5 has only recently been described as a vaccine vector This combined with preclinical data from a variety of animal models suggests that PIV5 as a vector is likely to be safe in humans PIV5 has also been explored as a vaccine against HPAIV NDV has a number of appealing qualities as a vaccine vectorCurrently there is no clinical safety data for use of PIV5 in humans For example, PIV5 has a stable RNA genome and no DNA phase in virus replication cycle reducing concerns of host genome integration or modification
|
Is Oseltamivir effective when taken intranasally?
|
In contrast to Oseltamivir, which needs to be activated by metabolic conversion, Zanamivir is directly applied as active drug and can also be administered intranasally
| 8,137
| false
| 1,629
| 2,163
|
We have already shown an additive therapeutic effect of a combination therapy with intranasally applied iota-carrageenan and orally administered Oseltamivir in lethally H1N1 A/PR/ 8/34 infected mice and a treatment start 48 hours post infection (hpi) . The potential of an intranasal administration of Zanamivir was investigated by GlaxoSmithKline However, Oseltamivir is an orally administered prodrug, which has to be converted into its active form by metabolic processing In contrast to Oseltamivir, which needs to be activated by metabolic conversion, Zanamivir is directly applied as active drug and can also be administered intranasally In contrast to Oseltamivir, resistance to Zanamivir is less frequent Therefore, a further development of a combination nasal spray was not possible with Oseltamivir 156 of these participants got intranasally applied Zanamivir at different doses (daily dose levels from 6.4 mg to 96 mg) for prophylaxis or therapy
|
What do the majority of human cases of MERS-CoV seem not to do?
|
readily transmit to more than one other human
| 46,742
| false
| 1,741
| 4,296
|
It seems that the majority of human cases of MERS-CoV, even when numbers appear to increase suddenly, do not readily transmit to more than one other human so to date, the localized epidemic of MERS-CoV has not been self-sustaining There is no evidence that MERS-CoV is a virus of pandemic concernIt became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human Apart from the WHO and the KSA Ministry of Health reports, asymptomatic or subclinical cases of MERS-CoV infection were documented in the scientific literature although not always as often as occurred early on Whether MERS-CoV can remain adrift and infectious for extended periods (truly airborne) remains unknown No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found among 2,400 sera from patients visiting Hospital in Jeddah, from 2010 through 2012, prior to the description of MERS-CoV It is possible that there are areas where humans already harbour MERS-CoV infections that have not been identified because of an absence of laboratory surveillance
|
How does NLRP3 detect RNA viral infection?
|
by sensing the cellular damage or distress induced by viroporins
| 5,244
| false
| 1,595
| 292
|
It is increasingly evident that NLRP3 detects RNA viruses by sensing the cellular damage or distress induced by viroporins (Ichinohe et al., 2010; Ito et al., 2012; Triantafilou et al., 2013; Nieto-Torres et al., 2015) , transmembrane pore-forming proteins, encoded by certain RNA viruses; these proteins alter membrane permeability to ions by forming membrane channels (Tan et al., 2005; Chen and Ichinohe, 2015)Thus far, several models have been proposed to explain NLRP3 inflammasome activation by RNA viruses A better understanding of the mechanism that governs the NLRP3 inflammasome will facilitate the development of more effective interventions for the treatment of infectious diseases and increase our understanding of viral pathogenesis. Finally, viral RNA or RNA cleavage products generated by RNase L activate the NLRP3 inflammasome via the DExD/H-box helicase, DHX33 (Allen et al., 2009; Mitoma et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Chakrabarti et al., 2015) Here, we examined the role of the 3a protein in activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Second, viroporins encoded by RNA viruses activates the NLRP3 inflammasome (Ichinohe et al., 2010; Ito et al., 2012; Triantafilou et al., 2013; Nieto-Torres et al., 2015) First, viral RNA or RNA cleavage products generated by RNase L activate the NLRP3 inflammasome via the DExD/H-box helicase, DHX33 (Allen et al., 2009; Mitoma et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Chakrabarti et al., 2015)
|
What is critical to the development of a protective granuloma in tuberculosis infections?
|
tumor necrosis factor-α
| 511
| false
| 1,684
| 887
|
tuberculosis H37Rv The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and approximately one third of the world's population has been infected by this pathogen The infected macrophages secrete intercellular signaling factors, proinflammatory cytokines, to mediate the inflammatory response leading to the formation of granuloma and induction of T-cell mediated immunity In order to understand TB pathogenesis, signaling pathways induced by mycobacteria have long been a subject of interestTuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in the developing countriesIn summary, MKP-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of cytokine expression upon mycobacterial infectionThis report presented evidences that a novel function of MKP-1 is uncovered in cytokine regulation in response to mycobacterial infection
|
What is the transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as?
|
requiring close and prolonged contact
| 46,374
| false
| 1,741
| 4,293
|
However, transmission of MERS-CoV is defined as sporadic (not sustained), intra-familial, often healthcare associated, inefficient and requiring close and prolonged contact In a household study, 14 of 280 (5 %) contacts of 26 MERS-CoV positive index patients were RNA or antibody positive; the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks is around 3 % Despite this lack of clarity, the WHO consider that evidence linking MERS-CoV transmission between DCs to humans is irrefutable (Fig Virus Res 2015 Vol 202:60-88 with permission from Elsevier reviewed the broad tropism of MERS-CoV It seems that the majority of human cases of MERS-CoV, even when numbers appear to increase suddenly, do not readily transmit to more than one other human so to date, the localized epidemic of MERS-CoV has not been self-sustaining MERS-CoV is predicted to encode ten open reading frames with 5' and 3' untranslated regionsIt became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings
|
Is the molecular basis of human adaptation of a virus understood?
|
While data bearing
on influenza Virus human cell adaptation (e.g., receptor
binding) are beginning to be understood at the molecular
level, the basis for Viral adaptation to efficient human-to-
human spread, the chief prerequisite for pandemic emer-
gence, is unknown for any influenza Virus.
| 29,201
| false
| 2,684
| 1,123
|
adaptation. A second change that greatly augments Virus
binding to the human receptor may also occur, but only 3binding) are beginning to be understood at the molecular
level, the basis for Viral adaptation to efficient human-to-the HAs of all 5 sequenced 1918 Viruses have this change,
which suggests that it could be a critical step in human hostanimal influenza Viruses will help us understand the genet-
ic basis of host adaptation and the extent of the naturalacquired this trait, but we do not know how, and we cur-
rently have no way of knowing whether H5N1 Viruses arein an amino acid replacement. Generally, a Viral gene sub-
jected to immunologic drift pressure or adapting to a newreflect genetic features of the 1918 Virus, but understand-
ing them will also require examination of host and envi-
|
What does the inflammation lead to in healthy airways?
|
leads to type 1 inflammatory responses consisting of activation of an antiviral state and infiltration of antiviral effector cells. This eventually results in the resolution of the inflammatory response and clearance of the viral infection
| 7,726
| false
| 2,504
| 3,888
|
The increased inflammation, in turn, worsens the symptoms of airway diseases. In a healthy airway, the inflammation normally leads to type 1 inflammatory responses consisting of activation of an antiviral state and infiltration of antiviral effector cells This disease is characterized by airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breathWhile the lower airway is the site of dysregulated inflammation in most chronic airway inflammatory diseases, the upper airway remains the first point of contact with sources of exacerbation The increased ROS and oxidative stress in the local environment may serve as a trigger to promote inflammation thereby aggravating the inflammation in the airway (Tiwari et al., 2002) In addition, viral infections are usually accompanied with oxidative stress which will further increase the local inflammation in the airway The development of chronic airway inflammatory diseases is usually linked to specific bacterial species in the microbiome which may thrive in the inflamed airway environment (Diver et al., 2019)
|
Has AAV been studied as vectors for influenza?
|
There are limited studies
| 14,703
| false
| 1,719
| 1,563
|
There are limited studies using AAVs as vaccine vectors for influenza Most recently, an AAV vector was used to deliver passive immunity to influenza Later, a hybrid AAV derived from two non-human primate isolates (AAVrh32.33) was used to express influenza NP and protect against PR8 challenge in mice Both intramuscular and intranasal delivery of the AAVs was shown to protect against a number of influenza virus challenges in mice and ferrets, including H1N1 and H5N1 viruses A number of studies have shown that immunization with NP expressed by AAV, rAd5, alphavirus vectors, MVA, or other vector systems induces potent CD8 + T cell responses and protects against influenza virus challengeSIN, SFV, and VEE have all been tested for efficacy as vaccine vectors for influenza virusInfluenza antigens were first expressed in a VSV vector in 1997
|
When did she present with rapidly progressive right-hand weakness?
|
1 month later
| 6,040
| false
| 1,561
| 3,038
|
She presented 1 month later with 5 days of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, fever, headache, and a rapidly progressive right-hand weakness (D30) with normal alertness At discharge (D71), she was able to say a few words and had better power of her right side While in the MRI machine (D30) she deteriorated with vomiting and reduced level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale dropped from 15 to 8 over 30 min) She was diagnosed with a fourth nerve palsy secondary to an acquired demyelinating syndrome She underwent left frontotemporoparietal decompressive craniotomy, evacuation of left frontoparietal intracerebral hemorrhage, and insertion of an external ventricular drain (EVD) An intraventricular pressure monitor was inserted. She returned with stable vitals to PICU The patient was immediately brought out of the magnet and her physical exam demonstrated unequal dilated pupils
|
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells?
|
both intracellular and cell-surface factors
| 1,158
| false
| 1,552
| 2,996
|
The HBV infection demands both intracellular and cell-surface factorsAmong the five hepatotropic hepatitis viruses, only hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its satellite hepatitis D virus (HDV) still wait for the development of an in vitro infection system in cell culture However, the high affinity membrane partners for HBV remain elusive (the carboxypeptidase D found for duck hepatitis B virus may be the only serious contender ). The intracellular requirements appear less stringent, as after transfection of HBV DNA into many HCC cell lines or mouse liver, which cannot be infected naturally, the viral genome is expressed and replicates actively Even primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose the capacity for HBV infection after brief cell culture Thus, the failure of HBV infection is considered largely to be due to strict restriction on the interaction between HBV virions and the cell membrane.HBV envelope protein, namely the surface antigens, plays an essential role in the infection process
|
In what year did the MERS epidemic occur?
|
2012
| 5,511
| false
| 2,463
| 1,209
|
This was also seen with MERS in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea (RoK) This event was reported to the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 31 December The WHO was notified of the original clustering within days and the full genomic sequence of the new virus was published less than 2 weeks after the cluster was first detectedOn 29 December 2019 clinicians in a hospital in Wuhan City, China noticed a clustering of cases of unusual pneumonia (with the first case identified at that time on 12 December) with an apparent link to a market that sells live fish, poultry and animals to the publicThis outbreak and the response to it illustrate some key issues about how global preparedness and response capacity for outbreaks have evolved over almost two decades since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2002/3 and what lessons have, or have not, been learnedA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average Within 4 weeks, by 26 January 2020, the causative organism had been identified as a novel coronavirus, the genome of the virus had been sequenced and published, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests had been developed, the WHO R&D Blueprint had been activated to accelerate diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development and a candidate vaccine was ready for initial laboratory testing
|
How was the proposed model tested?
|
using two different datasets of weekly influenza confirmed cases in two countries, namely the USA and China
| 1,722
| false
| 2,440
| 4,402
|
The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the real data with the predicted data using the performance measuresWe compare the proposed model with the original ANFIS and existing modified ANFIS models, such as PSO, GA, ABC, and FPA.The quality of the proposed method is evaluated using a set of performance metrics as follows: These results denote that the proposed method can optimize the parameters of the ANFIS model effectively and produce good results in terms of the performance measures The selected parameters are chosen because they produced good behavior in previous experiments, such as . We used 75% from the dataset to train the model while the rest is used to test it. Furthermore, two datasets of weekly influenza confirmed cases in the USA and China were used to evaluate the proposed method, and the evaluation outcomes showed its good performance
|
What does the semicontaminated area include?
|
the fever-CT control room,
fever-DR control room, and other patient examination access areas.
| 11,408
| false
| 188
| 2,451
|
(shaded in white). The contaminated area was separated from other areas by barriers.The contaminated area was isolated from other areas using physical barricades.2) Equipment disinfection: The equipment in the contaminated area are wiped with(shaded in black), semicontaminated (shaded in dark gray), buffer (shaded in light gray), and clean areasThe radiology department was divided into four areas : contaminated, semicontaminated,buffer, and clean areas . The contaminated area is connected to the fever clinic andarea are wiped with 75% ethanol. The equipment in the buffer area is wiped with
|
What is the structure of a coronavirus?
|
large, non-segmented, positive sense and single stranded RNA animal viruses
| 1,119
| false
| 1,722
| 5,314
|
. Host proteins and the coronavirus life cycle Coronaviruses encode many proteins (see yellow boxes) that target multiple steps in the innate immune response mounted by the host cells, ensuring its successful replication in the host. The most well studied host protein that interacts with the coronavirus genome is heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1), a nuclear protein, whose biological function is to regulate alternative splicing of cellular RNAs As such, the notion of NLR-mediated recognition of coronaviruses is, therefore, probable and could be further investigated.It has also been observed that the N protein of several coronaviruses can localize in the nucleolus where it may perturb cell cycle activities of the host cell for the benefit of viral mRNA synthesis The inhibition of host protein synthesis through the interaction between coronavirus spike protein and eIF3f may therefore have a significant impact on the modulation of coronavirus pathogenicity In addition to its ability to interact with the coronavirus RNA, hnRNP A1 was also found to interact and co-localize with N protein , an important player in coronavirus RNA synthesis
|
What is an effective public health hygiene?
|
Respiratory hygiene i
| 3,371
| false
| 2,643
| 1,921
|
Respiratory hygiene is a highly effective public health intervention, supported by evidence demonstrating that the spread of respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, can be prevented by hand hygiene, safe cough practice, and social distancing However, despite the indisputable evidence for the efficacy of hand hygiene for reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, humanitarian WASH standards are based on evidence pertaining to the prevention of illnesses transmitted by the faecal-oral route, with the focus on hand hygiene proximate to latrines Furthermore, hand hygiene is an avenue of agency for protecting one's own health, consistent with the rights to dignity and to fully participate in decisions related to assistance in humanitarian crises Hand hygiene is a readily implemented behavior: the distribution of soap to households in humanitarian settings has been shown to increase handwashing by over 30% Resources must be identified to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases. These standard public health measures are particularly difficult to perform in humanitarian settings Gender-based violence around latrines is an important deterrent for accessing latrine-adjacent handwashing stations, particularly for hand hygiene to prevent respiratory pathogen transmission.
|
What is BAL?
|
bronchoalveolar lavage
| 22,289
| false
| 1,741
| 4,268
|
Riyadh is a nexus for camel and human travel and has had more MERS cases than any other region of the KSA to date but also harbours a wide range of MERS-CoV variantsIn the region of Ar Riyad, including the capital city of Riyadh, a hospital based cluster began, within a single hospital, from late June 2015 4c) . 2 ) have become a key diagnostic and taxonomic target for CoV species identification Spring (green) and summer (orange) in the Arabian Peninsula are also shadedIn humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERSAn email from Dr Ali Mohamed Zaki, an Egyptian virologist working at the Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital in Jeddah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) announced the first culture of a new coronavirus to the world
|
What is a clinical attack rate?
|
the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected
| 5,816
| false
| 187
| 253
|
However, because many infected persons have not yet recovered and may still die, the case-fatality rate and severity could be underestimated However, during a hospital outbreak in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, among hospitalized patients only 5 of 53 (9%) health care–associated cases had documented presence in the same room as a patient with MERS.5 Despite the high case-fatality rate (an important measure of severity), MERS cases can be asymptomatic and mild (25% in one outbreak) Control was thought to have been possible because a high proportion of cases were severe, making it easier to rapidly identify and isolate infected individuals An R0 of less than 1 indicates the infection will die out “eventually.” An R0 of greater than 1 indicates the infection has the potential for sustained transmission. Although it is not known how often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients transmit MERS, initiating comprehensive measures such as isolating patients suspected of having or having been exposed to the virus and using personal protective equipment when caring for them may be extremely difficult because so many patients have mild and nonspecific symptoms. A recent study suggests rapid person to person transmission can occur.8 Disease modelers have estimated R0 to be 2.2.9 The University of Hong Kong estimates the outbreak could infect more than 150 000 persons per day in China at its peak. CDC modeling efforts in response to a potential public health emergency: influenza A(H7N9) as an example. Clin Infect Dis
|
What was mortality in South Korea from MERS disease?
|
ranged from 7 % among younger age groups to 40 % among those aged 60 years and above
| 8,955
| false
| 1,741
| 4,227
|
A review of public data showed that, as for MERS in the KSA, older age and the presence of underlying disease were significantly associated with a fatal outcome in South Korea MERS has reportedly killed approximately 35 % of all reported cases, 42 % of cases in the KSA, yet only 19 % of cases in South Korea, where mortality ranged from 7 % among younger age groups to 40 % among those aged 60 years and above ; all may be inflated values with asymptomatic or mild infections sometimes not sought or not reported Approximately 43 % of MERS cases (549 of 1277) in the KSA were fatal betwen 2012 and December 2015 while 21 % (72 of 330) died among those occurring outside of the KSA Interestingly in June 2015, an outbreak in South Korea followed a similar distribution However, the proportion of deaths among those infected with MERS-CoV is much higher than that known for the HCoVs NL63, HKU1, 229E or OC43 in other countries, and even above that for SARS-CoV; it is not a virus that could reasonably be described as a "storm in a teacup"As a group, HCWs comprised 16 % of MERS cases in the KSA and South KoreaThe hospital-associated outbreak in Jeddah in 2014 was the largest and most rapid accumulation of MERS-CoV detections to date
|
What activates the UPR pathway in the cell?
|
protein misfolding
| 30,935
| false
| 1,679
| 939
|
The UPR pathway is an adaptive cellular response activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to protein misfolding In order to regulate cellular homeostasis during protein folding and secretion, the UPR pathway has developed three classes of sensors to ensure proper cellular regulation: inositolrequiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) (33, 34) EGR1 has been associated with increases in the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) (28) , which is a key component of the UPR and which also belongs to cluster 20 These results are consistent with the observation that ATF4 expression is regulated at the translational level upon UPR induction (37)bridge between the UPR pathway and the interferon response pathway, with EGR1 being one of the potential key transcription factors driving this connection VEEV appears to induce the UPR and promote increased eIF2␣ phosphorylation, which results in the translational inhibition of most mRNAs, while UPR selectively increases the translation of ATF4In summary, the current study demonstrates a potential link between UPR activation and EGR1
|
What is the association between influenza viral load and carageenan?
|
a significant reduction of the influenza viral load in nasal fluids and a significant increase in the number of virus free patients within the treatment period of 7 days
| 6,556
| false
| 1,629
| 2,160
|
It is known that influenza virus infections are often accompanied by other viral pathogens both are involved in recent influenza outbreaksThe periodic appearance of new influenza variants poses a worldwide pandemic threat Inhibition of viral replication of all tested influenza strains was achieved with both substances These results demonstrate that carrageenan and Zanamivir target individual influenza strains to different extents so that they may complement each other to provide broader anti-influenza activity. Analysis by qRT-PCR revealed that 54.5-83.3% of influenza A or B positive patients were found to have at least one concomitant respiratory viral infection Of all in-vitro tested influenza strains the H1N1(09)pdm and the LP H7N7 are particularly interesting for two reasons
|
What is the specificity with which immunochromatographic tool could detect recombinant MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein?
|
100 %
| 13,747
| false
| 1,741
| 4,233
|
The first rapid immunochromatographic tool described could detect recombinant MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein from DC nasal swabs with 94 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity compared to RT-rtPCR The ELISA used a recombinant nucleocapsid protein from the group 2 betacoronavirus bat-CoV HKU5 to identify antibodies against the equivalent crossreactive MERS-CoV protein A different approach used a monoclonal antibody-based capture ELISA targeting the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein with a sensitivity of 10 3 TCID 50 and 100 % specificity . These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samplesThe detection of MERS-CoV antigen has not been common to date but the combination of short turnaround time from test to result, high throughput and identification of viral proteins makes this an attractive option RT-PCR also detected MERS-CoVTwo studies during 2015, one looking at Jeddah-2014 MERS-CoV variants and another looking at a variant exported from South Korea to China, have now identified signs of genetic recombination among MERS-CoV variants
|
How long did it take to publish the full genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 after it was identified?
|
2 weeks
| 5,951
| false
| 2,463
| 1,210
|
The WHO was notified of the original clustering within days and the full genomic sequence of the new virus was published less than 2 weeks after the cluster was first detectedA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average Within 4 weeks, by 26 January 2020, the causative organism had been identified as a novel coronavirus, the genome of the virus had been sequenced and published, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests had been developed, the WHO R&D Blueprint had been activated to accelerate diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development and a candidate vaccine was ready for initial laboratory testing Its emergence in China adds an additional dimension in the light of previous experience with SARS WHO's response system includes three virtual groups based on those developed for SARS to collate real time information to inform real time guidelines, and a first candidate vaccine is ready for laboratory testing within 4 weeks of the virus being identified. The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is significant but not comparable to the 10% rate for SARS or 34% reported for MERSThe rapid sharing of information in this outbreak and the speed of the coordinated response both in the country and internationally suggest that lessons have been learned from SARS that improve global capacity
|
What causes Q fever?
|
Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii)
| 2,378
| false
| 1,583
| 5,207
|
The clinical presentation of acute Q fever is variable and can resemble many other infectious diseases burnetii by wind were relevant risk factors for acquiring Q feverDue to the size and point source nature this outbreak permitted reassessment of fundamental, but seldom studied epidemiological parameters of Q fever Rarely a chronic form of Q fever develops months after the acute illness, most commonly in the form of endocarditisIn Germany, acute Q fever is a notifiable disease However, the most frequent clinical manifestation of acute Q fever is a self-limited febrile illness associated with severe headacheLocal health departments that identified outbreak cases of Q fever (s.a
|
What inhibits S-palmitoylation?
|
2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)
| 1,509
| false
| 650
| 570
|
The S-palmitoylation is a reversible reaction, and therefore is depalmitoylated by a strong reductant such as hydroxylamineThe roles of the S-palmitoylation on IFITM3 have been studied intensively, and the S-palmitoylation has been shown to be crucial for the correct positioning in the membrane and the resistance to viral infection and internalization (the roles are summarized in-A and discussed in detail below) Note that the role of the Spalmitoylation has been involved in the bone formation The S-palmitoylation is a post-translational modification on proteins by C 16 saturated-fatty acids (palmitic acids) covalently attached to certain cysteine residues via a thioester linkage -B)For direct observation of the S-palmitoylation, an established chemical reporter, 17-ODYA -C) , was used In general, the functional role of the S-palmitoylation is different for each protein Therefore, our observations in this study suggested that the S-palmitoylation affects the bone nodule formation in the osteoblast cells.
|
What is a natural reservoir of coronavirus?
|
Bats
| 430
| false
| 1,576
| 3,675
|
Third, accessory gene ORF9 showed homology with those of other known CoV species in another coronavirus genus, especially with accessory genes from SARSr-CoV. In both trees, all BtCoV/Rh/YN2012 were clustered together and formed a distinct lineage to other known coronavirus species In both trees, all BtCoV/Rh/YN2012 were clustered together and formed a distinct lineage to other known coronavirus species In both trees, all BtCoV/Rh/YN2012 were clustered together and formed a distinct lineage to other known coronavirus speciesMembers of the Coronaviridae family are enveloped, non-segmented, positive-strand RNA viruses with genome sizes ranging from 26-32 kb Alpha and betacoronaviruses mainly infect mammals and cause human and animal diseases Multiple reasons may lead to failed infection of coronavirus spike-pseudotyped retrovirus system, including receptor absence in target cells, failed recognition to the receptor homologue from non-host species, maladaptation in non-host cells during the spike maturation or virus entry, or the limitation of retrovirus system in stimulating coronavirus entry
|
Which two seasons were identified for trends in virus circulation??
|
winter season during weeks 23 to 39 between June and September and summer season during the rest of the year.
| 6,299
| false
| 1,623
| 4,106
|
Two seasons were defined to identify possible seasonal trends in circulation of the viruses: winter season during weeks 23 to 39 between June and September and summer season during the rest of the year.Analyses showed that some viruses are possibly seasonal and were circulating during a specific period of the year For the latter, it is specific to the studied period since the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus reappeared in Réunion Island in October 2012 and was no longer circulating since late 2010 Secondary objectives were to highlight seasonal trends on respiratory pathogens circulation and to describe occurrence of co-infections, especially during the flu season. In 2012, the second epidemic wave at the end of austral winter coincided with Influenza viruses and Rhinovirus circulation.Based on the budget, a season-stratified sample of 250 swabs was randomly selected in order to describe circulating viruses including outside flu season On the opposite, Parainfluenza 1,2 and 4 viruses were identified only in winter
|
What is the conclusion of the study?
|
glycyrrhizin might also serve as lead structure for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs
| 18,948
| false
| 1,596
| 5,241
|
Two groups were compared by t-test. More groups were compared by ANOVA with subsequent Student-Newman-Keuls test. 6,37,38] Since we used the clinical formulation SNMC effects of other ingredients like glycin or cystein cannot be excluded After a 48 h incubation period, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilised with PBS containing 0.3% Tritron X-100 Glycyrrhizin 200 mg/ml (the maximum tested concentration) did not affect A549 cell viability (data not shown) but clearly decreased CPE formation in A549 cells infected with the H5N1 influenza strain A/Thailand/1(Kan-1)/04 at MOIs of 0.01, 0.1 or 1Time-of-addition experiments revealed that maximal effects were achieved when glycyrrhizin was continuously present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period The upper side of the membrane was wiped with a wet swab to remove the cells, while the lower side of the membrane was rinsed with PBS
|
What is a conclusion of this study?
|
Viruses which evolve rapid replication rates under these robust antiviral defenses may pose the greatest hazard for cross-species pathogen emergence into spillover hosts with immune systems that differ from those unique to bats.
| 37,910
| false
| 1,698
| 2,753
|
where P E was calculated from the initial infectious dose (MOI) of each infection experiment and P S was estimated at disease-free equilibrium:To best represent our empirical monolayer system, we expressed our state variables as proportions (P S , P A , P E , P I , and P D ), under assumptions of frequency-dependent transmission in a wellmixed population (Keeling and Rohani, 2008) , though note that the inclusion of P D (representing the proportion of dead space in the modeled tissue) had the functional effect of varying transmission with infectious cell density Patterns from MOI = 0.001 were largely recapitulated at MOI = 0.0001, though at somewhat reduced total proportions -figure supplement 5 ). Under absent immune assumptions, r and " were fixed at 0 while b was estimated; under induced immune assumptions, " was fixed at 0 while r and b were estimated; and under constitutive immune assumptions, all three parameters (r, ", and b) were simultaneously estimated for each cell-virus combination All model fits were conducted using consistent starting guesses for the parameters, b (b = 3), and where applicable, r (r = 0.001) and " (" = 0.001) The small spatial scale and short time course (max 200 hours) of our experiments likely prohibited any return of antiviral cells to susceptible status in our empirical system; nonetheless, we retained the term c in analytical evaluations of our model because regression from antiviral to susceptible status is possible over long time periods in vitro and at the scale of a complete organism (Radke et al., 1974; Rasmussen and Farley, 1975; Samuel and Knutson, 1982) . As such, we fixed these parameters at the same values estimated in the mean field model, and multiplied both r and " by the global proportion of, respectively, exposed and susceptible cells at a given timestep.
|
Gemcitabine has been shown to have antiviral activity against which viruses?
|
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika virus (ZIKV), HCV, poliovirus (PV), influenza A virus (IAV), HIV, and enteroviruses (EV)
| 6,863
| false
| 1,594
| 5,234
|
The antiviral activities of gemcitabine against the abovementioned viruses are summarized inThe antiviral activities of gemcitabine against the abovementioned viruses are summarized inMost studies regarding the antiviral activity of gemcitabine lack experimental evidence of the mode of action Moreover, it is possible that gemcitabine is effective for other untested RNA viruses As previously mentioned, accumulating evidence has definitively demonstrated that gemcitabine is an effective broad-spectrum inhibitor of RNA viruses and has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of various virus-associated diseases In this regard, repurposing of gemcitabine for the treatment of patients infected with these deadly viruses is a realistic approach As an example, the synergistic antiviral effect of gemcitabine in combination with ribavirin, an antiviral drug currently being used against a few RNA viruses, was reported against EVs such as CVB3 and EV71
|
What is the potential of phage for infectious and chronic diseases?
|
prophylactic and therapeutic agent
| 1,134
| false
| 1,674
| 1,724
|
The phage likely However, there are some indications that filamentous phage can exert useful but more subtle effects upon their bacterial hosts that may not result in the development of resistance to infectionUnlike most therapeutic biologics, the filamentous phage's production in bacteria complicates its use in humans in several waysThe filamentous phage represents a highly versatile organism whose uses extend far beyond traditional phage display and affinity selection of antibodies and polypeptides of desired specificity Thus, unmodified filamentous phage may be of future interest as elements of combination therapeutics against certain drug-resistant infections.The phage particle is self-adjuvanting through multiple mechanisms (2011) elegantly linked phage infectivity and production of offspring with the presence of a desired protein phenotype
|
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3?
|
~ 85% similarity
| 6,742
| false
| 650
| 577
|
C) The amino acid sequence identity (similarity) among IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 is summarizedAmino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice Amino-acid sequence similarity: The amino acid sequence of IFITM5 is relatively dissimilar to IFITM1-3 proteins (~ 65% similarity), while IFITM1-3 proteins share ~ 85% similarity with each other -C) Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique On the other hand, although IFITM5 shares 68% and 66% sequence similarity to IFITM3 and IFITM2, respectively, more than one cysteine in the TM1 domain (Cys52 or Cys53) and one cysteine in the CP loop (Cys86) are S-palmitoylatedHere, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein As reported previously, in IFITM3 and IFITM2, which share 85% sequence similarity -C) , two cysteines in the TM1 domain (Cys71 and Cys72 for IFITM3, Cys70 and Cys71 for IFITM2) and one cysteine in the CP loop (Cys105 for IFITM3, Cys104 for IFITM2) are all S-palmitoylated in cells
|
What is the case-fatality ratios, for the most common viral serotypes?
|
between 30% and 40%
| 1,046
| false
| 1,660
| 4,448
|
(3) Pathogenic effects caused by the activities of specific viral macromoleculesHantavirus infections occur more frequently in men than women, although the male/female ratio is highly variable(2) Direct viral effectsIn this review we discuss the general properties, discoveries and epidemiology/ecology of the New World forms of pathogenic hantaviruses, and also seek to identify some of the characteristics of the viral macromolecules and immunologic mechanisms that have been proposed as potential direct mediators of the pathogenic events that characterize the human disease HCPS In South America, HCPS cases have been indentified in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, and evidence for human exposure to hantaviruses have also been reported in Venezuela and Perú Case-fatality ratios in those three countries have been similar, ranging from 30% (Argentina), 36% (Chile) and 39% (Brazil). At least three studies have correlated plasma viral RNA with disease severity for HCPS and HFRS, suggesting that the replication of the virus plays an ongoing and real-time role in viral pathogenesis
|
What has this focus on mammalian defences and pathologies sidelined?
|
examination of the types and roles of viruses and antiviral defences that exist throughout our biosphere.
| 7,307
| false
| 2,669
| 4,162
|
Nevertheless, this focus on mammalian defences and pathologies has sidelined examination of the types and roles of viruses and antiviral defences that exist throughout our biosphere On the flip side, this same process also causes immunopathology when prolonged or deregulated 4 I argue this exposes an 'Achilles Heel' that may be safely targeted via host-oriented therapies to impose devastating informational and fitness barriers on escape mutant selection In this way, mRNA-destabilising RBPs constitute a 'brake' on the immune system, which may ultimately be toggled therapeutically 7 They also discuss their recent work revealing how two IFN-cinducible factors exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition of IAV, measles (MV), zika (ZikV) and HIV by suppressing furin activity These activities take place in various subcellular compartments and are differentially regulated during infectionDecades of basic immunology research have provided a near-complete picture of the main armaments in the human antiviral arsenal
|
Who was the first COVID-19 identified case patient on the Diamond Princess cruise ship?
|
case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards.
| 1,795
| false
| 2,555
| 1,191
|
A large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred on a cruise shipAn outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has occurred on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess The primary case remains unknown, but the index case, defined as the first identified case, is a passenger who started coughing from 19 January 2020 on board, disembarking the ship in Hong Kong on 25 January Among passengers without close contact, the incidence was estimated to be zero, except for 8-10 February 2020, during which 0.98 persons (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0, 7.74) per day were estimated to have been infected The last illness onset date on board of a passenger without close contact was on 14 February As the case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards In addition to the date of illness onset, cases were classified by contact history inside the cabin and also by the type of membership, i.e., crew or passenger
|
Where are rRNA and ribosomes created?
|
nucleolus
| 554
| false
| 1,686
| 5,131
|
A membrane-less organelle originally described as the ''Ribosome Factory'', the nucleolus is dedicated to RNA-polymerase-I-directed rDNA transcription, rRNA processing mediated by small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (soRNPs) and ribosome assembly Following Tat expression, they observed a defect in pre-rRNA processing associated with a decrease in the level of 80S ribosomes Whether this reflect a shift in ribosome biogenesis and/or a change in the composition of the ribosomal subunits remains to be determinedThe nucleolus is the site of additional RNA processing, including mRNA export and degradation, the maturation of uridine-rich small nuclear RNPs (U snRNPs), which form the core of the spliceosome, biogenesis of t-RNA and microRNAs (miRNAs) Ribosome biogenesis is essential for protein synthesis and cell viability and ultimately results in the separate large (60S) and small (40S) ribosomal subunits, which are subsequently exported to the cytoplasm Similarly, several proteins involved in rRNA processing exhibited an overall increase in nucleolar accumulation upon Tat expressionRibosomal biogenesis. We initially focused on ribosome biogenesis, the primary function of the nucleolus
|
What genetic mutation decreases a person's susceptibility to the H1N1 influenza virus?
|
H275Y
| 14,705
| false
| 1,740
| 323
|
For example, one genetic mutation known as 'H275Y'a substitution of histidine for tyrosine at NA position 275 -confers an evolutionary advantage to the virus including the 2009 H1N1 influenzaCurrently, vaccines and antivirals exist for the prevention and treatment of influenza, but both have limitations in efficacy due to the rapid evolution of the virus as it mutates on a yearly basis and the sudden unexpected emergence of pandemic influenza strains. During the 2013-2014 influenza season, 59 (1.2%) of 1,811 influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus isolates in 20 of 50 US states had the H275Y oseltamivir resistance substitution These studies demonstrated the efficacy of this novel intranasal vaccine and answered some important questions concerning true correlates of protection against influenza infection which will help drive future vaccine design This is active against all known NA subtypes of influenza, and one would, therefore, assume against all influenza strainsThe experimental A/Texas H1N1 influenza virus that was used successfully during the 1990s was implicated in the development of myocarditis in an experimentally infected subject, although a causal link was never demonstrated The FDA guidance on developing influenza therapeutics states that challenge trials cannot take the place of efficacy (phase 2) trials
|
Why has it been difficult to develop a therapy for the Hepatitis C virus?
|
high mutation rate
| 6,483
| false
| 1,661
| 5,167
|
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA enveloped virus causing chronic hepatitis in most untreated patients (about 80%), with the consequent risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma Moreover, the in vivo use of anti-HCV polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations in both chimpanzees and humans has been disappointing, and clinical studies have shown that these preparations fail to prevent recurrent infections in patients after liver transplantation . However, the role (and the existence itself) of these interfering Abs in influencing HCV infection is still controversial For these reasons chronic HCV infection represents the major indication for liver transplantation in Europe and United States Future works investigating the in vivo role of these interfering Ab subpopulations in HCV persistence will certainly be very useful. Considering their results, the authors indeed suggested that interference by non-nAbs, at least to the region encompassing residues 434-446, is not a possible mechanism for HCV persistence in chronically infected individuals, as it had been originally proposed by Zhang et alTo summarize, in the HCV field several works support the existence of interfering Ab populations and hypothesize their possible role in HCV persistence, as demonstrated using human plasma-derived immunoglobulin preparations, human mAbs, and sera of animals vaccinated with recombinant HCV/E2 peptides
|
What suite of species-specific mechanisms do bats have to limit viral load?
|
host receptor sequence incompatibilities for some bat-virus combinations (Ng et al., 2015; Takadate et al., 2020) and constitutive expression of the antiviral cytokine
| 2,697
| false
| 1,698
| 2,723
|
Bats leverage a suite of species-specific mechanisms to limit viral load, which include host receptor sequence incompatibilities for some bat-virus combinations (Ng et al., 2015; Takadate et al., 2020) and constitutive expression of the antiviral cytokine, IFN-a, for others (Zhou et al., 2016) However, no one has previously explored how these unique antiviral defenses of bats impact the viruses themselvesRecent research advances are beginning to shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which bats avoid pathology from these otherwise virulent pathogens (Brook and Dobson, 2015)The findings may help to explain why bats are often the source for viruses that are deadly in humansBats have a suite of antiviral defenses that keep the amount of virus in check Models of simple target cell depletion, in which viral load is dictated by a bottom-eLife digest Bats can carry viruses that are deadly to other mammals without themselves showing serious symptoms Such rapidly-reproducing viruses would likely generate extreme virulence upon spillover to hosts lacking similar immune capacities to bats.
|
What happens upon infection?
|
viruses evoke an inflammatory response as a means of counteracting the infection.
| 9,877
| false
| 2,504
| 3,941
|
Another mechanism that viral infections may use to drive acute exacerbations is the induction of vasodilation or tight junction opening factors which may increase the rate of infiltration Infection with a multitude of respiratory viruses causes disruption of tight junctions with the resulting increased rate of viral infiltration This is especially true when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection (Singanayagam et al., 2018 (Singanayagam et al., , 2019a Hence, the disruption of the ciliary movement during viral infection may cause more foreign material and allergen to enter the airway, aggravating the symptoms of acute exacerbation and making it more difficult to manage Immune response and injury factors released from the infected epithelium normally would induce a rapid type 1 immunity that facilitates viral clearance Therefore, its infection by respiratory viruses may have far reaching consequences in augmenting and synergizing current and future acute exacerbations Moreover, a viral infection may also alter the nutrient profile in the airway through release of previously inaccessible nutrients that will alter bacterial growth (Siegel et al., 2014; Mallia et al., 2018)
|
What is likely increase of the reporting rate after the 17th January 2020?
|
reased 21-fold (95% CI: 18
| 1,649
| false
| 2,620
| 1,879
|
We estimated that the reporting rate after 17 January 2020 increased 21-fold (95% CI: compared to the situation from 1 to 17 January 2020 on average The reporting rate after 17 January 2020 was likely to have increased 21-fold (95% CI: 18-25) compared with the situation from 1 to 17 January 2020 on average, and it should be considered in future investigation Thereafter, the daily number of newly reported cases started increasing rapidly after 17 January 2020, see This finding implied the occurrence of under-reporting between 1 and 15 January 2020 This finding implied the occurrence of under-reporting between 1 and 15 January 2020 It was statistically evident that increasing in reporting was likely, and thus it should be considered in the future investigation of this outbreak. The cumulative number of reported cases slowly increased to cumulative 41 cases by 1 January 2020, and rapidly increased after 16 January 2020
|
What is the recovery benefit of carageenan in patients with any respiratory virus?
|
1.9 day faster recovery from common cold symptoms than placebo treated patients in the intention-to-treat population
| 6,219
| false
| 1,629
| 2,158
|
The pooled analysis of two studies conducted in 153 children and 203 adults revealed that patients infected with any respiratory virus, who were intranasally treated with iota-carrageenan showed a 1.9 day faster recovery from common cold symptoms than placebo treated patients in the intention-to-treat population Therefore, there is a high medical need for a broadly acting antiviral therapy in combination with a specific anti-influenza therapy for treatment of patients suffering from upper respiratory tract symptomsFirst, we determined the minimal effective dose of a Zanamivir mono-therapy that significantly improved survival time of H1N1 and H7N7 infected mice However, these studies were done under anesthesia with different viruses and a prophylactic therapy start As the intranasal treatment regime is incapable to effectively treat virus infections of the lung, the primary target of such a product is the prophylaxis and therapy of uncomplicated influenza Patients would benefit from the fast and efficient treatment of uncomplicated influenza in the upper respiratory tract We have previously shown that a combined therapy of iota-carrageenan with the NI Oseltamivir led to significantly enhanced survival in mice infected with H1N1 PR/8/34 in comparison with the respective mono-therapies
|
When did the United States declare COVID19 a public health emergency?
|
January 31, 2020,
| 5,172
| false
| 2,668
| 2,192
|
6 On January 31, 2020, the US Department of Health and Human Services declared coronavirus a public health emergency On January 30, 2020, the CDC reported the first local transmission in the US between members in a household On the same day, the World Health Organization declared 2019-nCoV to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) 5 Additionally, transmission of the virus has reportedly occurred in healthcare facilities in Wuhan City, raising concerns of spread to healthcare workers, as was seen during prior outbreaks of the novel coronaviruses, Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)While quarantine may not be feasible and can have unintended consequences, 28, 29, 30 it is a public health tool that can be considered in cases when disease is transmissible before symptom onset As of January 30, 2020, there have been at least 9,776 persons infected and 213 verified deathsHealthcare workers must follow on-going developments related to the outbreak, especially new information concerning detection and management
|
What have confocal microscopy and biochemical-inhibitor studies shown?
|
that N tracks along microtubules
| 13,763
| false
| 1,660
| 4,503
|
There is no such model that closely mimics HFRS, but animal models exist for both the asymptomatic carriage of PUUV and SNV by their native carrier rodents, the bank vole Myodes glareolus and the deer mouse P HFRS and HCPS share many clinical features, leading many investigators to consider them to be, in essence, different manifestations of a similar pathogenic process, differing mainly in the primary target organs of disease expression Several hallmark pathologic changes have been identified that occur in both HFRS and HCPS Until recently, it had not been appreciated that N has a wide variety of other activities, some of which can be linked, not only to fundamental requirements of replication, but also to the interference with an array of the intracellular processes of the normal cell The N proteins of hantaviruses are found in association with particulate fractions, and confocal microscopy and biochemical-inhibitor studies have shown that N tracks along microtubules but not with actin filaments Some investigators have favored direct viral toxicity, acting through the inhibition of endothelial cell barrier function, as an explanation for much of the capillary leak, although there is widespread agreement that multiple mechanisms that mediate pathogenesis likely operate simultaneously in the affected patient We have reviewed some of the activities associated with the Gn, Gc and N, virally-encoded polypeptides in previous sections.
|
Which kit is currently used in China?
|
kit developed by the BGI have passed emergency approval procedure of the National Medical Products Administration, and are currently used in clinical and surveillance centers of China
| 11,200
| false
| 2,486
| 3,643
|
However, the kit developed by the BGI have passed emergency approval procedure of the National Medical Products Administration, and are currently used in clinical and surveillance centers of China . Most of the kits are for RT-PCR There were two kits (BGI, China and Veredus, Singapore) with the capability to detect multiple pathogens using sequencing and microarray technologies, respectively Inhibitory activity was also detected in baicalin , extracted from another herb used in the treatment of SARS in China and Hong KongIn addition, there are seven potential rapid diagnostic kits (as of 24 January 2020; available on the market for 2019-nCoV Three completed randomized controlled trials were conducted during the SARS epidemic-3 in China, 1 in Taiwan and 2 in Hong Kong The published clinical trials were mostly done in United States except for one on the SARS vaccine done in China
|
What is hepcidin?
|
low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone
| 2,302
| false
| 1,560
| 2,130
|
Hepcidin is a low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone and was first discovered in human urine Hepcidin is a part of the natural defense mechanism, thus it limits the amount of Fe that can be utilized by pathogens Hepcidin is controlled by the presence of inflammation in the body, Fe storage, and erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow and plays a primary role in the homeostasis of Fe However, more detailed studies are needed on the role of hepcidin in the pathogenesis of septicemia.Hepcidin may play an important part in non-specific immunity and is a key molecule that plays a role in the pathogenesis of diseases by enhancing the development of antioxidant system Hepcidin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of Fe metabolism , which is a part of foundational cellular functions and thus of vital importance The fact that hepcidin plays an active role in the regulation of Fe release from macrophages and in the control of excessive Fe absorption from the duodenum is well documented
|
How will this approach used?
|
will be used globally to help identify evidence of widespread community transmission and, should the virus spread and containment no longer be deemed feasible, to monitor intensity of disease transmission, trends and its geographical spread.
| 14,462
| false
| 2,642
| 3,845
|
Given the small sample size, and limited completeness for some variables, all the results presented should be interpreted with caution. This approach will be used globally to help identify evidence of widespread community transmission and, should the virus spread and containment no longer be deemed feasible, to monitor intensity of disease transmission, trends and its geographical spread. This was mostly a result of delays in identifying the index cases of the two clusters in France and Germany Data on 38 of these cases (i.e. all except the nine reported in the UK) are included in this analysis. Understanding the infection-severity is critical to help plan for the impact on the healthcare system and the wider population Locally acquired cases require significant resources for contact tracing and quarantine, and countries should be prepared to allocate considerable public health resources during the containment phase, should local clusters emerge in their population People returning from affected areas are likely to have a low threshold to seek care and be tested when symptomatic, however delays in identifying the index cases of the two clusters in France and Germany meant that locally acquired cases took longer to be detected and isolated
|
What are key limtations of genetic detection?
|
lack of knowledge of the presence of viable virus, the potential cross-reactivity with non-specific genetic regions and the short timeframe for accurate detection during the acute infection phase.
| 17,594
| false
| 2,486
| 3,661
|
Where the biological samples are taken from also play a role in the sensitivity of these testsThe key limitations of genetic material detection are the lack of knowledge of the presence of viable virus, the potential cross-reactivity with non-specific genetic regions and the short timeframe for accurate detection during the acute infection phase Hence, enhancements to the current molecular test were conducted to improve the diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis can be performed by: (a) detecting the genetic material of the virus, (b) detecting the antibodies that neutralize the viral particles of interest, (c) detecting the viral epitopes of interest with antibodies (serological testing), or (d) culture and isolation of viable virus particles. Compared to the detection of viral genome through molecular methods, serological testing detects antibodies and antigens These papers described diagnostic methods to detect the virus with the majority of them using molecular testing for diagnosis Studies looked at using nested PCR to include a pre-amplification step or incorporating N gene as an additional sensitive molecular marker to improve on the sensitivity .
|
What does the virus seed?
|
local endothelium
| 16,364
| false
| 1,660
| 4,546
|
The virus seeds local endothelium, where the first few infected cells give rise, ultimately, to a primary viremia, a process that appears to take a long time for hantavirus infections(2) Direct viral effectsDuring virus maturation, the precursor form GPC is processed using a membrane -bound protease into Gn and Gc, a cleavage that occurs, and appears to be signaled, after the conserved peptide signal WAASA at the C-terminal of Gn Interestingly, ANDV may also be shed by humans through other biological fluids such as urine , illustrating the particular properties that differentiate this virus from other hantaviruses(3) Pathogenic effects caused by the activities of specific viral macromolecules Another example is Laguna Negra virus (LANV) which after being identified in Calomys laucha has also been reported in CCross-species transmission is a major process during spread, emergence, and evolution of RNA viruses
|
What was R0 for the high transmissibility in South Korea?
|
2.5-7.2
| 15,674
| false
| 2,592
| 2,774
|
However, MERS had a high transmissibility in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea with the R 0 of 2.5-7.2 The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries We also assumed that the transmissibility of A P was κ times that of I P , where 0 ≤ κ ≤ 1. More data were needed to estimate the transmissibility accurately. Since the objective of this study was to provide a mathematical model for calculating the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, the R 0 was estimated based on limited data which published in a literatureBy calculating the published data, our model showed that the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 might be higher than MERS in the Middle East countries, similar to SARS, but lower than MERS in the Republic of KoreaIn this study, we used the R 0 to assess the transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2
|
What is Belgium's estimated mean percentage [95% credible interval] of total population infected as of 28th March?
|
3.7% [1.3%-9.7%]
| 13,114
| false
| 2,683
| 848
|
Country % of total population infected (mean [95% credible intervall)
Austria 1.1% [0.36%-3.1%]
Belgium 3.7% [1.3%-9.7%]: Posterior model estimates of percentage of total population infected as of 28th March 2020.infected as of March 28th, giving an attack rate of 9.8% [3.2%-25%] of the population . SpainGiven the serial interval distribution, the number of infections Eamon a given day t, and country, m,representing between 1.88% and 11.43% ofthe population. The proportion of the population infecteda fundamental epidemiological quantity representing the average number of infections, at time t, pereach country have been infected, with an attack rate on average of 4.9% [l.9%-ll%] with considerable
|
What are the large family of viruses, called coronaviruses?
|
pathogens for human beings, which infect respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurologic diseases.
| 1,942
| false
| 2,440
| 4,404
|
A large family of viruses, called coronaviruses, are severe pathogens for human beings, which infect respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurologic diseases Currently, Wuhan city suffers from the spreading of a novel coronavirus, called COVID-19 (previously, it was called 2019-nCoV) The outbreaks of two previous coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in 2003 and 2012, respectively, have approved the transmission from animal to animal, and human to human In , the authors concluded that COVID-19 likely originated in bats, because it is more similar to two bat-derived coronavirus strains The developed FPASSA-ANFIS model is applied as a forecasting technique for a novel coronavirus, called COVID-19, that was discovered in Wuhan, China at the end of last year and January of the current year It was collected from the WHO website (https: //.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/) It was collected from the WHO website ( It contains the data of weekly influenza confirmed cases in China from week number 1 in 2016 to week number 8 in 2020
|
What is the advantage of adenovirus?
|
the virus can be purified by simple methods
| 8,759
| false
| 1,719
| 1,508
|
Adenovirus has been extensively studied as a vaccine vector for human disease Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus which is relatively stable and can be formulated for long-term storage at 4 °C, or even storage up to six months at room temperature A live adenovirus vaccine containing serotypes 4 and 7 has been in use by the military for decades, suggesting adenoviruses may be safe for widespread vaccine use However, safety concerns have led to the majority of adenovirus-based vaccine development to focus on replication-defective vectorsAdeno-associated viruses (AAV) were first explored as gene therapy vectors Adenovirus vaccines can also be delivered via multiple routes, including intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, oral delivery using a protective capsule, and by intranasal delivery Recombinant, replication-defective adenoviruses from low-prevalence serotypes have also been shown to be efficacious
|
What organ is most associated with the KATNAL1 gene?
|
central nervous system
| 3,332
| false
| 1,620
| 930
|
Thus the range of phenotypes associated with defects in the function of Katnal1 strongly suggests that the gene should be considered in the pathology of disorders such as ID and schizophrenia. However, given that our data demonstrates that the Katnal1 1H mutation lies in an essential catalytic domain and that we show neuronal phenotypes in Katnal1 1H/1H mice, we would expect to see the same loss of catalytic function in neurons. 11, 12 Although such association studies strongly suggest that KATNAL1 plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system (CNS), additional studies using cellular or animals models are required to understand how the gene may be causative for disease 32 While we are not suggesting that Katnal1 is causative for these conditions, similarities in symptoms and neuronal phenotypes between these conditions and those linked to Katnal1 dysfunction should be appreciated These findings are the first to our knowledge to conclusively show that mutations in Katnal1 lead to behavioural and neuronal disturbances and provide insight regarding the clinical associations that have been linked to the gene Further investigations demonstrated that Katnal1 1H/1H mice show neuronal migration and ciliary function deficits suggesting KATNAL1 plays an essential role in these processes Given its role in cytoskeletal organisation, we also hypothesised that neuronal morphology is modulated by Katnal1
|
What happens during the replication process?
|
the cells release antiviral factors and cytokines that alter local airway inflammation and airway niche
| 7,552
| false
| 2,504
| 3,887
|
During the replication process, the cells release antiviral factors and cytokines that alter local airway inflammation and airway niche (Busse et al., 2010) Furthermore, due to the different replication cycles and response against the myriad of respiratory viruses, each respiratory virus may also contribute to exacerbations via different mechanisms that may alter their severity Nevertheless, it was found that in viral infection such as IFV, there can be a change in the metabolism of the cells as well as alteration in the ciliary gene expression, mostly in the form of down-regulation of the genes such as dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) and multiciliate differentiation And DNA synthesis associated cell cycle protein (MCIDAS) (Tan et al., 2018b Epithelial destruction may also promote further epithelial remodeling during its regeneration as viral infection induces the expression of remodeling genes such as MMPs and growth factors However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers In the event of a viral infection such as RV infection, the effect induced by the virus may destabilize the equilibrium of the microbiome present (Molyneaux et al., 2013; Kloepfer et al., 2014; Kloepfer et al., 2017; Jubinville et al., 2018; van Rijn et al., 2019) This is especially true when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection (Singanayagam et al., 2018 (Singanayagam et al., , 2019a
|
What does the display mode determine?
|
the maximum tolerated size of the fused polypeptide, its copy number on the phage, and potentially, the structure of the displayed polypeptide.
| 5,607
| false
| 1,674
| 1,741
|
The display mode determines the maximum tolerated size of the fused polypeptide, its copy number on the phage, and potentially, the structure of the displayed polypeptide Multivalent display on some coat proteins can also be enforced using helper phage bearing nonfunctional copies of the relevant coat protein gene (e.g., type 3 * +3 display) However, other in vitro display systems, such as yeast display, have important advantages over the filamentous phage for affinity maturation (although each display technology has complementary strengths; Koide and Koide, 2012) , and regardless of the display method, selection of "improved" variants can be slow and cumbersome For the purposes of this review, we use the term "phage display" to refer to a recombinant filamentous phage displaying a single polypeptide sequence on its surface (or more rarely, bispecific display achieved via fusion of polypeptides to two different capsid proteins), and the term "phage-displayed library" to refer to a diverse pool of recombinant filamentous phage displaying an array of polypeptide variants (e.g., antibody fragments; peptides) By far the most commonly used coat proteins for display are the major coat protein, pVIII, and the minor coat protein, pIII, with the major advantage of the former being higher copy number display (up to ∼15% of recombinant pVIII molecules in a hybrid virion, at least for short peptide fusions), and of the latter being the ability to display some folded proteins at an appreciable copy number (1-5 per phage particle) The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline.from structural data of Marvin, 1990 , freely available in PDB and SCOPe databases. The latter CTLs mediate a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (Fang et al., 2005; Del Pozzo et al., 2010) .
|
What is the effect of host immune response to the delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination?
|
In a large-scale clinical trial (STEP) of an Ad serotype 5 (AdHu5)-based HIV-1 vaccine, the vaccines showed a lack of efficacy and tended to increase the risk of HIV-1 infection in vaccine recipients who had pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to AdHu5 (
| 22,400
| false
| 1,645
| 876
|
Different effects of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of recombinant viral vaccine vectors are summarized in. The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as vector systems to deliver antigen originating from other pathogens Finally, long-lasting cellular and (where appropriate) humoral immune responses to the vectored antigen must be induced following administration of these vaccines, preferably with a single dose (Atkins et al., 2006) .As some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail (2009) also demonstrated that the negative impact of vector-specific immune responses can also be countered by repeated immunization with the same vaccine and dose; this in effect leads to higher priming of naive T cells against the delivered antigen Attridge and coworkers reported that the presence of immunity against the bacterial vector prior to the delivery of vectored antigenic (1999) indicated that exposure to the empty vector may completely abrogate immune responses against the delivered antigens (Vijh et al., 1999)
|
What precedes about half of the reported cases of MEWDS?
|
flu-like illness
| 2,345
| false
| 1,554
| 582
|
The incidence of MEWDS is unknown. Only small case series are reported in the literatureThe aim of the present report was to describe an unusual cluster of seven cases of MEWDS encountered within a 3month period, with an emphasis on the clinical presentation and multimodal imaging findings Our finding reinforces a recently described finding in the literature which is believed to be pathognomonic to MEWDS The clinical signs of MEWDS are subtle, such that the diagnosis relies on a high index of suspicion. While the presumed pathogenesis of MEWDS involves a viral infection, only few reports to date have described a search for the pathogen [5,Multimodal imaging (BAF, SD-OCT, IR, FA, and ICGA) has proven to have high value in the challenging diagnosis of MEWDSA retrospective observational study was conducted in seven patients who presented with MEWDS between July and September 2013 at two tertiary medical centers in central Israel
|
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein?
|
aspartate
| 6,817
| false
| 650
| 580
|
In addition, IFITM5 has an aspartate-rich domain in the C-terminal region, which could be involved in calcium binding -A)Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein Finally, the proteins were competitively eluted by the addition of FLAG peptide We speculate that some other residues in the CP loop located near the TM1 domain make some contribution to the interaction. C) The amino acid sequence identity (similarity) among IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 is summarizedAmino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice Briefly, total proteins were extracted from the osteoblast cells which co-expressed IFITM5 and FKBP11-FLAG using a total protein extraction kit (BioChain Institute Inc., Newark, CA)
|
How many viral RNA or virus-specific antibodies been detected?
|
1,493
| 3,622
| false
| 1,741
| 4,194
|
Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA indicates the likely presence of infectious virus As of 2 nd of September 2015, there have been 1,493 detections of viral RNA or virus-specific antibodies across 26 countries (Additional file 1: confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO), with over a third of the positive people dying (at least 527, 35 %) .MERS-CoV RNA has also been detected in DC samples, and recovery of infectious virus has also been achieved from DC samples [4, 77, 117, 132, In one instance, a HCW shed viral RNA for 42 days in the absence of disease Because serology testing is, by its nature, retrospective, it is usual to detect a viral footprint, in the form of antibodies, in the absence of any signs or symptoms of disease and often in the absence of any viral RNA . The results indicated a recent outbreak had occurred in this herd; the first indication of MERS-CoV RNA found within DCs with a temporal association to human infections The finding of MERS-CoV viral RNA in serum provides an avenue for retrospective PCR-based studies if respiratory samples are unavailable
|
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of depression?
|
50.4%
| 2,058
| false
| 2,432
| 3,459
|
Abbreviation: PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; ISI, 7-item Insomnia Severity Index; IES-R, 22-item Impact of Event Abbreviation: IES-R, 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised; IQR, interquartile range Hyperarousal, median (IQR) 6.0(2.0, 10.0) 6.0(2.0, 9.0) .29
|
What contributed to a large part of mammalian genomic sequence?
|
Retroviruses
| 731
| false
| 1,690
| 1,176
|
Such duplications constitute large amounts of mammalian genomes (Zhang, 2003) Deletions resulted in smaller genomes with reduced or absence of DNA repair genes (Koskiniemi et al., 2012) Alternatively, they may have evolved from a cellular organism by loss of genetic information (Nasir and Caetano-Anolles, 2015) His group synthesized a genome of 531,000 bp with 473 genes, 149 of them (32%) with unknown functions (Hutchison et al., 2016) The origin of REs is being discussed as remnants of ancient retroviral germline infections that became evolutionarily fixed in the genome Their genomes are 1.11 mio bp in length with about 834 protein-coding genes, and loss of 24% by reductive evolution (Ogata et al., 2001) Howard Temin, one of the discoverers of the reverse transcriptase, in 1985 already described endogenous retrovirus-like elements, which he estimated to about 10% of the human and mouse genome sequence (Temin, 1985)
|
What suggests that Irish equine coronaviruses may have a low genetic diversity?
|
high level of homology between viruses
| 10,276
| false
| 1,548
| 2,127
|
There was no indication from the results of this study that coronavirus is a major cause of diarrhoea in Irish horses but the introduction of rRT-PCR as a routine diagnostic test will assist in elucidating the significance of this virus to the Irish breeding, racing and sports industries In this study, sequence and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a high level of homology between viruses detected in a donkey and a horse in two provinces in Ireland in different yearsEquine coronavirus (ECoV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus and belongs to the species Betacoronavirus 1 in the genus Betacoronavirus This suggests that Irish ECoVs may have low genetic diversity Virus isolation and biological characterisation were beyond the capacity of this study, which was similar in scope to that of the studies in horse populations in the USA, Europe and AsiaThis study provides the first report of ECoV circulating in Ireland, the third European country with a significant horse industry where the virus has been detected in horses with enteric diseaseThis study provides the first report of ECoV circulating in Ireland, the third European country with a significant horse industry where the virus has been detected in horses with enteric disease
|
How is the reproducibility of real time PCR?
|
has a good reproducibility with the inter-assay coefficients of variation of 1.73 to 2.72%.
| 10,052
| false
| 2,486
| 3,641
|
Although real time RT-PCR is a primary method for diagnosing MERS-CoV, high levels of PCR inhibition may hinder PCR sensitivity . The limit of detection of the enhanced realtime PCR method was 10 2 -fold higher than the standard real-time PCR assay and 10 7fold higher than conventional PCR methods In the clinical aspect, the enhanced realtime PCR method was able to detect 6 cases of SARS-CoV positive samples that were not confirmed by any other assay • The real time PCR has a threshold sensitivity of 10 genome equivalents per reaction and it has a good reproducibility with the inter-assay coefficients of variation of 1.73 to 2.72% The real-time RT-PCR reaction was more sensitive than the nested PCR reaction, as the detection limit for the nested PCR reaction was about 10 3 genome equivalents in the standard cDNA controlWith the emergence of 2019-nCoV, real time RT-PCR remains the primary means for diagnosing the new virus strain among the many diagnostic platforms available ( ; Real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR); RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); open reading frame 1a (ORF1a); Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP); enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); immunofluorescent assay (IFA); immunochromatographic test (ICT); nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) RT-LAMP has similar sensitivity as real time RT-PCR. It is also highly specific and is used to detect MERS-CoV Studies looked at using nested PCR to include a pre-amplification step or incorporating N gene as an additional sensitive molecular marker to improve on the sensitivity .
|
hen did Asian genotype emerge?
|
between 50 and 310 y ago,
| 3,514
| false
| 1,689
| 2,490
|
estimate that the Asian genotype of CHIKV emerged between 50 and 310 y ago, and the West and East African genotypes diverged between 100 and 840 y ago These genotypes, based on the gene sequences of an Envelope protein (E1), are Asian, East/Central/ South African, and West AfricanWithin a year, the E1-A226V mutation was present in La Reunion Island, and Ae The E1-A226V mutation was not present at the beginning of the Indian Ocean Islands outbreak (before September 2005) However, more than 90% of later viral strains found there had incorporated the mutation (December-March 2006), indicating a genotype switch during the winter season . All of the CHIKV strains isolated from Mayotte carried the E1-A226V mutation, and the mutation was also found in Madagascar in 2007 These chimeras were found to stimulate a strong humoral immunity, and even at doses of 5.3-5.8 log 10 PFU, they did not trigger reactogenicity
|
What is another word for hypercytokinaemia?
|
cytokine storm'
| 3,853
| false
| 1,596
| 5,239
|
The severity of human H5N1 disease has been associated with hypercytokinaemia (''cytokine storm'') A549 cells (MOI 0.01) 24 h post infection.Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC) is a glycyrrhizin preparation (available as tablets or parenteral formulation) that is approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic hepatic diseases and is marketed in Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, and Mongolia Cytokines/chemokines were quantified by specific ELISA Duo Sets (R&D Systems GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions.For flow cytometric analysis, the same antibodies were used.The cytopathogenic effect (CPE) reduction assay was performed as described beforeHuman monocytes were isolated from buffy coats of healthy donors, obtained from Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Haematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Center, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
|
What was the main finding in the study?
|
AP3, exhibited improved antiviral activity, drug resistance profile and pharmacological properties over T20
| 3,938
| false
| 1,656
| 2,256
|
Each sample was tested in triplicate and the experiment was repeated twice. The data are presented as means ± SD. SPHCC-125-2). The methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines The statistics of data collection and structure refinement are given in Supplementary. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the data are presented as means ± SD The data are presented as means ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 All of these sera samples came from adults; no minor was involved in this study The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with PK Solver
|
What platform was instrumental in rapid sharing of COVID-19 information?
|
Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID)
| 3,228
| false
| 2,527
| 1,240
|
The fact that initial screenings of temperature is being pursued for the case of the COVID-19 at airports and in areas of mass convergence is a testament to its potential in an automated fashionWith the world having experienced some notable influenza pandemics in the past, a Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) platform was established and was instrumental in the rapid sharing of information by the Chinese scientists regarding the emergence of the COVID-19 virusBeyond the aspect of pandemic preparedness and response, the case of COVID-19 virus and its spread provide a fascinating case study for the thematics of urban health The sharing of data has also been quicker, as immediately after the virus' genetic sequence was discovered, Chinese scientists were able to share the information with the WHO, thus helping in its identification and enabling the auctioning of precautionary measures in other countries While thermal cameras are not sufficient on their own for the detection of pandemics -like the case of the COVID-19, the integration of such products with artificial intelligence (AI) can provide added benefits This paper, inspired by the case of the COVID-19 virus, explores how urban resilience can be further achieved, and outlines the importance of seeking standardization of communication across and between smart cities.Furthermore, in cases of emergencies like the current outbreak of COVID-19 and any other, the need for observance of regulatory practices and international healthcare guidelines are paramount
|
What is the number of inbound passengers from China?
|
63.1 million per year in 2017
| 3,413
| false
| 2,554
| 1,236
|
Among the seven locations reporting importation, the total volume of inbound passengers from China was m = 63.1 million per year in 2017 , of which 100q = 2.1% were from Wuhan , a home of n = 19.0 million people as the catchment population of Wuhan airportAs of 24 January 2020, the cumulative incidence in China is 830 cases, of which 549 cases were diagnosed in Hubei, 26 in Beijing, 20 in Shanghai, and 53 in Guangdong With an ad-hoc assumption that the data are generated following the binomial sampling process among travelers from Wuhan, the cumulative incidence is then estimated using a maximum likelihood method.also shows the estimated incidence in China The estimated incidence in China is then given bypn Two other locations with confirmed cases, i.e., Macau and Hong Kong, were excluded from the analysis, because it is commutable by land transporation and the first case in Hong Kong was indeed not via airtravel Possible reasons for the slight difference include (i) the number of travelers in the previous study was derived from airline passenger data and (ii) the assumed length of T was different Our estimate and others agree that the actual number of cases is likely in the order of thousands, rather than hundreds, and there is a strong indication that untraced exposures other than that of the originally linked seafood market in Wuhan have occurred
|
What followup is needed to confirm the results of the current study?
|
a larger, longitudinal study on the etiology and severity of pneumonia
| 23,800
| false
| 1,584
| 5,213
|
Therefore, a larger, longitudinal study on the etiology and severity of pneumonia will be necessary to confirm these results Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in this study Comparative analyses between experimental conditions (i.e., MOCK, IAV, SP or IAV + SP) were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis analysis with Dunn's post-hoc tests These data are consistent with previous etiological studies of pediatric CAP 3,31-33 2c and d) and primary HAEC ( Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. The study protocol, informed consent statement, clinical research form, any amendments and all other study documents were submitted to and approved by the Ethical Committee of the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, the Universidad Nacional de Asunción (IICS-UNA) and the Hospital Pediátrico Niños de Acosta Ñu Statistical analyses were performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric, one-way ANOVA with Dunn's post-hoc test) for data presented in (a, c)
|
When did we discover that SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, was a novel coronavirus?
|
26 January 2020
| 1,304
| false
| 2,463
| 1,203
|
Within 4 weeks, by 26 January 2020, the causative organism had been identified as a novel coronavirus, the genome of the virus had been sequenced and published, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests had been developed, the WHO R&D Blueprint had been activated to accelerate diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development and a candidate vaccine was ready for initial laboratory testing This global coordination has been active in the novel coronavirus outbreakThe emergence of a significant respiratory illness linked to a novel coronavirus represents a test of the global capacity to detect and mange emerging disease threats In this current novel coronavirus outbreak, such superspreading events have not been documented but the epidemiology is still not clear One analyst estimates that the current coronavirus outbreak's likely impact will range from a 0.8% cut to real GDP if the epidemic is controlled within 3 months, to a 1.9% cost to GDP if the epidemic lasts 9 monthsA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the averageThis may indicate another impact of the SARS (and MERS and Ebola) experience on the response to subsequent outbreaksa tendency to look at worst case scenarios and respond accordingly and a fear of 'getting it wrong'
|
What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found?
|
widespread evidence of past infection in adult camels and limited past exposure among humans.
| 2,216
| false
| 1,741
| 4,189
|
Very early in the MERS outbreak, some animals were highly regarded as either the reservoir or intermediate host(s) of MERS-CoV with three of the first five cases having contact with DCs Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings Virus Res 2015 Vol 202:60-88 with permission from Elsevier reviewed the broad tropism of MERS-CoVMERS-CoV RNA has also been detected in DC samples, and recovery of infectious virus has also been achieved from DC samples [4, 77, 117, 132,Vigilance remains important for containment since MERS-CoV is a virus with a genetic makeup that has been observed for only three years and is not stable This outbreak predated the first case of MERS in the KSA MERS-CoV was the first subject of such widespread use of deep sequencing to study an emerging viral outbreak with global reach
|
What can cause a slowing growth in daily reported deaths?
|
significant impact
of interventions implemented several weeks earlier.
| 3,126
| false
| 2,683
| 806
|
(see Appendix 8.4 for sensitivity analysis). While the growth in daily deaths has decreased, due to theWe find that the slowing growth in daily reported deaths in Italy is consistent with a significant impactdistribution and the initial growth rate of observed deaths. A shorter assumed serial interval results inhas recently seen a large increase in the number of deaths, and given its smaller population, our modelthe latest 3 days of data and comparing model predictions to observed deaths (Appendix 8.3).reduction in deaths (see.recent trends in deaths in several countries, where the rate of increase had clearly slowed .
|
What is emphyema?
|
a rare complication of pneumonia
| 8,998
| false
| 1,571
| 923
|
Empyema is a rare complication of pneumonia An increased incidence of empyema in children was noted in some high-income countries following pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7 introduction, and this was attributed to pneumococcal serotypes not included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7, especially 3 and 19AAnother etiology is pertussis Severe disease in particular is often caused by multiple pathogens influenzae type B as the most important bacterial causes of pneumonia, with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with some severe cases Identifying systems capacity to increase availability of oxygen in health facilities, and identifying barriers to further implementation are among the top 15 priorities for future childhood pneumonia research Data from the United States suggest that empyema decreased by 50% in children younger than 5 years ; similarly, data from the United Kingdom and Scotland showed substantial reduction in pediatric empyema following pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13 introduction .
|
Approximately how many deaths have been averted in Western Europe with current non-pharmaceutical interventions remaining in place until the end of March?
|
59,000 deaths
| 3,819
| false
| 2,683
| 808
|
our intervention model, we calculated the total deaths averted up to the end of March. We find that,by countries with larger numbers of deaths and which implemented interventions earlier, thereforehave resulted in fewer deaths and decreasing adherence in more deaths. Similarly, our estimates ofand in a counterfactual model (assuming no intervention had taken place). Estimated averted deathsemerged in Europe. In response to the rising numbers of cases and deaths, and to maintain theinterventions began around 12th-14th March. We analyzed data on deaths up to 28th March, giving a[95% credible interval 21,000-120,000]. Many more deaths will be averted through ensuring that
|
What were more potent inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus growth than high-concentration free chloramphenicol?
|
M13 or fd phage displaying either a targeting peptide or antibody fragment and tethered to chloramphenicol by a labile crosslinker
| 28,475
| false
| 1,674
| 1,757
|
M13 or fd phage displaying either a targeting peptide or antibody fragment and tethered to chloramphenicol by a labile crosslinker were more potent inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus growth than high-concentration free chloramphenicol (Yacoby et al., 2006; Vaks and Benhar, 2011) LPS is not completely removed by polyethylene glycol precipitation or cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation (Smith and Gingrich, 2005; Branston et al., 2015) , but its levels can be reduced dramatically using additional purification steps such as size exclusion chromatography (Boratynski et al., 2004; Zakharova et al., 2005) , polymyxin B chromatography (Grabowska et al., 2000) , and treatment with detergents such as Triton X-100 or Triton X-114 (Roehnisch et al., 2014; Branston et al., 2015) coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells, respectively, with no concomitant release of LPS (Hagens and Blasi, 2003; Hagens et al., 2004)In an effort to enhance their bactericidal activity, genetically modified filamentous phage have been used as a "Trojan horse" to introduce various antibacterial agents into cellsUnlike most therapeutic biologics, the filamentous phage's production in bacteria complicates its use in humans in several ways Thus, unmodified filamentous phage may be of future interest as elements of combination therapeutics against certain drug-resistant infections. Since infection results in downregulation of the pili used for viral entry, filamentous phage treatment has been proposed as a hypothetical means of inhibiting bacterial conjugation and horizontal gene transfer, so as to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (Lin et al., 2011) .
|
What are the appealing qualities of the NDV vector?
|
As an avian virus, there is little or no preexisting immunity to NDV in humans and NDV propagates to high titers in both chicken eggs and cell culture.
| 22,870
| false
| 1,719
| 1,583
|
NDV has a number of appealing qualities as a vaccine vector NDV has limited clinical data; however, phase I and phase I/II clinical trials have shown that the NDV vector is well-tolerated, even at high doses delivered intravenouslyNDV has also been explored as a vaccine vector for humans Finally, pathogenicity of NDV is largely determined by features of the fusion protein enabling ready attenuation of the vaccine vector . While these results are promising, additional studies are needed to advance NDV as a human vaccine vector for influenza. To reduce safety concerns, attenuated VSV vectors were developed This process has enabled manipulation of the NDV genome as well as incorporation of transgenes and the development of NDV vectors
|
What are older DCs are more likely to be positive for?
|
seropositive and RNA or virus negative
| 38,835
| false
| 1,741
| 4,278
|
Screening studies have shown that juvenile DCs are more often positive for virus or viral RNA while older DCs are more likely to be seropositive and RNA or virus negative An approximation of when DC calving season and when recently born DCs are weaned is indicated These factors may prove important for human cases who do not describe any DC contact nor any contact with a confirmed case Juvenile DCs appear to host active infection more often than adult DCs and thus the sacrificial slaughter of DCs, which must be five years of age or older (termed a thane), may not be accompanied by significant risk of exposure to infection A review of public data showed that, as for MERS in the KSA, older age and the presence of underlying disease were significantly associated with a fatal outcome in South Korea Defining characteristics include the higher PFC among MERS cases (above 50 % in 2013 and currently at 30-40 %; well above the 9 % of SARS) and the higher association between fatal MERS and older males with underlying comorbidities Furthermore, stored DC sera have revealed signs of MERS-CoV in DCs which date back over three decades (the earliest collected in 1983)
|
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